Split (3)

train · 62.7k rows

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074c1903a112123d	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships', 'title': '1999 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Athlete', 'Nationality', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tegla Loroupe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tegla_Loroupe', 'summary': "Tegla Chepkite Loroupe ( born 9 May 1973 ) is a Kenyan long-distance track and road runner . She is also a global spokeswoman for peace , women 's rights and education . Loroupe holds the world records for 25 and 30 kilometres and previously held the world marathon record . She was the first African woman to hold the marathon World Record , which she held from 19 April 1998 until 30 September 2001 . She is the three-time World Half-Marathon champion . Loroupe was also the first woman from Africa to win the New York City Marathon , which she has won twice . She has won marathons in London , Rotterdam , Hong Kong , Berlin and Rome . In 2016 , she was the person organising the Refugee Team for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:08:48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mizuki Noguchi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mizuki_Noguchi', 'summary': "Mizuki Noguchi ( 野口みずき , Noguchi Mizuki , born July 3 , 1978 ) is a Japanese professional long-distance runner who specialises in the marathon event . She is an Olympic champion over the distance . Initially starting out as a track and cross country athlete , her first major success was becoming the Asian cross country champion at age 21 . She soon switched to road running , however , focusing on the half marathon . She won the individual and team silver medals at the 1999 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships , and won a second team silver with a fourth-place finish at the same competition in 2000 . A switch to the marathon event demonstrated her talents further : She won the Nagoya and Osaka Women 's Marathons , and took the silver medal in the marathon at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics . Her good form continued and she became the Olympic champion in the marathon at the 2004 Athens Olympics . She won the Berlin Marathon the following year , setting world records at 25 km and 30 km along the way , and finishing with a personal best of 2:19:12 - a course record in Berlin and a new Asian record for the distance . The 25K world record was beaten by Mary Keitany of Kenya in 2010 , who ran the distance in 1:19:53 hours . Before the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , Noguchi had set the second fastest time in the world for the previous year . However , she was ruled out of all competitions after tests revealed that she had fatigue and a muscular back problem . She missed the Olympics and the entire 2009 and 2010 seasons as a result ."}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catherine Ndereba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catherine_Ndereba', 'summary': "Catherine Nyambura Ndereba ( born 21 July 1972 ) is a Kenyan marathon runner . She has twice won the marathon at the World Championships in Athletics and won silver medals at the Summer Olympic Games in 2004 and 2008 . She is also a four-time winner of the Boston Marathon . Ndereba broke the women 's marathon world record in 2001 , running 2:18:47 at the Chicago Marathon . In 2008 , Ndereba was described by Chicago Tribune sportswriter Philip Hersh as the greatest women 's marathoner of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joyce Chepchumba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joyce_Chepchumba', 'summary': 'Joyce Chepchumba ( born 6 November 1970 in Kericho ) is a long distance athlete from Kenya .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reiko Tosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reiko_Tosa', 'summary': 'Reiko Tosa ( 土佐礼子 , Tosa Reiko , born 11 June 1976 in Matsuyama , Ehime ) is a Japanese long-distance runner who specializes in the marathon race .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:36', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valentina Yegorova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valentina_Yegorova', 'summary': "Valentina Mikhailovna Yegorova ( Russian : Валентина Михайловна Егорова , born 16 February 1964 ) is a long-distance runner from Russia . She was born in Cheboksary . Her first medal in the marathon came at the 1990 European Athletics Championships , where she was the silver medallist . Yegorova competed in the women 's marathon for the Unified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics held in Barcelona , Spain . There she won the gold medal beating the Japanese athlete Yuko Arimori into second . She won a second global title at the 1995 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships . She returned to compete for Russia in the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta , where she won the silver medal in the women 's marathon , again beating Yuko Arimori this time into third . She made her final major appearance at the 2000 Sydney Olympics , where she failed to finish the Olympic marathon . On the road circuit , Yegorova won the 1993 and 1994 editions of the Tokyo International Women 's Marathon ( times of 2:26:40 and 2:30:09 ) and she won the inaugural Nagano Olympic Commemorative Marathon in 1999 in 2:28:41 . She placed eleventh at the 2001 Nagoya Marathon , with a finishing time of 2:28:40 hours ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:59', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elana Meyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elana_Meyer', 'summary': 'Elana Meyer , OIS , ( born 10 October 1966 ) is a South African long-distance runner who won the silver medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in the 10,000 metres event . Meyer set the 15 kilometres road running African record of 46:57 minutes in November 1991 in Cape Town . The record was equalled by Mestawet Tufa in 2008 . The record was beaten by Tirunesh Dibaba in 2009 , who posted a new world record of 46.28 minutes . Meyer also held the half marathon African record ( 1:06:44 hours ) , set in January 1999 in Tokyo . The record was broken by Mary Keitany of Kenya at the 2009 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships by running the distance in 1:06:36 hours . She was the gold medallist at the 1994 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships and set world records in that event in 1991 , 1997 , 1998 , and 1999 . She also had several good placings in top level marathon races .'}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luminița Talpoș', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luminița_Talpoș', 'summary': 'Luminiţa Talpoş ( born October 9 , 1972 in Craiova , Dolj ) is a female long-distance runner from Romania , who specialized in the marathon race during her career .'}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyudmila Biktasheva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyudmila_Biktasheva', 'summary': 'Lyudmila Marsovna Biktasheva ( Cyrillic : Людмила Марсовна Бикташева ; born 25 July 1974 in Kamensk-Uralsky ) is a Russian athlete competing in the long-distance events . She represented her country at the 2000 Summer Olympics in the 10,000 metres finishing 13th in the final . She won the bronze medal in the same event at the 2002 European Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:35', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alina Ivanova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alina_Ivanova', 'summary': "Alina Petrovna Ivanova ( Russian : Алина Петровна Иванова ; born March 16 , 1969 in Kildishevo , Yadrinsky District , Chuvash ASSR ) is a retired Russian race walker , best known for winning the gold medal in the women 's 10 km walk at the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo , Japan . She represented the Unified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , Spain . She changed to the marathon run later in her career and was a two-time winner at both the Prague International Marathon and the Dublin Marathon ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hiromi Katayama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiromi_Katayama', 'summary': 'Hiromi Katayama ( Japanese : 片山裕美 , Hepburn : Katayama Hiromi , born April 5 , 1972 ) , known by the stage name Marina Ōno ( 大野まりな , Ōno Marina ) , is a Japanese voice actress . She has also been known as Hiromi Matsumoto ( 松本裕美 ) and Hiromi Asō ( 麻生ひろみ ) . Some of her major roles in anime are : Faury Carat in Tristia of the Deep Blue Sea , Chiaki Nakahara in Dai-Guard , Aihara in Angel Links and Komoe Harumachi in Eiken . In video games , she voices Aki Nitta in Soul Link , Remit Marlena in Eternal Melody , Ayaka Nanase in First Kiss Story and Uriko in the Bloody Roar series .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Constantina Diţă', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Constantina_Diţă-Tomescu', 'summary': 'Constantina Diță ( formerly Constantina Diță-Tomescu born on January 23 , 1970 in Turburea , Gorj County ) , is a Romanian long-distance runner , who specializes mainly in the half marathon and marathon . She was the marathon gold medallist at the 2008 Beijing Olympics , having previously won a bronze medal at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics . She also represented her country at the Olympics in 2000 and 2004 . She has a marathon best of 2:21:30 hours . She was the champion at the 2005 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships - the first Romanian to win that honour . She was the 2004 Chicago Marathon winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Margaret Okayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margaret_Okayo', 'summary': "Margaret Okayo ( born May 30 , 1976 in Masaba , Kisii District ) is a professional marathon runner from Kenya . She has won a number of major marathons , including the New York City Marathon ( two times ) , the Boston Marathon , and the London Marathon . She has also won the San Diego Marathon on two occasions . Okayo started running while at primary school . She graduated from the Itierio Secondary School , located near Kisii town , in 1993 . She was recruited by Kenya Prisons Service , home to the country 's top women 's marathon runners , in 1995 where she nurtured her running career . At the 1998 Commonwealth Games she finished fifth in 10,000 metres . She finished thirteenth at the 1999 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships . Amongst her most successful races are the wins at the New York Marathon in 2001 and 2003 , the Boston Marathon in 2002 and the London Marathon in 2004 . She still holds the course records at the New York Marathon and the Boston Marathon . Other marathons won by Okayo include Milan in 2003 , San Diego in 2000 and 2001 . She represented her native Kenya in the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens , Greece , but did not finish the marathon ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Derartu Tulu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derartu_Tulu', 'summary': 'Derartu Tulu ( Amharic : ደራርቱ ቱሉ ; Afaan Oromo : Daraartuu Tulluu ; born March 21 , 1972 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner , who competed in track , cross country running , and road running up to the marathon distance .'}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ana Isabel Alonso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ana_Isabel_Alonso', 'summary': "Ana Isabel Alonso ( born 16 August 1963 in Villaherreros , Palencia ) is a former long-distance runner from Spain , who represented her native country in three Summer Olympics : 1988 , 1996 and 2000 . Her best finish came at her Olympic debut in Seoul , South Korea , where Alonso ended up in 25th place in the women 's 10.000 metres race . In Atlanta , Georgia and Sydney , Australia she ran the marathon , finishing in 49th ( 2:44:12 ) and 30th ( 2:36.45 ) place . In 2000 , she won the Rotterdam Marathon . She is a one-time national champion in the women 's 5.000 metres and was the winner of the second edition of the Cross Internacional de Soria meeting . She also won the Cross Internacional de Venta de Baños three times , more than any other female athlete ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:38', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cristina Pomacu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cristina_Pomacu', 'summary': "Cristina Pomacu ( born 15 September 1973 in Calafat , Dolj ) is a female long-distance runner from Romania who mainly competed in the marathon . She is a triple winner of the annual Belgrade Marathon ( 1994 , 2000 and 2001 ) , and twice won the silver medal at the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships ( 1995 and 1997 ) . Pomacu competed in the women 's marathon at the 1994 European Athletics Championships ( taking 24th place ) and was chosen to represent Romania at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics ( although she failed to finish the race ) . She was ever present at the World Half Marathon Championships from 1995 to 2000 and frequently finished in the top ten , forming part of a strong Romanian women 's team ."}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:45', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Satomi Matsuo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyudmila Petrova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyudmila_Petrova', 'summary': 'Lyudmila Nikolayevna Petrova ( Russian : Людмила Николаевна Петрова ; born 7 October 1968 ) is a Russian long-distance runner , who represented her native country at two Summer Olympics : 1996 and 2004 . She won the 2000 edition of the New York City Marathon .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:53', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agata Balsamo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agata_Balsamo', 'summary': 'Agata Balsamo ( Nicolosi , 11 November 1970 ) is an Italian former long-distance runner .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:58', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jane Omoro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jane_Omoro', 'summary': "Jane Moraa Omoro ( born 12 September 1974 ) is a Kenyan female long-distance runner who competed in cross country , track and road running events , up to the marathon . She was active from 1993 to 2007 , with most of her success coming in the 1990s . Omoro was a five time participant for Kenya at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships and won a team medal each time , including the women 's team title in 1998 . Individually , she placed in the top eight of the women 's race on two occasions . She was a double gold medallist at the East African Cross Country Championships in 1999 . She became national champion at the Kenyan Cross Country Championships in 1997 . She was the bronze medallist in the 10,000 metres at the 1994 Commonwealth Games . She was the silver medallist at the 1998 IAAF World Road Relay Championships and participated at the 1999 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships . She was highly successful on the American road racing circuit , taking wins at the Bay to Breakers , Bolder Boulder , Lilac Bloomsday Run and Cherry Blossom Ten Mile Run , among others . In marathon running , she was a two-time winner at the Mombasa Marathon and also won the Beirut Marathon ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:12:10', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Race results -- Women 's", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1999_IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships_1', 'intro': 'The 8th IAAF World Half Marathon Championships was held on October 3, 1999, in the city of Palermo, Italy. A total of 192 athletes, 119 men and 73 women, from 48 countries, took part. The course was traced through the historical centre of the town with the start/finish line on the Foro Italico. A detailed report on the event and an appraisal of the results were given. Complete results were published.'}	null	null	What percent of people have Bantu ancestry in the country that 's home to the athlete born 10 October 1966 ?	80
074c3cb1728024b7	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Price_County,_Wisconsin', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Price County, Wisconsin', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deadman Slough', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 20 , 1993 ( # 93000750 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flambeau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flambeau,_Price_County,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Flambeau is a town in Price County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 535 at the 2000 census . The unincorporated community of Lugerville is located in the town .'}]}, {'value': 'Late Paleo-Indian campsite and workshop near the Flambeau River . Artifacts include points of Hixton quartzite , adzes and scrapers . Animal remains include deer and porcupine bones , turtle shells , and probable waterfowl bones . Site also contains middle Woodland remains', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paleo-Indians', 'summary': 'Paleo-Indians , Paleoindians or Paleoamericans , were the first peoples who entered , and subsequently inhabited , the Americas during the final glacial episodes of the late Pleistocene period . The prefix paleo- comes from the Greek adjective palaios ( παλαιός ) , meaning old or ancient . The term Paleo-Indians applies specifically to the lithic period in the Western Hemisphere and is distinct from the term Paleolithic . Traditional theories suggest that big-animal hunters crossed the Bering Strait from North Asia into the Americas over a land-and-ice bridge ( Beringia ) . This bridge existed from 45,000 to 12,000 BCE ( 47,000-14,000 BP ) . Small isolated groups of hunter-gatherers migrated alongside herds of large herbivores far into Alaska . From c. 16,500 - c. 13,500 BCE ( c. 18,500 - c. 15,500 BP ) , ice-free corridors developed along the Pacific coast and valleys of North America . This allowed animals , followed by humans , to migrate south into the interior of the continent . The people went on foot or used primitive boats along the coastline . The precise dates and routes of the peopling of the New World remain subjects of ongoing debate . At least two morphologically different Paleo-Indian populations were coexisting in different geographical areas of Mexico 10,000 years ago . Stone tools , particularly projectile points and scrapers , are the primary evidence of the earliest human activity in the Americas .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Flambeau_River', 'summary': 'The Flambeau River is a tributary of the Chippewa River in northern Wisconsin , United States . The Chippewa is in turn a tributary of the upper Mississippi River . The Flambeau drains an area of 1,860 square miles ( 4,800 km2 ) and descends from an elevation of approximately 1,570 feet ( 480 m ) to 1,060 feet ( 320 m ) above sea level . The Flambeau is an important recreational destination in the region . It is notable among canoeists in the Midwest for outstanding canoe camping , including excellent scenery , fishing and whitewater . The river and its forks have a variety of possible trip lengths from short day outings , to overnight camping , to voyages of a week or more .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Silver_Mound_Archeological_District', 'summary': "Silver Mound is a sandstone hill in Wisconsin where American Indians quarried quartzite for stone tools . Tools made from Silver Mound 's quartzite have been found as far away as Kentucky . The oldest have been dated to around 11,000 years ago , so they provide clues about the first people in Wisconsin . Silver Mound Archeological District was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2006 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Adze', 'summary': 'An adze ( /ædz/ ; alternative spelling : adz ) is a cutting tool similar to an axe but with the cutting edge perpendicular to the handle rather than parallel . They have been used since the stone age . Adzes are used for smoothing or carving wood in hand woodworking . Two basic forms of an adze are the hand adze - a short handled tool swung with one hand - and the foot adze - a long handled tool capable of powerful swings using both hands , the cutting edge usually striking at foot or shin level . A similar , but blunt , tool used for digging in hard ground is called a mattock .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)', 'summary': 'In prehistoric archaeology , scrapers are unifacial tools thought to have been used for hideworking and woodworking . Many lithic analysts maintain that the only true scrapers are defined on the base of use-wear , and usually are those that were worked on the distal ends of blades - i.e. , end scrapers ( French : grattoir ) . Other scrapers include the so-called side scrapers or racloirs , which are made on the longest side of a flake , and notched scrapers , which have a cleft on either side that may have been used to attach them to something else . Scrapers are typically formed by chipping the end of a flake of stone in order to create one sharp side and to keep the rest of the sides dull to facilitate grasping it . Most scrapers are either circle or blade-like in shape . The working edges of scrapers tend to be convex , and many have trimmed and dulled lateral edges to facilitate hafting . One important variety of scraper is the thumbnail scraper , a scraper shaped much like its namesake . This scraper type is common at Paleo-Indian sites in North America . Scrapers are one of the most varied lithic tools found at archaeological sites . Due to the vast array of scrapers there are many typologies that scrapers can fall under , including tool size , tool shape , tool base , the number of working edges , edge angle , edge shape , and many more .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Woodland_period', 'summary': 'In the classification of archaeological cultures of North America , the Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures spanned a period from roughly 1000 BCE to European contact in the eastern part of North America , with some archaeologists distinguishing the Mississippian period , from 1000 CE to European contact as a separate period . The term Woodland Period was introduced in the 1930s as a generic term for prehistoric sites falling between the Archaic hunter-gatherers and the agriculturalist Mississippian cultures . The Eastern Woodlands cultural region covers what is now eastern Canada south of the Subarctic region , the Eastern United States , along to the Gulf of Mexico . This period is variously considered a developmental stage , a time period , a suite of technological adaptations or traits , and a family tree of cultures related to earlier Archaic cultures . It can be characterized as a chronological and cultural manifestation without any massive changes in a short time but instead having a continuous development in stone and bone tools , leather crafting , textile manufacture , cultivation , and shelter construction . Many Woodland peoples used spears and atlatls until the end of the period , when they were replaced by bows and arrows ; however , Southeastern Woodland peoples also used blowguns . The most cited technological distinction of this period was the widespread use of pottery ( although pottery manufacture had arisen during the Archaic period in some places ) , and the diversification of pottery forms , decorations , and manufacturing practices . The increasing use of horticulture and the development of the Eastern Agricultural Complex , consisting of weedy seed plants as well as gourd cultivation , also meant that groups became less mobile over time and , in some times and places , people lived in permanently occupied villages and cities . Intensive agriculture characterizes the Mississippian period from c. 1000-1400 CE and may have continued up to European contact , around 500 years ago .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fifield Fire Lookout Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fifield_Fire_Lookout_Tower', 'summary': 'The Fifield Fire Lookout Tower is located in the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest in Fifield , Wisconsin . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 3 , 2007 ( # 07000668 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 mi ( 8.0 km ) . E of Fifield , WI 70 45°53′12″N 90°19′28″W / 45.886667°N 90.324444°W / 45.886667 ; -90.324444 ( Fifield Fire Lookout Tower )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fifield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fifield,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Fifield is a town in Price County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 989 at the 2000 census . The unincorporated community of Fifield is located in the community . The ghost town of Coolidge was also located in the town .'}]}, {'value': '100-foot galvanized steel fire tower built by the Wisconsin Conservation Commission in 1932 , when wildfires scorched the cut-over . Lookouts from CCC Camp Riley Creek manned the tower from around 1935 to 1941 and then the Forest Service until 1957', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fire_lookout_tower', 'summary': "A fire lookout tower , fire tower or lookout tower , provides housing and protection for a person known as a fire lookout whose duty it is to search for wildfires in the wilderness . The fire lookout tower is a small building , usually located on the summit of a mountain or other high vantage point , in order to maximize the viewing distance and range , known as view shed . From this vantage point the fire lookout can see smoke that may develop , determine the location by using a device known as an Osborne Fire Finder , and call fire suppression personnel to the fire . Lookouts also report weather changes and plot the location of lightning strikes during storms . The location of the strike is monitored for a period of days after in case of ignition . The typical fire lookout tower consists of a small room , known as a cab located atop a large steel , or wooden tower . Historically , the tops of tall trees have also been used to mount permanent platforms . Sometimes natural rock may be used to create a lower platform . In cases where the terrain makes a tower unnecessary , the structure is known as a ground cab . Ground cabs are called towers , even if they do n't sit on a tower . Towers gained popularity in the early 1900s , and fires were reported using telephones , carrier pigeons , and heliographs . Although many fire lookout towers have fallen into disrepair as a result of neglect , abandonment , and declining budgets , some fire service personnel have made an effort to preserve older fire towers , arguing that a good set of human eyes watching the forest for wildfire can be an effective and cheap fire safety measure ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps', 'summary': "The Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) was a voluntary public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed , unmarried men . Originally for young men ages 18-25 , it was eventually expanded to ages 17-28 . Robert Fechner was the first director of this agency , succeeded by James McEntee following Fechner 's death . The CCC was a major part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal that provided manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal , state , and local governments . The CCC was designed to provide jobs for young men and to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression in the United States . Maximum enrollment at any one time was 300,000 . Through the course of its nine years in operation , 3 million young men participated in the CCC , which provided them with shelter , clothing , and food , together with a wage of $ 30 ( equivalent to $ 590 in 2019 ) per month ( $ 25 of which had to be sent home to their families ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service', 'summary': "The United States Forest Service ( USFS ) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that administers the nation 's 154 national forests and 20 national grasslands . The Forest Service manages 193 million acres ( 780,000 km2 ) of land . Major divisions of the agency include the Chief 's Office , National Forest System , State and Private Forestry , Business Operations , and Research and Development . The agency manages about 25% of federal lands and is the only major national land management agency not part of the U.S. Department of the Interior , which manages the National Park Service , U.S . Fish and Wildlife Service , the Bureau of Land Management"}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fifield Town Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fifield_Town_Hall', 'summary': "The Fifield Town Hall is a civic building in Fifield , Wisconsin , built in 1894 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 . Fifield was founded in 1876 , where the Wisconsin Central Railroad crossed the south fork of the Flambeau River in the big northern forest . Logging boomed and the population grew . A town hall was built in 1882 , but burned in the fire of 1893 , along with Fifield 's whole business district of 60 buildings . The following spring , the town rebuilt the current hall with the same dimensions , headed by carpenter Theodore Ristin . The hall initially housed all functions of local government , with a clerk 's room with a vault , and a two-celled jail . It also hosted meetings of community organizations like the VFW and the Red Cross , and social functions like local plays , graduations , lectures , traveling shows , medicine shows , and dances in the opera house upstairs . Elections were held here , and public announcements like the closing of the polls were made from the front balcony . In 1966 a new town hall was built and the old hall was considered for demolition , but instead it was restored and now serves as the Price County Historical Society Museum , operated by the historical society of Price County , Wisconsin ."}]}, {'value': 'February 17 , 1978 ( # 78000339 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pine St. and Flambeau Ave. 45°52′38″N 90°25′16″W / 45.877222°N 90.421111°W / 45.877222 ; -90.421111 ( Fifield Town Hall )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fifield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fifield,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Fifield is a town in Price County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 989 at the 2000 census . The unincorporated community of Fifield is located in the community . The ghost town of Coolidge was also located in the town .'}]}, {'value': 'This town hall was built in 1894 on the site of the previous hall , which burned in the Fifield fire of 1893 . It was the center of community life , with offices , jail , courtroom , meeting room , social hall , and a balcony for speeches and public announcements . Now a museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flambeau Paper Company Office Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flambeau_Paper_Company_Office_Building', 'summary': 'The Flambeau Paper Company Office Building is located in Park Falls , Wisconsin . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 12 , 1985 ( # 85002331 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200 N. First Ave. 45°56′11″N 90°26′50″W / 45.936389°N 90.447222°W / 45.936389 ; -90.447222 ( Flambeau Paper Company Office Building )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Park Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Park_Falls,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Park Falls is a city in Price County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 2,462 at the 2010 census . Located in the woods of north central Wisconsin , primarily the Chequamegon National Forest , Park Falls is a small community divided by the North Fork of the Flambeau River , a popular destination for fishing , canoeing and whitewater rafting .'}]}, {'value': "Neoclassical 2-story brick office building with 3-story clock tower , designed by Richard Philipp and built in 1925 and 1929 . The building represents Park Falls ' major industry for many years", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture', 'summary': 'Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Philipp', 'summary': 'Richard Philipp was an American architect in Wisconsin . Beginning in 1906 , he partnered with Peter Brust in the firm of Brust & Philipp based in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . He worked on Kohler Village for Walter Kohler , designing most of the new structures built from 1916 through the mid-1920s . A number of his works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . Works include ( with attribution ) :'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albin Johnson Log House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 20 , 1978 ( # 78000127 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N894 S. German Settlement Rd , Ogema 45°24′39″N 90°04′20″W / 45.410833°N 90.072222°W / 45.410833 ; -90.072222 ( Albin Johnson Log House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spirit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spirit,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Spirit is a town in Price County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 315 at the 2000 census . The unincorporated community of Spirit is located in the town .'}]}, {'value': 'Typical Swedish -style log cabin built of pine , tamarack and hemlock in 1885 by immigrant Albin and his future uncle Amandus . Logs are cupped on top and bottom , with squared sides and dovetailed corner notches . Two rooms downstairs and a sleeping room up', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Larix_laricina', 'summary': 'Larix laricina , commonly known as the tamarack , hackmatack , eastern larch , black larch , red larch , or American larch , is a species of larch native to Canada , from eastern Yukon and Inuvik , Northwest Territories east to Newfoundland , and also south into the upper northeastern United States from Minnesota to Cranesville Swamp , West Virginia ; there is also an isolated population in central Alaska . The word akemantak is an Algonquian name for the species and means wood used for snowshoes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tsuga_canadensis', 'summary': 'Tsuga canadensis , also known as eastern hemlock , eastern hemlock-spruce or Canadian hemlock , and in the French-speaking regions of Canada as pruche du Canada , is a coniferous tree native to eastern North America . It is the state tree of Pennsylvania .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dovetail_joint', 'summary': "A dovetail joint or simply dovetail is a joinery technique most commonly used in woodworking joinery ( carpentry ) including furniture , cabinets . log buildings and traditional timber framing . Noted for its resistance to being pulled apart ( tensile strength ) , the dovetail joint is commonly used to join the sides of a drawer to the front . A series of 'pins ' cut to extend from the end of one board interlock with a series of 'tails ' cut into the end of another board . The pins and tails have a trapezoidal shape . Once glued , a wooden dovetail joint requires no mechanical fasteners . The Dovetail joint technique probably pre-dates written history . Some of the earliest known examples of the dovetail joint are in ancient Egyptian furniture entombed with mummies dating from First Dynasty , the tombs of Chinese emperors , and a stone pillar at the Vazhappally Maha Siva Temple in India . The dovetail design is an important method of distinguishing various periods of furniture . [ citation needed ] In Europe the dovetail joint is sometimes called a swallowtail joint , a culvertail joint , or a fantail joint ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matt Johnson Log House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 8 , 1978 ( # 78000128 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S of Brantwood off U.S. 8 45°31′45″N 90°07′20″W / 45.529167°N 90.122222°W / 45.529167 ; -90.122222 ( Matt Johnson Log House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brantwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brantwood,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Brantwood is an unincorporated community in southern Price County , Wisconsin , United States located within the town of Knox . It lies along United States Highway 8 and on the Wisconsin Central Railroad , between Prentice on the west and Tomahawk on the east . The rural community was settled in the late 1890s as a logging community .'}]}, {'value': 'Finnish -style log cabin with full dovetail joints , built in 1898 of hemlock , with two rooms downstairs and one up . Built by Finnish immigrants Matt Johnson and John Kivekoa , who worked at the Knox Brothers sawmill . A.k.a . Knox House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dovetail_joint', 'summary': "A dovetail joint or simply dovetail is a joinery technique most commonly used in woodworking joinery ( carpentry ) including furniture , cabinets . log buildings and traditional timber framing . Noted for its resistance to being pulled apart ( tensile strength ) , the dovetail joint is commonly used to join the sides of a drawer to the front . A series of 'pins ' cut to extend from the end of one board interlock with a series of 'tails ' cut into the end of another board . The pins and tails have a trapezoidal shape . Once glued , a wooden dovetail joint requires no mechanical fasteners . The Dovetail joint technique probably pre-dates written history . Some of the earliest known examples of the dovetail joint are in ancient Egyptian furniture entombed with mummies dating from First Dynasty , the tombs of Chinese emperors , and a stone pillar at the Vazhappally Maha Siva Temple in India . The dovetail design is an important method of distinguishing various periods of furniture . [ citation needed ] In Europe the dovetail joint is sometimes called a swallowtail joint , a culvertail joint , or a fantail joint ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tsuga_canadensis', 'summary': 'Tsuga canadensis , also known as eastern hemlock , eastern hemlock-spruce or Canadian hemlock , and in the French-speaking regions of Canada as pruche du Canada , is a coniferous tree native to eastern North America . It is the state tree of Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lidice Memorial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lidice_Memorial', 'summary': 'The Lidice Memorial is located in Phillips , Wisconsin . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 19 , 2006 ( # 06000301 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sokol Park , Ash and Fifield Sts . 45°41′44″N 90°24′27″W / 45.695556°N 90.4075°W / 45.695556 ; -90.4075 ( Lidice Memorial )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phillips', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phillips,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Phillips is a city in Price County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 1,478 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Price County .'}]}, {'value': "This 1944 Modernist sculpture in a city with a large Czech - Slovak population commemorates the Nazis ' 1942 destruction of Lidice , Czechoslovakia", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modernism', 'summary': "Modernism is both a philosophical movement and an art movement that , along with cultural trends and changes , arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Among the factors that shaped modernism were the development of modern industrial societies and the rapid growth of cities , followed then by reactions to the horrors of World War I. Modernism also rejected the certainty of Enlightenment thinking , although many modernists also rejected religious belief . Modernism , in general , includes the activities and creations of those who felt the traditional forms of art , architecture , literature , religious faith , philosophy , social organization , activities of daily life , and sciences were becoming ill-fitted to their tasks and outdated in the new economic , social , and political environment of an emerging fully industrialized world . The poet Ezra Pound 's 1934 injunction to Make it new ! was the touchstone of the movement 's approach towards what it saw as the now obsolete culture of the past . In this spirit , its innovations , like the stream-of-consciousness novel , atonal ( or pantonal ) and twelve-tone music , divisionist painting and abstract art , all had precursors in the 19th century . A notable characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness and irony concerning literary and social traditions , which often led to experiments with form , along with the use of techniques that drew attention to the processes and materials used in creating a painting , poem , building and other works of art . Modernism explicitly rejected the ideology of realism [ full citation needed ] and made use of the works of the past by the employment of reprise , incorporation , rewriting , recapitulation , revision and parody . While some scholars see modernism continuing into the 21st century , others see it evolving into late modernism or high modernism . Postmodernism is a departure from modernism and refutes its basic assumptions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Czechs', 'summary': 'The Czechs ( Czech : Češi , pronounced [ ˈtʃɛʃɪ ] ; singular masculine : Čech [ ˈtʃɛx ] , singular feminine : Češka [ ˈtʃɛʃka ] ) , or the Czech people ( Český národ ) , are a West Slavic ethnic group and a nation native to the Czech Republic in Central Europe , who share a common ancestry , culture , history , and Czech language . Ethnic Czechs were called Bohemians in English until the early 20th century , referring to the medieval land of Bohemia which in turn was adapted from late Iron Age tribe of Celtic Boii . During the Migration Period , West Slavic tribes of Bohemians settled in the area , assimilated the remaining Celtic and Germanic populations , and formed a principality in the 9th century , which was part of Great Moravia , in form of Duchy of Bohemia and later Kingdom of Bohemia , the predecessors of the modern republic . The Czech diaspora is found in notable numbers in the United States , Canada , Israel , Austria , Germany , Slovakia , Switzerland , Italy , the United Kingdom , Australia , Chile , Russia , Argentina and Brazil , among others .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Slovaks', 'summary': 'The Slovaks ( Slovak : Slováci , singular : Slovák , feminine : Slovenka , plural : Slovenky ) are a West Slavic ethnic group and nation native to Slovakia who share a common ancestry , culture , history and speak the Slovak language . In Slovakia , c. 4.4 million are ethnic Slovaks of 5.4 million total population . There are Slovak minorities in many neighboring countries including Austria , Croatia , Czech Republic , Hungary , Poland , Romania , Serbia and Ukraine and sizeable populations of immigrants and their descendants in Australia , Canada , France , Germany , United Kingdom and the United States among others , which are collectively referred to as the Slovak diaspora .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nazi_Germany', 'summary': "Nazi Germany is the common English name for Germany between 1933 and 1945 , when Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) controlled the country through a dictatorship . Under Hitler 's rule , Germany became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government . The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich ( German Reich ) until 1943 and Großdeutsches Reich ( Greater German Reich ) from 1943 to 1945 . Nazi Germany is also known as the Third Reich ( Drittes Reich ) , meaning Third Realm or Third Empire , the first two being the Holy Roman Empire ( 800-1806 ) and the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) . The Nazi regime ended after the Allies defeated Germany in May 1945 , ending World War II in Europe . Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic , Paul von Hindenburg , on 30 January 1933 . The NSDAP then began to eliminate all political opposition and consolidate its power . Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934 and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the offices and powers of the Chancellery and Presidency . A national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer ( leader ) of Germany . All power was centralised in Hitler 's person and his word became the highest law . The government was not a coordinated , co-operating body , but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitler 's favour . In the midst of the Great Depression , the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lidice', 'summary': 'Lidice ( German : Liditz ) is a village in the Kladno District of the Czech Republic , 22 kilometres ( 14 mi ) northwest of Prague . It is built near the site of the previous village of the same name , which was completely destroyed in June 1942 on orders from Adolf Hitler and Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler in reprisal for the assassination of Reich Protector Reinhard Heydrich .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Czechoslovakia', 'summary': 'Czechoslovakia , or Czecho-Slovakia ( /ˌtʃɛkoʊsloʊˈvækiə , -kə- , -slə- , -ˈvɑː-/ ; Czech and Slovak : Československo , Česko-Slovensko ) , was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918 , when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire , until its peaceful dissolution into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on 1 January 1993 . From 1939 to 1945 , following its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany , the state did not de facto exist but its government-in-exile continued to operate . From 1948 to 1990 , Czechoslovakia was part of the Eastern Bloc with a command economy . Its economic status was formalized in membership of Comecon from 1949 and its defense status in the Warsaw Pact of May 1955 . A period of political liberalization in 1968 , known as the Prague Spring , was forcibly ended when the Soviet Union , assisted by several other Warsaw Pact countries , invaded Czechoslovakia . In 1989 , as Marxist-Leninist governments and socialism were ending all over Europe , Czechoslovaks peacefully deposed their government in the Velvet Revolution ; state price controls were removed after a period of preparation . In 1993 , Czechoslovakia split into the two sovereign states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Park Falls Post Office', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 24 , 2000 ( # 00001238 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '109 First St. N 45°56′09″N 90°26′53″W / 45.935833°N 90.448056°W / 45.935833 ; -90.448056 ( Park Falls Post Office )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Park Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Park_Falls,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Park Falls is a city in Price County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 2,462 at the 2010 census . Located in the woods of north central Wisconsin , primarily the Chequamegon National Forest , Park Falls is a small community divided by the North Fork of the Flambeau River , a popular destination for fishing , canoeing and whitewater rafting .'}]}, {'value': '3-story Neoclassical red-brick-and- limestone office built by the PWA in 1936 to house the post office and the headquarters of the Chequamegon National Forest . The lobby contains a WPA mural by John Watrous entitled Lumberjack Fight on the Flambeau River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture', 'summary': 'Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Limestone', 'summary': 'Limestone is a carbonate sedimentary rock that is often composed of the skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral , foraminifera , and molluscs . Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite , which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate ( CaCO3 ) . A closely related rock is dolomite , which contains a high percentage of the mineral dolomite , CaMg ( CO3 ) 2 . In old USGS publications , dolomite was referred to as magnesian limestone , a term now reserved for magnesium-deficient dolomites or magnesium-rich limestones .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Public_Works_Administration', 'summary': 'Public Works Administration ( PWA ) , part of the New Deal of 1933 , was a large-scale public works construction agency in the United States headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes . It was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act in June 1933 in response to the Great Depression . It built large-scale public works such as dams , bridges , hospitals , and schools . Its goals were to spend $ 3.3 billion in the first year , and $ 6 billion in all , to provide employment , stabilize purchasing power , and help revive the economy . Most of the spending came in two waves in 1933-35 , and again in 1938 . Originally called the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works , it was renamed the Public Works Administration in 1935 and shut down in 1944 . The PWA spent over $ 7 billion in contracts to private construction firms that did the actual work . It created an infrastructure that generated national and local pride in the 1930s and remains vital eight decades later . The PWA was much less controversial than its rival agency with a confusingly similar name , the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) , headed by Harry Hopkins , which focused on smaller projects and hired unemployed unskilled workers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chequamegon_National_Forest', 'summary': 'The Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest ( /ʃɪˈwɑːmɪɡən ˌnɪkəˈleɪ/ ; the q is silent ) is a 1,530,647-acre ( 6,194.31 km2 ) U.S. National Forest in northern Wisconsin in the United States . Much of the old growth forest in this region was destroyed by logging in the early part of the 20th century . Some of the trees that grow there today were planted by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s . The national forest lands contain trees and vegetation corresponding to the North Woods Ecoregion that is prevalent throughout the upper Great Lakes region . Legally two separate national forests - the Chequamegon National Forest and the Nicolet National Forest - the areas were established by presidential proclamations in 1933 and have been managed as one unit since 1993 . The Chequamegon National Forest comprises three units in the north-central part of the state totaling 865,825 acres ( 3,503.87 km2 ) . In descending order of forestland area , it is located in parts of Bayfield , Ashland , Price , Sawyer , Taylor , and Vilas counties . Forest headquarters are in Park Falls . There are local ranger district offices in Glidden , Hayward , Medford , Park Falls , and Washburn . Moquah Barrens Research Natural Area is located with the Chequamegon . Lying within the Chequamegon are two officially designated wilderness areas of the National Wilderness Preservation System . These are the Porcupine Lake Wilderness and the Rainbow Lake Wilderness .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration', 'summary': "The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ; renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration ) was an American New Deal agency , employing millions of job-seekers ( mostly unskilled men ) to carry out public works projects , including the construction of public buildings and roads . It was established on May 6 , 1935 , by Executive Order 7034 . In one project , Federal Project Number One , the WPA employed musicians , artists , writers , actors and directors in large arts , drama , media , and literacy projects . The five projects dedicated to these were : the Federal Writers Project ( FWP ) , the Historical Records Survey ( HRS ) , the Federal Theatre Project ( FTP ) , the Federal Music Project ( FMP ) , and the Federal Art Project ( FAP ) . In the Historical Records Survey , for instance , many former slaves in the South were interviewed ; these documents are of great importance for American history . Theater and music groups toured throughout the United States , and gave more than 225,000 performances . Archaeological investigations under the WPA were influential in the rediscovery of pre-Columbian Native American cultures , and the development of professional archaeology in the US . The WPA 's initial appropriation in 1935 was for $ 4.9 billion ( about 6.7 percent of the 1935 GDP ) . Headed by Harry Hopkins , the WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States , while developing infrastructure to support the current and future society . Above all , the WPA hired workers and craftsmen who were mainly employed in building streets . Thus , under the leadership of the WPA , more than 1 million km of streets and over 10,000 bridges were built , in addition to many airports and much housing . The largest single project of the WPA was the Tennessee Valley Authority , which provided the impoverished Tennessee Valley with dams and waterworks to create an infrastructure for electrical power ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phillips High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phillips_High_School_(Phillips,_Wisconsin)', 'summary': 'Phillips High School was a public high school in Phillips , Wisconsin . The original three-story block was built in 1907 and the Public Works Administration added the gymnasium section in 1937 . The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 24 , 1995 ( # 95000156 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '300 Cherry St. 45°41′22″N 90°24′01″W / 45.689444°N 90.400278°W / 45.689444 ; -90.400278 ( Phillips High School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phillips', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phillips,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Phillips is a city in Price County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 1,478 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Price County .'}]}, {'value': 'Romanesque and eclectic-styled brick school designed by Henry Wildhagen and built in 1909 and expanded by the PWA in 1937', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Romanesque Revival ( or Neo-Romanesque ) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture . Unlike the historic Romanesque style , however , Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches and windows than their historic counterparts . An early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil ( Round-arched style ) was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s . By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free Romanesque manner was Henry Hobson Richardson . In the United States , the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque , of which not all are Romanesque Revival . Romanesque Revival is also sometimes referred to as the Norman style or Lombard style , particularly in works published during the 19th century after variations of historic Romanesque that were developed by the Normans and Lombards , respectively . Like its influencing Romanesque style , the Romanesque Revival style was widely used for churches , and occasionally for synagogues such as the New Synagogue of Strasbourg built in 1898 , and the Congregation Emanu-El of New York built in 1929 . The style was quite popular for university campuses in the late 19th and early 20th century , especially in the United States and Canada ; well known examples can be found at the University of California , Los Angeles , University of Southern California , Tulane University , University of Denver , University of Toronto , and Wayne State University .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Henry_Wildhagen', 'summary': 'Henry Wildhagen ( September 1 , 1856 - March 23 , 1920 ) was one of northern Wisconsins best-known architects at the turn of the 20th century . :5 He was born in Hannover , Germany in 1856 and studied at the Technical University of Hannover . He immigrated to the US in 1886 and designed paper mills in the eastern U.S and Canada . He was married to Marie Wildhagen . In 1893 he came to Ashland and opened a design firm with civil engineer Herman Rettinghaus . There he designed many public buildings in northern Wisconsin . A number of his works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . Works include :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Public_Works_Administration', 'summary': 'Public Works Administration ( PWA ) , part of the New Deal of 1933 , was a large-scale public works construction agency in the United States headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes . It was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act in June 1933 in response to the Great Depression . It built large-scale public works such as dams , bridges , hospitals , and schools . Its goals were to spend $ 3.3 billion in the first year , and $ 6 billion in all , to provide employment , stabilize purchasing power , and help revive the economy . Most of the spending came in two waves in 1933-35 , and again in 1938 . Originally called the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works , it was renamed the Public Works Administration in 1935 and shut down in 1944 . The PWA spent over $ 7 billion in contracts to private construction firms that did the actual work . It created an infrastructure that generated national and local pride in the 1930s and remains vital eight decades later . The PWA was much less controversial than its rival agency with a confusingly similar name , the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) , headed by Harry Hopkins , which focused on smaller projects and hired unemployed unskilled workers .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prentice Boy Scout Cabin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 24 , 2017 ( # 100001857 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1600 blk . of Washington St. 45°32′58″N 90°17′23″W / 45.549436°N 90.289664°W / 45.549436 ; -90.289664 ( Prentice Boy Scout Cabin )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prentice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prentice,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Prentice is a village in Price County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 660 at the 2010 census . The village is located within the Town of Prentice .'}]}, {'value': 'Rustic-styled meeting hall with walls of small vertical logs , built in 1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prentice Co-operative Creamery Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prentice_Co-operative_Creamery_Company', 'summary': "The Prentice Co-operative Creamery Company in Prentice , Wisconsin was central to the community 's transition from lumber to agriculture . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 12 , 1985 ( # 85002329 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '700 Main St. 45°32′48″N 90°17′26″W / 45.546667°N 90.290556°W / 45.546667 ; -90.290556 ( Prentice Co-operative Creamery Company )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prentice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prentice,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Prentice is a village in Price County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 660 at the 2010 census . The village is located within the Town of Prentice .'}]}, {'value': 'Built in 1906 as a hide house for the U.S. Leather Company , the building housed the Prentice Cooperative Creamery Company from 1915 into the 1940s', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hide_(skin)', 'summary': 'A hide or skin is an animal skin treated for human use . The word hide is related to the German word Haut which means skin . The industry defines hides as skins of large animals e.g . cow , buffalo ; the skins refer to skins of smaller animals : goat , sheep , deer , pig , fish , alligator , snake , etc . Common commercial hides include leather from cattle and other livestock animals , buckskin , alligator skin and snake skin . All are used for shoes , clothes , leather bags , belts and other fashion accessories . Leather is also used in cars , upholstery , interior decorating , horse tack and harnesses . Skins are sometimes still gathered from hunting and processed at a domestic or artisanal level but most leather making is now industrialized and large-scale . Various tannins are used for this purpose . The term skin is sometimes expanded to include furs , which are harvested from various species , including cats , mustelids , and bears .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cooperative', 'summary': 'A cooperative ( also known as co-operative , co-op , or coop ) is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic , social , and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned enterprise . Cooperatives may include :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Creamery', 'summary': 'In a dairy , the creamery is the location of cream processing . Cream is separated from whole milk ; pasteurization is done to the skimmed milk and cream separately . Whole milk for sale has had some cream returned to the skimmed milk . The creamery is the source of butter from a dairy . Cream is an emulsion of fat-in-water ; the process of churning causes a phase inversion to butter which is an emulsion of water-in-fat . Excess liquid as buttermilk is drained off in the process . Modern creameries are automatically controlled industries , but the traditional creamery needed skilled workers . Traditional tools included the butter churn and Scotch hands . The term creamery is sometimes used in retail trade as a place to buy milk products such as yogurt and ice cream . Under the banner of a creamery one might find a store also stocking pies and cakes or even a coffeehouse with confectionery .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Round Lake Logging Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Round_Lake_Logging_Dam', 'summary': 'The Round Lake Logging Dam is located in Fifield , Wisconsin , United States . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 17 , 1981 ( # 81000055 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NE of Fifield 45°55′33″N 90°04′45″W / 45.925833°N 90.079167°W / 45.925833 ; -90.079167 ( Round Lake Logging Dam )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fifield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fifield,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Fifield is a town in Price County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 989 at the 2000 census . The unincorporated community of Fifield is located in the community . The ghost town of Coolidge was also located in the town .'}]}, {'value': 'Log-sluicing and flushing dam built in 1878 , carefully restored', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wisconsin Concrete Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wisconsin_Concrete_Park', 'summary': 'The Wisconsin Concrete Park is a sculpture park located along Wisconsin Highway 13 in the town of Phillips , Wisconsin . The park includes over 200 folk art sculptures built with concrete and decorated with glass bottles and other found objects . Fred Smith , who ran the Rock Garden Tavern on the property , began building the sculptures in 1948 after retiring from his career as a lumberjack . Smith , who lacked any formal artistic education , initially built two-dimensional bas relief plaques and eventually transitioned to constructing his larger sculptures . Smith continued building sculptures until 1964 , when a stroke forced him to stop working . Smith claimed that the sculptures came to [ him ] naturally and that nobody knows why I made these sculptures , even me . The sculptures primarily feature people engaging in everyday activities , such as farming , watching workers , and drinking beer . Animals are also frequently depicted , both in the wild and helping with farm work . One sculpture , the last Smith completed before his stroke , features a team of Clydesdales pulling a Budweiser wagon . Historic and legendary figures such as Ben-Hur , Paul Bunyan , and Abraham Lincoln are also depicted . Smith was born in 1886 in Price County ( the same county as his park ) to German immigrants . Beginning in his early teens , he worked as a lumberjack .'}]}, {'value': 'October 28 , 2005 ( # 05001195 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WI 13 S. 45°40′15″N 90°23′19″W / 45.670833°N 90.388611°W / 45.670833 ; -90.388611 ( Wisconsin Concrete Park )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Worcester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcester,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Worcester is a town in Price County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 1,711 at the 2000 census . The unincorporated community of Cranberry Lake is located in the town .'}]}, {'value': 'A garden of rustic sculptures , created between 1950 and 1964 by Fred Smith - lumberjack , barkeep , and self-taught artist', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Price_County,_Wisconsin_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Price County, Wisconsin. It is intended to provide a comprehensive listing of entries in the National Register of Historic Places that are located in Price County, Wisconsin. The locations of National Register properties for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below may be seen in a map. There are 13 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. Another property was once listed but has been removed.'}	null	null	What county is the city in that has an historic listing that has a Public Works Administration addition to it ?	Price
074c8482ae604a34	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venues_of_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'title': 'Venues of the 1952 Summer Olympics', 'header': ['Venue', 'Sports', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Arto Tolsa Areena ( Kotka )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arto_Tolsa_Areena', 'summary': "Arto Tolsa Areena is a football stadium in Kotka , Finland . It is the home stadium of Kotkan Työväen Palloilijat ( KTP ) . The stadium holds 4,780 and was inaugurated in 1952 for the Helsinki Olympics . The stadium 's record attendance was made during the Olympic Games in the football match between the Soviet Union and Bulgaria , the score having been 2-1 a.e.t . Depending on the source , the record is 10,000 , or 10,637 or 10,950 . Arto Tolsa Areena used to be known as Urheilukeskus ( Sports Center in Finnish ) . It got its current name after it was renovated around the turn of millennium . The current name comes from Arto Tolsa , who was a legendary Finnish player of Kotkan Työväen Palloilijat , the predecessor of KTP . The covered main stand holds 2,500 spectators . The size of the pitch is 105 by 65 metres . The power of the lighting system is 1200 lux . At the beginning of the 2015 season , the pitch was converted to an artificial playing surface ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kotka', 'summary': 'Kotka is a town in the southern part of the Kymenlaakso province on the Gulf of Finland . Kotka is a major port and industrial city and also a diverse school and cultural city . The neighboring municipalities of Kotka are Hamina , Kouvola and Pyhtää . Kotka belongs to the Kotka-Hamina subdivision . Kotka is located on the coast of the Gulf of Finland at the mouth of Kymi River and it is part of the Kymenlaakso region in southern Finland . The neighboring municipalities of Kotka are Hamina , Kouvola and Pyhtää . Kotka belongs to the Kotka-Hamina subdivision . The Port of Kotka is a major Finnish sea port that serves both the foreign trade of Finland and Russia . The municipality is officially unilingually Finnish , with 89.8% being native Finnish speakers , 1% Swedish , and 9.3% speaking some other language .'}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Football_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Football tournament at the 1952 Summer Olympics was won by Hungary . The games signalled the arrival ( to Western Europeans at least ) of the Hungarian national football team - the Magical Magyars . Ferenc Puskás later said of the 1952 competition : It was during the Olympics that our football first started to flow with real power . It was during the Games that Stanley Rous of English Football Association invited the Hungarians to play a friendly at Wembley the following year .'}]}, {'value': '11,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hämeenlinna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hämeenlinna', 'summary': 'Hämeenlinna ( Swedish : Tavastehus ; Karelian : Hämienlinna ) is a city and municipality of about 68,000 inhabitants in the heart of the historical province of Häme in the south of Finland . Hämeenlinna is the oldest inland city of Finland and was one of the most important Finnish cities until the 19th century . It still remains an important regional center . Hämeenlinna is the birthplace of composer Jean Sibelius . Today , it belongs to the region of Tavastia Proper ( Kanta-Häme ) , and before 2010 it was the residence city for the Governor of the province of Southern Finland . Nearby cities include the capital Helsinki ( 98 km or 61 mi ) , Tampere ( 73 km or 45 mi ) and Lahti ( 72 km or 45 mi ) . The medieval Häme Castle ( Hämeen linna ) is located in the city .'}]}, {'value': 'Modern pentathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki , two events in modern pentathlon were contested . For the first time , a team event was part of the Olympic program .'}]}, {'value': '2,983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harmaja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harmaja', 'summary': "Harmaja ( Swedish : Gråhara ) is an island and a lighthouse outside Helsinki , south of the Suomenlinna sea fortress . The island has been functioning as a landmark since the 16th century . A landmark structure was built on the island in the 18th century and a light house in 1883 . The first lighthouse was only 7.3 m high and it soon proved to be too low . In 1900 the height was doubled by creating a rectangular brick building on a granite base . A large foghorn alerted ships in fog and in bad visibility . Harmaja received the world 's first directed and undirected radio beacon in 1936 . The lighthouse is fully automated today . There is also a pilot station on the island . During the 1952 Summer Olympics this was the center of the Olympic sailing event ."}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad ( 1896 Olympics in Athens , Greece ) . With the exception of 1904 and the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics , sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule . The Sailing program of the 1952 Summer Olympics consisted of a total of five sailing classes ( disciplines ) . For each class seven races were scheduled from 20-28 July 1952 of the coast of Harmaja . The sailing was done on the triangular type Olympic courses . The start was made in the center of a set of 8 numbered marks that were places in a circle . During the starting procedure the sequence of the marks was communicated to the sailors . By picking the mark that was most upwind the start could always be made upwind . This system is , at least in certain German lakes , still in use .'}]}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helsinki Football Grounds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Töölön_Pallokenttä', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,050', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huopalahti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huopalahti', 'summary': 'Huopalahti ( Swedish : Hoplax ) was a municipality during the years 1920-1945 in Uusimaa , Finland . The municipality was bilingual . Current areas of Munkkiniemi , Lauttasaari and parts of northern Pasila were parts of Huopalahti . The area was separated from former Helsinki parish in 1920 . Haaga was part of the municipality , but was separated from it in 1923 . The Finnish National Defence University , that was moved to Munkkiniemi in 1923 , was located in Huopalahti . In 1946 , the municipality was consolidated to Helsinki . The Finnish Hunting Society which is headquartered in the city hosted the shotgun shooting events for the 1952 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting ( shotgun )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'With the competitions in shooting at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki , the Olympic shooting program began its expansion . Three new events were added : 100 metre running deer , 50 metre rifle three positions and trap . In total there were seven events held between 25 and 29 July 1952 . No women participated in the 1952 shooting events . This was the first year that a new format was introduced as well : the sights on the guns were now located on the left side of the barrel .'}]}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Käpylä', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Käpylä', 'summary': 'Käpylä ( Swedish : Kottby ) is a neighbourhood of Helsinki with 7,600 inhabitants . Administratively speaking , Käpylä is a part of the Vanhakaupunki district . It is located between Kumpula , Oulunkylä and Koskela . Käpylä has a terminus for route-1 of the Helsinki tram network . Additionally , the Olympic Village built for the 1952 Summer Olympics and another village for the cancelled 1940 Summer Olympics are located in Käpylä . The Park Hotel , located in Käpylä , became known for being the shooting location of the popular Finnish satirical TV series Hyvät herrat . One of the two lyceum schools situated in Käpylä has a specific orientation towards students with an interest in the natural sciences . The tram lines 1 and 1A as well as the Tuusulanväylä freeway bus lines travel to Käpylä . The I- N- and T-trains of the Helsinki commuter rail system stop at Käpylä railway station . There are smaller regions inside Käpylä , Puu-Käpylä ( wood-Käpylä ) and Taivaskallio .'}]}, {'value': 'Cycling ( road )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cycling competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics consisted of two road cycling events and four track cycling events , all for men only . 215 cyclists from 36 countries competed in the six events .'}]}, {'value': '4,050', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laakso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laakso', 'summary': 'Laakso ( Swedish : Dal ) is a neighbourhood in Helsinki , Finland . Its borders are defined by the streets of Mannerheimintie and Nordenskiöldinkatu and the Helsinki Central Park . The neighbourhood is bordered by Töölö in the south , Meilahti in the southwest , Ruskeasuo in the north and Länsi-Pasila in the east . The neighbourhood has an area of 0.74 km² , a population of 1781 and 1583 jobs ( December 31 , 2003 ) . Laakso is neighbourhood # 18 in the official neighbourhood numbering of Helsinki , and belongs to the district of Reijola . The population in Laakso is mainly concentrated in multiple-floor apartment buildings on Mannerheimintie . The neighbourhood also includes a hospital , a riding field , a traffic playground , and a large part of the southern Central Park . For the 1952 Summer Olympics , the neighborhood hosted the Eventing equestrian riding competitions .'}]}, {'value': 'Equestrian ( eventing - riding )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The equestrian events at the 1952 Helsinki Summer Olympics included dressage , eventing , and show jumping . All three disciplines had both individual and team competitions and were held from 28 July to 3 August 1952 . One of the biggest changes at the 1952 Olympics was the demographics of competitors . Before this , most of the riders were officers ( 41 of 44 starters at the 1948 Olympics were riding in uniform ) , whereas the Helsinki Games saw over 50% of competitors from the civilian ranks . Additionally , women were now allowed to compete for the first time in equestrian events . At the 1952 Games , they were permitted in the dressage competition , although prohibited from the jumping ( per a ruling in 1951 ) and most definitely not in eventing which was considered too dangerous . A total of 4 women competed out of 138 riders . 25 nations competed : Argentina , Brazil , Bulgaria , Canada , Chile , Denmark , Egypt , Finland , France , Federal Republic of Germany , Great Britain , Ireland , Italy , Japan , Korea , Mexico , the Netherlands , Norway , Portugal , Romania , Soviet Union , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , and the USA . This was the first appearance for Canada , Egypt , Korea , and the Soviet Union . Russia had sent riders to the 1912 Games , but had not competed since . The youngest participant was Walter Staley ( 19 ) from the United States , while the oldest rider was the Danish Kristian Jensen ( 63 ) .'}]}, {'value': '4,854', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lahden kisapuisto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lahden_kisapuisto', 'summary': 'The Lahden kisapuisto is a multi-use stadium in Lahti , Finland . It is used mostly for football and hosts the home matches of FC Lahti . The stadium holds 4,000 people and is all-seater . It also hosted some football matches during the 1952 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,067', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liuskasaari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liuskasaari', 'summary': 'Liuskasaari ( Swedish : Skifferholmen ) is an island located south of Helsinki , Finland . This island is home of the Helsingfors Segelsällskap , one of the oldest sailing clubs in Finland . The island hosts two restaurants : The HSS Clubhouse Restaurant and the Skiffer outdoor restaurant . This island has about 50 000 visitors annually and can be reached by a ferry that traffics the island from the Merisatama park . The island hosted some of the sailing events for the 1952 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malmi Rifle Range', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malmi,_Helsinki', 'summary': 'Malmi ( Swedish : Malm ) is a regional center and a major district on the north-eastern part of Helsinki , Finland . It has a population of 24,312 ( 2008 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting ( pistol/ rifle )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maunula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maunula', 'summary': 'Maunula ( Finnish ) , Månsas ( Swedish ) is a northwestern neighborhood of Helsinki , Finland . For the 1952 Summer Olympics , it hosted part of the road cycling events .'}]}, {'value': 'Cycling ( road )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21,708', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meilahti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meilahti', 'summary': 'Meilahti ( in Swedish Mejlans ) is a neighbourhood of Helsinki between Mannerheimintie ( the main entrance road to Helsinki ) and a bay named Seurasaarenselkä . Most of the houses in Meilahti were built in the 1930s and 1940s . Meilahti is home to over 6700 people . Meilahti is the location of Mäntyniemi , official residence of the President of Finland , as well as Kesäranta , the official residence of Prime Minister of Finland . Near Mäntyniemi is the former presidential residence , Tamminiemi , which is today a museum dedicated to president Urho Kekkonen . Several hospitals are located in this district , including the Meilahti Hospital of the Helsinki University Central Hospital ( HUCH ) . Neighbourhoods surrounding Meilahti are Töölö , Munkkiniemi , Ruskeasuo , Pikku Huopalahti and Laakso . For the 1952 Summer Olympics , the neighborhood hosted the rowing events .'}]}, {'value': 'Rowing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Rowing at the 1952 Summer Olympics featured seven events , for men only . The competitions were held from 20 to 23 July .'}]}, {'value': '3,554', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Messuhalli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Töölö_Sports_Hall', 'summary': 'Töölö Sports Hall ( Finnish : Töölön kisahalli , Swedish : Tölö sporthall ) is a sports venue located in the Töölö district of Helsinki , Finland . It was designed by Aarne Hytönen and Risto-Veikko Luukkonen and built in 1935 as Messuhalli ( Exhibition Hall ) . It is located near the Olympic Stadium , the Opera House , and the Sonera Stadium . The hall was originally a venue for concerts , banquets and sporting events , but is now used only for training and competition in various sports .'}]}, {'value': 'Basketball ( final ) , Boxing , Gymnastics , Weightlifting , Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Basketball at the 1952 Summer Olympics was the third appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event . 23 nations entered the competition . The top six teams at the 1948 Summer Olympics qualified automatically , as did the winners of the 1950 FIBA World Championship ( Argentina ) , the top two teams at the 1951 EuroBasket ( USSR and Czechoslovakia ) , and the host country ( Finland ) . Thirteen other nations competed in a preliminary round to determine the last six places in the sixteen-team Olympic tournament .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Final results for the boxing competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics . The events were held at Messuhalli . From this edition of the Olympic Games , the bronze medal match was abolished .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics was represented by 15 events : 7 for women and 8 for men . All events were held between 19 and 24 July in the Messuhalli building in Helsinki . Men 's events were held in Exhibition Hall I while women 's events were contested in the smaller Exhibition Hall II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The weightlifting competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki consisted of seven weight classes , all for men only . The middle-heavyweight division was a newly created weight class , moving the heavyweight class up from 82.5 kg to 90 kg . The events were held at Messuhalli .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1952 Summer Olympics , 16 wrestling events were contested , for all men . There were eight weight classes in Greco-Roman wrestling and eight classes in freestyle wrestling . The events were held at Messuhalli .'}]}, {'value': '5,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olympic Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helsinki_Olympic_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Helsinki Olympic Stadium ( Finnish : Helsingin Olympiastadion ; Swedish : Helsingfors Olympiastadion ) , located in the Töölö district about 2.3 kilometres ( 1.4 mi ) from the centre of the Finnish capital Helsinki , is the largest stadium in the country , nowadays mainly used for hosting sports events and big concerts . The stadium is best known for being the centre of activities in the 1952 Summer Olympics . During those games , it hosted athletics , equestrian show jumping , and the football finals . The stadium was also the venue for the first Bandy World Championship in 1957 , the first World Athletics Championships in 1983 as well as for the 2005 World Championships in Athletics . It hosted the European Athletics Championships in 1971 , 1994 and 2012 . It is also the home stadium of the Finland national football team . The stadium has been closed since March 2016 for renovation works and is scheduled to open in August 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics , Equestrian ( jumping ) , Football ( final )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki , 33 athletics events were contested , 24 for men and 9 for women . There were a total number of 963 participating athletes from 57 countries .'}]}, {'value': '70,470', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pakila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pakila', 'summary': 'Pakila ( Swedish : Baggböle ) is a neighbourhood in Northern Helsinki , about nine kilometers from the city center . It comprises Länsi-Pakila and Itä-Pakila . Pakila has approximately 10 275 inhabitants . In Pakila the average size of the apartments is the second largest in Helsinki , 98 m2 . Since the 1970s , the largest party in Pakila has been Coalition . The National Coalition Party was the most popular party in Pakila in the 2012 municipal elections ( 50% support ) and in the 2015 parliamentary elections ( 44% support ) . Pakila is home to many celebrities , such as Antero Vartia , Arto Bryggare , Erkki Junkkarinen , Jimi Constantine , Kari Hotakainen , Martti Larni , Oskari Mörö , Samuli Laiho , and Signmark .'}]}, {'value': 'Cycling ( road )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruskeasuo Equestrian Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruskeasuo', 'summary': 'Ruskeasuo ( Brunakärr in Swedish , verbatim Brown swamp ) is a neighbourhood of Helsinki ( Helsingfors in Swedish ) , about 3 kilometres north of the city center . With a population of 2670 ( year 2005 ) Ruskeasuo is a rather quiet residential area . Buildings by Mannerheimintie are typically 6-8 floors high from 1950s . Between Mannerheimintie and Central Park , low-rise buildings are dominant . The equestrian dressage and eventing competitions for the 1952 Summer Olympics took place at their sports hall .'}]}, {'value': 'Equestrian ( dressage , eventing )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,780', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swimming Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helsinki_Swimming_Stadium', 'summary': 'Helsinki Swimming Stadium is an outdoor swimming venue in Helsinki , Finland , located in the Eläintarha area to the northeast of the Helsinki Olympic Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Diving , Swimming , Water polo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki , four diving events were contested .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki , a total number of eleven swimming events were contested , six for men and five for women . The events were held at the Swimming Stadium . There was a total of 319 participants from 48 countries competing .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Final results for the water polo tournament at the 1952 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '11,345', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taivallahti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Töölö_Rowing_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Töölö Rowing Stadium is a rowing and canoeing venue located a kilometer from Helsinki Olympic Stadium in Helsinki , Finland . Originally constructed for the 1940 Summer Olympics that were cancelled in the wake of what became known as World War II , the venue was not approved by the International Rowing Federation ( FISA ) due to being exposed to sea breezes . As a result , the rowing events were moved to Meilahti while the canoeing events took place as planned .'}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki , nine events in sprint canoe racing were contested . The program was unchanged from the previous Games in 1948 .'}]}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tali Race Track', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tali,_Helsinki', 'summary': 'Tali ( Swedish : Tali ) is a neighbourhood located in Pitäjänmäki district of Western Helsinki , Finland . As of 2008 [ update ] , Tali has 1,078 inhabitants living in an area of 1.01 km2 . The race track hosted the steeplechase eventing equestrian competition for the 1952 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Equestrian ( eventing - steeplechase )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tampere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampere', 'summary': "Tampere ( /ˈtæmpəreɪ/ , also US : /ˈtɑːm-/ , Finnish : [ ˈtɑmpere ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Tammerfors [ tɑmːærˈforsː ] ( listen ) ) is a city in Pirkanmaa , southern Finland . It is the most populous inland city in the Nordic countries . Tampere has a population of 235,615 with the urban area holding 334,112 people and the metropolitan area , also known as the Tampere sub-region , holding 385,301 inhabitants in an area of 4,970 km2 . Tampere is the second-largest urban area and third most-populous individual municipality in Finland , after the cities of Helsinki and Espoo and the most populous Finnish city outside the Greater Helsinki area , within which both Helsenki and Espoo are both located . Tampere is the major urban , economic , and cultural hub for central Finland . [ citation needed ] Tampere is wedged between two lakes , Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi . Since the two lakes differ in level by 18 metres ( 59 ft ) , the rapids linking them , Tammerkoski , have been an important power source throughout history , most recently for generating electricity . Tampere is dubbed the Manchester of Finland for its industrial past as the former center of Finnish industry , and this has given rise to its Finnish nickname Manse and terms such as Manserock . Helsinki is approximately 160 kilometres ( 100 mi ) south of Tampere , and can be reached in 1h 31m by Pendolino high-speed rail service and 2 hours by car . The distance to Turku is roughly the same . Tampere-Pirkkala Airport is Finland 's eighth-busiest airport , with over 230,000 passengers in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20,700', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Venues', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Venues_of_the_1952_Summer_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'For the 1952 Summer Olympics, a total of twenty-four sports venues were used. Three of the venues were constructed for the 1940 Summer Olympics, but were postponed in the wake of World War II. Those venues were completed in time for the 1952 Games. The main stadium served as host to the World Athletics Championships in 1983 and in 2005. Two venues were purchased by the city of Helsinki after the Olympics, one changed from an exhibition center to a sports arena, and another changed from a sports arena to an art museum. With an annual average temperature of 5.9 °C, Helsinki is the coldest city to host the Summer Olympics.'}	null	null	When is the venue that hosted 33 athletics events ( 24 for men and 9 for women ) scheduled to reopen ?	August 2020
074d73795a6efb27	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_United_States_Congress', 'title': '45th United States Congress', 'header': ['District', 'Vacator', 'Reason for change', 'Successor', "Date of successor 's formal installation"], 'data': [{'value': 'Georgia 9th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Georgia's_9th_congressional_district", 'summary': "Georgia 's 9th congressional district is a congressional district in the north of the U.S. state of Georgia . The district has been represented since 2013 by Republican Doug Collins . Collins announced in January 2020 that will run for U.S. senator . It is unclear if he can or will also run for re-election ."}]}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rep Benjamin Harvey Hill resigned in previous congress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Harvey_Hill', 'summary': 'Benjamin Harvey Hill ( September 14 , 1823 - August 16 , 1882 ) was a politician whose career spanned state and national politics , and the Civil War . He served in the Georgia legislature in both houses . Although he had opposed secession , he stayed with the South and served as a Confederate senator representing Georgia . After the war and near the end of the Reconstruction era , Hill was elected in 1874 to the United States House of Representatives , and in 1877 as a U.S. senator from Georgia . He served in the Senate until his death in 1882 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hiram P. Bell ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiram_Parks_Bell', 'summary': 'Hiram Parks Bell ( January 19 , 1827 - August 17 , 1907 ) was a U.S. Representative and a Confederate Representative from the state of Georgia .'}]}, {'value': 'March 13 , 1877', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado At-large', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Colorado's_at-large_congressional_district", 'summary': 'The State of Colorado was represented in the United States House of Representatives by one member of the House , elected at-large from 1876 until 1893 and from 1903 until 1913 , and by two members at-large from 1913 until 1915 . Since the 1914 elections , all members from Colorado have been elected from congressional districts .'}]}, {'value': 'James B. Belford ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_B._Belford', 'summary': 'James Burns Belford ( September 28 , 1837 - January 10 , 1910 ) was an American politician and a U.S. Representative from Colorado .'}]}, {'value': 'Lost contested election December 13 , 1877', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas M. Patterson ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_M._Patterson', 'summary': 'Thomas MacDonald Patterson ( November 4 , 1839 - July 23 , 1916 ) was an American politician and newspaper publisher from the 1870s through the 1910s .'}]}, {'value': 'December 13 , 1877', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California 4th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/California's_4th_congressional_district", 'summary': "California 's 4th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of California ."}]}, {'value': 'Romualdo Pacheco ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romualdo_Pacheco', 'summary': "José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco , Jr. ( October 31 , 1831 - January 23 , 1899 ) was a Californio politician and diplomat . He was elected and appointed to various California state and federal offices and posts throughout his more than thirty-year career , including serving in the California State Senate , as the 12th governor of California , and three terms in the United States House of Representatives . Pacheco remains the only Hispanic or Latino governor in the state 's history as part of the U.S . He was also the state 's first governor to be born in California and the only governor to be born in the state before statehood . Pacheco represented California in the United States House of Representatives as a Member of the Republican Party from March 4 , 1877 to February 7 , 1878 , and from March 4 , 1879 to March 3 , 1883 . He was the first Hispanic Representative from a U.S. state ; several others had previously served as delegates for U.S. territories and as such did not have full voting privileges ."}]}, {'value': 'Lost contested election February 7 , 1878', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter D. Wigginton ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_D._Wigginton', 'summary': 'Peter Dinwiddie Wigginton ( September 6 , 1839 - July 7 , 1890 ) was a U.S. Representative from California . Born in Springfield , Illinois , Wigginton moved to Wisconsin with his parents in 1843 . He completed preparatory studies and attended the University of Wisconsin-Madison . He studied law . He was admitted to the bar in 1859 and practiced . He was editor of the Dodgeville ( Wisconsin ) Advocate . He moved to Snelling , California , in 1862 , and continued the practice of law . He served as district attorney of Merced County 1864-1868 . Wigginton was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-fourth Congress ( March 4 , 1875 - March 3 , 1877 ) . He successfully contested the election of Romualdo Pacheco to the Forty-fifth Congress ( February 7 , 1878 - March 4 , 1879 ) . He settled in San Francisco in 1880 and resumed the practice of law . Nominated by the American Party as candidate for Vice President in 1888 in place of James R. Geer .'}]}, {'value': 'February 7 , 1878', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisiana 3rd', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Louisiana's_3rd_congressional_district", 'summary': "Louisiana 's 3rd congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Louisiana . The district covers the southwestern and south central portion of the state , ranging from the Texas border to the Atchafalaya River . The district is currently represented by Republican Clay Higgins , a former sheriff 's deputy from Point Barre known for his controversial Crime Stoppers videos . He won the December 10th runoff against public service commissioner Scott Angelle to replace Charles Boustany ."}]}, {'value': 'Chester B. Darrall ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chester_Bidwell_Darrall', 'summary': 'Chester Bidwell Darrall ( June 24 , 1842 - January 1 , 1908 ) was an American Republican Congressman from Louisiana during the latter half of the 19th Century .'}]}, {'value': 'Lost contested election February 20 , 1878', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph H. Acklen ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_H._Acklen', 'summary': 'Joseph Hayes Acklen ( May 20 , 1850 - September 28 , 1938 ) was a U.S. Representative from Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': 'February 20 , 1878', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisiana 5th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Louisiana's_5th_congressional_district", 'summary': "Louisiana 's 5th Congressional District is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Louisiana . The district covers most of the northeastern and central portions of the state and much of the northern portions of the Florida parishes . It contains the cities of Monroe and Alexandria ."}]}, {'value': 'John E. Leonard ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_E._Leonard', 'summary': 'John Edwards Leonard ( September 22 , 1845 - March 15 , 1878 ) was a United States Representative from Louisiana . He was the grandnephew of John Edwards ( Pennsylvania ) who also served in Congress . He was born in Fairville , Pennsylvania , into a Quaker family . Leonard attended the public schools and was later graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy , Exeter , New Hampshire in 1863 . He earned a law degree from Harvard University in 1867 . He studied law in Germany before he returned to the United States ; he moved to Louisiana , where he was admitted to the bar in 1870 during the Reconstruction era and commenced practice at Monroe , Louisiana . Leonard was appointed as the district attorney of the thirteenth judicial district of Louisiana in 1871 and 1872 . He was elected associate justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court in 1876 before he resumed the practice of law in Monroe , Louisiana . In 1876 he was elected as a Republican to the Forty-fifth Congress , serving from March 4 , 1877 , until his death the following year in Havana , Cuba . He was vacationing with several other Washington leaders and died on March 15 , 1878 . He was buried in the Friends ( Hicksite ) Cemetery of the Middletown Meeting House , Middletown Township , Delaware County , Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': 'Died March 15 , 1878', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J. Smith Young ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._Smith_Young', 'summary': 'John Smith Young ( November 4 , 1834 - October 11 , 1916 ) was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': 'November 5 , 1878', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Massachusetts 3rd', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Massachusetts's_3rd_congressional_district", 'summary': "Massachusetts 's 3rd congressional district is located in northeastern and central Massachusetts . Massachusetts congressional redistricting after the 2010 census has greatly changed the borders of this congressional district , largely dividing it between the new 2nd and 4th districts , with the new 3rd district covering only a few towns from the old district . Effective with the elections of 2012 , Worcester is in the new 2nd district and the new 3rd district is similar to the old 5th district , largely covering the Merrimack valley including Lowell , Lawrence and Haverhill . The district is represented by Democrat Lori Trahan ."}]}, {'value': 'Walbridge A . Field ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walbridge_A._Field', 'summary': "Walbridge Abner Field ( April 26 , 1833 - July 15 , 1899 ) was an American lawyer , jurist and politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts , and as the Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court . He was born in North Springfield , Vermont on April 26 , 1833 . He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1855 , where he also served as a tutor . He studied law in Boston , Massachusetts and at the Harvard Law School . Field was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Boston . He served as a member of the City 's school committee , and represented wards 5 and 8 on Boston 's Common Council ."}]}, {'value': 'Lost contested election March 28 , 1878', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benjamin Dean ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Dean', 'summary': 'Benjamin Dean ( August 22 , 1824 - April 9 , 1897 ) was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts .'}]}, {'value': 'March 28 , 1878', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York 16th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/New_York's_16th_congressional_district", 'summary': "New York 's 16th Congressional District is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives represented by Eliot Engel . The 16th district includes the northern Bronx and the southern half of Westchester County , including the suburban cities of Mount Vernon , Yonkers , New Rochelle , and Rye . From 2003 to 2013 , the district included the neighborhoods of Bedford Park , East Tremont , Fordham , Hunts Point , Melrose , Highbridge , Morrisania , Mott Haven and University Heights . Yankee Stadium , Fordham University and the Bronx Zoo were located within the district . Before redistricting , the 2010 Census found that approximately 38% of constituents in New York 's 16th lived at or below the federal poverty line , the highest poverty rate of any congressional district in the nation . These neighborhoods were largely reassigned to the 15th district after redistricting , while the current 16th comprises most of the territory that had previously been the 17th District . The current 16th district , while still containing impoverished areas , such as some neighborhoods of Mount Vernon , also contains affluent areas , such as in Scarsdale and Rye , resulting in a more mixed-income demography . In 2008 , the previous version of this district gave Barack Obama his largest victory margin of any congressional district , a margin of 90% ( 95-5% ) . The current configuration of the 16th district is not as overwhelmingly Democratic as the previous version , but retains a Democratic majority ."}]}, {'value': 'Terence J. Quinn ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terence_J._Quinn', 'summary': "Terence John Quinn ( October 16 , 1836 - June 18 , 1878 ) was a United States Representative from New York . He was born in Albany , New York , where he was educated at a private school and the Boys ' Academy . Early in life entered the brewery business with his father and subsequently became senior member of the firm . At the outbreak of the American Civil War he was commissioned a second lieutenant in Company B , Twenty-fifth Regiment , New York State Militia Volunteers which was ordered to the defense of Washington , D.C. in April 1861 . He was assigned to duty at Arlington Heights . Quinn was a member of the common council of Albany 1869-1872 . He was elected a member of the State assembly in 1873 . He was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-fifth ( 45th ) Congress and served from March 4 , 1877 until his death in Albany in 1878 , aged 41 . He was buried in St. Agnes Cemetery , Menands , New York ."}]}, {'value': 'Died June 18 , 1878', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John M. Bailey ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Mosher_Bailey', 'summary': 'John Mosher Bailey ( August 24 , 1838 - February 21 , 1916 ) was an American politician who represented New York in the United States House of Representatives from 1878-1881 .'}]}, {'value': 'November 5 , 1878', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska At-large', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Nebraska's_at-large_congressional_district", 'summary': 'From statehood in 1867 until 1883 , Nebraska had only one congressional district . Its representative was elected at-large statewide . In 1883 , after the 1880 census , Nebraska was apportioned more representatives who were elected from geographically based districts , thereby obviating the need for an at-large representative .'}]}, {'value': 'Frank Welch ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Welch_(American_politician)', 'summary': 'Frank Welch ( February 10 , 1835 - September 4 , 1878 ) was a Nebraska Republican politician . He was born at Bunker Hill , Charlestown , Massachusetts on February 10 , 1835 and moved to Boston in with his parents . He graduated from Boston High School and took up civil engineering . He moved to the Nebraska Territory in 1857 to Decatur , Nebraska serving as postmaster . He served in the Nebraska Territorial council in 1864 and was presiding officer of the Territorial house of representatives in 1865 , also serving in the house in 1866 . He was a register of the land office at West Point , Nebraska from 1871 to 1876 . He was elected as a Republican to the Forty-fifth United States Congress serving from March 4 , 1877 until his death in Neligh , Nebraska on September 4 , 1878 . He is interred in Forest Hills Cemetery , Jamaica Plain , Massachusetts .'}]}, {'value': 'Died September 4 , 1878', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas J. Majors ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Majors', 'summary': "Thomas Jefferson Majors ( June 25 , 1841 - July 11 , 1932 ) was a Republican politician from the U.S. state of Nebraska . He was born in Libertyville , Iowa , on June 25 , 1841 and attended the Nebraska state normal school . He moved to Peru , Nebraska in 1860 and entered the Union Army in June 1861 as a first lieutenant of Company C , First Regiment , Nebraska Volunteer Infantry . He served successively as captain , major , and lieutenant colonel of that regiment and was mustered out June 15 , 1866 . He was a member of the last Nebraska Territorial council in 1866 , and its equivalent after Nebraska was accepted as a state , the first Nebraska State senate , from 1867 to 1869 . He was appointed assessor of internal revenue for the Nebraska district in 1869 until the offices of collector and assessor were merged into one . He was elected as a Republican to the Forty-fifth United States Congress as the second member of Nebraska 's house congressional delegation . He did not present his credentials and was not seated as the house only recognized Nebraska as having one representative . When the recognized representative , Frank Welch , died , he ran and subsequently was elected . He was elected to both the Forty-sixth and Forty-seventh United States Congresses again as the second member of the delegation , but the House , on February 24 , 1883 , disallowed Nebraskas claim to an additional Member and refused to seat him . He returned to Nebraska and became the director of Citizens State Bank of Peru . He was elected to the Nebraska State House of Representatives in 1889 , and became the sixth Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska from 1891 to 1895 serving under three different Governors John Milton Thayer , James E. Boyd and Lorenzo Crounse ."}]}, {'value': 'November 5 , 1878', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michigan 1st', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Michigan's_1st_congressional_district", 'summary': "Michigan 's 1st congressional district is a United States Congressional district containing the entire Upper Peninsula of Michigan and 16 counties of Northern Michigan in the Lower Peninsula . The district is currently represented by Republican Jack Bergman ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpheus S. Williams ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpheus_S._Williams', 'summary': 'Alpheus Starkey Williams ( September 29 , 1810 - December 21 , 1878 ) was a lawyer , judge , journalist , U.S . Congressman , and a Union general in the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'Died December 21 , 1878', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not filled this term', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia 1st', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Virginia's_1st_congressional_district", 'summary': "Virginia 's first congressional district is a United States congressional district in the commonwealth of Virginia . It is a district with many upper middle class people in the Northern portion of the district and rural middle class people in the southern . Virginian politicians now sometimes refer to it as America 's First District since during the 20th century it included Jamestown , the first permanent English settlement in the New World . However , Jamestown Island and the historic settlement were redistricted to the 2nd congressional district in 2017.Moreover , in the 18th and early 19th century , it comprised northwestern Virginia ( that became Frederick County , Virginia as well as the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia after the American Civil War ) . For years , the first district also included the other two points of the Historic Triangle-Williamsburg , the longtime capital of the colony , and Yorktown , where the decisive battle of the Revolutionary War was fought . The district continues to include major military installations , and has been represented by Republican Rob Wittman since 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Beverly B. Douglas ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beverly_B._Douglas', 'summary': 'Beverly Browne Douglas ( December 21 , 1822 - December 22 , 1878 ) was a U.S. Representative from Virginia .'}]}, {'value': 'Died December 22 , 1878', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard L. T. Beale ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_L._T._Beale', 'summary': 'Richard Lee Turberville Beale ( May 22 , 1819 - April 21 , 1893 ) was a lawyer , three-term United States Congressman from the Commonwealth of Virginia , and a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'January 23 , 1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia 1st', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Georgia's_1st_congressional_district", 'summary': "Georgia 's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Georgia . It is currently represented by Republican Buddy Carter , though the district 's boundaries have been redrawn following the 2010 United States Census , which granted an additional congressional seat to Georgia . The first election using the new district boundaries were the 2012 congressional elections . The district comprises the entire coastal area of Sea Islands and much of the southeastern part of the state . In addition to Savannah , the district includes the cities of Brunswick , Jesup , and Waycross . There are four military bases in the district :"}]}, {'value': 'Julian Hartridge ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julian_Hartridge', 'summary': 'Julian Hartridge ( September 29 , 1829 - January 8 , 1879 ) was an American politician .'}]}, {'value': 'Died January 8 , 1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William B. Fleming ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Bennett_Fleming', 'summary': 'William Bennett Fleming ( October 29 , 1803 - August 19 , 1886 ) was a U.S. Representative from Georgia . Born on a plantation near Flemington , Georgia , Fleming attended the common schools and was graduated from Yale College in 1825 . He studied law . He was admitted to the bar and practiced in Savannah , Georgia . He served as judge of the superior court of Chatham County , Georgia from 1847 to 1849 and 1853-1868 . He resumed the practice of law in Savannah . Recorder of the city of Savannah from 1868 until the office was abolished . Fleming was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-fifth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Julian Hartridge and served from February 10 , 1879 , to March 3 , 1879 . He was not a candidate for renomination . He served as again judge of the superior court from 1879 until 1881 , when he resigned on account of ill health . He retired to Walthourville , Georgia , and died there August 19 , 1886 . He was interred in Laurel Grove Cemetery , Savannah , Georgia .'}]}, {'value': 'February 10 , 1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas 6th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Texas's_6th_congressional_district", 'summary': 'Texas District 6 of the United States House of Representatives is a Congressional district that serves Ellis and Navarro counties to the south and southeast of the Dallas/Fort Worth area plus the southeast corner of Tarrant County . As of the 2000 census , District 6 represents 651,620 people . The current Representative from District 6 is Ron Wright , who took office in 2019 . The district was represented by Joe Barton from 1985 until 2019 . In November 2017 , Barton announced that he would retire from Congress and would not seek re-election in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gustav Schleicher ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gustav_Schleicher', 'summary': 'Gustav Schleicher ( sometimes spelled Gustave ) ( November 19 , 1823 - January 10 , 1879 ) was a German-born Democratic United States Representative from Texas . He was an engineer who served briefly in the Texas legislature , and was a veteran of the Confederate Army .'}]}, {'value': 'Died January 10 , 1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not filled this term', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida 2nd', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Florida's_2nd_congressional_district", 'summary': "Florida 's 2nd congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida . The district consists of the eastern part of the Florida Panhandle along with much of the Big Bend region along the Emerald Coast . It straddles both the Eastern and Central time zones . It is anchored in Panama City and includes many of the suburbs of Tallahassee , the state capital . With 49% of its residents living in rural areas , it is the least urbanized district in the state , and voters are generally conservative . The district is represented by Republican Neal Dunn ."}]}, {'value': 'Horatio Bisbee , Jr. ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horatio_Bisbee,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Horatio Bisbee Jr. ( May 1 , 1839 - March 27 , 1916 ) was an American attorney and politician who served as a U.S. Representative from Florida .'}]}, {'value': 'Lost contested election February 20 , 1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jesse J. Finley ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jesse_J._Finley', 'summary': 'Jesse Johnson Finley ( November 18 , 1812 - November 6 , 1904 ) was a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . He was also a member of the United States House of Representatives from Florida , following the reconstruction era ; the mayor of Memphis , Tennessee ; an volunteer officer in the United States Army during the Second Seminole War ; a member of the Arkansas Senate ; a member of the Florida Senate ; and a Circuit Court Judge in Florida .'}]}, {'value': 'February 20 , 1879', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Changes in membership -- House of Representatives', 'section_text': 'replacements : 10 Democratic : 5 seat net gain Republican : 5 seat net loss deaths : 7 resignations : 1 contested election : 5 Total seats with changes : 13 See also : List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives', 'uid': '45th_United_States_Congress_1', 'intro': "The Forty-fifth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1877, to March 4, 1879, during the first two years of Rutherford Hayes's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Ninth Census of the United States in 1870. The Senate had a Republican majority, and the House had a Democratic majority. The 45th Congress remained politically divided between a Democratic House and Republican Senate. President Hayes vetoed an Army appropriations bill from the House which would have ended Reconstruction and prohibited the use of federal troops to protect polling stations in the former Confederacy. Striking back, Congress overrode another of Hayess vetoes and enacted the Bland-Allison Act that required the purchase and coining of silver. Congress also approved a generous increase in pension eligibility for Northern Civil War veterans."}	null	null	How many representatives were brigadier generals in the Confederate States Army ?	2
074ed2cd89867dec	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Donowho', 'title': 'Ryan Donowho', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_in_film', 'summary': "2018 in film is an overview of events , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies , critics ' lists of the best films of 2018 , festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths ."}]}, {'value': 'Faith', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_in_film', 'summary': "2018 in film is an overview of events , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies , critics ' lists of the best films of 2018 , festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths ."}]}, {'value': 'Hollow Body', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feature film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_in_film', 'summary': '2016 in film is an overview of events , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies , festivals , and a list of films released and deaths .'}]}, {'value': 'Salvation', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Vincent 'Vinnie ' Randolph Vanatta", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feature film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_in_film', 'summary': '2015 in film is an overview of events , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies , festivals , and a list of films released and notable deaths .'}]}, {'value': 'Weepah Way for Now', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weepah_Way_for_Now', 'summary': 'Weepah Way for Now is a 2015 American independent comedy-drama film written and directed by Stephen Ringer and starring Aly Michalka and AJ Michalka .'}]}, {'value': 'Syd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feature film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of the events of 2014 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies , festivals , and a list of films released and notable deaths .'}]}, {'value': 'In Love and War', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unnamed/Unknown role', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of the events of 2014 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies , festivals , and a list of films released and notable deaths .'}]}, {'value': 'The Ganzfelf Haunting', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elliot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feature film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of the events of 2014 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies , festivals , and a list of films released and notable deaths .'}]}, {'value': 'Cabin Fever : Patient Zero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cabin_Fever:_Patient_Zero', 'summary': 'Cabin Fever : Patient Zero is a 2014 American horror film directed by Kaare Andrews and written by Jake Wade Wall . Starring Ryan Donowho , Brando Eaton , Jillian Murray , Mitch Ryan , Lydia Hearst and Sean Astin . It is the third installment in the Cabin Fever series and acts as a prequel to the previous two films .'}]}, {'value': 'Dobs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feature film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_in_film', 'summary': 'The following tables list films released in 2013 . Three popular films ( Top Gun , Jurassic Park , and The Wizard of Oz ) were re-released in 3D and IMAX .'}]}, {'value': 'Chlorine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chlorine_(2013_film)', 'summary': 'Chlorine is a 2013 American comedy-drama film directed and written by Jay Alaimo . Filming mainly took place in Madison , New Jersey and Wayne , New Jersey .'}]}, {'value': 'Henry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feature film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_film', 'summary': 'The following tables list films released in 2012 . Most notably , the two oldest surviving American film studios , Universal and Paramount both celebrated their centennial anniversaries , marking the first time that two major film studios celebrate 100 years , and the Dolby Atmos sound format was launched for the premiere of Brave . The James Bond film series celebrated its 50th anniversary and released its 23rd film , Skyfall . Six box-office blockbusters from previous years ( Beauty and the Beast , Star Wars : Episode I - The Phantom Menace , Titanic , Raiders of the Lost Ark , Finding Nemo , and Monsters , Inc. ) were re-released in 3D and IMAX . Also 2012 in film marked the debut for high frame rate technology . The first film using 48 fps , a higher frame rate than the film industry standard 24 fps , was The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey .'}]}, {'value': 'Soldiers of Fortune', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soldiers_of_Fortune_(2012_film)', 'summary': 'Soldiers of Fortune is a 2012 American tongue-in-cheek action film directed by Maksim Korostyshevsky and starring Christian Slater , Dominic Monaghan , Sean Bean , James Cromwell and Ving Rhames . It was shot in Ukraine .'}]}, {'value': 'Ernesto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feature film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_film', 'summary': 'The following tables list films released in 2012 . Most notably , the two oldest surviving American film studios , Universal and Paramount both celebrated their centennial anniversaries , marking the first time that two major film studios celebrate 100 years , and the Dolby Atmos sound format was launched for the premiere of Brave . The James Bond film series celebrated its 50th anniversary and released its 23rd film , Skyfall . Six box-office blockbusters from previous years ( Beauty and the Beast , Star Wars : Episode I - The Phantom Menace , Titanic , Raiders of the Lost Ark , Finding Nemo , and Monsters , Inc. ) were re-released in 3D and IMAX . Also 2012 in film marked the debut for high frame rate technology . The first film using 48 fps , a higher frame rate than the film industry standard 24 fps , was The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey .'}]}, {'value': 'Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Transit_(2012_film)', 'summary': 'Transit is a 2012 American action thriller film directed by Antonio Negret . The film received mixed reviews from critics upon release .'}]}, {'value': 'Evers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feature film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_film', 'summary': 'The following tables list films released in 2012 . Most notably , the two oldest surviving American film studios , Universal and Paramount both celebrated their centennial anniversaries , marking the first time that two major film studios celebrate 100 years , and the Dolby Atmos sound format was launched for the premiere of Brave . The James Bond film series celebrated its 50th anniversary and released its 23rd film , Skyfall . Six box-office blockbusters from previous years ( Beauty and the Beast , Star Wars : Episode I - The Phantom Menace , Titanic , Raiders of the Lost Ark , Finding Nemo , and Monsters , Inc. ) were re-released in 3D and IMAX . Also 2012 in film marked the debut for high frame rate technology . The first film using 48 fps , a higher frame rate than the film industry standard 24 fps , was The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey .'}]}, {'value': 'Hated', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hated_(2012_film)', 'summary': 'Hated is a 2012 American film directed by Lee Madsen and starring Genevieve Padalecki , Matthew Hutchinson and Ellen Woglom .'}]}, {'value': 'Mike', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feature film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_in_film', 'summary': "The following is an overview of the events of 2011 in film , including the highest-grossing films , film festivals , award ceremonies and a list of films released and notable deaths . More film sequels were released in 2011 than any other year before it , with 28 sequels released . Film critic Scout Tafoya considers 2011 as the best year for cinema , countering the notion of 1939 being film 's best year overall and citing important developments in cinematic expression during 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rites of Passage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rites_of_Passage_(2011_film)', 'summary': 'Rites of Passage is a 2012 American thriller film written and directed by W. Peter Iliff . The film stars Wes Bentley , Kate Maberly , Ryan Donowho , Christian Slater and Stephen Dorff .'}]}, {'value': 'Nathan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feature film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_in_film', 'summary': "The following is an overview of the events of 2011 in film , including the highest-grossing films , film festivals , award ceremonies and a list of films released and notable deaths . More film sequels were released in 2011 than any other year before it , with 28 sequels released . Film critic Scout Tafoya considers 2011 as the best year for cinema , countering the notion of 1939 being film 's best year overall and citing important developments in cinematic expression during 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Grief , a Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Voice of Ex-Boyfriend', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short film ( voice only )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_in_film', 'summary': "The following is an overview of the events of 2011 in film , including the highest-grossing films , film festivals , award ceremonies and a list of films released and notable deaths . More film sequels were released in 2011 than any other year before it , with 28 sequels released . Film critic Scout Tafoya considers 2011 as the best year for cinema , countering the notion of 1939 being film 's best year overall and citing important developments in cinematic expression during 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Blood Out', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blood_Out', 'summary': "Blood Out is a 2011 American direct-to-video action film . The film is written by Jason Hewitt and John A. O'Connell , starring Val Kilmer and Luke Goss , and is Hewitt 's directorial debut ."}]}, {'value': 'David Savion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feature film , direct-to-video', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_in_film', 'summary': 'In the year 2010 , there was a dramatic increase and prominence in the use of 3D-technology in filmmaking after the success of Avatar in the format , with releases such as Alice in Wonderland , Clash of the Titans , Jackass 3D , all animated films , with numerous other titles being released in 3D formats . 20th Century Fox celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Altitude', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Altitude_(film)', 'summary': 'Altitude is a Canadian horror , television and direct-to-video film directed by Canadian comic book writer and artist Kaare Andrews . Anchor Bay Entertainment distributed the film in North America , UK , Australia , and New Zealand . The trailer for Altitude premiered at the 2010 San Diego Comic Con . .'}]}, {'value': 'Cory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feature film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_in_film', 'summary': 'In the year 2010 , there was a dramatic increase and prominence in the use of 3D-technology in filmmaking after the success of Avatar in the format , with releases such as Alice in Wonderland , Clash of the Titans , Jackass 3D , all animated films , with numerous other titles being released in 3D formats . 20th Century Fox celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Prime of Your Life', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keith', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feature film , additionally served as co-producer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 2009 saw the release of many films . Seven made the top 50 list of highest-grossing films . Also in 2009 , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced that as of that year , their Best Picture category would consist of ten nominees , rather than five ( the first time since the 1943 awards ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Bandslam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandslam', 'summary': "Bandslam is a 2009 American musical romantic comedy drama film directed by Todd Graff who co-wrote the screenplay with Josh A. Cagan . The film stars Aly Michalka , Vanessa Hudgens , Gaelan Connell , Lisa Kudrow , Scott Porter , Ryan Donowho , and Tim Jo . The story revolves around Will and Charlotte , who form an unlikely bond through their shared love of music . Assembling a like-minded crew of misfits , the friends form a rock group and perform in a battle of the bands competition called Bandslam . The film was initially bought by a studio in 2004 . However , in early 2007 , Graff and Cagan were hired to rewrite the screenplay , with Graff hired to direct . Produced by Summit Entertainment and Walden Media , principal photography took place in Austin , Texas , with additional scenes filmed in New York City . During filming , the film underwent multiple title changes , including Will and Rock On . Bandslam premiered in Westwood on August 6 , 2009 , and was theatrically released in the United States on August 14 , 2009 . The film received generally positive reviews from critics , with many praising the acting and soundtrack . However , the film was a commercial failure , grossing $ 12 million worldwide against a $ 20 million budget . Critics heavily panned the film 's marketing ."}]}, {'value': 'Basher Martin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feature film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 2008 involved many major movie events . Its highest-grossing films included The Dark Knight , Kung Fu Panda , WALL-E and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull .'}]}, {'value': 'Cook County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cook_County_(film)', 'summary': "Cook County is a 2008-2009 American independent drama film written , directed , and produced by the Houston based filmmaker David Pomes . The film stars Anson Mount , Xander Berkeley , and Ryan Donowho and deals with the effects of the addiction to the drug methamphetamine on a Texas family . In an interview appearing on indiewire.com , Pomes stated : The story began about people who I have been around , living outside of civilization , out in the woods , down a dirt road with all the old stereotypes : the roof caving in and the tires in the front yard . The story is about that group of people , and the family trying to be a family in the backwoods environment . Crystal meth was always out there . I was never at any crystal meth parties or anything like that , but there were always people where I lived outside of Houston . Those are the characters in the film , but crystal meth really drives the story . It 's the vehicle . Not having direct contact with crystal meth addicts , Pomes read widely on the subject of drug addiction . Explained Pomes in an interview for Filmmaker Magazine : I did a ton of research . Mostly just through the Internet , through magazine articles and things of that nature . I did a lot ."}]}, {'value': 'Abe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feature film , additionally served as producer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_in_film', 'summary': "The following is an overview of events in 2007 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths . The highest-grossing film of the year was Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , which was just ahead of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . 2007 is often considered one of the greatest years for film in the 21st century . As of 2019 , this was the last year in which no film grossed at least $ 1 billion at the worldwide box office ."}]}, {'value': 'Flakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flakes_(film)', 'summary': 'Flakes is a 2007 American comedy film , directed by Michael Lehmann and starring Aaron Stanford and Zooey Deschanel . This film was written by Chris Poche & Karey Kirkpatrick .'}]}, {'value': 'Skinny Larry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feature film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_in_film', 'summary': "The following is an overview of events in 2007 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths . The highest-grossing film of the year was Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , which was just ahead of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . 2007 is often considered one of the greatest years for film in the 21st century . As of 2019 , this was the last year in which no film grossed at least $ 1 billion at the worldwide box office ."}]}, {'value': 'The Pacific and Eddy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feature film , additionally served as co-producer', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Ryan_Donowho_0', 'intro': 'Ryan Wayne Donowho (born September 20, 1980) is an American actor and musician.'}	null	null	Who starred in the 2015 film in which Ryan Donowho played Syd ?	Aly Michalka and AJ Michalka
0752835b6f344b6b	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds_Radio_Network', 'title': 'Cincinnati Reds Radio Network', 'header': ['Callsign', 'Frequency', 'Band', 'City', 'State', 'Network status'], 'data': [{'value': 'WLW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WLW', 'summary': 'WLW ( 700 AM ) - branded Newsradio 700 WLW - is a commercial news/talk radio station licensed to Cincinnati , Ohio , serving Greater Cincinnati and much of surrounding Southern Ohio . Owned by iHeartMedia , Inc. , WLW is a clear-channel station with extended nighttime range , often identifying itself as The Big One . WLW operates at 50,000 watts around the clock . Its daytime signal provides secondary coverage to most of Ohio and Indiana , as well as large slices of Kentucky and a sliver of Michigan . It can be heard at city-grade strength as far as Indianapolis , Indiana ; Lexington , Kentucky and Columbus , Ohio , with secondary coverage as far as Louisville and the outer suburbs of Cleveland and Detroit . At night , it can be heard in much of North America with a good radio . WLW serves as the Cincinnati affiliate for ABC News Radio ; the AM flagship station for the Cincinnati Reds Radio Network ; a co-flagship station for the Cincinnati Bengals Radio Network ; and the home of radio personalities Mike McConnell , Rocky Boiman and Bill Cunningham . The WLW studios are located in the Cincinnati suburb of Sycamore Township ( with a Cincinnati address ) , while the station transmitter , a uniquely constructed diamond-shaped Blaw-Knox tower , resides in nearby Mason . Besides its main analog transmission , WLW simulcasts over both low-power analog Cincinnati translator W233BG ( 94.5 FM ) and an HD digital subchannel of co-owned WFKS , and streams online via iHeartRadio ; the station is authorized to transmit an in-band on-channel digital signal , although it is not currently doing so . The station is a primary entry point station in the Emergency Alert System for Southwest Ohio , Kentucky and Eastern Indiana . Launched by industrialist Powel Crosley Jr. , WLW became the flagship station of the Crosley Broadcasting Corporation , later a part of Avco . One of four charter affiliates of the Mutual Broadcasting System , WLW holds the distinction of being the only AM radio station ever authorized by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) to broadcast with a power output of 500,000 watts back in the 1930s .'}]}, {'value': '700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cincinnati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati', 'summary': "Cincinnati ( /ˌsɪnsɪˈnæti/ SIN-sih-NAT-ee ) is a major city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and is the government seat of Hamilton County . Settled in 1788 , the city is located at the northern side of the confluence of the Licking and Ohio rivers , the latter of which marks the state line with Kentucky . The city is the economic and cultural hub of the Cincinnati metropolitan area , the fastest growing economic power in the Midwestern United States based on increase of economic output , which had a population of 2,190,209 as of the 2018 census estimates . This makes it Ohio 's largest metropolitan area and the nation 's 29th-largest . With a city population estimated at 302,605 , Cincinnati is the third-largest city in Ohio and 65th in the United States . Cincinnati is also within a day 's drive of 49.70% of the United States populace , the most of any city in the United States . In the 19th century , Cincinnati was an American boomtown in the middle of the country . Throughout much of the 19th century , it was listed among the top 10 U.S. cities by population , surpassed only by New Orleans and the older , established settlements of the United States eastern seaboard , as well as being the sixth-biggest city for a period spanning 1840 until 1860 . Cincinnati was the first city founded after the American Revolution , as well as the first major inland city in the country . Cincinnati developed with fewer immigrants and less influence from Europe than East Coast cities in the same period . However , it received a significant number of German-speaking immigrants , who founded many of the city 's cultural institutions . By the end of the 19th century , with the shift from steamboats to railroads drawing off freight shipping , trade patterns had altered and Cincinnati 's growth slowed considerably ."}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flagship', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W233BG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W233BG', 'summary': 'WKFS ( 107.1 FM ) , better known by its brand name Kiss 107.1 , is a radio station in the Cincinnati , Ohio market . It broadcasts a Top 40/CHR format . It is owned by iHeartMedia . The WKFS studios are located in Cincinnati , as is the station transmitter . WKFS broadcasts in the HD Radio format .'}]}, {'value': '94.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cincinnati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati', 'summary': "Cincinnati ( /ˌsɪnsɪˈnæti/ SIN-sih-NAT-ee ) is a major city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and is the government seat of Hamilton County . Settled in 1788 , the city is located at the northern side of the confluence of the Licking and Ohio rivers , the latter of which marks the state line with Kentucky . The city is the economic and cultural hub of the Cincinnati metropolitan area , the fastest growing economic power in the Midwestern United States based on increase of economic output , which had a population of 2,190,209 as of the 2018 census estimates . This makes it Ohio 's largest metropolitan area and the nation 's 29th-largest . With a city population estimated at 302,605 , Cincinnati is the third-largest city in Ohio and 65th in the United States . Cincinnati is also within a day 's drive of 49.70% of the United States populace , the most of any city in the United States . In the 19th century , Cincinnati was an American boomtown in the middle of the country . Throughout much of the 19th century , it was listed among the top 10 U.S. cities by population , surpassed only by New Orleans and the older , established settlements of the United States eastern seaboard , as well as being the sixth-biggest city for a period spanning 1840 until 1860 . Cincinnati was the first city founded after the American Revolution , as well as the first major inland city in the country . Cincinnati developed with fewer immigrants and less influence from Europe than East Coast cities in the same period . However , it received a significant number of German-speaking immigrants , who founded many of the city 's cultural institutions . By the end of the 19th century , with the shift from steamboats to railroads drawing off freight shipping , trade patterns had altered and Cincinnati 's growth slowed considerably ."}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'n/a ( WLW simulcast )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WLW', 'summary': 'WLW ( 700 AM ) - branded Newsradio 700 WLW - is a commercial news/talk radio station licensed to Cincinnati , Ohio , serving Greater Cincinnati and much of surrounding Southern Ohio . Owned by iHeartMedia , Inc. , WLW is a clear-channel station with extended nighttime range , often identifying itself as The Big One . WLW operates at 50,000 watts around the clock . Its daytime signal provides secondary coverage to most of Ohio and Indiana , as well as large slices of Kentucky and a sliver of Michigan . It can be heard at city-grade strength as far as Indianapolis , Indiana ; Lexington , Kentucky and Columbus , Ohio , with secondary coverage as far as Louisville and the outer suburbs of Cleveland and Detroit . At night , it can be heard in much of North America with a good radio . WLW serves as the Cincinnati affiliate for ABC News Radio ; the AM flagship station for the Cincinnati Reds Radio Network ; a co-flagship station for the Cincinnati Bengals Radio Network ; and the home of radio personalities Mike McConnell , Rocky Boiman and Bill Cunningham . The WLW studios are located in the Cincinnati suburb of Sycamore Township ( with a Cincinnati address ) , while the station transmitter , a uniquely constructed diamond-shaped Blaw-Knox tower , resides in nearby Mason . Besides its main analog transmission , WLW simulcasts over both low-power analog Cincinnati translator W233BG ( 94.5 FM ) and an HD digital subchannel of co-owned WFKS , and streams online via iHeartRadio ; the station is authorized to transmit an in-band on-channel digital signal , although it is not currently doing so . The station is a primary entry point station in the Emergency Alert System for Southwest Ohio , Kentucky and Eastern Indiana . Launched by industrialist Powel Crosley Jr. , WLW became the flagship station of the Crosley Broadcasting Corporation , later a part of Avco . One of four charter affiliates of the Mutual Broadcasting System , WLW holds the distinction of being the only AM radio station ever authorized by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) to broadcast with a power output of 500,000 watts back in the 1930s .'}]}, {'value': 'WATH', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WATH', 'summary': 'WATH ( 970 AM ) is a radio station broadcasting a Classic Hits format . Licensed to Athens , Ohio , United States . The station is currently owned by WATH , Inc. and features programming from CBS Radio , Fox Sports Radio and Westwood One .'}]}, {'value': '970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athens,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Athens is a city and the county seat of Athens County , Ohio , United States . Athens is the home of Ohio University , a large public research university with an enrollment of more than 36,800 students across all campuses . Located along the Hocking River in the southeastern part of Ohio about 65 miles ( 105 km ) southeast of Columbus , Athens is the principal city of the Athens , Ohio Micropolitan Statistical Area . The population of Athens in the 2010 U.S. Census was 23,832 , with a daytime population of over 40,000 Athens is a qualified Tree City USA as recognized by the National Arbor Day Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Affiliate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W246CE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W246CE', 'summary': 'WATH ( 970 AM ) is a radio station broadcasting a Classic Hits format . Licensed to Athens , Ohio , United States . The station is currently owned by WATH , Inc. and features programming from CBS Radio , Fox Sports Radio and Westwood One .'}]}, {'value': '97.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athens,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Athens is a city and the county seat of Athens County , Ohio , United States . Athens is the home of Ohio University , a large public research university with an enrollment of more than 36,800 students across all campuses . Located along the Hocking River in the southeastern part of Ohio about 65 miles ( 105 km ) southeast of Columbus , Athens is the principal city of the Athens , Ohio Micropolitan Statistical Area . The population of Athens in the 2010 U.S. Census was 23,832 , with a daytime population of over 40,000 Athens is a qualified Tree City USA as recognized by the National Arbor Day Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'n/a ( WATH simulcast )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WATH', 'summary': 'WATH ( 970 AM ) is a radio station broadcasting a Classic Hits format . Licensed to Athens , Ohio , United States . The station is currently owned by WATH , Inc. and features programming from CBS Radio , Fox Sports Radio and Westwood One .'}]}, {'value': 'WRBI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WRBI', 'summary': 'WRBI ( 103.9 FM ) is a radio station broadcasting a Country format . Licensed to Batesville , Indiana , United States , it serves the Southeastern Indiana area . The station is currently owned by Leeson Media LLC ( Brent Lee and Randy Lawson ) . Leeson purchased the station from White River Broadcasting Co. , Inc. February 1 , 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '103.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Batesville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Batesville,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Batesville is a city in Franklin and Ripley counties in the U.S. state of Indiana . The population was 6,520 at the 2010 census . The Batesville Casket Company is headquartered here . Medical technology company Hillrom has a substantial presence in the town , employing over 1,700 people at its office , innovation and manufacturing campus . Batesville is noted for its central location between Indianapolis , Cincinnati , and Louisville .'}]}, {'value': 'Indiana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Affiliate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WKXO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WKXO', 'summary': "WKXO is an AM radio station licensed to the city of Berea , Kentucky . It broadcasts on a frequency of 1500 kHz and is a daytime-only station . The format is known as News/Talk 103.5 . WKXO was a Top 40 station in the early 70 's . 1500 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency ; two stations share Class A status :"}]}, {'value': '1500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berea,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'Berea is a home rule-class city in Madison County , Kentucky , in the United States . The town is best known for its art festivals , historic restaurants and buildings , and as the home to Berea College , a private liberal arts college . The population was 13,561 at the 2010 census . It is one of the fastest-growing towns in Kentucky , having increased by 27.4% since 2000 . The name appears to come from the King James Bible , being a province in Asia Minor mentioned in Acts 17:11 , where its Jewish citizens were more receptive to the message of the Apostles , but also searched the Scriptures each day to check them , in obedience to Isaiah 8:20 . Berea is a principal city of the Richmond−Berea Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Madison and Rockcastle counties . It was formally incorporated by the state assembly in 1890 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Affiliate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W278CC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W278CC', 'summary': 'WIRV ( 1550 AM ) is a radio station broadcasting an oldies format . Licensed to Irvine , Kentucky , United States , the station is owned by Kentucky River Broadcasting Co. , Inc and features programming from ABC Radio . 1550 AM is a clear-channel frequency shared by Canada and Mexico .'}]}, {'value': '103.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berea,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'Berea is a home rule-class city in Madison County , Kentucky , in the United States . The town is best known for its art festivals , historic restaurants and buildings , and as the home to Berea College , a private liberal arts college . The population was 13,561 at the 2010 census . It is one of the fastest-growing towns in Kentucky , having increased by 27.4% since 2000 . The name appears to come from the King James Bible , being a province in Asia Minor mentioned in Acts 17:11 , where its Jewish citizens were more receptive to the message of the Apostles , but also searched the Scriptures each day to check them , in obedience to Isaiah 8:20 . Berea is a principal city of the Richmond−Berea Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Madison and Rockcastle counties . It was formally incorporated by the state assembly in 1890 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'n/a ( WKXO simulcast )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WKXO', 'summary': "WKXO is an AM radio station licensed to the city of Berea , Kentucky . It broadcasts on a frequency of 1500 kHz and is a daytime-only station . The format is known as News/Talk 103.5 . WKXO was a Top 40 station in the early 70 's . 1500 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency ; two stations share Class A status :"}]}, {'value': 'WGCL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WGCL_(AM)', 'summary': 'WGCL ( 1370 AM ) is a radio station broadcasting a News Talk Information format to the Bloomington , Indiana , United States , area . The station is owned by Sarkes Tarzian , Inc. and features programming from ABC Radio , Premiere Radio Networks and Westwood One . WGCL is not related to WGCL-TV 46 , the CBS affiliate in Atlanta , GA .'}]}, {'value': '1370', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bloomington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana', 'summary': "Bloomington is a city in and the county seat of Monroe County in the southern region of the U.S. state of Indiana . It is the seventh-largest city in Indiana and the fourth-largest outside the Indianapolis metropolitan area . According to the Monroe County History Center , Bloomington is known as the Gateway to Scenic Southern Indiana . The city was established in 1818 by a group of settlers from Kentucky , Tennessee , the Carolinas , and Virginia who were so impressed with a haven of blooms that they called it Bloomington . The population was 80,405 at the 2010 census . The city 's population was estimated at 84,981 as of July 2018 by the U.S. Census Bureau . Bloomington is the home to Indiana University Bloomington . Established in 1820 , IU Bloomington has 49,695 students , as of September 2016 , and is the original and largest campus of Indiana University . Most of the campus buildings are built of Indiana limestone . Bloomington has been designated a Tree City for 32 years , as of 2015 [ update ] . The city was also the location of the Academy Award-winning 1979 movie Breaking Away , featuring a reenactment of Indiana University 's annual Little 500 bicycle race . Monroe County 's famous limestone quarries are also featured in the movie ."}]}, {'value': 'Indiana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Affiliate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W241CD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W241CD', 'summary': "WTTS is an FM radio station serving Indianapolis and Bloomington , Indiana , in the United States , licensed to Trafalgar , Indiana and broadcasting at 92.3 FM . The station 's format is classified as Adult Album Alternative or Triple A. WTTS uses the slogan World Class Rock to describe its music mix . The station plays a variety of rock-based music from the mid-1960s to the present , including acoustic , reggae , classic rock , blues and alternative rock . In 2001 , WTTS was among the first American radio stations to play music by the artists John Mayer and Norah Jones , both of whom went on to become Grammy Award winners . The station maintains studios in downtown Indianapolis and Bloomington , its former city of license . WTTS ' main transmitter is located in Trafalgar ."}]}, {'value': '96.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bloomington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana', 'summary': "Bloomington is a city in and the county seat of Monroe County in the southern region of the U.S. state of Indiana . It is the seventh-largest city in Indiana and the fourth-largest outside the Indianapolis metropolitan area . According to the Monroe County History Center , Bloomington is known as the Gateway to Scenic Southern Indiana . The city was established in 1818 by a group of settlers from Kentucky , Tennessee , the Carolinas , and Virginia who were so impressed with a haven of blooms that they called it Bloomington . The population was 80,405 at the 2010 census . The city 's population was estimated at 84,981 as of July 2018 by the U.S. Census Bureau . Bloomington is the home to Indiana University Bloomington . Established in 1820 , IU Bloomington has 49,695 students , as of September 2016 , and is the original and largest campus of Indiana University . Most of the campus buildings are built of Indiana limestone . Bloomington has been designated a Tree City for 32 years , as of 2015 [ update ] . The city was also the location of the Academy Award-winning 1979 movie Breaking Away , featuring a reenactment of Indiana University 's annual Little 500 bicycle race . Monroe County 's famous limestone quarries are also featured in the movie ."}]}, {'value': 'Indiana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'n/a ( WGCL simulcast )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WGCL_(AM)', 'summary': 'WGCL ( 1370 AM ) is a radio station broadcasting a News Talk Information format to the Bloomington , Indiana , United States , area . The station is owned by Sarkes Tarzian , Inc. and features programming from ABC Radio , Premiere Radio Networks and Westwood One . WGCL is not related to WGCL-TV 46 , the CBS affiliate in Atlanta , GA .'}]}, {'value': 'WILE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WILE_(AM)', 'summary': 'WILE ( 1270 AM ) is a radio station broadcasting a country music format . Licensed to Cambridge , Ohio , United States , the station is currently owned by Avc Communications . Programming is simulcast on FM translator W253CF broadcasting at 98.5 FM and on W300CB broadcasting at 107.9 FM .'}]}, {'value': '1270', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cambridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Cambridge is a city in and the county seat of Guernsey County , Ohio , United States . It lies in southeastern Ohio , in the Appalachian Plateau of the Appalachian Mountains 74 miles east of Columbus . The population was 11,129 at the 2010 census . It is the principal city of the Cambridge Micropolitan Statistical Area and is located adjacent to the intersection of Interstates 70 and 77 . Cambridge is well known among glass collectors as being the location for the Cambridge Glass , Boyd Glass and Mosser Glass plants . The Cambridge area is also noted for its S shaped bridges , dating back to the building of the National Road in 1828 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Affiliate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W300CB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '107.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cambridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Cambridge is a city in and the county seat of Guernsey County , Ohio , United States . It lies in southeastern Ohio , in the Appalachian Plateau of the Appalachian Mountains 74 miles east of Columbus . The population was 11,129 at the 2010 census . It is the principal city of the Cambridge Micropolitan Statistical Area and is located adjacent to the intersection of Interstates 70 and 77 . Cambridge is well known among glass collectors as being the location for the Cambridge Glass , Boyd Glass and Mosser Glass plants . The Cambridge area is also noted for its S shaped bridges , dating back to the building of the National Road in 1828 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'n/a ( WILE simulcast )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WILE_(AM)', 'summary': 'WILE ( 1270 AM ) is a radio station broadcasting a country music format . Licensed to Cambridge , Ohio , United States , the station is currently owned by Avc Communications . Programming is simulcast on FM translator W253CF broadcasting at 98.5 FM and on W300CB broadcasting at 107.9 FM .'}]}, {'value': 'WTCO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WTCO', 'summary': 'WTCO ( 1450 AM ) is a radio station broadcasting a rock format . Licensed to Campbellsville , Kentucky , USA , the station is currently owned by Terry Forcht , through licensee Tri-County Radio Broadcasting Corp .'}]}, {'value': '1450', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Campbellsville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campbellsville,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'Campbellsville is a city in central Kentucky founded in 1817 by Andrew Campbell . It is known for Campbellsville University , Taylor Regional Hospital health care system , its historic downtown , and the proximity to Green River Lake State Park . Campbellsville is the county seat of Taylor County , with a geographic boundary shaped like a heart . Campbellsville celebrated its bicentennial on July 4 , 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Affiliate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W294CO', 'urls': []}, {'value': '106.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Campbellsville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campbellsville,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'Campbellsville is a city in central Kentucky founded in 1817 by Andrew Campbell . It is known for Campbellsville University , Taylor Regional Hospital health care system , its historic downtown , and the proximity to Green River Lake State Park . Campbellsville is the county seat of Taylor County , with a geographic boundary shaped like a heart . Campbellsville celebrated its bicentennial on July 4 , 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'n/a ( WTCO simulcast )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WTCO', 'summary': 'WTCO ( 1450 AM ) is a radio station broadcasting a rock format . Licensed to Campbellsville , Kentucky , USA , the station is currently owned by Terry Forcht , through licensee Tri-County Radio Broadcasting Corp .'}]}, {'value': 'WKKI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WKKI', 'summary': 'WKKI ( 94.3 FM ) is a radio station broadcasting an Active Rock format . Licensed to Celina , Ohio , United States , the station serves the Lima area . The station is currently owned by The Sonshine Communications Corporation . In December 2006 , the station changed to the current classic hits format from its former adult contemporary format .'}]}, {'value': '94.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Celina,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Celina ( /səˈlaɪnə/ sə-LY-nə ) is a city in and the county seat of Mercer County , Ohio , United States about 58 miles northwest of Dayton . The population was 10,400 at the 2010 census . Celina is situated on the northwestern shores of Grand Lake St. Marys .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Affiliate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WCHS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WCHS_(AM)', 'summary': 'WCHS is a News/Talk/Sports formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Charleston , West Virginia , serving Southern West Virginia and Southwestern West Virginia . WCHS is owned and operated by West Virginia Radio Corporation .'}]}, {'value': '580', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charleston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia', 'summary': "Charleston is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of West Virginia . Located at the confluence of the Elk and Kanawha rivers , the city had a population of 51,400 at the 2010 census and an estimated population of 47,215 in 2018 . The Charleston metropolitan area as a whole had an estimated 211,037 residents in 2018 . Charleston is the center of government , commerce , and industry for Kanawha County , of which it is the county seat . Early industries important to Charleston included salt and the first natural gas well . Later , coal became central to economic prosperity in the city and the surrounding area . Today , trade , utilities , government , medicine , and education play central roles in the city 's economy . The first permanent settlement , Fort Lee , was built in 1788 . In 1791 , Daniel Boone was a member of the Kanawha County Assembly . Charleston is the home of the West Virginia Power minor league baseball team and the annual 15-mile ( 24 km ) Charleston Distance Run . Yeager Airport and the University of Charleston are in the city , and West Virginia University , Marshall University , and West Virginia State University have campuses in the area ."}]}, {'value': 'West Virginia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Affiliate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W243DR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W243DR', 'summary': 'WCHS is a News/Talk/Sports formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Charleston , West Virginia , serving Southern West Virginia and Southwestern West Virginia . WCHS is owned and operated by West Virginia Radio Corporation .'}]}, {'value': '96.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charleston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia', 'summary': "Charleston is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of West Virginia . Located at the confluence of the Elk and Kanawha rivers , the city had a population of 51,400 at the 2010 census and an estimated population of 47,215 in 2018 . The Charleston metropolitan area as a whole had an estimated 211,037 residents in 2018 . Charleston is the center of government , commerce , and industry for Kanawha County , of which it is the county seat . Early industries important to Charleston included salt and the first natural gas well . Later , coal became central to economic prosperity in the city and the surrounding area . Today , trade , utilities , government , medicine , and education play central roles in the city 's economy . The first permanent settlement , Fort Lee , was built in 1788 . In 1791 , Daniel Boone was a member of the Kanawha County Assembly . Charleston is the home of the West Virginia Power minor league baseball team and the annual 15-mile ( 24 km ) Charleston Distance Run . Yeager Airport and the University of Charleston are in the city , and West Virginia University , Marshall University , and West Virginia State University have campuses in the area ."}]}, {'value': 'West Virginia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'n/a ( WCHS simulcast )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WCHS_(AM)', 'summary': 'WCHS is a News/Talk/Sports formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Charleston , West Virginia , serving Southern West Virginia and Southwestern West Virginia . WCHS is owned and operated by West Virginia Radio Corporation .'}]}, {'value': 'WBEX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WBEX', 'summary': 'WBEX ( 1490 AM ) is a radio station broadcasting a News Talk Information format . Licensed to Chillicothe , Ohio , United States , the station is currently owned by iHeartMedia , Inc. and features programming from Fox News Radio , Premiere Radio Networks and Westwood One .'}]}, {'value': '1490', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chillicothe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chillicothe,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Chillicothe ( /ˌtʃɪlɪˈkɒθi/ CHIL-i-KOTH-ee ) is a city in and the county seat of Ross County , Ohio , United States . Located along the Scioto River 45 miles south of Columbus , Chillicothe was the first and third capital of Ohio . It is the only city in Ross County and is the center of the Chillicothe Micropolitan Statistical Area ( as defined by the United States Census Bureau in 2003 ) . The population was 21,901 at the 2010 census . Chillicothe is a designated Tree City USA by the National Arbor Day Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Affiliate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W224BR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W224BR', 'summary': 'WBEX ( 1490 AM ) is a radio station broadcasting a News Talk Information format . Licensed to Chillicothe , Ohio , United States , the station is currently owned by iHeartMedia , Inc. and features programming from Fox News Radio , Premiere Radio Networks and Westwood One .'}]}, {'value': '92.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chillicothe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chillicothe,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Chillicothe ( /ˌtʃɪlɪˈkɒθi/ CHIL-i-KOTH-ee ) is a city in and the county seat of Ross County , Ohio , United States . Located along the Scioto River 45 miles south of Columbus , Chillicothe was the first and third capital of Ohio . It is the only city in Ross County and is the center of the Chillicothe Micropolitan Statistical Area ( as defined by the United States Census Bureau in 2003 ) . The population was 21,901 at the 2010 census . Chillicothe is a designated Tree City USA by the National Arbor Day Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'n/a ( WBEX simulcast )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WBEX', 'summary': 'WBEX ( 1490 AM ) is a radio station broadcasting a News Talk Information format . Licensed to Chillicothe , Ohio , United States , the station is currently owned by iHeartMedia , Inc. and features programming from Fox News Radio , Premiere Radio Networks and Westwood One .'}]}, {'value': 'WPWT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WPWT', 'summary': 'WPWT ( 870 AM ) is a classic country music formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Colonial Heights , Tennessee , serving the Tri-Cities , VA/TN area . WPWT is owned and operated by Kenneth Clyde Hill .'}]}, {'value': '870', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonial Heights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonial_Heights,_Tennessee', 'summary': 'Colonial Heights is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Sullivan County , Tennessee , United States . The population was 6,934 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Kingsport-Bristol ( TN ) -Bristol ( VA ) Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is a component of the Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol , TN-VA Combined Statistical Area - commonly known as the Tri-Cities region .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Affiliate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W242CQ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W242CQ', 'summary': 'WPWT ( 870 AM ) is a classic country music formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Colonial Heights , Tennessee , serving the Tri-Cities , VA/TN area . WPWT is owned and operated by Kenneth Clyde Hill .'}]}, {'value': '96.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colonial Heights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonial_Heights,_Tennessee', 'summary': 'Colonial Heights is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Sullivan County , Tennessee , United States . The population was 6,934 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Kingsport-Bristol ( TN ) -Bristol ( VA ) Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is a component of the Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol , TN-VA Combined Statistical Area - commonly known as the Tri-Cities region .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'n/a ( WPWT simulcast )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WPWT', 'summary': 'WPWT ( 870 AM ) is a classic country music formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Colonial Heights , Tennessee , serving the Tri-Cities , VA/TN area . WPWT is owned and operated by Kenneth Clyde Hill .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Station list', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Cincinnati_Reds_Radio_Network_0', 'intro': "The Cincinnati Reds Radio Network is an American radio network composed of 69 radio stations which carry English-language coverage of the Cincinnati Reds, a professional baseball team in Major League Baseball (MLB). Cincinnati station WLW (700 AM) serves as the network's flagship; WLW also simulcasts over a low-power FM translator. The network also includes 68 affiliates in the U.S. states of Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee and West Virginia: fifty-three AM stations, thirty-nine of which supplement their signals with one or more low-power FM translators, and fifteen full-power FM stations. From 2007 through 2019, Marty Brennaman and Jeff Brantley served as the network's primary play-by-play announcers. Brenneman announced in January 2019 that he would retire at the end of the 2019 season, his 46th calling Reds games. He broadcast his final Reds game on September 26, 2019. Brennaman is being replaced by Tommy Thrall beginning with the 2020 season. Thrall had begun calling some games during the 2018 season, alternating with Brennaman and Brantley. Thom Brennaman, Marty's son, also does occasional radio play-by-play in addition to calling television broadcasts for the Reds on Fox Sports Ohio. In addition to traditional over-the-air AM and FM broadcasts, network programming airs on SiriusXM satellite radio and streams online via SiriusXM Internet Radio, TuneIn Premium, and MLB.com Gameday Audio. Cincinnati Bell has naming rights of the network."}	null	null	Along with Fox News Radio and Premiere Radio Networks , what company has its programming featured on the radio station owned by iHeartMedia , Inc. with the network status WBEX ?	Westwood One
07549cb25428742d	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships', 'title': '1991 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Gymnast', 'Total'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Li Jing ( CHN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Li_Jing_(gymnast)', 'summary': 'Li Jing ( Chinese : 李敬 ; born February 23 , 1970 ) is a Chinese gymnast , world champion and Olympic medalist . He competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona where he received silver medals in rings , in parallel bars , and in team combined exercises .'}]}, {'value': '9.862', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Igor Korobchinsky ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Igor_Korobchinsky', 'summary': 'Ihor Korobchynskyi ( Ukrainian : Коробчинський Ігор Олексійович ; born 16 August 1969 ) is a former gymnast that represented the Soviet Union , the Commonwealth of Independent States and Ukraine . In 2016 , he was inducted in the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': '9.825', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guo Linyao ( CHN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guo_Linyao', 'summary': 'Guo Linyao ( born 10 March 1972 ) is a Chinese former gymnast who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics . Coach Linyao Guo was born in China . He was born into a well-known gymnastics family . Both his mother , Huiqi Suo , and father , Shuzeng Guo were gymnasts on the Chinese National Team . He has two older brothers , Linsheng Guo and Linxian Guo , and one older sister , Linhong Guo , who were all internationally competing gymnasts . His family , the Guo ( 国/國 ) - meaning Nation , is well known among the Chinese gymnastics field .'}]}, {'value': '9.812', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daisuke Nishikawa ( JPN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daisuke_Nishikawa', 'summary': 'Daisuke Nishikawa ( born 2 June 1970 ) is a retired Japanese gymnast who competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics and in the 1992 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '9.675', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sylvio Kroll ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylvio_Kroll', 'summary': "Sylvio Kroll ( born 29 April 1965 in Lübben ) is a German former gymnast who competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics and in the 1992 Summer Olympics . In October 1986 , he was awarded a Star of People 's Friendship in gold ( second class ) for his sporting success ."}]}, {'value': '9.662', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mario Franke ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Franke', 'summary': 'Mario Franke ( born 22 January 1968 ) is a German gymnast . He competed in eight events at the 1992 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '9.587', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yoshiaki Hatakeda ( JPN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yoshiaki_Hatakeda', 'summary': "Yoshiaki Hatakeda ( 畠田好章 , Hatakeda Yoshiaki , born 12 May 1972 ) is a Japanese former gymnast who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics and in the 1996 Summer Olympics . He is the father of Hitomi Hatakeda and Chiaki Hatakeda , members of Japan 's women 's national team and candidates for the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo ."}]}, {'value': '9.587', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vitaly Scherbo ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vitaly_Scherbo', 'summary': "Vitaly Venediktovich Scherbo ( or Shcherbo ) ( Russian : Виталий Венедиктович Щербо , Belarusian : Віталь Венядзіктавіч Шчэрба , Vital ' Venjadziktavich Shcherba ) , born 13 January 1972 in Minsk , Byelorussian SSR , is a Belarusian former artistic gymnast . One of the most successful gymnasts of all time , he is the only male gymnast ever to have won a world title in all 8 events ( Individual All-Around in 1993 , Team in 1991 , Floor in 1994 , 1995 and 1996 , Horizontal Bar in 1994 , Parallel Bars in 1993 and 1995 , Pommel Horse in 1992 , Rings in 1992 , Vault in 1993 and 1994 ) . He was the most successful athlete at the 1992 Summer Olympics , winning 6 of 8 events - team , all-around , and 4 of 6 event finals ."}]}, {'value': '9.487', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Men -- Parallel Bars', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1991_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships_5', 'intro': 'The 26th Artistic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Indianapolis, United States, in the Hoosier Dome from September 6 to 15, 1991. This was the last championships at which the Soviet Union competed.'}	null	null	How many of the gymnasts competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics ?	7
0754fcea77be5946	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_A_Lyga', 'title': '2008 A Lyga', 'header': ['Club', 'Location', 'Stadium', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Atlantas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Atlantas', 'summary': "FK Atlantas is a Lithuanian football team from the port city of Klaipėda . The team currently plays in A Lyga , the first level of the Lithuanian football league pyramid . The club 's name has changed several times . It was established in 1962 as Granitas , and became PSK Aras in 1993 . Since 1996 , when FK Sirijus Klaipėda was absorbed into the club , it has had the name Atlantas , which in Lithuanian language means Atlantic Ocean . Atlantas were Lithuanian champions in 1978 , 1980 , 1981 , and 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'Klaipėda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klaipėda', 'summary': 'Klaipėda ( Lithuanian pronunciation : [ ˈkɫɐɪˑpʲeːdɐ ] , listen ( help·info ) ; German : Memel , Samogitian : Klaipieda , is a city in Lithuania on the Baltic Sea coast . It is the third largest city in Lithuania and the capital of Klaipėda County . The city has a complex recorded history , partially due to the combined regional importance of the usually ice-free Port of Klaipėda at the mouth of the Akmena-Danė River . It was controlled by successive German states until the 1919 Treaty of Versailles . As a result of the 1923 Klaipėda Revolt it was annexed by Lithuania and has remained with Lithuania to this day , except between 1939 and 1945 when it returned to Germany following the 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania and Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact ( between Germany and the Soviet Union ) . The population has shrunk from the city to its suburbs and the hinterland . The number of inhabitants of Klaipėda city shrank from 207,100 in 1992 to 157,350 in 2014 , but the urban zone of Klaipėda expanded well into the suburbs , which sprang around the city and surrounded it from three sides . These are well integrated with the city ( city bus lines , city water supply , etc . ) and the majority of inhabitants of these suburbs work in Klaipėda . According to statistics of Klaipėda territorial health insurance fund , there are 233,311 permanent inhabitants ( as of 2019 ) in Klaipėda city and Klaipėda district municipalities combined . Popular seaside resorts found close to Klaipėda are Nida to the south on the Curonian Spit and Palanga to the north .'}]}, {'value': 'Žalgiris Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Žalgiris_Stadium_(Klaipėda)', 'summary': 'Klaipėdos centrinis stadionas is a football stadium in Klaipėda , Lithuania . It is the home ground of FK Atlantas , and has a capacity of 4,428 .'}]}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekranas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Ekranas', 'summary': "Futbolo Klubas Ekranas was a Lithuanian football club , from the city of Panevėžys . It won 7 top-tier champion and 5 national cup titles throughout its existence . The club was founded in 1964 and for 44 years competed in the top tier of Lithuanian football . However , at the end of 2014 season the club ran into financial difficulties , failed to meet admission criteria to A Lyga for the 2015 season , and was subsequently declared bankrupt . A new club FK Panevėžys was formed to represent the city of Panevėžys , which managed to pass licensing criteria for the 2015 I Lyga season . FK Ekranas was declared bankrupt in 2016 . FK Ekranas won Lithuanian championships in 1985 ( Soviet Lithuania ) , 1993 , 2005 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 , the Lithuanian Cup in 1985 ( Soviet Lithuania ) , 1998 , 2000 , 2010 and 2011 and the Lithuanian Super Cup in 1998 , 2006 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 . On 5 November 2004 , before the A Lyga champion-deciding match against FBK Kaunas , the club was controversially expelled from the top division by the National Football Club Association ( NFKA ) for alleged match fixing , but reinstated a day later . In August 2006 FK Ekranas won the first Baltic Champion 's Cup tournament in Liepāja after beating Estonian champions TVMK Tallinn 6-4 and drawing with the home side Liepājas Metalurgs 1-1 ."}]}, {'value': 'Panevėžys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panevėžys', 'summary': 'Panevėžys ( Lithuanian pronunciation : [ pɐnʲɛvʲeːˈʑiːs ] ( listen ) , Latin : Panevezen , Polish : Poniewież , Yiddish : פּאָנעװעזש Ponevezh ) see also other names , is the fifth largest city in Lithuania . As of 2011 , it occupied 52 square kilometres ( 20 sq mi ) with 113,653 inhabitants . As defined by Eurostat , the population of Panevėžys functional urban area , that stretches beyond the city limits , is estimated at 127,471 ( as of 2017 ) The largest multifunctional arena in Panevėžys , Cido Arena , hosted the Eurobasket 2011 group matches . The town is still widely known , if indirectly , in the Jewish world , for the eponymous Ponevezh Yeshiva .'}]}, {'value': 'Aukštaitija Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aukštaitija_Stadium', 'summary': 'Aukštaitija Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Panevėžys , Lithuania . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FK Panevėžys and earlier of FK Ekranas Panevėžys . It is named Aukštaitija , one of the five regions of Lithuania .'}]}, {'value': '9,940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FBK Kaunas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FBK_Kaunas', 'summary': 'Kauno futbolo ir beisbolo klubas , commonly known as FBK Kaunas , was a Lithuanian football club from the city of Kaunas .'}]}, {'value': 'Kaunas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaunas', 'summary': 'Kaunas ( /ˈkaʊnəs/ ; Lithuanian : [ ˈkɐʊˑnɐs ] ( listen ) ; also see other names ) is the second-largest city in Lithuania after Vilnius and the historical centre of Lithuanian economic , academic , and cultural life . Kaunas was the biggest city and the centre of a county in the Duchy of Trakai of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Trakai Palatinate since 1413 . In the Russian Empire , it was the capital of the Kaunas Governorate from 1843 to 1915 . During the interwar period , it served as the temporary capital of Lithuania , when Vilnius was seized by Poland between 1920 and 1939 . During that period Kaunas was celebrated for its rich cultural and academic life , fashion , construction of countless Art Deco and Lithuanian National Romanticism architectural-style buildings as well as popular furniture , the interior design of the time , and a widespread café culture . The city interwar architecture is regarded as among the finest examples of European Art Deco and has received the European Heritage Label . It contributed to Kaunas being named as the first city in Central and Eastern Europe to be designated as a UNESCO City of Design . Kaunas has been selected as the European Capital of Culture for 2022 , together with Esch-sur-Alzette , Luxembourg . The city is the capital of Kaunas County , and the seat of the Kaunas city municipality and the Kaunas District Municipality . It is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kaunas . Kaunas is located at the confluence of the two largest Lithuanian rivers , the Nemunas and the Neris , and is near the Kaunas Reservoir , the largest body of water in the whole of Lithuania . As defined by Eurostat , the population of Kaunas functional urban area , that stretches beyond the city limits , is estimated at 383,764 ( as of 2017 ) , while according to statistics of Kaunas territorial health insurance fund , there are 437,283 permanent inhabitants ( as of 2018 ) in Kaunas city and Kaunas district municipalities combined .'}]}, {'value': 'S.Dariaus ir S.Girėno Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.Dariaus_ir_S.Girėno_Stadium', 'summary': 'S. Darius and S. Girėnas stadium ( Lithuanian : S.Dariaus ir S.Girėno stadionas ) is a multi-use stadium in the Ąžuolynas park in Žaliakalnis district of Kaunas , Lithuania , that is now being reconstructed . The all-seater stadium will hold 15,315 people . In 1998 the stadium was renovated according to UEFA regulations , and in 2005 it was modernised with the installation of the biggest stadium television screen in the Baltic states . The latest renovation started in 2018 . It will be the biggest stadium in the Baltic states . It hosts Lithuanian football matches as well as international athletics championships . During a sporting season about 50 events are held here .'}]}, {'value': '8,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sūduva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Sūduva_Marijampolė', 'summary': "FK Sūduva is a professional football club based in the city of Marijampolė , Lithuania . Founded in 1968 . The club are the defending football champions of Lithuania . The club have been playing in the A Lyga since 2002 . In 2006 the team won its first trophy - the Lithuanian Cup , a feat they repeated in 2009 . In 2017 Sūduva won the A Lyga for the first time in its history , and repeated the triumph in 2018 and 2019 . The team 's colours are white and red . The club plays at Hikvision futbolo arena in Marijampolė ( capacity 6,250 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Marijampolė', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marijampolė', 'summary': 'Marijampolė ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ; also known by several other names ) is a cultural and industrial city and the capital of the Marijampolė County in the south of Lithuania , bordering Poland and Russian Kaliningrad Oblast , and Lake Vištytis . The population of Marijampolė is 48,700 ( 2003 ) . It is the Lithuanian center of the Suvalkija region . Marijampolė is the seventh-largest city in Lithuania , and has been its regional center since 1994 . The city covers an area equal to 205.07 square kilometres ( 79.18 sq mi ) . The Šešupė River divides the city into two parts which are connected by six bridges .'}]}, {'value': 'Sūduva Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sūduva_stadium', 'summary': 'Marijampolė Football Arena , also referred to as Sūduva Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Marijampolė , Lithuania . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Sūduva . Between the 2011 and 2019 seasons the stadium was named ARVI Football Arena after the sponsoring rights were bought by ARVI Enterprises Group . The stadium was built using funds from the European Union and opened on July 6 , 2008 . Its original capacity increased from 4,200 to 6,500 spectators after additional seats were installed in May-June 2009 before a match between Lithuania national team and Romania . 11 December 2019 reports that ARVI Group will no longer support Sūduva club . There were notes and signboards bearing the name of a former sponsor . The ARVi Arena has been renamed the Marijampolė Football Arena ( at least temporarily until another sponsor appears ) .'}]}, {'value': '4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Šiauliai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Šiauliai', 'summary': 'FC Šiauliai is a Lithuanian football team from the city of Šiauliai . The team is referred to as Šiauliai .'}]}, {'value': 'Šiauliai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Šiauliai', 'summary': 'Šiauliai ( [ ɕɛʊ̯ˈlʲɛɪ̯ˑ ] ( listen ) ; Samogitian : Šiaulē ) is the fourth largest city in Lithuania , with a population of 107,086 . From 1994 to 2010 it was the capital of Šiauliai County .'}]}, {'value': 'Savivaldybė Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savivaldybė_Stadium', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '2,430', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Šilutė', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Šilutė', 'summary': 'Futbolo Klubas Šilutė ( before 2003 , Laisvė Šilutė ) is a Lithuanian football team from the city of Šilutė . The team plays in the II Lyga , third tier of Lithuanian football .'}]}, {'value': 'Šilutė', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Šilutė', 'summary': 'Šilutė ( pronunciation ( help·info ) , previously Šilokarčiama , German : Heydekrug ) , is a city in the south of the Klaipėda County , Lithuania . The city was part of the Klaipėda Region and ethnographic Lithuania Minor . Šilutė was the interwar capital of Šilutė County and is currently the capital of Šilutė District Municipality .'}]}, {'value': 'Šilutė Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Šilutė_Stadium', 'summary': 'Šilutė Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Šilutė , Lithuania . It is currently used mostly for football matches by FK Šilutė . The capacity of the stadium is 3,000 people . The reconstruction to meet all UEFA requirements lasted a year and a half and was completed in 2005 . First official match was played on July 23 , 2005 .'}]}, {'value': '3,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vėtra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Vėtra', 'summary': 'FK Vėtra was a Lithuanian football team from the capital city of Vilnius .'}]}, {'value': 'Vilnius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vilnius', 'summary': 'Vilnius ( Lithuanian pronunciation : [ ˈvʲɪlʲnʲʊs ] ( listen ) , see also other names ) is the capital of Lithuania and its largest city , with a population of 580,020 as of 2020 [ update ] . The population of Vilnius functional urban area , that stretches beyond the city limits , is estimated at 697,691 ( as of 2017 ) , while according to statistics of Vilnius territorial health insurance fund , there are 728,032 permanent inhabitants ( as of December 2019 ) in Vilnius city and Vilnius district municipalities combined . Vilnius is in the southeast part of Lithuania and is the second largest city in the Baltic states . Vilnius is the seat of the national government of Lithuania and the Vilnius District Municipality . Vilnius is classified as a Gamma global city according to GaWC studies , and is known for the architecture in its Old Town , declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 . Before World War II , Vilnius was one of the largest Jewish centres in Europe . Its Jewish influence has led to it being described as the Jerusalem of Lithuania and Napoleon named it the Jerusalem of the North as he was passing through in 1812 . In 2009 , Vilnius was the European Capital of Culture , together with the Austrian city of Linz .'}]}, {'value': 'Vėtra Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vėtra_Stadium', 'summary': 'LFF Stadium ( Lithuanian Football Federation stadium , Lithuanian : LFF stadionas ) , formerly known as Vėtra Stadium , is a football stadium in Vilnius , Lithuania .'}]}, {'value': '5,900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Žalgiris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Žalgiris_Vilnius', 'summary': "Futbolo klubas Žalgiris , commonly known as FK Žalgiris , Žalgiris Vilnius or simply Žalgiris is a Lithuanian professional football club based in Vilnius . The club competes in the A Lyga , the top flight of Lithuanian football . The club was founded as Dinamo in 1947 . The club 's name commemorates the victorious Battle of Žalgiris ( Battle of Grunwald ) ( both names : Žalgiris and Grunwald are translated as green grove ) . Žalgiris has featured many Lithuanian football legends during their history , including Arminas Narbekovas , Valdas Ivanauskas , Edgaras Jankauskas and Deividas Šemberas . They have won the Lithuanian Championship 7 times , the Lithuanian Football Cup 12 times and the Lithuanian Supercup 6 times . The team 's colours are green and white . The club plays at LFF stadium in Vilnius which has a capacity of 5,067 ."}]}, {'value': 'Vilnius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vilnius', 'summary': 'Vilnius ( Lithuanian pronunciation : [ ˈvʲɪlʲnʲʊs ] ( listen ) , see also other names ) is the capital of Lithuania and its largest city , with a population of 580,020 as of 2020 [ update ] . The population of Vilnius functional urban area , that stretches beyond the city limits , is estimated at 697,691 ( as of 2017 ) , while according to statistics of Vilnius territorial health insurance fund , there are 728,032 permanent inhabitants ( as of December 2019 ) in Vilnius city and Vilnius district municipalities combined . Vilnius is in the southeast part of Lithuania and is the second largest city in the Baltic states . Vilnius is the seat of the national government of Lithuania and the Vilnius District Municipality . Vilnius is classified as a Gamma global city according to GaWC studies , and is known for the architecture in its Old Town , declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 . Before World War II , Vilnius was one of the largest Jewish centres in Europe . Its Jewish influence has led to it being described as the Jerusalem of Lithuania and Napoleon named it the Jerusalem of the North as he was passing through in 1812 . In 2009 , Vilnius was the European Capital of Culture , together with the Austrian city of Linz .'}]}, {'value': 'Žalgiris Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Žalgiris_Stadium', 'summary': 'Žalgiris Stadium ( Lithuanian : Žalgirio stadionas ) was a multi-purpose stadium in Žirmūnai elderate of Vilnius , Lithuania . The stadium holds 15,029 and was being used by the first division I Lyga - REO Vilnius . It was the largest football stadium in Lithuania and was built on the desecrated graves of Jews interred in the Old Jewish Cemetery under the stadium . It is named after the Battle of Grunwald and was rebuilt by the German POWs after World War II and finished in 1950 ( the stadium existed already before World War II and was used by Pogoń Wilno ; in 1936 the Polish athletics championships were held at the stadium ) . After independence it was used by the Lithuania national football team , but in recent years it lost its meaning as the national stadium and all the international football matches were played either at S.Dariaus ir S.Girėno Stadium in Kaunas or at the newer LFF Stadium also in Vilnius . In 2015 , the stadium was sold to Lithuanian real estate company Hanner who planned to demolish it and make way for apartments , hotel and offices . The demolition of Žalgiris stadium was started on July 5 , 2016 .'}]}, {'value': '15,030', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Clubs', 'section_text': 'KaunasAtlantasSūduvaEkranasŠiauliaiŠilutėVėtraŽalgiris Location of teams in the A Lyga 2008', 'uid': '2008_A_Lyga_0', 'intro': 'The Lithuanian A Lyga 2008 was the 19th season of top-tier football in Lithuania. The season started on 29 March 2008 and ended on 16 November 2008. The league had to reduce the number of its teams from ten to nine prior to this season due to lacking of team able to earn promotion (see below). Shortly before the start of the season, Vilnius withdrew from participating in the league because of unknown reasons, leaving the league with 8 competing teams.'}	null	null	What is the stadium of the club that won 7 top-tier champion and 5 national cup titles throughout its existence ?	Aukštaitija Stadium
075605cc649e2ed9	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Regional_League_Division_2_Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region', 'title': '2012 Regional League Division 2 Bangkok Metropolitan Region', 'header': ['Team', 'Location', 'Stadium', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Assumption Thonburi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Assumption_College_Thonburi_F.C.', 'summary': 'Assumption United Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลอัสสัมชัญ ยูไนเต็ด ) is a Thailand semi professional football club based in Bangkok . The club currently plays in Thai League 4 Western Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Thonburi , Bangkok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thonburi', 'summary': "Thonburi ( Thai : ธนบุรี ) is an area of modern Bangkok . During the era of the kingdom of Ayutthaya , its location on the right ( west ) bank at the mouth of the Chao Phraya River had made it an important garrison town , which is reflected in its name : thon ( ธน ) a loanword from Pali dhána wealth and buri ( บุรี ) , from púra fortress . The full formal name was Thon Buri Si Mahasamut ( กรุงธนบุรีศรีมหาสมุทร 'City of Treasures Gracing the Ocean ' ) . For the informal name , see the history of Bangkok under Ayutthaya . In 1768 , a year after the sack of Ayutthaya by the Burmese , General Taksin took back Thonburi and , by right of conquest , made it the capital of the Thonburi Kingdom with himself king until 6 April 1782 . Rama I , the newly enthroned king , moved the capital across the river , where stakes driven into the soil of Bangkok for the City Pillar at 06:45 on 21 April 1782 , marking the official founding of the new capital . : p.14 Thonburi remained an independent town and province , until it was merged with Bangkok in 1971 . Thonburi stayed less developed than the other side of the river . Many of the traditional small waterways , khlongs , still exist there , while they are nearly gone from the other side of the river . In 1950 , Bangkok had around 1.3 m people , and the municipality of Thonburi around 400,000 . In 1970 Thonburi was Thailand 's second largest city proper with around 600,000 residents . Wongwian Yai is a landmark of Thonburi District ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bangkok', 'summary': "Bangkok [ a ] is the capital and most populous city of Thailand . It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon [ b ] or simply Krung Thep . [ c ] The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres ( 605.7 sq mi ) in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has a population of over eight million , 12.6 percent of the country 's population . Over fourteen million people ( 22.2 percent ) lived within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region at the 2010 census , making Bangkok the nation 's primate city , dwarfing Thailand 's other urban centres in both size and importance to the national economy . Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century , which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities : Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782 . Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam , later renamed Thailand , during the late-19th century , as the country faced pressures from the West . The city was at the centre of Thailand 's political struggles throughout the 20th century , as the country abolished absolute monarchy , adopted constitutional rule , and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings . The city grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailand 's politics , economy , education , media and modern society . [ citation needed ] The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok . The city is now a regional force in finance and business . It is an international hub for transport and health care , and has emerged as a centre for the arts , fashion , and entertainment . The city is known for its street life and cultural landmarks , as well as its red-light districts ."}]}, {'value': 'Assumption Thonburi School Stadium ( Wongprachanukul Stadium )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bangkok Christian College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangkok_Christian_College_F.C.', 'summary': 'Bangkok Christian College Football Club ( Thai : สโมสรฟุตบอลกรุงเทพคริสเตียน ) is a Thai defunct football club based in Bangkok . The name is derived from the Bangkok Christian College . In 2018 , the club was suspended because it fail to pass its licensing process to play in the 2018 Thai League 4 Bangkok Metropolitan Region . The team was banned 2 years and relegated to the 2020 Thailand Amateur League Bangkok Metropolitan Region . In 2018 , this club was appeal FA Thailand and pass to join 2018 Thailand Amateur League Bangkok Metropolitan Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Pathum Wan , Bangkok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pathum_Wan', 'summary': 'Pathum Wan ( Thai : ปทุมวัน , pronounced [ pā.tʰūm wān ] ) is one of the 50 districts ( khet ) of Bangkok , Thailand . The district is bounded by seven other districts ( from north clockwise ) : Ratchathewi ( across the Khlong Saen Saep canal ) , Watthana , Khlong Toei , Sathon , Bang Rak , Pom Prap Sattru Phai ( across the Khlong Phadung Krung Kasem canal ) , and Dusit .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bangkok', 'summary': "Bangkok [ a ] is the capital and most populous city of Thailand . It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon [ b ] or simply Krung Thep . [ c ] The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres ( 605.7 sq mi ) in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has a population of over eight million , 12.6 percent of the country 's population . Over fourteen million people ( 22.2 percent ) lived within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region at the 2010 census , making Bangkok the nation 's primate city , dwarfing Thailand 's other urban centres in both size and importance to the national economy . Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century , which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities : Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782 . Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam , later renamed Thailand , during the late-19th century , as the country faced pressures from the West . The city was at the centre of Thailand 's political struggles throughout the 20th century , as the country abolished absolute monarchy , adopted constitutional rule , and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings . The city grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailand 's politics , economy , education , media and modern society . [ citation needed ] The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok . The city is now a regional force in finance and business . It is an international hub for transport and health care , and has emerged as a centre for the arts , fashion , and entertainment . The city is known for its street life and cultural landmarks , as well as its red-light districts ."}]}, {'value': 'Thephasadin Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thephasadin_Stadium', 'summary': "Thephasadin Stadium ( Thai : สนามเทพหัสดิน ) is a multi-purpose stadium within the grounds of Thailand 's National Stadium in Bangkok 's Pathum Wan District . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium holds 6,378 spectators ."}]}, {'value': '6,738', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Lions_F.C.', 'summary': 'LPC Bangkok Football Club ( Thai : สโมสรฟุตบอลแอลพีซี แบงค็อก ) is a Thai football team who are currently competing in the Thai League 4 , based in Bangkok and play their home games at the Ramkhamhaeng University Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Nakhon Pathom Pathum Thani Nong Chok , Bangkok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakhon_Pathom_Province', 'summary': 'Nakhon Pathom ( Thai : จังหวัดนครปฐม , pronounced [ náʔkʰɔ̄ːn pā.tʰǒm ] , ( Pronunciation ) ) is one of the central provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . Neighbouring provinces are ( from north clockwise ) Suphan Buri , Ayutthaya , Nonthaburi , Bangkok , Samut Sakhon , Ratchaburi and Kanchanaburi . The capital city of Nakhon Pathom Province is Nakhon Pathom . Nakhon Pathom Province is home to the Phra Pathom Chedi , a chedi commissioned by King Mongkut ( Rama IV ) and completed by King Chulalongkorn ( Rama V ) in 1870 . The chedi is a reminder of the long vanished Dvaravati civilization that once flourished here and by tradition Nakhon Pathom is where Buddhism first came to Thailand . [ citation needed ] The province itself is known for its many fruit orchards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pathum_Thani', 'summary': 'Pathum Thani ( Thai : ปทุมธานี , pronounced [ pā.tʰūm tʰāːnīː ] ) is a town ( thesaban mueang ) in central Thailand , directly north of Bangkok . It is the capital of the Pathum Thani Province , Thailand as well as the Mueang Pathum Thani district . As of 2005 , it has a population of 18,320 , covering the complete sub-district ( tambon ) Bang Parok . Pathum Thani hosted the 4th APEC Youth Science Festival in 2011 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nong_Chok', 'summary': 'Nong Chok ( Thai : หนองจอก , pronounced [ nɔ̌ːŋ t͡ɕɔ̀ːk̚ ] ) is one of the 50 districts ( khet ) of Bangkok , Thailand . It is bounded by other districts ( from north clockwise ) : Amphoe Lam Luk Ka of Pathum Thani Province , Amphoe Bang Nam Priao and Amphoe Mueang Chachoengsao of Chachoengsao Province , Lat Krabang , Min Buri and Khlong Sam Wa of Bangkok . It is the biggest and the least populated district of Bangkok .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bangkok', 'summary': "Bangkok [ a ] is the capital and most populous city of Thailand . It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon [ b ] or simply Krung Thep . [ c ] The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres ( 605.7 sq mi ) in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has a population of over eight million , 12.6 percent of the country 's population . Over fourteen million people ( 22.2 percent ) lived within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region at the 2010 census , making Bangkok the nation 's primate city , dwarfing Thailand 's other urban centres in both size and importance to the national economy . Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century , which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities : Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782 . Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam , later renamed Thailand , during the late-19th century , as the country faced pressures from the West . The city was at the centre of Thailand 's political struggles throughout the 20th century , as the country abolished absolute monarchy , adopted constitutional rule , and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings . The city grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailand 's politics , economy , education , media and modern society . [ citation needed ] The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok . The city is now a regional force in finance and business . It is an international hub for transport and health care , and has emerged as a centre for the arts , fashion , and entertainment . The city is known for its street life and cultural landmarks , as well as its red-light districts ."}]}, {'value': 'RMUTR Stadium Thupatemi Stadium BEC Tero Sasana Nong Chok Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajamangala_University_of_Technology_Rattanakosin_Salaya_Campus_Stadium', 'summary': 'Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin Salaya Campus Stadium ( Thai : สนามมหาวิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีราชมงคลรัตนโกสินทร์ ศาลายา ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Nakhon Pathom , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium holds 2,000 people . Coordinates : 13°47′48″N 100°17′53″E / 13.796547°N 100.297976°E / 13.796547 ; 100.297976'}, {'url': '/wiki/Thupatemi_Stadium', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/BEC_Tero_Sasana_Nong_Chok_Stadium', 'summary': 'Nong Chok Sport Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬาหนองจอก ) is a stadium in Nong Chok , Bangkok , Thailand . It is situated in Nong Chok , the biggest and the least populated district of Bangkok . It is currently used mostly for the home games of BEC Tero Sasana FC in 2006 to 2009 . The stadium holds 5,000 people . It located inside Nong Chok National Football Center . The stadium has just one stand . It is unroofed and unseated . There is a grass bank behind the goal to the left of the stand and training pitches behind the other goal . Opposite the stand is a tree-lined grass bank . A perimeter fence separates spectators from the pitch . Unusually for a Thai stadium there is no athletics track . There are no floodlights either .'}]}, {'value': '2,000 25,000 5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chamchuri United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chamchuri_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Chamchuri United Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจามจุรี ยูไนเต็ด ) is a Thailand semi professional football club under the stewardship of Chulalongkorn University based in Bangkok . The club is founded as the football club for Chulalongkorn University in 2011 when the university 's original club Chula United F.C . changed its name and relocated away from the university . The club currently plays in Thai League 3 Southern Region ."}]}, {'value': 'Pathumwan , Bangkok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pathum_Wan_District', 'summary': 'Pathum Wan ( Thai : ปทุมวัน , pronounced [ pā.tʰūm wān ] ) is one of the 50 districts ( khet ) of Bangkok , Thailand . The district is bounded by seven other districts ( from north clockwise ) : Ratchathewi ( across the Khlong Saen Saep canal ) , Watthana , Khlong Toei , Sathon , Bang Rak , Pom Prap Sattru Phai ( across the Khlong Phadung Krung Kasem canal ) , and Dusit .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bangkok', 'summary': "Bangkok [ a ] is the capital and most populous city of Thailand . It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon [ b ] or simply Krung Thep . [ c ] The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres ( 605.7 sq mi ) in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has a population of over eight million , 12.6 percent of the country 's population . Over fourteen million people ( 22.2 percent ) lived within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region at the 2010 census , making Bangkok the nation 's primate city , dwarfing Thailand 's other urban centres in both size and importance to the national economy . Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century , which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities : Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782 . Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam , later renamed Thailand , during the late-19th century , as the country faced pressures from the West . The city was at the centre of Thailand 's political struggles throughout the 20th century , as the country abolished absolute monarchy , adopted constitutional rule , and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings . The city grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailand 's politics , economy , education , media and modern society . [ citation needed ] The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok . The city is now a regional force in finance and business . It is an international hub for transport and health care , and has emerged as a centre for the arts , fashion , and entertainment . The city is known for its street life and cultural landmarks , as well as its red-light districts ."}]}, {'value': 'Chulalongkorn University Sports Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chulalongkorn_University_Sports_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Chulalongkorn University Stadium , formerly Charusathian Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium owned by Chulalongkorn University in Pathumwan , Bangkok , Thailand . It is on Chulalongkorn Soi 9 in Pathumwan in the centre of Bangkok and holds 20,000 . It is currently used mostly for football matches and to host intra- and inter-university sports competitions the student body participates in . The stadium is the current home of Chamchuri United F.C . of the Thai League 4 , and previously served as the home stadium for the now defunct BBCU F.C . ( formerly known as Chulalongkorn University F.C. , Chula-Sinthana F.C . or Chula United ) . In 2005 , the stadium was renovated and became the first sports stadium in Thailand to be fitted with artificial turf . Other stadiums in Bangkok include National Stadium , Rajamangala National Stadium , the Thai Army Sports Stadium and the Thai-Japanese Stadium .'}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Customs United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samut_Prakan_Customs_United_F.C.', 'summary': 'MOF Customs United Football Club ( Thai : สโมสรฟุตบอล เอ็มโอเอฟ ศุลกากร ยูไนเต็ด ) or Ministry of Finance Customs United Football Club ( Thai : สโมสรฟุตบอล กระทรวงการคลัง ศุลกากร ยูไนเต็ด ) is a Thai football club under the stewardship of Customs Department based in Samut Prakan Province . They currently play in the Thai League 2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bang Sao Thong , Samut Prakan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bang_Sao_Thong_District', 'summary': 'Bang Sao Thong ( Thai : บางเสาธง ; pronounced [ bāːŋ sǎw tʰōŋ ] ) is a district ( amphoe ) of Samut Prakan Province in central Thailand .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Samut_Prakan_Province', 'summary': 'Samut Prakan ( Thai : สมุทรปราการ , pronounced [ sāmùt prāːkāːn ] ( listen ) ) is one of the central provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand , established by the Act Establishing Changwat Samut Prakan , Changwat Nonthaburi , Changwat Samut Sakhon and Changwat Nakhon Nayok , Buddhist Era 2489 ( 1946 ) , which came into force 9 May 1946 . It is part of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region . Neighbouring provinces are Bangkok , to the north and west , and Chachoengsao to the east . Suvarnabhumi Airport is located in the Bang Phli District of Samut Prakan Province as well as the districts of Prawet , Bang Kapi and Lat Krabang in neighbouring Bangkok city .'}]}, {'value': 'Lad Krabang 54 Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lad_Krabang_54_Stadium', 'summary': 'Lad Krabang 54 Stadium or Customs Department Stadium ( Thai : สนามลาดกระบัง 54 ) หรือ ( Thai : สนามกีฬากรมศุลกากร ) is a football stadium in Bang Phli , Samut Prakan , Thailand . It used as the home ground of Customs United F.C . and Samut Prakan F.C . The stadium has a total capacity of 2,000 . The main stand has a capacity of 1,500 and the away stand has a capacity of 500 . The stadium is referred as Forza stadium by the fans of both teams . Coordinates : 13°42′22″N 100°47′02″E / 13.706226°N 100.783876°E / 13.706226 ; 100.783876'}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Globlex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Globlex_F.C.', 'summary': 'BTU S.Boonmeerit United Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลบีทียู ส.บุญมีฤทธิ์ ยูไนเต็ด ) is a Thailand semi professional football club under the stewardship of Bangkokthonburi University based in Bangkok . The club currently plays in Thai League 3 Lower Region . This club take over from Globlex F.C .'}]}, {'value': 'Bang Kapi , Bangkok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bang_Kapi_District', 'summary': 'Bang Kapi ( Thai : บางกะปิ , pronounced [ bāːŋ kāpìʔ̚ ] ) is one of the 50 districts ( khet ) of Bangkok , Thailand . It is bounded by other Bangkok districts ( from north clockwise ) : Bueng Kum , Saphan Sung , Prawet , Suan Luang , Huai Khwang , Wang Thonglang , and Lat Phrao .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bangkok', 'summary': "Bangkok [ a ] is the capital and most populous city of Thailand . It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon [ b ] or simply Krung Thep . [ c ] The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres ( 605.7 sq mi ) in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has a population of over eight million , 12.6 percent of the country 's population . Over fourteen million people ( 22.2 percent ) lived within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region at the 2010 census , making Bangkok the nation 's primate city , dwarfing Thailand 's other urban centres in both size and importance to the national economy . Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century , which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities : Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782 . Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam , later renamed Thailand , during the late-19th century , as the country faced pressures from the West . The city was at the centre of Thailand 's political struggles throughout the 20th century , as the country abolished absolute monarchy , adopted constitutional rule , and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings . The city grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailand 's politics , economy , education , media and modern society . [ citation needed ] The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok . The city is now a regional force in finance and business . It is an international hub for transport and health care , and has emerged as a centre for the arts , fashion , and entertainment . The city is known for its street life and cultural landmarks , as well as its red-light districts ."}]}, {'value': 'Ramkhamhaeng University Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramkhamhaeng_University_Stadium', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kasem Bundit University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kasem_Bundit_University_F.C.', 'summary': 'Kasem Bundit University Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลมหาวิทยาลัยเกษมบัณฑิต ) is a Thailand professional football club under the stewardship of Kasem Bundit University based in Bangkok . They currently competing in the Thai League 3 Southern Region . In the 2009 season they finished as runners up missing promotion to the 2009 play-offs .'}]}, {'value': 'Min Buri , Bangkok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Min_Buri_District', 'summary': 'Min Buri ( Thai : มีนบุรี , pronounced [ mīːn būrīː ] ) is one of the 50 districts ( khet ) of Bangkok , Thailand . It is bounded by other Bangkok districts ( from north clockwise ) : Khlong Sam Wa , Nong Chok , Lat Krabang , Saphan Sung , and Khan Na Yao .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bangkok', 'summary': "Bangkok [ a ] is the capital and most populous city of Thailand . It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon [ b ] or simply Krung Thep . [ c ] The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres ( 605.7 sq mi ) in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has a population of over eight million , 12.6 percent of the country 's population . Over fourteen million people ( 22.2 percent ) lived within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region at the 2010 census , making Bangkok the nation 's primate city , dwarfing Thailand 's other urban centres in both size and importance to the national economy . Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century , which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities : Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782 . Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam , later renamed Thailand , during the late-19th century , as the country faced pressures from the West . The city was at the centre of Thailand 's political struggles throughout the 20th century , as the country abolished absolute monarchy , adopted constitutional rule , and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings . The city grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailand 's politics , economy , education , media and modern society . [ citation needed ] The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok . The city is now a regional force in finance and business . It is an international hub for transport and health care , and has emerged as a centre for the arts , fashion , and entertainment . The city is known for its street life and cultural landmarks , as well as its red-light districts ."}]}, {'value': 'Kasem Bundit University Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kasetsart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kasetsart_University_F.C.', 'summary': 'Kasetsart Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลมหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์ ) is a Thailand football club under the stewardship of Kasetsart University based in Bangkok . They played in Thai League 2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nakhon Pathom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakhon_Pathom_Province', 'summary': 'Nakhon Pathom ( Thai : จังหวัดนครปฐม , pronounced [ náʔkʰɔ̄ːn pā.tʰǒm ] , ( Pronunciation ) ) is one of the central provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . Neighbouring provinces are ( from north clockwise ) Suphan Buri , Ayutthaya , Nonthaburi , Bangkok , Samut Sakhon , Ratchaburi and Kanchanaburi . The capital city of Nakhon Pathom Province is Nakhon Pathom . Nakhon Pathom Province is home to the Phra Pathom Chedi , a chedi commissioned by King Mongkut ( Rama IV ) and completed by King Chulalongkorn ( Rama V ) in 1870 . The chedi is a reminder of the long vanished Dvaravati civilization that once flourished here and by tradition Nakhon Pathom is where Buddhism first came to Thailand . [ citation needed ] The province itself is known for its many fruit orchards .'}]}, {'value': 'Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kasetsart_University_Kamphaeng_Saen_Campus_Stadium', 'summary': 'Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus Stadium ( Thai : สนาม ม.เกษตรศาสตร์ วิทยาเขตกำแพงแสน ) is a stadium in Nakhon Pathom , Thailand . It is currently used for football . The stadium holds 4,000 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Krung Thonburi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krung_Thonburi_F.C.', 'summary': 'Krung Thonburi Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลกรุงธนบุรี ) , is a Thai professional football club based in Thonburi areas , Bangkok . The club was founded in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nakhon Pathom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakhon_Pathom', 'summary': "Nakhon Pathom ( Thai : นครปฐม , pronounced [ náʔkʰɔ̄ːn pā.tʰǒm ] ) is a city ( thesaban nakhon ) in central Thailand , the former capital of Nakhon Pathom Province . One of the most important landmarks is the giant Phra Pathom Chedi . The city is also home to Thailand 's only Bhikkhuni temple Wat Song Thammakanlayani ( วัดทรงธรรมกัลยาณี ) , which is also open to women from abroad . Nakhon Pathom houses a campus of Silpakorn University within the Sanam Chan Palace . The city lies 57 km west of Bangkok . According to Charles Higham , Two silver medallions from beneath a sanctuary at Nakhon Pathom , the largest of the moated sites , proclaim that it was 'the meritorious work of the King of Sri Dvaravati ' , the Sanskrit term Dvaravati meaning 'that which has gates ' . The script is in south Indian characters of the seventh century . Nakhon Pathom was the largest Dvaravati center . :301-302,304"}]}, {'value': 'Mahidol University Salaya Campus Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Look Isan-Thai Airways', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Look_Isan-Thai_Airways_F.C.', 'summary': 'Look E San Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลลูกอีสาน ) is a Thai football club based in Nakhon Ratchasima Province . The club currently plays in the Thai League 4 Western Region . In 2012 the club signed an agreement with Police United to become their feeder club using several of their youth players . The team also moved to play home games at the Bunyajinda Stadium in Bangkok . In 2016 , the club signed an agreement with Look Isan after break team in 2015 . The team also moved to play home games at Phutianan 2 Sport club in Sukhumvit , Bangkok .'}]}, {'value': 'Bang Kapi , Bangkok Lak Si , Bangkok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bang_Kapi_District', 'summary': 'Bang Kapi ( Thai : บางกะปิ , pronounced [ bāːŋ kāpìʔ̚ ] ) is one of the 50 districts ( khet ) of Bangkok , Thailand . It is bounded by other Bangkok districts ( from north clockwise ) : Bueng Kum , Saphan Sung , Prawet , Suan Luang , Huai Khwang , Wang Thonglang , and Lat Phrao .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bangkok', 'summary': "Bangkok [ a ] is the capital and most populous city of Thailand . It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon [ b ] or simply Krung Thep . [ c ] The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres ( 605.7 sq mi ) in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has a population of over eight million , 12.6 percent of the country 's population . Over fourteen million people ( 22.2 percent ) lived within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region at the 2010 census , making Bangkok the nation 's primate city , dwarfing Thailand 's other urban centres in both size and importance to the national economy . Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century , which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities : Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782 . Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam , later renamed Thailand , during the late-19th century , as the country faced pressures from the West . The city was at the centre of Thailand 's political struggles throughout the 20th century , as the country abolished absolute monarchy , adopted constitutional rule , and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings . The city grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailand 's politics , economy , education , media and modern society . [ citation needed ] The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok . The city is now a regional force in finance and business . It is an international hub for transport and health care , and has emerged as a centre for the arts , fashion , and entertainment . The city is known for its street life and cultural landmarks , as well as its red-light districts ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lak_Si', 'summary': 'Lak Si ( Thai : หลักสี่ , pronounced [ làk̚ sìː ] ) is one of the 50 districts ( khet ) of Bangkok , Thailand . It is bounded by ( from the north clockwise ) : Don Mueang , Bang Khen and Chatuchak of Bangkok ; Mueang Nonthaburi District and Pak Kret District of Nonthaburi Province .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bangkok', 'summary': "Bangkok [ a ] is the capital and most populous city of Thailand . It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon [ b ] or simply Krung Thep . [ c ] The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres ( 605.7 sq mi ) in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has a population of over eight million , 12.6 percent of the country 's population . Over fourteen million people ( 22.2 percent ) lived within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region at the 2010 census , making Bangkok the nation 's primate city , dwarfing Thailand 's other urban centres in both size and importance to the national economy . Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century , which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities : Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782 . Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam , later renamed Thailand , during the late-19th century , as the country faced pressures from the West . The city was at the centre of Thailand 's political struggles throughout the 20th century , as the country abolished absolute monarchy , adopted constitutional rule , and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings . The city grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailand 's politics , economy , education , media and modern society . [ citation needed ] The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok . The city is now a regional force in finance and business . It is an international hub for transport and health care , and has emerged as a centre for the arts , fashion , and entertainment . The city is known for its street life and cultural landmarks , as well as its red-light districts ."}]}, {'value': 'Ramkhamhaeng University Stadium Bunyajinda Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramkhamhaeng_University_Stadium', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bunyajinda_Stadium', 'summary': 'Boonyachinda Stadium ( Thai : สนามบุณยะจินดา ) is a multi-purpose stadium in the Royal Thai Police Sport Club , Lak Si District , Bangkok , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Police Tero . The stadium holds 3,550 people .'}]}, {'value': '2,000 3,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nonthaburi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nonthaburi_F.C.', 'summary': 'Nonthaburi Football Club ( Thai : สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดนนทบุรี ) , is a Thai football club based in Nonthaburi Province . They play in Thai League 4 Western Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Nonthaburi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nonthaburi_(city)', 'summary': 'Nonthaburi ( Thai : นนทบุรี , pronounced [ nōn.tʰáʔ.bū.rīː ] ) is the principal city of the district and province of the same name in Thailand . It has city municipality ( thesaban nakhon ) status and covers five subdistricts ( tambon ) of Mueang Nonthaburi District : Suan Yai , Talat Khwan , Bang Khen , Bang Kraso and Tha Sai . As of January 2012 , it has a registered population of 258,550 , making it the most populous city municipality in Thailand ( excluding Bangkok ) . Due to its location close to Bangkok the city is considered a suburb of Bangkok , part of the Bangkok Metropolitan Area , or Greater Bangkok . Nonthaburi is served by public transport systems including the Bangkok Mass Transit Authority bus system , the Chao Phraya Express Boat , and the newly opened MRT Purple Line. , Nonthaburi is known for its temple and market such as Wat Chaloem Phra Kiat , Wat Chomphuwek , Wat Chotikaram , Wat Khema Phirataram , Wat Prasat , Wat Sangkhathan and so on . Koh Kret ( Pak Kret District ) Koh Kret is a small island located in Chao Phraya River in the province of Nonthaburi , and is some 2 kilometers long and 1 kilometer wide . In 1722 , during the reign of King Thaisa of Ayutthaya , the island was called Khlong Lat Kret Noi which means a shortcut to Kret canal . Later , the current diverted , making the canal larger and turning the cape there into an island . Koh Kret has prospered since the Ayutthaya period as evident from the many temples on the island that are from that period . However , it may have been deserted when the Burmese sacked Ayutthaya . When Ayutthaya was reclaimed , King Taksin the Great relocated the Mon people who found religion here . The Mon people on the island came during the Thon Buri period and during the reign of King Rama II .'}]}, {'value': 'Nonthaburi Provincial Stadium ( Wat Bot Don Prom )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Bangkok University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Bangkok_College_F.C.', 'summary': 'North Bangkok University Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลมหาวิทยาลัยนอร์ทกรุงเทพ ) , is a Thailand football club under the stewardship of North Bangkok University based in Pathum Thani . They currently play in Thai League 3 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pathum Thani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pathum_Thani', 'summary': 'Pathum Thani ( Thai : ปทุมธานี , pronounced [ pā.tʰūm tʰāːnīː ] ) is a town ( thesaban mueang ) in central Thailand , directly north of Bangkok . It is the capital of the Pathum Thani Province , Thailand as well as the Mueang Pathum Thani district . As of 2005 , it has a population of 18,320 , covering the complete sub-district ( tambon ) Bang Parok . Pathum Thani hosted the 4th APEC Youth Science Festival in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'North Bangkok University Rangsit Campus Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Bangkok_University_Rangsit_Campus_Stadium', 'summary': 'North Bangkok University Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลมหาวิทยาลัยนอร์ทกรุงเทพ ) , is a Thailand football club under the stewardship of North Bangkok University based in Pathum Thani . They currently play in Thai League 3 .'}]}, {'value': '1,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rayong United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rayong_United_F.C.', 'summary': 'Pluakdaeng United Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลปลวกแดง ยูไนเต็ด ) or formerly Prachinburi Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดปราจีนบุรี ) is a Thailand professional football club based in Rayong Province after relocating from Prachinburi Province in 2012 . They currently play in Thai League 4 Eastern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Klaeng , Rayong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klaeng', 'summary': 'Klaeng District ( Thai : แกลง , pronounced [ klɛ̄ːŋ ] ) is a district ( amphoe ) on the coast of Rayong Province , eastern Thailand .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rayong_Province', 'summary': 'Rayong Province ( Thai : ระยอง , pronounced [ rā.jɔ̄ːŋ ] ) is a province ( changwat ) of Thailand . Neighboring provinces are ( from west clockwise ) Chonburi , and Chanthaburi . To the south is the Gulf of Thailand . As of 2016 [ update ] , per capita earnings were higher in Rayong Province than in any other Thai province .'}]}, {'value': 'Klaeng municipality Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rangsit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rangsit_F.C.', 'summary': 'Siam Football Club ( Thai : สโมสรฟุตบอลสยาม ) , is a Thailand semi professional football club based in Nonthaburi . The club was founded in 2011 as Rangsit Football Club . They currently play in Thai League 4 Bangkok region .'}]}, {'value': 'Pathum Thani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pathum_Thani', 'summary': 'Pathum Thani ( Thai : ปทุมธานี , pronounced [ pā.tʰūm tʰāːnīː ] ) is a town ( thesaban mueang ) in central Thailand , directly north of Bangkok . It is the capital of the Pathum Thani Province , Thailand as well as the Mueang Pathum Thani district . As of 2005 , it has a population of 18,320 , covering the complete sub-district ( tambon ) Bang Parok . Pathum Thani hosted the 4th APEC Youth Science Festival in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Leo Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leo_Stadium', 'summary': 'Leo Stadium is a three-sided football stadium in Thanyaburi , Pathum Thani , Thailand , holding 16,014 spectators . It is the home of BG Pathum United of the Thai League 1 . Since opened , the ground has been installed with high-quality artificial surface . However , from the season 2018 onward the stadium will be replaced with real grass .'}]}, {'value': '12,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RBAC BEC Tero Sasana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RBAC_Mittraphap_F.C.', 'summary': 'RBAC Football Club ( Thai : สโมสรฟุตบอลมหาวิทยาลัยรัตนบัณฑิต ) is a defunct Thai football club . They are represented for Rattana Bundit University . In 2014 , The club signed MOU with Ratchaburi Mitr Phol F.C . and change football club name , nickname and logo to Ratchaburi Mitr Phol RBAC F.C .'}]}, {'value': 'Bang Kapi , Bangkok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bang_Kapi_District', 'summary': 'Bang Kapi ( Thai : บางกะปิ , pronounced [ bāːŋ kāpìʔ̚ ] ) is one of the 50 districts ( khet ) of Bangkok , Thailand . It is bounded by other Bangkok districts ( from north clockwise ) : Bueng Kum , Saphan Sung , Prawet , Suan Luang , Huai Khwang , Wang Thonglang , and Lat Phrao .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bangkok', 'summary': "Bangkok [ a ] is the capital and most populous city of Thailand . It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon [ b ] or simply Krung Thep . [ c ] The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres ( 605.7 sq mi ) in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has a population of over eight million , 12.6 percent of the country 's population . Over fourteen million people ( 22.2 percent ) lived within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region at the 2010 census , making Bangkok the nation 's primate city , dwarfing Thailand 's other urban centres in both size and importance to the national economy . Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century , which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities : Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782 . Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam , later renamed Thailand , during the late-19th century , as the country faced pressures from the West . The city was at the centre of Thailand 's political struggles throughout the 20th century , as the country abolished absolute monarchy , adopted constitutional rule , and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings . The city grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailand 's politics , economy , education , media and modern society . [ citation needed ] The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok . The city is now a regional force in finance and business . It is an international hub for transport and health care , and has emerged as a centre for the arts , fashion , and entertainment . The city is known for its street life and cultural landmarks , as well as its red-light districts ."}]}, {'value': 'RBAC University Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samut Prakan United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samut_Prakan_United_F.C.', 'summary': 'Samutprakan United Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลสมุทรปราการ ยูไนเต็ด ) is a Thailand semi professional football club based in Samut Prakan province . They currently play in 2018 Thailand Amateur League Bangkok Metropolitan Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Samut Prakan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samut_Prakan_Province', 'summary': 'Samut Prakan ( Thai : สมุทรปราการ , pronounced [ sāmùt prāːkāːn ] ( listen ) ) is one of the central provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand , established by the Act Establishing Changwat Samut Prakan , Changwat Nonthaburi , Changwat Samut Sakhon and Changwat Nakhon Nayok , Buddhist Era 2489 ( 1946 ) , which came into force 9 May 1946 . It is part of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region . Neighbouring provinces are Bangkok , to the north and west , and Chachoengsao to the east . Suvarnabhumi Airport is located in the Bang Phli District of Samut Prakan Province as well as the districts of Prawet , Bang Kapi and Lat Krabang in neighbouring Bangkok city .'}]}, {'value': 'Samut Prakan United Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samut_Prakan_United_Stadium', 'summary': 'Samutprakan United Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลสมุทรปราการ ยูไนเต็ด ) is a Thailand semi professional football club based in Samut Prakan province . They currently play in 2018 Thailand Amateur League Bangkok Metropolitan Region .'}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samut Sakhon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samut_Sakhon_F.C.', 'summary': 'Samut Sakhon Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดสมุทรสาคร ) is a Thailand professional football club based in Samut Sakhon Province , administrating by Provincial Administrative Organization ( PAO ) . They currently play in Thai League 2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Samut Sakhon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samut_Sakhon_Province', 'summary': 'Samut Sakhon ( Thai : สมุทรสาคร , pronounced [ sā.mùt sǎː.kʰɔ̄ːn ] ) is one of the central provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand , established by the Act Establishing Changwat Samut Prakan , Changwat Nonthaburi , Changwat Samut Sakhon , and Changwat Nakhon Nayok , Buddhist Era 2489 ( 1946 ) , which came into force on 9 May 1946 . Neighboring provinces are ( from the southwest clockwise ) Samut Songkhram , Ratchaburi , Nakhon Pathom , and Bangkok . Samut Sakhon is part of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Samut Sakhon Province Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samut_Sakhon_Province_Stadium', 'summary': 'Samut Sakhon Province Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬาจังหวัดสมุทรสาคร ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Samut Sakhon Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium holds 3,500 people .'}]}, {'value': '3,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thai Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thai_Honda_F.C.', 'summary': 'Thai Honda Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลไทยฮอนด้า ) is a Thai football club playing in the Thai League 2 and sponsored by Honda .'}]}, {'value': 'Lat Krabang , Bangkok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lat_Krabang_District', 'summary': 'Lat Krabang ( Thai : ลาดกระบัง , pronounced [ lâːt̚ krā.bāŋ ] ) is one of the eastern districts of Bangkok . Neighboring districts are ( from the south clockwise ) : Bang Bo , Bang Sao Thong and Bang Phli ( Samut Prakan Province ) ; Prawet , Saphan Sung , Min Buri and Nong Chok ( Bangkok ) and Mueang Chachoengsao ( Chachoengsao Province ) . In October 2005 , the plan to create the special administrative area Nakhon Suvarnabhumi around Suvarnabhumi Airport became public . Lat Krabang was among the five districts that were to be included in this new administrative area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bangkok', 'summary': "Bangkok [ a ] is the capital and most populous city of Thailand . It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon [ b ] or simply Krung Thep . [ c ] The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres ( 605.7 sq mi ) in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has a population of over eight million , 12.6 percent of the country 's population . Over fourteen million people ( 22.2 percent ) lived within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region at the 2010 census , making Bangkok the nation 's primate city , dwarfing Thailand 's other urban centres in both size and importance to the national economy . Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century , which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities : Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782 . Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam , later renamed Thailand , during the late-19th century , as the country faced pressures from the West . The city was at the centre of Thailand 's political struggles throughout the 20th century , as the country abolished absolute monarchy , adopted constitutional rule , and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings . The city grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailand 's politics , economy , education , media and modern society . [ citation needed ] The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok . The city is now a regional force in finance and business . It is an international hub for transport and health care , and has emerged as a centre for the arts , fashion , and entertainment . The city is known for its street life and cultural landmarks , as well as its red-light districts ."}]}, {'value': "King Mongkut 's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Stadium", 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,500', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Stadium and Locations', 'section_text': 'Rayong UtdBangkok Metro Bangkok Metro teamsAssumption ThonburiBangkok Christian CollegeChamchuri UnitedCentral LionsGloblexKasem Bundit UniversityLook Isan-Thai AirwaysRBAC-BEC Tero SasanaThai HondaCustoms UnitedKasetsartKrung ThonburiNonthaburiNorth Bangkok UniversityRangsitSamut Prakan UnitedSamut Sakhon Locations of the Thai Premier League 2012 teams Assumption UnitedBangkok Christian CollegeChamchuri UnitedCentral LionsGloblexKasem Bundit UniversityLook Isan-Thai AirwaysRBAC-BEC Tero SasanaThai HondaCustoms UnitedKasetsartKrung ThonburiNonthaburiNorth Bangkok UniversityRangsitSamut Prakan UnitedSamut Sakhon Football clubs in Bangkok Metropolitan Region', 'uid': '2012_Thai_Division_2_League_Bangkok_&_field_Region_0', 'intro': '2012 Regional League Division 2 Bangkok Metropolitan Region is the 4th season of the League competition since its establishment in 2009. It is in the third tier of the Thai football league system.'}	null	null	What is the capacity of the stadium whose location is known for its many fruit orchards ?	4,000
07561e422014b91a	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card_bibliography', 'title': 'Orson Scott Card bibliography', 'header': ['Title', 'Year', 'Series', 'Format', 'ISBN', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': "Ender 's Game", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ender's_Game", 'summary': "Ender 's Game is a 1985 military science fiction novel by American author Orson Scott Card . Set at an unspecified date in Earth 's future , the novel presents an imperiled humankind after two conflicts with the Formics , an insectoid alien species they dub the buggers . In preparation for an anticipated third invasion , children , including the novel 's protagonist , Andrew Ender Wiggin , are trained from a very young age by putting them through increasingly difficult games , including some in zero gravity , where Ender 's tactical genius is revealed . The book originated as a short story of the same name , published in the August 1977 issue of Analog Science Fiction and Fact . The novel was published on January 15 , 1985 . Later , by elaborating on characters and plot lines depicted in the novel , Card was able to write additional books in the Ender 's Game series . Card also released an updated version of Ender 's Game in 1991 , changing some political facts to reflect the times more accurately ( e.g. , to include the recent collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War ) . The novel has been translated into 34 languages . Reception of the book has been mostly positive but many have criticised its politics . It has become suggested reading for many military organizations , including the United States Marine Corps . Ender 's Game was recognized as best novel by the 1985 Nebula Award and the 1986 Hugo Award in the genres of science fiction and fantasy . Its four sequels - Speaker for the Dead ( 1986 ) , Xenocide ( 1991 ) , Children of the Mind ( 1996 ) , and Ender in Exile ( 2008 ) - follow Ender 's subsequent travels to many different worlds in the galaxy ."}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': "Ender 's Game", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Novel', 'urls': []}, {'value': ".mw-parser-output cite.citation { font-style : inherit } .mw-parser-output .citation q { quotes : \\\\ '' } .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a , .mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a { background : url ( //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png ) no-repeat ; background-position : right .1em center } .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a , .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a , .mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a , .mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a { background : url ( //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png ) no-repeat ; background-position : right .1em center } .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a , .mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a { background : url ( //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png ) no-repeat ; background-position : right .1em center } .mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription , .mw-parser-output .cs1-registration { color : # 555 } .mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span , .mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span { border-bottom:1px dotted ; cursor : help } .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a { background : url ( //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png ) no-repeat ; background-position : right .1em center } .mw-parser-output code.cs1-code { color : inherit ; background : inherit ; border : inherit ; padding : inherit } .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error { display : none ; font-size:100% } .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error { font-size:100% } .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint { display : none ; color : # 33aa33 ; margin-left:0.3em } .mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription , .mw-parser-output .cs1-registration , .mw-parser-output .cs1-format { font-size:95% } .mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left , .mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left { padding-left:0.2em } .mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right , .mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right { padding-right:0.2em } 0-312-93208-1", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-93208-1', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Hugo Award winner , Locus Award SF nominee , 1986 ; Nebula Award winner , 1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugo_Award', 'summary': 'The Hugo Award is an annual literary award for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year , given at the World Science Fiction Convention and chosen by its members . The Hugo is widely considered the premier award in science fiction . The award is administered by the World Science Fiction Society . It is named after Hugo Gernsback , the founder of the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories . Hugos were first given in 1953 , at the 11th World Science Fiction Convention , and have been awarded every year since 1955 . The award is given in categories which have changed over the years . As of 2019 [ update ] the award is conferred in seventeen categories of written and dramatic works . The 2019 awards were presented at the 77th Worldcon , Dublin 2019 : An Irish Worldcon , in Dublin on August 18 , 2019 . The 2020 awards will be presented at the 78th Worldcon , CoNZealand , in Wellington , New Zealand on August 1 , 2020 . For lists of winners and nominees in each category , see the list of award categories .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Locus_Award', 'summary': 'The Locus Awards are an annual set of literary awards by the science fiction and fantasy magazine Locus , a monthly based in Oakland , California , United States . The award winners are selected by polling magazine readers . The awards are presented at an annual banquet . The publishers of winning works are honored with certificates , which is unique in the field . The Locus list was inaugurated in 1971 for publication year 1970 and was originally more of a list than an award , intended to predict the Hugo Awards , and then to provide suggestions and guidance for them .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nebula_Award', 'summary': "The Nebula Awards annually recognize the best works of science fiction or fantasy published in the United States . The awards are organized and awarded by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America ( SFWA ) , a nonprofit association of professional science fiction and fantasy writers . They were first given in 1966 at a ceremony created for the awards , and are given in four categories for different lengths of literary works . A fifth category for film and television episode scripts was given 1974-78 and 2000-09 , and a sixth category for game writing was begun in 2018 . The rules governing the Nebula Awards have changed several times during the awards ' history , most recently in 2010 . The SFWA Nebula Conference , at which the awards are announced and presented , is held each spring in the United States . Locations vary from year to year . The Nebula Awards are one of the best known and most prestigious science fiction and fantasy awards and together with the Hugo Awards have been called the most important of the American science fiction awards . Winning works have been published in special collections , and winners and nominees are often noted as such on the books ' cover . SFWA identifies the awards by the year of publication , that is , the year prior to the year in which the award is given . For lists of winners and nominees for each Nebula category , see the list of categories below ."}]}, {'value': 'Speaker for the Dead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speaker_for_the_Dead', 'summary': "Speaker for the Dead is a 1986 science fiction novel by American writer Orson Scott Card , an indirect sequel to the novel Ender 's Game . The book takes place around the year 5270 , some 3,000 years after the events in Ender 's Game . However , because of relativistic space travel at near light speed , Ender himself is only about 35 years old . This is the first book to discuss the Starways Congress , a high standpoint legislation for the human space colonies . It is also the first to describe the Hundred Worlds , the planets with human colonies that are tightly intertwined by Ansible technology which enables instantaneous communication , even across light years of distance . Like Ender 's Game , the book won the Nebula Award in 1986 and the Hugo Award in 1987 . Speaker for the Dead was published in a slightly revised edition in 1991 . It was followed by Xenocide and Children of the Mind ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': "Ender 's Game", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Novel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0-312-93738-5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-93738-5', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Hugo , and Locus SF Award winner , Campbell Award nominee , 1987 ; Nebula Award winner , 1986', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel', 'summary': 'The John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel , or Campbell Memorial Award , is an annual award presented by the Center for the Study of Science Fiction at the University of Kansas to the author of the best science fiction novel published in English in the preceding calendar year . It is the novel counterpart of the Theodore Sturgeon Award for best short story , awarded by the same organization . The award is named in honor of John W. Campbell ( 1910-71 ) , whose science fiction writing and role as editor of Analog Science Fiction and Fact made him one of the most influential editors in the early history of science fiction . The award was established in 1973 by writers and critics Harry Harrison and Brian Aldiss as a way of continuing his efforts to encourage writers to produce their best possible work . Locus magazine has listed it as one of the major awards of written science fiction . The winning novel is selected by a panel of science fiction experts , intended to be small enough to discuss among its members all of the nominated novels . Among members of the panel have been Gregory Benford , Paul A. Carter , James Gunn , Elizabeth Anne Hull , Christopher McKitterick , Farah Mendlesohn , Pamela Sargent , and Tom Shippey . In 2008 Mendlesohn was replaced with Paul Kincaid , in 2009 Carter left the panel while Paul Di Filippo and Sheila Finch joined , and Lisa Yaszek replaced Di Filippo in 2016 . Nominations are submitted by publishers and jurors , and are collated by the panel into a list of finalists to be voted on . The minimum eligible length that a work may be is not formally defined by the center . The winner is selected by May of each year , and is presented at the Campbell Conference awards banquet in June at the University of Kansas in Lawrence as part of the centerpiece of the conference along with the Sturgeon Award . The award has been given at the conference since 1979 ; prior to then it was awarded at various locations around the world , starting at the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1973 .'}]}, {'value': "Ender 's War", 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': "Ender 's Game", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Collection', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Omnibus of Ender 's Game and Speaker for the Dead", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gloriously Bright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gloriously_Bright', 'summary': "Gloriously Bright is a science fiction short story by American writer Orson Scott Card , set in his Ender 's Game universe . It tells the story of Han Qing-jao and Si Wang-mu as they interact with Jane , the gods of Path , the Starways Congress , and the knowledge of OCD . It appears in the January 1991 issue of Analog Science Fiction and Fact ."}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Ender 's Game", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short Story', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Gloriously Bright was published in the January 1991 issue of Analog Science Fiction and Fact . Gloriously Bright is reprinted as parts of Chapters 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , and 11 of Xenocide . It also includes about 20 paragraphs recounting Jane 's story from Speaker for the Dead that are not republished anywhere else", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xenocide', 'summary': "Xenocide ( 1991 ) is a science fiction novel by American writer Orson Scott Card , the third book in the Ender 's Game series . It was nominated for both the Hugo and Locus Awards for Best Novel in 1992 . The title is a combination of 'xeno- ' , meaning alien , and '-cide ' , referring to the act of killing ; altogether referring to the act of selectively killing populations of aliens , a play on genocide ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Speaker_for_the_Dead', 'summary': "Speaker for the Dead is a 1986 science fiction novel by American writer Orson Scott Card , an indirect sequel to the novel Ender 's Game . The book takes place around the year 5270 , some 3,000 years after the events in Ender 's Game . However , because of relativistic space travel at near light speed , Ender himself is only about 35 years old . This is the first book to discuss the Starways Congress , a high standpoint legislation for the human space colonies . It is also the first to describe the Hundred Worlds , the planets with human colonies that are tightly intertwined by Ansible technology which enables instantaneous communication , even across light years of distance . Like Ender 's Game , the book won the Nebula Award in 1986 and the Hugo Award in 1987 . Speaker for the Dead was published in a slightly revised edition in 1991 . It was followed by Xenocide and Children of the Mind ."}]}, {'value': 'Xenocide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xenocide', 'summary': "Xenocide ( 1991 ) is a science fiction novel by American writer Orson Scott Card , the third book in the Ender 's Game series . It was nominated for both the Hugo and Locus Awards for Best Novel in 1992 . The title is a combination of 'xeno- ' , meaning alien , and '-cide ' , referring to the act of killing ; altogether referring to the act of selectively killing populations of aliens , a play on genocide ."}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': "Ender 's Game", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Novel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0-312-85056-5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-85056-5', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Hugo and Locus SF Awards nominee , 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Children of the Mind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Children_of_the_Mind', 'summary': "Children of the Mind ( 1996 ) is a novel by American author Orson Scott Card , the fourth in his successful Ender 's Game series of science fiction novels that focus on the character Ender Wiggin . This book was originally the second half of Xenocide , before it was split into two novels ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': "Ender 's Game", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Novel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0-312-85395-5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-85395-5', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Ender 's Shadow", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ender's_Shadow", 'summary': "Ender 's Shadow ( 1999 ) is a parallel science fiction novel by the American author Orson Scott Card , taking place at the same time as the novel Ender 's Game and depicting some of the same events from the point of view of Bean , a supporting character in the original novel . It was originally to be titled Urchin , but it was retitled Ender 's Shadow prior to release . Ender 's Shadow was shortlisted for a Locus Award in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shadow saga', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Novel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0-312-86860-X', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-86860-X', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': "Parallel novel to Ender 's Game . Locus SF Award nominee , 2000", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shadow of the Hegemon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shadow_of_the_Hegemon', 'summary': "Shadow of the Hegemon ( 2000 ) is a science fiction novel by American writer Orson Scott Card , the second novel in the Ender 's Shadow series ( often called the Bean Quartet ) . It is also the sixth novel in the Ender 's Game series . It is told mostly from the point of view of Bean , a largely peripheral character in the original novel Ender 's Game but the central protagonist of the parallel narrative Ender 's Shadow . Shadow of the Hegemon was nominated for a Locus Award in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shadow saga', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Novel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0-312-87651-3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-87651-3', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Locus SF nominee , 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shadow Puppets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shadow_Puppets', 'summary': "Shadow Puppets is a science fiction novel by American author Orson Scott Card , published in 2002 . It is the sequel to Shadow of the Hegemon and the third book in the Ender 's Shadow series ( often called the Bean Quartet ) . It was originally to be called Shadow of Death ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shadow saga', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Novel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0-765-30017-6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-765-30017-6', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Meetings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Meetings', 'summary': "First Meetings ( 2002 ) is a collection of science fiction short stories by American writer Orson Scott Card , belonging to his Ender 's Game series . Tor Books republished the book in 2003 under the titles First Meetings in the Enderverse and First Meetings in Ender 's Universe and included the more recent Teacher 's Pest , a story about the first meeting of Ender 's parents ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': "Ender 's Game", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Collection', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0-765-30873-8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-765-30873-8', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Short story collection', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shadow of the Giant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shadow_of_the_Giant', 'summary': "Shadow of the Giant ( 2005 ) is a science fiction novel by American writer Orson Scott Card , the fourth novel in his Ender 's Shadow series , also called the Bean Quartet ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shadow saga', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Novel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0-312-85758-6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-85758-6', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mazer in Prison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mazer_in_Prison_(short_story)', 'summary': "Mazer in Prison is a science fiction story by American writer Orson Scott Card , set in his Ender 's Game universe . It tells the story of how Mazer Rackham and Hyrum Graff started Battle School . It appears in Card 's Webzine InterGalactic Medicine Show ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': "Ender 's Game", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short story', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Published online', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pretty Boy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pretty_Boy_(short_story)', 'summary': "There are various sources for short stories set in the Ender 's Game series . One is the short story collection First Meetings by Orson Scott Card . This collection contains the original novelette Ender 's Game plus three other stories . Another source is Cards webzine InterGalactic Medicine Show . The first four stories from Card 's webzine : Mazer in Prison , Pretty Boy , Cheater , and A Young Man with Prospects , also appear in the paperback anthology Orson Scott Card 's InterGalactic Medicine Show . Reprints of short stories in the Ender 's Game series can be found in other science fiction anthologies ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': "Ender 's Game", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short story', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Published online', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheater_(short_story)', 'summary': "Cheater is a science fiction story by American writer Orson Scott Card , set in his Ender 's Game universe . It tells the story of how Hot Soup Han Tzu got into Battle School . It appears in Card 's Webzine InterGalactic Medicine Show ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': "Ender 's Game", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short story', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Published online', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Young Man with Prospects', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Young_Man_with_Prospects_(short_story)', 'summary': "Ender in Exile is a science fiction novel by American writer Orson Scott Card , part of the Ender 's Game series , published on November 11 , 2008 . It takes place between the two award-winning novels : Ender 's Game and Speaker for the Dead . It could also be considered a parallel novel to the first three sequels in the Shadow Saga , since the entirety of this trilogy takes place in the span of Ender in Exile . The novel concludes a dangling story line of the Shadow Saga , while it makes several references to events that take place during the Shadow Saga . From yet another perspective , the novel expands ( or replaces ) the last chapter of the original novel Ender 's Game . On the one hand , it fills the gap right before the last chapter , and on the other hand , it fills the gap between the last chapter and the original ( first ) sequel ( both named Speaker for the Dead ) . Ender in Exile begins one year after Ender has won the bugger war , and begins with the short story Ender 's Homecoming from Card 's webzine Intergalactic Medicine Show . Other short stories that were published elsewhere are included as chapters of the novel ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': "Ender 's Game", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short story', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Published online . Incorporated into Ender in Exile as chapter 5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ender_in_Exile', 'summary': "Ender in Exile is a science fiction novel by American writer Orson Scott Card , part of the Ender 's Game series , published on November 11 , 2008 . It takes place between the two award-winning novels : Ender 's Game and Speaker for the Dead . It could also be considered a parallel novel to the first three sequels in the Shadow Saga , since the entirety of this trilogy takes place in the span of Ender in Exile . The novel concludes a dangling story line of the Shadow Saga , while it makes several references to events that take place during the Shadow Saga . From yet another perspective , the novel expands ( or replaces ) the last chapter of the original novel Ender 's Game . On the one hand , it fills the gap right before the last chapter , and on the other hand , it fills the gap between the last chapter and the original ( first ) sequel ( both named Speaker for the Dead ) . Ender in Exile begins one year after Ender has won the bugger war , and begins with the short story Ender 's Homecoming from Card 's webzine Intergalactic Medicine Show . Other short stories that were published elsewhere are included as chapters of the novel ."}]}, {'value': 'The Gold Bug', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gold_Bug_(Card_short_story)', 'summary': "The Gold Bug is a science fiction story by American writer Orson Scott Card , set in his Ender 's Game universe . It tells the story of how Sel Menach steps aside as leader of a colony world to let Ender Wiggin take over as governor . It appears in Card 's Webzine InterGalactic Medicine Show , and was incorporated into Card 's novel Ender in Exile ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': "Ender 's Game", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short story', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Published online', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Ender 's Stocking", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ender's_Stocking_(short_story)", 'summary': "A War of Gifts : An Ender Story is a 2007 science fiction novel by American writer Orson Scott Card . This book is set in Card 's Ender 's Game series and takes place during Ender Wiggin 's time at Battle School as described in Card 's novels Ender 's Game and Ender 's Shadow ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': "Ender 's Game", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short story', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Published online . The beginning of this story , but not the whole story , is included as chapter 2 in A War of Gifts : An Ender Story', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A War of Gifts : An Ender Story', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_War_of_Gifts:_An_Ender_Story', 'summary': "A War of Gifts : An Ender Story is a 2007 science fiction novel by American writer Orson Scott Card . This book is set in Card 's Ender 's Game series and takes place during Ender Wiggin 's time at Battle School as described in Card 's novels Ender 's Game and Ender 's Shadow ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': "Ender 's Game", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Novel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '978-0-7653-1282-2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-1282-2', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Ender 's Homecoming", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ender's_Homecoming_(short_story)", 'summary': "Ender in Exile is a science fiction novel by American writer Orson Scott Card , part of the Ender 's Game series , published on November 11 , 2008 . It takes place between the two award-winning novels : Ender 's Game and Speaker for the Dead . It could also be considered a parallel novel to the first three sequels in the Shadow Saga , since the entirety of this trilogy takes place in the span of Ender in Exile . The novel concludes a dangling story line of the Shadow Saga , while it makes several references to events that take place during the Shadow Saga . From yet another perspective , the novel expands ( or replaces ) the last chapter of the original novel Ender 's Game . On the one hand , it fills the gap right before the last chapter , and on the other hand , it fills the gap between the last chapter and the original ( first ) sequel ( both named Speaker for the Dead ) . Ender in Exile begins one year after Ender has won the bugger war , and begins with the short story Ender 's Homecoming from Card 's webzine Intergalactic Medicine Show . Other short stories that were published elsewhere are included as chapters of the novel ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': "Ender 's Game", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short story', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Published online . Included in Ender in Exile', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ender in Flight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ender_in_Flight_(short_story)', 'summary': "Ender in Exile is a science fiction novel by American writer Orson Scott Card , part of the Ender 's Game series , published on November 11 , 2008 . It takes place between the two award-winning novels : Ender 's Game and Speaker for the Dead . It could also be considered a parallel novel to the first three sequels in the Shadow Saga , since the entirety of this trilogy takes place in the span of Ender in Exile . The novel concludes a dangling story line of the Shadow Saga , while it makes several references to events that take place during the Shadow Saga . From yet another perspective , the novel expands ( or replaces ) the last chapter of the original novel Ender 's Game . On the one hand , it fills the gap right before the last chapter , and on the other hand , it fills the gap between the last chapter and the original ( first ) sequel ( both named Speaker for the Dead ) . Ender in Exile begins one year after Ender has won the bugger war , and begins with the short story Ender 's Homecoming from Card 's webzine Intergalactic Medicine Show . Other short stories that were published elsewhere are included as chapters of the novel ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_in_literature', 'summary': 'This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': "Ender 's Game", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short story', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Published online', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Ender 's Game", 'section_text': "Main article : Ender 's Game ( series )", 'uid': 'Orson_Scott_Card_bibliography_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the works of Orson Scott Card. This list does not include criticisms, reviews, or related material written by Card. Orson Scott Card is the author of The Ender saga and Homecoming Saga among many other works.'}	null	null	What does the title of Orson Scott Card 's 1991 novel that was a Hugo and Locus SF Awards nominee refer to ?	selectively killing populations of aliens
075763b4eff7e4a9	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Indianapolis', 'title': 'List of public art in Indianapolis', 'header': ['Title', 'Artist', 'Year', 'Material', 'Dimensions', 'Owner'], 'data': [{'value': 'Sewall Memorial Torches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sewall_Memorial_Torches', 'summary': "The Sewall Memorial Torches are a pair of bronze lampposts dedicated in 1923 in honor of May Wright Sewall , an educator , civic organizer , women 's rights activist , and peace movement advocate , who was a founder of the Art Association of Indianapolis in 1883 . The Art Association is the precursor to the Indianapolis Museum of Art . Sewall served as the association 's president from 1893 to 1898 . The lampposts are owned by the Indianapolis Museum of Art ( IMA ) , and displayed in front of Herron High School , the former site of the Art Association 's John Herron Art Institute , at 16th and Pennsylvania streets in the Herron-Morton Place Historic District of downtown Indianapolis . The memorial lampposts were commercially produced by the Gorham Manufacturing Company ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bronze', 'summary': 'Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper , commonly with about 12-12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals ( such as aluminium , manganese , nickel or zinc ) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic , phosphorus or silicon . These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone , or have other useful properties , such as stiffness , ductility , or machinability . The archeological period in which bronze was the hardest metal in widespread use is known as the Bronze Age . The beginning of the Bronze Age in India and western Eurasia is conventionally dated to the mid-4th millennium BC , and to the early 2nd millennium BC in China ; elsewhere it gradually spread across regions . The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age starting from about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC , although bronze continued to be much more widely used than it is in modern times . Because historical pieces were often made of brasses ( copper and zinc ) and bronzes with different compositions , modern museum and scholarly descriptions of older objects increasingly use the generalized term copper alloy instead .'}]}, {'value': '120 × 36 × 36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indianapolis Museum of Art', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Untitled ( Jazz Musicians )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Untitled_(Jazz_Musicians)', 'summary': 'Untitled ( Jazz Musicians ) is an outdoor sculpture by American artist John Spaulding . It is located on the border of Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis ( IUPUI ) campus , near downtown Indianapolis , Indiana , at the corner intersection of Indiana Avenue and West Street . The sculpture faces the historic Madame Walker Theatre Center , which is located across the street .'}]}, {'value': 'John Spaulding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Spaulding_(artist)', 'summary': "John A. Spaulding ( October 18 , 1942 - July 10 , 2004 ) was an American artist and sculptor from Indianapolis , Indiana . He was born in Lockefield Gardens , an Indianapolis public housing project on Indiana Avenue , which was known for its jazz clubs . Two of Spaulding 's sculptures , Jammin ' on the Avenue and Untitled ( Jazz Musicians ) , are located near his birthplace and celebrate the area 's musical heritage . Spaulding was the fifth of seven children . He attended Indianapolis Public Schools 24 and 26 and Arsenal Technical High School . He was a self-taught welder . Spaulding worked part-time on his art , while working as a metal-joining specialist in the aerospace industry in California in the 1960s . He relocated to New York City in 1978 and continued to work on his art . Spaulding 's work is internationally recognized , with pieces on display in several countries including Brazil , Japan , France , and England . He had studios for creating his works in California , New York , Rio de Janeiro , and Indianapolis . His sculptures have been inspired by nature and his African American heritage . He also created several large abstracts ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bronze', 'summary': 'Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper , commonly with about 12-12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals ( such as aluminium , manganese , nickel or zinc ) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic , phosphorus or silicon . These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone , or have other useful properties , such as stiffness , ductility , or machinability . The archeological period in which bronze was the hardest metal in widespread use is known as the Bronze Age . The beginning of the Bronze Age in India and western Eurasia is conventionally dated to the mid-4th millennium BC , and to the early 2nd millennium BC in China ; elsewhere it gradually spread across regions . The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age starting from about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC , although bronze continued to be much more widely used than it is in modern times . Because historical pieces were often made of brasses ( copper and zinc ) and bronzes with different compositions , modern museum and scholarly descriptions of older objects increasingly use the generalized term copper alloy instead .'}]}, {'value': '8 ft 5 in × 19 ft × 19 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free Money', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Otterness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Otterness', 'summary': "Tom Otterness ( born 1952 ) is an American sculptor best known as one of Americas most prolific public artists . Otterness 's works adorn parks , plazas , subway stations , libraries , courthouses and museums in New York City - most notably in Rockefeller Park in Battery Park City and Life Underground in the 14th Street - Eighth Avenue New York City Subway station - and other cities around the world . He contributed a balloon ( a giant upside-down Humpty Dumpty ) to the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade . In 1994 he was elected as a member of the National Academy Museum . His style is often described as cartoonish and cheerful , but also political . His sculptures allude to sex , class , money and race . These sculptures depict , among other things , huge pennies , pudgy characters in business suits with moneybag heads , helmeted workers holding giant tools , and an alligator crawling out from under a sewer cover . His aesthetic can be seen as a riff on capitalist realism . Known primarily as a public artist , Otterness has exhibited in exhibitions in locations across the United States and internationally , including New York City , Indianapolis , Beverly Hills , The Hague , Munich , Paris , Valencia and Venice . His studio is located in Gowanus , Brooklyn , in New York City ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arts Council of Indianapolis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'King at Rest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_at_Rest', 'summary': 'King at Rest is a public artwork by American artist Lorenzo Ghiglieri ( born 1931 ) . It is located near the northwest entrance to the Indiana Convention Center , which is in downtown Indianapolis , Indiana , and is owned by the Indiana Convention Center & Lucas Oil Stadium . The realistic bronze sculpture of a lounging lion was purchased in 2001 by the Center .'}]}, {'value': 'Lorenzo Ghiglieri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiglieri', 'summary': "Lorenzo Ghiglieri ( November 25 , 1931 - January 25 , 2020 ) was an Oregon-based painter and sculptor . The Portland , Oregon , newspaper Willamette Week referred to Ghiglieri as one of the Northwest 's best-recognized and most prolific bronze sculptors . Ghiglieri 's sculptures are displayed in a wide variety of locations around the world . His 27-foot ( 8.2 m ) -high sculpture of an eagle is located at the entrance of the Seven Feathers Casino near Canyonville , Oregon . Ghiglieri also has works on permanent display at the White House , the Vatican , and Middlebury College ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana Convention Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_Convention_Center', 'summary': 'The Indiana Convention Center is a major convention center located in Downtown Indianapolis , Indiana , United States . The original structure was completed in 1972 and has undergone multiple expansions . In total , there are 71 meeting rooms , 11 exhibit halls , and three multi-purpose ballrooms . The connected facilities of Lucas Oil Stadium offer an additional 183,000 square feet ( 20,000 m2 ) of exhibit space and 12 meeting rooms .'}]}, {'value': 'Male Tourist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Otterness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Otterness', 'summary': "Tom Otterness ( born 1952 ) is an American sculptor best known as one of Americas most prolific public artists . Otterness 's works adorn parks , plazas , subway stations , libraries , courthouses and museums in New York City - most notably in Rockefeller Park in Battery Park City and Life Underground in the 14th Street - Eighth Avenue New York City Subway station - and other cities around the world . He contributed a balloon ( a giant upside-down Humpty Dumpty ) to the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade . In 1994 he was elected as a member of the National Academy Museum . His style is often described as cartoonish and cheerful , but also political . His sculptures allude to sex , class , money and race . These sculptures depict , among other things , huge pennies , pudgy characters in business suits with moneybag heads , helmeted workers holding giant tools , and an alligator crawling out from under a sewer cover . His aesthetic can be seen as a riff on capitalist realism . Known primarily as a public artist , Otterness has exhibited in exhibitions in locations across the United States and internationally , including New York City , Indianapolis , Beverly Hills , The Hague , Munich , Paris , Valencia and Venice . His studio is located in Gowanus , Brooklyn , in New York City ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arts Council of Indianapolis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Female Tourist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Otterness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Otterness', 'summary': "Tom Otterness ( born 1952 ) is an American sculptor best known as one of Americas most prolific public artists . Otterness 's works adorn parks , plazas , subway stations , libraries , courthouses and museums in New York City - most notably in Rockefeller Park in Battery Park City and Life Underground in the 14th Street - Eighth Avenue New York City Subway station - and other cities around the world . He contributed a balloon ( a giant upside-down Humpty Dumpty ) to the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade . In 1994 he was elected as a member of the National Academy Museum . His style is often described as cartoonish and cheerful , but also political . His sculptures allude to sex , class , money and race . These sculptures depict , among other things , huge pennies , pudgy characters in business suits with moneybag heads , helmeted workers holding giant tools , and an alligator crawling out from under a sewer cover . His aesthetic can be seen as a riff on capitalist realism . Known primarily as a public artist , Otterness has exhibited in exhibitions in locations across the United States and internationally , including New York City , Indianapolis , Beverly Hills , The Hague , Munich , Paris , Valencia and Venice . His studio is located in Gowanus , Brooklyn , in New York City ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arts Council of Indianapolis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Table of Contents', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_of_Contents_(Enochs)', 'summary': 'Table of Contents is a sculpture designed by the American artist Dale Enochs . The sculpture is made from limestone and was commissioned by Joseph F. Miller . The sculpture is located across the street from the IUPUI campus , at the N.E . corner of W Michigan St and West St , and sits in front of the Miller Centre in downtown Indianapolis , Indiana . Table of Contents displays four geometric shapes , which include a circle , triangle , crescent and square . These shapes sit atop a table with four legs , all pieces are carved from limestone . The shapes as well as the table are carved with curved lines which run up and down the sculpture , but some areas are left smooth . The square has terrae written on the side . Terrae means extended mass land .'}]}, {'value': 'Dale Enochs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dale_Enochs', 'summary': 'Table of Contents is a sculpture designed by the American artist Dale Enochs . The sculpture is made from limestone and was commissioned by Joseph F. Miller . The sculpture is located across the street from the IUPUI campus , at the N.E . corner of W Michigan St and West St , and sits in front of the Miller Centre in downtown Indianapolis , Indiana . Table of Contents displays four geometric shapes , which include a circle , triangle , crescent and square . These shapes sit atop a table with four legs , all pieces are carved from limestone . The shapes as well as the table are carved with curved lines which run up and down the sculpture , but some areas are left smooth . The square has terrae written on the side . Terrae means extended mass land .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Limestone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Limestone', 'summary': 'Limestone is a carbonate sedimentary rock that is often composed of the skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral , foraminifera , and molluscs . Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite , which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate ( CaCO3 ) . A closely related rock is dolomite , which contains a high percentage of the mineral dolomite , CaMg ( CO3 ) 2 . In old USGS publications , dolomite was referred to as magnesian limestone , a term now reserved for magnesium-deficient dolomites or magnesium-rich limestones .'}]}, {'value': '42 ft × 50 ft × 20 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Joseph F. Miller Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glory_(sculpture)', 'summary': 'Glory is a sculpture created by American artist Garry R. Bibbs in 1999 . The sculpture is installed above the entrance to the J. F. Miller Center , at the corner of West Michigan Street in Indianapolis , Indiana . Glory is made from fabricated steel and bronze . Angels and trumpets are the two distinct images visible within the sculpture . The sculpture is very large , with dimensions of 80 ft x 40 ft x 1 ft. Gibbs signed his name to the sculpture and included a copyright sign .'}]}, {'value': 'Gary Bibbs', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze & Steel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bronze', 'summary': 'Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper , commonly with about 12-12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals ( such as aluminium , manganese , nickel or zinc ) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic , phosphorus or silicon . These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone , or have other useful properties , such as stiffness , ductility , or machinability . The archeological period in which bronze was the hardest metal in widespread use is known as the Bronze Age . The beginning of the Bronze Age in India and western Eurasia is conventionally dated to the mid-4th millennium BC , and to the early 2nd millennium BC in China ; elsewhere it gradually spread across regions . The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age starting from about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC , although bronze continued to be much more widely used than it is in modern times . Because historical pieces were often made of brasses ( copper and zinc ) and bronzes with different compositions , modern museum and scholarly descriptions of older objects increasingly use the generalized term copper alloy instead .'}]}, {'value': '24 m × 12 m × 0.30 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Joseph F. Miller Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Jammin ' on the Avenue", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Jammin'_on_the_Avenue", 'summary': "Jammin ' on the Avenue is an outdoor sculpture by American artist John Spaulding . It is located on the border of the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis ( IUPUI ) campus , which is near downtown Indianapolis , Indiana , at the intersection of Indiana Avenue , North Street , and Blackford Street . The historic Lockefield Gardens apartments flank the sculpture to its back . Madame Walker Theatre Center is located across the street . This sculpture is documented in the Smithsonian 's Save Outdoor Sculpture ! database , which is the inspiration for this project ."}]}, {'value': 'John Spaulding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Spaulding_(artist)', 'summary': "John A. Spaulding ( October 18 , 1942 - July 10 , 2004 ) was an American artist and sculptor from Indianapolis , Indiana . He was born in Lockefield Gardens , an Indianapolis public housing project on Indiana Avenue , which was known for its jazz clubs . Two of Spaulding 's sculptures , Jammin ' on the Avenue and Untitled ( Jazz Musicians ) , are located near his birthplace and celebrate the area 's musical heritage . Spaulding was the fifth of seven children . He attended Indianapolis Public Schools 24 and 26 and Arsenal Technical High School . He was a self-taught welder . Spaulding worked part-time on his art , while working as a metal-joining specialist in the aerospace industry in California in the 1960s . He relocated to New York City in 1978 and continued to work on his art . Spaulding 's work is internationally recognized , with pieces on display in several countries including Brazil , Japan , France , and England . He had studios for creating his works in California , New York , Rio de Janeiro , and Indianapolis . His sculptures have been inspired by nature and his African American heritage . He also created several large abstracts ."}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brass musical instruments', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 ft. 8 in . × 4 ft. × 4 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Whitcomb Riley ( bust )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Myra Reynolds Richards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myra_Reynolds_Richards', 'summary': 'Myra Reynolds Richards ( 31 January 1882 - 1934 ) was an American sculptor and teacher . Born in Indianapolis , she studied at the Herron Art Institute in Indianapolis mainly under Mary Y. Robinson , Roda Selleck , and Otto Stark , but also with J. Ottis Adams , William Forsyth , Clifton Wheeler , Rudolf Schwarz , and George Julian Zolnay . She also studied in New York under Isidore Konti and in Paris with Charles Despiau at the Académie Scandinave . Richards taught at the Herron Art Institute in Indianapolis .'}]}, {'value': '1916', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bronze', 'summary': 'Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper , commonly with about 12-12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals ( such as aluminium , manganese , nickel or zinc ) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic , phosphorus or silicon . These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone , or have other useful properties , such as stiffness , ductility , or machinability . The archeological period in which bronze was the hardest metal in widespread use is known as the Bronze Age . The beginning of the Bronze Age in India and western Eurasia is conventionally dated to the mid-4th millennium BC , and to the early 2nd millennium BC in China ; elsewhere it gradually spread across regions . The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age starting from about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC , although bronze continued to be much more widely used than it is in modern times . Because historical pieces were often made of brasses ( copper and zinc ) and bronzes with different compositions , modern museum and scholarly descriptions of older objects increasingly use the generalized term copper alloy instead .'}]}, {'value': '27 × 17 × 17 in', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Whitcomb Riley Memorial Association', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World War II Memorial', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patrick Brunner', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Limestone , granite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Limestone', 'summary': 'Limestone is a carbonate sedimentary rock that is often composed of the skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral , foraminifera , and molluscs . Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite , which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate ( CaCO3 ) . A closely related rock is dolomite , which contains a high percentage of the mineral dolomite , CaMg ( CO3 ) 2 . In old USGS publications , dolomite was referred to as magnesian limestone , a term now reserved for magnesium-deficient dolomites or magnesium-rich limestones .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Granite', 'summary': 'Granite ( /ˈɡrænɪt/ ) is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture . Granites can be predominantly white , pink , or gray in color , depending on their mineralogy . The word granite comes from the Latin granum , a grain , in reference to the coarse-grained structure of such a holocrystalline rock . Strictly speaking , granite is an igneous rock with between 20% and 60% quartz by volume , and at least 35% of the total feldspar consisting of alkali feldspar , although commonly the term granite is used to refer to a wider range of coarse-grained igneous rocks containing quartz and feldspar . The term granitic means granite-like and is applied to granite and a group of intrusive igneous rocks with similar textures and slight variations in composition and origin . These rocks mainly consist of feldspar , quartz , mica , and amphibole minerals , which form an interlocking , somewhat equigranular matrix of feldspar and quartz with scattered darker biotite mica and amphibole ( often hornblende ) peppering the lighter color minerals . Occasionally some individual crystals ( phenocrysts ) are larger than the groundmass , in which case the texture is known as porphyritic . A granitic rock with a porphyritic texture is known as a granite porphyry . Granitoid is a general , descriptive field term for lighter-colored , coarse-grained igneous rocks . Petrographic examination is required for identification of specific types of granitoids . The extrusive igneous rock equivalent of granite is rhyolite .'}]}, {'value': 'H 25 F × W 9 F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Indianapolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis', 'summary': "Indianapolis ( /ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/ ) , often shortened to Indy , is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County . According to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County was 876,862 . The balance population , which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County , was 867,125 . It is the 17th most populous city in the U.S . The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 34th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. , with 2,048,703 residents . Its combined statistical area ranks 28th , with a population of 2,431,361 . Indianapolis covers 368 square miles ( 950 km2 ) , making it the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indigenous peoples inhabited the area dating to approximately 2000 BC . In 1818 , the Delaware relinquished their tribal lands in the Treaty of St. Mary 's . In 1821 , Indianapolis was founded as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana 's state government . The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile ( 2.6 km2 ) grid next to the White River . Completion of the National and Michigan roads and arrival of rail later solidified the city 's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub . Two of the city 's nicknames reflect its historical ties to transportation - the Crossroads of America and Railroad City ."}]}, {'value': 'Korean War Memorial', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Indianapolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis', 'summary': "Indianapolis ( /ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/ ) , often shortened to Indy , is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County . According to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County was 876,862 . The balance population , which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County , was 867,125 . It is the 17th most populous city in the U.S . The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 34th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. , with 2,048,703 residents . Its combined statistical area ranks 28th , with a population of 2,431,361 . Indianapolis covers 368 square miles ( 950 km2 ) , making it the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indigenous peoples inhabited the area dating to approximately 2000 BC . In 1818 , the Delaware relinquished their tribal lands in the Treaty of St. Mary 's . In 1821 , Indianapolis was founded as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana 's state government . The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile ( 2.6 km2 ) grid next to the White River . Completion of the National and Michigan roads and arrival of rail later solidified the city 's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub . Two of the city 's nicknames reflect its historical ties to transportation - the Crossroads of America and Railroad City ."}]}, {'value': 'Vietnam War Memorial', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Indianapolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis', 'summary': "Indianapolis ( /ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/ ) , often shortened to Indy , is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County . According to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County was 876,862 . The balance population , which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County , was 867,125 . It is the 17th most populous city in the U.S . The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 34th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. , with 2,048,703 residents . Its combined statistical area ranks 28th , with a population of 2,431,361 . Indianapolis covers 368 square miles ( 950 km2 ) , making it the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indigenous peoples inhabited the area dating to approximately 2000 BC . In 1818 , the Delaware relinquished their tribal lands in the Treaty of St. Mary 's . In 1821 , Indianapolis was founded as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana 's state government . The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile ( 2.6 km2 ) grid next to the White River . Completion of the National and Michigan roads and arrival of rail later solidified the city 's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub . Two of the city 's nicknames reflect its historical ties to transportation - the Crossroads of America and Railroad City ."}]}, {'value': 'Depew Memorial Fountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Depew_Memorial_Fountain', 'summary': 'Depew Memorial Fountain is a freestanding fountain completed in 1919 and located in University Park in downtown Indianapolis , Indiana , within the Indiana World War Memorial Plaza .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexander Stirling Calder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Stirling_Calder', 'summary': 'Alexander Stirling Calder ( January 11 , 1870 - January 7 , 1945 ) was an American sculptor and teacher . He was the son of sculptor Alexander Milne Calder and the father of sculptor Alexander ( Sandy ) Calder . His best-known works are George Washington as President on the Washington Square Arch in New York City , the Swann Memorial Fountain in Philadelphia , and the Leif Eriksson Memorial in Reykjavík , Iceland .'}]}, {'value': '1919', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bronze , granite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bronze', 'summary': 'Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper , commonly with about 12-12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals ( such as aluminium , manganese , nickel or zinc ) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic , phosphorus or silicon . These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone , or have other useful properties , such as stiffness , ductility , or machinability . The archeological period in which bronze was the hardest metal in widespread use is known as the Bronze Age . The beginning of the Bronze Age in India and western Eurasia is conventionally dated to the mid-4th millennium BC , and to the early 2nd millennium BC in China ; elsewhere it gradually spread across regions . The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age starting from about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC , although bronze continued to be much more widely used than it is in modern times . Because historical pieces were often made of brasses ( copper and zinc ) and bronzes with different compositions , modern museum and scholarly descriptions of older objects increasingly use the generalized term copper alloy instead .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Granite', 'summary': 'Granite ( /ˈɡrænɪt/ ) is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture . Granites can be predominantly white , pink , or gray in color , depending on their mineralogy . The word granite comes from the Latin granum , a grain , in reference to the coarse-grained structure of such a holocrystalline rock . Strictly speaking , granite is an igneous rock with between 20% and 60% quartz by volume , and at least 35% of the total feldspar consisting of alkali feldspar , although commonly the term granite is used to refer to a wider range of coarse-grained igneous rocks containing quartz and feldspar . The term granitic means granite-like and is applied to granite and a group of intrusive igneous rocks with similar textures and slight variations in composition and origin . These rocks mainly consist of feldspar , quartz , mica , and amphibole minerals , which form an interlocking , somewhat equigranular matrix of feldspar and quartz with scattered darker biotite mica and amphibole ( often hornblende ) peppering the lighter color minerals . Occasionally some individual crystals ( phenocrysts ) are larger than the groundmass , in which case the texture is known as porphyritic . A granitic rock with a porphyritic texture is known as a granite porphyry . Granitoid is a general , descriptive field term for lighter-colored , coarse-grained igneous rocks . Petrographic examination is required for identification of specific types of granitoids . The extrusive igneous rock equivalent of granite is rhyolite .'}]}, {'value': '25 × 45 × 45 ft. ( 14 m . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Indianapolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis', 'summary': "Indianapolis ( /ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/ ) , often shortened to Indy , is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County . According to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County was 876,862 . The balance population , which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County , was 867,125 . It is the 17th most populous city in the U.S . The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 34th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. , with 2,048,703 residents . Its combined statistical area ranks 28th , with a population of 2,431,361 . Indianapolis covers 368 square miles ( 950 km2 ) , making it the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indigenous peoples inhabited the area dating to approximately 2000 BC . In 1818 , the Delaware relinquished their tribal lands in the Treaty of St. Mary 's . In 1821 , Indianapolis was founded as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana 's state government . The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile ( 2.6 km2 ) grid next to the White River . Completion of the National and Michigan roads and arrival of rail later solidified the city 's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub . Two of the city 's nicknames reflect its historical ties to transportation - the Crossroads of America and Railroad City ."}]}, {'value': 'Pan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pan_(White)', 'summary': "Pan is a 1980 public artwork by sculptor Roger White located at the Indiana World War Memorial Plaza in Indianapolis , Indiana , United States . This work was originally surveyed in 1993 as part of the Smithsonian 's Save Outdoor Sculpture ! program . A former water fountain , this piece is part of a National Historic Landmark District ."}]}, {'value': 'Roger White', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze , Limestone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bronze', 'summary': 'Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper , commonly with about 12-12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals ( such as aluminium , manganese , nickel or zinc ) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic , phosphorus or silicon . These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone , or have other useful properties , such as stiffness , ductility , or machinability . The archeological period in which bronze was the hardest metal in widespread use is known as the Bronze Age . The beginning of the Bronze Age in India and western Eurasia is conventionally dated to the mid-4th millennium BC , and to the early 2nd millennium BC in China ; elsewhere it gradually spread across regions . The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age starting from about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC , although bronze continued to be much more widely used than it is in modern times . Because historical pieces were often made of brasses ( copper and zinc ) and bronzes with different compositions , modern museum and scholarly descriptions of older objects increasingly use the generalized term copper alloy instead .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Limestone', 'summary': 'Limestone is a carbonate sedimentary rock that is often composed of the skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral , foraminifera , and molluscs . Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite , which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate ( CaCO3 ) . A closely related rock is dolomite , which contains a high percentage of the mineral dolomite , CaMg ( CO3 ) 2 . In old USGS publications , dolomite was referred to as magnesian limestone , a term now reserved for magnesium-deficient dolomites or magnesium-rich limestones .'}]}, {'value': '30 in . × 14 in . × 19 in', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Indianapolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis', 'summary': "Indianapolis ( /ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/ ) , often shortened to Indy , is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County . According to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County was 876,862 . The balance population , which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County , was 867,125 . It is the 17th most populous city in the U.S . The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 34th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. , with 2,048,703 residents . Its combined statistical area ranks 28th , with a population of 2,431,361 . Indianapolis covers 368 square miles ( 950 km2 ) , making it the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indigenous peoples inhabited the area dating to approximately 2000 BC . In 1818 , the Delaware relinquished their tribal lands in the Treaty of St. Mary 's . In 1821 , Indianapolis was founded as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana 's state government . The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile ( 2.6 km2 ) grid next to the White River . Completion of the National and Michigan roads and arrival of rail later solidified the city 's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub . Two of the city 's nicknames reflect its historical ties to transportation - the Crossroads of America and Railroad City ."}]}, {'value': 'Schuyler Colfax', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lorado Taft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lorado_Taft', 'summary': 'Lorado Zadok Taft ( April 29 , 1860 - October 30 , 1936 ) was an American sculptor , writer and educator . Taft was born in Elmwood , Illinois , in 1860 and died in his home studio in Chicago in 1936 . Taft was the father of US Representative Emily Taft Douglas , father-in-law to her husband , US Senator Paul Douglas , and a distant relative of US President William Howard Taft .'}]}, {'value': '1887', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze , Oak Hill granite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bronze', 'summary': 'Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper , commonly with about 12-12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals ( such as aluminium , manganese , nickel or zinc ) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic , phosphorus or silicon . These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone , or have other useful properties , such as stiffness , ductility , or machinability . The archeological period in which bronze was the hardest metal in widespread use is known as the Bronze Age . The beginning of the Bronze Age in India and western Eurasia is conventionally dated to the mid-4th millennium BC , and to the early 2nd millennium BC in China ; elsewhere it gradually spread across regions . The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age starting from about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC , although bronze continued to be much more widely used than it is in modern times . Because historical pieces were often made of brasses ( copper and zinc ) and bronzes with different compositions , modern museum and scholarly descriptions of older objects increasingly use the generalized term copper alloy instead .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Granite', 'summary': 'Granite ( /ˈɡrænɪt/ ) is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture . Granites can be predominantly white , pink , or gray in color , depending on their mineralogy . The word granite comes from the Latin granum , a grain , in reference to the coarse-grained structure of such a holocrystalline rock . Strictly speaking , granite is an igneous rock with between 20% and 60% quartz by volume , and at least 35% of the total feldspar consisting of alkali feldspar , although commonly the term granite is used to refer to a wider range of coarse-grained igneous rocks containing quartz and feldspar . The term granitic means granite-like and is applied to granite and a group of intrusive igneous rocks with similar textures and slight variations in composition and origin . These rocks mainly consist of feldspar , quartz , mica , and amphibole minerals , which form an interlocking , somewhat equigranular matrix of feldspar and quartz with scattered darker biotite mica and amphibole ( often hornblende ) peppering the lighter color minerals . Occasionally some individual crystals ( phenocrysts ) are larger than the groundmass , in which case the texture is known as porphyritic . A granitic rock with a porphyritic texture is known as a granite porphyry . Granitoid is a general , descriptive field term for lighter-colored , coarse-grained igneous rocks . Petrographic examination is required for identification of specific types of granitoids . The extrusive igneous rock equivalent of granite is rhyolite .'}]}, {'value': '8 ft. 4 in . × 2 ft. × 2 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Indianapolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis', 'summary': "Indianapolis ( /ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/ ) , often shortened to Indy , is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County . According to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County was 876,862 . The balance population , which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County , was 867,125 . It is the 17th most populous city in the U.S . The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 34th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. , with 2,048,703 residents . Its combined statistical area ranks 28th , with a population of 2,431,361 . Indianapolis covers 368 square miles ( 950 km2 ) , making it the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indigenous peoples inhabited the area dating to approximately 2000 BC . In 1818 , the Delaware relinquished their tribal lands in the Treaty of St. Mary 's . In 1821 , Indianapolis was founded as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana 's state government . The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile ( 2.6 km2 ) grid next to the White River . Completion of the National and Michigan roads and arrival of rail later solidified the city 's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub . Two of the city 's nicknames reflect its historical ties to transportation - the Crossroads of America and Railroad City ."}]}, {'value': 'Seated Lincoln', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Hering', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Hering', 'summary': 'Henry Hering ( February 15 , 1874 - January 15 , 1949 ) was an American sculptor .'}]}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze , Vermont rose granite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bronze', 'summary': 'Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper , commonly with about 12-12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals ( such as aluminium , manganese , nickel or zinc ) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic , phosphorus or silicon . These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone , or have other useful properties , such as stiffness , ductility , or machinability . The archeological period in which bronze was the hardest metal in widespread use is known as the Bronze Age . The beginning of the Bronze Age in India and western Eurasia is conventionally dated to the mid-4th millennium BC , and to the early 2nd millennium BC in China ; elsewhere it gradually spread across regions . The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age starting from about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC , although bronze continued to be much more widely used than it is in modern times . Because historical pieces were often made of brasses ( copper and zinc ) and bronzes with different compositions , modern museum and scholarly descriptions of older objects increasingly use the generalized term copper alloy instead .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Granite', 'summary': 'Granite ( /ˈɡrænɪt/ ) is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture . Granites can be predominantly white , pink , or gray in color , depending on their mineralogy . The word granite comes from the Latin granum , a grain , in reference to the coarse-grained structure of such a holocrystalline rock . Strictly speaking , granite is an igneous rock with between 20% and 60% quartz by volume , and at least 35% of the total feldspar consisting of alkali feldspar , although commonly the term granite is used to refer to a wider range of coarse-grained igneous rocks containing quartz and feldspar . The term granitic means granite-like and is applied to granite and a group of intrusive igneous rocks with similar textures and slight variations in composition and origin . These rocks mainly consist of feldspar , quartz , mica , and amphibole minerals , which form an interlocking , somewhat equigranular matrix of feldspar and quartz with scattered darker biotite mica and amphibole ( often hornblende ) peppering the lighter color minerals . Occasionally some individual crystals ( phenocrysts ) are larger than the groundmass , in which case the texture is known as porphyritic . A granitic rock with a porphyritic texture is known as a granite porphyry . Granitoid is a general , descriptive field term for lighter-colored , coarse-grained igneous rocks . Petrographic examination is required for identification of specific types of granitoids . The extrusive igneous rock equivalent of granite is rhyolite .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Indianapolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis', 'summary': "Indianapolis ( /ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/ ) , often shortened to Indy , is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County . According to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County was 876,862 . The balance population , which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County , was 867,125 . It is the 17th most populous city in the U.S . The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 34th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. , with 2,048,703 residents . Its combined statistical area ranks 28th , with a population of 2,431,361 . Indianapolis covers 368 square miles ( 950 km2 ) , making it the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indigenous peoples inhabited the area dating to approximately 2000 BC . In 1818 , the Delaware relinquished their tribal lands in the Treaty of St. Mary 's . In 1821 , Indianapolis was founded as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana 's state government . The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile ( 2.6 km2 ) grid next to the White River . Completion of the National and Michigan roads and arrival of rail later solidified the city 's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub . Two of the city 's nicknames reflect its historical ties to transportation - the Crossroads of America and Railroad City ."}]}, {'value': 'Statue of Benjamin Harrison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_(sculpture)', 'summary': 'Benjamin Harrison is a public artwork by American artist Charles Henry Niehaus , located in University Park in downtown Indianapolis , Indiana , United States . It is a full-length bronze sculptural portrait of 23rd President of the United States , the only U.S. President from Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles Henry Niehaus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Henry_Niehaus', 'summary': 'Charles Henry Niehaus ( January 24 , 1855 - June 19 , 1935 ) , was an American sculptor .'}]}, {'value': '1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze , Limestone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bronze', 'summary': 'Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper , commonly with about 12-12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals ( such as aluminium , manganese , nickel or zinc ) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic , phosphorus or silicon . These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone , or have other useful properties , such as stiffness , ductility , or machinability . The archeological period in which bronze was the hardest metal in widespread use is known as the Bronze Age . The beginning of the Bronze Age in India and western Eurasia is conventionally dated to the mid-4th millennium BC , and to the early 2nd millennium BC in China ; elsewhere it gradually spread across regions . The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age starting from about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC , although bronze continued to be much more widely used than it is in modern times . Because historical pieces were often made of brasses ( copper and zinc ) and bronzes with different compositions , modern museum and scholarly descriptions of older objects increasingly use the generalized term copper alloy instead .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Limestone', 'summary': 'Limestone is a carbonate sedimentary rock that is often composed of the skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral , foraminifera , and molluscs . Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite , which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate ( CaCO3 ) . A closely related rock is dolomite , which contains a high percentage of the mineral dolomite , CaMg ( CO3 ) 2 . In old USGS publications , dolomite was referred to as magnesian limestone , a term now reserved for magnesium-deficient dolomites or magnesium-rich limestones .'}]}, {'value': '128 × 47 × 51 in', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Indianapolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis', 'summary': "Indianapolis ( /ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/ ) , often shortened to Indy , is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County . According to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County was 876,862 . The balance population , which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County , was 867,125 . It is the 17th most populous city in the U.S . The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 34th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. , with 2,048,703 residents . Its combined statistical area ranks 28th , with a population of 2,431,361 . Indianapolis covers 368 square miles ( 950 km2 ) , making it the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indigenous peoples inhabited the area dating to approximately 2000 BC . In 1818 , the Delaware relinquished their tribal lands in the Treaty of St. Mary 's . In 1821 , Indianapolis was founded as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana 's state government . The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile ( 2.6 km2 ) grid next to the White River . Completion of the National and Michigan roads and arrival of rail later solidified the city 's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub . Two of the city 's nicknames reflect its historical ties to transportation - the Crossroads of America and Railroad City ."}]}, {'value': 'Syrinx', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syrinx_(Wolter)', 'summary': 'Syrinx is a 1973 public artwork by German-born American sculptor Adolph Wolter located at the Indiana World War Memorial Plaza in Indianapolis , Indiana , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Adolph Wolter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adolph_Wolter', 'summary': 'Adolph Gustav Wolter van R Wolter ( September 7 , 1903-October 15 , 1980 ) was German-born American sculptor , educator , and carver . Wolter was born in Reutlingen , Germany . His father was a stone carver and Wolter apprenticed with him before enrolling in the Academy of Fine Arts in Stuttgart . In 1922 he immigrated to the United States and moved to Minneapolis , Minnesota . In 1933 Wolter arrived in Indianapolis , Indiana , to carve the reliefs ( created by Leon Hermant ) on the Indiana State Library ; he stayed in Indiana for the remainder of his life . Wolter graduated from the Herron School of Art and later taught there . He also taught at the Indiana College of Mortuary Science as a professor of restorative art , apparently using his understanding of anatomy to help morticians repair the faces of those who had been in accidents . The use of sculptors to aid in the facial reconstruction of war veterans had already been pioneered by sculptor and medical doctor R. Tait McKenzie , author of Reclaiming the Maimed . Wolter is remembered for creating both public monuments and architectural sculpture . Wolter was married to the late Evelyn Crostreet of Indianapolis . Step-grandchildren include Brian Grossman , who resides in Washington D.C. , Anne ( Grossman ) Tillie and Keith Grossman , who reside in Indiana , and Elizabeth Wolter , who resides in Connecticut .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze , Limestone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bronze', 'summary': 'Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper , commonly with about 12-12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals ( such as aluminium , manganese , nickel or zinc ) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic , phosphorus or silicon . These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone , or have other useful properties , such as stiffness , ductility , or machinability . The archeological period in which bronze was the hardest metal in widespread use is known as the Bronze Age . The beginning of the Bronze Age in India and western Eurasia is conventionally dated to the mid-4th millennium BC , and to the early 2nd millennium BC in China ; elsewhere it gradually spread across regions . The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age starting from about 1300 BC and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BC , although bronze continued to be much more widely used than it is in modern times . Because historical pieces were often made of brasses ( copper and zinc ) and bronzes with different compositions , modern museum and scholarly descriptions of older objects increasingly use the generalized term copper alloy instead .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Limestone', 'summary': 'Limestone is a carbonate sedimentary rock that is often composed of the skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral , foraminifera , and molluscs . Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite , which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate ( CaCO3 ) . A closely related rock is dolomite , which contains a high percentage of the mineral dolomite , CaMg ( CO3 ) 2 . In old USGS publications , dolomite was referred to as magnesian limestone , a term now reserved for magnesium-deficient dolomites or magnesium-rich limestones .'}]}, {'value': '27 in × 16 in . × 13 in', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Indianapolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis', 'summary': "Indianapolis ( /ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/ ) , often shortened to Indy , is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County . According to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County was 876,862 . The balance population , which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County , was 867,125 . It is the 17th most populous city in the U.S . The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 34th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. , with 2,048,703 residents . Its combined statistical area ranks 28th , with a population of 2,431,361 . Indianapolis covers 368 square miles ( 950 km2 ) , making it the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indigenous peoples inhabited the area dating to approximately 2000 BC . In 1818 , the Delaware relinquished their tribal lands in the Treaty of St. Mary 's . In 1821 , Indianapolis was founded as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana 's state government . The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile ( 2.6 km2 ) grid next to the White River . Completion of the National and Michigan roads and arrival of rail later solidified the city 's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub . Two of the city 's nicknames reflect its historical ties to transportation - the Crossroads of America and Railroad City ."}]}, {'value': 'Indiana World War Memorial Figures ( Courage , Memory , Peace , Victory , Liberty , Patriotism )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Hering', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Hering', 'summary': 'Henry Hering ( February 15 , 1874 - January 15 , 1949 ) was an American sculptor .'}]}, {'value': '1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Limestone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Limestone', 'summary': 'Limestone is a carbonate sedimentary rock that is often composed of the skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral , foraminifera , and molluscs . Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite , which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate ( CaCO3 ) . A closely related rock is dolomite , which contains a high percentage of the mineral dolomite , CaMg ( CO3 ) 2 . In old USGS publications , dolomite was referred to as magnesian limestone , a term now reserved for magnesium-deficient dolomites or magnesium-rich limestones .'}]}, {'value': '24 figures , each 8 × 3 × 2 ft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State of Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana', 'summary': "Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Downtown -- Other Downtown locations', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_public_art_in_Indianapolis_8', 'intro': 'This is a list of public art in Indianapolis organized by neighborhoods in the city. This list applies only to works of public art accessible in an outdoor public space. For example, this does not include artwork visible inside a museum. Most of the works mentioned are sculptures. When this is not the case (i.e. sound installation, for example) it is stated next to the title.'}	null	null	What serves as inspiration for the person who created the artwork Jammin ' on the Avenue besides his family history ?	nature
0757a6f60868fe92	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_the_United_States_by_death_toll', 'title': 'List of disasters in the United States by death toll', 'header': ['Year', 'Type', 'Fatalities', 'Article', 'Location', 'Comments'], 'data': [{'value': '1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tropical cyclone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tropical_cyclone', 'summary': "A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center , a closed low-level atmospheric circulation , strong winds , and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain or squalls . Depending on its location and strength , a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names , including hurricane ( /ˈhʌrɪkən , -keɪn/ ) , typhoon ( /taɪˈfuːn/ ) , tropical storm , cyclonic storm , tropical depression , and simply cyclone . A hurricane is a tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean , and a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean ; in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean , comparable storms are referred to simply as tropical cyclones or severe cyclonic storms . Tropical refers to the geographical origin of these systems , which form almost exclusively over tropical seas . Cyclone refers to their winds moving in a circle , whirling round their central clear eye , with their winds blowing counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere . The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect . Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water . They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface , which ultimately recondenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation . This energy source differs from that of mid-latitude cyclonic storms , such as nor'easters and European windstorms , which are fueled primarily by horizontal temperature contrasts . Tropical cyclones are typically between 100 and 2,000 km ( 62 and 1,243 mi ) in diameter . The strong rotating winds of a tropical cyclone are a result of the conservation of angular momentum imparted by the Earth 's rotation as air flows inwards toward the axis of rotation . As a result , they rarely form within 5° of the equator ."}]}, {'value': '6,000 to 12,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1900 Galveston hurricane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1900_Galveston_hurricane', 'summary': 'The Great Galveston hurricane , known regionally as the Great Storm of 1900 , was the deadliest natural disaster in United States history , one of the deadliest hurricanes ( or remnants ) to affect Canada , and the fourth-deadliest Atlantic hurricane overall . The hurricane left between 6,000 and 12,000 fatalities in the United States ; the number most cited in official reports is 8,000 . Most of these deaths occurred in and near Galveston , Texas , after storm surge inundated the coastline with 8 to 12 ft ( 2.4 to 3.7 m ) of water . In addition to the number killed , the storm destroyed about 7,000 buildings of all uses in Galveston , which included 3,636 destroyed homes ; every dwelling in the city suffered some degree of damage . The hurricane left approximately 10,000 people in the city homeless , out of a total population of nearly 38,000 . The disaster ended the Golden Era of Galveston , as the hurricane alarmed potential investors , who turned to Houston instead . In response to the storm , three engineers designed and oversaw plans to raise the Gulf of Mexico shoreline of Galveston island by 17 ft ( 5.2 m ) and erect a 10 mi ( 16 km ) seawall . On August 27 , 1900 , a ship east of the Windward Islands detected a tropical cyclone , the first observed during the annual season . Initially at tropical storm status , it remained mostly stagnant in intensity while moving steadily west-northwestward and entered the northeastern Caribbean Sea on August 30 . The storm made landfall in the Dominican Republic as a weak tropical storm on September 2 . It weakened slightly while crossing Hispaniola , before re-emerging into the Caribbean Sea later that day . On September 3 , the cyclone struck modern day Santiago de Cuba Province and then slowly drifted along the southern coast of Cuba .'}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': 'Fatalities estimated . Remains the deadliest natural disaster in United States history', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1899', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tropical cyclone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tropical_cyclone', 'summary': "A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center , a closed low-level atmospheric circulation , strong winds , and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain or squalls . Depending on its location and strength , a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names , including hurricane ( /ˈhʌrɪkən , -keɪn/ ) , typhoon ( /taɪˈfuːn/ ) , tropical storm , cyclonic storm , tropical depression , and simply cyclone . A hurricane is a tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean , and a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean ; in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean , comparable storms are referred to simply as tropical cyclones or severe cyclonic storms . Tropical refers to the geographical origin of these systems , which form almost exclusively over tropical seas . Cyclone refers to their winds moving in a circle , whirling round their central clear eye , with their winds blowing counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere . The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect . Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water . They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface , which ultimately recondenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation . This energy source differs from that of mid-latitude cyclonic storms , such as nor'easters and European windstorms , which are fueled primarily by horizontal temperature contrasts . Tropical cyclones are typically between 100 and 2,000 km ( 62 and 1,243 mi ) in diameter . The strong rotating winds of a tropical cyclone are a result of the conservation of angular momentum imparted by the Earth 's rotation as air flows inwards toward the axis of rotation . As a result , they rarely form within 5° of the equator ."}]}, {'value': '3,389', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1899 San Ciriaco hurricane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1899_San_Ciriaco_hurricane', 'summary': "1899 San Ciríaco hurricane , also known as the 1899 Puerto Rico Hurricane or The Great Bahamas Hurricane of 1899 , was the longest-lived Atlantic hurricane on record , and the second-longest-lived tropical cyclone globally on record ( in terms of tropical duration ) after 1994 's Hurricane John in the Pacific . It was also one of the deadliest Atlantic hurricanes in recorded history , with an estimated 3,800 fatalities . The third tropical cyclone and first major hurricane of the season , this storm was first observed southwest of Cape Verde on August 3 . It slowly strengthened while heading steadily west-northwestward across the Atlantic Ocean and reached hurricane status by late on August 5 . During the following 48 hours , it deepened further , reaching Category 4 on the modern day Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale ( SSHWS ) before crossing the Leeward Islands on August 7 . Later that day , the storm peaked winds of 150 mph ( 240 km/h ) . The storm weakened slightly before making landfall in Guayama , Puerto Rico with winds of 140 mph ( 220 km/h ) on August 8 . Several hours later , it emerged into the southwestern Atlantic as a Category 3 hurricane . The system paralleled the north coast of Dominican Republic and then crossed the Bahamas , striking several islands . Thereafter , it began heading northward on August 14 , while centered east of Florida . Early on the following day , the storm re-curved northeastward and appeared to be heading out to sea . However , by August 17 , it turned back to the northwest and made landfall near Hatteras , North Carolina early on the following day ."}]}, {'value': 'Puerto Rico , East Coast of the United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States', 'summary': 'The East Coast of the United States , also known as the Eastern Seaboard , the Atlantic Coast , and the Atlantic Seaboard , is the coastline along which the Eastern United States meets the North Atlantic Ocean . The coastal states that have shoreline on the Atlantic Ocean are , from north to south , Maine , New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New York , New Jersey , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , and Florida .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earthquake and fire ( urban conflagration )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earthquake', 'summary': "An earthquake ( also known as a quake , tremor or temblor ) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's lithosphere that creates seismic waves . Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they can not be felt to those violent enough to propel objects ( and people ) into the air , and wreak destruction across entire cities . The seismicity , or seismic activity , of an area is the frequency , type , and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time . The word tremor is also used for non-earthquake seismic rumbling . At the Earth 's surface , earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and displacing or disrupting the ground . When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore , the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami . Earthquakes can also trigger landslides and occasionally , volcanic activity . In its most general sense , the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event - whether natural or caused by humans - that generates seismic waves . Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults but also by other events such as volcanic activity , landslides , mine blasts , and nuclear tests . An earthquake 's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter . The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fire', 'summary': "Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion , releasing heat , light , and various reaction products . Slower oxidative processes like rusting or digestion are not included by this definition . Fire is hot because the conversion of the weak double bond in molecular oxygen , O2 , to the stronger bonds in the combustion products carbon dioxide and water releases energy ( 418 kJ per 32 g of O2 ) ; the bond energies of the fuel play only a minor role here . At a certain point in the combustion reaction , called the ignition point , flames are produced . The flame is the visible portion of the fire . Flames consist primarily of carbon dioxide , water vapor , oxygen and nitrogen . If hot enough , the gases may become ionized to produce plasma . Depending on the substances alight , and any impurities outside , the color of the flame and the fire 's intensity will be different . Fire in its most common form can result in conflagration , which has the potential to cause physical damage through burning . Fire is an important process that affects ecological systems around the globe . The positive effects of fire include stimulating growth and maintaining various ecological systems . The negative effects of fire include hazard to life and property , atmospheric pollution , and water contamination ."}]}, {'value': '3,000+', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1906 San Francisco earthquake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake', 'summary': "The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck the coast of Northern California at 5:12 a.m. on Wednesday , April 18 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.9 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI ( Extreme ) . High intensity shaking was felt from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley , an agricultural region to the south of the San Francisco Bay Area . Devastating fires soon broke out in the city and lasted for several days . As a result , up to 3,000 people died . Over 80% of the city of San Francisco was destroyed . The events are remembered as one of the worst and deadliest earthquakes in the history of the United States . The death toll remains the greatest loss of life from a natural disaster in California 's history and high in the lists of American disasters ."}]}, {'value': 'San Francisco , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco,_California', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}]}, {'value': 'Conflagration followed quake ; fatalities estimated ; also major casualties in Santa Rosa and San Jose . Deadliest earthquake in U.S. history', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California', 'summary': "Santa Rosa ( Spanish for Saint Rose ) is a city in and the county seat of Sonoma County . Its estimated 2018 population was 177,586 . Santa Rosa is the largest city in California 's Redwood Empire , Wine Country and the North Bay ; the fifth most populous city in the San Francisco Bay Area after San Jose , San Francisco , Oakland , and Fremont ; and the 28th most populous city in California ."}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Jose,_California', 'summary': "San Jose [ A ] ( /ˌsæn hoʊˈzeɪ , -ˈseɪ/ ; Spanish : [ saŋ xoˈse ] ; Spanish for Saint Joseph ) , officially the City of San José , [ B ] is the economic , cultural and political center of Silicon Valley , and the largest city in Northern California ( both by population and area ) . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,030,119 , it is the third-most populous city in California ( after Los Angeles and San Diego ) and the tenth-most populous in United States . Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley , on the southern shore of San Francisco Bay , San Jose covers an area of 179.97 square miles ( 466.1 km2 ) . San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County , the most affluent county in California and one of the most affluent counties in the United States . San Jose is the main component of the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara Metropolitan Statistical Area , with an estimated population of around 2 million residents in 2018 . It is also the most populous city in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area , which contain 7.7 million and 8.7 million people respectively . San Jose is a global city , notable as a center of innovation , for its affluence , Mediterranean climate , and extremely high cost of living . San Jose 's location within the booming high tech industry , as a cultural , political , and economic center has earned the city the nickname Capital of Silicon Valley . San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the United States and the world , and has the third highest GDP per capita in the world ( after Zürich , Switzerland and Oslo , Norway ) , according to the Brookings Institution . The San Jose Metropolitan Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita . With a median home price of $ 1,085,000 , San Jose has the most expensive housing market in the country and the fifth most expensive housing market in the world , according to the 2017 Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey . Major global tech companies including Cisco Systems , eBay , Adobe Systems , PayPal , Broadcom , Samsung , Acer , Hewlett Packard Enterprise , and Western Digital maintain their headquarters in San Jose , in the center of Silicon Valley ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terrorism', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terrorism', 'summary': 'Terrorism is , in the broadest sense , the use of intentional violence for political or religious purposes . It is used in this regard primarily to refer to violence during peacetime or in the context of war against non-combatants ( mostly civilians and neutral military personnel ) . The terms terrorist and terrorism originated during the French Revolution of the late 18th century but gained mainstream popularity in the 1970s during the conflicts of Northern Ireland , the Basque Country and Palestine . The increased use of suicide attacks from the 1980s onwards was typified by the September 11 attacks in New York City and Washington , D.C. in 2001 . There are different definitions of terrorism . Terrorism is a charged term . It is often used with the connotation of something that is morally wrong . Governments and non-state groups use the term to abuse or denounce opposing groups . Varied political organizations have been accused of using terrorism to achieve their objectives . These include right-wing and left-wing political organizations , nationalist groups , religious groups , revolutionaries and ruling governments . Legislation declaring terrorism a crime has been adopted in many states . When terrorism is perpetrated by nation states , it is not considered terrorism by the state conducting it , making legality a largely grey-area issue .'}]}, {'value': '2,996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 11 attacks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/September_11_attacks', 'summary': "The September 11 attacks ( also referred to as 9/11 ) [ a ] were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday , September 11 , 2001 . The attacks resulted in 2,977 victim fatalities , over 25,000 injuries , and caused at least $ 10 billion in infrastructure and property damage . Additional people have died of 9/11-related cancer and respiratory diseases in the months and years following the attacks . Four passenger airliners operated by two major U.S. passenger air carriers ( United Airlines and American Airlines ) - all of which departed from airports in the northeastern United States bound for San Francisco and Los Angeles - were hijacked by 19 al-Qaeda terrorists . Two of the planes , American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 , were crashed into the North and South towers , respectively , of the World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan . Within an hour and 42 minutes , both 110-story towers collapsed . Debris and the resulting fires caused a partial or complete collapse of all other buildings in the World Trade Center complex , including the 47-story 7 World Trade Center tower , as well as significant damage to ten other large surrounding structures . A third plane , American Airlines Flight 77 , was crashed into the Pentagon ( the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense ) in Arlington County , Virginia , which led to a partial collapse of the building 's west side . The fourth plane , United Airlines Flight 93 , was initially flown toward Washington , D.C. , but crashed into a field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville , Pennsylvania , after its passengers thwarted the hijackers . 9/11 is the single deadliest terrorist attack in human history and the single deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States , with 343 and 72 killed , respectively . Suspicion quickly fell on al-Qaeda . The United States responded by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban , which had failed to comply with U.S. demands to extradite Osama bin Laden and expel al-Qaeda from Afghanistan ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City , Arlington County , Virginia , and Stonycreek Township near Shanksville , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia', 'summary': "Arlington County is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia , often referred to simply as Arlington or Arlington , Virginia . The county is situated in Northern Virginia on the southwestern bank of the Potomac River directly across from the District of Columbia , of which it was once a part . The county is coterminous with the U.S. Census Bureau 's census-designated place of Arlington . Arlington is considered to be the second-largest principal city of the Washington metropolitan area . In 2018 , the county 's population was estimated at 237,521 , making Arlington the sixth-largest county in Virginia by population ; if it were incorporated as a city , would be the fourth-most populous city in the state . With a land area of 26 square miles ( 67 km2 ) , Arlington is the geographically smallest self-governing county in the U.S. , and by reason of state law regarding population density , it has no incorporated towns within its borders . It is the 5th highest-income county in the U.S. by median family income . Due to the county 's proximity to downtown Washington , D.C. , Arlington is home to the Pentagon , Reagan National Airport , and Arlington National Cemetery . In academia , the county contains George Mason University 's Antonin Scalia Law School , the administrative offices buildings and graduate programs for the Schar School of Policy and Government and School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution , as well as satellite campuses of the University of Virginia and Virginia Tech . It will soon house the co-headquarters of Amazon.com , Inc ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stonycreek_Township,_Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Stonycreek Township is a township in Somerset County , Pennsylvania , United States . The township takes its name from the stony creek which for a part of its course flows through it and then becomes its western boundary . As a stream it takes its name from the rocky bed over which It flows in a great part of its course . Its Indian name was Sinne-Hanne or Achsin-Hanne . Hanne means a stream and especially a swift mountain stream . [ citation needed ] The population was 2,221 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Johnstown , Pennsylvania , Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shanksville,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Shanksville is a borough in Somerset County , Pennsylvania , United States , with a population of 237 , as of the 2010 census . It is part of the Somerset , Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area and is approximately 75 miles southeast of Pittsburgh . Shanksville came to international attention during the September 11 attacks when United Airlines Flight 93 , bound for San Francisco , crashed in adjacent Stonycreek Township . The mayor of Shanksville is Matt McDermott .'}]}, {'value': '2,977 victims and 19 hijackers . Deadliest in New York City and the Washington DC metropolitan area . Deadliest terrorist attack in world history', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tropical cyclone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tropical_cyclone', 'summary': "A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center , a closed low-level atmospheric circulation , strong winds , and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain or squalls . Depending on its location and strength , a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names , including hurricane ( /ˈhʌrɪkən , -keɪn/ ) , typhoon ( /taɪˈfuːn/ ) , tropical storm , cyclonic storm , tropical depression , and simply cyclone . A hurricane is a tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean , and a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean ; in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean , comparable storms are referred to simply as tropical cyclones or severe cyclonic storms . Tropical refers to the geographical origin of these systems , which form almost exclusively over tropical seas . Cyclone refers to their winds moving in a circle , whirling round their central clear eye , with their winds blowing counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere . The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect . Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water . They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface , which ultimately recondenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation . This energy source differs from that of mid-latitude cyclonic storms , such as nor'easters and European windstorms , which are fueled primarily by horizontal temperature contrasts . Tropical cyclones are typically between 100 and 2,000 km ( 62 and 1,243 mi ) in diameter . The strong rotating winds of a tropical cyclone are a result of the conservation of angular momentum imparted by the Earth 's rotation as air flows inwards toward the axis of rotation . As a result , they rarely form within 5° of the equator ."}]}, {'value': '2,982 ( estimated )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hurricane Maria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hurricane_Maria', 'summary': 'Hurricane Maria was a deadly Category 5 hurricane that devastated Dominica , St Croix , and Puerto Rico in September 2017 . It is regarded as the worst natural disaster in recorded history to affect those islands and was also the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Mitch in 1998 . The tenth-most intense Atlantic hurricane on record and the most intense tropical cyclone worldwide in 2017 , Maria was the thirteenth named storm , eighth consecutive hurricane , fourth major hurricane , second Category 5 hurricane , and deadliest storm of the hyperactive 2017 Atlantic hurricane season . At its peak , the hurricane caused catastrophic destruction and numerous fatalities across the northeastern Caribbean , compounding recovery efforts in the areas of the Leeward Islands already struck by Hurricane Irma . Total losses from the hurricane are estimated at upwards of $ 91.61 billion ( 2017 USD ) , mostly in Puerto Rico , ranking it as the third-costliest tropical cyclone on record . Originating from a tropical wave , Maria became a tropical storm on September 16 , east of the Lesser Antilles . Highly favorable environmental conditions allowed the storm to undergo explosive intensification as it approached the island arc . The hurricane reached Category 5 strength on September 18 just before making landfall on Dominica , becoming the first Category 5 hurricane on record to strike the island . After weakening slightly due to crossing Dominica , Maria achieved its peak intensity over the eastern Caribbean with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph ( 280 km/h ) and a pressure of 908 mbar ( hPa ; 26.81 inHg ) . On September 20 , an eyewall replacement cycle took place , weakening Maria to a high-end Category 4 hurricane by the time it struck Puerto Rico . Interaction with land further weakened the hurricane , though it regained some strength as it moved northeast of the Bahamas . Moving slowly to the north , Maria gradually degraded and weakened to a tropical storm on September 28 .'}]}, {'value': 'Puerto Rico , United States Virgin Islands , East Coast of the United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands', 'summary': "The United States Virgin Islands ( abbreviated USVI ; also called the U.S. Virgin Islands or American Virgin Islands ) , officially the Virgin Islands of the United States , are a group of Caribbean islands and an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States . The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles to the east of Puerto Rico and west of the British Virgin Islands . The U.S. Virgin Islands consists of the main islands of Saint Croix , Saint John , and Saint Thomas , and many other surrounding minor islands . The total land area of the territory is 133.73 square miles ( 346.36 km2 ) . The territory 's capital is Charlotte Amalie on the island of St. Thomas . Previously known as the Danish West Indies of the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway ( from 1754 to 1814 ) and the independent Kingdom of Denmark ( from 1814 to 1917 ) , they were sold to the United States by Denmark in the 1917 Treaty of the Danish West Indies . They are classified by the United Nations as a Non-Self-Governing Territory , and are currently an organised , unincorporated United States territory . The U.S. Virgin Islands are organised under the 1954 Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands and have since held five constitutional conventions . In 2010 , the population was 106,405 , with current estimates putting the population at 107,000 ( July 2018 ) , most of whom are of Afro-Caribbean descent . Tourism and related categories are the primary economic activities ."}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States', 'summary': 'The East Coast of the United States , also known as the Eastern Seaboard , the Atlantic Coast , and the Atlantic Seaboard , is the coastline along which the Eastern United States meets the North Atlantic Ocean . The coastal states that have shoreline on the Atlantic Ocean are , from north to south , Maine , New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New York , New Jersey , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , and Florida .'}]}, {'value': 'Total includes at least 2,975 deaths based on a study by GWU on the estimated excess mortality . The official death count was previously 64 . The storm caused $ 90 billion ( 2017 USD ) in damage in Puerto Rico , and three deaths in the U.S. Virgin Islands , as well as an additional 75 deaths and $ 1.6 billion in damage across the rest of the Caribbean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands', 'summary': "The United States Virgin Islands ( abbreviated USVI ; also called the U.S. Virgin Islands or American Virgin Islands ) , officially the Virgin Islands of the United States , are a group of Caribbean islands and an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States . The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles to the east of Puerto Rico and west of the British Virgin Islands . The U.S. Virgin Islands consists of the main islands of Saint Croix , Saint John , and Saint Thomas , and many other surrounding minor islands . The total land area of the territory is 133.73 square miles ( 346.36 km2 ) . The territory 's capital is Charlotte Amalie on the island of St. Thomas . Previously known as the Danish West Indies of the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway ( from 1754 to 1814 ) and the independent Kingdom of Denmark ( from 1814 to 1917 ) , they were sold to the United States by Denmark in the 1917 Treaty of the Danish West Indies . They are classified by the United Nations as a Non-Self-Governing Territory , and are currently an organised , unincorporated United States territory . The U.S. Virgin Islands are organised under the 1954 Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands and have since held five constitutional conventions . In 2010 , the population was 106,405 , with current estimates putting the population at 107,000 ( July 2018 ) , most of whom are of Afro-Caribbean descent . Tourism and related categories are the primary economic activities ."}]}, {'value': '1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tropical cyclone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tropical_cyclone', 'summary': "A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center , a closed low-level atmospheric circulation , strong winds , and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain or squalls . Depending on its location and strength , a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names , including hurricane ( /ˈhʌrɪkən , -keɪn/ ) , typhoon ( /taɪˈfuːn/ ) , tropical storm , cyclonic storm , tropical depression , and simply cyclone . A hurricane is a tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean , and a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean ; in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean , comparable storms are referred to simply as tropical cyclones or severe cyclonic storms . Tropical refers to the geographical origin of these systems , which form almost exclusively over tropical seas . Cyclone refers to their winds moving in a circle , whirling round their central clear eye , with their winds blowing counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere . The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect . Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water . They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface , which ultimately recondenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation . This energy source differs from that of mid-latitude cyclonic storms , such as nor'easters and European windstorms , which are fueled primarily by horizontal temperature contrasts . Tropical cyclones are typically between 100 and 2,000 km ( 62 and 1,243 mi ) in diameter . The strong rotating winds of a tropical cyclone are a result of the conservation of angular momentum imparted by the Earth 's rotation as air flows inwards toward the axis of rotation . As a result , they rarely form within 5° of the equator ."}]}, {'value': '2,823', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1928 Okeechobee hurricane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1928_Okeechobee_hurricane', 'summary': "The Okeechobee hurricane of 1928 , also known as the San Felipe Segundo hurricane , was one of the deadliest hurricanes in the recorded history of the North Atlantic basin , and the second deadliest hurricane in the United States , only behind the 1900 Galveston hurricane . The hurricane killed an estimated 2,500 people in the U.S , most of the fatalities occurred in the state of Florida , particularly in Lake Okeechobee . It was the fourth tropical cyclone , third hurricane , and only major hurricane of the year 's hurricane season . It developed off the west coast of Africa on September 6 as a tropical depression , but it strengthened into a tropical storm later that day , shortly before passing south of the Cape Verde islands . Further intensification was slow and halted late on September 7 . About 48 hours later , the storm strengthened and became a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale . Still moving westward , the system reached Category 4 intensity before striking Guadeloupe on September 12 , where it brought great destruction and resulted in 1,200 deaths . The islands of Martinique , Montserrat , and Nevis also reported damage and fatalities , but not nearly as severe as in Guadeloupe . Around midday on September 13 , the storm strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane and peaked with sustained winds of 160 mph ( 260 km/h ) . About six hours later , the system made landfall in Puerto Rico ; it remains the only tropical cyclone on record to strike the island at Category 5 intensity , as of 2019 . Very strong winds resulted in severe damage in Puerto Rico ; 24,728 homes were destroyed and 192,444 were damaged throughout the island , leaving over 500,000 people homeless . Heavy rainfall also led to extreme damage to vegetation and agriculture ."}]}, {'value': 'Florida , Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida', 'summary': "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}]}, {'value': '4,000+ believed dead total . Includes 2,511+ in the contiguous United States , 312 in Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Military strike - bombing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Military_strike', 'summary': "In the military of the United States , strikes and raids are a group of military operations that , alongside quite a number of others , come under the formal umbrella of military operations other than war ( MOOTW ) . Ex-military authors Bonn and Baker describe them as nothing more than the conduct of conventional combat missions on an individual or small-scale basis , and what they mean , specifically , depends on which particular branch of the military is using them . However , they do have formal , general , definitions in the United States Department of Defense 's Joint Publication 1-02 :"}, {'url': '/wiki/Bomb', 'summary': 'A bomb is an explosive weapon that uses the exothermic reaction of an explosive material to provide an extremely sudden and violent release of energy . Detonations inflict damage principally through ground- and atmosphere-transmitted mechanical stress , the impact and penetration of pressure-driven projectiles , pressure damage , and explosion-generated effects . Bombs have been utilized since the 11th century starting in East Asia . The term bomb is not usually applied to explosive devices used for civilian purposes such as construction or mining , although the people using the devices may sometimes refer to them as a bomb . The military use of the term bomb , or more specifically aerial bomb action , typically refers to airdropped , unpowered explosive weapons most commonly used by air forces and naval aviation . Other military explosive weapons not classified as bombs include shells , depth charges ( used in water ) , or land mines . In unconventional warfare , other names can refer to a range of offensive weaponry . For instance , in recent Middle Eastern conflicts , homemade bombs called improvised explosive devices ( IEDs ) have been employed by insurgent fighters to great effectiveness . The word comes from the Latin bombus , which in turn comes from the Greek βόμβος ( bombos ) , an onomatopoetic term meaning booming , buzzing .'}]}, {'value': '2,467', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Attack on Pearl Harbor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor', 'summary': "The attack on Pearl Harbor [ nb 3 ] was a surprise , preemptive military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States ( a neutral country at the time ) against the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu , Territory of Hawaii , just before 08:00 , on Sunday morning , December 7 , 1941 . The attack led to the United States ' formal entry into World War II the next day . The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI , and as Operation Z during its planning . Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the United States Pacific Fleet from interfering with its planned military actions in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , and the United States . Over the course of seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the U.S.-held Philippines , Guam and Wake Island and on the British Empire in Malaya , Singapore , and Hong Kong . The attack commenced at 7:48 a.m. Hawaiian Time ( 18:18 GMT ) . [ nb 4 ] The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese aircraft ( including fighters , level and dive bombers , and torpedo bombers ) in two waves , launched from six aircraft carriers . All eight U.S. Navy battleships were damaged , with four sunk . All but USS Arizona were later raised , and six were returned to service and went on to fight in the war . The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers , three destroyers , an anti-aircraft training ship , [ nb 5 ] and one minelayer . 188 U.S. aircraft were destroyed ; 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded . Important base installations such as the power station , dry dock , shipyard , maintenance , and fuel and torpedo storage facilities , as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building ( also home of the intelligence section ) were not attacked ."}]}, {'value': 'Honolulu , Territory of Hawaii and nearby military installations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honolulu', 'summary': 'Honolulu ( /ˌhɒnəˈluːluː/ ; Hawaiian : [ honoˈlulu ] ) is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Hawaii . It is an unincorporated part of and the county seat of the City and County of Honolulu along the southeast coast of the island of Oʻahu . [ a ] The city is the main gateway to Hawaiʻi and a major portal into the United States . The city is also a major hub for international business and military defense , as well as being host to a diverse variety of east-west and Pacific cultures , cuisine , and traditions . Honolulu is the remotest city of its size in the world , and is the westernmost and southernmost major U.S. city . For statistical purposes , the United States Census Bureau recognizes the approximate area commonly referred to as City of Honolulu ( not to be confused with the City and County ) as a census county division ( CCD ) . Honolulu is a major financial center of the islands and of the Pacific Ocean . The population of the Honolulu census designated place ( CDP ) was 359,870 as of the 2017 population estimate , while the Honolulu CCD was 390,738 and the population of the consolidated city and county was 953,207 . Honolulu means sheltered harbor or calm port in Hawaiian . The old name is Kou , a district roughly encompassing the area from Nuʻuanu Avenue to Alakea Street and from Hotel Street to Queen Street which is the heart of the present downtown district . The city has been the capital of the Hawaiian Islands since 1845 and gained historical recognition following the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan near the city on December 7 , 1941 . As of 2015 [ update ] , Honolulu was ranked high on world livability rankings , and was also ranked as the 2nd safest city in the U.S .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii', 'summary': "The Territory of Hawaii or Hawaii Territory was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from April 30 , 1900 until August 21 , 1959 , when most of its territory , excluding Palmyra Island and the Stewart Islands , was admitted to the Union as the fiftieth U.S. state , the State of Hawaii . The Hawaii Admission Act specified that the State of Hawaii would not include the distant Palmyra Island , the Midway Islands , Kingman Reef , and Johnston Atoll , which includes Johnston ( or Kalama ) Island and Sand Island , and the Act was silent regarding the Stewart Islands . On July 4 , 1898 , the United States Congress passed the Newlands Resolution authorizing the U.S. annexation of the Republic of Hawaii , and five weeks later , on August 12 , Hawaii became a U.S. territory . In April 1900 Congress approved the Hawaiian Organic Act which organized the territory . Hawaii 's territorial history includes a period from 1941 to 1944 , during World War II , when the islands were placed under martial law . Civilian government was dissolved and a military governor was appointed ."}]}, {'value': '2,403 U.S. victims and 64 Japanese attackers . Deadliest attack on U.S. soil by a foreign government to date', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Accident - dam burst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Accident', 'summary': 'An accident is an unplanned event that sometimes has convenient or undesirable consequences , other times being inconsequential . The term implies that such an event may not be preventable since its antecedent circumstances go unrecognized and unaddressed . Most scientists who study unintentional injury avoid using the term accident and focus on factors that increase risk of severe injury and that reduce injury incidence and severity .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dam_failure', 'summary': 'A dam failure or dam burst is a catastrophic type of failure characterized by the sudden , rapid , and uncontrolled release of impounded water or the likelihood of such an uncontrolled release . Between the years 2000 and 2009 more than 200 notable dam failures happened worldwide . A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs , that directs or slows down the flow , often creating a reservoir , lake or impoundments . Most dams have a section called a spillway or weir over or through which water flows , either intermittently or continuously , and some have hydroelectric power generation systems installed . Dams are considered installations containing dangerous forces under International humanitarian law due to the massive impact of a possible destruction on the civilian population and the environment . Dam failures are comparatively rare , but can cause immense damage and loss of life when they occur . In 1975 the failure of the Banqiao Reservoir Dam and other dams in Henan Province , China caused more casualties than any other dam failure in history . The disaster killed an estimated 171,000 people and 11 million people lost their homes .'}]}, {'value': '2,209', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnstown Flood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnstown_Flood', 'summary': "The Johnstown Flood ( locally , the Great Flood of 1889 ) occurred on May 31 , 1889 , after the catastrophic failure of the South Fork Dam , located on the south fork of the Little Conemaugh River , 14 miles ( 23 km ) upstream of the town of Johnstown , Pennsylvania . The dam broke after several days of extremely heavy rainfall , releasing 14.55 million cubic meters of water . With a volumetric flow rate that temporarily equaled the average flow rate of the Mississippi River , the flood killed more than 2,200 people and accounted for $ 17 million of damage ( about $ 484 million in 2019 dollars ) . The American Red Cross , led by Clara Barton and with 50 volunteers , undertook a major disaster relief effort . Support for victims came from all over the United States and 18 foreign countries . After the flood , survivors suffered a series of legal defeats in their attempts to recover damages from the dam 's owners . Public indignation at that failure prompted the development in American law changing a fault-based regime to one of strict liability ."}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': 'Much rain , deforestation ; dam failed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1893', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tropical cyclone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tropical_cyclone', 'summary': "A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center , a closed low-level atmospheric circulation , strong winds , and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain or squalls . Depending on its location and strength , a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names , including hurricane ( /ˈhʌrɪkən , -keɪn/ ) , typhoon ( /taɪˈfuːn/ ) , tropical storm , cyclonic storm , tropical depression , and simply cyclone . A hurricane is a tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean , and a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean ; in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean , comparable storms are referred to simply as tropical cyclones or severe cyclonic storms . Tropical refers to the geographical origin of these systems , which form almost exclusively over tropical seas . Cyclone refers to their winds moving in a circle , whirling round their central clear eye , with their winds blowing counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere . The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect . Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water . They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface , which ultimately recondenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation . This energy source differs from that of mid-latitude cyclonic storms , such as nor'easters and European windstorms , which are fueled primarily by horizontal temperature contrasts . Tropical cyclones are typically between 100 and 2,000 km ( 62 and 1,243 mi ) in diameter . The strong rotating winds of a tropical cyclone are a result of the conservation of angular momentum imparted by the Earth 's rotation as air flows inwards toward the axis of rotation . As a result , they rarely form within 5° of the equator ."}]}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1893 Cheniere Caminada hurricane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1893_Cheniere_Caminada_hurricane', 'summary': 'The Chenière Caminada hurricane , also known as the Great October Storm , was a powerful hurricane that devastated the island of Chenière Caminada , Louisiana in early October 1893 . It was one of three deadly hurricanes during the 1893 Atlantic hurricane season ; the storm killed an estimated 2,000 people , mostly from storm surge .'}]}, {'value': 'Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana', 'summary': "Louisiana ( /luˌiːziˈænə/ ( listen ) , /ˌluːzi-/ ( listen ) ) [ a ] is a state in the Deep South region of the South Central United States . It is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States . Louisiana is bordered by the state of Texas to the west , Arkansas to the north , Mississippi to the east , and the Gulf of Mexico to the south . A large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the Mississippi River . Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed parishes , which are equivalent to counties . The state 's capital is Baton Rouge , and its largest city is New Orleans . Much of the state 's lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River , leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp . [ self-published source ] These contain a rich southern biota ; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets . There are also many species of tree frogs , and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish . In more elevated areas , fire is a natural process in the landscape and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas . These support an exceptionally large number of plant species , including many species of terrestrial orchids and carnivorous plants . Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other southern state , including four that are federally recognized , ten that are state recognized , and four that have not received recognition ."}]}, {'value': 'Fatalities estimated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1865', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Accident - shipwreck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Accident', 'summary': 'An accident is an unplanned event that sometimes has convenient or undesirable consequences , other times being inconsequential . The term implies that such an event may not be preventable since its antecedent circumstances go unrecognized and unaddressed . Most scientists who study unintentional injury avoid using the term accident and focus on factors that increase risk of severe injury and that reduce injury incidence and severity .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shipwreck', 'summary': 'A shipwreck is the remains of a ship that has wrecked , which are found either beached on land or sunken to the bottom of a body of water . Shipwrecking may be deliberate or accidental . In January 1999 , Angela Croome estimated that there have been about three million shipwrecks worldwide ( an estimate rapidly endorsed by UNESCO and other organizations ) .'}]}, {'value': '1,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sultana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sultana_(steamboat)', 'summary': "Sultana was a Mississippi River side-wheel steamboat , which exploded on April 27 , 1865 , in the worst maritime disaster in United States history . Constructed of wood in 1863 by the John Litherbury Boatyard in Cincinnati , she was intended for the lower Mississippi cotton trade . The steamer registered 1,719 tons and normally carried a crew of 85 . For two years , she ran a regular route between St. Louis and New Orleans , and was frequently commissioned to carry troops . Although designed with a capacity of only 376 passengers , she was carrying 2,137 when three of the boat 's four boilers exploded and she burned to the waterline and sank near Memphis , Tennessee . The disaster was overshadowed in the press by events surrounding the end of the American Civil War , including the killing of President Lincoln 's assassin John Wilkes Booth just the day before , and no one was ever held accountable for the tragedy ."}]}, {'value': 'Marion , Arkansas / Helena , Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'Marion is a city in and the county seat of Crittenden County , Arkansas , United States . The population was 12,345 at the 2010 census , a 38.7% increase since 2000 . The city is part of the Memphis metropolitan area . It is the second largest city in Crittenden County , behind West Memphis .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Helena,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Helena is the eastern portion of Helena-West Helena , Arkansas , a city in Phillips County , Arkansas . It was founded in 1833 by Nicholas Rightor and is named after the daughter of Sylvanus Phillips , an early settler of Phillips County and the namesake of Phillips County . As of the 2000 census , this portion of the city population was 6,323 . Helena was the county seat of Phillips County until January 1 , 2006 , when it merged its government and city limits with neighboring West Helena . Helena is the birthplace of Arkansas ' former Senior United States Senator Blanche Lincoln . Helena is home to the longest running daily radio program in the U.S. , King Biscuit Time . From 1906 to 1946 , Helena was a terminal point on the former Missouri and North Arkansas Railroad , which provided passenger and freight service to Joplin , Missouri . After , a loss of rail service in early 2015 , a successful effort was launched by the Helena-West Helena/Phillips County Port Authority to have freight service restored . The service was restored on October 1 , 2015 and two new freight customers were quickly gained ."}]}, {'value': 'Steamboat sank due to boiler explosion ; fatalities estimated . Deadliest maritime disaster in U.S. history', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heat wave', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heat_wave', 'summary': 'A heat wave , or heatwave , is a period of excessively hot weather , which may be accompanied by high humidity , especially in oceanic climate countries . While definitions vary , a heat wave is usually measured relative to the usual weather in the area and relative to normal temperatures for the season . Temperatures that people from a hotter climate consider normal can be called a heat wave in a cooler area if they are outside the normal climate pattern for that area . The term is applied both to hot weather variations and to extraordinary spells of hot which may occur only once a century . Severe heat waves have caused catastrophic crop failures , thousands of deaths from hyperthermia , and widespread power outages due to increased use of air conditioning . A heat wave is considered extreme weather that can be a natural disaster , and a danger because heat and sunlight may overheat the human body . Heat waves can usually be detected using forecasting instruments so that a warning call can be issued .'}]}, {'value': '1,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980 United States heat wave', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_United_States_heat_wave', 'summary': 'The 1980 United States heat wave was a period of intense heat and drought that wreaked havoc on much of the Midwestern United States and Southern Plains throughout the summer of 1980 . It is among the most devastating natural disasters in terms of deaths and destruction in U.S. history , claiming at least 1,700 lives and because of the massive drought , agricultural damage reached US $ 20.0 billion ( equivalent to $ 62 billion in 2019 dollars ) . It is among the billion-dollar weather disasters listed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration .'}]}, {'value': 'Central and southern states', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Official death toll , may have been higher', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1871', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wildfire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wildfire', 'summary': "A wildfire , wildland fire or rural fire is an uncontrolled fire in an area of combustible vegetation occurring in rural areas . Depending on the type of vegetation present , a wildfire can also be classified more specifically as a brush fire , bushfire ( in Australia ) , desert fire , forest fire , grass fire , hill fire , peat fire , vegetation fire , or veld fire . Many organizations consider wildfire to mean an unplanned and unwanted fire , while wildland fire is a broader term that includes prescribed fire as well as wildland fire use ( WFU ; these are also called monitored response fires ) . Fossil charcoal indicates that wildfires began soon after the appearance of terrestrial plants 420 million years ago . Wildfire 's occurrence throughout the history of terrestrial life invites conjecture that fire must have had pronounced evolutionary effects on most ecosystems ' flora and fauna . Earth is an intrinsically flammable planet owing to its cover of carbon-rich vegetation , seasonally dry climates , atmospheric oxygen , and widespread lightning and volcanic ignitions . Wildfires can be characterized in terms of the cause of ignition , their physical properties , the combustible material present , and the effect of weather on the fire . Wildfires can cause damage to property and human life , although naturally occurring wildfires may have beneficial effects on native vegetation , animals , and ecosystems that have evolved with fire . High-severity wildfire creates complex early seral forest habitat ( also called snag forest habitat ) , which often has higher species richness and diversity than unburned old forest . Many plant species depend on the effects of fire for growth and reproduction . Wildfires in ecosystems where wildfire is uncommon or where non-native vegetation has encroached may have strongly negative ecological effects . Wildfire behavior and severity result from a combination of factors such as available fuels , physical setting , and weather ."}]}, {'value': '1,500-2,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peshtigo Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peshtigo_Fire', 'summary': 'The Peshtigo fire was a very large forest fire that took place on October 8 , 1871 , in northeastern Wisconsin , including much of the Door Peninsula , and adjacent parts of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan . The largest community in the affected area was Peshtigo , Wisconsin . It burned approximately 1,200,000 acres ( 490,000 ha ) and was the deadliest wildfire in American history , with the estimated deaths of around 1,500 people , and possibly as many as 2,500 . Occurring on the same day as the more famous Great Chicago Fire , the Peshtigo fire has been largely forgotten , even though it killed far more people . On the same day as the Peshtigo and Chicago fires , Holland and Manistee , Michigan ( across Lake Michigan from Peshtigo ) , and Port Huron at the southern end of Lake Huron also had major fires , leading to various theories by contemporaries and later historians that they had a common cause .'}]}, {'value': 'Peshtigo , Wisconsin , Upper Peninsula of Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peshtigo,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Peshtigo is a city in Marinette County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 3,502 at the 2010 census . The city is surrounded by the Town of Peshtigo . It is part of the Marinette , WI-MI Micropolitan Statistical Area . Peshtigo is most famous as the site of the Peshtigo fire of 1871 , in which more than 1,200 people perished .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan', 'summary': "The Upper Peninsula ( UP ) , also known as Upper Michigan , is the northern of the two major peninsulas that make up the U.S. state of Michigan . The peninsula is bounded on the north by Lake Superior , on the east by the St. Marys River , and on the south by Lake Michigan , the Straits of Mackinac , and Lake Huron . Topographically , the base of the Upper Peninsula as a geologic feature lies in northeastern Wisconsin between the base of the Door Peninsula and Superior Bay ; but in political geography , because most of the peninsula is within the boundaries of Michigan , it is measured eastward from the Porcupine Mountains , from the Wisconsin-Michigan boundary along and between the Montreal and Menominee rivers . Michigan 's Upper Peninsula is bounded on land by Wisconsin to the southwest and west ; and in territorial waters by Minnesota to the west , Ontario to the west , north and east , and the Door Peninsula of Wisconsin extends into Lake Michigan east of the western Upper Peninsula . Five Michigan Upper Peninsula counties include nearby major islands : Mackinac Island , Round Island and Bois Blanc Island in Lake Huron are in Mackinac County ; Sugar Island and Neebish Island in the St. Marys River , and Drummond Island in Lake Huron are in Chippewa County ; Grand Island is in Alger County ; Summer Island is Delta County ; and Isle Royale is part of Keweenaw County . The Upper Peninsula contains 29% of the land area of Michigan but just 3% of its total population . Residents are frequently called Yoopers ( derived from UP-ers ) and have a strong regional identity . Large numbers of French Canadian , Finnish , Swedish , Cornish , and Italian immigrants came to the Upper Peninsula , especially the Keweenaw Peninsula , to work in the area 's mines and lumber industry . The peninsula includes the only counties in the United States where a plurality of residents claim Finnish ancestry . The peninsula 's largest cities are Marquette , Sault Ste . Marie , Escanaba , Menominee , Houghton , and Iron Mountain . The heavily forested land , soil types , short growing season and logistical factors ( e.g ."}]}, {'value': 'Fatalities estimated ; most deaths in single fire in U.S. history', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tropical cyclone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tropical_cyclone', 'summary': "A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center , a closed low-level atmospheric circulation , strong winds , and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain or squalls . Depending on its location and strength , a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names , including hurricane ( /ˈhʌrɪkən , -keɪn/ ) , typhoon ( /taɪˈfuːn/ ) , tropical storm , cyclonic storm , tropical depression , and simply cyclone . A hurricane is a tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean , and a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean ; in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean , comparable storms are referred to simply as tropical cyclones or severe cyclonic storms . Tropical refers to the geographical origin of these systems , which form almost exclusively over tropical seas . Cyclone refers to their winds moving in a circle , whirling round their central clear eye , with their winds blowing counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere . The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect . Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water . They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface , which ultimately recondenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation . This energy source differs from that of mid-latitude cyclonic storms , such as nor'easters and European windstorms , which are fueled primarily by horizontal temperature contrasts . Tropical cyclones are typically between 100 and 2,000 km ( 62 and 1,243 mi ) in diameter . The strong rotating winds of a tropical cyclone are a result of the conservation of angular momentum imparted by the Earth 's rotation as air flows inwards toward the axis of rotation . As a result , they rarely form within 5° of the equator ."}]}, {'value': '1,245-1,836', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hurricane Katrina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina', 'summary': "Hurricane Katrina was the most destructive tropical cyclone on record , tied with Hurricane Harvey in 2017 , causing $ 125 billion in damage , particularly in the city of New Orleans and the surrounding areas , and over 1,200 deaths . The storm was the third major hurricane of the record-breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season , and the fourth-most intense Atlantic hurricane on record to make landfall in the contiguous United States , behind only the 1935 Labor Day hurricane , Hurricane Camille in 1969 , and Hurricane Michael in 2018 . Katrina originated on August 23 , 2005 as a tropical depression from the merger of a tropical wave and the remnants of Tropical Depression Ten . Early the following day , the depression intensified into a tropical storm as it headed generally westward toward Florida , strengthening into a hurricane two hours before making landfall at Hallandale Beach on August 25 . After briefly weakening to tropical storm strength over southern Florida , Katrina emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on August 26 and began to rapidly intensify . The storm strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico before weakening to Category 3 strength at its second landfall on August 29 over southeast Louisiana and Mississippi . Over fifty breaches in surge protection levees surrounding the city of New Orleans , Louisiana caused of the majority of the death and destruction during Katrina . Eventually , 80% of the city , as well as large tracts of neighboring parishes , were inundated for weeks . The flooding also destroyed most of New Orleans ' transportation and communication facilities , leaving tens of thousands of people who had not evacuated the city prior to landfall stranded with little access to food , shelter or basic necessities . The scale of the disaster in New Orleans provoked massive national and international response efforts ; federal , local and private rescue operations evacuated displaced persons out of the city over the following weeks . Multiple investigations in the aftermath of the storm concluded that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , which had designed and built the region 's levees decades earlier , was responsible for the failure of the flood-control systems , though federal courts later ruled that the Corps could not be held financially liable because of sovereign immunity in the Flood Control Act of 1928 . The emergency response from federal , state and local governments was widely criticized , resulting in the resignations of Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) director Michael D. Brown and New Orleans Police Department ( NOPD ) Superintendent Eddie Compass ."}]}, {'value': 'Florida , Louisiana , Mississippi , Alabama , Georgia , Kentucky , and Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida', 'summary': "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Louisiana', 'summary': "Louisiana ( /luˌiːziˈænə/ ( listen ) , /ˌluːzi-/ ( listen ) ) [ a ] is a state in the Deep South region of the South Central United States . It is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States . Louisiana is bordered by the state of Texas to the west , Arkansas to the north , Mississippi to the east , and the Gulf of Mexico to the south . A large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the Mississippi River . Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed parishes , which are equivalent to counties . The state 's capital is Baton Rouge , and its largest city is New Orleans . Much of the state 's lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River , leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp . [ self-published source ] These contain a rich southern biota ; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets . There are also many species of tree frogs , and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish . In more elevated areas , fire is a natural process in the landscape and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas . These support an exceptionally large number of plant species , including many species of terrestrial orchids and carnivorous plants . Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other southern state , including four that are federally recognized , ten that are state recognized , and four that have not received recognition ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mississippi', 'summary': "Mississippi ( /ˌmɪsɪˈsɪpi/ ( listen ) ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Mississippi is the 32nd largest and 34th-most populous of the 50 United States . Mississippi is bordered to the north by Tennessee , to the east by Alabama , to the south by the Gulf of Mexico , to the southwest by Louisiana , and to the northwest by Arkansas . Mississippi 's western boundary is largely defined by the Mississippi River . Jackson is both the state 's capital and largest city . Greater Jackson , with an estimated population of 580,166 in 2018 , is the most populous metropolitan area in Mississippi and the 95th-most populous in the United States . On December 10 , 1817 , Mississippi became the 20th state admitted to the Union . By 1860 , Mississippi was the nation 's top cotton producing state and enslaved persons accounted for 55% of the state population . Mississippi declared its secession from the Union on March 23 , 1861 , and was one of the seven original Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was restored to the Union on February 23 , 1870 . Until the Great Migration of the 1930s , African Americans were a majority of Mississippi 's population . Mississippi was the site of many prominent events during the American Civil Rights movement , including the 1962 Ole Miss riots , the 1963 assassination of Medgar Evers , and the 1964 Freedom Summer murders ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alabama', 'summary': "Alabama ( /ˌæləˈbæmə/ ) is a state in the southeastern region of the United States . It is bordered by Tennessee to the north , Georgia to the east , Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south , and Mississippi to the west . Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states . With a total of 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) of inland waterways , Alabama has among the most of any state . Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State , after the state bird . Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State . The state tree is the longleaf pine , and the state flower is the camellia . Alabama 's capital is Montgomery . The largest city by population is Birmingham , which has long been the most industrialized city ; the largest city by land area is Huntsville . The oldest city is Mobile , founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana . The Greater Birmingham metropolitan area is Alabama 's most populous urban area . From the American Civil War until World War II , Alabama , like many states in the southern U.S. , suffered economic hardship , in part because of its continued dependence on agriculture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)', 'summary': "Georgia ( /ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/ ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Georgia is the 24th largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Georgia is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the northeast by South Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by Florida , and to the west by Alabama . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Atlanta , a beta ( + ) global city , is both the state 's capital and its largest city . The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 5.9 million people in 2018 , is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 56% of the entire state population . Founded in 1733 as a British colony , Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2 , 1788 , Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . From 1802 to 1804 , western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kentucky', 'summary': "Kentucky ( UK : /kɛnˈtʌki/ ken-TUK-ee , US : /kən-/ ( listen ) kən- ) , officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky , is a state located in the Southern United States . Although styled as the State of Kentucky in the law creating it , ( because in Kentucky 's first constitution , the term state was used ) , Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth ( the others being Virginia , Pennsylvania , and Massachusetts ) . Originally a part of Virginia , in 1792 Kentucky split from it and became the 15th state to join the Union . Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States . Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State , a nickname based on the bluegrass , a species of grass found in many of its pastures . One of the major regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky , which houses its two largest cities , Louisville and Lexington . It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources , including the world 's longest cave system , Mammoth Cave National Park , one of the greatest lengths of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States , and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River . Kentucky is also known for horse racing , bourbon , moonshine , coal , My Old Kentucky Home historic state park , automobile manufacturing , tobacco , bluegrass music , college basketball , Kentucky Fried Chicken , and the Kentucky colonel ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ohio', 'summary': "Ohio /oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ ( listen ) is a state in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States . Of the fifty states , it is the 34th largest by area , the seventh most populous , and the tenth most densely populated . The state 's capital and largest city is Columbus . Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north , Pennsylvania to the east , West Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , Indiana to the west , and Michigan to the northwest . The state takes its name from the Ohio River , whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo ' , meaning good river , great river or large creek . Partitioned from the Northwest Territory , Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 , and the first under the Northwest Ordinance . Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees , and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes . Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier , to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union , to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transitioning to a more information and service based economy in the 21st . The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch , led by the governor ; the legislative branch , which comprises the bicameral Ohio General Assembly ; and the judicial branch , led by the state Supreme Court . Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives . Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections . Seven presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state ."}]}, {'value': 'Tied with Hurricane Harvey as the costliest natural disaster in U.S. history', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey', 'summary': "Hurricane Harvey was a Category 4 hurricane that made landfall on Texas and Louisiana in August 2017 , causing catastrophic flooding and many deaths . It is tied with 2005 's Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record , [ nb 1 ] inflicting $ 125 billion ( 2017 USD ) in damage , primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the Houston metropolitan area and Southeast Texas . It was the first major hurricane [ nb 2 ] to make landfall in the United States since Wilma in 2005 , ending a record 12-year span in which no hurricanes made landfall at the intensity of a major hurricane throughout the country . In a four-day period , many areas received more than 40 inches ( 1,000 mm ) of rain as the system slowly meandered over eastern Texas and adjacent waters , causing unprecedented flooding . With peak accumulations of 60.58 in ( 1,539 mm ) , in Nederland , Texas , Harvey was the wettest tropical cyclone on record in the United States . The resulting floods inundated hundreds of thousands of homes , which displaced more than 30,000 people and prompted more than 17,000 rescues . The eighth named storm , third hurricane , and first major hurricane of the extremely active 2017 Atlantic hurricane season , Harvey developed from a tropical wave to the east of the Lesser Antilles , reaching tropical storm status on August 17 . The storm crossed through the Windward Islands on the following day , making landfall on the southern end of Barbados and a second landfall on Saint Vincent . Upon entering the Caribbean Sea , Harvey began to weaken due to moderate wind shear , and degenerated into a tropical wave north of Colombia , late on August 19 . The remnants were monitored for regeneration as it continued west-northwestward across the Caribbean and the Yucatán Peninsula , before redeveloping over the Bay of Campeche on August 23 . Harvey then began to rapidly intensify on August 24 , regaining tropical storm status and becoming a hurricane later that day . While the storm moved generally northwest , Harvey 's intensification phase stalled slightly overnight from August 24-25 ; however , Harvey soon resumed strengthening and quickly became a major hurricane and attained Category 4 intensity later that day ."}]}, {'value': '1915', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'shipwreck , Military strike - Submarine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shipwreck', 'summary': 'A shipwreck is the remains of a ship that has wrecked , which are found either beached on land or sunken to the bottom of a body of water . Shipwrecking may be deliberate or accidental . In January 1999 , Angela Croome estimated that there have been about three million shipwrecks worldwide ( an estimate rapidly endorsed by UNESCO and other organizations ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Military_strike', 'summary': "In the military of the United States , strikes and raids are a group of military operations that , alongside quite a number of others , come under the formal umbrella of military operations other than war ( MOOTW ) . Ex-military authors Bonn and Baker describe them as nothing more than the conduct of conventional combat missions on an individual or small-scale basis , and what they mean , specifically , depends on which particular branch of the military is using them . However , they do have formal , general , definitions in the United States Department of Defense 's Joint Publication 1-02 :"}, {'url': '/wiki/Submarine', 'summary': 'A submarine ( or sub ) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater . It differs from a submersible , which has more limited underwater capability . It is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots , as well as medium-sized or smaller vessels , such as the midget submarine and the wet sub . Submarines are referred to as boats rather than ships irrespective of their size . Although experimental submarines had been built before , submarine design took off during the 19th century , and they were adopted by several navies . Submarines were first widely used during World War I ( 1914-1918 ) , and are now used in many navies large and small . Military uses include attacking enemy surface ships ( merchant and military ) , or other submarines , aircraft carrier protection , blockade running , ballistic missile submarines as part of a nuclear strike force , reconnaissance , conventional land attack ( for example using a cruise missile ) , and covert insertion of special forces . Civilian uses for submarines include marine science , salvage , exploration and facility inspection and maintenance . Submarines can also be modified to perform more specialized functions such as search-and-rescue missions or undersea cable repair . Submarines are also used in tourism and undersea archaeology . Most large submarines consist of a cylindrical body with hemispherical ( or conical ) ends and a vertical structure , usually located amidships , which houses communications and sensing devices as well as periscopes . In modern submarines , this structure is the sail in American usage and fin in European usage .'}]}, {'value': '1,198', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sinking of the RMS Lusitania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania', 'summary': "The sinking of the Cunard ocean liner RMS Lusitania occurred on Friday , 7 May 1915 during the First World War , as Germany waged submarine warfare against the United Kingdom which had implemented a naval blockade of Germany . The ship was identified and torpedoed by the German U-boat U-20 and sank in 18 minutes , and also took on a heavy starboard list . The vessel went down 11 miles ( 18 km ) off the Old Head of Kinsale , :429 Ireland , killing 1,198 and leaving 761 survivors . The sinking turned public opinion in many countries against Germany , contributed to the American entry into World War I and became an iconic symbol in military recruiting campaigns of why the war was being fought . :497-503 Lusitania fell victim to torpedo attack relatively early in the First World War , before tactics for evading submarines were properly implemented or understood . The contemporary investigations in both the United Kingdom and the United States into the precise causes of the ship 's loss were obstructed by the needs of wartime secrecy and a propaganda campaign to ensure all blame fell upon Germany . Argument over whether the ship was a legitimate military target raged back and forth throughout the war as both sides made misleading claims about the ship . At the time she was sunk , she was carrying over 4 million rounds of small-arms ammunition ( .303 caliber ) , almost 5,000 shrapnel shell casings ( for a total of some 50 tons ) , and 3,240 brass percussion fuses , in addition to 1,266 passengers and a crew of 696 . Several attempts have been made over the years since the sinking to dive to the wreck seeking information about precisely how the ship sank , and argument continues to the present day ."}]}, {'value': 'North Atlantic Sea near the Old head of Kinsale Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Sea', 'summary': "The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world 's oceans , with an area of about 106,460,000 square kilometers ( 41,100,000 square miles ) . It covers approximately 20 percent of Earth 's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area . It separates the Old World from the New World . The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated , S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Europe and Africa to the east , and the Americas to the west . As one component of the interconnected World Ocean , it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean , to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest , the Indian Ocean in the southeast , and the Southern Ocean in the south ( other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica ) . The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North ( ern ) Atlantic Ocean and the South ( ern ) Atlantic Ocean at about 8°N . Scientific explorations of the Atlantic include the Challenger expedition , the German Meteor expedition , Columbia University 's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and the United States Navy Hydrographic Office ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Old_head_of_Kinsale', 'summary': 'The Old Head of Kinsale ( in Irish , An Seancheann ) is a headland near Kinsale , County Cork , Ireland . An early lighthouse was established here in the 17th century by Robert Reading . The area is the nearest point of land ( 11 miles/18 km ) to where the RMS Lusitania was sunk in 1915 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( /ˈaɪərlənd/ ( listen ) ; Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Airlann [ ˈɑːrlən ] ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George 's Channel . Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles , the third-largest in Europe , and the twentieth-largest on Earth . Geopolitically , Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland ( officially named Ireland ) , which covers five-sixths of the island , and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom . In 2011 , the population of Ireland was about 6.6 million , ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain . As of 2016 , 4.8 million live in the Republic of Ireland , and 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland . The geography of Ireland comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . Its lush vegetation is a product of its mild but changeable climate which is free of extremes in temperature . Much of Ireland was woodland until the end of the Middle Ages . Today , woodland makes up about 10% of the island , compared with a European average of over 33% , and most of it is non-native conifer plantations . There are twenty-six extant land mammal species native to Ireland . The Irish climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and thus very moderate , and winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area , although summers are cooler than those in continental Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'The RMS Lusitania was an ocean liner sunk by a German torpedo fired from a submarine during World War One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ocean_liner', 'summary': 'An ocean liner is a passenger ship primarily used as a form of transportation across seas or oceans . Liners may also carry cargo or mail , and may sometimes be used for other purposes ( such as for pleasure cruises or as hospital ships ) . Cargo vessels running to a schedule are sometimes called liners . The category does not include ferries or other vessels engaged in short-sea trading , nor dedicated cruise ships where the voyage itself , and not transportation , is the prime purpose of the trip . Nor does it include tramp steamers , even those equipped to handle limited numbers of passengers . Some shipping companies refer to themselves as lines and their container ships , which often operate over set routes according to established schedules , as liners . Ocean liners are usually strongly built with a high freeboard to withstand rough seas and adverse conditions encountered in the open ocean . Additionally , they are often designed with thicker hull plating than is found on cruise ships , and have large capacities for fuel , food and other consumables on long voyages . The first ocean liners were built in the mid-19th century . Technological innovations such as the steam engine and steel hull allowed larger and faster liners to be built , giving rise to a competition between world powers of the time , especially between the United Kingdom and Germany . Once the dominant form of travel between continents , ocean liners were rendered largely obsolete by the emergence of long-distance aircraft after World War II . Advances in automobile and railway technology also played a role .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_One', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Military strike - bombing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Military_strike', 'summary': "In the military of the United States , strikes and raids are a group of military operations that , alongside quite a number of others , come under the formal umbrella of military operations other than war ( MOOTW ) . Ex-military authors Bonn and Baker describe them as nothing more than the conduct of conventional combat missions on an individual or small-scale basis , and what they mean , specifically , depends on which particular branch of the military is using them . However , they do have formal , general , definitions in the United States Department of Defense 's Joint Publication 1-02 :"}, {'url': '/wiki/Bomb', 'summary': 'A bomb is an explosive weapon that uses the exothermic reaction of an explosive material to provide an extremely sudden and violent release of energy . Detonations inflict damage principally through ground- and atmosphere-transmitted mechanical stress , the impact and penetration of pressure-driven projectiles , pressure damage , and explosion-generated effects . Bombs have been utilized since the 11th century starting in East Asia . The term bomb is not usually applied to explosive devices used for civilian purposes such as construction or mining , although the people using the devices may sometimes refer to them as a bomb . The military use of the term bomb , or more specifically aerial bomb action , typically refers to airdropped , unpowered explosive weapons most commonly used by air forces and naval aviation . Other military explosive weapons not classified as bombs include shells , depth charges ( used in water ) , or land mines . In unconventional warfare , other names can refer to a range of offensive weaponry . For instance , in recent Middle Eastern conflicts , homemade bombs called improvised explosive devices ( IEDs ) have been employed by insurgent fighters to great effectiveness . The word comes from the Latin bombus , which in turn comes from the Greek βόμβος ( bombos ) , an onomatopoetic term meaning booming , buzzing .'}]}, {'value': '1,173', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HMT Rohna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMT_Rohna', 'summary': "HMT Rohna was a British India Steam Navigation Company passenger and cargo liner that was built on Tyneside in 1926 as SS Rohna and requisitioned as a troop ship in 1940 . ( HMT stands for His Majesty 's Transport . ) Rohna was sunk in the Mediterranean in November 1943 by a Henschel Hs 293 guided glide bomb launched by a Luftwaffe aircraft . More than 1,100 people were killed , most of whom were US troops ."}]}, {'value': 'Mediterranean Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea', 'summary': 'The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean , surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land : on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia , on the south by North Africa and on the east by the Levant . Although the sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean , it is usually referred to as a separate body of water . Geological evidence indicates that around 5.9 million years ago , the Mediterranean was cut off from the Atlantic and was partly or completely desiccated over a period of some 600,000 years ( the Messinian salinity crisis ) before being refilled by the Zanclean flood about 5.3 million years ago . It covers an area of about 2,500,000 km2 ( 970,000 sq mi ) , representing 0.7% of the global ocean surface , but its connection to the Atlantic via the Strait of Gibraltar - the narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Spain in Europe from Morocco in Africa - is only 14 km ( 9 mi ) wide . In oceanography , it is sometimes called the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea or the European Mediterranean Sea to distinguish it from mediterranean seas elsewhere . The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1,500 m ( 4,900 ft ) and the deepest recorded point is 5,267 m ( 17,280 ft ) in the Calypso Deep in the Ionian Sea . It lies between latitudes 30° and 46° N and longitudes 6° W and 36° E. Its west-east length , from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Gulf of Iskenderun , on the southeastern coast of Turkey , is about 4,000 kilometres ( 2,500 mi ) . The sea was an important route for merchants and travellers of ancient times , facilitating trade and cultural exchange between peoples of the region . The history of the Mediterranean region is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies . The countries surrounding the Mediterranean in clockwise order are Spain , France , Monaco , Italy , Slovenia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Albania , Greece , Turkey , Syria , Lebanon , Israel , Egypt , Libya , Tunisia , Algeria , and Morocco ; Malta and Cyprus are island countries in the sea . In addition , the Gaza Strip and the British Overseas Territories of Gibraltar and Akrotiri and Dhekelia have coastlines on the sea .'}]}, {'value': 'Luftwaffe glide bomb hit troopship causing the largest loss of U.S. soldiers ( 1,050 ) at sea due to enemy action in a single incident', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glide_bomb', 'summary': 'A glide bomb or stand-off bomb is a standoff weapon with flight control surfaces to give it a flatter , gliding flight path than that of a conventional bomb without such surfaces . This allows it to be released at a distance from the target rather than right over it , allowing a successful attack without the aircraft needing to survive until reaching the target . World War II-era glide bombs like the German Fritz X and Henschel Hs 293 pioneered the use of remote control systems , allowing the controlling aircraft to direct the bomb to a pinpoint target as a pioneering form of precision-guided munition . Modern systems are generally self-guided or semi-automated , using GPS or laser designators to hit their target . The term glide bombing does not refer to the use of glide bombs , but a style of shallow-angle dive bombing .'}]}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Accident - shipwreck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Accident', 'summary': 'An accident is an unplanned event that sometimes has convenient or undesirable consequences , other times being inconsequential . The term implies that such an event may not be preventable since its antecedent circumstances go unrecognized and unaddressed . Most scientists who study unintentional injury avoid using the term accident and focus on factors that increase risk of severe injury and that reduce injury incidence and severity .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shipwreck', 'summary': 'A shipwreck is the remains of a ship that has wrecked , which are found either beached on land or sunken to the bottom of a body of water . Shipwrecking may be deliberate or accidental . In January 1999 , Angela Croome estimated that there have been about three million shipwrecks worldwide ( an estimate rapidly endorsed by UNESCO and other organizations ) .'}]}, {'value': '1,021', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PS General Slocum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PS_General_Slocum', 'summary': "The PS General Slocum [ notes 1 ] was a sidewheel passenger steamboat built in Brooklyn , New York , in 1891 . During her service history , she was involved in a number of mishaps , including multiple groundings and collisions . On June 15 , 1904 , General Slocum caught fire and sank in the East River of New York City . At the time of the accident , she was on a chartered run carrying members of St. Mark 's Evangelical Lutheran Church ( German Americans from Little Germany , Manhattan ) to a church picnic . An estimated 1,021 of the 1,342 people on board died . The General Slocum disaster was the New York area 's worst disaster in terms of loss of life until the September 11 , 2001 attacks . It is the worst maritime disaster in the city 's history , and the second worst maritime disaster on United States waterways . The events surrounding the General Slocum fire have been explored in a number of books , plays , and movies ."}]}, {'value': 'East River near New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_River', 'summary': 'The East River is a salt water tidal estuary in New York City . The waterway , which is actually not a river despite its name , connects Upper New York Bay on its south end to Long Island Sound on its north end . It separates the borough of Queens on Long Island from the Bronx on the North American mainland , and also divides Manhattan from Queens and Brooklyn , which is also on Long Island . Because of its connection to Long Island Sound , it was once also known as the Sound River . The tidal strait changes its direction of flow frequently , and is subject to strong fluctuations in its current , which are accentuated by its narrowness and variety of depths . The waterway is navigable for its entire length of 16 miles ( 26 km ) , and was historically the center of maritime activities in the city , although that is no longer the case .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': "Steamship sank due to fire on board . Deadliest maritime disaster in New York City , and deadliest in city 's history until 2001", 'urls': []}, {'value': '1893', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tropical cyclone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tropical_cyclone', 'summary': "A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center , a closed low-level atmospheric circulation , strong winds , and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain or squalls . Depending on its location and strength , a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names , including hurricane ( /ˈhʌrɪkən , -keɪn/ ) , typhoon ( /taɪˈfuːn/ ) , tropical storm , cyclonic storm , tropical depression , and simply cyclone . A hurricane is a tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean , and a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean ; in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean , comparable storms are referred to simply as tropical cyclones or severe cyclonic storms . Tropical refers to the geographical origin of these systems , which form almost exclusively over tropical seas . Cyclone refers to their winds moving in a circle , whirling round their central clear eye , with their winds blowing counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere . The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect . Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water . They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface , which ultimately recondenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation . This energy source differs from that of mid-latitude cyclonic storms , such as nor'easters and European windstorms , which are fueled primarily by horizontal temperature contrasts . Tropical cyclones are typically between 100 and 2,000 km ( 62 and 1,243 mi ) in diameter . The strong rotating winds of a tropical cyclone are a result of the conservation of angular momentum imparted by the Earth 's rotation as air flows inwards toward the axis of rotation . As a result , they rarely form within 5° of the equator ."}]}, {'value': '1,000-2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1893 Sea Islands hurricane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1893_Sea_Islands_hurricane', 'summary': 'On August 27 , 1893 , a major hurricane which came to be known as the Sea Islands Hurricane struck the United States near Savannah , Georgia . It was one of three deadly hurricanes during the 1893 Atlantic hurricane season ; the storm killed an estimated 1,000-2,000 people , mostly from storm surge . This is also the storm that made United States Life-Saving Service Keeper Dunbar Davis famous .'}]}, {'value': 'Georgia , South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)', 'summary': "Georgia ( /ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/ ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Georgia is the 24th largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Georgia is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the northeast by South Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by Florida , and to the west by Alabama . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Atlanta , a beta ( + ) global city , is both the state 's capital and its largest city . The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 5.9 million people in 2018 , is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 56% of the entire state population . Founded in 1733 as a British colony , Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2 , 1788 , Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . From 1802 to 1804 , western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina', 'summary': 'South Carolina ( /ˌkærəˈlaɪnə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Southeastern United States and the easternmost of the Deep South . It is bordered to the north by North Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the southwest by Georgia across the Savannah River . South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on May 23 , 1788 . It also became the first state to vote in favor of secession from the Union on December 20 , 1860 . After the American Civil War , it was readmitted into the United States on June 25 , 1868 . South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and 23rd most populous U.S. state . Its GDP as of 2013 was $ 183.6 billion , with an annual growth rate of 3.13% . South Carolina is composed of 46 counties . The capital is Columbia with a population of 133,451 in 2018 ; while its largest city is Charleston with a 2018 population of 136,208 . The Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin metropolitan area is the largest in the state , with a 2018 population estimate of 906,626 . South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England , who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for Charles .'}]}, {'value': 'Fatalities estimated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wildfire ( rural )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wildfire', 'summary': "A wildfire , wildland fire or rural fire is an uncontrolled fire in an area of combustible vegetation occurring in rural areas . Depending on the type of vegetation present , a wildfire can also be classified more specifically as a brush fire , bushfire ( in Australia ) , desert fire , forest fire , grass fire , hill fire , peat fire , vegetation fire , or veld fire . Many organizations consider wildfire to mean an unplanned and unwanted fire , while wildland fire is a broader term that includes prescribed fire as well as wildland fire use ( WFU ; these are also called monitored response fires ) . Fossil charcoal indicates that wildfires began soon after the appearance of terrestrial plants 420 million years ago . Wildfire 's occurrence throughout the history of terrestrial life invites conjecture that fire must have had pronounced evolutionary effects on most ecosystems ' flora and fauna . Earth is an intrinsically flammable planet owing to its cover of carbon-rich vegetation , seasonally dry climates , atmospheric oxygen , and widespread lightning and volcanic ignitions . Wildfires can be characterized in terms of the cause of ignition , their physical properties , the combustible material present , and the effect of weather on the fire . Wildfires can cause damage to property and human life , although naturally occurring wildfires may have beneficial effects on native vegetation , animals , and ecosystems that have evolved with fire . High-severity wildfire creates complex early seral forest habitat ( also called snag forest habitat ) , which often has higher species richness and diversity than unburned old forest . Many plant species depend on the effects of fire for growth and reproduction . Wildfires in ecosystems where wildfire is uncommon or where non-native vegetation has encroached may have strongly negative ecological effects . Wildfire behavior and severity result from a combination of factors such as available fuels , physical setting , and weather ."}]}, {'value': '1,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1918 Cloquet fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1918_Cloquet_fire', 'summary': 'The Cloquet fire was an immense forest fire in northern Minnesota , United States in October , 1918 , caused by sparks on the local railroads and dry conditions . The fire left much of western Carlton County devastated , mostly affecting Moose Lake , Cloquet , and Kettle River . Cloquet was hit the hardest by the fires . It was the worst natural disaster in Minnesota history in terms of the number of casualties in a single day . In total , 453 people died and 52,000 people were injured or displaced , 38 communities were destroyed , 250,000 acres ( 100,000 ha ) were burned , and $ 73 million ( $ 1.241 billion in 2020 United States dollars ) in property damage was suffered . Thirteen million dollars in federal aid were disbursed .'}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota', 'summary': "Minnesota ( /ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Upper Midwest , Great Lakes , and northern regions of the United States . Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11 , 1858 , created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory . The state has many lakes , and is known as the Land of 10,000 Lakes . Its official motto is L'Étoile du Nord ( French : Star of the North ) . Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 22nd most populous of the U.S. states ; nearly 55% of its residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area ( known as the Twin Cities ) . This area has the largest concentration of transportation , business , industry , education , and government in the state . Urban centers in Greater Minnesota include Duluth , Mankato , Moorhead , Rochester and St . Cloud . The geography of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture ; deciduous forests in the southeast , now partially cleared , farmed , and settled ; and the less populated North Woods , used for mining , forestry , and recreation . Thousands of years before Europeans arrived , Minnesota was inhabited by various indigenous peoples , some of whom remain in the state today . French explorers , missionaries , and fur traders began exploring the region in the 17th century , encountering the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe tribes . Much of what is now Minnesota was part of the vast French holding of Louisiana , which was purchased by the United States in 1803 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mass murder - suicide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murder–suicide', 'summary': 'A murder-suicide is an act in which an individual kills one or more people before ( or while ) killing oneself . The combination of murder and suicide can take various forms :'}]}, {'value': '918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jonestown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonestown', 'summary': "The Peoples Temple Agricultural Project , better known by its informal name Jonestown , was a remote settlement established by the Peoples Temple , a cult under the leadership of Jim Jones , in northwestern Guyana . It became internationally known when , on November 18 , 1978 , a total of 918 people died in the settlement , at the nearby airstrip in Port Kaituma , and at a Temple-run building in Georgetown , Guyana 's capital city . The name of the settlement became synonymous with the incidents at those locations . In total , 909 individuals died in Jonestown , all but two from apparent cyanide poisoning , in an event termed revolutionary suicide by Jones and some Peoples Temple members on an audio tape of the event , and in prior recorded discussions . The poisonings in Jonestown followed the murder of five others by Temple members at Port Kaituma , including United States Congressman Leo Ryan , an act that Jones ordered . Four other Temple members committed murder-suicide in Georgetown at Jones ' command . Terms used to describe the deaths in Jonestown and Georgetown evolved over time . Many contemporary media accounts after the events called the deaths a mass suicide . In contrast , most sources today refer to the deaths with terms such as mass murder-suicide , a massacre , or simply mass murder . Seventy or more individuals at Jonestown were injected with poison , and a third of the victims ( 304 ) were minors . Guards armed with guns and crossbows had been ordered to shoot those who fled the Jonestown pavilion as Jones lobbied for suicide . Jonestown resulted in the largest single loss of American civilian life in a deliberate act until September 11 , 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jonestown , Guyana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonestown,_Guyana', 'summary': "The Peoples Temple Agricultural Project , better known by its informal name Jonestown , was a remote settlement established by the Peoples Temple , a cult under the leadership of Jim Jones , in northwestern Guyana . It became internationally known when , on November 18 , 1978 , a total of 918 people died in the settlement , at the nearby airstrip in Port Kaituma , and at a Temple-run building in Georgetown , Guyana 's capital city . The name of the settlement became synonymous with the incidents at those locations . In total , 909 individuals died in Jonestown , all but two from apparent cyanide poisoning , in an event termed revolutionary suicide by Jones and some Peoples Temple members on an audio tape of the event , and in prior recorded discussions . The poisonings in Jonestown followed the murder of five others by Temple members at Port Kaituma , including United States Congressman Leo Ryan , an act that Jones ordered . Four other Temple members committed murder-suicide in Georgetown at Jones ' command . Terms used to describe the deaths in Jonestown and Georgetown evolved over time . Many contemporary media accounts after the events called the deaths a mass suicide . In contrast , most sources today refer to the deaths with terms such as mass murder-suicide , a massacre , or simply mass murder . Seventy or more individuals at Jonestown were injected with poison , and a third of the victims ( 304 ) were minors . Guards armed with guns and crossbows had been ordered to shoot those who fled the Jonestown pavilion as Jones lobbied for suicide . Jonestown resulted in the largest single loss of American civilian life in a deliberate act until September 11 , 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jim Jones , cult leader of the Peoples Temple Agricultural Project , convinced most of the group to drink grape Flavor Aid poisoned with cyanide or to inject themselves and their children with cyanide , totaling 909 deaths of U.S. nationals . A family of four other Temple members committed murder/suicide by knife in Georgetown . Five others were shot and killed while trying to escape from Jonestown , including U.S . Congressman Leo Ryan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Jones', 'summary': 'James Warren Jones ( May 13 , 1931 - November 18 , 1978 ) was an American civil rights preacher , faith healer and cult leader who conspired with his inner circle to direct a mass suicide and mass murder of his followers in his jungle commune at Jonestown , Guyana . He launched the Peoples Temple in Indiana during the 1950s . Rev . Jones was ordained in 1956 by the Independent Assemblies of God and in 1964 by the Disciples of Christ . [ note 1 ] He moved his congregation to California in 1965 and gained notoriety with its activities in San Francisco in the 1970s . He then left the United States , bringing many members to a Guyana jungle commune . In 1978 , media reports surfaced of human rights abuses in the Peoples Temple in Jonestown . U.S. Representative Leo Ryan led a delegation to the commune to investigate . Ryan and others were murdered by gunfire while boarding a return flight with some former cult members who had wished to leave . Jones then ordered and likely coerced a mass suicide and mass murder of 918 commune members , 304 of them children , almost all by cyanide-poisoned Flavor Aid .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Flavor_Aid', 'summary': 'Flavor Aid is a non-carbonated soft drink beverage made by The Jel Sert Company in West Chicago , Illinois . It was introduced in 1929 . It is sold throughout the United States as an unsweetened , powdered concentrate drink mix , similar to Kool-Aid brand drink mix .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cyanide', 'summary': 'A cyanide is a chemical compound that contains the group C≡N . This group , known as the cyano group , consists of a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom . In inorganic cyanides , the cyanide group is present as the anion CN− . Salts such as sodium cyanide and potassium cyanide are highly toxic . Hydrocyanic acid , also known as hydrogen cyanide , or HCN , is a highly volatile liquid that is produced on a large scale industrially . It is obtained by acidification of cyanide salts . Organic cyanides are usually called nitriles . In nitriles , the CN group is linked by a covalent bond to carbon . For example , in acetonitrile , the cyanide group is bonded to methyl ( CH3 ) . Because they do not release cyanide ions , nitriles are generally far less toxic than cyanide salts . Some nitriles , which occur naturally as cyanohydrins , release hydrogen cyanide .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Georgetown,_Guyana', 'summary': "Georgetown is a city and the capital of Guyana , located in Region 4 , which is also known as the Demerara-Mahaica region . It is the country 's largest urban centre . It is situated on the Atlantic Ocean coast at the mouth of the Demerara River and it was nicknamed the Garden City of the Caribbean . Georgetown serves primarily as a retail and administrative centre . It also serves as a financial services centre . The city recorded a population of 200,500 in the 2016 census ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Leo_Ryan', 'summary': "Leo Joseph Ryan Jr. ( May 5 , 1925 - November 18 , 1978 ) was an American teacher and politician . A member of the Democratic Party , he served as the U.S. Representative from California 's 11th congressional district from 1973 until his assassination during the Jonestown massacre in 1978 . After the Watts riots of 1965 , Ryan took a job as a substitute school teacher to investigate and document conditions in the area . In 1970 , he launched an investigation into California prisons . While presiding as chairman of the Assembly committee that oversaw prison reform , he used a pseudonym to enter Folsom State Prison as an inmate . During his time in Congress , Ryan traveled to Newfoundland to investigate the practice of seal hunting . He was also famous for vocal criticism of the lack of Congressional oversight of the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , and co-authored the Hughes-Ryan Amendment , passed in 1974 . Ryan was shot and killed at an airstrip in Guyana on November 18 , 1978 , as he and his party were attempting to leave . He had traveled to Guyana to investigate claims that people were being held against their will at the Peoples Temple Jonestown settlement . Shortly after the airstrip shootings , 909 members of the Jonestown settlement died in a mass suicide/murder by drinking cyanide-laced Flavor Aid . He was the second sitting member of the U.S. House of Representatives to be assassinated in office , after James M. Hinds in 1868 . Ryan was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 1983 ."}]}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Military strike - submarine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Military_strike', 'summary': "In the military of the United States , strikes and raids are a group of military operations that , alongside quite a number of others , come under the formal umbrella of military operations other than war ( MOOTW ) . Ex-military authors Bonn and Baker describe them as nothing more than the conduct of conventional combat missions on an individual or small-scale basis , and what they mean , specifically , depends on which particular branch of the military is using them . However , they do have formal , general , definitions in the United States Department of Defense 's Joint Publication 1-02 :"}, {'url': '/wiki/Submarine', 'summary': 'A submarine ( or sub ) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater . It differs from a submersible , which has more limited underwater capability . It is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots , as well as medium-sized or smaller vessels , such as the midget submarine and the wet sub . Submarines are referred to as boats rather than ships irrespective of their size . Although experimental submarines had been built before , submarine design took off during the 19th century , and they were adopted by several navies . Submarines were first widely used during World War I ( 1914-1918 ) , and are now used in many navies large and small . Military uses include attacking enemy surface ships ( merchant and military ) , or other submarines , aircraft carrier protection , blockade running , ballistic missile submarines as part of a nuclear strike force , reconnaissance , conventional land attack ( for example using a cruise missile ) , and covert insertion of special forces . Civilian uses for submarines include marine science , salvage , exploration and facility inspection and maintenance . Submarines can also be modified to perform more specialized functions such as search-and-rescue missions or undersea cable repair . Submarines are also used in tourism and undersea archaeology . Most large submarines consist of a cylindrical body with hemispherical ( or conical ) ends and a vertical structure , usually located amidships , which houses communications and sensing devices as well as periscopes . In modern submarines , this structure is the sail in American usage and fin in European usage .'}]}, {'value': '879', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USS Indianapolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Indianapolis_(CA-35)', 'summary': 'USS Indianapolis ( CL/CA-35 ) was a Portland-class heavy cruiser of the United States Navy , named for the city of Indianapolis , Indiana . Launched in 1931 , the vessel served as the flagship for the commander of Scouting Force 1 for eight years , then as flagship for Admiral Raymond Spruance in 1943 and 1944 while he commanded the Fifth Fleet in battles across the Central Pacific during World War II . In July 1945 , Indianapolis completed a top-secret high-speed trip to deliver parts of Little Boy , the first nuclear weapon ever used in combat , to the United States Army Air Force Base on the island of Tinian , and subsequently departed for the Philippines on training duty . At 0015 on 30 July , the ship was torpedoed by the Imperial Japanese Navy submarine I-58 , and sank in 12 minutes . Of 1,195 crewmen aboard , approximately 300 went down with the ship . The remaining 890 faced exposure , dehydration , saltwater poisoning , and shark attacks while stranded in the open ocean with few lifeboats and almost no food or water . The Navy only learned of the sinking four days later , when survivors were spotted by the crew of a PV-1 Ventura on routine patrol . Only 316 survived . The sinking of Indianapolis resulted in the greatest single loss of life at sea , from a single ship , in the history of the US Navy . [ a ] On 19 August 2017 , a search team financed by Paul Allen located the wreckage of the sunken cruiser in the Philippine Sea lying at a depth of approximately 18,000 ft ( 5,500 m ) . On 20 December 2018 , the crew of the Indianapolis was collectively awarded a Congressional Gold Medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Philippine Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippine_Sea', 'summary': 'The Philippine Sea is a marginal sea east and northeast of the Philippines occupying an estimated surface area of 5 million square kilometres ( 2 million square miles ) . The Philippine Sea Plate forms the floor of the sea , which forms a portion of the western North Pacific Ocean . It is bordered by the Philippine archipelago ( Luzon , Catanduanes , Samar , Leyte and Mindanao ) on the southwest ; Halmahera , Morotai , Palau , Yap , and Ulithi ( of the Carolines ) on the southeast ; the Marianas , including Guam , Saipan , and Tinian , on the east ; the Bonin and Iwo Jima on the northeast ; the Japanese islands of Honshu , Shikoku , and Kyūshū on the north ; the Ryukyu Islands on the northwest ; and Taiwan in the west . The sea has a complex and diverse undersea relief . The floor is formed into a structural basin by a series of geologic faults and fracture zones . Island arcs , which are actually extended ridges protruding above the ocean surface due to plate tectonic activity in the area , enclose the Philippine Sea to the north , east and south . The Philippine archipelago , Ryukyu Islands , and the Marianas are examples . Another prominent feature of the Philippine Sea is the presence of deep sea trenches , among them the Philippine Trench and the Mariana Trench , containing the deepest point on the planet .'}]}, {'value': 'Largest loss of life in the history of the U.S. Navy at sea', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Over 400 deaths', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_disasters_in_the_United_States_by_death_toll_0', 'intro': "This list of United States disasters by death toll includes disasters that occurred either in the United States, at diplomatic missions of the United States, or incidents outside of the United States in which a number of U.S. citizens were killed. It does not include death tolls from the American Civil War. Due to inflation, the monetary damage estimates are not comparable. Unless otherwise noted, the year given is the year in which the currency's valuation was calculated. This list is not comprehensive in general and epidemics are not included."}	null	null	What was the type of disaster that ocurred in the second largest state in the United States by area ?	Tropical cyclone
075ac41bb29dbf97	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_doping_cases_in_athletics', 'title': 'List of doping cases in athletics', 'header': ['Name', 'Country', 'Event', 'Date of violation', 'Banned substance ( s ) / Anti-doping rule violation', 'Sanction'], 'data': [{'value': 'Monzavous Edwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monzavous_Edwards', 'summary': 'Monzavous Rae Edwards ( born May 7 , 1981 ) is an American sprint athlete who specialises in the 100 meters . Edwards began his career as a junior athlete in 2000 , winning the USA Junior and Junior College ( JUCO ) championships in the 100 and 200 meters races . He competed at the 2000 World Junior Championships in Athletics and reached the semifinals of the 100 m and quarterfinals of the 200 m. He reached the final of the USA Outdoor Championships in Track and Field in 2003 , setting a personal record of 10.09 seconds . He competed at the US Olympic trials for the 2004 Athens Olympics , but did not progress beyond the quarterfinals . He received a public warning that year from the United States Anti-Doping Agency after he tested positive for tetrahydrocannabinol , a substance which is regarded as a minor infraction . At the 2005 US Outdoor Championships , he posted a personal record tying 10.09 s before finishing sixth in the 100 m final . As a result , he was selected as an alternate for the United States relay team at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics , but he did not compete . At the end of the 2005 season , he ran a new personal best of 10.08 seconds in Malmö , Sweden . The 2006 and 2007 seasons were largely uneventful , although he was part of the bronze-medal winning relay team at the 2007 Pan American Games . Edwards returned in 2008 to compete at the US Olympic trials for the Beijing Games . He finished tenth in the semifinals but recorded a new best of 10.06 seconds in the qualifying rounds . At the start of the following outdoor season , he significantly improved his 200 m best from 20.46 to 20.17 seconds at the Grande Premio Brasil Caixa de Atletismo .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cannabis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)', 'summary': 'Cannabis , also known as marijuana among other names , [ a ] is a psychoactive drug from the Cannabis plant used for medical or recreational purposes . The primary psychoactive component of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC ) , one of the 483 known compounds in the plant , including at least 65 other cannabinoids . Cannabis can be used by smoking , vaporizing , within food , or as an extract . Cannabis has mental and physical effects . It causes a high , or stoned , feeling and other effects including a general change in perception , difficulty thinking , impaired short-term memory , altered sense of time , impaired body movement , relaxation , and an increase in appetite . At high doses , mental effects include psychosis , delusions , hallucinations , paranoia , and ideas of reference , sometimes with anxiety and panic . Its physical effects include increased heart rate , difficulty breathing , nausea , and behavioral problems in children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy . Short-term side effects may include dry mouth , red eyes , and feelings of paranoia or anxiety . Long-term adverse effects may include addiction , decreased mental ability in those who started regular use as adolescents , chronic coughing , and susceptibility to respiratory infections . There is a strong relation between cannabis use and the risk of psychosis , though the cause-and-effect is debated . Onset of effects is felt within minutes when smoked , and about 30 to 60 minutes when cooked and eaten . The effects last for two to six hours .'}]}, {'value': 'Public warning', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Edwards', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Britain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clostebol , Testosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clostebol', 'summary': 'Clostebol ( INN ; also known as 4-chlorotestosterone ) usually as the ester clostebol acetate , is a synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroid ( AAS ) . Clostebol is the 4-chloro derivative of the natural hormone testosterone . The chlorination prevents conversion to dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) while also rendering the chemical incapable of conversion to estrogen . [ citation needed ] Although usually used as an ester including clostebol acetate ( Macrobin , Steranabol , Alfa-Trofodermin , Megagrisevit ) , clostebol caproate ( Macrobin-Depot ) , or clostebol propionate ( Yonchlon ) , unmodified/non-esterified clostebol is also reported to be marketed , under the brand name Trofodermin-S in Mexico . Clostebol is a weak AAS with potential use as a performance enhancing drug . It is currently banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency . Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone ( Oral Turinabol ) , combining the chemical structures of clostebol and metandienone , was widely used in the East German state-sponsored doping program .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Testosterone', 'summary': 'Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid . In male humans , testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate , as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass , and the growth of body hair . In addition , testosterone is involved in health and well-being , and the prevention of osteoporosis . Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss . Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen positions respectively . It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites . It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor . In humans and most other vertebrates , testosterone is secreted primarily by the testicles of males and , to a lesser extent , the ovaries of females . On average , in adult males , levels of testosterone are about 7 to 8 times as great as in adult females . As the metabolism of testosterone in males is more pronounced , the daily production is about 20 times greater in men . Females are also more sensitive to the hormone . In addition to its role as a natural hormone , testosterone is used as a medication in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men , transgender hormone therapy for transgender men , and breast cancer in women .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Edwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Edwards_(athlete)', 'summary': "Paul Michael Edwards ( born 16 February 1959 in Chiswick , Greater London ) is a retired professional athlete who competed in the men 's shot put event during his career . He competed for both Wales and England during his career and twice represented Great Britain at the Summer Olympics : 1988 and 1992 . Edwards was affiliated with the Walton Athletic Club and Belgrave Harriers in London . He represented Great Britain 43 times and won 11 AAA titles and 5 UK titles . He also represented Great Britain in decathlon and held Welsh national records at shot put , discus and decathlon and won 9 Welsh titles ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Britain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Shot put', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anabolic steroids , raised testosterone and pseudoephedrine Tetrahydrocannabinol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anabolic_steroids', 'summary': 'Anabolic steroids , also known more properly as anabolic-androgenic steroids ( AAS ) , are steroidal androgens that include natural androgens like testosterone as well as synthetic androgens that are structurally related and have similar effects to testosterone . They are anabolic and increase protein within cells , especially in skeletal muscles , and also have varying degrees of androgenic and virilizing effects , including induction of the development and maintenance of masculine secondary sexual characteristics such as the growth of facial and body hair . The word anabolic , referring to anabolism , comes from the Greek ἀναβολή anabole , that which is thrown up , mound . Androgens or AAS are one of three types of sex hormone agonists , the others being estrogens like estradiol and progestogens like progesterone . AAS were synthesized in the 1930s , and are now used therapeutically in medicine to stimulate muscle growth and appetite , induce male puberty and treat chronic wasting conditions , such as cancer and AIDS . The American College of Sports Medicine acknowledges that AAS , in the presence of adequate diet , can contribute to increases in body weight , often as lean mass increases and that the gains in muscular strength achieved through high-intensity exercise and proper diet can be additionally increased by the use of AAS in some individuals . Health risks can be produced by long-term use or excessive doses of AAS . These effects include harmful changes in cholesterol levels ( increased low-density lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein ) , acne , high blood pressure , liver damage ( mainly with most oral AAS ) , and dangerous changes in the structure of the left ventricle of the heart . These risks are further increased when , as they often do , athletes take steroids alongside other drugs , causing significantly more damage to their bodies . The effect of anabolic steroids on the heart can cause myocardial infarction and strokes . Conditions pertaining to hormonal imbalances such as gynecomastia and testicular size reduction may also be caused by AAS . In women and children , AAS can cause irreversible masculinization .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Testosterone', 'summary': 'Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid . In male humans , testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate , as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass , and the growth of body hair . In addition , testosterone is involved in health and well-being , and the prevention of osteoporosis . Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss . Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen positions respectively . It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites . It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor . In humans and most other vertebrates , testosterone is secreted primarily by the testicles of males and , to a lesser extent , the ovaries of females . On average , in adult males , levels of testosterone are about 7 to 8 times as great as in adult females . As the metabolism of testosterone in males is more pronounced , the daily production is about 20 times greater in men . Females are also more sensitive to the hormone . In addition to its role as a natural hormone , testosterone is used as a medication in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men , transgender hormone therapy for transgender men , and breast cancer in women .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pseudoephedrine', 'summary': 'Pseudoephedrine ( PSE ) is a sympathomimetic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes . It may be used as a nasal/sinus decongestant , as a stimulant , or as a wakefulness-promoting agent in higher doses . It was first characterized in 1889 , by the German chemists Ladenburg and Oelschlägel , who used a sample that had been isolated from Ephedra vulgaris by the Merck pharmaceutical corporation of Darmstadt , Germany . The salts pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine sulfate are found in many over-the-counter preparations , either as a single ingredient or ( more commonly ) in a fixed-dose combination with one or more additional active ingredients such as antihistamines , guaifenesin , dextromethorphan , paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) or an NSAID ( such as aspirin or ibuprofen ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol', 'summary': "Tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC ) is one of at least 113 cannabinoids identified in cannabis . THC is the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis . With chemical name ( − ) -trans-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol , the term THC also refers to cannabinoid isomers . Like most pharmacologically-active secondary metabolites of plants , THC is a lipid found in cannabis , assumed to be involved in the plant 's self-defense , putatively against insect predation , ultraviolet light , and environmental stress . THC , along with its double bond isomers and their stereoisomers , is one of only three cannabinoids scheduled by the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances ( the other two are dimethylheptylpyran and parahexyl ) . It was listed under Schedule I in 1971 , but reclassified to Schedule II in 1991 following a recommendation from the WHO . Based on subsequent studies , the WHO has recommended the reclassification to the less-stringent Schedule III . Cannabis as a plant is scheduled by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs ( Schedule I and IV ) . It is specifically still listed under Schedule I by US federal law under the Controlled Substances Act for having no accepted medical use and lack of accepted safety . However , dronabinol is a synthetic form of THC approved by the FDA as an appetite stimulant for people with AIDS and antiemetic for people receiving chemotherapy . The pharmaceutical formulation dronabinol is an oily resin provided in capsules available by prescription in the United States , Canada , Germany , and New Zealand ."}]}, {'value': '4 years Life ban', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torri Edwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torri_Edwards', 'summary': 'Torri Edwards ( born January 31 , 1977 ) is an American sprinter . She competes in 100 and 200 meters , winning an Olympic medal in 4×100-meter relay in 2000 . In 2003 , she won six medals in major international competitions , including one World Championship gold . Edwards competed in the 100 m at the 2008 Olympic Games .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nikethamide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nikethamide', 'summary': 'Nikethamide is a stimulant which mainly affects the respiratory cycle . Widely known by its former trade name of Coramine , it was used in the mid-twentieth century as a medical countermeasure against tranquilizer overdoses , before the advent of endotracheal intubation and positive-pressure lung expansion . It is no longer commonly considered to be of value for such purposes . In alternate terminology , it is known as nicotinic acid diethylamide , which meaningfully emphasizes its laboratory origins , and of which its common name is derived as a blend .'}]}, {'value': '15 months ( Reduced from 2 years )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Effiong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Effiong', 'summary': 'Daniel Effiong ( born 17 June 1972 in Calabar ) is a retired male sprinter from Nigeria . He became African 100 metres and Universiade champion in 1993 . Together with Innocent Asonze , Francis Obikwelu and Deji Aliu he won a bronze medal in 4 x 100 metres relay at the 1999 World Championships , but the team was later disqualified ( in August 2005 ) because Innocent Asonze failed a doping test in June 1999 . In 100 metres his personal best time was 9.98 seconds , achieved in the semifinal of the 1993 World Championships . This ranks him sixth in Nigeria , behind Olusoji Fasuba , Davidson Ezinwa , Olapade Adeniken , Francis Obikwelu and Uchenna Emedolu . In 200 metres his personal best time was 20.10 seconds , achieved in May 1994 in Mount Sac . This ranks him second in Nigeria , only behind Francis Obikwelu , and fourth in Africa , behind Frankie Fredericks , Obikwelu and Stéphan Buckland . He missed the 1995 World Championships in Athletics due to a failed drug test at the Nigerian Championships , where he tested positive for methyltestosterone and ephedrine . He received a four-year ban from the sport .'}]}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nigeria', 'summary': "Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Methyltestosterone and ephedrine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methyltestosterone', 'summary': 'Methyltestosterone , sold under the brand names Android , Metandren , and Testred among others , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which is used in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men , delayed puberty in boys , at low doses as a component of menopausal hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms like hot flashes , osteoporosis , and low sexual desire in women , and to treat breast cancer in women . It is taken by mouth or held in the cheek or under the tongue . Side effects of methyltestosterone include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . It can also cause estrogenic effects like fluid retention , breast tenderness , and breast enlargement in men and liver damage . The drug is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) . It has moderate androgenic effects and moderate anabolic effects , which make it useful for producing masculinization . Methyltestosterone was discovered in 1935 and was introduced for medical use in 1936 . It was made shortly after the discovery of testosterone and was one of the first synthetic AAS to be developed . In addition to its medical use , methyltestosterone is used to improve physique and performance , although it is not as commonly used as other AAS for such purposes due to its androgenic effects , estrogenic effects , and risk of liver damage . The drug is a controlled substance in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ephedrine', 'summary': 'Ephedrine is a medication and stimulant . It is often used to prevent low blood pressure during spinal anesthesia . It has also been used for asthma , narcolepsy , and obesity but is not the preferred treatment . It is of unclear benefit in nasal congestion . It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a muscle , vein , or just under the skin . Onset with intravenous use is fast , while injection into a muscle can take 20 minutes , and by mouth can take an hour for effect . When given by injection it lasts about an hour and when taken by mouth it can last up to four hours . Common side effects include trouble sleeping , anxiety , headache , hallucinations , high blood pressure , fast heart rate , loss of appetite , and inability to urinate . Serious side effects include stroke , heart attack , and abuse . While likely safe in pregnancy , its use in this population is poorly studied . Use during breastfeeding is not recommended . Ephedrine works by increasing the activity of the α and β adrenergic receptors .'}]}, {'value': '4 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inna Eftimova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inna_Eftimova', 'summary': 'Inna Eftimova ( Bulgarian : Инна Ефтимова ; born June 19 , 1988 in Sofia ) is a track and field sprint athlete who competes internationally for Bulgaria . Eftimova represented Bulgaria at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . She competed at the 100 metres sprint and placed 4th in her heat without advancing to the second round . She ran the distance in a time of 11.67 seconds . In May 2012 , the Bulgarian athletics federation announced a two-year ban for Eftimova after testing positive for somatotropin at the World Championships held in August 2011 in Daegu , South Korea . As a consequence of the ban she missed the 2012 London Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011 { Retested 2012 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Recombinant Human Growth hormone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Growth_hormone', 'summary': "Growth hormone ( GH ) or somatotropin , also known as human growth hormone ( hGH or HGH ) in its human form , is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth , cell reproduction , and cell regeneration in humans and other animals . It is thus important in human development . GH also stimulates production of IGF-1 and increases the concentration of glucose and free fatty acids . It is a type of mitogen which is specific only to the receptors on certain types of cells . GH is a 191-amino acid , single-chain polypeptide that is synthesized , stored and secreted by somatotropic cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland . A recombinant form of hGH called somatreopleopin ( INN ) is used as a prescription drug to treat children 's growth disorders and adult growth hormone deficiency . In the United States , it is only available legally from pharmacies by prescription from a licensed health care provider . In recent years in the United States , some health care providers are prescribing growth hormone in the elderly to increase vitality . While legal , the efficacy and safety of this use for HGH has not been tested in a clinical trial . Many of the functions of hGH remain unknown . In its role as an anabolic agent , HGH has been used by competitors in sports since at least 1982 , and has been banned by the IOC and NCAA . Traditional urine analysis does not detect doping with HGH , so the ban was not enforced until the early 2000s , when blood tests that could distinguish between natural and artificial HGH were starting to be developed ."}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florence Ekpo-Umoh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florence_Ekpo-Umoh', 'summary': 'Florence Ekpo-Umoh ( born 27 December 1977 in Lagos ) is a Nigerian-German sprinter , who specializes in the 400 m. She was suspended from competing for two years for doping .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanozolol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanozolol', 'summary': 'Stanozolol ( abbrev . Stz ) , sold under many brand names , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which was derived from dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , it is used to treat hereditary angioedema . It was developed by American pharmaceutical company Winthrop Laboratories ( Sterling Drug ) in 1962 , and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for human use , though it is no longer marketed in the USA . It is also used in veterinary medicine . Stanozolol has mostly been discontinued , and remains available in only a few countries . It is given by mouth in humans or by injection into muscle in animals . Unlike most injectable AAS , stanozolol is not esterified and is sold as an aqueous suspension , or in oral tablet form . The drug has a high oral bioavailability , due to a C17α alkylation which allows the hormone to survive first-pass liver metabolism when ingested . It is because of this that stanozolol is also sold in tablet form . Stanozolol is one of the AAS commonly used as performance-enhancing drugs and is banned from use in sports competition under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) and many other sporting bodies . Additionally , stanozolol has been used in US horse racing .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christy Ekpukhon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christy_Ekpukhon', 'summary': 'Christy Ekpukhon Ihunaegbo ( born 6 February 1985 in Asaba ) is a Nigerian sprinter who specializes in the 400 metres . Her personal best time is 51.11 seconds , achieved in May 2007 in Brazzaville . In 2008 , she was found guilty of metenolone doping . The sample was delivered on 17 February 2008 in an in-competition test in Leipzig . Ekpukhon received a suspension from March 2008 to March 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nigeria', 'summary': "Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metenolone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metenolone', 'summary': 'Metenolone , or methenolone , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) which is used in the form of esters such as metenolone acetate ( brand name Primobolan , Nibal ) and metenolone enanthate ( brand name Primobolan Depot , Nibal Injection ) . Metenolone esters are used mainly in the treatment of anemia due to bone marrow failure . Metenolone acetate is taken by mouth , while metenolone enanthate is given by injection into muscle . Side effects of metenolone esters include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . Metenolone esters are synthetic androgens and anabolic steroids and hence are agonists of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) . They have moderate anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects , as well as no estrogenic effects or risk of liver damage . Metenolone esters are androgen esters and prodrugs of metenolone in the body . Metenolone esters were introduced for medical use in the early 1960s . In addition to their medical use , metenolone esters are used to improve physique and performance . The drugs are controlled substances in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit . They have mostly been discontinued for medical use and have limited availability .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abderrahim El Asri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Cross country running', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EPO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erythropoetin', 'summary': 'Erythropoietin ( /ɪˌrɪθroʊˈpɔɪ.ɪtɪn , -rə- , -pɔɪˈɛtɪn , -ˈiːtɪn/ ; EPO ) , also known as haematopoietin or haemopoietin , is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia ; it stimulates red blood cell production ( erythropoiesis ) in the bone marrow . Low levels of EPO ( around 10 mU/mL ) are constantly secreted sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover . Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO ( up to 10 000 mU/mL ) include any anemia , and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease . Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with the peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule . It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver . Liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period ; renal production predominates in adulthood . It is homologous with thrombopoietin . Exogenous erythropoietin , recombinant human erythropoietin ( rhEPO ) , is produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell culture and are collectively called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESA ) : two examples are epoetin alfa and epoetin beta . ESAs are used in the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease , anemia in myelodysplasia , and in anemia from cancer chemotherapy . Risks of therapy include death , myocardial infarction , stroke , venous thromboembolism , and tumor recurrence . Risk increases when EPO treatment raises hemoglobin levels over 11 g/dL to 12 g/dL : this is to be avoided . rhEPO has been used illicitly as a performance-enhancing drug .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wafa Ismail El Baghdadi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wafa_Ismail_El_Baghdadi', 'summary': 'Wafaa Ismail Baghdadi ( born 1 October 1969 ) is an Egyptian athlete specializing in the shot put .'}]}, {'value': 'Egypt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egypt', 'summary': "Egypt ( /ˈiːdʒɪpt/ ( listen ) EE-jipt ; Arabic : مِصر Miṣr , Egyptian Arabic : مَصر Maṣr , Coptic : Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khēmi ) , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip ( Palestine ) and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea to the east , Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan , across the Red Sea lies Saudi Arabia , and across the Mediterranean lie Greece , Turkey and Cyprus , although none share a land border with Egypt . Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 6th-4th millennia BCE . Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing , agriculture , urbanisation , organised religion and central government . Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx , as well the ruins of Memphis , Thebes , Karnak , and the Valley of the Kings , reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of scientific and popular interest . Egypt 's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity , which has endured , and often assimilated , various foreign influences , including Greek , Persian , Roman , Arab , Ottoman Turkish , and Nubian . Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity , but was largely Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country , albeit with a significant Christian minority . From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century , Egypt was ruled by foreign imperial powers : The Ottoman Empire and the British Empire . Modern Egypt dates back to 1922 , when it gained nominal independence from the British Empire as a monarchy . However , British military occupation of Egypt continued , and many Egyptians believed that the monarchy was an instrument of British colonialism . Following the 1952 revolution , Egypt expelled British soldiers and bureaucrats and ended British occupation , nationalized the British-held Suez Canal , exiled King Farouk and his family , and declared itself a republic ."}]}, {'value': 'Shot put', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Methandienone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methandienone', 'summary': 'Metandienone , also known as methandienone or methandrostenolone and sold under the brand name Dianabol among others , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which is mostly no longer used . It is also used non-medically for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes . It is often taken by mouth . Side effects of metandienone include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire , estrogenic effects like fluid retention and breast enlargement , and liver damage . The drug is an agonist of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , and has strong anabolic effects and moderate androgenic effects . It also has moderate estrogenic effects . Metandienone was originally developed in 1955 by CIBA and marketed in Germany and the United States . As the CIBA product Dianabol , metandienone quickly became the first widely used AAS among professional and amateur athletes , and remains the most common orally active AAS for non-medical use . It is currently a controlled substance in the United States and United Kingdom and remains popular among bodybuilders . Metandienone is readily available without a prescription in certain countries such as Mexico , and is also manufactured in some Asian countries .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hayat El Ghazi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hayat_El_Ghazi', 'summary': 'Hayat El Ghazi ( born 1979 ) is a Moroccan hammer thrower . She won the bronze medals at the 2002 and 2004 African Championships . In 2003 , she threw a national record throw of 60.43 metres . In 2007 El Ghazi was found guilty of norandrosterone doping . The sample was delivered on 10 August 2006 at the 2006 African Championships in Bambous , Mauritius , where she originally won the silver medal . She received a suspension from September 2006 to September 2008 , as well as disqualification of all results accomplished since the day she was tested .'}]}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Hammer throw', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norandrosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norandrosterone', 'summary': '19-Norandrosterone , also known as 5α-estran-3α-ol-17-one , is a metabolite of nandrolone ( 19-nortestosterone ) and bolandione ( 19-norandrostenedione ) that is formed by 5α-reductase . It is on the list of substances prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency since it is a detectable metabolite of nandrolone , an anabolic-androgenic steroid ( AAS ) . Consumption of androstendione products contaminated with traces of bolandione may also result in testing positive for nandrolone . Traces of 19-norandrosterone may be naturally present in human urine . An experiment conducted on athletes showed that after a prolonged intense effort , the 19-norandrosterone concentration can be increased by a factor varying between 2 and 4 , but another study failed to replicate the result . Concentration also increases in the urine of female athletes during menstruation . The consumption of edible parts of a non-castrated pig , containing 19-nortestosterone , has been shown to result in the excretion of 19-norandrosterone in the following hours , so athletes should prudently avoid meals composed of pig offal in the hours preceding doping tests . Consumption of boar meat , liver , kidneys and heart also increased 19-norandrosterone output .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohamed El Hachimi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohamed_El_Hachimi', 'summary': "Mohamed El-Hachimi ( Arabic : محمد الهاشمي born September 5 , 1980 ) is a Moroccan long-distance runner . El-Hachimi represented Morocco at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , where he competed for the men 's 10,000 metres , along with his teammate Abdellah Falil . He failed to finish the race ."}]}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Methylhexaneamine CERA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methylhexaneamine', 'summary': 'Methylhexanamine ( also known as methylhexamine , 1,3-dimethylamylamine , 1,3-DMAA , dimethylamylamine , and DMAA ; trade names Forthane and Geranamine ) is an indirect sympathomimetic drug invented and developed by Eli Lilly and Company and marketed as an inhaled nasal decongestant from 1948 until it was voluntarily withdrawn from the market in the 1970s . Since 2006 methylhexanamine has been sold extensively under many names as a stimulant or energy-boosting dietary supplement under the claim that it is similar to certain compounds found in geraniums , but its safety has been questioned as a number of adverse events and at least five deaths have been associated with methylhexanamine-containing supplements . It is banned by many sports authorities and governmental agencies . Despite multiple warning letters from the FDA , as of 2019 , the stimulant remains available in sports and weight loss supplements .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Continuous_erythropoietin_receptor_activator', 'summary': "Continuous erythropoietin receptor activator ( CERA ) is the generic term for drugs in a new class of third-generation erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESAs ) . In the media , these agents are commonly referred to as 'EPO ' , short for erythropoietin . CERAs have an extended half-life and a mechanism of action that promotes increased stimulation of erythropoietin receptors compared with other ESAs . Under the trade name Mircera , Roche Pharmaceuticals received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) in January 2008 to market a continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator ( methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta ) for the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease , including in those undergoing dialysis . . [ citation needed ] This issue appears to have been resolved since Fresenius Medical dialysis clinics in the US are now administering this drug . [ citation needed ] ) Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta had been approved by the European Commission in August 2007 , and was made available in Europe at the start of 2008 . In terms of its structure , Mircera is similar to the previous synthetic EPO drugs , except that it is connected to a chemical called polyethylene glycol ( PEG ) , which makes it last longer in the body . According to Roche , the product has the longest half-life of all FDA-approved erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESAs ) : up to 6 times longer than darbepoetin alfa and up to 20 times longer than epoetin . CERAs thus promise both lower dosing - significant owing to the high inherent cost of manufacturing recombinant protein drugs - and less frequent injections for patients . ESAs are administered via subcutaneous injections , often in doctor 's offices for patients who lack the skill or dexterity to inject themselves , so the once- or twice-monthly dosing regimen for CERAs promises fewer costly , inconvenient office visits for patients requiring constant hemoglobin level maintenance for chronic kidney disease . In clinical trials , CERA dosed every 3 to 4 weeks demonstrated efficacy similar to that of epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa in maintaining hemoglobin concentrations within the target hemoglobin range ."}]}, {'value': '6 months 6 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fouad Elkaam ( Fouad El Kaam )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fouad_Elkaam', 'summary': 'Fouad Elkaam ( born 27 May 1988 ) is a Moroccan middle-distance runner . He competed in the 1500 m event at the 2015 World Championships and 2016 Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Methylhexaneamine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methylhexaneamine', 'summary': 'Methylhexanamine ( also known as methylhexamine , 1,3-dimethylamylamine , 1,3-DMAA , dimethylamylamine , and DMAA ; trade names Forthane and Geranamine ) is an indirect sympathomimetic drug invented and developed by Eli Lilly and Company and marketed as an inhaled nasal decongestant from 1948 until it was voluntarily withdrawn from the market in the 1970s . Since 2006 methylhexanamine has been sold extensively under many names as a stimulant or energy-boosting dietary supplement under the claim that it is similar to certain compounds found in geraniums , but its safety has been questioned as a number of adverse events and at least five deaths have been associated with methylhexanamine-containing supplements . It is banned by many sports authorities and governmental agencies . Despite multiple warning letters from the FDA , as of 2019 , the stimulant remains available in sports and weight loss supplements .'}]}, {'value': '6 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saïda El Mehdi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saïda_El_Mehdi', 'summary': 'Saïda El Mehdi ( born 21 September 1981 ) is a Moroccan middle distance runner who specializes in the 800 and 1500 metres . In 2004 , she won an 800 m gold medal and a 1500 m silver medal at the 2004 African Championships in Athletics and she was the 1500 m bronze medallist at the 2004 Pan Arab Games . The following year she won medals in both events at the 2005 Jeux de la Francophonie . She was suspended for two years after she failed a doping test at the Meeting SEAT in Paris in February 2009 . Having tested positive for the steroid stanozolol , she was banned from competition until 29 April 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanozolol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanozolol', 'summary': 'Stanozolol ( abbrev . Stz ) , sold under many brand names , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which was derived from dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , it is used to treat hereditary angioedema . It was developed by American pharmaceutical company Winthrop Laboratories ( Sterling Drug ) in 1962 , and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for human use , though it is no longer marketed in the USA . It is also used in veterinary medicine . Stanozolol has mostly been discontinued , and remains available in only a few countries . It is given by mouth in humans or by injection into muscle in animals . Unlike most injectable AAS , stanozolol is not esterified and is sold as an aqueous suspension , or in oral tablet form . The drug has a high oral bioavailability , due to a C17α alkylation which allows the hormone to survive first-pass liver metabolism when ingested . It is because of this that stanozolol is also sold in tablet form . Stanozolol is one of the AAS commonly used as performance-enhancing drugs and is banned from use in sports competition under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) and many other sporting bodies . Additionally , stanozolol has been used in US horse racing .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rkia El Moukim', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biological passport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biological_passport', 'summary': 'An athlete biological passport is an individual electronic record for professional athletes , in which profiles of biological markers of doping and results of doping tests are collated over a period of time . Doping violations can be detected by noting variances from an athletes established levels outside permissible limits , rather than testing for and identifying illegal substances . Although the terminology athlete passport is recent , the use of biological markers of doping has a long history in anti-doping . Maybe the first marker of doping , that tries to detect a prohibited substance not based on its presence in urine or blood , but through the induced deviations in biological parameters , is the so-called testosterone over epitestosterone ratio ( T/E ) . The T/E has been used by sports authorities since the beginning of the 1980s to detect anabolic steroids in urine samples . A decade later , in 1997 , markers of blood doping were introduced by some international federations , such as the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) and the Federation Internationale de Ski , to deter the abuse of recombinant erythropoietin that was undetectable by direct means at that time . It is only in 2002 that the concept of using biological markers to detect doping became known by the term athlete passport . The merits of this testing paradigm were exposed in the scientific literature and the terminology adopted by the World Anti-Doping agency . Many believe [ who ? ] that the athlete passport provides an excellent alternative to ensure fairness in elite sports . While a new drug test must be developed and validated for each new drug , the main advantage of the athlete passport is that it is based on the stability of the physiology of the human being . New drugs are produced at an unprecedented pace today and there is often a lag of several years between the availability of a new drug and the application of an effective detection method .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Najim El Qady', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biological passport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biological_passport', 'summary': 'An athlete biological passport is an individual electronic record for professional athletes , in which profiles of biological markers of doping and results of doping tests are collated over a period of time . Doping violations can be detected by noting variances from an athletes established levels outside permissible limits , rather than testing for and identifying illegal substances . Although the terminology athlete passport is recent , the use of biological markers of doping has a long history in anti-doping . Maybe the first marker of doping , that tries to detect a prohibited substance not based on its presence in urine or blood , but through the induced deviations in biological parameters , is the so-called testosterone over epitestosterone ratio ( T/E ) . The T/E has been used by sports authorities since the beginning of the 1980s to detect anabolic steroids in urine samples . A decade later , in 1997 , markers of blood doping were introduced by some international federations , such as the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) and the Federation Internationale de Ski , to deter the abuse of recombinant erythropoietin that was undetectable by direct means at that time . It is only in 2002 that the concept of using biological markers to detect doping became known by the term athlete passport . The merits of this testing paradigm were exposed in the scientific literature and the terminology adopted by the World Anti-Doping agency . Many believe [ who ? ] that the athlete passport provides an excellent alternative to ensure fairness in elite sports . While a new drug test must be developed and validated for each new drug , the main advantage of the athlete passport is that it is based on the stability of the physiology of the human being . New drugs are produced at an unprecedented pace today and there is often a lag of several years between the availability of a new drug and the application of an effective detection method .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanislav Emelyanov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanislav_Emelyanov', 'summary': 'Stanislav Valeryevich Emelyanov ( Russian : Станислав Валерьевич Емельянов ; born 23 October 1990 ) is a former Russian race walker .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Race walking', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biological passport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biological_passport', 'summary': 'An athlete biological passport is an individual electronic record for professional athletes , in which profiles of biological markers of doping and results of doping tests are collated over a period of time . Doping violations can be detected by noting variances from an athletes established levels outside permissible limits , rather than testing for and identifying illegal substances . Although the terminology athlete passport is recent , the use of biological markers of doping has a long history in anti-doping . Maybe the first marker of doping , that tries to detect a prohibited substance not based on its presence in urine or blood , but through the induced deviations in biological parameters , is the so-called testosterone over epitestosterone ratio ( T/E ) . The T/E has been used by sports authorities since the beginning of the 1980s to detect anabolic steroids in urine samples . A decade later , in 1997 , markers of blood doping were introduced by some international federations , such as the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) and the Federation Internationale de Ski , to deter the abuse of recombinant erythropoietin that was undetectable by direct means at that time . It is only in 2002 that the concept of using biological markers to detect doping became known by the term athlete passport . The merits of this testing paradigm were exposed in the scientific literature and the terminology adopted by the World Anti-Doping agency . Many believe [ who ? ] that the athlete passport provides an excellent alternative to ensure fairness in elite sports . While a new drug test must be developed and validated for each new drug , the main advantage of the athlete passport is that it is based on the stability of the physiology of the human being . New drugs are produced at an unprecedented pace today and there is often a lag of several years between the availability of a new drug and the application of an effective detection method .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alene Emere', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nandrolone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nandrolone', 'summary': 'Nandrolone , also known as 19-nortestosterone , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) which is used in the form of esters such as nandrolone decanoate ( brand name Deca-Durabolin ) and nandrolone phenylpropionate ( brand name Durabolin ) . Nandrolone esters are used in the treatment of anemias , cachexia ( wasting syndrome ) , osteoporosis , breast cancer , and for other indications . They are not used by mouth and instead are given by injection into muscle or fat . Side effects of nandrolone esters include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . They are synthetic androgens and anabolic steroids and hence are agonists of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) . Nandrolone esters have strong anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects , which give them a mild side effect profile and make them especially suitable for use in women and children . They are long-lasting prodrugs of nandrolone in the body . Nandrolone esters were first described and introduced for medical use in the late 1950s . They are among the most widely used AAS worldwide . In addition to their medical use , nandrolone esters are used to improve physique and performance , and are said to be the most widely used AAS for such purposes . The drugs are controlled substances in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ivan Emilianov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivan_Emilianov', 'summary': 'Ivan Emilianov ( born 19 February 1977 in Chişinău ) is a Moldovan shot putter . He competed at the Olympic Games in 2000 , 2004 and 2008 , the World Championships in 2001 and 2007 , the World Indoor Championships in 2004 and 2008 and the European Championships in 2002 and 2006 without reaching the finals . He achieved his best throw of 20.64 metres on May 29 , 2011 at the Moldovan Championships in Chişinău , Moldova . He has 20.26 metres on the indoor track , achieved in February 2000 in Chişinău . He improved his own Moldovan national record in the shot put at an indoor meet in Moldova in February , launching the implement 20.31 m .'}]}, {'value': 'Moldova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moldova', 'summary': "Moldova ( /mɒlˈdoʊvə/ ( listen ) , sometimes UK : /ˈmɒldəvə/ ) , officially the Republic of Moldova ( Romanian : Republica Moldova ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe , bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north , east , and south . The capital city is Chișinău . Most of the Moldovan territory was a part of the Principality of Moldavia from the 14th century until 1812 , when it was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire ( to which Moldavia was a vassal state ) and became known as Bessarabia . In 1856 , southern Bessarabia was returned to Moldavia , which three years later united with Wallachia to form Romania , but Russian rule was restored over the whole of the region in 1878 . During the 1917 Russian Revolution , Bessarabia briefly became an autonomous state within the Russian Republic , known as the Moldavian Democratic Republic . In February 1918 , the Moldavian Democratic Republic declared independence and then integrated into Romania later that year following a vote of its assembly . The decision was disputed by Soviet Russia , which in 1924 established , within the Ukrainian SSR , a Moldavian autonomous republic ( MASSR ) on partially Moldovan-inhabited territories to the east of Bessarabia . In 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia to the Soviet Union , leading to the creation of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Moldavian SSR ) , which included the greater part of Bessarabia and the westernmost strip of the former MASSR ( east of the Dniester River ) . On 27 August 1991 , as the dissolution of the Soviet Union was underway , the Moldavian SSR declared independence and took the name Moldova . The constitution of Moldova was adopted in 1994 . The strip of the Moldovan territory on the east bank of the Dniester has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990 . Due to a decrease in industrial and agricultural output following the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the service sector has grown to dominate Moldova 's economy and is over 60% of the nation 's GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Shot put', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metenolone , Stanozolol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metenolone', 'summary': 'Metenolone , or methenolone , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) which is used in the form of esters such as metenolone acetate ( brand name Primobolan , Nibal ) and metenolone enanthate ( brand name Primobolan Depot , Nibal Injection ) . Metenolone esters are used mainly in the treatment of anemia due to bone marrow failure . Metenolone acetate is taken by mouth , while metenolone enanthate is given by injection into muscle . Side effects of metenolone esters include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . Metenolone esters are synthetic androgens and anabolic steroids and hence are agonists of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) . They have moderate anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects , as well as no estrogenic effects or risk of liver damage . Metenolone esters are androgen esters and prodrugs of metenolone in the body . Metenolone esters were introduced for medical use in the early 1960s . In addition to their medical use , metenolone esters are used to improve physique and performance . The drugs are controlled substances in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit . They have mostly been discontinued for medical use and have limited availability .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stanozolol', 'summary': 'Stanozolol ( abbrev . Stz ) , sold under many brand names , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which was derived from dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , it is used to treat hereditary angioedema . It was developed by American pharmaceutical company Winthrop Laboratories ( Sterling Drug ) in 1962 , and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for human use , though it is no longer marketed in the USA . It is also used in veterinary medicine . Stanozolol has mostly been discontinued , and remains available in only a few countries . It is given by mouth in humans or by injection into muscle in animals . Unlike most injectable AAS , stanozolol is not esterified and is sold as an aqueous suspension , or in oral tablet form . The drug has a high oral bioavailability , due to a C17α alkylation which allows the hormone to survive first-pass liver metabolism when ingested . It is because of this that stanozolol is also sold in tablet form . Stanozolol is one of the AAS commonly used as performance-enhancing drugs and is banned from use in sports competition under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) and many other sporting bodies . Additionally , stanozolol has been used in US horse racing .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meryem Erdogan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meryem_Erdogan', 'summary': 'Meryem Erdoğan ( formerly Mariam Tanga or Mariam Hana Dingo , born April 24 , 1990 ) is an Ethiopian-born Turkish female long-distance runner . In 2012 Erdoğan was banned for two years after doping .'}]}, {'value': 'Turkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkey', 'summary': "Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power ."}]}, {'value': 'Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biological passport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biological_passport', 'summary': 'An athlete biological passport is an individual electronic record for professional athletes , in which profiles of biological markers of doping and results of doping tests are collated over a period of time . Doping violations can be detected by noting variances from an athletes established levels outside permissible limits , rather than testing for and identifying illegal substances . Although the terminology athlete passport is recent , the use of biological markers of doping has a long history in anti-doping . Maybe the first marker of doping , that tries to detect a prohibited substance not based on its presence in urine or blood , but through the induced deviations in biological parameters , is the so-called testosterone over epitestosterone ratio ( T/E ) . The T/E has been used by sports authorities since the beginning of the 1980s to detect anabolic steroids in urine samples . A decade later , in 1997 , markers of blood doping were introduced by some international federations , such as the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) and the Federation Internationale de Ski , to deter the abuse of recombinant erythropoietin that was undetectable by direct means at that time . It is only in 2002 that the concept of using biological markers to detect doping became known by the term athlete passport . The merits of this testing paradigm were exposed in the scientific literature and the terminology adopted by the World Anti-Doping agency . Many believe [ who ? ] that the athlete passport provides an excellent alternative to ensure fairness in elite sports . While a new drug test must be developed and validated for each new drug , the main advantage of the athlete passport is that it is based on the stability of the physiology of the human being . New drugs are produced at an unprecedented pace today and there is often a lag of several years between the availability of a new drug and the application of an effective detection method .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'E', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_doping_cases_in_athletics_4', 'intro': "The use of performance-enhancing drugs (doping) is prohibited within the sport of athletics. Athletes who are found to have used such banned substances, whether through a positive drugs test, the biological passport system, an investigation or public admission, may receive a competition ban for a length of time which reflects the severity of the infraction. Athletes who are found to have banned substances in their possession, or who tamper with or refuse to submit to drug testing can also receive bans from the sport. Competitive bans may also be given to athletes who test positive for prohibited recreational drugs or stimulants with little performance-enhancing effect for competitors in athletics. The sports body responsible for determining which substances are banned in athletics is the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Typically, any athlete who tests positive for banned substances after having served a previous ban receives a lifetime ban from the sport of athletics. Many high-profile sportspeople to receive doping bans have come from the sport of athletics, with significant past cases concerning Ben Johnson, Lance Armstrong, Alberto Contador, Shane Warne, Diego Maradona, Shoaib Akhtar, Marion Jones and Tim Montgomery. Furthermore, a number of athletes who underwent state-sponsored doping programmes in East Germany between the 1960s and 1980s were competitors in athletics, but the quality of the international anti-doping work was so poor that only one East German athlete ever tested positive. Following allegations of state-sponsored doping in Russia, the IAAF suspended the country's athletes from competition, including the 2016 Summer Olympics."}	null	null	What is the population of the country that has an athlete on the list who was born in Lagos ?	83 million
075ad222d352fb41	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Parliament', 'title': 'Vice-President of the European Parliament', 'header': ['', 'Members', 'Group', 'State', 'Votes'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gianni Pittella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giovanni_Pittella', 'summary': 'Giovanni Saverio Furio Pittella ( born 19 November 1958 ) is an Italian politician who served as Leader of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats Group from 2014 to 2018 and Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) from Italy from 1999 to 2018 . He previously served as First Vice President of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'S & D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats', 'summary': 'The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats ( S & D ) is the political group in the European Parliament of the Party of European Socialists ( PES ) . The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats was officially founded as a Socialist Group on 29 June 1953 which makes it the second oldest political group in the European Parliament after the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Group ( ALDE ) . It adopted its present-day name on 23 June 2009 . Centre-left in orientation , the group mostly comprises social-democratic parties and is affiliated with the Progressive Alliance . Until the 1999 European Parliament elections , it was the largest group in the Parliament , but since then it has always been the second-largest group . During the 8th EU Parliament Assembly , the S & D was the only Parliament group with representation from all 27 EU member states . In the current EU Parliament the S & D is currently composed of 147 members from 25 member states . In the European Council , 8 out of 27 Heads of State and Government belong to the S & D Group and in the European Commission , 8 out of 27 Commissioners come from PES parties .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '319', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miguel Angel Martínez Martínez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miguel_Angel_Martínez_Martínez', 'summary': "Miguel Ángel Martínez Martínez ( born 30 January 1940 , in Madrid ) is a Spanish politician and Member of the European Parliament for the Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party , part of the Party of European Socialists . Martínez Martínez is a Vice Chair of the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly . He was the first full-time and paid Secretary General of the International Falcon Movement - Socialist Education International the children 's international of the Socialist Group ( 1966-1972 ) , Vice-President of the WEU Assembly ( 1986-1996 ) . Vice-President ( 1983-1992 ) and President ( 1992-1996 ) of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe . He also represented Ciudad Real Province in the Spanish Congress of Deputies from 1977 to 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'S & D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats', 'summary': 'The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats ( S & D ) is the political group in the European Parliament of the Party of European Socialists ( PES ) . The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats was officially founded as a Socialist Group on 29 June 1953 which makes it the second oldest political group in the European Parliament after the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Group ( ALDE ) . It adopted its present-day name on 23 June 2009 . Centre-left in orientation , the group mostly comprises social-democratic parties and is affiliated with the Progressive Alliance . Until the 1999 European Parliament elections , it was the largest group in the Parliament , but since then it has always been the second-largest group . During the 8th EU Parliament Assembly , the S & D was the only Parliament group with representation from all 27 EU member states . In the current EU Parliament the S & D is currently composed of 147 members from 25 member states . In the European Council , 8 out of 27 Heads of State and Government belong to the S & D Group and in the European Commission , 8 out of 27 Commissioners come from PES parties .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '295', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anni Podimata', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S & D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats', 'summary': 'The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats ( S & D ) is the political group in the European Parliament of the Party of European Socialists ( PES ) . The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats was officially founded as a Socialist Group on 29 June 1953 which makes it the second oldest political group in the European Parliament after the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Group ( ALDE ) . It adopted its present-day name on 23 June 2009 . Centre-left in orientation , the group mostly comprises social-democratic parties and is affiliated with the Progressive Alliance . Until the 1999 European Parliament elections , it was the largest group in the Parliament , but since then it has always been the second-largest group . During the 8th EU Parliament Assembly , the S & D was the only Parliament group with representation from all 27 EU member states . In the current EU Parliament the S & D is currently composed of 147 members from 25 member states . In the European Council , 8 out of 27 Heads of State and Government belong to the S & D Group and in the European Commission , 8 out of 27 Commissioners come from PES parties .'}]}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': []}, {'value': '281', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alejo Vidal-Quadras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alejo_Vidal-Quadras', 'summary': "Alejo Vidal-Quadras Roca ( born 20 May 1945 in Barcelona ) is a Spanish politician and radiation physicist who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2014 , and served as First Vice President of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2007 . He was elected on the People 's Party ticket and sat with the European People 's Party group . In 2014 he announced that he was leaving the People 's Party for Vox . He was the front-runner for Vox in the 2014 European Election , but the party failed to win a seat . In addition to serving in the European parliament , he has occupied several elected positions in Spain : he was a member of the Barcelona City Council ( 1987-1991 ) , member of the Parliament of Catalonia ( 1988-1996 ) and Senator in the Spanish Senate ( 1996-1999 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'EPP', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/European_People's_Party_(European_Parliament_group)", 'summary': "The European People 's Party group ( EPP Group ) is a centre-right political group of the European Parliament consisting of deputies ( MEPs ) from the member parties of the European People 's Party ( EPP ) . It sometimes includes independent MEPs and/or deputies from unaffiliated national parties . The EPP Group comprises politicians of Christian-democratic , conservative and liberal-conservative orientation . The European People 's Party was officially founded as a European political party in 1976 . However , the European People 's Party group in the European Parliament has existed in one form or another since June 1953 , from the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community , making it one of the oldest European level political groups . It has been the largest political group in the European Parliament since 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '269', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgios Papastamkos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgios_Papastamkos', 'summary': "Georgios Papastamkos ( Greek : Γεώργιος Παπαστάμκος ) ( born 5 March 1955 in Platanorrevma , West Macedonia ) is a Greek politician and was a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) from 2004 to 2014 for New Democracy ; part of the European People 's Party ."}]}, {'value': 'EPP', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/European_People's_Party_(European_Parliament_group)", 'summary': "The European People 's Party group ( EPP Group ) is a centre-right political group of the European Parliament consisting of deputies ( MEPs ) from the member parties of the European People 's Party ( EPP ) . It sometimes includes independent MEPs and/or deputies from unaffiliated national parties . The EPP Group comprises politicians of Christian-democratic , conservative and liberal-conservative orientation . The European People 's Party was officially founded as a European political party in 1976 . However , the European People 's Party group in the European Parliament has existed in one form or another since June 1953 , from the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community , making it one of the oldest European level political groups . It has been the largest political group in the European Parliament since 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': []}, {'value': '248', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roberta Angelilli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberta_Angelilli', 'summary': 'Roberta Angelilli ( born 1 February 1965 in Rome ) is an Italian politician . She has been a Member of the European Parliament from 1994 to 2014 . She served also as Vice President of the European Parliament from 1 July 2009 to 1 July 2014 . In 2014 she was candidate for MEP with the New Centre-Right - Union of the Centre , but she was not re-elected . Roberta Angelilli was again a candidate for MEP in 2019 on the Brothers of Italy list , but she was not elected even on this occasion .'}]}, {'value': 'EPP', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/European_People's_Party_(European_Parliament_group)", 'summary': "The European People 's Party group ( EPP Group ) is a centre-right political group of the European Parliament consisting of deputies ( MEPs ) from the member parties of the European People 's Party ( EPP ) . It sometimes includes independent MEPs and/or deputies from unaffiliated national parties . The EPP Group comprises politicians of Christian-democratic , conservative and liberal-conservative orientation . The European People 's Party was officially founded as a European political party in 1976 . However , the European People 's Party group in the European Parliament has existed in one form or another since June 1953 , from the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community , making it one of the oldest European level political groups . It has been the largest political group in the European Parliament since 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '246', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Othmar Karas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Othmar_Karas', 'summary': "Othmar Karas ( born 24 December 1957 ) is an Austrian politician who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) since 1999 . He is a member of the Austrian People 's Party ( ÖVP ) , which in turn affiliates with the European People 's Party . Karas sits on the European Parliament 's Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs and the Special Committee on Tax Rulings and Other Measures Similar in Nature or Effect . Between 2012 and 2014 , he was one of the vice presidents of the European Parliament . Since the 2019 elections , he has been again serving as one of its vice-presidents ; in this capacity , he is part of the Parliaments leadership under President David Sassoli ."}]}, {'value': 'EPP', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/European_People's_Party_(European_Parliament_group)", 'summary': "The European People 's Party group ( EPP Group ) is a centre-right political group of the European Parliament consisting of deputies ( MEPs ) from the member parties of the European People 's Party ( EPP ) . It sometimes includes independent MEPs and/or deputies from unaffiliated national parties . The EPP Group comprises politicians of Christian-democratic , conservative and liberal-conservative orientation . The European People 's Party was officially founded as a European political party in 1976 . However , the European People 's Party group in the European Parliament has existed in one form or another since June 1953 , from the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community , making it one of the oldest European level political groups . It has been the largest political group in the European Parliament since 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Austria', 'urls': []}, {'value': '244', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edward McMillan-Scott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_McMillan-Scott', 'summary': "Edward Hugh Christian McMillan-Scott ( born 15 August 1949 ) is a British politician . He was a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for Yorkshire and the Humber constituency . He was elected four times as European Parliament Vice-President , 2004-2014 : his main portfolio was Human Rights and Democracy . He was first elected as an MEP in 1984 . McMillan-Scott was a Conservative until his protest over the move of the Conservatives after the June 2009 European elections from the majority , centrist European People 's Party ( EPP ) to the eurosceptic parliamentary group , the European Conservatives and Reformists . After sitting as an Independent MEP ( non-attached ) he joined the Liberal Democrats in March 2010 . On 22 November 2014 he was voted a Patron of the UK 's only pro-European membership organisation , the non-party European Movement at its London AGM . [ citation needed ] In May 2017 he was invited to fight the West Worcestershire parliamentary seat during the snap General Election for the Liberal Democrats . His home is near Pershore , Worcestershire , where his family moved from Yorkshire in the 18th century . McMillan-Scott was leader of the Conservative MEPs 1997-2001 . He was re-elected top of the Yorkshire & Humber regional list in the 2009 election . McMillan-Scott is a lifelong pro-European ."}]}, {'value': 'ALDE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe', 'summary': "The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ; French : Alliance des Démocrates et des Libéraux pour l'Europe , ADLE ) is a transnational alliance between two European political parties , the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party and the European Democratic Party . ALDE has political groups in the European Parliament , the EU Committee of the Regions , the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and the NATO Parliamentary Assembly . There are assorted independents in these groups as well as national-level affiliate parties of the European-level parties . The pro-European platform of ALDE espouses liberal economics , and support for European integration and the European single market ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': '239', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isabelle Durant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isabelle_Durant', 'summary': 'Isabelle A.J . Durant ( born 4 September 1954 ) is a Belgian politician , member of the Ecolo party . She has been serving as Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) since 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Greens/EFA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Greens–European_Free_Alliance', 'summary': 'The Greens/European Free Alliance ( Greens/EFA ) is the political group of the European Parliament composed primarily of green and regionalist political parties . Formed following the 1999 European elections for the 5th European Parliament , the Greens/EFA group now consists of three distinct European political parties , namely the larger European Green Party ( EGP ) and the European Free Alliance ( EFA ) and the smaller European Pirate Party . The EFA consists of parties representing stateless nations , regionalist and minority political interests . The group has generally limited its membership to progressive parties . These European parties are joined by MEPs from non-aligned national parties , which have included the Dutch Europe Transparent ( 2004-2009 ) and the Swedish ( 2009-2014 ) , German ( 2014- ) and Czech ( 2019- ) Pirate Parties .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '238', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander Alvaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Alvaro', 'summary': "Alexander Nuno Alvaro ( born 26 May 1975 ) is a German politician and was a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) with the Free Democratic Party of Germany , which is part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe . During his first mandate he worked in the European Parliament 's Committee on Civil Liberties , Justice and Home Affairs ; he was a substitute for the Committee on Legal Affairs , a member of the delegation for relations with the Palestinian Legislative Council and a substitute for the delegation for relations with Australia and New Zealand . During his second mandate , he became Vice-President of the Committee on Budgets , member of the Committee on Civil Liberties , Justice and Home Affairs , of the Special committee on the policy challenges and budgetary resources for a sustainable European Union after 2013 , and of the Delegation for relations with Iran and Spokesman of the ALDE group for Home Affairs . Alvaro was also involved in many European dossiers and campaigns , initiating the Oneseat campaign ( Oneseat.eu ) with Swedish Minister for European affairs and ex-MEP Cecilia Malmstrom , dealing with the American Government on the Swift International EU-US Treaty , and defending civil liberties on legislative projects such as ACTA . On 22 February 2013 , Alvaro was involved in a car crash in which the vehicle Alvaro was driving struck another car . Alvaro was badly injured and the driver in the other vehicle was killed though it is not known if he had already died before due to an accident which happened before . Two more passengers in the other car were badly injured . Alvaro spent time in a coma , was hospitalised for several months and returned to Parliament in September . He was founder and board member of EU40 www.eu40.eu , the associations of MEPs and EU officials under the age of 40 , aiming at enhancing trans-partisan generation-based EU policies ."}]}, {'value': 'ALDE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe', 'summary': "The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ; French : Alliance des Démocrates et des Libéraux pour l'Europe , ADLE ) is a transnational alliance between two European political parties , the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party and the European Democratic Party . ALDE has political groups in the European Parliament , the EU Committee of the Regions , the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and the NATO Parliamentary Assembly . There are assorted independents in these groups as well as national-level affiliate parties of the European-level parties . The pro-European platform of ALDE espouses liberal economics , and support for European integration and the European single market ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': '235', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rainer Wieland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rainer_Wieland', 'summary': "Rainer Wieland ( born 19 February 1957 ) is a German politician and member of the European Parliament for Germany . He is a member of the Christian Democratic Union , part of the European People 's Party ."}]}, {'value': 'EPP', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/European_People's_Party_(European_Parliament_group)", 'summary': "The European People 's Party group ( EPP Group ) is a centre-right political group of the European Parliament consisting of deputies ( MEPs ) from the member parties of the European People 's Party ( EPP ) . It sometimes includes independent MEPs and/or deputies from unaffiliated national parties . The EPP Group comprises politicians of Christian-democratic , conservative and liberal-conservative orientation . The European People 's Party was officially founded as a European political party in 1976 . However , the European People 's Party group in the European Parliament has existed in one form or another since June 1953 , from the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community , making it one of the oldest European level political groups . It has been the largest political group in the European Parliament since 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': '230', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oldřich Vlasák', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oldřich_Vlasák', 'summary': 'Oldřich Vlasák ( born 26 November 1955 ) is a conservative politician who advocates for the interests of self-governing municipalities , cities and regions . He served as Vice-President of the European Parliament between 2012 and 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'ECR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists', 'summary': 'The European Conservatives and Reformists ( ECR ) is a Eurosceptic , anti-federalist political group of the European Parliament . The ECR is the parliamentary group of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party ( ECR Party ) European political party ( formerly known as the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe ( 2016-2019 ) or Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists ( 2009-2016 ) ) , but also includes MEPs from four other European parties and thirteen MEPs without European party affiliation . The group focuses on reforming the European Union ( EU ) on the basis of Eurorealism as opposed to total rejection of the EU ( anti-EU-ism ) . The ECR was founded around the Movement for European Reform after the 2009 European elections at the behest of British Conservative Party leader David Cameron . Currently it is the sixth-largest group in the European Parliament with 61 MEPs from 15 countries . The group is considered right-wing . The largest party in the group by number of MEPs is the Law and Justice ( PiS ) of Poland .'}]}, {'value': 'Czech Republic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '223', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacek Protasiewicz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacek_Protasiewicz', 'summary': "Jacek Protasiewicz ( born 5 June 1967 in Brzeg ) is a Polish politician and Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the Lower Silesian Voivodship & Opole Voivodship with the Civic Platform , part of the European People 's Party and sits on the European Parliament 's Committee on Employment and Social Affairs . Vice President of the European Parliament since 17 January 2012 . Protasiewicz is a substitute for the Committee on Constitutional Affairs and a member of the Delegation for relations with the countries of south-east Europe . In February 2014 at the Frankfurt Airport Jacek Protasiewicz was taken under temporary custody , after allegedly insulting customs officials while allegedly drunk ."}]}, {'value': 'EPP', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/European_People's_Party_(European_Parliament_group)", 'summary': "The European People 's Party group ( EPP Group ) is a centre-right political group of the European Parliament consisting of deputies ( MEPs ) from the member parties of the European People 's Party ( EPP ) . It sometimes includes independent MEPs and/or deputies from unaffiliated national parties . The EPP Group comprises politicians of Christian-democratic , conservative and liberal-conservative orientation . The European People 's Party was officially founded as a European political party in 1976 . However , the European People 's Party group in the European Parliament has existed in one form or another since June 1953 , from the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community , making it one of the oldest European level political groups . It has been the largest political group in the European Parliament since 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '206', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'László Surján', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/László_Surján', 'summary': 'László Surján ( born 7 September 1941 in Kolozsvár , ( now Cluj-Napoca , Romania ) is a Hungarian politician and Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) with the FIDESZ from 2004 to 2014 . Surján was a substitute for the Committee on Regional Development and a vice-chair of the Delegation to the EU-Chile Joint Parliamentary Committee . He was a signatory of the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism .'}]}, {'value': 'EPP', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/European_People's_Party_(European_Parliament_group)", 'summary': "The European People 's Party group ( EPP Group ) is a centre-right political group of the European Parliament consisting of deputies ( MEPs ) from the member parties of the European People 's Party ( EPP ) . It sometimes includes independent MEPs and/or deputies from unaffiliated national parties . The EPP Group comprises politicians of Christian-democratic , conservative and liberal-conservative orientation . The European People 's Party was officially founded as a European political party in 1976 . However , the European People 's Party group in the European Parliament has existed in one form or another since June 1953 , from the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community , making it one of the oldest European level political groups . It has been the largest political group in the European Parliament since 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': []}, {'value': '188', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '7th parliament', 'section_text': 'Further information : 7th European Parliament Vice-presidents elected by country in 2009 Three Two One None 14 July 2009 to 17 January 2012 Elected in order of precedence ; [ 4 ] Members Group State Votes 1 Giovanni Pittella S & D Italy 360 2 Rodi Kratsa-Tsagaropoulou EPP Greece 355 3 Stavros Lambrinidis S & D Greece 346 4 Miguel Angel Martínez Martínez S & D Spain 327 5 Alejo Vidal-Quadras EPP Spain 308 6 Dagmar Roth-Behrendt S & D Germany 287 7 Libor Rouček S & D Czech Republic 278 8 Isabelle Durant Greens/EFA Belgium 276 9 Roberta Angelilli EPP Italy 274 10 Diana Wallis ALDE United Kingdom 272 11 Pál Schmitt EPP Hungary 257 12 Edward McMillan-Scott Non-attached United Kingdom 244 13 Rainer Wieland EPP Germany 237 14 Silvana Koch-Mehrin ALDE Germany 186 Changes since election Departed member Group State Date Reason Replacement Elected Group State Pál Schmitt EPP Hungary 14 May 2010 Resigned due to becoming president of Hungary László Tőkés [ 6 ] May 2010 EPP Romania Silvana Koch-Mehrin ALDE Germany 11 May 2011 Resigned due to doctorate plagiarism scandal Giles Chichester 6 July 2011 ECR UK 17 January 2012 to 1 July 2014 Elected in order of precedence ; [ 7 ]', 'uid': 'Vice_President_of_the_European_Parliament_3', 'intro': 'There are fourteen Vice-Presidents of the European Parliament who sit in for the President in presiding over the plenary of the European Parliament.'}	null	null	Which regions are represented by the parties belonging to the group that has a Belgian as member ?	stateless nations , regionalist and minority political interests
075b9150c1ba59a0	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Southeastern_Conference_football_season', 'title': '2011 Southeastern Conference football season', 'header': ['Position', 'Player', 'Class', 'Team'], 'data': [{'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Aaron Murray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aaron_Murray', 'summary': 'Aaron William Murray ( born November 10 , 1990 ) is an American football quarterback for the Tampa Bay Vipers of the XFL . He was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the fifth round of the 2014 NFL Draft . He played college football at Georgia . Murray currently leads the SEC career touchdown list , surpassing Peyton Manning , Eli Manning , and Matthew Stafford . Murray is also a college football color commentator for the CBS Sports Network .'}]}, {'value': 'So', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football', 'summary': "The Georgia Bulldogs football program represents the University of Georgia in the sport of American football . The Bulldogs compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . They play their home games at historic Sanford Stadium on the university 's Athens , Georgia , campus . Georgia 's inaugural season was in 1892 . UGA claims two consensus national championships ( 1942 and 1980 ) ; the AP and Coaches Polls have each voted the Bulldogs the national champion once ( 1980 ) ; Georgia has also been named the National Champion by at least one polling authority in four other seasons ( 1920 , 1927 , 1946 and 1968 ) . The Bulldogs have won 15 conference championships , including 13 SEC championships ( tied for second-most all-time ) , and have appeared in 56 bowl games , tied for second-most all-time . The program has also produced two Heisman Trophy winners , four number-one National Football League ( NFL ) draft picks , and many winners of other national awards . The team is known for its storied history , unique traditions , and rabid fan base , known as the Bulldog Nation . Georgia has won over 800 games in their history , placing them 11th all-time in wins and has finished in the Top 10 of the AP Poll 24 times , 12 of which were Top 5 finishes ."}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': 'Marcus Lattimore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcus_Lattimore', 'summary': 'Marcus Lattimore ( born October 29 , 1991 ) is a former American football running back . He played college football at South Carolina , where he holds the career record for rushing touchdowns ( 38 ) . He rushed for 1,197 yards as a starter during his freshman year . His sophomore and junior years were truncated by severe knee injuries . He opted to forgo his senior year and was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the fourth round of the 2013 NFL Draft . He never played a game for the 49ers and retired from playing football at the age of 23 . In 2016 , he was named head football coach at Heathwood Hall prep school in Columbia , South Carolina . In 2018 , he joined Will Muschamps staff as the Director of Player Development for the South Carolina Gamecocks .'}]}, {'value': 'So', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks_football', 'summary': "The South Carolina Gamecocks football program represents the University of South Carolina in the sport of American football . The Gamecocks compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference . Will Muschamp currently serves as the team 's head coach . They play their home games at Williams-Brice Stadium . Currently , it is the 16th largest stadium in college football . USC 's SEC tenure has been highlighted by an SEC East title in 2010 , Final Top-25 rankings in 2000 , 2001 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 and 2013 ( AP No . 19 , No . 13 , No . 22 , No . 9 , No . 8 and No . 4 ) , and six wins over Top-5 SEC opponents , ( No ."}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trent Richardson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trent_Richardson', 'summary': 'Trenton Jamond Richardson ( born July 10 , 1990 ) is an American football running back who is currently a free agent . He played college football for the University of Alabama , was recognized as an All-American , and was a member of two BCS National Championship teams . Considered the top running back prospect for the 2012 NFL Draft , Richardson was considered by some as the best running back prospect since Adrian Peterson , and was selected third overall by the Cleveland Browns . After being traded away from the Browns during his second season with the team , and out of the NFL after five seasons , he is sometimes considered one of the biggest draft busts in league history . He played for the Birmingham Iron of the Alliance of American Football in 2019 , and led the league with 12 rushing touchdowns .'}]}, {'value': 'Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football', 'summary': "The Alabama Crimson Tide football program represents the University of Alabama ( variously Alabama , UA , or Bama ) in the sport of American football . The team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The team is currently coached by Nick Saban . The Crimson Tide is among the most storied and decorated football programs in NCAA history . Since beginning play in 1892 , the program claims 17 national championships , including 12 wire-service ( AP or Coaches ) national titles in the poll-era , and five other titles before the poll-era . From 1958 to 1982 , the team was led by Hall of Fame coach Paul Bear Bryant , who won six national championships with the program . Despite numerous national and conference championships , it was not until 2009 that an Alabama player received a Heisman Trophy , when running back Mark Ingram became the university 's first winner . In 2015 , Derrick Henry became the university 's second Heisman winner . Alabama has 916 official victories [ a ] [ b ] in NCAA Division I ( an additional 21 victories were vacated , and eight victories and one tie were forfeited ) , has won 31 conference championships ( 4 Southern Conference and 27 SEC championships ) , and has made an NCAA-record 71 postseason bowl appearances . Other NCAA records include 23 winning streaks of ten games or more and 19 seasons with a 10-0 start . The program has 34 seasons with ten wins or more ( plus one vacated ) and has 41 [ b ] bowl victories , both NCAA records . Alabama has completed ten undefeated seasons , nine of which were perfect seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Greg Childs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Childs_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Greg Childs ( born March 10 , 1990 ) is a former American football wide receiver . After playing college football for Arkansas , he was drafted by the Vikings in the fourth round of the 2012 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Sr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_football', 'summary': 'The Arkansas Razorbacks football program represents the University of Arkansas , located in Fayetteville , Arkansas , in the sport of American football . The Razorbacks compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The program has 1 national championship awarded by the Football Writers Association of America ( FWAA ) and Helms Athletic Foundation ( HAF ) in 1964 , 1 national championship awarded by the Foundation for the Analysis of Competitions and Tournaments ( FACT ) in 1977 , 13 conference championships , 45 All-Americans , and an all-time record of 716-504-40 . Home games are played at locations on or near the two largest campuses of the University of Arkansas System : Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium in Fayetteville , and War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alshon Jeffery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alshon_Jeffery', 'summary': 'Alshon Jemell Jeffery ( born February 14 , 1990 ) is an American football wide receiver for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at South Carolina , and was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the second round of the 2012 NFL Draft . As a member of the Eagles , he won Super Bowl LII over the New England Patriots .'}]}, {'value': 'Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks_football', 'summary': "The South Carolina Gamecocks football program represents the University of South Carolina in the sport of American football . The Gamecocks compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference . Will Muschamp currently serves as the team 's head coach . They play their home games at Williams-Brice Stadium . Currently , it is the 16th largest stadium in college football . USC 's SEC tenure has been highlighted by an SEC East title in 2010 , Final Top-25 rankings in 2000 , 2001 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 and 2013 ( AP No . 19 , No . 13 , No . 22 , No . 9 , No . 8 and No . 4 ) , and six wins over Top-5 SEC opponents , ( No ."}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': 'Orson Charles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orson_Charles', 'summary': 'Orson Charles ( born January 27 , 1991 ) is an American football tight end and fullback who is currently a free agent . He played college football at Georgia .'}]}, {'value': 'Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football', 'summary': "The Georgia Bulldogs football program represents the University of Georgia in the sport of American football . The Bulldogs compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . They play their home games at historic Sanford Stadium on the university 's Athens , Georgia , campus . Georgia 's inaugural season was in 1892 . UGA claims two consensus national championships ( 1942 and 1980 ) ; the AP and Coaches Polls have each voted the Bulldogs the national champion once ( 1980 ) ; Georgia has also been named the National Champion by at least one polling authority in four other seasons ( 1920 , 1927 , 1946 and 1968 ) . The Bulldogs have won 15 conference championships , including 13 SEC championships ( tied for second-most all-time ) , and have appeared in 56 bowl games , tied for second-most all-time . The program has also produced two Heisman Trophy winners , four number-one National Football League ( NFL ) draft picks , and many winners of other national awards . The team is known for its storied history , unique traditions , and rabid fan base , known as the Bulldog Nation . Georgia has won over 800 games in their history , placing them 11th all-time in wins and has finished in the Top 10 of the AP Poll 24 times , 12 of which were Top 5 finishes ."}]}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Offensive_Line', 'summary': 'In gridiron football , a lineman is a player who specializes in play at the line of scrimmage . The linemen of the team currently in possession of the ball are the offensive line , while linemen on the opposing team are the defensive line . A number of NFL rules specifically address restrictions and requirements for the offensive line , whose job is to help protect the quarterback from getting sacked for a loss , or worse , fumbling . The defensive line is covered by the same rules that apply to all defensive players . Linemen are usually the largest players on the field in both height and weight , since their positions usually require less running and more strength than skill positions .'}]}, {'value': 'Cordy Glenn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cordy_Glenn', 'summary': 'Cordy Glenn ( born September 18 , 1989 ) is an American football offensive tackle for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the second round of the 2012 NFL Draft . He played college football at Georgia . Glenn earned a 2010 All-American selection and was considered one of the best offensive guards of his class by NFLdraftscout.com .'}]}, {'value': 'Sr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football', 'summary': "The Georgia Bulldogs football program represents the University of Georgia in the sport of American football . The Bulldogs compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . They play their home games at historic Sanford Stadium on the university 's Athens , Georgia , campus . Georgia 's inaugural season was in 1892 . UGA claims two consensus national championships ( 1942 and 1980 ) ; the AP and Coaches Polls have each voted the Bulldogs the national champion once ( 1980 ) ; Georgia has also been named the National Champion by at least one polling authority in four other seasons ( 1920 , 1927 , 1946 and 1968 ) . The Bulldogs have won 15 conference championships , including 13 SEC championships ( tied for second-most all-time ) , and have appeared in 56 bowl games , tied for second-most all-time . The program has also produced two Heisman Trophy winners , four number-one National Football League ( NFL ) draft picks , and many winners of other national awards . The team is known for its storied history , unique traditions , and rabid fan base , known as the Bulldog Nation . Georgia has won over 800 games in their history , placing them 11th all-time in wins and has finished in the Top 10 of the AP Poll 24 times , 12 of which were Top 5 finishes ."}]}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barrett Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barrett_Jones', 'summary': 'Barrett Jones ( born May 25 , 1990 ) is a former American football guard . He played college football at Alabama , and was drafted by the Rams in the fourth round of the 2013 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football', 'summary': "The Alabama Crimson Tide football program represents the University of Alabama ( variously Alabama , UA , or Bama ) in the sport of American football . The team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The team is currently coached by Nick Saban . The Crimson Tide is among the most storied and decorated football programs in NCAA history . Since beginning play in 1892 , the program claims 17 national championships , including 12 wire-service ( AP or Coaches ) national titles in the poll-era , and five other titles before the poll-era . From 1958 to 1982 , the team was led by Hall of Fame coach Paul Bear Bryant , who won six national championships with the program . Despite numerous national and conference championships , it was not until 2009 that an Alabama player received a Heisman Trophy , when running back Mark Ingram became the university 's first winner . In 2015 , Derrick Henry became the university 's second Heisman winner . Alabama has 916 official victories [ a ] [ b ] in NCAA Division I ( an additional 21 victories were vacated , and eight victories and one tie were forfeited ) , has won 31 conference championships ( 4 Southern Conference and 27 SEC championships ) , and has made an NCAA-record 71 postseason bowl appearances . Other NCAA records include 23 winning streaks of ten games or more and 19 seasons with a 10-0 start . The program has 34 seasons with ten wins or more ( plus one vacated ) and has 41 [ b ] bowl victories , both NCAA records . Alabama has completed ten undefeated seasons , nine of which were perfect seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bradley Sowell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradley_Sowell', 'summary': 'Bradley Keith Sowell ( born June 6 , 1989 ) is an American football tight end for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League ( NFL ) . A former offensive tackle , he played college football at the University of Mississippi . He signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as undrafted free agent in 2012 , and later spent time with the Indianapolis Colts , Arizona Cardinals , and Seattle Seahawks . He was born in Memphis , Tennessee and raised in nearby Hernando , Mississippi .'}]}, {'value': 'Sr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mississippi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ole_Miss_Rebels_football', 'summary': "The Ole Miss Rebels football program represents the University of Mississippi , also known as Ole Miss . The Rebels compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . As of 2020 , the team is coached by Lane Kiffin . Founded in 1893 as the state 's first football team , Ole Miss has won six Southeastern Conference titles ( 1947 , 1954 , 1955 , 1960 , 1962 , and 1963 ) and three national titles ( 1959 , 1960 , 1962 ) . The Rebels posted their 600th win on September 27 , 2008 , when they defeated the Florida Gators 31-30 . In 2017 , the NCAA vacated 33 of the team 's victories - nearly 5 percent of its total wins at the time - and levied a two-year ban on post-season play as punishment for recruiting and academic violations under head coaches Houston Nutt and Hugh Freeze ."}]}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larry Warford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Warford', 'summary': 'Larry Warford III ( born June 18 , 1991 ) is an American football guard for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the Detroit Lions in the third round of the 2013 NFL Draft . He played college football at Kentucky .'}]}, {'value': 'Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_football', 'summary': 'The Kentucky Wildcats football program represents the University of Kentucky in the sport of American football . The Wildcats compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The Wildcats play their home games at Kroger Field in Lexington , Kentucky and are currently led by head coach Mark Stoops .'}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(football)', 'summary': "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ."}]}, {'value': 'William Vlachos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Vlachos', 'summary': 'William Christos Vlachos ( born May 26 , 1988 ) is a former American football center for the University of Alabama .'}]}, {'value': 'Sr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football', 'summary': "The Alabama Crimson Tide football program represents the University of Alabama ( variously Alabama , UA , or Bama ) in the sport of American football . The team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The team is currently coached by Nick Saban . The Crimson Tide is among the most storied and decorated football programs in NCAA history . Since beginning play in 1892 , the program claims 17 national championships , including 12 wire-service ( AP or Coaches ) national titles in the poll-era , and five other titles before the poll-era . From 1958 to 1982 , the team was led by Hall of Fame coach Paul Bear Bryant , who won six national championships with the program . Despite numerous national and conference championships , it was not until 2009 that an Alabama player received a Heisman Trophy , when running back Mark Ingram became the university 's first winner . In 2015 , Derrick Henry became the university 's second Heisman winner . Alabama has 916 official victories [ a ] [ b ] in NCAA Division I ( an additional 21 victories were vacated , and eight victories and one tie were forfeited ) , has won 31 conference championships ( 4 Southern Conference and 27 SEC championships ) , and has made an NCAA-record 71 postseason bowl appearances . Other NCAA records include 23 winning streaks of ten games or more and 19 seasons with a 10-0 start . The program has 34 seasons with ten wins or more ( plus one vacated ) and has 41 [ b ] bowl victories , both NCAA records . Alabama has completed ten undefeated seasons , nine of which were perfect seasons ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Preseason', 'section_text': "Florida head coach Urban Meyer retired in early December citing his health concerns and wanting to be around his family more . [ 1 ] Meyer then joined ESPN as an analyst for its college football coverage during the 2011 season . [ 2 ] In his place Florida hired Texas defensive coordinator Will Muschamp as the new head coach . [ 3 ] Muschamp elected to bring in former Notre Dame head coach Charlie Weis as his offensive coordinator . [ 3 ] Vanderbilt interim head coach Robbie Caldwell had a tough year in 2010 with injuries and tough schedule , going 2–10 . [ 4 ] The school decided to search for a new coach to replace former head coach Bobby Johnson , who retired unexpectedly in July 2010 . [ 4 ] Vanderbilt hired Maryland offensive coordinator James Franklin , and this is Franklin 's first head coaching job . [ 4 ] LSU decided to part ways with offensive coordinator Gary Crowton because of a lack of offensive production the previous seasons . [ 5 ] In his place LSU hired former Louisville head coach Steve Kragthorpe . [ 6 ] Kentucky added new schemes to its defense by adding former Cincinnati head coach Rick Minter as its co-defensive coordinator alongside Steve Brown . [ 7 ] 2011 Pre-season Coaches All-SEC [ 8 ]", 'uid': '2011_Southeastern_Conference_football_season_0', 'intro': 'The 2011 Southeastern Conference football season began on Thursday, September 1, 2011 with Kentucky taking on Western Kentucky on ESPNU. The season concluded on January 9, 2012 as the Alabama Crimson Tide shut out LSU Tigers, 21-0 in the Allstate BCS National Championship Game at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans to claim their 14th national championship in school history.'}	null	null	What city is the college football team of Greg Childs located ?	Fayetteville
075dd0d312f4a6de	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sigma_Chi_members', 'title': 'List of Sigma Chi members', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'James Abdnor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Abdnor', 'summary': 'Ellis James Abdnor ( February 13 , 1923 - May 16 , 2012 ) was an American politician from the state of South Dakota . Abdnor was a Republican and served as a U.S . Senator from South Dakota .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Nebraska-Lincoln , 1945', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Nebraska–Lincoln', 'summary': "The University of Nebraska-Lincoln ( Nebraska , UNL , or NU ) is a public research university in Lincoln , Nebraska . It is the state 's oldest university and the largest in the University of Nebraska system . The state legislature chartered the university in 1869 as a land-grant university under the 1862 Morrill Act , two years after Nebraska became a state . Around the turn of the 20th century , the university began to expand significantly , hiring professors from eastern schools to teach its new professional programs and conducting groundbreaking research in agricultural sciences . The Nebraska method of ecological study developed during this time pioneered grassland ecology and laid the foundation for research in theoretical ecology for the rest of the century . The university is organized into eight colleges on two campuses in Lincoln with over 100 classroom buildings and research facilities . Nebraska 's athletic programs , known as the Cornhuskers , compete in NCAA Division I and are a member of the Big Ten Conference . NU 's football team has won 46 conference championships and claims five national championships , with an additional nine unclaimed . The school 's volleyball team has won five titles and appeared in the national semifinal nine other times . NU plays its home football games at Memorial Stadium and has sold out every game since 1962 . The stadium 's capacity of 91,585 people is famously larger than the population of Nebraska 's third-largest city ."}]}, {'value': 'U.S . Senator for South Dakota from 1981-1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'South Dakota was admitted to the Union on November 2 , 1889 and elects U.S. senators to Class 2 and Class 3 . Its current U.S. senators are Republicans John Thune ( since 2005 ) and Mike Rounds ( since 2015 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Lamar Alexander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lamar_Alexander', 'summary': 'Andrew Lamar Alexander Jr. ( born July 3 , 1940 ) is an American politician who is currently serving as the senior United States Senator from Tennessee , a seat he has held since 2003 . A member of the Republican Party , he also was the 45th governor of Tennessee from 1979 to 1987 and the 5th United States Secretary of Education from 1991 to 1993 , where he helped the implementation of Education 2000 . Born in Maryville , Tennessee , Alexander graduated from Vanderbilt University and the New York University School of Law . After establishing a legal career in Nashville , Tennessee , Alexander ran for Governor of Tennessee in 1974 , but was defeated by Democrat Ray Blanton . Alexander ran for governor again in 1978 , and this time defeated his Democratic opponent . He won re-election in 1982 and served as chairman of the National Governors Association from 1985 to 1986 . Alexander served as the president of the University of Tennessee from 1988 until 1991 , when he accepted appointment as Secretary of Education under President George H. W. Bush . Alexander sought the presidential nomination in the 1996 Republican primaries , but withdrew before the Super Tuesday primaries . He sought the nomination again in the 2000 Republican primaries , but dropped out after a poor showing in the Iowa Straw Poll . In 2002 , Alexander won election to succeed retiring Senator Fred Thompson . Alexander defeated Congressman Ed Bryant in the Republican primary and Congressman Bob Clement in the general election . He served as Chairman of the Senate Republican Conference from 2007 to 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Vanderbilt , 1962', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanderbilt_University', 'summary': "Vanderbilt University ( informally Vandy or VU ) is a private research university in Nashville , Tennessee . Founded in 1873 , it was named in honor of New York shipping and rail magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt , who provided the school its initial $ 1-million endowment despite having never been to the South . Vanderbilt hoped that his gift and the greater work of the university would help to heal the sectional wounds inflicted by the Civil War . Ranked at number 15 among United States research universities by U.S. News & World Report , Vanderbilt enrolls approximately 13,100 students from all 50 U.S. states and over 100 foreign countries in four undergraduate and six graduate and professional schools . The university is in the process of converting its residence halls into an academic residential college system . Several research centers and institutes are affiliated with the university , including the Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities , the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center , and Dyer Observatory . Vanderbilt University Medical Center , formerly part of the university , became a separate institution in 2016 . With the exception of the off-campus observatory , all of the university 's facilities are situated on its 330-acre ( 1.3 km2 ) campus in the heart of Nashville , 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) from downtown . Despite its urban surroundings , the campus itself is a national arboretum and features over 300 different species of trees and shrubs . The Fugitives and Southern Agrarians were based at the university in the first half of the 20th century and helped revive Southern literature among others . The Jean and Alexander Heard Library , the campus library system , contains over 8 million items across ten libraries and stands as one of the nation 's top research libraries . Vanderbilt Television News Archive holds the most extensive collection of television news coverage in the world , with over 40,000 hours of content ."}]}, {'value': 'U.S . Senator for Tennessee from 2002-present', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee was admitted to the Union on June 1 , 1796 . Its United States Senate seats were declared vacant in March 1862 owing to its secession from the Union . They were again filled from July 1866 . Tennessee 's current Senators are Republicans Lamar Alexander and Marsha Blackburn ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark Andrews', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Andrews_(politician)', 'summary': 'Mark Andrews ( born May 19 , 1926 ) is an American politician from the state of North Dakota . He is a member of the Republican Party who served as a U.S . Senator .'}]}, {'value': 'North Dakota State University , 1949', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Dakota_State_University', 'summary': "North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Sciences , more commonly known as North Dakota State University ( NDSU ) , is a public research university located in Fargo , North Dakota . The institution was founded as North Dakota Agricultural College in 1890 as the research land-grant institution for the state of North Dakota . NDSU is a doctoral university and is classified as having very high research activity by the Carnegie Foundation . As of 2018 , NDSU offers 102 undergraduate majors , 170 undergraduate degree programs , 6 undergraduate certificate programs , 79 undergraduate minors , 81 master 's degree programs , 47 doctoral degree programs of study and 10 graduate certificate programs . NDSU is part of the North Dakota University System . It is one of the largest universities in the state of North Dakota . The university also operates North Dakota 's agricultural research extension centers distributed across the state on 18,488 acres ( 75 km² ) . In 2015 , NDSU 's economic impact on the state and region was estimated to be $ 1.3 billion a year according to the NDUS Systemwide Economic Study by the School of Economics at North Dakota State University . In 2016 , it was also the fifth-largest employer in the state of North Dakota ."}]}, {'value': 'U.S . Senator for North Dakota from 1981-1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'North Dakota was admitted to the Union on November 2 , 1889 , and elects U.S. senators to Class 1 and Class 3 . Its current Senators in Congress are Republicans John Hoeven ( since 2011 ) and Kevin Cramer ( since 2019 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'C. Saxby Chambliss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saxby_Chambliss', 'summary': 'Clarence Saxby Chambliss ( born November 10 , 1943 ) is an American politician who was a United States Senator from Georgia from 2003 to 2015 . As a member of the Republican Party , he previously served as a U.S. Representative from 1995 to 2003 . During his four terms in the House , Chambliss served on the United States House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and chaired the House Intelligence Subcommittee on Terrorism and Homeland Security , which oversaw investigations of the intelligence community after the September 11 attacks in 2001 . During his 2002 bid for the U.S. Senate , Chambliss focused on the issue of national defense and homeland security . He won with 53% of the vote . For several years he was the ranking Republican on the Senate Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry , and chaired the committee during the 109th Congress ( 2005-2007 ) . In the 112th Congress ( 2011-2012 ) he was the ranking Republican on the Select Committee on Intelligence . Chambliss had a conservative voting record in the Senate , but he participated in some bipartisan legislation . In December 2011 the Washington Post named Chambliss and the Gang of Six as one of the Best Leaders of 2011 for attempts to craft a bipartisan deficit reduction package . On January 25 , 2013 , Chambliss announced that he would not seek reelection in 2014 . In 2018 , President Trump appointed Chambliss to serve as a member of the Presidents Intelligence Advisory Board .'}]}, {'value': 'Georgia , 1966', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Georgia', 'summary': "The University of Georgia ( UGA or Georgia ) is a public research university with its main campus in Athens , Georgia . Founded in 1785 , it is one of the oldest public universities in the United States . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity , and as having more selective undergraduate admissions , its most selective admissions category , while the ACT Assessment Student Report places UGA admissions in the Highly Selective category , the highest classification . In keeping with the teaching portion of its motto , the university has a student-to-faculty ratio of 17 students per faculty member , and 46 percent of its classes have fewer than 20 students . In its 2020 rankings , U.S. News & World Report ranked the university tied for 50th among all U.S. public and private national universities and 16th among all public ones . In addition to the main campuses in Athens with their approximately 470 buildings , the university has two smaller campuses located in Tifton and Griffin . The university has two satellite campuses located in Atlanta and Lawrenceville . The university operates several service and outreach stations spread across the state . The total acreage of the university in 30 Georgia counties is 41,539 acres ( 168.10 km2 ) . The university also owns a residential education and research center in Washington , DC , as well as three international residential and research centers located at Oxford University in Oxford , England , at Cortona , Italy , and at Monteverde , Costa Rica . Student life includes more than 700 student organizations . The University of Georgia 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known by their Georgia Bulldogs nickname , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'U.S . Senator for Georgia from 2003-2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Georgia', 'summary': 'This is a chronological listing of the United States senators from Georgia . Georgia has had Senators since the 1st Congress . Its Senate seats were declared vacant in March 1861 owing to its secession from the Union . They were again filled from February 1871 . United States senators are popularly elected , for a six-year term , beginning January 3 . Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1 . Before 1914 , they were chosen by the Georgia General Assembly , and before 1935 , their terms began March 4 . Rebecca Latimer Felton was the first female U.S. senator . She served in the U.S. Senate from Georgia for one day in 1922 , following appointment due to the death of Thomas E. Watson .'}]}, {'value': 'Bob Corker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Corker', 'summary': 'Robert Phillips Corker Jr. ( born August 24 , 1952 ) is an American businessman and politician who served as a United States Senator from Tennessee from 2007 to 2019 . A member of the Republican Party , he served as Chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee from 2015 to 2019 . In 1978 , Corker founded a construction company , which he sold in 1990 . This increased his net worth to $ 45 million . He ran in the 1994 U.S. Senate election in Tennessee , but was defeated in the Republican primary by future Senate majority leader Bill Frist . Appointed by Governor Don Sundquist , Corker served as Commissioner of Finance and Administration for the State of Tennessee from 1995 to 1996 , preceded by David Manning and succeeded by John Ferguson . He later acquired two of the largest real estate companies in Chattanooga , Tennessee , before being elected the 71st Mayor of Chattanooga in 2000 ; he served one term ( 2001-2005 ) . Corker announced his candidacy for the 2006 U.S. Senate election in Tennessee after Frist announced his retirement . Corker defeated Democratic U.S. Representative Harold Ford , Jr. in the general election , with 51% of the vote . In 2012 Corker was reelected , defeating Democrat Mark E. Clayton , 65% to 30% . On September 26 , 2017 , Corker announced that he would not seek reelection in 2018 ; Republican U.S. Representative Marsha Blackburn was elected to succeed him .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Tennessee , Knoxville , 1974', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Tennessee', 'summary': "The University of Tennessee ( The University of Tennessee , Knoxville ; UT Knoxville ; UTK ; or UT ) is a public research university in Knoxville , Tennessee . Founded in 1794 , two years before Tennessee became the 16th state , it is the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee system , with ten undergraduate colleges and eleven graduate colleges . It hosts almost 28,000 students from all 50 states and more than 100 foreign countries . In its 2020 universities ranking , U.S. News & World Report ranked UT 104th among all national universities and 44th among public institutions of higher learning . Seven of its alumni have been selected as Rhodes Scholars . James M. Buchanan , M.S . '41 , received the 1986 Nobel Prize in Economics . UT 's ties to nearby Oak Ridge National Laboratory , established under UT President Andrew Holt and continued under the UT-Battelle partnership , allow for considerable research opportunities for faculty and students . Also affiliated with the university are the Howard H. Baker Jr. Center for Public Policy , the University of Tennessee Anthropological Research Facility , and the University of Tennessee Arboretum , which occupies 250 acres ( 100 ha ) of nearby Oak Ridge and features hundreds of species of plants indigenous to the region . The university is a direct partner of the University of Tennessee Medical Center , which is one of two Level I trauma centers in East Tennessee . The University of Tennessee is the only university in the nation to have three presidential papers editing projects . The university holds collections of the papers of all three U.S. presidents from Tennessee - Andrew Jackson , James K. Polk , and Andrew Johnson ."}]}, {'value': 'U.S . Senator for Tennessee from 2007-present', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee was admitted to the Union on June 1 , 1796 . Its United States Senate seats were declared vacant in March 1862 owing to its secession from the Union . They were again filled from July 1866 . Tennessee 's current Senators are Republicans Lamar Alexander and Marsha Blackburn ."}]}, {'value': 'Thomas du Pont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T._Coleman_du_Pont', 'summary': 'Thomas Coleman du Pont ( December 11 , 1863 - November 11 , 1930 ) was an American engineer and politician , from Greenville , Delaware . He was President of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company , and a member of the Republican Party who served parts of two terms as United States Senator from Delaware .'}]}, {'value': 'MIT , 1885', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MIT', 'summary': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) is a private research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts . The Institute is a land-grant , sea-grant , and space-grant university , with an urban campus that extends more than a mile ( 1.6 km ) alongside the Charles River . The Institute also encompasses a number of major off-campus facilities such as the MIT Lincoln Laboratory , the Bates Center , and the Haystack Observatory , as well as affiliated laboratories such as the Broad and Whitehead Institutes . Founded in 1861 in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States , MIT adopted a European polytechnic university model and stressed laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering . It has since played a key role in the development of many aspects of modern science , engineering , mathematics , and technology , and is widely known for its innovation and academic strength , making it one of the most prestigious institutions of higher learning in the world . As of October 2019 [ update ] , 96 Nobel laureates , 26 Turing Award winners , and 8 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT as alumni , faculty members , or researchers . In addition , 58 National Medal of Science recipients , 29 National Medals of Technology and Innovation recipients , 50 MacArthur Fellows , 73 Marshall Scholars , 48 Rhodes Scholars , 41 astronauts , and 16 Chief Scientists of the US Air Force have been affiliated with MIT . The school also has a strong entrepreneurial culture , and the aggregated annual revenues of companies founded by MIT alumni ( $ 1.9 trillion ) would rank roughly as the tenth-largest economy in the world ( 2014 ) . MIT is a member of the Association of American Universities ( AAU ) .'}]}, {'value': 'U.S . Senator for Delaware from 1921-1922 , 1925-1928', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Delaware', 'summary': "Below is a chronological listing of the United States senators from Delaware . U.S. senators were originally elected by the Delaware General Assembly for designated six-year terms beginning March 4 . Frequently portions of the term would remain only upon a U.S. senator 's death or resignation . From 1914 and the enforcement of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , adopted in 1913 , officeholders were popularly elected on the first Tuesday after November 1 ; starting 1935 , the beginning of their term is January 3 . Delaware 's current U.S. senators are Democrats Tom Carper ( serving since 2001 ) and Chris Coons ( serving since 2010 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'John Ensign', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Ensign', 'summary': 'John Eric Ensign ( born March 25 , 1958 ) is an American veterinarian and former politician based in Las Vegas , Nevada . A member of the Republican Party , Ensign was a Congressman and United States Senator from Nevada ; he served in the latter seat from January 2001 until May 2011 , when he resigned amid a Senate Ethics Committee investigation into his attempts to hide an extramarital affair . Following his resignation from the Senate , Ensign returned to Nevada and resumed his career as a veterinarian .'}]}, {'value': 'UNLV , 1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Las_Vegas', 'summary': "The University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) is a public land-grant research university in Paradise , Nevada . The 332-acre ( 134 ha ) campus is about 1.6 mi ( 2.6 km ) east of the Las Vegas Strip . It was formerly part of the University of Nevada from 1957 to 1969 . The university includes the Shadow Lane Campus , just east of the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada , which houses both School of Medicine and School of Dental Medicine . UNLV 's law school , the William S. Boyd School of Law , is also the only law school in the state . UNLV is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The William F. Harrah College of Hotel Administration is annually ranked among the top hospitality programs in the United States due in part to the university 's proximity to the Las Vegas Strip . Its Thomas & Mack Center hosted the 2007 NBA All-Star Game , concerts and lectures by Bill Clinton and Mikhail Gorbachev as part of various UNLV-affiliated lecture series ."}]}, {'value': 'U.S . Senator for Nevada from 2001-2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Nevada', 'summary': 'Nevada was admitted to the Union on October 31 , 1864 and has been represented in the United States Senate by 26 people . Its current U.S. senators are Democrats Catherine Cortez Masto ( Class 3 , serving since 2017 ) and Jacky Rosen ( Class 1 , serving since 2019 ) . Nevada has been represented by 14 Republicans and 14 Democrats .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Enzi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Enzi', 'summary': "Michael Bradley Enzi ( /ˈɛnzi/ ; born February 1 , 1944 ) is an American politician and accountant serving as the senior United States Senator from Wyoming , a seat he was first elected to in 1996 . He is a member of the Republican Party . Raised in Thermopolis , Wyoming , Enzi attended George Washington University and the University of Denver . He expanded his father 's shoe store business in Gillette , Wyoming before being elected the city 's mayor in 1974 . In the late 1970s , he worked for the United States Department of the Interior . He served as a state legislator in both the Wyoming House of Representatives ( 1987-1991 ) and Wyoming Senate ( 1991-1997 ) . During the 1980s and 1990s , he worked as an accountant and executive director in the energy industry . Enzi was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1996 with 54% of the vote and was reelected in 2002 with 73% of the vote , in 2008 with 75% of the vote and in 2014 with 71% of the vote . Since his election , he has consistently been ranked one of the most conservative members of the Senate . He was a member of the 2009 Gang of Six , which attempted to negotiate health care reform . Since 2015 , he has also chaired the Senate Budget Committee , during the 114th and 115th Congresses ."}]}, {'value': 'George Washington , 1966', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_George_Washington_University', 'summary': "George Washington University ( GW or GWU ) is a private research university in Washington , D.C . It was chartered in 1821 by an act of the United States Congress . The university is organized into 14 colleges and schools , including the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences , the Elliott School of International Affairs , the GW School of Business , the School of Media and Public Affairs , the Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration , the GW Law School and the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design . George Washington 's main Foggy Bottom Campus is located in the heart of Washington , D.C. , with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank located on campus and the White House and the U.S. Department of State within blocks of campus . GWU hosts numerous research centers and institutes , including the National Security Archive and the Institute for International Economic Policy . GWU has two satellite campuses : the Mount Vernon Campus , located in D.C. 's Foxhall neighborhood and the Virginia Science and Technology Campus . It is the largest institution of higher education in the District of Columbia . George Washington , the first President of the United States , advocated the establishment of a national university in the U.S. capital in his first State of the Union address in 1790 and continued to promote this idea throughout his career and until his death . In his will , Washington left shares in the Potomac Company to endow the university . However , due to the company 's financial difficulties , funds were raised independently . On February 9 , 1821 , the university was founded by an Act of Congress , making it one of only five universities in the United States with a Congressional charter . George Washington offers degree programs in seventy-one disciplines , enrolling an average of 11,000 undergraduate and 15,500 post-graduate students from more than 130 countries ."}]}, {'value': 'U.S . Senator for Wyoming from 1996-present', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Wyoming', 'summary': 'Wyoming was admitted to the Union on July 10 , 1890 , and elects United States senators to Class 1 and Class 2 . Its current U.S. senators are Republicans Mike Enzi ( serving since 1997 ) and John Barrasso ( serving since 2007 ) . 21 people have served as a United States senator from Wyoming .'}]}, {'value': 'J. William Fulbright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._William_Fulbright', 'summary': 'James William Fulbright ( April 9 , 1905 - February 9 , 1995 ) was a United States Senator representing Arkansas from January 1945 until his resignation in December 1974 . Fulbright is the longest serving chairman in the history of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee . A Southern Democrat and a staunch multilateralist who supported the creation of the United Nations , he was also a segregationist who signed the Southern Manifesto . Fulbright opposed McCarthyism and the House Un-American Activities Committee and later became known for his opposition to American involvement in the Vietnam War . His efforts to establish an international exchange program eventually resulted in the creation of a fellowship program which bears his name , the Fulbright Program .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Arkansas , 1924', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Arkansas', 'summary': "The University of Arkansas ( U of A , UArk , or UA ) is a public land-grant , research university in Fayetteville , Arkansas . It is the flagship campus of the University of Arkansas System and the largest , best-known university in the state . Founded as Arkansas Industrial University in 1871 , its present name was adopted in 1899 and classes were first held on January 22 , 1872 . It is noted for its strong architecture , agriculture ( particularly animal science and poultry science ) , business , communication disorders , creative writing , history , law , and Middle Eastern studies programs . Enrollment for the fall semester of 2018 was 27,778 . The university campus consists of 378 buildings spread across 512 acres ( 2.07 km2 ) of land in Fayetteville , Arkansas . Some well known architecture on campus includes Old Main , the first permanent academic building erected . Academic programs are in excess of 200 . The ratio of students to faculty is approximately 19:1 . The university also received a combined total of $ 103.2 million in research awards for the 2017 fiscal year . UA 's athletic teams , the Arkansas Razorbacks , compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) with eight men 's teams and eleven women 's teams in thirteen sports . The University is known for its traditions , including Calling the Hogs at sports events , and Senior Walk , more than 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) of campus sidewalk etched with the names of all UA graduates since 1871 ."}]}, {'value': 'U.S . Senator for Arkansas from 1945-1974', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Arkansas', 'summary': "Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15 , 1836 , and elects its senators to Class 2 and Class 3 . Arkansas 's Senate seats were declared vacant in July 1861 , due to its secession from the Union . They were again filled from June 1868 . Its current senators are Republicans John Boozman and Tom Cotton ."}]}, {'value': 'Jake Garn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jake_Garn', 'summary': 'Edwin Jacob Jake Garn ( born October 12 , 1932 ) is an American astronaut , politician , and member of the Republican Party , who served as a U.S . Senator representing Utah from 1974 to 1993 . Garn became the first sitting member of the United States Congress to fly in space when he flew aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery as a Payload Specialist during NASA mission STS-51-D ( April 12-19 , 1985 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Utah , 1954', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Utah', 'summary': "The University of Utah ( U of U , UofU , or simply The U ) is a public research university in Salt Lake City , Utah . As the state 's flagship university , it offers more than 100 undergraduate majors and more than 92 graduate degree programs . The university is classified among Doctoral Universities - Very High Research Activity with selective , higher transfer-in admissions . Graduate studies include the S.J . Quinney College of Law and the School of Medicine , Utah 's first medical school . As of Fall 2018 , there were 24,735 undergraduate students and 8,251 graduate students , for an enrollment total of 32,994 . The university was established in 1850 as the University of Deseret ( /ˌdɛzəˈrɛt/ ( listen ) ) by the General Assembly of the provisional State of Deseret , making it Utah 's oldest institution of higher education . It received its current name in 1892 , four years before Utah attained statehood , and moved to its current location in 1900 . The university ranks 61st among U.S. universities by total research expenditures with over $ 380 million spent in 2017 . 22 Rhodes Scholars , four Nobel Prize winners , two Turing Award winners , eight MacArthur Fellows , various Pulitzer Prize winners , two astronauts , Gates Cambridge Scholars , and Churchill Scholars have been affiliated with the university as students , researchers , or faculty members in its history . In addition , the university 's Honors College has been reviewed among 100 leading national Honors Colleges in the U.S . The university 's athletic teams , the Utes , participate in NCAA Division I athletics ( FBS for football ) as a member of the Pac-12 Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'U.S . Senator for Utah from 1974-1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Utah', 'summary': 'Utah was admitted to the Union on January 4 , 1896 , and elects U.S. senators to Class 1 and Class 3 . Its current Senators are Republicans Mike Lee and Mitt Romney .'}]}, {'value': 'Barry Goldwater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Goldwater', 'summary': "Barry Morris Goldwater ( January 2 , 1909 - May 29 , 1998 ) was an American politician , businessman , and author who was a five-term Senator from Arizona ( 1953-1965 , 1969-1987 ) and the Republican Party nominee for president of the United States in 1964 . Despite his loss of the 1964 presidential election in a landslide , Goldwater is the politician most often credited with having sparked the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960s . He also had a substantial impact on the libertarian movement . Goldwater rejected the legacy of the New Deal and fought with the conservative coalition against the New Deal coalition . Although he had supported earlier civil rights legislation , he notably opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as he believed it to be an overreach by the federal government . In 1964 , Goldwater mobilized a large conservative constituency to win the hard-fought Republican presidential primaries . Although raised as an Episcopalian , Goldwater was the first candidate of ethnically Jewish heritage to be nominated for President by a major American party ( his father was Jewish ) . Goldwater 's platform ultimately failed to gain the support of the electorate and he lost the 1964 presidential election to incumbent Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson . Goldwater returned to the Senate in 1969 and specialized in defense and foreign policy . As an elder statesman of the party , Goldwater successfully urged President Richard Nixon to resign in 1974 when evidence of a cover-up in the Watergate scandal became overwhelming and impeachment was imminent . Goldwater 's views grew more libertarian as he reached the end of his career ; he retired from the Senate in 1987 . A significant accomplishment of his career was the passage of the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 ."}]}, {'value': 'University of Arizona , 1932', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Arizona', 'summary': "The University of Arizona ( Arizona , U of A , UArizona , or UA ) is a public research university in Tucson , Arizona . Founded in 1885 , the UA was the first university in the Arizona Territory . As of 2018 [ update ] , the university enrolls 45,217 students in 19 separate colleges/schools , including the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Tucson and Phoenix and the James E. Rogers College of Law , and is affiliated with two academic medical centers ( Banner - University Medical Center Tucson and Banner - University Medical Center Phoenix ) . The University of Arizona is governed by the Arizona Board of Regents . The University of Arizona is one of the elected members of the Association of American Universities and is the only representative from the state of Arizona to this group . Known as the Arizona Wildcats ( often shortened to Cats ) , the UA 's intercollegiate athletic teams are members of the Pac-12 Conference of the NCAA . UA athletes have won national titles in several sports , most notably men 's basketball , baseball , and softball . The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are cardinal red and navy blue ."}]}, {'value': 'U.S . Senator for Arizona from 1953-1965 , 1969-1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona was admitted to the Union on February 14 , 1912 . U.S. senators from Arizona belong to Class 1 and Class 3 and are popularly elected for a six-year term beginning January 3 . Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1 . The state 's current U.S. senators are Democrat Kyrsten Sinema and Republican Martha McSally , both serving since 2019 , making it one of nine states to have a split United States Senate delegation ."}]}, {'value': 'William Langer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Langer', 'summary': "William Wild Bill Langer ( September 30 , 1886 - November 8 , 1959 ) was a prominent American lawyer and politician from North Dakota . Langer is one of the most colorful characters in North Dakota history , most famously bouncing back from a scandal that forced him out of the governor 's office and into multiple trials . He served as the 17th and 21st Governor of North Dakota from 1932 to 1934 and from 1937 to 1939 . Langer served in the United States Senate from 1941 until his death in office in 1959 . As senator he was best known for strongly opposing any American military involvement in world affairs , while his opponents called him an isolationist ."}]}, {'value': 'University of North Dakota , 1905', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_North_Dakota', 'summary': "The University of North Dakota ( also known as UND or North Dakota ) is a public research university in Grand Forks , North Dakota . Established by the Dakota Territorial Assembly in 1883 , six years before the establishment of the state of North Dakota , it is the state 's oldest university . UND was founded with a liberal arts foundation and expanded to include scientific research . The university has the only schools of law and medicine in the state of North Dakota . Its best known college is perhaps its John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences , the first in the country to offer a degree in unmanned aircraft systems operations , and programs in aviation and aerospace . Several national research institutions are on the university 's campus including the Energy and Environmental Research Center , the School of Medicine and Health Sciences , and the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center . North Dakota 's athletic teams compete in the NCAA 's Division I . Most teams compete as members of the Big Sky Conference , with the exceptions of men 's hockey ( National Collegiate Hockey Conference ) , and swimming ( Western Athletic Conference ) . The men 's ice hockey team has won eight national championships and play in the Ralph Engelstad Arena ."}]}, {'value': 'U.S . Senator for North Dakota from 1933-1934 , 1937-1939', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'North Dakota was admitted to the Union on November 2 , 1889 , and elects U.S. senators to Class 1 and Class 3 . Its current Senators in Congress are Republicans John Hoeven ( since 2011 ) and Kevin Cramer ( since 2019 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Herman Welker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herman_Welker', 'summary': 'Herman Orville Welker ( December 11 , 1906 - October 30 , 1957 ) was a politician from the state of Idaho . He was a member of the Idaho Republican Party and served one term in the United States Senate , from 1951 to 1957 .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Idaho , 1925', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Idaho', 'summary': "The University of Idaho ( U of I , or UIdaho ) is a public university in Moscow , Idaho . It is the state 's land-grant and primary research university . It is the lead university in the Idaho Space Grant Consortium . The University of Idaho was the state 's sole university for 71 years , until 1963 , and its College of Law , established in 1909 , was first accredited by the American Bar Association in 1925 . Formed by the territorial legislature on January 30 , 1889 , the university opened its doors in 1892 on October 3 , with an initial class of 40 students . The first graduating class in 1896 contained two men and two women . It has an enrollment exceeding 12,000 , with over 11,000 on the Moscow campus . The university offers 142 degree programs , from accountancy to wildlife resources , including bachelor 's , master 's , doctoral , and specialists ' degrees . Certificates of completion are offered in 30 areas of study . At 25% and 53% , its 4 and 6 year graduation rates are the highest of any public university in Idaho , and it generates 74 percent of all research money in the state , with research expenditures of $ 100 million in 2010 alone . As a land-grant university and the primary research university in the state , UI has the largest campus in the state at 1,585 acres ( 6.4 km2 ) , in the rolling hills of the Palouse region at an elevation of 2,600 feet ( 790 m ) above sea level . The school is home to the Idaho Vandals , who compete in NCAA Division I athletics ."}]}, {'value': 'U.S . Senator for Idaho from 1951-1957', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Idaho', 'summary': "Below is a chronological listing of the United States senators from Idaho . The state was admitted to the Union on July 3 , 1890 , and its U.S. senators belong to Class 2 and Class 3 . Idaho 's current senators are Republicans Mike Crapo and Jim Risch ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Sigma_Chi_members_8', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable alumni of the Sigma Chi Fraternity. Many notable Sigma Chi Brothers are awarded the Significant Sig Award by headquarters, indicated by as superscriptS.'}	null	null	How many Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the university in which Thomas du Pont was a Sigma Chi member ?	73
075dec18ec627313	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Campeonato_Profesional', 'title': '1948 Campeonato Profesional', 'header': ['Team', 'City', 'Stadium'], 'data': [{'value': 'América', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/América_de_Cali', 'summary': 'América de Cali S. A. , best known as América de Cali or América , is a Colombian football team based in Cali and playing in the Categoría Primera A . They play their home games at the Olímpico Pascual Guerrero stadium . The club is regarded by FIFA and IFFHS as the strongest football team in Colombia and the ninth strongest in South America during the 20th century . IFFHS also once ranked América de Cali as the second best club side in the world , behind only Italian champions Juventus . The club is one of the oldest in Colombia ; they were founded in 1927 , and trace their origins to the América Football Club , which was founded in 1918 . They are also one of the most successful Colombian clubs at both the domestic and international levels , winning fourteen national titles and reaching the Copa Libertadores finals four times ( including three straight from 1985 to 1987 ) . Although they have never won the Copa Libertadores , they have won two international tournaments , the 1999 Copa Merconorte and the 1975 Copa Simón Bolívar . In 2011 , América was relegated to the local second division , where they played for five seasons . They returned to the top flight by winning the Primera B championship in 2016 . América has a number of fierce rivalries , most notably with crosstown rivals Deportivo Cali . Matches between them are known as the Clásico Vallecaucano . Other rival clubs include Atlético Nacional , Millonarios and Independiente Santa Fe .'}]}, {'value': 'Cali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cali', 'summary': "Santiago de Cali ( Spanish pronunciation : [ sanˈtjaɣo ðe ˈkali ] ) , or Cali , is the capital of the Valle del Cauca department , and the most populous city in southwest Colombia , with an 2,227,642 residents according to the 2018 census . The city spans 560.3 km2 ( 216.3 sq mi ) with 120.9 km2 ( 46.7 sq mi ) of urban area , making Cali the second-largest city in the country by area and the third most populous . As the only major Colombian city with access to the Pacific Coast , Cali is the main urban and economic centre in the south of the country , and has one of Colombia 's fastest-growing economies . The city was founded on 25 July 1536 by the Spanish explorer Sebastián de Belalcázar . Cali is also a centre for sports in Colombia , and is the only Colombian city to have hosted the Pan American Games ( in 1971 ) . It hosted the 1992 World Wrestling Championships , the ninth edition of the World Games in 2013 , the UCI Track Cycling World Championships in 2014 and the World Youth Championships in Athletics in 2015 . Cali will host the first ever Junior Pan American Games in 2021 ."}]}, {'value': 'Estadio Olímpico Pascual Guerrero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Olímpico_Pascual_Guerrero', 'summary': "The Estadio Olimpico Pascual Guerrero is a football stadium , also used for athletics , concerts and rugby sevens , in Santiago de Cali , Colombia which is named to honor the poet Pascual Guerrero . The stadium and the sports complex that surrounds it were , from the 1950s to the 1970s , one of the finest and most modern sports complexes in Latin America , and led to references of Cali as the Sports Capital of America . The Pascual , as Cali 's inhabitants usually call the stadium , replaced the now defunct Estadio Galilea which was located in the Versailles neighbourhood , where the first national athletics competition was held in 1928 . The Pascual is still an important venue for domestic and international sporting events . With renovations made for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Colombia and additional suits and sky boxes the stadium 's capacity was reduced to 35,000 people . It is currently the home of América de Cali , Atlético and Boca Juniors , and was the home of Deportivo Cali until 2015 when they moved into their new stadium on a permanent basis ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlético Municipal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_Nacional', 'summary': "Club Atlético Nacional S. A. , also known as Atlético Nacional , is a Colombian professional football team based in Medellín . The club is one of only three teams to have played in every first division tournament in the country 's history , the other two teams being Millonarios and Santa Fe . Atlético Nacional was founded on 7 March 1947 as Club Atlético Municipal de Medellín by Luis Alberto Villegas López , a former president of the football league of Antioquia . The current owner , Organización Ardila Lülle , officially acquired the team in 1996 . According to CONMEBOL , Atlético Nacional is the club with the largest number of fans in Colombia . Atlético Nacional plays its home games at the Atanasio Girardot stadium , which has a capacity of 45,943 . It shares the stadium with its local rivals , Independiente Medellín . The teams face each other in a derby known as El Clásico Paisa , which is considered one of the most important derbies in the country . Atlético Nacional also has a rivalry with Millonarios , a rivalry that arose from the 1989 Copa Libertadores . Considered to be one of the strongest clubs from Colombia , it is one of the most consistent clubs in the country . Atlético Nacional has won 16 league titles , four Copa Colombia and two Superliga Colombiana , a total of 22 domestic titles , making it the most successful team in Colombia . It was also the first Colombian club to win the Copa Libertadores in 1989 and , after winning the title again in 2016 , the most successful Colombian side in that tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Medellín', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Medellín', 'summary': 'Medellín ( Spanish pronunciation : [ meðeˈʝin ] or [ meðeˈʎin ] ) , officially the Municipality of Medellín ( Spanish : Municipio de Medellín ) , is the second-largest city in Colombia , after Bogotá , and the capital of the department of Antioquia . It is located in the Aburrá Valley , a central region of the Andes Mountains in South America . According to the National Administrative Department of Statistics , the city had an estimated population of 2,427,129 according to the 2018 census . With its surrounding area that includes nine other cities , the metropolitan area of Medellín is the second-largest urban agglomeration in Colombia in terms of population and economy , with more than 3.7 million people . In 1616 the Spaniard Francisco Herrera Campuzano erected a small indigenous village ( poblado ) known as Saint Lawrence of Aburrá ( San Lorenzo de Aburrá ) , located in the present-day El Poblado commune . On 2 November 1675 , the queen consort Mariana of Austria founded the Town of Our Lady of Candelaria of Medellín ( Villa de Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de Medellín ) in the Aná region , which today corresponds to the center of the city ( east-central zone ) and first describes the region as Medellín . In 1826 , the city was named the capital of the Department of Antioquia by the National Congress of the nascent Republic of Gran Colombia , comprised by present-day Colombia , Venezuela , Ecuador , and Panama . After Colombia won its independence from Spain , Medellín became the capital of the Federal State of Antioquia until 1888 , with the proclamation of the Colombian Constitution of 1886 . During the 19th century , Medellín was a dynamic commercial center , first exporting gold , then producing and exporting coffee . At the beginning of the 21st century , the city regained industrial dynamism , with the construction of the Medellín Metro commuter rail , liberalized development policies , improved security and improved education . Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have lauded the city as a pioneer of a post-Washington consensus local development state model of economic development . The city is promoted internationally as a tourist destination and is considered a global city type Gamma - by GaWC .'}]}, {'value': 'Estadio San Fernando', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deportes Caldas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Once_Caldas', 'summary': 'Once Caldas S.A. , simply known as Once Caldas , is a professional Colombian football team based in Manizales , that currently plays in the Categoría Primera A . They play their home games at the Palogrande stadium . They were the surprise winners of the Copa Libertadores in 2004 , mainly due to the performances of Juan Carlos Henao and Jhon Viáfara . The club was founded in 1961 after the fusion of Deportes Caldas and Deportivo Manizales ( also known as Once Deportivo ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Manizales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manizales', 'summary': 'Manizales ( Spanish pronunciation : [ maniˈsales ] ) is a city and municipality in central Colombia . It is the capital of the Department of Caldas , and lies near the Nevado del Ruiz volcano . Currently , the city is the main center for the production of Colombian coffee and an important hub for higher educational institutions .'}]}, {'value': 'Estadio Palogrande', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Palogrande', 'summary': 'Palogrande Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Manizales , Colombia . It is currently used mostly for football ( soccer ) matches . With renovations made for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Colombia the stadium capacity dropped to 32,000 people . It was built in 1936 , and was expanded to 36,000 people in 1994 . Once Caldas plays its home matches at this stadium and won the Copa Libertadores in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Deportivo Cali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deportivo_Cali', 'summary': "Asociación Deportivo Cali , best known as Deportivo Cali , is a Colombian sports club based in Cali , most notable for its football team , which currently competes in the Categoría Primera A. Deportivo Cali is one of the most successful football teams in Colombia , having won nine domestic league championships , one Copa Colombia and one Superliga Colombiana , for eleven titles . Their stadium , Estadio Deportivo Cali , with an original capacity of 61,890 , is the largest football stadium in Colombia and was officially inaugurated on 19 November 2008 . In 2010 its capacity was reduced to 55,000 people due to renovations . Deportivo Cali 's old home stadium was Estadio Olímpico Pascual Guerrero , with a capacity of 43,130 . Deportivo Cali is the only Colombian football club that owns its own stadium . It was also the first Colombian team to reach the final of Copa Libertadores in 1978 . In 2016 , Forbes listed Deportivo Cali as the 36th most valuable team of America ."}]}, {'value': 'Cali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cali', 'summary': "Santiago de Cali ( Spanish pronunciation : [ sanˈtjaɣo ðe ˈkali ] ) , or Cali , is the capital of the Valle del Cauca department , and the most populous city in southwest Colombia , with an 2,227,642 residents according to the 2018 census . The city spans 560.3 km2 ( 216.3 sq mi ) with 120.9 km2 ( 46.7 sq mi ) of urban area , making Cali the second-largest city in the country by area and the third most populous . As the only major Colombian city with access to the Pacific Coast , Cali is the main urban and economic centre in the south of the country , and has one of Colombia 's fastest-growing economies . The city was founded on 25 July 1536 by the Spanish explorer Sebastián de Belalcázar . Cali is also a centre for sports in Colombia , and is the only Colombian city to have hosted the Pan American Games ( in 1971 ) . It hosted the 1992 World Wrestling Championships , the ninth edition of the World Games in 2013 , the UCI Track Cycling World Championships in 2014 and the World Youth Championships in Athletics in 2015 . Cali will host the first ever Junior Pan American Games in 2021 ."}]}, {'value': 'Estadio Olímpico Pascual Guerrero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Olímpico_Pascual_Guerrero', 'summary': "The Estadio Olimpico Pascual Guerrero is a football stadium , also used for athletics , concerts and rugby sevens , in Santiago de Cali , Colombia which is named to honor the poet Pascual Guerrero . The stadium and the sports complex that surrounds it were , from the 1950s to the 1970s , one of the finest and most modern sports complexes in Latin America , and led to references of Cali as the Sports Capital of America . The Pascual , as Cali 's inhabitants usually call the stadium , replaced the now defunct Estadio Galilea which was located in the Versailles neighbourhood , where the first national athletics competition was held in 1928 . The Pascual is still an important venue for domestic and international sporting events . With renovations made for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Colombia and additional suits and sky boxes the stadium 's capacity was reduced to 35,000 people . It is currently the home of América de Cali , Atlético and Boca Juniors , and was the home of Deportivo Cali until 2015 when they moved into their new stadium on a permanent basis ."}]}, {'value': 'Independiente Medellín', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independiente_Medellín', 'summary': 'Deportivo Independiente Medellín , also known as DIM , is a Colombian professional football team , based in Medellín , that currently plays in the Categoría Primera A . They play their home games at the Atanasio Girardot stadium , which is part of the Atanasio Girardot Sports Complex . Independiente Medellín has won the Categoría Primera A six times : in 1955 , 1957 , 2002-II , 2004-I , 2009-II and 2016-I . Its best performance at international level was in 2003 , when the team reached the semifinals at the Copa Libertadores .'}]}, {'value': 'Medellín', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Medellín', 'summary': 'Medellín ( Spanish pronunciation : [ meðeˈʝin ] or [ meðeˈʎin ] ) , officially the Municipality of Medellín ( Spanish : Municipio de Medellín ) , is the second-largest city in Colombia , after Bogotá , and the capital of the department of Antioquia . It is located in the Aburrá Valley , a central region of the Andes Mountains in South America . According to the National Administrative Department of Statistics , the city had an estimated population of 2,427,129 according to the 2018 census . With its surrounding area that includes nine other cities , the metropolitan area of Medellín is the second-largest urban agglomeration in Colombia in terms of population and economy , with more than 3.7 million people . In 1616 the Spaniard Francisco Herrera Campuzano erected a small indigenous village ( poblado ) known as Saint Lawrence of Aburrá ( San Lorenzo de Aburrá ) , located in the present-day El Poblado commune . On 2 November 1675 , the queen consort Mariana of Austria founded the Town of Our Lady of Candelaria of Medellín ( Villa de Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de Medellín ) in the Aná region , which today corresponds to the center of the city ( east-central zone ) and first describes the region as Medellín . In 1826 , the city was named the capital of the Department of Antioquia by the National Congress of the nascent Republic of Gran Colombia , comprised by present-day Colombia , Venezuela , Ecuador , and Panama . After Colombia won its independence from Spain , Medellín became the capital of the Federal State of Antioquia until 1888 , with the proclamation of the Colombian Constitution of 1886 . During the 19th century , Medellín was a dynamic commercial center , first exporting gold , then producing and exporting coffee . At the beginning of the 21st century , the city regained industrial dynamism , with the construction of the Medellín Metro commuter rail , liberalized development policies , improved security and improved education . Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have lauded the city as a pioneer of a post-Washington consensus local development state model of economic development . The city is promoted internationally as a tourist destination and is considered a global city type Gamma - by GaWC .'}]}, {'value': 'Estadio San Fernando', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Junior', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junior_de_Barranquilla', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Popular Junior F.C . S.A. ( American Spanish : [ ˈʝunjoɾ ] ) , commonly known as Junior de Barranquilla , by its old name Atlético Junior , or simply as Junior , is a Colombian professional football team based in Barranquilla , that currently plays in the Categoría Primera A . Junior is the main Caribbean team in the top flight of Colombian football . The club was founded on August 7 , 1924 . Known as Los Tiburones ( The Sharks ) , or El Equipo Tiburón ( The Shark Team ) . Junior have won the Colombian professional football championship nine times ( 1977 , 1980 , 1993 , 1995 , 2004 , 2010 , 2011 , 2018 and 2019 ) . Some of the most notable players that have played for the club include Heleno de Freitas , Garrincha , Dida , Juan Ramón Verón , Efraín Sánchez , Carlos El Pibe Valderrama , Iván Valenciano , Teófilo Gutiérrez , Carlos Bacca , Julio César Uribe , Giovanni Hernández and Sebastián Viera .'}]}, {'value': 'Barranquilla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barranquilla', 'summary': "Barranquilla ( American Spanish : [ baraŋˈkiʝa ] ( listen ) ) is the capital district of Atlántico Department in Colombia . It is located near the Caribbean Sea and is the largest city and second port in the northern Caribbean Coast region ; as of 2018 it had a population of 1,206,319 making it Colombia 's fourth-most populous city after Bogotá , Medellín and Cali . Barranquilla lies strategically next to the delta of the Magdalena River , 7.5 kilometres ( 4.7 miles ) ( originally 25 kilometres ( 16 miles ) before rapid urban growth ) from its mouth at the Caribbean Sea , serving as a port for river and maritime transportation within Colombia . It is also the main industrial , shopping , educational and cultural center of the Caribbean Region of Colombia . The city is the core of the Metropolitan Area of Barranquilla , which also includes the municipalities of Soledad , Galapa , Malambo , and Puerto Colombia . Barranquilla was legally established as a town on April 7 , 1813 , although it dates from at least 1629 . It grew into an important port , serving as a haven for immigrants from Europe , especially during and immediately following World War I and World War II , when waves of additional immigrants from the Middle East and Asia arrived . Barranquilla became Colombia 's principal port , and with its level of industrialization and modernity earned the city the nickname Colombia 's Golden Gate ( Spanish : La Puerta de Oro de Colombia ) . In the 1940s , Barranquilla was the second-largest city in Colombia and one of the most modern cities in the Caribbean and in South America ; later local administrations , due to widespread corruption in their ranks , brought about a decline in the standard of living . As government investment increased in other Colombian cities , Barranquilla 's national position was eclipsed . The city is home to one of the most important folk and cultural festivals of Colombia , the Carnival of Barranquilla , which was declared a National Cultural Heritage by the Congress of Colombia in 2001 and recognized by UNESCO in 2003 . Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport , built in Barranquilla in 1919 , was the first airport in South America ."}]}, {'value': 'Estadio Romelio Martínez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Romelio_Martínez', 'summary': "The Estadio Romelio Martínez , or Romelio Martínez Stadium , is a sports stadium located at 72 street and 46 Avenue in the Colombian city of Barranquilla . It has a capacity of 20,000 spectators . Until the construction of the Estadio Metropolitano Roberto Meléndez in 1986 , the Romelio Martínez had been the city 's primary stadium . It is currently the home of the Barranquilla F.C . soccer team , which plays in the Colombian second division ."}]}, {'value': 'Millonarios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Millonarios_Fútbol_Club', 'summary': 'Millonarios Fútbol Club is a professional Colombian football team based in Bogotá , that currently plays in the Categoría Primera A . They play their home games at the El Campín stadium . The team was initially created in 1937 by students from the Colegio Mayor de San Bartolomé . After the team initially was unsure about which name it would want to use , Unión and Juventud were originally favoured , it got under the influence of the city administration of Bogotá and operated as Club Municipal de Deportes . Millonarios was formally founded on June 18 , 1946 , thanks to the efforts of Alfonso Senior Quevedo , who became the first chairman . Millonarios has won the Colombian league 15 times . They are also the third Colombian team to achieve a major international title , the Copa Merconorte in 2001 . Since the beginning of the Colombian professional football league , Millonarios has won many domestic tournaments , the last one in 2017 . Millonarios is also one of only three teams that have played every first division tournament in the country , along with their traditional rivals Santa Fe and Atlético Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Bogotá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bogotá', 'summary': "Bogotá ( /ˌboʊɡəˈtɑː/ , also UK : /ˌbɒɡ-/ , US : /ˈboʊɡətɑː/ , Spanish : [ boɣoˈta ] ( listen ) ) , officially Bogotá , Distrito Capital , abbreviated Bogotá , D.C. , and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá between 1991 and 2000 , is the capital and largest city of Colombia , administered as the Capital District , as well as the capital of the department of Cundinamarca . Bogotá is a territorial entity of the first order , with the same administrative status as the departments of Colombia . It is the political , economic , administrative and industrial center of the country . Bogotá was founded as the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada on August 6 , 1538 , by Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada after a harsh expedition into the Andes conquering the Muisca . The Muisca were the indigenous inhabitants of the region , and they called the place of the foundation Thybzaca or Old Town . The name of Bogotá corresponds to the Spanish pronunciation of the Muisca Bacatá ( or Mueketá ) which was the name of a neighboring settlement located between the modern towns of Funza and Cota . There are different opinions about the meaning of the word Bacatá , the most accepted being that it means walling of the farmland in the Chibcha language . Another popular translation argues that it means The Lady of the Andes . Further , the word 'Andes ' in the Aymara language means shining mountain , thus rendering the full lexical signification of Bogotá as The Lady of the shining mountain ( notice , however , that the language of the Muisca people was not Aymara but Chibcha ) . Others suggest that Bacatá was the name of the Muisca cacique who governed the land before the Spaniards arrived . Jiménez de Quesada gave the settlement the name of Our Lady of Hope but the Spanish crown gave it the name of Santafé ( Holy Faith ) in 1540 when it was appointed as a city . Santafé became the seat of the government of the Spanish Royal Audiencia of the New Kingdom of Granada ( created in 1550 ) , and then after 1717 it was the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Granada ."}]}, {'value': 'Estadio El Campín', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_El_Campín', 'summary': 'The Estadio Nemesio Camacho , commonly known as El Campín , is the main stadium of Bogotá , Colombia . It was inaugurated on 10 August 1938 and has a current capacity of 36,343 spectators . It is the home ground of the Categoría Primera A teams Independiente Santa Fe and Millonarios . The stadium is named after Nemesio Camacho , former manager of the then-existing streetcar system of Bogotá and also the father of Luis Camacho Matiz , the person who offered the land where the stadium would be constructed . The name Campín comes from a modification of the word camping because the area where the stadium currently stands was formerly a camping zone . It entered service as a football stadium around 1946 , just in time to host the first national club tournament . It was used as the final venue for 2001 Copa América , where the Colombian team were crowned champions of the American continent defeating Mexico 1-0 . This stadium was one of the eight stadiums of the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup held by Colombia and hosted its closing ceremony .'}]}, {'value': 'Once Deportivo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Once_Caldas', 'summary': 'Once Caldas S.A. , simply known as Once Caldas , is a professional Colombian football team based in Manizales , that currently plays in the Categoría Primera A . They play their home games at the Palogrande stadium . They were the surprise winners of the Copa Libertadores in 2004 , mainly due to the performances of Juan Carlos Henao and Jhon Viáfara . The club was founded in 1961 after the fusion of Deportes Caldas and Deportivo Manizales ( also known as Once Deportivo ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Manizales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manizales', 'summary': 'Manizales ( Spanish pronunciation : [ maniˈsales ] ) is a city and municipality in central Colombia . It is the capital of the Department of Caldas , and lies near the Nevado del Ruiz volcano . Currently , the city is the main center for the production of Colombian coffee and an important hub for higher educational institutions .'}]}, {'value': 'Estadio Palogrande', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Palogrande', 'summary': 'Palogrande Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Manizales , Colombia . It is currently used mostly for football ( soccer ) matches . With renovations made for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Colombia the stadium capacity dropped to 32,000 people . It was built in 1936 , and was expanded to 36,000 people in 1994 . Once Caldas plays its home matches at this stadium and won the Copa Libertadores in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Santa Fe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independiente_Santa_Fe', 'summary': 'Independiente Santa Fe , known simply as Santa Fe , is a professional Colombian football team based in Bogotá , that currently plays in the Categoría Primera A . They play their home games at the El Campín stadium . Santa Fe is one of the three most successful teams in Colombia , winning seventeen titles , which includes 9 national championships ( most recently in 2016 ) , three Superliga Colombiana , two Copas Colombia , and international titles such as one Copa Sudamericana , one Suruga Bank Championship , and one Copa Simón Bolívar . Santa Fe is one of the three clubs that has played every championship in the Categoría Primera A. Santa Fe became the first Colombian team to win the Copa Sudamericana , and the first Colombian team to win an official tournament outside America . The club was recognized as one of the ten best clubs in the world in 2015 by the IFFHS , occupying the seventh position and being the best ranked of South America . Santa Fe has a fierce rivalry with Millonarios who share the same stadium . The game is considered as one of the most famous derbies in South America and is known as El Clásico Bogotano or El Clásico Capitalino .'}]}, {'value': 'Bogotá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bogotá', 'summary': "Bogotá ( /ˌboʊɡəˈtɑː/ , also UK : /ˌbɒɡ-/ , US : /ˈboʊɡətɑː/ , Spanish : [ boɣoˈta ] ( listen ) ) , officially Bogotá , Distrito Capital , abbreviated Bogotá , D.C. , and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá between 1991 and 2000 , is the capital and largest city of Colombia , administered as the Capital District , as well as the capital of the department of Cundinamarca . Bogotá is a territorial entity of the first order , with the same administrative status as the departments of Colombia . It is the political , economic , administrative and industrial center of the country . Bogotá was founded as the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada on August 6 , 1538 , by Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada after a harsh expedition into the Andes conquering the Muisca . The Muisca were the indigenous inhabitants of the region , and they called the place of the foundation Thybzaca or Old Town . The name of Bogotá corresponds to the Spanish pronunciation of the Muisca Bacatá ( or Mueketá ) which was the name of a neighboring settlement located between the modern towns of Funza and Cota . There are different opinions about the meaning of the word Bacatá , the most accepted being that it means walling of the farmland in the Chibcha language . Another popular translation argues that it means The Lady of the Andes . Further , the word 'Andes ' in the Aymara language means shining mountain , thus rendering the full lexical signification of Bogotá as The Lady of the shining mountain ( notice , however , that the language of the Muisca people was not Aymara but Chibcha ) . Others suggest that Bacatá was the name of the Muisca cacique who governed the land before the Spaniards arrived . Jiménez de Quesada gave the settlement the name of Our Lady of Hope but the Spanish crown gave it the name of Santafé ( Holy Faith ) in 1540 when it was appointed as a city . Santafé became the seat of the government of the Spanish Royal Audiencia of the New Kingdom of Granada ( created in 1550 ) , and then after 1717 it was the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Granada ."}]}, {'value': 'Estadio Alfonso López Pumarejo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Alfonso_López_Pumarejo', 'summary': 'The Alfonso López Pumarejo Stadium is a soccer stadium of National University of Colombia located at University City of Bogotá . It is named after Alfonso López Pumarejo .'}]}, {'value': 'Universidad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_University_of_Colombia', 'summary': "The National University of Colombia ( Spanish : Universidad Nacional de Colombia ) is a public and national research university in Colombia , with general campuses in Bogotá , Medellín , Manizales and Palmira , and satellite campuses in Leticia , San Andrés ( island ) , Arauca , Tumaco and La Paz , Cesar . It was established in 1867 by an act of the Congress of Colombia , and , as of 2017 , was one of the largest universities in the country with more than 53,000 students . It grants many academic degrees and offers 450 academic programmes , including 95 undergraduate degrees , 83 academic specializations , 40 medical specialties , 167 master 's degrees , and 65 doctorates . Approximately 44,000 students are enrolled for an undergraduate degree and 10,000 for a postgraduate degree . It is also one of the few universities that employs post-doctorate fellows in the country . The university is a member of the Association of Colombian Universities ( ASCUN ) , the Iberoamerican Association of Postgraduate Universities ( AUIP ) , and the Iberoamerican University Network Universia . Along with Antioquia and Valle universities , it is part of what is known as the Golden Triangle of higher education in Colombia , being among the most selective and competitive universities in the country . The SCImago Institutions Rankings Iber by SCImago Research Group found that the National University of Colombia produced the largest number of scientific papers published in peer-refereed publications in the country , and was the 17th ( 14th in 2018 ) most prolific in Latin America . Furthermore , according to the Latin-American Web Ranking of Universities , the National University of Colombia ranks first place in internet presence in the country . It is also among the first universities in the region . Among the universities of CIVETS countries , the National University occupied second place . The institution offers a wide selection of programmes in both undergraduate and graduate levels , such as medicine , nursing , dentistry , engineering , chemistry , pharmacy , mathematics , physics , geology , biology , psychology , social sciences , arts ( music , fine arts ) , languages , philosophy , and law ."}]}, {'value': 'Bogotá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bogotá', 'summary': "Bogotá ( /ˌboʊɡəˈtɑː/ , also UK : /ˌbɒɡ-/ , US : /ˈboʊɡətɑː/ , Spanish : [ boɣoˈta ] ( listen ) ) , officially Bogotá , Distrito Capital , abbreviated Bogotá , D.C. , and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá between 1991 and 2000 , is the capital and largest city of Colombia , administered as the Capital District , as well as the capital of the department of Cundinamarca . Bogotá is a territorial entity of the first order , with the same administrative status as the departments of Colombia . It is the political , economic , administrative and industrial center of the country . Bogotá was founded as the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada on August 6 , 1538 , by Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada after a harsh expedition into the Andes conquering the Muisca . The Muisca were the indigenous inhabitants of the region , and they called the place of the foundation Thybzaca or Old Town . The name of Bogotá corresponds to the Spanish pronunciation of the Muisca Bacatá ( or Mueketá ) which was the name of a neighboring settlement located between the modern towns of Funza and Cota . There are different opinions about the meaning of the word Bacatá , the most accepted being that it means walling of the farmland in the Chibcha language . Another popular translation argues that it means The Lady of the Andes . Further , the word 'Andes ' in the Aymara language means shining mountain , thus rendering the full lexical signification of Bogotá as The Lady of the shining mountain ( notice , however , that the language of the Muisca people was not Aymara but Chibcha ) . Others suggest that Bacatá was the name of the Muisca cacique who governed the land before the Spaniards arrived . Jiménez de Quesada gave the settlement the name of Our Lady of Hope but the Spanish crown gave it the name of Santafé ( Holy Faith ) in 1540 when it was appointed as a city . Santafé became the seat of the government of the Spanish Royal Audiencia of the New Kingdom of Granada ( created in 1550 ) , and then after 1717 it was the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Granada ."}]}, {'value': 'Estadio Libaré', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams', 'section_text': '123456 Locations of the 1948 Campeonato Profesional teams : 1 . Barranquilla2 . Bogotá3 . Cali4 . Manizales5 . Medellín6 . Pereira', 'uid': '1948_Campeonato_Profesional_0', 'intro': "The 1948 Campeonato Profesional was the first season of Colombia's top-flight football league. The tournament was started on August 15th, with the match Atlético Municipal against Universidad. 10 teams compete against one another and played each weekend until December 19th."}	null	null	The city that is the main center for the production of Colombian coffee is home to what team ?	Once Deportivo
075ecfe2a25c8dc8	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_Perth_metropolitan_area', 'title': 'List of schools in the Perth metropolitan area', 'header': ['Name', 'Suburb', 'LGA', 'Category', 'Opened', 'Website'], 'data': [{'value': 'Al-Hidayah Islamic School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bentley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bentley,_Western_Australia', 'summary': "Bentley is a southern suburb of Perth , the capital city of Western Australia , 8 km southeast of Perth 's central business district . Its local government areas are the City of Canning and the Town of Victoria Park . Bentley is home to the main campus of Curtin University of Technology and Technology Park ."}]}, {'value': 'Canning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Canning', 'summary': "The City of Canning is a local government area in the southeastern suburbs of the Western Australian capital city of Perth , about 10 kilometres ( 6 mi ) southeast of Perth 's central business district . The City covers an area of 64.8 square kilometres ( 25.0 sq mi ) and had a population of approximately 90,000 as at the 2016 Census ."}]}, {'value': 'Islamic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'web', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australian Christian College ( Darling Downs )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_Christian_College_–_Darling_Downs', 'summary': 'Australian Christian College - Darling Downs is a Christian co-educational school , located in Brookdale , a suburb of Perth , Western Australia . The school has grades ranging from Kindergarten to Year 6 .'}]}, {'value': 'Brookdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brookdale,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Brookdale is a suburb of Perth , Western Australia , located within the City of Armadale . Formerly part of the district of Wungong , Brookdale was gazetted in 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'Armadale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Armadale', 'summary': "The City of Armadale is a local government area in the south-eastern suburbs of the Western Australian capital city of Perth , about 28 kilometres ( 17.4 mi ) southeast of Perth 's central business district . The City covers an area of 560 square kilometres ( 216 sq mi ) , much of which is state forest rising into the Darling Scarp to the east , and had a population of almost 80,000 as at the 2016 Census ."}]}, {'value': 'Adventist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'web', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beechboro Christian School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beechboro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beechboro,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Beechboro is a suburb of Perth , Western Australia , located within the City of Swan .'}]}, {'value': 'Swan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Swan', 'summary': 'The City of Swan is a local government area of Western Australia . It is in the eastern metropolitan region of Perth and includes the Swan Valley , centred approximately 20 km north-east of the Perth central business district . The City covers an area of 1,043 km² ( much of which is uninhabited ) and had a population of almost 134,000 as at the 2016 Census . At the 2001 census , 10% of the population were born in the United Kingdom , while significant Southern European and South-East Asian minorities are also located here .'}]}, {'value': 'Christian ( SCEA )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'web', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blue Gum Montessori School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bibra Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bibra_Lake,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Bibra Lake is a suburb of Perth , Western Australia ; it takes its name from the extensive freshwater lake within its boundaries . It is located within the City of Cockburn and its postcode is 6163 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cockburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Cockburn', 'summary': "The City of Cockburn /ˈkoʊbɜːrn/ is a local government area in the southern suburbs of the Western Australian capital city of Perth about 8 kilometres ( 5 mi ) south of Fremantle and about 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) south of Perth 's central business district . The City covers an area of 167.5 square kilometres ( 64.7 sq mi ) and had a population of over 104,000 as at the 2016 Census ."}]}, {'value': 'Montessori', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'web', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bold Park Community School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wembley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wembley,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Wembley is a western suburb of Perth , Western Australia , located within the Town of Cambridge . Its postcode is 6014 . The main streets in Wembley are Cambridge Street , Harborne Street , Grantham Street and Selby Street . It is an upper middle class , medium-density suburb . Wembley is home to Bold Park Community School , Lake Monger Primary , Wembley Primary School and the Speech and Hearing Centre . Lake Monger is a large Lake located on the outer edges of the suburb .'}]}, {'value': 'Cambridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town_of_Cambridge', 'summary': "The Town of Cambridge is a local government area in the inner western suburbs of the Western Australian capital city of Perth , about 5 kilometres ( 3 mi ) west of Perth 's central business district and extending to the Indian Ocean at City Beach . The Town covers an area of 22.0 square kilometres ( 8.5 sq mi ) and had a population of almost 27,000 as at the 2016 Census . It was originally part of the City of Perth before the restructuring by the Western Australian State Government in 1994 ."}]}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'web', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Byford John Calvin School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Byford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Byford,_Western_Australia', 'summary': "Byford is a suburb on the south-eastern edge of Perth , Australia , and has its origins in a township that was gazetted under the name Beenup in 1906 . Beenup , a corruption of the Aboriginal name associated with nearby Beenyup Brook , was the spelling that had been applied to a railway siding there . The uncorrupted form , Bienyup received mention in surveyor Robert Austin 's account of an expedition through the area in 1848 . In 1920 , the name of the township was changed to Byford ."}]}, {'value': 'Serpentine-Jarrahdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Serpentine-Jarrahdale', 'summary': "The Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale is a local government area in the outer southeastern metropolitan area of Perth , the capital of Western Australia , and has an area of 905 square kilometres ( 349 sq mi ) and a population of almost 27,000 as at the 2016 Census . The Shire 's seat of government is the town of Mundijong ."}]}, {'value': 'Free Reformed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carmel Adventist College Primary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bickley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bickley,_Western_Australia', 'summary': "Bickley is a suburb located within the City of Kalamunda , in Perth , Western Australia . It is situated on the Darling Scarp and is known for the brook of the same name . Before 1949 it was a stopping place on the Upper Darling Range Railway . It was originally known as Heidelburg or Heidelberg , [ clarification needed ] but during World War I , Western Australian Government Railways and Tramways renamed it Bickley after a local pioneer Wallace Bickley . It has been the site of holiday and other sorts of camps . The Seven Network and Australian Broadcasting Corporation 's Perth Television transmission towers have been located there since the founding of television in Perth in 1959 . Perth Observatory , originally situated in West Perth is also currently located in Bickley . It is also one of the major meteorological stations within the Perth Metropolitan Area due to its length of time of operation and location on the Darling Scarp . It is also the location of water reservoirs"}]}, {'value': 'Kalamunda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Kalamunda', 'summary': "The City of Kalamunda is a local government area in the eastern metropolitan region of the Western Australian capital city of Perth about 25 kilometres ( 15.5 mi ) east of Perth 's central business district . The city covers an area of 324.2 square kilometres ( 125.2 sq mi ) , much of which is state forest rising into the Darling Scarp to the east . According to the 2016 Census , the city recorded a population of 57,449 people ."}]}, {'value': 'Adventist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'web', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Casa Mia Montessori Community School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bassendean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bassendean,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Bassendean , originally named West Guildford , is a northeastern suburb of Perth , Western Australia . Its local government area is the Town of Bassendean . It is also the name of the sand dune system on the Swan Coastal Plain known as the Bassendean Dune System .'}]}, {'value': 'Bassendean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town_of_Bassendean', 'summary': "The Town of Bassendean is a local government area in the northeastern suburbs of the Western Australian capital city of Perth , 6 kilometres ( 4 mi ) west of the industrial centre of Midland and about 12 kilometres ( 7 mi ) northeast of Perth 's central business district . The Town covers an area of 10.4 square kilometres ( 4.0 sq mi ) , maintains 97 km of roads and had a population of approximately 15,000 as at the 2016 Census . The Town of Bassendean is a member of the Eastern Metropolitan Regional Council ."}]}, {'value': 'Montessori', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chrysalis Montessori School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glendalough', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glendalough,_Western_Australia', 'summary': "Glendalough is a suburb of Perth , Western Australia in the local government area of the City of Stirling , about 6 kilometres from Perth 's central business district along the Mitchell Freeway . It was named after Glendalough in Ireland ."}]}, {'value': 'Stirling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Stirling', 'summary': "The City of Stirling is a local government area in the northern suburbs of the Western Australian capital city of Perth about 10 kilometres ( 6 mi ) north of Perth 's central business district . The City covers an area of 105.2 square kilometres ( 40.6 sq mi ) and had a population of over 210,000 as at the 2016 Census , making it the largest local government area by population in Western Australia ."}]}, {'value': 'Montessori', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'web', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damla College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ferndale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferndale,_Western_Australia', 'summary': "Ferndale is a southeastern suburb of Perth , Western Australia . Its local government area is the City of Canning . It is approximately 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) from Perth 's central business district ."}]}, {'value': 'Canning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Canning', 'summary': "The City of Canning is a local government area in the southeastern suburbs of the Western Australian capital city of Perth , about 10 kilometres ( 6 mi ) southeast of Perth 's central business district . The City covers an area of 64.8 square kilometres ( 25.0 sq mi ) and had a population of approximately 90,000 as at the 2016 Census ."}]}, {'value': 'Independent ( Turkish )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'web', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emmanuel Christian Community School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Girrawheen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Girrawheen,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Girrawheen is a northern suburb of Perth , the capital city of Western Australia . Its local government area is the City of Wanneroo .'}]}, {'value': 'Wanneroo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Wanneroo', 'summary': "The City of Wanneroo is a local government area with city status in the northern suburbs of Perth , Western Australia . It is centred approximately 25 kilometres ( 15.5 mi ) north of Perth 's central business district and forms part of the northern boundary of the Perth metropolitan area . The city 's main commercial and residential town centres are located at Wanneroo in the east and Clarkson in the north . Further urban centres are planned at Alkimos , Yanchep and Two Rocks in the future to coincide with rapid metropolitan expansion and development in the area . It is also home to the Yanchep and Neerabup National Parks , as well as the Neerabup Industrial Estate in the north . From the city 's inception until 1998 , it also incorporated the neighbouring City of Joondalup in its entirety ."}]}, {'value': 'Christian ( CSA )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'web', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Immaculate Heart College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lower Chittering', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lower_Chittering,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Lower Chittering is a suburb of Perth , Western Australia , located within the Shire of Chittering and forms part of the Chittering Valley . The Chittering Valley is well known for its abundance of wild flowers and beautiful green rolling hills . At the 2006 census , Lower Chittering had a population of 1,395 . Lower Chittering consists largely of rural and rural residential properties . A local developer is developing a 102-hectare ( 250-acre ) parcel called Chittering Retreat into 45 rural residential lots . This development is mainly on cleared land although many mature trees exist on the gently undulating landform . Natural fresh water springs are not very common in the area however Chittering Retreat has a substantial fresh water spring . Developments such as Chittering Retreat help provide important infrastructure to the area such as the upgrading of Morley Road , Lower Chittering and undergrounding of some power services . There is also a Catholic school in Lower Chittering , called Immaculate Heart College .'}]}, {'value': 'Shire of Chittering', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Chittering', 'summary': 'The Shire of Chittering is a local government area in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia , covering an area of about 2,750 square kilometres ( 1,060 sq mi ) just beyond the northeastern fringe of the Perth metropolitan area , generally along and east of the Great Northern Highway . Its seat of government is the town of Bindoon .'}]}, {'value': 'Catholic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'web', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kalamunda Christian School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walliston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walliston,_Western_Australia', 'summary': "Walliston is a suburb of Perth , Western Australia , located within the City of Kalamunda . Prior to 1949 it was a stopping place on the Upper Darling Range Railway . It was named after John and Emma Wallis , the area 's first settlers who arrived in the 1880s . The name was applied by the Railway Department in 1915 . In 2008 the Kalamunda shire redrew Walliston 's suburb boundaries , resulting in Wallis Lane and the Wallis homestead , still occupied by descendants of John and Emma Wallis , no longer being considered part of the Suburb of Walliston . The Nine Network 's Perth Television transmission tower is located here . This suburb 's main feature is a light industrial area in the north-eastern part of the suburb , an Australia Post mail-processing centre , a Transperth bus depot , City of Kalamunda council equipment storage facilities , a large workshop and a few automotive specialists . Walliston Primary School is a public primary school in the suburb ."}]}, {'value': 'Kalamunda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Kalamunda', 'summary': "The City of Kalamunda is a local government area in the eastern metropolitan region of the Western Australian capital city of Perth about 25 kilometres ( 15.5 mi ) east of Perth 's central business district . The city covers an area of 324.2 square kilometres ( 125.2 sq mi ) , much of which is state forest rising into the Darling Scarp to the east . According to the 2016 Census , the city recorded a population of 57,449 people ."}]}, {'value': 'Christian ( SCEA )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'web', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelmscott John Calvin School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Champion Lakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Champion_Lakes,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Champion Lakes is a suburb of Perth , Western Australia in the City of Armadale . The suburb was originally part of Camillo , but was renamed along with the proposal for a large water-based recreation facility that was constructed in the area , Champion Lakes Regatta Centre .'}]}, {'value': 'Armadale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Armadale', 'summary': "The City of Armadale is a local government area in the south-eastern suburbs of the Western Australian capital city of Perth , about 28 kilometres ( 17.4 mi ) southeast of Perth 's central business district . The City covers an area of 560 square kilometres ( 216 sq mi ) , much of which is state forest rising into the Darling Scarp to the east , and had a population of almost 80,000 as at the 2016 Census ."}]}, {'value': 'Free Reformed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kerry Street Community School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamilton Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton_Hill,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Hamilton Hill is a suburb of Perth , the capital city of Western Australia , located 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) southwest the central business district . Its local government area is the City of Cockburn .'}]}, {'value': 'Cockburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Cockburn', 'summary': "The City of Cockburn /ˈkoʊbɜːrn/ is a local government area in the southern suburbs of the Western Australian capital city of Perth about 8 kilometres ( 5 mi ) south of Fremantle and about 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) south of Perth 's central business district . The City covers an area of 167.5 square kilometres ( 64.7 sq mi ) and had a population of over 104,000 as at the 2016 Census ."}]}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'web', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lance Holt School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_(suburb)', 'summary': 'Fremantle is a Western Australian port city located at the mouth of the Swan River , and is situated 18 km from the capital Perth . Fremantle was one of the original townships of the Swan River Colony established in 1829 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Fremantle', 'summary': 'The City of Fremantle is a local government area in the south of Perth , Western Australia . The City covers an area of 19.0 square kilometres ( 7.3 sq mi ) , and lies about 19 kilometres ( 12 mi ) southwest of the Perth central business district .'}]}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'web', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Landsdale Christian School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Landsdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Landsdale,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Landsdale is a northern suburb of Perth , Western Australia located within the local government area of the City of Wanneroo . It is mixed use , with residential , commercial and light manufacturing areas .'}]}, {'value': 'Wanneroo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Wanneroo', 'summary': "The City of Wanneroo is a local government area with city status in the northern suburbs of Perth , Western Australia . It is centred approximately 25 kilometres ( 15.5 mi ) north of Perth 's central business district and forms part of the northern boundary of the Perth metropolitan area . The city 's main commercial and residential town centres are located at Wanneroo in the east and Clarkson in the north . Further urban centres are planned at Alkimos , Yanchep and Two Rocks in the future to coincide with rapid metropolitan expansion and development in the area . It is also home to the Yanchep and Neerabup National Parks , as well as the Neerabup Industrial Estate in the north . From the city 's inception until 1998 , it also incorporated the neighbouring City of Joondalup in its entirety ."}]}, {'value': 'Adventist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'web', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moerlina School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Claremont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Claremont,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Mount Claremont , known previously as Graylands , is a suburb of Perth , Western Australia , located within the Town of Cambridge and the City of Nedlands . Graylands underwent significant changes in the 1950s , with the post war downgrading of military and migrant facilities in the area .'}]}, {'value': 'Nedlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Nedlands', 'summary': "The City of Nedlands is a local government area in the inner western suburbs of the Western Australian capital city of Perth , about 7 kilometres ( 4 mi ) west of Perth 's central business district . The City covers an area of 20.0 square kilometres ( 7.7 sq mi ) , maintains 137 km of roads and a little over 380 hectares ( 939 acres ) of parks and gardens , and has a population of over 21,000 as of 2016 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'web', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pioneer Village School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Armadale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armadale,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Armadale is a suburb of Perth within the City of Armadale , located on the south-eastern edge of the Perth metropolitan region . The major junction of the South Western and Albany Highways , which connect Perth with the South West and Great Southern regions of Western Australia respectively , is located within the suburb . It is also the terminus of the Armadale railway line , one of five major railway lines to service Perth .'}]}, {'value': 'Armadale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Armadale', 'summary': "The City of Armadale is a local government area in the south-eastern suburbs of the Western Australian capital city of Perth , about 28 kilometres ( 17.4 mi ) southeast of Perth 's central business district . The City covers an area of 560 square kilometres ( 216 sq mi ) , much of which is state forest rising into the Darling Scarp to the east , and had a population of almost 80,000 as at the 2016 Census ."}]}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'web', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quintillian School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Claremont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Claremont,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Mount Claremont , known previously as Graylands , is a suburb of Perth , Western Australia , located within the Town of Cambridge and the City of Nedlands . Graylands underwent significant changes in the 1950s , with the post war downgrading of military and migrant facilities in the area .'}]}, {'value': 'Nedlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Nedlands', 'summary': "The City of Nedlands is a local government area in the inner western suburbs of the Western Australian capital city of Perth , about 7 kilometres ( 4 mi ) west of Perth 's central business district . The City covers an area of 20.0 square kilometres ( 7.7 sq mi ) , maintains 137 km of roads and a little over 380 hectares ( 939 acres ) of parks and gardens , and has a population of over 21,000 as of 2016 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'web', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Private schools -- Independent primary schools', 'section_text': "Independent primary schools ( officially referred to as `` non-systemic schools '' in Part 4 of the School Education Act 1999 ) comprise those which are outside the State or Catholic systems . These schools are officially registered by the Minister based on formal advice from the chief executive officer of the Department of Education and Training , following an application by the governing body of the school at least six months in advance of the school 's opening . It is an offence in Western Australia to run an unregistered school , under Section 154 of the Act . Under the previous Act ( Education Act 1928 ) , a school could commence first but had to apply within one month for `` efficient '' status , which would be granted by the Minister after inspection and a comprehensive audit by the Department ( Section 32A ) .", 'uid': 'List_of_schools_in_Perth,_Western_Australia_6', 'intro': 'This is a list of schools in the city of Perth, Western Australia. The Western Australian education system traditionally consists of primary schools, which accommodate students from kindergarten to Year 6, and high schools, which accommodate students from Years 7 to 12. Previously primary schools accounted for Year 7 education, but in 2015 all Western Australian schools transitioned Year 7 to be a part of the high school system. In country areas, district high schools serve as both primary and junior high schools, with students generally commuting to or boarding at larger towns to finish the last two years of their education.'}	null	null	The school located in Western Australia that has grades ranging from Kindergarten to Year 6 opened in what year ?	1982
075ef5260eb95b50	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations', 'title': 'Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations', 'header': ['', 'Member state', 'Year of independence', 'Became a Commonwealth republic', 'Current government type', 'First president'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fiji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fiji', 'summary': "Fiji ( /ˈfiːdʒi/ ( listen ) FEE-jee ; Fijian : Viti [ ˈβitʃi ] ; Fiji Hindi : फ़िजी , Fijī ) , officially the Republic of Fiji ( Fijian : Matanitu Tugalala o Viti ; Fiji Hindi : फ़िजी गणराज्य , Fijī Gaṇarājya ) , is an island country in Melanesia , part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean about 1,100 nautical miles ( 2,000 km ; 1,300 mi ) northeast of New Zealand 's North Island . Its closest neighbours are Vanuatu to the west , New Caledonia to the southwest , New Zealand 's Kermadec Islands to the southeast , Tonga to the east , the Samoas and France 's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast , and Tuvalu to the north . Fiji consists of an archipelago of more than 330 islands - of which 110 are permanently inhabited - and more than 500 islets , amounting to a total land area of about 18,300 square kilometres ( 7,100 sq mi ) . The most outlying island is Ono-i-Lau . The two major islands , Viti Levu and Vanua Levu , account for 87% of the total population of 883,483 . The capital , Suva , on Viti Levu , serves as the country 's principal cruise-ship port . [ failed verification ] About three-quarters of Fijians live on Viti Levu 's coasts , either in Suva or in smaller urban centres such as Nadi - where tourism is the major local industry - or Lautoka , where the sugar-cane industry is paramount . Due to its terrain , the interior of Viti Levu is sparsely inhabited . The majority of Fiji 's islands formed through volcanic activity starting around 150 million years ago . Some geothermal activity still occurs today , on the islands of Vanua Levu and Taveuni . The geothermal systems on Viti Levu are non-volcanic in origin , with low-temperature ( c. 35-60 degrees Celsius ) surface discharges . Sabeto Hot Springs near Nadi is a good example ."}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parliamentary republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parliamentary_republic', 'summary': "A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch ( the government ) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature ( the parliament ) . There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics . Most have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state , with the head of government holding real power , much like constitutional monarchies ( however in some countries the head of state , regardless of whether the country 's system is a parliamentary republic or a constitutional monarchy , has 'reserve powers ' given to use at their discretion in order to act as a non-partisan 'referee ' of the political process and ensure the nation 's constitution is upheld ) . Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government , much like presidential systems , but with a dependency upon parliamentary power . For the first case mentioned above , the form of executive-branch arrangement is distinct from most other governments and semi-presidential republics that separate the head of state ( usually designated as the president ) from the head of government ( usually designated as prime minister , premier or chancellor ) and subject the latter to the confidence of parliament and a lenient tenure in office while the head of state lacks dependency and investing either office with the majority of executive power . [ clarification needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Incumbent Governor-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gambia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gambia', 'summary': "The Gambia ( /ˈɡæmbiə/ ( listen ) ; Mandinka : Kambiya ; Wolof : Gámbi ) , officially the Republic of The Gambia , is a country in Western Africa that is almost entirely surrounded by Senegal with the exception of its western coastline along the Atlantic Ocean . It is the smallest country within mainland Africa . The Gambia is situated on both sides of the lower reaches of the Gambia River , the nation 's namesake , which flows through the centre of The Gambia and empties into the Atlantic Ocean . It has an area of 10,689 square kilometres ( 4,127 sq mi ) with a population of 1,857,181 as of the April 2013 census . Banjul is the Gambian capital and the largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama . The Gambia shares historical roots with many other West African nations in the slave trade , which was the key factor in the placing and keeping of a colony on the Gambia River , first by the Portuguese , during which era it was known as A Gâmbia . Later , on 25 May 1765 , The Gambia was made a part of the British Empire when the government formally assumed control , establishing the Province of Senegambia . In 1965 , The Gambia gained independence under the leadership of Dawda Jawara , who ruled until Yahya Jammeh seized power in a bloodless 1994 coup . Adama Barrow became The Gambia 's third president in January 2017 , after defeating Jammeh in the December 2016 elections . Jammeh initially accepted the results , then refused to accept them , which triggered a constitutional crisis and military intervention by the Economic Community of West African States , resulting in his exile . The Gambia 's economy is dominated by farming , fishing and , especially , tourism . In 2015 , 48.6% of the population lived in poverty ."}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Presidential republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presidential_system', 'summary': 'A presidential system is a democratic and republican government in which a head of government leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch . This head of government is in most cases also the head of state , which is called president . In presidential countries , the executive is elected and is not responsible to the legislature , which can not in normal circumstances dismiss it . Such dismissal is possible , however , in uncommon cases , often through impeachment . The title president has persisted from a time when such person personally presided over the governing body , as with the President of the Continental Congress in the early United States , prior to the executive function being split into a separate branch of government . A presidential system contrasts with a parliamentary system , where the head of government is elected to power through the legislative . There is also a hybrid system called semi-presidentialism . Countries that feature a presidential or semi-presidential system of government are not the exclusive users of the title of president . Heads of state of parliamentary republics , largely ceremonial in most cases , are called presidents . Dictators or leaders of one-party states , popularly elected or not , are also often called presidents . Presidentialism is the dominant form of government in the continental Americas , with all of its 22 sovereign states being presidential republics ( except for Canada , Belize and Suriname ) . It is also prevalent in Central and southern West Africa and in Central Asia .'}]}, {'value': 'Incumbent Prime Minister', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana', 'summary': "Ghana ( /ˈɡɑːnə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Ghana , is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean , in the subregion of West Africa . Spanning a land mass of 238,535 km2 ( 92,099 sq mi ) , Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west , Burkina Faso in the north , Togo in the east , and the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean in the south . Ghana means Warrior King in the Soninke language . The first permanent state in the territory of present-day Ghana dates back to the 11th century . Numerous kingdoms and empires emerged over the centuries , of which the most powerful was the Kingdom of Ashanti . Beginning in the 15th century , numerous European powers contested the area for trading rights , with the British ultimately established control of the coast by the late 19th century . Following over a century of native resistance , Ghana 's current borders were established by the 1900s as the British Gold Coast . It became independent of the United Kingdom on 6 March 1957 . Ghana 's population of approximately 30 million spans a variety of ethnic , linguistic and religious groups . According to the 2010 census , 71.2% of the population was Christian , 17.6% was Muslim , and 5.2% practised traditional faiths . Its diverse geography and ecology ranges from coastal savannahs to tropical rain forests . Ghana is a unitary constitutional democracy led by a president who is both head of state and head of the government ."}]}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Presidential republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presidential_system', 'summary': 'A presidential system is a democratic and republican government in which a head of government leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch . This head of government is in most cases also the head of state , which is called president . In presidential countries , the executive is elected and is not responsible to the legislature , which can not in normal circumstances dismiss it . Such dismissal is possible , however , in uncommon cases , often through impeachment . The title president has persisted from a time when such person personally presided over the governing body , as with the President of the Continental Congress in the early United States , prior to the executive function being split into a separate branch of government . A presidential system contrasts with a parliamentary system , where the head of government is elected to power through the legislative . There is also a hybrid system called semi-presidentialism . Countries that feature a presidential or semi-presidential system of government are not the exclusive users of the title of president . Heads of state of parliamentary republics , largely ceremonial in most cases , are called presidents . Dictators or leaders of one-party states , popularly elected or not , are also often called presidents . Presidentialism is the dominant form of government in the continental Americas , with all of its 22 sovereign states being presidential republics ( except for Canada , Belize and Suriname ) . It is also prevalent in Central and southern West Africa and in Central Asia .'}]}, {'value': 'Incumbent Prime Minister', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guyana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guyana', 'summary': "Guyana ( /ɡaɪˈɑːnə/ or /ɡaɪˈænə/ ) , officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana , is a country on the northern mainland of South America . It is the only English speaking country in South America , and is culturally considered part of the Anglophone-Caribbean sphere . In addition it is one of the founding member countries of the Caribbean Community organization ( CARICOM ) . Guyana is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north , Brazil to the south and southwest , Venezuela to the west , and Suriname to the east . With an area of 215,000 square kilometres ( 83,000 sq mi ) , Guyana is the third-smallest sovereign state on mainland South America after Uruguay and Suriname . The region known as the Guianas consists of the large shield landmass north of the Amazon River and east of the Orinoco River known as the land of many waters . Major rivers in Guyana include the Essequibo , the Berbice , and the Demerara . Originally inhabited by many indigenous groups , Guyana was settled by the Dutch before coming under British control in the late 18th century . It was governed as British Guiana , with a mostly plantation-style economy until the 1950s . It gained independence in 1966 , and officially became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970 . The legacy of British rule is reflected in the country 's political administration and diverse population , which includes Indian , African , Amerindian , and multiracial groups . Guyana is the only South American nation in which English is the official language ."}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parliamentary republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parliamentary_republic', 'summary': "A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch ( the government ) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature ( the parliament ) . There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics . Most have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state , with the head of government holding real power , much like constitutional monarchies ( however in some countries the head of state , regardless of whether the country 's system is a parliamentary republic or a constitutional monarchy , has 'reserve powers ' given to use at their discretion in order to act as a non-partisan 'referee ' of the political process and ensure the nation 's constitution is upheld ) . Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government , much like presidential systems , but with a dependency upon parliamentary power . For the first case mentioned above , the form of executive-branch arrangement is distinct from most other governments and semi-presidential republics that separate the head of state ( usually designated as the president ) from the head of government ( usually designated as prime minister , premier or chancellor ) and subject the latter to the confidence of parliament and a lenient tenure in office while the head of state lacks dependency and investing either office with the majority of executive power . [ clarification needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Incumbent Governor-General ( interim )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parliamentary republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parliamentary_republic', 'summary': "A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch ( the government ) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature ( the parliament ) . There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics . Most have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state , with the head of government holding real power , much like constitutional monarchies ( however in some countries the head of state , regardless of whether the country 's system is a parliamentary republic or a constitutional monarchy , has 'reserve powers ' given to use at their discretion in order to act as a non-partisan 'referee ' of the political process and ensure the nation 's constitution is upheld ) . Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government , much like presidential systems , but with a dependency upon parliamentary power . For the first case mentioned above , the form of executive-branch arrangement is distinct from most other governments and semi-presidential republics that separate the head of state ( usually designated as the president ) from the head of government ( usually designated as prime minister , premier or chancellor ) and subject the latter to the confidence of parliament and a lenient tenure in office while the head of state lacks dependency and investing either office with the majority of executive power . [ clarification needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'New appointment', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Presidential republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presidential_system', 'summary': 'A presidential system is a democratic and republican government in which a head of government leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch . This head of government is in most cases also the head of state , which is called president . In presidential countries , the executive is elected and is not responsible to the legislature , which can not in normal circumstances dismiss it . Such dismissal is possible , however , in uncommon cases , often through impeachment . The title president has persisted from a time when such person personally presided over the governing body , as with the President of the Continental Congress in the early United States , prior to the executive function being split into a separate branch of government . A presidential system contrasts with a parliamentary system , where the head of government is elected to power through the legislative . There is also a hybrid system called semi-presidentialism . Countries that feature a presidential or semi-presidential system of government are not the exclusive users of the title of president . Heads of state of parliamentary republics , largely ceremonial in most cases , are called presidents . Dictators or leaders of one-party states , popularly elected or not , are also often called presidents . Presidentialism is the dominant form of government in the continental Americas , with all of its 22 sovereign states being presidential republics ( except for Canada , Belize and Suriname ) . It is also prevalent in Central and southern West Africa and in Central Asia .'}]}, {'value': 'Incumbent Prime Minister', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malawi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malawi', 'summary': "Malawi ( /məˈlɔːwi/ , /məˈlɑːwi/ or /ˈmæləwi/ ; Chichewa : [ maláβi ] or [ maláwi ] ) , officially the Republic of Malawi , is a landlocked country in Southeastern Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland . It is bordered by Zambia to the west , Tanzania to the north and northeast , and Mozambique surrounding on the east , south and southwest . Malawi spans over 118,484 km2 ( 45,747 sq mi ) and has an estimated population of 18,143,217 ( as of July 2018 ) . Lake Malawi takes up about a third of Malawi 's area . Its capital is Lilongwe , which is also Malawi 's largest city ; the second largest is Blantyre , the third largest is Mzuzu and the fourth largest is its old capital Zomba . The name Malawi comes from the Maravi , an old name of the Nyanja people that inhabit the area . The country is nicknamed The Warm Heart of Africa because of the friendliness of the people . The part of Africa now known as Malawi was settled by migrating Bantu groups around the 10th century . Centuries later in 1891 the area was colonised by the British . In 1953 Malawi , then known as Nyasaland , a protectorate of the United Kingdom , became a protectorate within the semi-independent Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland . The Federation was dissolved in 1963 . In 1964 the protectorate over Nyasaland was ended and Nyasaland became an independent country under Queen Elizabeth II with the new name Malawi ."}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Presidential republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presidential_system', 'summary': 'A presidential system is a democratic and republican government in which a head of government leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch . This head of government is in most cases also the head of state , which is called president . In presidential countries , the executive is elected and is not responsible to the legislature , which can not in normal circumstances dismiss it . Such dismissal is possible , however , in uncommon cases , often through impeachment . The title president has persisted from a time when such person personally presided over the governing body , as with the President of the Continental Congress in the early United States , prior to the executive function being split into a separate branch of government . A presidential system contrasts with a parliamentary system , where the head of government is elected to power through the legislative . There is also a hybrid system called semi-presidentialism . Countries that feature a presidential or semi-presidential system of government are not the exclusive users of the title of president . Heads of state of parliamentary republics , largely ceremonial in most cases , are called presidents . Dictators or leaders of one-party states , popularly elected or not , are also often called presidents . Presidentialism is the dominant form of government in the continental Americas , with all of its 22 sovereign states being presidential republics ( except for Canada , Belize and Suriname ) . It is also prevalent in Central and southern West Africa and in Central Asia .'}]}, {'value': 'Incumbent Prime Minister', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malta', 'summary': "The origin of the name Malta is uncertain , and the modern-day variation is derived from the Maltese language . The most common etymology is that the word Malta is derived from the Greek word μέλι , meli , honey . The ancient Greeks called the island Μελίτη ( Melitē ) meaning honey-sweet , possibly for Malta 's unique production of honey ; an endemic subspecies of bees live on the island . The Romans called the island Melita , which can be considered either a latinisation of the Greek Μελίτη or the adaptation of the Doric Greek pronunciation of the same word Μελίτα . In 1525 William Tyndale used the transliteration Melite in Acts 28:1 for Καὶ διασωθέντες τότε ἐπέγνωμεν ὅτι Μελίτη ἡ νῆσος καλεῖται as found in his translation of The New Testament that relied on Greek texts instead of Latin . Melita is the spelling used in the Authorized ( King James ) Version of 1611 and in the American Standard Version of 1901 . Malta is widely used in more recent versions , such as The Revised Standard Version of 1946 and The New International Version of 1973 . Another conjecture suggests that the word Malta comes from the Phoenician word Maleth , a haven , or 'port ' in reference to Malta 's many bays and coves . Few other etymological mentions appear in classical literature , with the term Malta appearing in its present form in the Antonine Itinerary ( Itin . Marit . p. 518 ; Sil . Ital ."}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parliamentary republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parliamentary_republic', 'summary': "A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch ( the government ) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature ( the parliament ) . There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics . Most have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state , with the head of government holding real power , much like constitutional monarchies ( however in some countries the head of state , regardless of whether the country 's system is a parliamentary republic or a constitutional monarchy , has 'reserve powers ' given to use at their discretion in order to act as a non-partisan 'referee ' of the political process and ensure the nation 's constitution is upheld ) . Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government , much like presidential systems , but with a dependency upon parliamentary power . For the first case mentioned above , the form of executive-branch arrangement is distinct from most other governments and semi-presidential republics that separate the head of state ( usually designated as the president ) from the head of government ( usually designated as prime minister , premier or chancellor ) and subject the latter to the confidence of parliament and a lenient tenure in office while the head of state lacks dependency and investing either office with the majority of executive power . [ clarification needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Incumbent Governor-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mauritius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mauritius', 'summary': "Mauritius ( /məˈrɪʃ ( i ) əs , mɔːˈ-/ ( listen ) mə-RISH- ( ee- ) əs , maw- ; French : Maurice [ mɔʁis , moʁis ] ( listen ) ; Creole : Moris [ moʁis ] ) , officially the Republic of Mauritius ( French : République de Maurice ; Creole : Repiblik Moris ) , is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) off the southeast coast of the African continent . The country includes the islands of Mauritius , Rodrigues , Agaléga and St. Brandon . The islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues form part of the Mascarene Islands , along with nearby Réunion , a French overseas department . The capital and largest city Port Louis is located on the main island of Mauritius . The area of the country is 2,040 square kilometres ( 790 sq mi ) , the nation 's Exclusive Economic Zone covers an area of 2.3 million square kilometres . In 1598 , the Dutch took possession of Mauritius . They abandoned Mauritius in 1710 and the French took control of the island in 1715 , renaming it Isle de France . France officially ceded Mauritius including all its dependencies to the United Kingdom ( UK ) through the Treaty of Paris , signed on 30 May 1814 and in which Réunion was returned to France . The British colony of Mauritius consisted of the main island of Mauritius along with Rodrigues , Agalega , St Brandon , Tromelin and the Chagos Archipelago , while the Seychelles became a separate colony in 1906 . The sovereignty of Tromelin is disputed between Mauritius and France as some of the islands such as St. Brandon , Chagos , Agalega and Tromelin were not specifically mentioned in the Treaty of Paris . In 1965 , three years prior to the independence of Mauritius , the UK split the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritian territory , and the islands of Aldabra , Farquhar and Desroches from the Seychelles , to form the British Indian Ocean Territory ( BIOT ) . The UK forcibly expelled the archipelago 's local population and leased its largest island , Diego Garcia , to the United States ."}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parliamentary republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parliamentary_republic', 'summary': "A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch ( the government ) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature ( the parliament ) . There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics . Most have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state , with the head of government holding real power , much like constitutional monarchies ( however in some countries the head of state , regardless of whether the country 's system is a parliamentary republic or a constitutional monarchy , has 'reserve powers ' given to use at their discretion in order to act as a non-partisan 'referee ' of the political process and ensure the nation 's constitution is upheld ) . Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government , much like presidential systems , but with a dependency upon parliamentary power . For the first case mentioned above , the form of executive-branch arrangement is distinct from most other governments and semi-presidential republics that separate the head of state ( usually designated as the president ) from the head of government ( usually designated as prime minister , premier or chancellor ) and subject the latter to the confidence of parliament and a lenient tenure in office while the head of state lacks dependency and investing either office with the majority of executive power . [ clarification needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Incumbent Governor-General ( interim )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nigeria', 'summary': "Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parliamentary republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parliamentary_republic', 'summary': "A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch ( the government ) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature ( the parliament ) . There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics . Most have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state , with the head of government holding real power , much like constitutional monarchies ( however in some countries the head of state , regardless of whether the country 's system is a parliamentary republic or a constitutional monarchy , has 'reserve powers ' given to use at their discretion in order to act as a non-partisan 'referee ' of the political process and ensure the nation 's constitution is upheld ) . Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government , much like presidential systems , but with a dependency upon parliamentary power . For the first case mentioned above , the form of executive-branch arrangement is distinct from most other governments and semi-presidential republics that separate the head of state ( usually designated as the president ) from the head of government ( usually designated as prime minister , premier or chancellor ) and subject the latter to the confidence of parliament and a lenient tenure in office while the head of state lacks dependency and investing either office with the majority of executive power . [ clarification needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Incumbent Governor-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pakistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pakistan', 'summary': "Pakistan , [ b ] officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan , [ c ] is a country in South Asia . It is the world 's sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 207.8 million . In area , it is the 33rd-largest country , spanning 881,913 square kilometres ( 340,509 square miles ) . Pakistan has a 1,046-kilometre ( 650-mile ) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east , Afghanistan to the west , Iran to the southwest , and China in the northeast . It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan 's Wakhan Corridor in the northwest , and also shares a maritime border with Oman . The territory that now constitutes Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures and intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent . The ancient history involves the Neolithic site of Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation , and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including Hindus , Indo-Greeks , Muslims , Turco-Mongols , Afghans and Sikhs . The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the Persian Achaemenid Empire , Alexander III of Macedon , the Seleucid Empire , the Indian Maurya Empire , the Gupta Empire , the Arab Umayyad Caliphate , the Delhi Sultanate , the Mongol Empire , the Mughal Empire , the Afghan Durrani Empire , the Sikh Empire ( partially ) and , most recently , the British Indian Empire . Pakistan is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam . It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country , with similarly diverse geography and wildlife . Initially a dominion , Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956 , becoming an Islamic republic . An ethnic civil war and Indian military intervention in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh ."}]}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parliamentary republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parliamentary_republic', 'summary': "A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch ( the government ) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature ( the parliament ) . There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics . Most have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state , with the head of government holding real power , much like constitutional monarchies ( however in some countries the head of state , regardless of whether the country 's system is a parliamentary republic or a constitutional monarchy , has 'reserve powers ' given to use at their discretion in order to act as a non-partisan 'referee ' of the political process and ensure the nation 's constitution is upheld ) . Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government , much like presidential systems , but with a dependency upon parliamentary power . For the first case mentioned above , the form of executive-branch arrangement is distinct from most other governments and semi-presidential republics that separate the head of state ( usually designated as the president ) from the head of government ( usually designated as prime minister , premier or chancellor ) and subject the latter to the confidence of parliament and a lenient tenure in office while the head of state lacks dependency and investing either office with the majority of executive power . [ clarification needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Incumbent Governor-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sierra Leone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sierra_Leone', 'summary': "Sierra Leone ( /siˌɛrə liˈoʊn ( i ) / ( listen ) , also UK : /siˌɛərə -/ , US : /ˌsɪərə -/ ) , officially the Republic of Sierra Leone , informally Salone , is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa . It is bordered by Liberia to the southeast and Guinea to the northeast . Sierra Leone has a tropical climate , with a diverse environment ranging from savanna to rainforests , and a total area of 71,740 km2 ( 27,699 sq mi ) and a population of 7,075,641 as of the 2015 census . The capital and largest city is Freetown . Sierra Leone is divided into five administrative regions , which are further subdivided into sixteen districts . Sierra Leone was a British Crown Colony from 1808 to April 27 , 1961 , when it achieved independence from Britain as Milton Margai became the country 's first Prime Minister . Milton Margai 's political party , the Sierra Leone People 's Party ( SLPP ) , under the leadership of Albert Margai , narrowly lost the 1967 Sierra Leone parliamentary elections to the main opposition party , the All People 's Congress ( APC ) , led by Siaka Stevens . Stevens , a political strongman , ruled Sierra Leone from 1967 to 1985 when he retired from politics due to poor health . On 19 April 1971 , Stevens ' government abolished Sierra Leone 's parliamentary government system and declared Sierra Leone a presidential republic . From 1978 to 1985 , president Stevens APC party was the only legal political party in Sierra Leone . The current multiparty democratic constitution of Sierra Leone was adopted in 1991 by the government of President Joseph Saidu Momoh , Stevens ' hand picked successor , just as the rebel group Revolutionary United Front , led by former imprisoned Sierra Leone army officer Foday Sankoh , launched a brutal civil war in the country . On 29 April 1992 , a group of Junior soldiers in the Sierra Leone Army led by a 25 year old Captain Valentine Strasser overthrew President Momoh , and Sierra Leone was under Military rule from 1992 to 1996 during the civil war ."}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Presidential republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presidential_system', 'summary': 'A presidential system is a democratic and republican government in which a head of government leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch . This head of government is in most cases also the head of state , which is called president . In presidential countries , the executive is elected and is not responsible to the legislature , which can not in normal circumstances dismiss it . Such dismissal is possible , however , in uncommon cases , often through impeachment . The title president has persisted from a time when such person personally presided over the governing body , as with the President of the Continental Congress in the early United States , prior to the executive function being split into a separate branch of government . A presidential system contrasts with a parliamentary system , where the head of government is elected to power through the legislative . There is also a hybrid system called semi-presidentialism . Countries that feature a presidential or semi-presidential system of government are not the exclusive users of the title of president . Heads of state of parliamentary republics , largely ceremonial in most cases , are called presidents . Dictators or leaders of one-party states , popularly elected or not , are also often called presidents . Presidentialism is the dominant form of government in the continental Americas , with all of its 22 sovereign states being presidential republics ( except for Canada , Belize and Suriname ) . It is also prevalent in Central and southern West Africa and in Central Asia .'}]}, {'value': 'Incumbent Governor-General ( interim )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': '1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parliamentary republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parliamentary_republic', 'summary': "A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch ( the government ) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature ( the parliament ) . There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics . Most have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state , with the head of government holding real power , much like constitutional monarchies ( however in some countries the head of state , regardless of whether the country 's system is a parliamentary republic or a constitutional monarchy , has 'reserve powers ' given to use at their discretion in order to act as a non-partisan 'referee ' of the political process and ensure the nation 's constitution is upheld ) . Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government , much like presidential systems , but with a dependency upon parliamentary power . For the first case mentioned above , the form of executive-branch arrangement is distinct from most other governments and semi-presidential republics that separate the head of state ( usually designated as the president ) from the head of government ( usually designated as prime minister , premier or chancellor ) and subject the latter to the confidence of parliament and a lenient tenure in office while the head of state lacks dependency and investing either office with the majority of executive power . [ clarification needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Incumbent Governor-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sri Lanka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sri_Lanka', 'summary': "Sri Lanka ( UK : /sri ˈlæŋkə , ʃriː -/ , US : /- ˈlɑːŋkə/ ( listen ) ; Sinhala : ශ්\u200dරී ලංකා Śrī Laṃkā ; Tamil : இலங்கை Ilaṅkai ) , officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka , is an island country in South Asia , located in the Indian Ocean to the southwest of the Bay of Bengal and to the southeast of the Arabian Sea . The island is geographically separated from the Indian subcontinent by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait . The legislative capital , Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte , is a suburb of the commercial capital and largest city , Colombo . Sri Lanka 's documented history spans 3,000 years , with evidence of pre-historic human settlements dating back to at least 125,000 years . It has a rich cultural heritage , and the first known Buddhist writings of Sri Lanka , the Pāli Canon , date back to the Fourth Buddhist council in 29 BC . Its geographic location and deep harbours made it of great strategic importance from the time of the ancient Silk Road through to the modern Maritime Silk Road . Sri Lanka was known in the west and from the beginning of British colonial rule as Ceylon ( /sɪˈlɒn/ , US also /seɪˈlɒn/ ) . A nationalist political movement arose in the country in the early 20th century to obtain political independence , which was granted in 1948 ; the country became a republic and adopted its current name in 1972 . Sri Lanka 's recent history has been marred by a 26-year civil war , which ended decisively when the Sri Lanka Armed Forces defeated the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( LTTE ) in 2009 . The current constitution stipulates the political system as a republic and a unitary state governed by a semi-presidential system . It has had a long history of international engagement , as a founding member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) , and a member of the United Nations , the Commonwealth of Nations , the G77 , and the Non-Aligned Movement . Along with the Maldives , Sri Lanka is one of only two South Asian countries rated high on the Human Development Index ( HDI ) , with its HDI rating and per capita income the highest among South Asian nations ."}]}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Semi-presidential republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Semi-presidential_system', 'summary': 'A semi-presidential system or dual executive system is a system of government in which a president exists alongside a prime minister and a cabinet , with the latter being responsible to the legislature of the state . It differs from a parliamentary republic in that it has a popularly elected head of state , who is more than a mostly ceremonial figurehead , and from the presidential system in that the cabinet , although named by the president , is responsible to the legislature , which may force the cabinet to resign through a motion of no confidence . While the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) exemplified an early semi-presidential system , the term semi-presidential was introduced in a 1959 article by journalist Hubert Beuve-Méry and popularized by a 1978 work by political scientist Maurice Duverger , both of which intended to describe the French Fifth Republic ( established in 1958 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Incumbent Governor-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tanzania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tanzania', 'summary': "Tanzania ( /ˌtænzəˈniːə/ , [ note 2 ] Swahili : [ tanzaˈni.a ] ) , officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ) , is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region . It borders Uganda to the north ; Kenya to the northeast ; Comoro Islands and the Indian Ocean to the east ; Mozambique and Malawi to the south ; Zambia to the southwest ; and Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west . Mount Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania . Many important hominid fossils have been found in Tanzania , such as 6-million-year-old Pliocene hominid fossils . The genus Australopithecus ranged all over Africa 4 to 2 million years ago ; and the oldest remains of the genus Homo are found near Lake Olduvai . Following the rise of Homo erectus 1.8 million years ago , humanity spread all over the Old World , and later in the New World and Australia under the species Homo sapiens . Homo sapiens also overtook Africa and absorbed the older archaic species and subspecies of humanity . One of the oldest known ethnic groups still existing , the Hadzabe , appears to have originated in Tanzania , and their oral history recalls ancestors who were tall and were the first to use fire , medicine , and lived in caves , much like Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis who lived in the same region before them . Later in the Stone and Bronze Age , prehistoric migrations into Tanzania included Southern Cushitic speakers who moved south from present-day Ethiopia ; Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of Lake Turkana about 2,000 and 4,000 years ago ; and the Southern Nilotes , including the Datoog , who originated from the present-day South Sudan-Ethiopia border region between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago . : page 18 These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas . They subsequently migrated across the rest of Tanzania between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago . German rule began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'n/a', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'n/a', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Presidential republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presidential_system', 'summary': 'A presidential system is a democratic and republican government in which a head of government leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch . This head of government is in most cases also the head of state , which is called president . In presidential countries , the executive is elected and is not responsible to the legislature , which can not in normal circumstances dismiss it . Such dismissal is possible , however , in uncommon cases , often through impeachment . The title president has persisted from a time when such person personally presided over the governing body , as with the President of the Continental Congress in the early United States , prior to the executive function being split into a separate branch of government . A presidential system contrasts with a parliamentary system , where the head of government is elected to power through the legislative . There is also a hybrid system called semi-presidentialism . Countries that feature a presidential or semi-presidential system of government are not the exclusive users of the title of president . Heads of state of parliamentary republics , largely ceremonial in most cases , are called presidents . Dictators or leaders of one-party states , popularly elected or not , are also often called presidents . Presidentialism is the dominant form of government in the continental Americas , with all of its 22 sovereign states being presidential republics ( except for Canada , Belize and Suriname ) . It is also prevalent in Central and southern West Africa and in Central Asia .'}]}, {'value': 'Incumbent Prime Minister', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trinidad and Tobago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago', 'summary': "The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago ( /ˈtrɪnɪdæd . təˈbeɪɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , /- toʊ-/ ) is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean . Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago , and numerous much smaller islands , it is situated 130 kilometres ( 81 miles ) south of Grenada and 11 kilometres ( 6.8 miles ) off the coast of northeastern Venezuela . It shares maritime boundaries with Barbados to the northeast , Grenada to the northwest , Guyana to the southeast , and Venezuela to the south and west . The island of Trinidad was inhabited for centuries by native Amerindian peoples before becoming a colony in the Spanish Empire , following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1498 . Spanish governor Don José María Chacón surrendered the island to a British fleet under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby in 1797 . During the same period , the island of Tobago changed hands among Spanish , British , French , Dutch and Courlander colonisers more times than any other island in the Caribbean . [ citation needed ] Trinidad and Tobago were ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens as separate states and unified in 1889 . Trinidad and Tobago obtained independence in 1962 , becoming a republic in 1976 . Trinidad and Tobago has the third highest GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity ( PPP ) in the Americas after the United States and Canada . It is recognised by the World Bank as a high-income economy . Unlike most Caribbean nations and territories , which rely heavily on tourism , the Trinidadian economy is primarily industrial with an emphasis on petroleum and petrochemicals ; much of the nation 's wealth is derived from its large reserves of oil and natural gas ."}]}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parliamentary republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parliamentary_republic', 'summary': "A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch ( the government ) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature ( the parliament ) . There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics . Most have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state , with the head of government holding real power , much like constitutional monarchies ( however in some countries the head of state , regardless of whether the country 's system is a parliamentary republic or a constitutional monarchy , has 'reserve powers ' given to use at their discretion in order to act as a non-partisan 'referee ' of the political process and ensure the nation 's constitution is upheld ) . Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government , much like presidential systems , but with a dependency upon parliamentary power . For the first case mentioned above , the form of executive-branch arrangement is distinct from most other governments and semi-presidential republics that separate the head of state ( usually designated as the president ) from the head of government ( usually designated as prime minister , premier or chancellor ) and subject the latter to the confidence of parliament and a lenient tenure in office while the head of state lacks dependency and investing either office with the majority of executive power . [ clarification needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Incumbent Governor-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uganda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uganda', 'summary': "Uganda , officially the Republic of Uganda ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Uganda ; Luganda : Eggwanga Yuganda ) is a landlocked country in East-Central Africa . It is bordered to the east by Kenya , to the north by South Sudan , to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo , to the south-west by Rwanda , and to the south by Tanzania . The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria , shared with Kenya and Tanzania . Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region . Uganda also lies within the Nile basin , and has a varied but generally a modified equatorial climate . Uganda takes its name from the Buganda kingdom , which encompasses a large portion of the south of the country , including the capital Kampala . The people of Uganda were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 years ago , when Bantu-speaking populations migrated to the southern parts of the country . Beginning in 1894 , the area was ruled as a protectorate by the UK , who established administrative law across the territory . Uganda gained independence from the UK on 9 October 1962 . The period since then has been marked by violent conflicts , including an 8-year-long far right military dictatorship led by Idi Amin . Additionally , a lengthy civil war against the Lord 's Resistance Army in the Northern Region led by Joseph Kony , has caused hundreds of thousands of casualties . The official languages are English and Swahili , although any other language may be used as a medium of instruction in schools or other educational institutions or for legislative , administrative or judicial purposes as may be prescribed by law ."}]}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Semi-presidential republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Semi-presidential_system', 'summary': 'A semi-presidential system or dual executive system is a system of government in which a president exists alongside a prime minister and a cabinet , with the latter being responsible to the legislature of the state . It differs from a parliamentary republic in that it has a popularly elected head of state , who is more than a mostly ceremonial figurehead , and from the presidential system in that the cabinet , although named by the president , is responsible to the legislature , which may force the cabinet to resign through a motion of no confidence . While the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) exemplified an early semi-presidential system , the term semi-presidential was introduced in a 1959 article by journalist Hubert Beuve-Méry and popularized by a 1978 work by political scientist Maurice Duverger , both of which intended to describe the French Fifth Republic ( established in 1958 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'New appointment', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of Commonwealth republics -- Other republics in the Commonwealth', 'section_text': 'Main article : Commonwealth realm § Former Commonwealth realms', 'uid': 'Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations_1', 'intro': "The republics in the Commonwealth of Nations are the sovereign states in the organization with a republican form of government. As of 3 February 2020, 31 out of the 54 member states were republics. Elizabeth II, who is the monarch in the Commonwealth realms, is also still the titular Head of the Commonwealth organization (but not the head of the members of the Commonwealth) in a personal capacity, but this role does not carry with it any power; instead, it is a symbol of the free association of Commonwealth members. Except for the former Portuguese possession of Mozambique and the former Belgian trust territory of Rwanda, they are all former British (or partly British) colonies or self-governing colonies that have evolved into republics. Most of the Commonwealth's members achieved independence while keeping the British monarch as their own individual head of state (in a form of personal union) and later became republics within the Commonwealth by abolishing the monarchy. In some other instances, the countries became republics after achieving independence from other former British colonies (as Bangladesh did from Pakistan in 1971)."}	null	null	Which gulf borders the member of the Commonwealth of Nations that gained independence in 1957 ?	Gulf of Guinea
07601db02dd9452b	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_knights_and_dames', 'title': 'Australian knights and dames', 'header': ['Name', 'Date', 'Citation', 'Reference and comments'], 'data': [{'value': 'Robert Askin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Askin', 'summary': "Sir Robert William Askin , GCMG ( 4 April 1907 - 9 September 1981 ) , was an Australian politician and the 32nd Premier of New South Wales from 1965 to 1975 , the first representing the Liberal Party . He was born in 1907 as Robin William Askin , but always disliked his first name and changed it by deed poll in 1971 . Before being knighted in 1972 , however , he was generally known as Bob Askin . Born in Sydney in 1907 , Askin was educated at Sydney Technical High School . After serving as a bank officer and as a Sergeant in the Second World War , Askin joined the Liberal Party and was elected to the seat of Collaroy at the 1950 election . Askin quickly rose through party ranks , eventually becoming Deputy Leader following Walter Howarth 's resignation in July 1954 . When long-serving party leader Vernon Treatt announced his resignation in August 1954 , Askin put his name forward to replace him . At the vote , he became deadlocked against Pat Morton and Askin asked his former commanding officer Murray Robson to take the leadership instead . Robson did not live up to expectations and was deposed in September 1955 by Morton , who then became Leader . Askin remained as Deputy until , after leading the party to a second electoral defeat in 1959 , Morton was deposed and Askin was elected to succeed him . At the May 1965 election , Askin presented the Liberal Party as a viable alternative government . He won a narrow victory , ending a 24-year Labor hold on government ."}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Premier of New South Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premier_of_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'The Premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales , Australia . The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster system , with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature . The Premier is appointed by the Governor of New South Wales , and by modern convention holds office by virtue of his or her ability to command the support of a majority of members of the lower house of Parliament , the Legislative Assembly . Prior to Federation in 1901 the term Prime Minister of New South Wales was also used . Premier has been used more or less exclusively from 1901 , to avoid confusion with the federal Prime Minister of Australia . The current Premier is Gladys Berejiklian , the Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party , who assumed office on 23 January 2017 . Berejiklian replaced Mike Baird on 23 January 2017 , after Baird resigned as Premier .'}]}, {'value': '[ 44 ] ; also KCMG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Ayers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Ayers', 'summary': 'Sir Henry Ayers ( now pron . airs ) GCMG ( 1 May 1821 - 11 June 1897 ) was the eighth Premier of South Australia , serving a record five times between 1863 and 1873 . His lasting memorial is in the name Ayers Rock , also known as Uluru , which was encountered in 1873 by William Gosse .'}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Premier of South Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premier_of_South_Australia', 'summary': 'The Premier of South Australia is the head of government in the state of South Australia , Australia . The Government of South Australia follows the Westminster system , with a Parliament of South Australia acting as the legislature . The Premier is appointed by the Governor of South Australia , and by modern convention holds office by virtue of his or her ability to command the support of a majority of members of the lower house of Parliament , the House of Assembly . Steven Marshall is the current Premier , having served since 19 March 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'also KCMG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmund Barton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmund_Barton', 'summary': "Sir Edmund Toby Barton , GCMG , PC , KC ( 18 January 1849 - 7 January 1920 ) was an Australian politician and judge who served as the first Prime Minister of Australia , in office from 1901 to 1903 . He resigned to become a founding member of the High Court of Australia , where he served until his death . Barton was an early supporter of the federation of the Australian colonies , and after the retirement of Henry Parkes came to be seen as the leader of the federation movement in New South Wales . He was a delegate to the constitutional conventions , playing a key role in the drafting of a national constitution , and was one of the lead campaigners for federation in the subsequent referendums . In late 1900 , despite the initial Hopetoun Blunder , Barton was commissioned to form a caretaker government as Australia 's first prime minister . His term began on 1 January 1901 , the date on which federation occurred . At the first federal elections in March 1901 , Barton and the Protectionists won the most seats , but were well short of a majority . He was able to continue on as a prime minister by forming an alliance with the fledgling Labor Party , which held the balance of power . The Barton Government established a number of new national institutions , including the Australian Defence Force and the Commonwealth Public Service . It introduced nation-wide women 's suffrage , and laid the foundations of the White Australia policy with the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 . Barton left politics in 1903 to become one of the three founding members of the High Court , which his government had created . He was succeeded as prime minister by Alfred Deakin ."}]}, {'value': '1902', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prime Minister of Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia', 'summary': "The Prime Minister of Australia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia . The individual who holds the office is the most senior minister of state , and the leader of the federal Cabinet . The prime minister also has the responsibility of administering the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet , and is the chair of the National Security Committee and the Council of Australian Governments . The office of prime minister is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia but exists through Westminster political convention . The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the governor-general of Australia and at the governor-general 's pleasure subject to the Constitution of Australia and constitutional conventions . Scott Morrison has held the office of prime minister since 24 August 2018 . He received his commission after replacing Malcolm Turnbull as the leader of the Liberal Party , the largest party in the Coalition government , following the Liberal Party leadership spill earlier the same day ."}]}, {'value': '[ 45 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garfield Barwick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garfield_Barwick', 'summary': "Sir Garfield Edward John Barwick , AK GCMG QC ( 22 June 1903 - 13 July 1997 ) was an Australian judge who was the seventh and longest serving Chief Justice of Australia , in office from 1964 to 1981 . He had earlier been a Liberal Party politician , serving as a minister in the Menzies Government from 1958 to 1964 . Barwick was born in Sydney , and attended Fort Street High School before going on to study law at the University of Sydney . He was called to the bar in 1927 and became one of Australia 's most prominent barristers , appearing in many high-profile cases and frequently before the High Court . He served terms as president of the NSW Bar Association and the Law Council of Australia . Barwick entered politics only at the age of 54 , winning election to the House of Representatives at the 1958 Parramatta by-election . Prime Minister Robert Menzies made him Attorney-General by the end of the year , and in 1961 he was additionally made Minister for External Affairs . In 1964 , Menzies nominated Barwick as his choice to replace the retiring Owen Dixon as Chief Justice . Over the next 17 years , the Barwick court would decide many significant constitutional cases , including a significant broadening of the corporations power and several cases regarding the constitutional basis of taxation . Barwick also played a small but significant role in the 1975 constitutional crisis , advising Governor-General John Kerr that it was within his powers to dismiss Prime Minister Gough Whitlam from office . He retired from the court at the age of 77 , but remained a public figure until his death at the age of 94 . Outside of his professional career , he also served as the inaugural president of the Australian Conservation Foundation ."}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chief Justice of the High Court', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Australia', 'summary': 'The Chief Justice of Australia is the presiding justice of the High Court of Australia and the highest-ranking judicial officer in the Commonwealth of Australia . The incumbent is Susan Kiefel , who is the first woman to hold the position .'}]}, {'value': '[ 46 ] ; also Knight Bachelor , AK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Beattie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Beattie', 'summary': 'Sir David Stuart Beattie , GCMG , GCVO , QSO , KStJ , QC ( 29 February 1924 - 4 February 2001 ) was an Australian-born New Zealand judge who served as the 14th Governor-General of New Zealand , from 1980 to 1985 . During the 1984 constitutional crisis , Beattie was nearly forced to dismiss the sitting prime minister , Robert Muldoon .'}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Governor-General', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'The Governor-General of New Zealand [ n 1 ] ( Māori : Te Kāwana Tianara o Aotearoa ) is the viceregal representative of the monarch of New Zealand , currently Queen Elizabeth II . As the Queen is concurrently the monarch of 15 other Commonwealth realms , and lives in the United Kingdom ( as her principal residence ) , she , on the advice of her New Zealand prime minister , appoints a governor-general to carry out her constitutional and ceremonial duties within the Realm of New Zealand . The current office traces its origins to when the administration of New Zealand was placed under the Colony of New South Wales in 1839 and its governor was given jurisdiction over New Zealand . However , New Zealand would become its own colony the next year with its own governor . The modern governor-general and his or her functions came into being in 1917 and the office is currently mandated by Letters Patent issued in 1983 , constituting the Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief of the Realm of New Zealand . Constitutional functions of the governor-general include presiding over the Executive Council , appointing ministers and judges , granting royal assent to legislation , and summoning and dissolving parliament . These functions are generally exercised only according to the advice of an elected government . The governor-general also has an important ceremonial role : hosting events at Government House in Wellington , and travelling throughout New Zealand to open conferences , attend services and commemorations and generally provide encouragement to individuals and groups who are contributing to their communities . When travelling abroad , the governor-general is seen as the representative of New Zealand ; for this reason , the governor-general is viewed by some as the de facto head of state . The governor-general ( titled governor before 1917 ) initially represented the British monarch and the British Government . Therefore , many past officeholders were British , including a succession of minor aristocrats from the 1890s onwards . In a gradual process , culminating with the adoption of the Statute of Westminster in 1947 , the governor-general has become the independent , personal representative of the New Zealand monarch .'}]}, {'value': 'also GCVO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Bolte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Bolte', 'summary': 'Sir Henry Edward Bolte GCMG ( 20 May 1908 - 4 January 1990 ) was an Australian politician . He was the 38th and longest-serving Premier of Victoria .'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Premier of Victoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premier_of_Victoria', 'summary': 'The Premier of Victoria is the head of government in the Australian state of Victoria . The Premier is appointed by the governor of Victoria , and is the leader of the political party able to secure a majority in the Legislative Assembly . Responsible government came to the colony of Victoria in 1855 . Between 1856 and 1892 , the head of the government was commonly called the premier or the prime minister , but neither title had any legal basis . The head of government always held another portfolio , usually Chief Secretary or Treasurer , for which they were paid a salary . The first head of government to hold the title of premier without holding another portfolio was William Shiels in 1892 . The incumbent Premier of Victoria since the 2014 election is Daniel Andrews of the Australian Labor Party .'}]}, {'value': '[ 47 ] ; also KCMG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Casey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Casey,_Baron_Casey', 'summary': "Richard Gavin Gardiner Casey , Baron Casey KG , GCMG , CH , DSO , MC , PC ( 29 August 1890 - 17 June 1976 ) was an Australian statesman who served as the 16th Governor-General of Australia , in office from 1965 to 1969 . He was also a distinguished army officer , long-serving cabinet minister , Ambassador to the United States , member of Churchill 's War Cabinet , and Governor of Bengal . Casey was born in Brisbane , but moved to Melbourne when he was young . He studied engineering at the University of Melbourne and then went on to Trinity College , Cambridge . In 1914 , Casey enlisted as a lieutenant in the Australian Imperial Force . He saw service in the Gallipoli Campaign and on the Western Front , reaching the rank of major and winning the Distinguished Service Order and the Military Cross before becoming a Chief Intelligence Officer in 1920 . Casey joined the Australian public service in 1924 to work at Whitehall as a liaison officer with the British administration . He reported directly to the prime minister , Stanley Bruce , with whom he developed a close relationship . In 1931 , Casey was elected to federal parliament for the United Australia Party . He served as Treasurer from 1935 to 1939 ( under Joseph Lyons and Earle Page ) , and then as Minister for Supply and Development from 1939 to 1940 ( under Robert Menzies ) . During World War II , Casey was Ambassador to the United States from 1940 to 1942 , and then joined Winston Churchill 's War Cabinet as its representative in the Middle East . In 1944 , Churchill appointed him Governor of Bengal , where he handled the recovery from the 1943 famine and civil unrest in the lead-up to independence ."}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Governor-General-designate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia', 'summary': 'The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative of the Australian monarch , currently Queen Elizabeth II . As the Queen is concurrently the monarch of 15 other Commonwealth realms , and resides in the United Kingdom , she , on the advice of her prime minister , appoints a governor-general to carry out constitutional duties within the Commonwealth of Australia . The governor-general has formal presidency over the Federal Executive Council and is commander-in-chief of the Australian Defence Force . The functions of the governor-general include appointing ministers , judges , and ambassadors ; giving royal assent to legislation passed by parliament ; issuing writs for election ; and bestowing Australian honours . In general , the governor-general observes the conventions of the Westminster system and responsible government , maintaining a political neutrality , and has almost always acted only on the advice of the prime minister or other ministers or , in certain cases , parliament . The governor-general also has a ceremonial role : hosting events at either of the two official residences - Government House in the capital , Canberra , and Admiralty House in Sydney - and travelling throughout Australia to open conferences , attend services and commemorations , and generally provide encouragement to individuals and groups who are contributing to their communities . When travelling abroad , the governor-general is seen as the representative of Australia , and of the Queen of Australia . The governor-general is supported by a staff ( of 80 in 2018 ) headed by the Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia . A governor-general is not appointed for a specific term , but is generally expected to serve for five years subject to a possible short extension . Since 1 July 2019 , the governor-general has been General David Hurley . From Federation in 1901 until 1965 , 11 out of the 15 governors-general were British aristocrats ; they included four barons , three viscounts , three earls , and one royal duke . Since then , all but one of the governors-general have been Australian-born ; the exception , Sir Ninian Stephen , arrived in Australia as a teenager .'}]}, {'value': '[ 48 ] ; also KG and a life peer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harry Chauvel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Chauvel', 'summary': "General Sir Henry George Chauvel , GCMG , KCB ( 16 April 1865 - 4 March 1945 ) , more usually known as Sir Harry Chauvel , was a senior officer of the Australian Imperial Force who fought at Gallipoli and during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in the Middle Eastern theatre of the First World War . He was the first Australian to attain the rank of lieutenant general and later general , and the first to lead a corps . As commander of the Desert Mounted Corps , he was responsible for one of the most decisive victories and fastest pursuits in military history . The son of a grazier , Chauvel was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Upper Clarence Light Horse , a unit organised by his father , in 1886 . After the family moved to Queensland he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Queensland Mounted Infantry in 1890 , and saw service during the 1891 Australian shearers ' strike . He became a regular officer in 1896 , and went to the United Kingdom as part of the Queensland contingent for the 1897 Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria . In 1899 he commanded one of two companies of Queensland Mounted Infantry that were Queensland 's initial contribution to the Boer War . After the war , he was closely involved with the training of the Australian Light Horse . Promoted to colonel in 1913 , Chauvel became the Australian representative on the Imperial General Staff but the First World War broke out while he was still en route to the United Kingdom . Chauvel arranged for the Australian Imperial Force to be diverted to Egypt , where he joined his new command , the 1st Light Horse Brigade , in December . In May 1915 , it was sent dismounted to Gallipoli , where Chauvel assumed responsibility for some of the most dangerous parts of the line . He took charge of the 1st Division that November ."}]}, {'value': '1919', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AIF - for military services in Egypt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Australian_Imperial_Force', 'summary': "The First Australian Imperial Force ( 1st AIF ) was the main expeditionary force of the Australian Army during World War I . It was formed on 15 August 1914 , following Britain 's declaration of war on Germany , initially with a strength of one infantry division and one light horse brigade . The infantry division subsequently fought at Gallipoli between April and December 1915 , being reinforced by a second division which was later raised , as well as three light horse brigades . After being evacuated to Egypt the AIF was expanded to five infantry divisions , which were committed to the fighting in France and Belgium along the Western Front in March 1916 . A sixth infantry division was partially raised in 1917 in the United Kingdom , but was broken up and used as reinforcements following heavy casualties on the Western Front . Meanwhile , two mounted divisions remained in the Middle East to fight against Turkish forces in the Sinai and Palestine . An all volunteer force , by the end of the war the AIF had gained a reputation as being a well-trained and highly effective military force , playing a significant role in the final Allied victory . However , this reputation came at a heavy cost with a casualty rate among the highest of any belligerent for the war . The AIF included the Australian Flying Corps"}, {'url': '/wiki/Egypt', 'summary': "Egypt ( /ˈiːdʒɪpt/ ( listen ) EE-jipt ; Arabic : مِصر Miṣr , Egyptian Arabic : مَصر Maṣr , Coptic : Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khēmi ) , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip ( Palestine ) and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea to the east , Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan , across the Red Sea lies Saudi Arabia , and across the Mediterranean lie Greece , Turkey and Cyprus , although none share a land border with Egypt . Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 6th-4th millennia BCE . Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing , agriculture , urbanisation , organised religion and central government . Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx , as well the ruins of Memphis , Thebes , Karnak , and the Valley of the Kings , reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of scientific and popular interest . Egypt 's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity , which has endured , and often assimilated , various foreign influences , including Greek , Persian , Roman , Arab , Ottoman Turkish , and Nubian . Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity , but was largely Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country , albeit with a significant Christian minority . From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century , Egypt was ruled by foreign imperial powers : The Ottoman Empire and the British Empire . Modern Egypt dates back to 1922 , when it gained nominal independence from the British Empire as a monarchy . However , British military occupation of Egypt continued , and many Egyptians believed that the monarchy was an instrument of British colonialism . Following the 1952 revolution , Egypt expelled British soldiers and bureaucrats and ended British occupation , nationalized the British-held Suez Canal , exiled King Farouk and his family , and declared itself a republic ."}]}, {'value': '[ 49 ] ; also KCB , KCMG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Cook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Cook', 'summary': "Sir Joseph Cook , GCMG ( 7 December 1860 - 30 July 1947 ) was an Australian politician who served as the sixth Prime Minister of Australia , in office from 1913 to 1914 . He was the leader of the Commonwealth Liberal Party from 1913 to 1917 , after earlier serving as the leader of the Anti-Socialist Party from 1908 to 1909 . Cook was born in Silverdale , Staffordshire , England , and began working in the local coal mines at the age of nine . He emigrated to Australia in 1885 , settling in Lithgow , New South Wales . He continued to work as a miner , becoming involved with the local labour movement as a union official . In 1891 , Cook was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as a representative of the Labor Party , becoming one of its first members of parliament . He was elected party leader in 1893 , but the following year left Labor due to a disagreement over party discipline . He was then invited to become a government minister under George Reid , and joined Reid 's Free Trade Party . In 1901 , Cook was elected to the new federal parliament representing the Division of Parramatta . He became deputy leader of the federal Free Trade Party ( later renamed the Anti-Socialist Party ) , again under George Reid , and in 1908 replaced Reid as party leader and Leader of the Opposition . In what became known as the fusion , Cook agreed to merge his party with Alfred Deakin 's Protectionist Party in 1909 , forming a unified anti-Labor party for the first time . He became deputy leader of the new Commonwealth Liberal Party , allowing Deakin to become prime minister again , and served as Minister for Defence until the government 's defeat at the 1910 election ."}]}, {'value': '1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prime Minister of Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia', 'summary': "The Prime Minister of Australia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia . The individual who holds the office is the most senior minister of state , and the leader of the federal Cabinet . The prime minister also has the responsibility of administering the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet , and is the chair of the National Security Committee and the Council of Australian Governments . The office of prime minister is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia but exists through Westminster political convention . The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the governor-general of Australia and at the governor-general 's pleasure subject to the Constitution of Australia and constitutional conventions . Scott Morrison has held the office of prime minister since 24 August 2018 . He received his commission after replacing Malcolm Turnbull as the leader of the Liberal Party , the largest party in the Coalition government , following the Liberal Party leadership spill earlier the same day ."}]}, {'value': '[ 50 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zelman Cowen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zelman_Cowen', 'summary': "Sir Zelman Cowen , AK , GCMG , GCVO , PC , QC ( 7 October 1919 - 8 December 2011 ) was an Australian legal scholar and university administrator who served as the 19th Governor-General of Australia , in office from 1977 to 1982 . Cowen was born in Melbourne , and attended Scotch College before going on to the University of Melbourne . His studies were interrupted by World War II , during which he served in the Royal Australian Navy . After the war 's end , Cowen attended New College , Oxford , on a Rhodes Scholarship . He subsequently won the prestigious Vinerian Scholarship as the best student in the Bachelor of Civil Law degree . He remained at Oxford after graduating , serving as a fellow of Oriel College from 1947 to 1950 . In 1951 , Cowen returned to Australia to become dean of the law faculty at the University of Melbourne . In 1953 , still while at The University of Melbourne , he was awarded a Fulbright Senior Scholarship in Law to Harvard University . He became known as an expert on constitutional law , and was a visiting professor at a number of overseas institutions . He later served as vice-chancellor of the University of New England ( 1966-1970 ) and the University of Queensland ( 1970-1977 ) . In 1977 , Malcolm Fraser appointed Cowen to succeed John Kerr as governor-general . He was an uncontroversial choice , and became the second Jewish holder of the position , after Sir Isaac Isaacs ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Governor-General of Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia', 'summary': 'The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative of the Australian monarch , currently Queen Elizabeth II . As the Queen is concurrently the monarch of 15 other Commonwealth realms , and resides in the United Kingdom , she , on the advice of her prime minister , appoints a governor-general to carry out constitutional duties within the Commonwealth of Australia . The governor-general has formal presidency over the Federal Executive Council and is commander-in-chief of the Australian Defence Force . The functions of the governor-general include appointing ministers , judges , and ambassadors ; giving royal assent to legislation passed by parliament ; issuing writs for election ; and bestowing Australian honours . In general , the governor-general observes the conventions of the Westminster system and responsible government , maintaining a political neutrality , and has almost always acted only on the advice of the prime minister or other ministers or , in certain cases , parliament . The governor-general also has a ceremonial role : hosting events at either of the two official residences - Government House in the capital , Canberra , and Admiralty House in Sydney - and travelling throughout Australia to open conferences , attend services and commemorations , and generally provide encouragement to individuals and groups who are contributing to their communities . When travelling abroad , the governor-general is seen as the representative of Australia , and of the Queen of Australia . The governor-general is supported by a staff ( of 80 in 2018 ) headed by the Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia . A governor-general is not appointed for a specific term , but is generally expected to serve for five years subject to a possible short extension . Since 1 July 2019 , the governor-general has been General David Hurley . From Federation in 1901 until 1965 , 11 out of the 15 governors-general were British aristocrats ; they included four barons , three viscounts , three earls , and one royal duke . Since then , all but one of the governors-general have been Australian-born ; the exception , Sir Ninian Stephen , arrived in Australia as a teenager .'}]}, {'value': '[ 51 ] ; also Knight Bachelor , GCVO , AK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frederick Darley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_Matthew_Darley', 'summary': 'Sir Frederick Matthew Darley GCMG PC ( 18 September 1830 - 4 January 1910 ) was the sixth Chief Justice of New South Wales , [ a ] an eminent barrister , a member of the New South Wales Parliament , Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales , and a member of the British Privy Council .'}]}, {'value': '1901', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chief Justice of New South Wales', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 52 ] ; also Knight Bachelor , KCMG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Owen Dixon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Owen_Dixon', 'summary': "Sir Owen Dixon OM , GCMG , ( 28 April 1886 - 7 July 1972 ) was an Australian judge and diplomat who served as the sixth Chief Justice of Australia . A judge of the High Court for thirty-five years , Dixon was one of the leading jurists in the English-speaking world and is widely regarded as Australia 's greatest-ever jurist ."}]}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chief Justice of the High Court', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 53 ] ; also KCMG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthur Fadden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Fadden', 'summary': "Sir Arthur William Fadden , GCMG , PC ( 13 April 1894 - 21 April 1973 ) was an Australian politician who served as Prime Minister of Australia from 29 August to 7 October 1941 . He was the leader of the Country Party from 1940 to 1958 . Fadden was born in Ingham , Queensland , to Irish immigrant parents . He was raised in Walkerston , and left school at the age of 15 . He was appointed town clerk of Mackay in 1916 , but following the 1918 cyclone moved to Townsville and opened an accountancy firm . He was elected to the Townsville City Council in 1930 , and in 1932 was elected to the Queensland Legislative Assembly for the Country and Progressive National Party . Fadden lost his seat in 1935 , but the following year won a by-election to the federal Division of Darling Downs . In March 1940 , Fadden was named a minister without portfolio in the government of Robert Menzies , who led the United Australia Party in a coalition with the Country Party . A few months later , following the deaths of three senior ministers in an air crash , he took over as Minister for Air and Minister for Civil Aviation . In October 1940 , Fadden replaced Harold Thorby as deputy leader of the Country Party . The leadership was vacant at the time , following Archie Cameron 's resignation , so Fadden became acting leader of the party and de facto deputy prime minister . Menzies subsequently promoted him to Treasurer of Australia ."}]}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Treasurer and Deputy Prime Minister', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 54 ] ; also KCMG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Forrest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Forrest', 'summary': "Sir John Forrest GCMG ( 22 August 1847 - 2 September 1918 ) was an Australian explorer , the first Premier of Western Australia and a cabinet minister in Australia 's first federal parliament . As a young man , he won fame as an explorer by leading three expeditions into the interior of Western Australia , for which he was awarded the 1876 Royal Geographical Society 's Patron 's Medal . He was appointed Surveyor General and in 1890 became the first Premier of Western Australia , its only premier as a self-governing colony . Forrest 's premiership gave the state ten years of stable administration during a period of rapid development and demographic change . He pursued a policy of large-scale public works and extensive land settlement , and he helped to ensure that Western Australia joined the federation of Australian states . After federation , he moved to federal politics , where he was at various times postmaster-general , Minister for Defence , Minister for Home Affairs , Treasurer and acting Prime Minister . He was affiliated with the Protectionist Party from 1901 to 1906 , the Western Australian Party from 1906 to 1909 , the Commonwealth Liberal Party from 1909 to 1917 , then the Nationalist Party of Australia from 1917 to 1918 . Shortly before his death , Forrest was informed that the King had approved his elevation to the British peerage as Baron Forrest of Bunbury ."}]}, {'value': '1901', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Premier of Western Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premier_of_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'The Premier of Western Australia is the head of the executive branch of government in the Australian state of Western Australia . The Premier has similar functions in Western Australia to those performed by the Prime Minister of Australia at the national level , subject to the different Constitutions . The incumbent Premier of Western Australia is Mark McGowan who won the 2017 state election and was sworn in on 17 March 2017 by Governor Kerry Sanderson as the 30th Premier of Western Australia .'}]}, {'value': '[ 55 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Garran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Garran', 'summary': "Sir Robert Randolph Garran GCMG QC ( 10 February 1867 - 11 January 1957 ) was an Australian lawyer who became Australia 's first public servant - the first federal government employee after the federation of the Australian colonies . He served as the departmental secretary of the Attorney-General 's Department from 1901 to 1932 , and after 1916 also held the position of Solicitor-General of Australia . Garran was born in Sydney , the son of the journalist and politician Andrew Garran . He studied arts and law at the University of Sydney and was called to the bar in 1891 . Garran was a keen supporter of the federation movement , and became acquainted with leading federalists like George Reid and Edmund Barton . At the 1897-98 constitutional convention he served as secretary of the drafting committee . On 1 January 1901 , Garran was chosen by Barton 's caretaker government as its first employee ; for a brief period , he was the only member of the Commonwealth Public Service . His first duty was to write the inaugural edition of the Commonwealth Gazette , which contained Queen Victoria 's proclamation authorising the creation of a federal government . Over the following three decades , Garran provided legal advice to ten different prime ministers , from Barton to Joseph Lyons . He was considered an early expert in Australian constitutional law , and with John Quick published an annotated edition of the constitution that became a standard reference work . Garran developed a close relationship with Billy Hughes during World War I , and accompanied him to the Imperial War Cabinet and the Paris Peace Conference . Hughes , who was simultaneously prime minister and attorney-general , appointed him to the new position of solicitor-general and delegated numerous powers and responsibilities to him ."}]}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In recognition of service to the Commonwealth', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 56 ] ; also Knight Bachelor , KCMG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harry Gibbs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Gibbs', 'summary': "Sir Harry Talbot Gibbs , GCMG , AC , KBE , QC ( 7 February 1917 - 25 June 2005 ) was Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia from 1981 to 1987 after serving as a member of the High Court between 1970 and 1981 . He was known as one of Australia 's leading federalist judges although he presided over the High Court when decisions such as Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen in 1982 and Commonwealth v Tasmania expanded the powers of the Commonwealth at the expense of the states . Gibbs dissented from the majority verdict in both cases . On 3 August 2012 , the Supreme Court of Queensland Library opened the Sir Harry Gibbs Legal Heritage Centre . It is the only legal heritage museum of its kind in Queensland and features a permanent exhibition dedicated to the life and legacy of Sir Harry Gibbs ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chief Justice of the High Court', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 57 ] ; also KBE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Gorton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Gorton', 'summary': "Sir John Grey Gorton GCMG , AC , CH ( 9 September 1911 - 19 May 2002 ) was the nineteenth Prime Minister of Australia , in office from 1968 to 1971 . He led the Liberal Party during that time , having previously been a long-serving government minister . Gorton was born out of wedlock and had a turbulent childhood . He studied at Brasenose College , Oxford , after finishing his secondary education at Geelong Grammar School , and then returned to Australia to take over his father 's property in northern Victoria . Gorton enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force in 1940 , and served as a fighter pilot in Malaya and New Guinea during the Second World War . He suffered severe facial injuries in a crash landing on Bintan Island in 1942 , and whilst being evacuated ; his ship was torpedoed and sunk by a Japanese submarine . He returned to farming after being discharged in 1944 , and was elected to the Kerang Shire Council in 1946 ; he later served a term as shire president . After a previous unsuccessful candidacy at state level , Gorton was elected to the Senate at the 1949 federal election . He took a keen interest in foreign policy , and gained a reputation as a strident anti-Communist . Gorton was promoted to the ministry in 1958 , and over the following decade held a variety of different portfolios in the governments of Robert Menzies and Harold Holt . He was responsible at various times for the Navy , public works , education , and science . He was elevated to the Cabinet in 1966 , and the following year , he was promoted to Leader of the Government in the Senate ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In recognition of service as Prime Minister of Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 58 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Hasluck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Hasluck', 'summary': "Sir Paul Meernaa Caedwalla Hasluck , KG , GCMG , GCVO ( 1 April 1905 - 9 January 1993 ) was an Australian statesman who served as the 17th Governor-General of Australia , in office from 1969 to 1974 . Prior to that , he was a Liberal Party politician , holding ministerial office continuously from 1951 to 1969 . Hasluck was born in Fremantle , Western Australia , and attended Perth Modern School and the University of Western Australia . After graduation he joined the university as a faculty member , eventually becoming a reader in history . Hasluck joined the Department of External Affairs during World War II , and served as Australia 's first Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 1946 to 1947 . He would later contribute two volumes to Australia in the War of 1939-1945 , the official history of Australia 's involvement in the war . In 1949 , Hasluck was elected to federal parliament for the Liberal Party , winning the Division of Curtin . In 1951 , less than two years after entering politics , he was made Minister for Territories in the Menzies Government . In his twelve years in the position , he initiated transitions toward self-government in Australia 's territories , including Nauru , Papua New Guinea , and the Northern Territory . Hasluck later served as Minister for Defence ( 1963-1964 ) and Minister for External Affairs ( 1964-1969 ) . His tenure in those positions covered Australia 's involvement in the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation and the first years of the Vietnam War . After the disappearance of Harold Holt , Hasluck unsuccessfully stood in the resulting Liberal leadership election ."}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Governor-General-designate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 59 ] ; also KG , GCVO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Higgins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Michael_Higgins_(metallurgist)', 'summary': 'Sir John Michael Higgins GCMG ( 9 December 1862 - 6 October 1937 ) was an Australian businessman and metallurgist , and was the founder of the Australian Metal Exchange .'}]}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Services to the Commonwealth', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 60 ] ; also KCMG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Irvine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Irvine_(Australian_politician)', 'summary': 'Sir William Hill Irvine GCMG ( 6 July 1858 - 20 August 1943 ) was an Australian politician and judge . He served as Premier of Victoria ( 1902-1904 ) , Attorney-General of Australia ( 1913-1914 ) , and Chief Justice of Victoria ( 1918-1935 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chief Justice of Victoria', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 61 ] ; also KCMG', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Order of St Michael and St George -- Knights Grand Cross ( GCMG )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Australian_knights_and_dames_6', 'intro': 'This is an incomplete list of Australians who have been appointed a knight or a dame, being entitled to be known as Sir or Dame respectively. It includes Living Australian knights and dames as well as dead appointees. The list excludes Australian baronets.'}	null	null	What date was the citation of the man who won the Distinguished Service Order and Military Cross before becoming a Chief Intelligence Officer in 1920 ?	1965
07646cc3b28397db	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ahmadiyya_buildings_and_structures', 'title': 'List of Ahmadiyya buildings and structures', 'header': ['Name', 'Province', 'City', 'Year', 'G', 'Remarks'], 'data': [{'value': 'Baitun Nur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baitun_Nur', 'summary': 'Baitun Nur ( also spelled Baitunnur or Baitun Noor ) ( Arabic for House of Light ) is an Ahmadiyya mosque in Calgary , Alberta . Baitun Nur is the largest mosque in Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Alberta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberta', 'summary': "Alberta is a province of Canada . With an estimated population of 4,067,175 as of 2016 census , it is Canada 's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada 's three prairie provinces . Its area is about 660,000 square kilometres ( 250,000 sq mi ) . Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1 , 1905 . The premier is Jason Kenney as of April 30 , 2019 . Alberta is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east , the Northwest Territories to the north , and the U.S. state of Montana to the south . Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces . It has a predominantly humid continental climate , with stark contrasts over a year ; but seasonal temperature average swings are smaller than in areas further east , due to winters being warmed by occasional chinook winds bringing sudden warming . Alberta 's capital , Edmonton , is near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada 's crude oil , the Athabasca oil sands and other northern resource industries . About 290 km ( 180 mi ) south of the capital is Calgary , the largest city in Alberta . Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta 's two census metropolitan areas , both of which have populations exceeding one million , while the province has 16 census agglomerations . Tourist destinations in the province include Banff , Canmore , Drumheller , Jasper , Sylvan Lake and Lake Louise ."}]}, {'value': 'Calgary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary', 'summary': "Calgary ( /ˈkælɡri/ ( listen ) ) is a city in the western Canadian province of Alberta . It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province , in an area of foothills and prairie , about 80 km ( 50 mi ) east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies , roughly 299 km ( 186 mi ) south of the provincial capital of Edmonton and approximately 240 km ( 150 mi ) north of the Canada-United States border . The city anchors the south end of the Statistics Canada-defined urban area , the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 1,285,711 in 2019 , making it Alberta 's largest city . It is the third-largest municipality in Canada ( after Toronto and Montreal ) , and the largest in western Canada . Also in 2016 , Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609 , making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada and second-largest in western Canada . Calgary 's economy includes activity in the energy , financial services , film and television , transportation and logistics , technology , manufacturing , aerospace , health and wellness , retail , and tourism sectors . The Calgary CMA is home to Canada 's second-highest number of corporate head offices among the country 's 800 largest corporations . In 2015 Calgary had the highest number of millionaires per capita of any major Canadian city . In 1988 it became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games . The Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Calgary the most livable city in North America in both 2018 and 2019 . Calgary has been a top 5 contender for this title for the last 10 years ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'House of Light Mosque , the largest mosque in Canada , opened in 2008 in Calgary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary', 'summary': "Calgary ( /ˈkælɡri/ ( listen ) ) is a city in the western Canadian province of Alberta . It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province , in an area of foothills and prairie , about 80 km ( 50 mi ) east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies , roughly 299 km ( 186 mi ) south of the provincial capital of Edmonton and approximately 240 km ( 150 mi ) north of the Canada-United States border . The city anchors the south end of the Statistics Canada-defined urban area , the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 1,285,711 in 2019 , making it Alberta 's largest city . It is the third-largest municipality in Canada ( after Toronto and Montreal ) , and the largest in western Canada . Also in 2016 , Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609 , making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada and second-largest in western Canada . Calgary 's economy includes activity in the energy , financial services , film and television , transportation and logistics , technology , manufacturing , aerospace , health and wellness , retail , and tourism sectors . The Calgary CMA is home to Canada 's second-highest number of corporate head offices among the country 's 800 largest corporations . In 2015 Calgary had the highest number of millionaires per capita of any major Canadian city . In 1988 it became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games . The Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Calgary the most livable city in North America in both 2018 and 2019 . Calgary has been a top 5 contender for this title for the last 10 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Baitul Hadi Mosque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alberta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberta', 'summary': "Alberta is a province of Canada . With an estimated population of 4,067,175 as of 2016 census , it is Canada 's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada 's three prairie provinces . Its area is about 660,000 square kilometres ( 250,000 sq mi ) . Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1 , 1905 . The premier is Jason Kenney as of April 30 , 2019 . Alberta is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east , the Northwest Territories to the north , and the U.S. state of Montana to the south . Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces . It has a predominantly humid continental climate , with stark contrasts over a year ; but seasonal temperature average swings are smaller than in areas further east , due to winters being warmed by occasional chinook winds bringing sudden warming . Alberta 's capital , Edmonton , is near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada 's crude oil , the Athabasca oil sands and other northern resource industries . About 290 km ( 180 mi ) south of the capital is Calgary , the largest city in Alberta . Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta 's two census metropolitan areas , both of which have populations exceeding one million , while the province has 16 census agglomerations . Tourist destinations in the province include Banff , Canmore , Drumheller , Jasper , Sylvan Lake and Lake Louise ."}]}, {'value': 'Edmonton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton', 'summary': "Edmonton ( /ˈɛdməntən/ ( listen ) ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta . Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region , which is surrounded by Alberta 's central region . The city anchors the north end of what Statistics Canada defines as the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 932,546 in 2016 , making it Alberta 's second-largest city and Canada 's fifth-largest municipality . Also in 2016 , Edmonton had a metropolitan population of 1,321,426 , making it the sixth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada . Edmonton is North America 's northernmost metropolitan area with a population over one million . A resident of Edmonton is known as an Edmontonian . Edmonton 's historic growth has been facilitated through the absorption of five adjacent urban municipalities ( Strathcona , North Edmonton , West Edmonton , Beverly and Jasper Place ) in addition to a series of annexations through 1982 , and the annexation of 8,260 ha ( 82.6 km2 ) of land from Leduc County and the city of Beaumont on January 1 , 2019 . Known as the Gateway to the North , the city is a staging point for large-scale oil sands projects occurring in northern Alberta and large-scale diamond mining operations in the Northwest Territories . Edmonton is a cultural , governmental and educational centre . It hosts a year-round slate of festivals , reflected in the nickname Canada 's Festival City . It is home to North America 's largest mall , West Edmonton Mall ( the world 's largest mall from 1981 until 2004 ) , and Fort Edmonton Park , Canada 's largest living history museum ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Serves the local chapter of Ahmadiyya Muslim in Edmonton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baitul Amaan Mosque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saskatchewan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saskatchewan', 'summary': "Saskatchewan ( /səˈskætʃəwən , sæ- , -wɒn/ ( listen ) ) is a prairie and boreal province in western Canada , the only province without a natural border . It has an area of 651,900 square kilometres ( 251,700 sq mi ) , nearly 10 percent of which ( 59,366 square kilometres ( 22,900 sq mi ) ) is fresh water , composed mostly of rivers , reservoirs , and the province 's 100,000 lakes . Saskatchewan is bordered on the west by Alberta , on the north by the Northwest Territories , on the east by Manitoba , to the northeast by Nunavut , and on the south by the U.S. states of Montana and North Dakota . As of Q3 2019 , Saskatchewan 's population was estimated at 1,178,657 . Residents primarily live in the southern prairie half of the province , while the northern boreal half is mostly forested and sparsely populated . Of the total population , roughly half live in the province 's largest city Saskatoon , or the provincial capital Regina . Other notable cities include Prince Albert , Moose Jaw , Yorkton , Swift Current , North Battleford , Melfort , and the border city Lloydminster ( partially within Alberta ) . Saskatchewan is a landlocked province with large distances to moderating bodies of waters . As a result , its climate is extremely continental , rendering severe winters throughout the province . Southern areas have very warm or hot summers . Midale and Yellow Grass ( both near the U.S. border ) are tied for the highest ever recorded temperatures in Canada , with 45 °C ( 113 °F ) observed at both locations on July 5 , 1937 . In winter , temperatures below −45 °C ( −49 °F ) are possible even in the south during extreme cold snaps ."}]}, {'value': 'Lloydminster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lloydminster', 'summary': 'Lloydminster is a Canadian city which has the unusual geographic distinction of straddling the provincial border between Alberta and Saskatchewan . The city is incorporated by both provinces as a single city with a single municipal administration .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Serves the local chapter of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Lloydminster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baitur Rehman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_Columbia', 'summary': "British Columbia ( BC ; French : Colombie-Britannique ) is the westernmost province in Canada , located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 5.1 million as of 2019 [ update ] , it is Canada 's third-most populous province . The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria , established in 1843 , which gave rise to the City of Victoria , at first the capital of the separate Colony of Vancouver Island . Subsequently , on the mainland , the Colony of British Columbia ( 1858-1866 ) was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers , Columbia Detachment , in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush . Moody was Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for the Colony and the first Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia : he was hand-picked by the Colonial Office in London to transform British Columbia into the British Empire 's bulwark in the farthest west , and to found a second England on the shores of the Pacific . Moody selected the site for and founded the original capital of British Columbia , New Westminster , established the Cariboo Road and Stanley Park , and designed the first version of the Coat of arms of British Columbia . Port Moody is named after him . In 1866 , Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia , and Victoria became the united colony 's capital . In 1871 , British Columbia became the sixth province of Canada . Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu ( Splendour without Diminishment ) . The capital of British Columbia is Victoria , the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada , named for Queen Victoria , who ruled during the creation of the original colonies . The largest city is Vancouver , the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada , the largest in Western Canada , and the second-largest in the Pacific Northwest ."}]}, {'value': 'Delta ,', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delta,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Delta is a city in British Columbia , and forms part of Greater Vancouver . Located south of Richmond , it is bordered by the Fraser River to the north , the United States ( Point Roberts , Washington ) to the south and the city of Surrey to the east . Delta is composed of three distinct communities : Ladner , Tsawwassen , and North Delta .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Mosque serves the Vancouver Ahmadiyya Muslim Local Chapters Masjid : Baitur Rehman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmaddiya Centre Mosque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manitoba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba', 'summary': "Manitoba ( /ˌmænɪˈtoʊbə/ ( listen ) ) is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada . It is often considered one of the three prairie provinces ( with Alberta and Saskatchewan ) and is Canada 's fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.369 million people . Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres ( 250,900 sq mi ) with a widely varied landscape , stretching from the northern oceanic coastline to the southern border with the United States . The province is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west , the territories of Nunavut to the north , and Northwest Territories to the northwest , and the U.S. states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south . Indigenous peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years . In the late 17th century , fur traders arrived on two major river systems , what is now called the Nelson in northern Manitoba and in the southeast along the Winnipeg River system . A Royal Charter in 1670 granted all the lands draining into Hudson 's Bay to the British company and they administered trade in what was then called Rupert 's Land . During the next 200 years , communities continued to grow and evolve , with a significant settlement of Michif in what is now Winnipeg . The assertion of Métis identity and self-rule culminated in negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba . There are many factors that led to an armed uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada , a conflict known as the Red River Rebellion . The resolution of the assertion of the right to representation led to the Parliament of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 that created the province . Manitoba 's capital and largest city , Winnipeg , is the eighth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada ."}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ahmaddiya Centre-Mosque in Winnipeg serves the local Ahmadiyya Chapter of Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Ahmadiyya Muslim Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saskatchewan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saskatchewan', 'summary': "Saskatchewan ( /səˈskætʃəwən , sæ- , -wɒn/ ( listen ) ) is a prairie and boreal province in western Canada , the only province without a natural border . It has an area of 651,900 square kilometres ( 251,700 sq mi ) , nearly 10 percent of which ( 59,366 square kilometres ( 22,900 sq mi ) ) is fresh water , composed mostly of rivers , reservoirs , and the province 's 100,000 lakes . Saskatchewan is bordered on the west by Alberta , on the north by the Northwest Territories , on the east by Manitoba , to the northeast by Nunavut , and on the south by the U.S. states of Montana and North Dakota . As of Q3 2019 , Saskatchewan 's population was estimated at 1,178,657 . Residents primarily live in the southern prairie half of the province , while the northern boreal half is mostly forested and sparsely populated . Of the total population , roughly half live in the province 's largest city Saskatoon , or the provincial capital Regina . Other notable cities include Prince Albert , Moose Jaw , Yorkton , Swift Current , North Battleford , Melfort , and the border city Lloydminster ( partially within Alberta ) . Saskatchewan is a landlocked province with large distances to moderating bodies of waters . As a result , its climate is extremely continental , rendering severe winters throughout the province . Southern areas have very warm or hot summers . Midale and Yellow Grass ( both near the U.S. border ) are tied for the highest ever recorded temperatures in Canada , with 45 °C ( 113 °F ) observed at both locations on July 5 , 1937 . In winter , temperatures below −45 °C ( −49 °F ) are possible even in the south during extreme cold snaps ."}]}, {'value': 'Regina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan', 'summary': "Regina ( /rɪˈdʒaɪnə/ ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan . The city is the second-largest in the province , after Saskatoon , and a cultural and commercial centre for southern Saskatchewan . As of the 2016 census , Regina had a city population of 215,106 , and a Metropolitan Area population of 236,481 . It is governed by Regina City Council . The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Sherwood No . 159 . Regina was previously the seat of government of the North-West Territories , of which the current provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta originally formed part , and of the District of Assiniboia . The site was previously called Wascana ( Buffalo Bones in Cree ) , but was renamed to Regina ( Latin for Queen ) in 1882 in honour of Queen Victoria . This decision was made by Queen Victoria 's daughter Princess Louise , who was the wife of the Governor General of Canada , the Marquess of Lorne . Unlike other planned cities in the Canadian West , on its treeless flat plain Regina has few topographical features other than the small spring run-off , Wascana Creek . Early planners took advantage of such opportunity by damming the creek to create a decorative lake to the south of the central business district with a dam a block and a half west of the later elaborate 260-metre ( 850 ft ) long Albert Street Bridge across the new lake . Regina 's importance was further secured when the new province of Saskatchewan designated the city its capital in 1906 ."}]}, {'value': '2011/2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Located in the City Center , an official mosque is under construction in the city on a bought plot the contract for which was signed in July 2013 . Estimated time of completion is mid of 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darur Rahmat Mosque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saskatchewan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saskatchewan', 'summary': "Saskatchewan ( /səˈskætʃəwən , sæ- , -wɒn/ ( listen ) ) is a prairie and boreal province in western Canada , the only province without a natural border . It has an area of 651,900 square kilometres ( 251,700 sq mi ) , nearly 10 percent of which ( 59,366 square kilometres ( 22,900 sq mi ) ) is fresh water , composed mostly of rivers , reservoirs , and the province 's 100,000 lakes . Saskatchewan is bordered on the west by Alberta , on the north by the Northwest Territories , on the east by Manitoba , to the northeast by Nunavut , and on the south by the U.S. states of Montana and North Dakota . As of Q3 2019 , Saskatchewan 's population was estimated at 1,178,657 . Residents primarily live in the southern prairie half of the province , while the northern boreal half is mostly forested and sparsely populated . Of the total population , roughly half live in the province 's largest city Saskatoon , or the provincial capital Regina . Other notable cities include Prince Albert , Moose Jaw , Yorkton , Swift Current , North Battleford , Melfort , and the border city Lloydminster ( partially within Alberta ) . Saskatchewan is a landlocked province with large distances to moderating bodies of waters . As a result , its climate is extremely continental , rendering severe winters throughout the province . Southern areas have very warm or hot summers . Midale and Yellow Grass ( both near the U.S. border ) are tied for the highest ever recorded temperatures in Canada , with 45 °C ( 113 °F ) observed at both locations on July 5 , 1937 . In winter , temperatures below −45 °C ( −49 °F ) are possible even in the south during extreme cold snaps ."}]}, {'value': 'Saskatoon , SK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saskatoon,_SK', 'summary': "Saskatoon ( /ˌsæskəˈtuːn/ ) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan . It straddles a bend in the South Saskatchewan River in the central region of the province . It is located along the Trans-Canada Yellowhead Highway , and has served as the cultural and economic hub of central Saskatchewan since its founding in 1882 as a Temperance colony . With a 2016 census population of 246,376 , Saskatoon is the largest city in the province , and the 17th largest Census Metropolitan Area in Canada , with a 2016 census population of 295,095 . The City of Saskatoon has estimated its population to be 278,500 as of July 2018 , while Statistics Canada has estimated the CMA 's population to be 323,809 as of 2017 . Saskatoon is home to the University of Saskatchewan , the Meewasin Valley Authority which protects the South Saskatchewan River and provides for the city 's popular riverbank park spaces , and Wanuskewin Heritage Park , a National Historic Site of Canada and UNESCO World Heritage applicant representing 6,000 years of First Nations history . The Rural Municipality of Corman Park No . 344 , the most populous rural municipality in Saskatchewan , surrounds the city and contains many of the developments associated with it , including Wanuskewin . Saskatoon is named after the saskatoon berry which is native to the region , and is itself derived from the Cree misâskwatômina . The city has a significant Indigenous population and several urban Reserves . The city has nine river crossings and is nicknamed Paris of the Prairies and Bridge City . Historic neighbourhoods of Saskatoon include Nutana and Riversdale , which were separate towns before amalgamating with the town of Saskatoon and incorporating as a city in 1906 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Serves the local chapter of Saskatoon but a much larger mosque is under construction in the south eastern sub urban area on an eight-acre plot which was bought in the late 1980s . The foundation stone was laid during the time of the fourth Khalifa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baitul Hafeez Mosque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nova Scotia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Nova Scotia ( /noʊvə ˈskoʊʃə/ ) is a province in eastern Canada . With a population of 923,598 as of 2016 , it is the most populous of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and the four Atlantic provinces . It is the country 's second most-densely populated province and second-smallest province by area , both after neighbouring Prince Edward Island . Its area of 55,284 square kilometres ( 21,345 sq mi ) includes Cape Breton Island and 3,800 other coastal islands . The peninsula that makes up Nova Scotia 's mainland is connected to the rest of North America by the Isthmus of Chignecto , on which the province 's land border with New Brunswick is located . The province borders the Bay of Fundy to the northwest and the Atlantic Ocean to the south and east , and is separated from Prince Edward Island and the island of Newfoundland by the Northumberland and Cabot straits , respectively . The land that comprises what is now Nova Scotia has been inhabited by the indigenous Miꞌkmaq people for thousands of years . France 's first settlement in North America , Port-Royal , was established in 1605 and intermittently served in various locations as the capital of the French colony of Acadia for over a hundred years . The Fortress of Louisbourg was a key focus point in the struggle between the British and French for control of the area , changing hands numerous times in the until France relinquished its claims with the Treaty of Paris in 1763 . During the American Revolutionary War , thousands of Loyalists settled in Nova Scotia . In 1848 , Nova Scotia became the first British colony to achieve responsible government , and it federated in July 1867 with New Brunswick and the Province of Canada ( now Ontario and Quebec ) to form what is now the country of Canada . Nova Scotia 's capital and largest city is Halifax , which is today home to about 45 per cent of the province 's population , is the thirteenth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada , the largest city in Atlantic Canada , and Canadas second largest coastal city ( after Vancouver ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sydney , Nova Scotia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Sydney is a former city and current community located in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality of Cape Breton Island , Nova Scotia , Canada . Situated on Cape Breton Island 's east coast , it belongs administratively to the Cape Breton Regional Municipality . Sydney was founded in 1785 by the British , was incorporated as a city in 1904 , and dissolved on 1 August 1995 , when it was amalgamated into the regional municipality . Sydney served as the Cape Breton Island colony 's capital , until 1820 , when the colony merged with Nova Scotia and the capital moved to Halifax . A rapid population expansion occurred just after the turn of the 20th century , when Sydney was home to one of North America 's main steel mills . During both the First and Second World Wars , it was a major staging area for England-bound convoys . The post-war period witnessed a major decline in the number of people employed at the Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation ( DOSCO ) steel mill , and the Nova Scotia and Canadian governments had to nationalize it in 1967 to save the region 's biggest employer , forming the new crown corporation called the Sydney Steel Corporation ( SYSCO ) . The city 's population has steadily decreased since the early 1970s due to the plant 's fortunes , and SYSCO was finally closed in 2001 . Today , the main industries are in customer support call centres and tourism . Together with Sydney Mines , North Sydney , New Waterford , and Glace Bay , Sydney forms the Industrial Cape Breton region ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat of Sydney Chapter 's mosque serves as the center of the Jamaat for Eastern Canada", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mission House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nova Scotia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Nova Scotia ( /noʊvə ˈskoʊʃə/ ) is a province in eastern Canada . With a population of 923,598 as of 2016 , it is the most populous of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and the four Atlantic provinces . It is the country 's second most-densely populated province and second-smallest province by area , both after neighbouring Prince Edward Island . Its area of 55,284 square kilometres ( 21,345 sq mi ) includes Cape Breton Island and 3,800 other coastal islands . The peninsula that makes up Nova Scotia 's mainland is connected to the rest of North America by the Isthmus of Chignecto , on which the province 's land border with New Brunswick is located . The province borders the Bay of Fundy to the northwest and the Atlantic Ocean to the south and east , and is separated from Prince Edward Island and the island of Newfoundland by the Northumberland and Cabot straits , respectively . The land that comprises what is now Nova Scotia has been inhabited by the indigenous Miꞌkmaq people for thousands of years . France 's first settlement in North America , Port-Royal , was established in 1605 and intermittently served in various locations as the capital of the French colony of Acadia for over a hundred years . The Fortress of Louisbourg was a key focus point in the struggle between the British and French for control of the area , changing hands numerous times in the until France relinquished its claims with the Treaty of Paris in 1763 . During the American Revolutionary War , thousands of Loyalists settled in Nova Scotia . In 1848 , Nova Scotia became the first British colony to achieve responsible government , and it federated in July 1867 with New Brunswick and the Province of Canada ( now Ontario and Quebec ) to form what is now the country of Canada . Nova Scotia 's capital and largest city is Halifax , which is today home to about 45 per cent of the province 's population , is the thirteenth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada , the largest city in Atlantic Canada , and Canadas second largest coastal city ( after Vancouver ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sydney , Nova Scotia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Sydney is a former city and current community located in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality of Cape Breton Island , Nova Scotia , Canada . Situated on Cape Breton Island 's east coast , it belongs administratively to the Cape Breton Regional Municipality . Sydney was founded in 1785 by the British , was incorporated as a city in 1904 , and dissolved on 1 August 1995 , when it was amalgamated into the regional municipality . Sydney served as the Cape Breton Island colony 's capital , until 1820 , when the colony merged with Nova Scotia and the capital moved to Halifax . A rapid population expansion occurred just after the turn of the 20th century , when Sydney was home to one of North America 's main steel mills . During both the First and Second World Wars , it was a major staging area for England-bound convoys . The post-war period witnessed a major decline in the number of people employed at the Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation ( DOSCO ) steel mill , and the Nova Scotia and Canadian governments had to nationalize it in 1967 to save the region 's biggest employer , forming the new crown corporation called the Sydney Steel Corporation ( SYSCO ) . The city 's population has steadily decreased since the early 1970s due to the plant 's fortunes , and SYSCO was finally closed in 2001 . Today , the main industries are in customer support call centres and tourism . Together with Sydney Mines , North Sydney , New Waterford , and Glace Bay , Sydney forms the Industrial Cape Breton region ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat of Sydney Chapter 's Mission House ( 2009 ) , which is adjacent to Baitul Hafeez Mosque , is furnished and serves as a guest house for visitors from outside Nova Scotia", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmadiyya Abode of Peace', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'North York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_York', 'summary': 'North York is one of six administrative divisions of Toronto , Ontario , Canada . It is located directly north of Old Toronto , between Etobicoke to the west and Scarborough to the east . As of the 2016 Census , it had a population of 672,955 . It was first created as a township in 1922 out of the northern part of the former township of York , a municipality that was located along the western border of Old Toronto . Following its inclusion in Metropolitan Toronto in 1954 , it was one of the fastest-growing parts of the region due to its proximity to Old Toronto . It was declared a borough in 1967 , and later became a city in 1979 , attracting high-density residences , rapid transit , and a number of corporate headquarters in North York City Centre , its central business district . In 1998 , North York was amalgamated with the rest of Metropolitan Toronto to form the new city of Toronto and has since been a secondary economic hub of the city outside Downtown Toronto .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A 14-story building run by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and predominantly inhabited by Ahmadis making up 98 percent of the nearly 150 families living in the building . A hall on the first floor of the building serves as the gathering center for the local chapter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bait-ul Kareem Mosque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'Cambridge Kitchener-Waterloo , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Cambridge ( 2016 population 129,920 ) is a city in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo , Ontario , Canada . It is located at the confluence of the Grand and Speed rivers . Cambridge was formed in 1973 by the amalgamation of Galt , Preston , Hespeler , the settlement of Blair and a small portion of surrounding townships . The former Galt covers the largest portion of Cambridge , making up the southern half of the city . The former Preston and Blair are located on the western side of the city , while the former Hespeler is in the most northeasterly section of Cambridge . There was considerable resistance among the local population to the amalgamation arranged by the provincial government , and a rivalry had always governed relations among the three communities . Each unique centre has its own history that is well documented in the Cambridge City Archives . The Macdonald-Cartier Freeway Highway 401 runs through the northern portions of the city .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kitchener-Waterloo,_Ontario', 'summary': "The Regional Municipality of Waterloo is a regional municipality located in Southern Ontario , Canada . It consists of the cities of Cambridge , Kitchener and Waterloo ( collectively called the Tri-Cities ) , and the townships of North Dumfries , Wellesley , Wilmot and Woolwich . It is often referred to as the Region of Waterloo or Waterloo Region . The region is 1,369 square kilometres in size and its regional seat of government is in Kitchener . The region 's population was 535,154 at the 2016 census . As of 2018 , the estimated population is 601,220 . In 2016 , the Cambridge , Kitchener , Waterloo area was the third best place in Canada to find full-time employment based on data from StatsCan . The region was preceded by Waterloo County , Ontario , created in 1853 and dissolved in 1973 . That entity consisted of five townships : Woolwich , Wellesley , Wilmot , Waterloo , and North Dumfries , including the cities and towns in each area ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': "local mosque for the Ahmadi Muslim Community 's local chapter ; It was bought as a church and converted to a mosque", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baitul Mahdi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'Durham Oshawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Durham,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Durham is a community in the municipality of West Grey , Grey County , Ontario , Canada . Durham is located near the base of the Bruce Peninsula .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oshawa,_Ontario', 'summary': "Oshawa ( /ˈɒʃəwə/ OSH-ə-wə , also US : /-wɑː , -wɔː/ -\u2060wah , -\u2060waw ; 2016 population 159,458 ; CMA 379,848 ) is a city in Ontario , Canada , on the Lake Ontario shoreline . It lies in Southern Ontario , approximately 60 km ( 37 mi ) east of Downtown Toronto . It is commonly viewed as the eastern anchor of the Greater Toronto Area and of the Golden Horseshoe . It is the largest municipality in the Regional Municipality of Durham . The name Oshawa originates from the Ojibwa term aaz haway , meaning the crossing place or just a cross . Oshawas roots are tied to the automobile industry , specifically the Canadian division of General Motors , known as General Motors Canada . Founded in 1876 as the McLaughlin Carriage Company , General Motors of Canada 's headquarters are located in the city . The automotive industry was the inspiration for Oshawa 's previous mottos : The City that Motovates Canada , and The City in Motion . The lavish home of the carriage company 's founder , Parkwood Estate , is a National Historic Site of Canada and a backdrop favoured by numerous film crews , featured in many films including It , Billy Madison , Chicago , and X-Men . Once recognized as the sole Automotive Capital of Canada , Oshawa today is an education and health sciences hub . General Motors ceased vehicle production entirely on December 18 , 2019 resulting in over 2300 lay-offs . The city is home to three post-secondary institutions Durham College , Trent University Durham and University of Ontario Institute of Technology as well as the Lakeridge Health Education and Research Network ( LHEARN ) , in association with Lakeridge Health Oshawa , formerly the Oshawa General Hospital ."}]}, {'value': '2005/6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': ' A converted Mosque from a Dutch style castle was brought by a member of the Jamaat in 2005 and later donated to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community to serve as Mosque and center for the local chapters of Oshawa and Durham . The property includes an 18.5-acre plot and has also regularly used by the Jamaat for regional sports events . The opening of the Masjid Al Mahdi took place in July 2006 during the visit of Khalifatul Masih the fifth to Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bait-ul Islam House of Islam ( Peace and Submission )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baitul_Islam_(Maple)', 'summary': "The Baitul Islam ( House of Islam ) is a mosque in Vaughan north of Toronto run by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at ( AMJ ) in Canada . It was inaugurated on October , 17th 1992 in the presence of the Khalifatul Masih IV and many Members of Parliament ."}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'Maple , Toronto ,', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maple,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Maple is a high-growth suburban community , part of the city of Vaughan , Ontario in York Region , northwest of Toronto , Ontario . As an unincorporated area , it does not have clearly defined geographic boundaries , but it grew around the former village of Maple , centred at the intersection of Major Mackenzie Drive and Keele Street in Vaughan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adjacent to the Peace Village the largest mosque in Ontario acts as the National Headquarters of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Canada ; ( 43°51′55″N 79°32′42″W / 43.86528°N 79.54500°W / 43.86528 ; -79.54500 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baitul_Islam_(Maple)', 'summary': "The Baitul Islam ( House of Islam ) is a mosque in Vaughan north of Toronto run by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at ( AMJ ) in Canada . It was inaugurated on October , 17th 1992 in the presence of the Khalifatul Masih IV and many Members of Parliament ."}]}, {'value': 'Baitul Hamd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baitul_Hamd_(Mississauga)', 'summary': 'The Baitul Hamd ( House of The Praise ) is a mosque in Mississauga , Ontario west of Toronto run by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community ( AMJ ) in Canada . It was purchased in 1999 from Trinity Club House . much of the exterior of the building has remained the same . The interior has been transformed into a place of worship . This building houses separate places of worship differentiated by gender , A large Islamic Library , A Homeopathic clinic , A large cafeteria and commercial kitchen and several offices along with a full size basketball court as well as volleyball net on the exterior . This Building has also served as the Jamia Ahmadiyya ( Missionary Training College ) for North America from 2003 - 2010 . This mosques serves the needs of the communities of Mississauga .'}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'Mississauga Toronto ,', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mississauga', 'summary': "Mississauga /ˌmɪsɪˈsɔːɡə/ ( listen ) is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario and a suburb of Toronto . It is situated on the shores of Lake Ontario in the Regional Municipality of Peel , bordering Toronto . With a population of 721,599 as of the 2016 census , Mississauga is the sixth-most populous municipality in Canada , third-most in Ontario , and second-most in the Greater Toronto Area . The growth of Mississauga is attributed to its proximity to Toronto . During the latter half of the 20th century , the city attracted a multicultural population and built up a thriving central business district . It is home to Toronto Pearson International Airport , Canada 's busiest airport , as well as the headquarters of many Canadian and multinational corporations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': '* Also serves as Jamia Ahmadiyya for North America which is due to change in early 2012 as the Jamia will switch to the Headquarters in Maple Ontario . The complex has one large hall , a cafeteria , a library , several offices for local and regional chapters of the community and of Jamia Ahmadiyya North America as well . The second floors includes many class rooms as well', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamia_Ahmadiyya', 'summary': "Jāmiah al-Ahmadīyyah ( Arabic : جامعة الأحمدية ; Jāmiah al-Ahmadīyyah , the Ahmadiyya University ) is an International Islamic seminary and educational institute with campuses in Pakistan , United Kingdom , India , Ghana , Canada , Germany , Nigeria , Indonesia , Bangladesh , Malaysia , Tanzania , Sri Lanka , Sierra Leone , and Kenya . In addition , there are affiliated Mu'alameen centers ( Missionary Training Centres ) in Pakistan and Madagascar . Founded in 1906 as a Section in Madrassa Talim ul Islam ( later Talim-ul-Islam College ) by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian , the founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community , it is the main centre of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community for Islamic learning ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_America', 'summary': "North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere . It is also considered by some [ quantify ] to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas . It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean , and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea . North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers ( 9,540,000 square miles ) , about 16.5% of the earth 's land area and about 4.8% of its total surface . North America is the third largest continent by area , following Asia and Africa , and the fourth by population after Asia , Africa , and Europe . In 2013 , its population was estimated at nearly 579 million people in 23 independent states , or about 7.5% of the world 's population , if nearby islands ( most notably around the Caribbean ) are included . North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period , via crossing the Bering land bridge approximately 40,000 to 17,000 years ago . The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago ( the beginning of the Archaic or Meso-Indian period ) . The Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries . The Pre-Columbian era ended in 1492 , with the beginning of the transatlantic migrations - the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern period . Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect interactions between European colonists , indigenous peoples , African slaves and their descendants . Owing to Europe 's colonization of the Americas , most North Americans speak European languages such as English , Spanish or French , and their states ' cultures commonly reflect Western traditions ."}]}, {'value': 'Bait-ul Hanif Mosque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'Toronto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': '* the oldest mosque of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in its eastern GTA and serves as the local mosque for the local chapter of Toronto East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area', 'summary': 'The Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) is the most populous metropolitan area in Canada . It consists of the central city , Toronto , along with 25 surrounding suburbs , distributed among four regional municipalities : Durham , Halton , Peel , and York . The southwestern periphery of the Greater Toronto Area begins in Burlington , and extends along Lake Ontario past Downtown Toronto to Clarington , the eastern end . The northern periphery is made up of several municipalities , although Brock is the northernmost . The Greater Toronto Area combined with the city of Hamilton , located west of Halton Region , forms the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area ( GTHA ) . The Greater Toronto Area anchors a much larger urban agglomeration known as the Golden Horseshoe . According to the 2016 census , the Greater Toronto Area has a population of 6,417,516 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bait-ul Ehsaan Mosque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'Windsor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario', 'summary': "Windsor is a city in southwestern Ontario , Canada , on the south bank of the Detroit River directly across from Detroit , Michigan . Located in Essex County , it is the southernmost city in Canada and marks the southwestern end of the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor . The city 's population was 217,188 at the 2016 census , making it the third-most populated city in Southwestern Ontario , after London and Kitchener . The Detroit-Windsor urban area is North America 's most populous trans-border conurbation , and the Ambassador Bridge border crossing is the busiest commercial crossing on the Canada-United States border . Windsor is a major contributor to Canada 's automotive industry and is culturally diverse . Known as the Automotive Capital of Canada , Windsor 's industrial and manufacturing heritage is responsible for how the city has developed through the years ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'a primary school building which includes a Gym , several class rooms and small school field in the back lot was bought by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community . The Masjid serves as the local Ahmadiyya Muslim chapter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baitul Afiyat Mosque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'Scarborough Markham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scarborough,_Toronto', 'summary': 'Scarborough ( /ˈskɑːrbʌroʊ/ ; 2011 Census 625,698 ) is a former municipality and an administrative division of Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Situated atop the Scarborough Bluffs , it occupies the eastern part of the city . Scarborough is contained within the borders of Victoria Park Avenue on the west , Steeles Avenue to the north , Rouge River and the city of Pickering to the east , and Lake Ontario to the south . It borders Old Toronto , East York and North York in the west and the city of Markham in the north . Scarborough was named after the English town of Scarborough , North Yorkshire . First settled by Europeans in the 1790s , Scarborough has grown from a collection of small rural villages and farms to become fully urbanized with a diverse cultural community . Incorporated in 1850 as a township , Scarborough became part of Metropolitan Toronto in 1953 and was reconstituted as a borough in 1967 . Scarborough rapidly developed as a suburb of Old Toronto over the next decade and became a city in 1983 . In 1998 , Scarborough and the rest of Metropolitan Toronto were amalgamated into the present city of Toronto . Scarborough still exists in name and as a borough of Toronto . The Scarborough Civic Centre , the former citys last place of government , is occupied by City of Toronto government offices . Scarborough is a popular destination for new immigrants in Canada to reside .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Markham,_Ontario', 'summary': "Markham ( /ˈmɑːrkəm/ ) is a city in the Regional Municipality of York in Southern Ontario , Canada . It is approximately 30 km ( 19 mi ) northeast of Downtown Toronto . In the 2016 Census , Markham had a population of 328,940 , which ranked it the largest in York Region , fourth largest in the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , and 16th largest in Canada . The city gained its name from the first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada , John Graves Simcoe ( in office 1791-1796 ) , who named the area after his friend , William Markham , the Archbishop of York from 1776 to 1807 . The first European settlement in Markham occurred when William Berczy , a German artist and developer , led a group of approximately sixty-four German families to North America . While they planned to settle in New York , disputes over finances and land tenure led Berczy to negotiate with Simcoe for 64,000 acres ( 260 km2 ) in Markham Township in 1794 . Since the 1970s , Markham rapidly shifted from being an agricultural community to an industrialized municipality due to urban sprawl from neighbouring Toronto . Markham changed its status from town to city on July 1 , 2012 . As of 2013 [ update ] tertiary industry mainly drives Markham . As of 2010 [ update ] , business services employed the largest proportion of workers in Markham - nearly 22% of its labour force . The city also has over 1,000 technology and life-sciences companies , with IBM as the city 's largest employer . Several multinational companies have their Canadian headquarters in Markham , including : Honda Canada , Hyundai , Advanced Micro Devices , Johnson & Johnson , Avaya , IBM , Motorola , Oracle , Toshiba , Toyota Financial Services , Huawei , Honeywell and Scholastic Canada ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An old church was bought and turned to a masjid in November 2008 . The property was first build in 1865 and is serving as a local mosque and gathering place for the Ahmadiyya Muslim local chapter of Scarborough and Markham . The center also serves as the regional center for the community in GTA East', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bait-ul Noor Mosque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Hamilton is a port city in the Canadian province of Ontario . An industrialized city in the Golden Horseshoe at the west end of Lake Ontario , Hamilton has a population of 536,917 , and its census metropolitan area , which includes Burlington and Grimsby , has a population of 747,545 . The city is 58 kilometres ( 36 mi ) southwest of Toronto , with which the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area ( GTHA ) is formed . On January 1 , 2001 , the current boundaries of Hamilton were created through the amalgamation of the original city with other municipalities of the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth . Residents of the city are known as Hamiltonians . Since 1981 , the metropolitan area has been listed as the ninth largest in Canada and the third largest in Ontario . Hamilton is home to the Royal Botanical Gardens , the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum , the Bruce Trail , McMaster University , Redeemer University College and Mohawk College . McMaster University is ranked 4th in Canada and 77th in the world by Times Higher Education Rankings 2018-19 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'serves as the Mosque for the Local Ahmadiyya Muslim Chapters of Hamilton South and Hamilton North', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brampton Mosque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'Brampton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brampton,_Ontario', 'summary': "Brampton ( /ˈbræmptən/ or /ˈbræmtən/ ) is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario . Situated in Southern Ontario , it is a suburban city in the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) and the seat of Peel Region . The city has a population of 593,638 as of the Canada 2016 Census . Brampton is Canada 's ninth-most populous municipality , the seventy-seventh largest city in North America and the third most populous city in the Greater Golden Horseshoe Region , behind Toronto and Mississauga . Brampton was incorporated as a village in 1853 , with a population of 50 residents , taking its name from the market town of Brampton , in Cumbria , England . In 1873 , with 2,000 residents , Brampton was incorporated as a town . The city was once known as The Flower Town of Canada , a title based on its large greenhouse industry . Today , Brampton 's major economic sectors include advanced manufacturing , retail administration , logistics , information , and communication technologies , food and beverage , life sciences , and business services . Mass immigration has greatly increased Brampton 's population - from 10,000 in the 1950s to over 600,000 today ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foundation stone laid for Brampton Mosque in 2005 . When completed , it will have a larger interior than that of Bait-ul Islam Mosque in Maple', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baitul_Islam_(Maple)', 'summary': "The Baitul Islam ( House of Islam ) is a mosque in Vaughan north of Toronto run by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at ( AMJ ) in Canada . It was inaugurated on October , 17th 1992 in the presence of the Khalifatul Masih IV and many Members of Parliament ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Maple,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Maple is a high-growth suburban community , part of the city of Vaughan , Ontario in York Region , northwest of Toronto , Ontario . As an unincorporated area , it does not have clearly defined geographic boundaries , but it grew around the former village of Maple , centred at the intersection of Major Mackenzie Drive and Keele Street in Vaughan .'}]}, {'value': 'Hadeeqa-e-Ahmad', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'Bradford , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradford,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Bradford is the primary country urban area of the Town of Bradford West Gwillimbury , Ontario , in Canada . It overlooks a farming community , known as The Holland Marsh , located on the Holland River that flows into Lake Simcoe .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': '*Ahmadiyya Muslim Center consists of a large detached house on 250 acres of land which was bought by the community to serve as a Jalsa facility and a Moosian Graveyard . The land is used to grow corn and carrots . An orchard of 900 trees grows apples , pears and cherries', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'North America -- Canada', 'section_text': 'The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community established itself here in 1967 . [ 183 ] Website : Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Canada . It has about 50 Local Chapters scattered across the country concentrating mainly in southern Ontario . The community has a good relationship with the government and it helps in humanitarian causes regularly across the country . The community is very active in faith outreach and has held hundreds of interfaith religious events across the country as far north as Yellowknife and White Horse .', 'uid': 'List_of_Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Community_buildings_and_structures_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of mosques, hospitals, schools and other structures throughout the world that are constructed/owned by the Ahmadiyya Community, arranged according to their respective countries. Additional information pertaining to the countries is also included. As of 2009, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has built over 15,055 mosques, 510 schools, and over 30 hospitals. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is established in 206 countries of the world.'}	null	null	Which highway runs along the city containing Darur Rahmat Mosque ?	Trans-Canada Yellowhead Highway
076762ee57956548	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Gran_Show_(Reyes_del_Show_of_2010)', 'title': 'El Gran Show (Reyes del Show of 2010)', 'header': ['Celebrity', 'Notability ( known for )', 'Dreamer', 'Status'], 'data': [{'value': 'Rebeca Escribens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rebeca_Escribens', 'summary': 'Rebeca Escribens is a Peruvian actress , TV Host. , radio host and producer .'}]}, {'value': 'Actress & TV host', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Licky Barreto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eliminated 1st on November 13 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jesús Neyra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jesús_Neyra', 'summary': "Jesús Adalberto Neyra Magagna is a Peruvian actor , model , dancer and former football player of Italian descent most known for being a Hero in the first and third season of El Gran Show . He is Gianella Neyra 's brother . He has studied acting with Michelle Danner in Los Angeles ."}]}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cindy Tello', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eliminated 2nd on November 20 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pierina Carcelén', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pierina_Carcelén', 'summary': 'Pierina Carcelén Jerí is a Peruvian actress , model and dancer .'}]}, {'value': 'Actress & model', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diego Alza', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eliminated 3rd on November 27 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fernando Roca Rey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fernando_Roca_Rey', 'summary': "Season two of the 2010 edition of El Gran Show premiered on August 14 , 2010 . On October 30 , 2010 , Belén Estévez and Gian Frank Navarro were crowned champions , representing the city of Lima and whose dream was to treat Gian Frank 's 4-year-old nephew who suffers from viral encephalitis , a disease that has him prostrate with scoliosis , blindness and seizures . Karen Dejo and Edward Mávila finished second , while Miguel Conejo Rebosio and Fabianne Hayashida finished third ."}]}, {'value': 'Bullfighter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bullfighter', 'summary': "A bullfighter is a performer in the art of bullfighting . Torero ( Spanish : [ toˈɾeɾo ] ) or toureiro ( Portuguese : [ toˈɾɐjɾu ] ) ( both from Latin taurarius , bullfighter ) are the Spanish and Portuguese words for bullfighter and describe all the performers in the sport of bullfighting as practised in Spain , Portugal , Mexico , Peru , France , Colombia , Ecuador , Venezuela and other countries influenced by Portuguese and Spanish culture . The main performer and leader of the entourage in a bullfight , and who finally kills the bull , is addressed as maestro ( master ) , or with the formal title matador de toros ( killer of bulls ) . The other bullfighters in the entourage are called subalternos and their suits are embroidered in silver as opposed to the matador 's more-theatrical gold . They include the picadores , rejoneadores , and banderilleros . In English , a torero is sometimes referred to by the term toreador , which was popularized by Georges Bizet in his opera Carmen . In Spanish , the word designates bullfighters on horseback , but is little used today , having been almost entirely displaced by rejoneador . A very small number of women have been bullfighters on foot or on horseback ; one recent example is Cristina Sánchez . Female matadors have experienced considerable resistance and public hostility from some aficionados and other matadors . Usually , toreros start fighting younger bulls ( novillos or , more informally in some Latin American countries , vaquillas ) , and are called novilleros . Fighting of mature bulls commences only after a special match , called the Alternative . At this same bullfight , the novillero ( junior bullfighter ) is presented to the crowd as a matador de toros ."}]}, {'value': 'Whitney Misme', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eliminated 4th on December 4 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karen Dejo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karen_Dejo', 'summary': 'Karen Dejo ( born 10 July 1980 ) is a Peruvian actress and dancer . She has appeared in numerous Latin American television presentations . Dejo started her career as a model , and later performed as a ballerina in the TV Show La Movida de los Sabados with Jeanet Barboza . After this she joined the band Alma Bella , which was followed by her appearance in the video-spot Jugo de Tamarindo with Julio Andrade . She subsequently performed in the internationally broadcast telenovela Besos robados in 2004 . Dejo has appeared in roles in Chicha tu madre and Talk Show . She has also appeared in theater [ citation needed ] , and has worked in a circus . [ citation needed ] She had a role as Paola in the erotic TV series Bellas y Ambiciosas in 2006 with Raúl Olivo . [ citation needed ] In 2012 she was the winner of the dance reality series El Gran Show .'}]}, {'value': 'Actress & TV host', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edward Mávila', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eliminated 5th on December 11 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gisela Ponce de León', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gisela_Ponce_de_León', 'summary': 'Gisela Ponce de León Franco , ( born 12 April 1985 ) is a Peruvian film , television and stage actress and singer . Gisela began working professionally as a child actor on the musical Annie and in other productions . She appeared in several more musicals before being selected for the lead role in the hit TV show Esta Sociedad . Theres also been a musical in Peru she played as Sofia in Mama Mia . In her country has starred in the musicals Cabaret , La Cage aux Folles , Next to normal and Our Town . She played Mary Warren in Las Brujas de Salem , Rachel Corrie in My Name Is Rachel Corrie and Penny Pingleton in Hairspray .'}]}, {'value': 'Actress & singer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rayder Vásquez', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Third place on December 18 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belén Estévez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belén_Estévez', 'summary': 'Belén Estévez ( b. Buenos Aires , September 25 , 1984 ) is an Argentinian dancer and vedette who began her career in Peru . She is known for winning El Gran Show in 2010 and 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Former vedette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vedette_(cabaret)', 'summary': 'A vedette is the main female artist of a show derived from cabaret and its genres ( revue , vaudeville , music hall or burlesque ) . The purpose of the vedette in a cabaret or nightclub show is to entertain the public . The vedette has to know how to sing , dance and act on stage . Depending on the quality of its show , career or mastery of one or more stage talents , can be considered a super vedette or first vedette . Generally a vedette is a woman with physical presence , personality and charisma that captivates the public . In addition to singing , dancing and acting , vedettes often included groups of dancers , flashy and revealing costumes , magicians , comedians , jugglers , and even performing animals . Vedettes specializing in burlesque generally do striptease and may also perform nude on stage . In the 20th century , vedette shows were successful in the cabarets , theaters and nightclubs of countries such as Spain , France , Argentina and Mexico . Paris and Las Vegas were considered the main cradle of the vedettes .'}]}, {'value': 'Gian Frank Navarro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Runner-up on December 18 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miguel Conejo Rebosio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miguel_Rebosio', 'summary': 'César Miguel Rebosio Compans ( born 20 October 1976 in Lima ) is a Peruvian retired footballer who played as a defender .'}]}, {'value': 'Former football player', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_football', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Fabianne Hayashida', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winners on December 18 , 2010', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Cast -- Couples', 'section_text': 'The couples that competed this season were the top three places in the first and second seasons , the best fourth place ( determined by the highest average scores ) who were Stephanie Orué and Licky Barreto , and a couple invited by the jury , being Fernando Roca Rey and Whitney Misme . In the first week , it was announced that two heroines could not compete due to work reasons : Stephanie Orué , who was replaced by Rebeca Escribens ( eighth place of the second season ) , and Maricarmen Marín , who was replaced by Pierina Carcelen ( seventh put in the first season ) .', 'uid': 'El_Gran_Show:_Reyes_del_Show_0', 'intro': 'Reyes del Show (English: Show Kings) is the season three of the 2010 edition of El Gran Show premiered on November 6, 2010. On December 18, 2010, Miguel Conejo Rebosio and Fabianne Hayashida were crowned champions, Belén Estévez & Gian Frank Navarro finished second, while Gisela Ponce de León & Rayder Vásquez were third.'}	null	null	What is the notability of the celebrity who has studied acting with Michelle Danner in Los Angeles ?	Actor
076824fdcdb0d652	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Kelowna', 'title': 'Media in Kelowna', 'header': ['Frequency', 'Call sign', 'Branding', 'Format', 'Owner'], 'data': [{'value': '1150 AM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKFR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKFR', 'summary': "CKFR is a radio station in Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada . Broadcasting at 1150 AM , the station airs news/talk and sports formats , and identifies on air as AM 1150 News , Talk , Sports . It is owned by Bell Media . Current on-air talent include Phil Johnson , who hosts the AM 1150 Early Edition from 6-9am Monday to Friday , Morning News Anchor , Harry Callaghan , along with morning show producer Daniel O'Hara . Throughout the day , Ted Farr and Robin Batchelor read the news during the midday and afternoon newscasts . Regan Bartel , who started with CKFR in the fall of 2000 , has been calling the play-by-play of the Kelowna Rockets on the radio station for 20 years . Syndicated programming includes Evan Solomon , Coast to Coast AM , and ESPN Radio , which airs from midnight to 6am seven days a week . Other than in mandated hourly pre-recorded station identifications and the title of the morning show , the callsign CKFR is not mentioned on air or in station branding and promos . The callsign was randomly assigned to replace the former CKBL callsign when the station switched from 1150 AM The Bullet 's country music format to Oldies 1150 's oldies music format in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'AM 1150', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'news / talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/News', 'summary': 'News is information about current events . This may be provided through many different media : word of mouth , printing , postal systems , broadcasting , electronic communication , or through the testimony of observers and witnesses to events . Common topics for news reports include war , government , politics , education , health , the environment , economy , business , fashion , and entertainment , as well as athletic events , quirky or unusual events . Government proclamations , concerning royal ceremonies , laws , taxes , public health , and criminals , have been dubbed news since ancient times . Humans exhibit a nearly universal desire to learn and share news , which they satisfy by talking to each other and sharing information . Technological and social developments , often driven by government communication and espionage networks , have increased the speed with which news can spread , as well as influenced its content . The genre of news as we know it today is closely associated with the newspaper , which originated in China as a court bulletin and spread , with paper and printing press , to Europe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}]}, {'value': 'Bell Media', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bell_Media', 'summary': "Bell Media Inc. ( Canadian French : Bell Média ) is the mass media subsidiary of BCE Inc. ( also known as Bell Canada Enterprises , the parent company of the former telephone monopoly Bell Canada ) . Its operations include television broadcasting and production ( including the CTV and CTV 2 television networks ) , radio broadcasting ( through iHeartRadio Canada ) , digital media ( including CraveTV ) and Internet properties including Sympatico.ca . Bell Media is the successor-in-interest to Baton Broadcasting ( later CTV Inc. ) , one of Canada 's first private-sector television broadcasters . The company in its current form was originally established as Bell Globemedia by BCE and the Thomson family in 2001 combining CTV Inc. , which Bell had acquired the previous year , and the operations of the Thomsons ' The Globe and Mail . Bell sold the majority of its interest in 2006 ( at which point the company was renamed CTVglobemedia ) , but re-acquired the entire company , excluding the Globe , in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '00 88.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBTK-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBTK-FM', 'summary': 'CBTK-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts the programming of the CBC Radio One network in Kelowna , British Columbia . The station broadcasts at 88.9 FM in Kelowna .'}]}, {'value': 'CBC Radio One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBC_Radio_One', 'summary': 'CBC Radio One is the English-language news and information radio network of the publicly owned Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . It is commercial-free and offers local and national programming . It is available on AM and FM to 98 percent of Canadians and overseas over the Internet , and through mobile apps . A modified version of Radio One , with local content replaced by additional airings of national programming , is available on Sirius XM Satellite Radio channel 169 . It is downlinked to subscribers via SiriusXM Canada and its U.S.-based counterpart , Sirius XM Satellite Radio . In 2010 , Radio One reached 4.3 million listeners each week . It was the largest radio network in Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'public news / talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_broadcasting', 'summary': 'Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/News_radio', 'summary': 'All-news radio is a radio format devoted entirely to the discussion and broadcast of news . All-news radio is available in both local and syndicated forms , and is carried on both major US satellite radio networks . All-news stations can run the gamut from simulcasting an all-news television station like CNN , to a rip and read headline service , to stations that include live coverage of news events and long-form public affairs programming . Many stations brand themselves Newsradio but only run news during the morning and afternoon drive times , or in some cases , broadcast talk radio shows with frequent news updates . These stations are properly labeled as news/talk stations . Also , some National Public Radio stations identify themselves as News and Information stations , which means that in addition to running the NPR news magazines such as Morning Edition and All Things Considered , they run other information and public affairs programs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}]}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': '00 89.7 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBU-FM-3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBU-FM', 'summary': "CBU-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts the programming of the CBC Music network in Vancouver , British Columbia . The station broadcasts at 105.7 FM . CBU-FM 's transmitter is located atop Mount Seymour . The station was originally launched in 1947 as an FM simulcast of the CBC AM station CBR ( Vancouver ) . It was rebranded as CBU-FM in 1952 when the Vancouver AM station was renamed . It was not part of the CBC 's original FM network in 1960 , but became part of the 1964 relaunch . The station operates from the CBC Regional Broadcast Centre at 700 Hamilton Street in Downtown Vancouver . As with most CBC Music stations , presently there is no Vancouver-specific programming on the station apart from short weather updates . However , Saturday Afternoon at the Opera and In Concert , both hosted by Bill Richardson , currently originate from Vancouver ."}]}, {'value': 'CBC Music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBC_Music', 'summary': 'CBC Music ( formerly known as CBC FM , CBC Stereo and CBC Radio 2 ) is a Canadian FM radio network operated by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . It used to concentrate on classical music and jazz . In 2007 and 2008 , the network transitioned towards a new adult music format with a variety of genres , with the classical genre generally restricted to midday hours . In 2009 , Radio 2 averaged 2.1 million listeners weekly , and it was the second largest radio network in Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'public music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_broadcasting', 'summary': 'Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': '00 90.5 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBUF-FM-2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBUF-FM', 'summary': "CBUF-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts Radio-Canada 's Ici Radio-Canada Première network at 97.7 MHz in Vancouver and on a chain of rebroadcasters around British Columbia . CBUF-FM is a non-commercial public broadcasting station airing news/talk and some music programming . The station was first launched in 1967 as the first French language Radio-Canada station west of Ontario . Its studios and offices are in the CBC Regional Broadcast Centre on Hamilton Street in Downtown Vancouver , while its transmitter is located atop Mount Seymour . CBUF also serves as the Première outlet for the Yukon , by way of a locally owned repeater in Whitehorse ."}]}, {'value': 'Ici Radio-Canada Première', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ici_Radio-Canada_Première', 'summary': "Ici Radio-Canada Première ( formerly Première Chaîne ) is a Canadian French-language radio network , the news and information service of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( known as Société Radio-Canada in French ) , the public broadcaster of Canada . It is the French counterpart of CBC Radio One , the CBC 's similar English-language radio network . The service is available across Canada , although not as widely as CBC Radio One . Only the provinces of Quebec and Ontario are served by more than one Première originating station . In all other provinces , the whole province is served by a single station with multiple transmitters . The network does , however , reach 90 percent of all Canadian francophones . Each originating station outside Montreal airs a national schedule , taken from flagship station CBF-FM , complete with opted-out local/regional shows at peak times , depending on each market . News bulletins are aired live , irrespective of location . The network may broadcast on either the AM or FM bands , depending on the market . A national version is available across North America on Sirius XM Canada channel 170 . Première was available in Europe , North Africa and the Middle East live via the Hot Bird satellite . The satellite service closed in June 2012 as part of the budget measures affecting Radio Canada International ."}]}, {'value': 'public news / talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_broadcasting', 'summary': 'Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/News_radio', 'summary': 'All-news radio is a radio format devoted entirely to the discussion and broadcast of news . All-news radio is available in both local and syndicated forms , and is carried on both major US satellite radio networks . All-news stations can run the gamut from simulcasting an all-news television station like CNN , to a rip and read headline service , to stations that include live coverage of news events and long-form public affairs programming . Many stations brand themselves Newsradio but only run news during the morning and afternoon drive times , or in some cases , broadcast talk radio shows with frequent news updates . These stations are properly labeled as news/talk stations . Also , some National Public Radio stations identify themselves as News and Information stations , which means that in addition to running the NPR news magazines such as Morning Edition and All Things Considered , they run other information and public affairs programs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}]}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': '00 96.3 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKKO-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKKO-FM', 'summary': "CKKO-FM is a Canadian radio station that broadcasts a classic rock format on 96.3 FM in Kelowna , British Columbia . The station uses the on-air branding K963 and the slogan Kelowna 's Classic Rock . Originally owned by Sun Country Cablevision and currently owned by Newcap Radio , the station was licensed on March 14 , 2008 . The station officially launched on November 4 , 2008 , playing the song You Ai n't Seen Nothin ' Yet by Bachman-Turner Overdrive . On February 26 , 2009 , Sun Country Radio Ltd. received CRTC approval to acquire the assets of the radio programming undertaking CKKO-FM Kelowna from Sun Country Cablevision Ltd. On July 12 , 2013 , Newcap was denied a licence to change the authorized contours of CKKO-FM by relocating its transmitter to a site on top of Okanagan Mountain and by changing its transmitter class from B to C and its average effective radiated power ( ERP ) from 10,000 to 6,300 watts ( directional antenna with a decrease in maximum ERP from 31,000 to 14,100 watts and an increase in the effective height of the antenna above average terrain from 130.8 to 793 metres ) . The denial was because the station would focus more on the nearby city of Penticton , where it would compete with other stations in that market , while losing its focus on Kelowna . In addition , the CRTC felt that it would give an unfair advantage in that market , with Newcap already owning CIGV-FM in Penticton ."}]}, {'value': 'K96.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'classic rock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Classic_rock', 'summary': "Classic rock is a radio format which developed from the album-oriented rock ( AOR ) format in the early 1980s . In the United States , the classic rock format features rock music ranging generally from the mid-1960s to the 1980s , primarily focusing on commercially successful blues rock and hard rock popularized in the 1970s AOR format . The radio format became increasingly popular with the baby boomer demographic by the end of the 1990s . Although classic rock has mostly appealed to adult listeners , music associated with this format received more exposure with younger generations of listeners with the presence of the Internet and digital downloading . Some classic rock stations also play a limited number of current releases which are stylistically consistent with the station 's sound , or by heritage acts that are still active and producing new music . Conceptually , classic rock has been analyzed by academics as an effort by critics , media , and music establishments to canonize rock music and commodify 1960s Western culture for audiences living in a post-baby boomer economy . The music predominantly selected for the format has been identified as commercially successful songs by white male acts from the Anglosphere , expressing values of Romanticism , self-aggrandizement , and politically undemanding ideologies ."}]}, {'value': 'Sun Country Cablevision', 'urls': []}, {'value': '00 99.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHSU-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHSU-FM', 'summary': 'CHSU-FM is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 99.9 FM in Kelowna , British Columbia . The station currently broadcasts a contemporary hit radio format branded as 99.9 Virgin Radio .'}]}, {'value': '99.9 Sun FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Top 40 ( CHR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Contemporary_Hit_Radio', 'summary': 'Contemporary hit radio ( also known as CHR , contemporary hits , hit list , current hits , hit music , top 40 , or pop radio ) is a radio format that is common in the United States , Brazil , United Kingdom , Ireland , Canada , New Zealand , Australia , the Philippines , Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , China , Hong Kong , Taiwan , Japan , South Korea , Trinidad and Tobago , and South Africa , that focuses on playing current and recurrent popular music as determined by the top 40 music charts . There are several subcategories , dominantly focusing on rock , pop , or urban music . Used alone , CHR most often refers to the CHR-pop format . The term contemporary hit radio was coined in the early 1980s by Radio & Records magazine to designate top 40 stations which continued to play hits from all musical genres as pop music splintered into adult contemporary , urban contemporary and other formats . The term top 40 is also used to refer to the actual list of hit songs , and , by extension , to refer to pop music in general . The term has also been modified to describe top 50 ; top 30 ; top 20 ; top 10 ; hot 100 ( each with its number of songs ) and hot hits radio formats , but carrying more or less the same meaning and having the same creative point of origin with Todd Storz as further refined by Gordon McLendon as well as Bill Drake . The format became especially popular in the mid-sixties as radio stations constrained disc jockeys to numbered play lists in the wake of the payola scandal .'}]}, {'value': 'Bell Media', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bell_Media', 'summary': "Bell Media Inc. ( Canadian French : Bell Média ) is the mass media subsidiary of BCE Inc. ( also known as Bell Canada Enterprises , the parent company of the former telephone monopoly Bell Canada ) . Its operations include television broadcasting and production ( including the CTV and CTV 2 television networks ) , radio broadcasting ( through iHeartRadio Canada ) , digital media ( including CraveTV ) and Internet properties including Sympatico.ca . Bell Media is the successor-in-interest to Baton Broadcasting ( later CTV Inc. ) , one of Canada 's first private-sector television broadcasters . The company in its current form was originally established as Bell Globemedia by BCE and the Thomson family in 2001 combining CTV Inc. , which Bell had acquired the previous year , and the operations of the Thomsons ' The Globe and Mail . Bell sold the majority of its interest in 2006 ( at which point the company was renamed CTVglobemedia ) , but re-acquired the entire company , excluding the Globe , in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '0 101.5 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CILK-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CILK-FM', 'summary': 'CILK-FM is a Canadian radio station located in Kelowna , British Columbia . Broadcasting at 101.5 FM , the station airs an adult contemporary format branded as 101.5 EZ Rock . The station is owned by Bell Media .'}]}, {'value': '101.5 EZ Rock', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'adult contemporary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adult_contemporary', 'summary': "In North American music , adult contemporary music ( AC ) is a form of radio-played popular music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence . Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music . Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated . It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music . Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse-chorus structure . The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments ( though bass guitar is usually used ) such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set . The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched . However , recent adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers ( and other electronics , such as drum machines ) . An AC radio station may play mainstream music , but it excludes hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as these are less popular among adults , the target demographic . AC radio often targets the 25-44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s . A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past . This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Bell Media', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bell_Media', 'summary': "Bell Media Inc. ( Canadian French : Bell Média ) is the mass media subsidiary of BCE Inc. ( also known as Bell Canada Enterprises , the parent company of the former telephone monopoly Bell Canada ) . Its operations include television broadcasting and production ( including the CTV and CTV 2 television networks ) , radio broadcasting ( through iHeartRadio Canada ) , digital media ( including CraveTV ) and Internet properties including Sympatico.ca . Bell Media is the successor-in-interest to Baton Broadcasting ( later CTV Inc. ) , one of Canada 's first private-sector television broadcasters . The company in its current form was originally established as Bell Globemedia by BCE and the Thomson family in 2001 combining CTV Inc. , which Bell had acquired the previous year , and the operations of the Thomsons ' The Globe and Mail . Bell sold the majority of its interest in 2006 ( at which point the company was renamed CTVglobemedia ) , but re-acquired the entire company , excluding the Globe , in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '0 103.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKQQ-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKQQ-FM', 'summary': 'CKQQ-FM is a Canadian radio station that broadcasts a hot adult contemporary format at 103.1 FM in Kelowna , British Columbia . The station is owned by Jim Pattison Group .'}]}, {'value': 'Q103', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'hot adult contemporary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary', 'summary': "In North American music , adult contemporary music ( AC ) is a form of radio-played popular music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence . Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music . Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated . It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music . Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse-chorus structure . The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments ( though bass guitar is usually used ) such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set . The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched . However , recent adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers ( and other electronics , such as drum machines ) . An AC radio station may play mainstream music , but it excludes hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as these are less popular among adults , the target demographic . AC radio often targets the 25-44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s . A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past . This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Jim Pattison Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Pattison_Group', 'summary': "The Jim Pattison Group is a Vancouver-based conglomerate with interests in media , automotive dealerships , grocery store chains , magazine distribution , food service specialty packaging , advertising , real estate development , fishing , forest products , financial services , and entertainment . and , in a recent survey by the Financial Post , the firm was ranked as Canada 's 62nd largest company . Jim Pattison , a Vancouver-based entrepreneur , is the chairman , CEO , and sole owner of the company . The Jim Pattison Group , Canada 's second largest privately held company , has more than 45,000 employees worldwide , and annual sales of $ 10.1 billion based on investments in Canada , the U.S. , Mexico , Europe , Asia and Australia . The Group is active in 25 divisions , according to Forbes , including packaging , food , forestry products . In late 2018 , Pattison was still working full-time . According to Forbes , his net worth then was $ 5.7 billion , having increased substantially from the $ 2.1 billion reported in March 2009 ."}]}, {'value': '0 103.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKOO-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKOO-FM', 'summary': 'CKOO-FM ( 103.9 FM , Soft 103.9 ) is a radio station in Kelowna , British Columbia . Owned by Castanet Media , it broadcasts a soft adult contemporary format .'}]}, {'value': 'Okanagan Oldies 103.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'adult hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adult_hits', 'summary': 'Adult hits ( sometimes also called variety hits ) is a radio format that draws from a wide array of popular music . The format typically focuses on adult contemporary , pop , and rock hits from the 1970s through at least the 1990s . Adult hits is essentially a deeper version of the classic hits format today , but at the inception of the format in the mid-2000s , the two formats were separate entities .'}]}, {'value': 'Castanet', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 104.7 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKLZ-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKLZ-FM', 'summary': 'CKLZ-FM is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 104.7 FM in Kelowna , British Columbia . The station , owned by the Jim Pattison Group , broadcasts an active rock format branded as Power 104 .'}]}, {'value': 'Power 104', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'active rock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Active_rock', 'summary': 'Active rock is a radio format used by many commercial radio stations across the United States and Canada . Active rock stations play a balance of new hard rock songs with valued classic rock favorites , normally with an emphasis similar to Mainstream Rock and Album Oriented Rock on the hard rock end of the spectrum .'}]}, {'value': 'Jim Pattison Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Pattison_Group', 'summary': "The Jim Pattison Group is a Vancouver-based conglomerate with interests in media , automotive dealerships , grocery store chains , magazine distribution , food service specialty packaging , advertising , real estate development , fishing , forest products , financial services , and entertainment . and , in a recent survey by the Financial Post , the firm was ranked as Canada 's 62nd largest company . Jim Pattison , a Vancouver-based entrepreneur , is the chairman , CEO , and sole owner of the company . The Jim Pattison Group , Canada 's second largest privately held company , has more than 45,000 employees worldwide , and annual sales of $ 10.1 billion based on investments in Canada , the U.S. , Mexico , Europe , Asia and Australia . The Group is active in 25 divisions , according to Forbes , including packaging , food , forestry products . In late 2018 , Pattison was still working full-time . According to Forbes , his net worth then was $ 5.7 billion , having increased substantially from the $ 2.1 billion reported in March 2009 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Radio', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Media_in_Kelowna_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of media in Kelowna, British Columbia.'}	null	null	Which station had a lower FM frequency numerically ? The station which was underwent a name change in 1952 , or the radio which broadcasts the programming of CBC Radio One network in Kelowna ?	CBTK-FM
07683f34d7a4fe47	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_courtesy_titles_in_the_peerages_of_Britain_and_Ireland', 'title': 'List of courtesy titles in the peerages of Britain and Ireland', 'header': ['Peer', 'Son', 'Grandson'], 'data': [{'value': 'The Marquess of Winchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Winchester', 'summary': 'Marquess of Winchester is a title in the Peerage of England that was created in 1551 for the prominent statesman William Paulet , 1st Earl of Wiltshire . The Marquessate is the only English one in existence ( extant ) therefore its holder is considered the Premier Marquess of England . The current holder is Nigel Paulet , 18th Marquess of Winchester ( born 1941 ) whose son uses the courtesy title Lord Wiltshire .'}]}, {'value': 'Earl of Wiltshire ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Wiltshire', 'summary': "The title Earl of Wiltshire is one of the oldest in the Peerage of England , going back to the 12th century . It is currently held by the Marquess of Winchester , and is used as a courtesy title for the eldest son of the marquess . The earldom was first created for Harvey of Léon , who married Sybilla , an illegitimate daughter of King Stephen . The title lapsed after Harvey lost his English lands during the Anarchy , since at that time one could not be an earl without the territory to support the dignity . Patrick of Salisbury was created Earl of Wiltshire by the Empress Matilda , probably after July 1143 , but he was usually styled Earl of Salisbury . He was the second but eldest surviving son of William of Salisbury and the grandson of Walter of Salisbury , the founder of Bradenstoke Priory , in Wiltshire . He was Sheriff of Wiltshire in October 1152 , when he was addressed as Earl Patrick , sheriff in a writ of Stephen . Patrick of Salisbury , Earl of Wiltshire , passed the title to his great-granddaughter Margaret Longespee . She married Henry de Lacy , Earl of Lincoln , they had a daughter who became suo jure Countess of Lincoln and Wiltshire on her mother 's death . She married three times , but the earldom of Wilshire seems to have reverted to the crown with her death in October 1348 . William le Scrope was created Earl of Wiltshire in 1397 . He was executed during the events leading to the deposition of Richard II by Henry IV ."}]}, {'value': 'Lord St John', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Marquess of Huntly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Huntly', 'summary': 'Marquess of Huntly ( traditionally spelt Marquis in Scotland ) ( Scottish Gaelic : Coileach Strath Bhalgaidh ) is a title in the Peerage of Scotland created on 17 April 1599 for George Gordon , 6th Earl of Huntly . It is the oldest existing marquessate in Scotland , and the second-oldest in the British Isles , only the English marquessate of Winchester being older . The Marquess holds the following subsidiary titles : Lord Gordon of Strathaven and Glenlivet and Earl of Aboyne ( 1660 ; Peerage of Scotland ) , and Baron Meldrum , of Morven in the County of Aberdeen ( 1815 ; Peerage of the United Kingdom )'}]}, {'value': 'Earl of Aboyne ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Aboyne', 'summary': "Earl of Aboyne is a title in the Peerage of Scotland , borne in the Gordon family ( see the Marquess of Huntly for earlier history of the family ) . There is some contemporary evidence that this title was first created for James Gordon , 2nd Viscount Aboyne during the Civil War , but this creation is not recorded in peerage sources . The title was created ( or revived ) on 10 September 1660 for Lord Charles Gordon , fourth son of George Gordon , 2nd Marquess of Huntly , and Viscount Aboyne 's younger brother . He was made Lord Gordon of Strathaven and Glenlivet at the same time , also in the Peerage of Scotland . His great-great-grandson ( the titles having descended from father to son ) , the fifth Earl , succeeded as Marquess of Huntly in 1836 , since when the earldom has been held as a subsidiary title . Earl of Aboyne is now a courtesy title used by the heir apparent to the Marquessate of Huntly ."}]}, {'value': 'Lord Strathavon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Marquess of Queensberry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Queensberry', 'summary': 'Marquess of Queensberry is a title in the Peerage of Scotland . The title has been held since its creation in 1682 by a member of the Douglas family . The Marquesses also held the title of Duke of Queensberry from 1684 to 1810 , when it was inherited by the Duke of Buccleuch .'}]}, {'value': 'Viscount Drumlanrig', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Marquess of Tweeddale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Tweeddale', 'summary': "Marquess of Tweeddale ( sometimes spelled Tweedale ) is a title of the Peerage of Scotland , created in 1694 for the 2nd Earl of Tweeddale . Lord Tweeddale holds the subsidiary titles of Earl of Tweeddale ( created 1646 ) , Earl of Gifford ( 1694 ) , Viscount of Walden ( 1694 ) , Lord Hay of Yester ( 1488 ) , and Baron Tweeddale , of Yester in the County of Haddington ( 1881 ) , all but the last in the Peerage of Scotland . As Baron Tweeddale in the Peerage of the United Kingdom , Lord Tweeddale sat between 1881 and 1963 in the House of Lords . The Marquess ' eldest son uses Viscount Walden as a courtesy title . Lord Tweeddale also holds the title of Hereditary Chamberlain of Dunfermline . The family seat was Yester House , near Gifford , East Lothian ."}]}, {'value': 'Earl of Gifford', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viscount Walden', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Marquess of Lothian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Lothian', 'summary': "Marquess of Lothian is a title in the Peerage of Scotland . It was created in 1701 for Robert Kerr , 4th Earl of Lothian . The Marquess of Lothian holds the subsidiary titles of Earl of Lothian ( created 1606 ) , Earl of Lothian ( created again 1631 ) , Earl of Ancram ( 1633 ) , Earl of Ancram ( created again 1701 ) , Viscount of Briene ( 1701 ) , Lord Newbattle ( 1591 ) , Lord Jedburgh ( 1622 ) , Lord Kerr of Newbattle ( 1631 ) , Lord Kerr of Nisbet , Langnewtoun , and Dolphinstoun ( 1633 ) , Lord Kerr of Newbattle , Oxnam , Jedburgh , Dolphinstoun and Nisbet ( 1701 ) , and Baron Ker , of Kersheugh in the County of Roxburgh ( 1821 ) , all but the last in the Peerage of Scotland . As The Lord Ker in the Peerage of the United Kingdom , previous Marquesses sat in the House of Lords before 1963 , when Scottish peers first sat in the House of Lords in their own right . The holder of the title is also the Chief of Clan Kerr . The current Marquess of Lothian , the 13th , is better known as the Conservative politician Michael Ancram . He received a life peerage in November 2010 as Baron Kerr of Monteviot and so became entitled to sit in the House of Lords . He lives at Monteviot House . The family also owned a larger Scottish seat , Newbattle Abbey , which is now a college , and also Blickling Hall in Norfolk , which belongs to the National Trust . The heir presumptive to the marquessate is the 13th Marquess ' younger brother Lord Ralph Kerr , who owns Ferniehirst Castle , Jedburgh , Roxburghshire , which is the family seat that was restored by the 12th Marquess , and Melbourne Hall in Derbyshire ."}]}, {'value': 'Earl of Ancram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Ancram', 'summary': "Marquess of Lothian is a title in the Peerage of Scotland . It was created in 1701 for Robert Kerr , 4th Earl of Lothian . The Marquess of Lothian holds the subsidiary titles of Earl of Lothian ( created 1606 ) , Earl of Lothian ( created again 1631 ) , Earl of Ancram ( 1633 ) , Earl of Ancram ( created again 1701 ) , Viscount of Briene ( 1701 ) , Lord Newbattle ( 1591 ) , Lord Jedburgh ( 1622 ) , Lord Kerr of Newbattle ( 1631 ) , Lord Kerr of Nisbet , Langnewtoun , and Dolphinstoun ( 1633 ) , Lord Kerr of Newbattle , Oxnam , Jedburgh , Dolphinstoun and Nisbet ( 1701 ) , and Baron Ker , of Kersheugh in the County of Roxburgh ( 1821 ) , all but the last in the Peerage of Scotland . As The Lord Ker in the Peerage of the United Kingdom , previous Marquesses sat in the House of Lords before 1963 , when Scottish peers first sat in the House of Lords in their own right . The holder of the title is also the Chief of Clan Kerr . The current Marquess of Lothian , the 13th , is better known as the Conservative politician Michael Ancram . He received a life peerage in November 2010 as Baron Kerr of Monteviot and so became entitled to sit in the House of Lords . He lives at Monteviot House . The family also owned a larger Scottish seat , Newbattle Abbey , which is now a college , and also Blickling Hall in Norfolk , which belongs to the National Trust . The heir presumptive to the marquessate is the 13th Marquess ' younger brother Lord Ralph Kerr , who owns Ferniehirst Castle , Jedburgh , Roxburghshire , which is the family seat that was restored by the 12th Marquess , and Melbourne Hall in Derbyshire ."}]}, {'value': 'Lord Newbattle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Marquess of Lansdowne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Lansdowne', 'summary': 'Marquess of Lansdowne is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain created in 1784 , and held by the head of the Petty-FitzMaurice family . The first Marquess served as Prime Minister of Great Britain .'}]}, {'value': 'Earl of Kerry / Shelburne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Kerry', 'summary': "Baron Kerry is an ancient title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created circa 1223 for Thomas Fitzmaurice . In 1325 , Maurice FitzMaurice , 4th Baron of Kerry , murdered Diarmaid Óg MacCarthy ( son of Cormac Mór MacCarthy ) in the courtroom at Tralee . For this act , Maurice was tried and attainted by the parliament in Dublin and his lands forfeited , but after his death they were restored to his brother John FitzMaurice , 5th Baron of Kerry . In 1537 the eleventh Baron was created Baron Odorney and Viscount Kilmaule in the Peerage of Ireland . However , these titles became extinct on his death in 1541 while he was succeeded in the Barony of Kerry by his younger brother . The twenty-first Baron was created Earl of Kerry in the Peerage of Ireland in 1723 . His younger son John Petty was created Earl of Shelburne in the Peerage of Ireland in 1753 and his son , the second Earl of Shelburne , was created Marquess of Lansdowne in 1784 . In 1818 the latter 's son , the third Marquess , succeeded his cousin as 4th Earl of Kerry and 24th Baron Kerry ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Shelburne', 'summary': "Earl of Shelburne is a title that has been created two times while the title of Baron Shelburne has been created three times . The Shelburne title was created for the first time in the Peerage of Ireland in 1688 when Elizabeth , Lady Petty , was made Baroness Shelburne . She was the wife of the noted economist Sir William Petty . The title was for life only and became extinct on her death in circa 1708 . On the same day that Lady Shelburne was elevated to the peerage , her eldest son by Sir William Petty , Charles Petty , was also raised to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Shelburne . He died young in 1696 , when the title became extinct . The barony was created for a third time in the Peerage of Ireland in 1699 in favour of the Hon . Henry Petty , younger son of Sir William Petty and Lady Shelburne . In 1719 he was further honoured when he was made Viscount Dunkerron and Earl of Shelburne , also in the Peerage of Ireland . On his death in 1751 these titles also became extinct . The Petty estates were inherited by the late Earl 's nephew , the Hon . John Fitzmaurice ."}]}, {'value': 'Viscount Clanmaurice', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Marquess Townshend', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_Townshend', 'summary': "Marquess Townshend /ˈtaʊnzənd/ is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain held by the Townshend family of Raynham Hall in Norfolk . This family descends from Roger Townshend , who in 1617 was created a baronet , of Raynham in the County of Norfolk , in the Baronetage of England . He later represented Orford and Norfolk in the House of Commons . His younger son , the third Baronet ( who succeeded his elder brother ) , played an important role in the restoration of the monarchy after the Civil War and was also Member of Parliament for Norfolk . In 1661 he was created Baron Townshend , of Lynn Regis in the County of Norfolk , and in 1682 he was further honoured when he was made Viscount Townshend , of Raynham in the County of Norfolk . Both titles were in the Peerage of England . He was succeeded by his son , the second Viscount . He was a prominent statesman and served as Secretary of State for the Northern Department from 1714 to 1716 and from 1721 to 1730 . Lord Townshend is also remembered for the agricultural reforms he undertook at his Norfolk estate and gained the nickname Turnip Townshend . His eldest son , the third Viscount , briefly represented Great Yarmouth in the House of Commons . However , in 1723 , during his father 's lifetime , he was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his father 's junior title of Baron Townshend ( although he was styled Lord Lynn , taken from the territorial designation of the barony , to distinguish him from his father ) . Lord Townshend later served as Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk ."}]}, {'value': 'Viscount Raynham', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Marquess of Salisbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Salisbury', 'summary': 'Marquess of Salisbury is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain . It was created in 1789 for the 7th Earl of Salisbury . Most of the holders of the title have been prominent in British political life over the last two centuries , particularly the 3rd Marquess , who served three times as Prime Minister in the late 19th and early 20th centuries .'}]}, {'value': 'Viscount Cranborne', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Marquess of Bath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Bath', 'summary': 'Marquess of Bath is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain . It was created in 1789 for Thomas Thynne , Viscount Weymouth . The Marquess holds the subsidiary titles Baron Thynne , of Warminster in the County of Wiltshire , and Viscount Weymouth , both created in 1682 in the Peerage of England . He is also a baronet in the Baronetage of England .'}]}, {'value': 'Viscount Weymouth', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Marquess of Hertford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Hertford', 'summary': "The titles of Earl of Hertford and Marquess of Hertford have been created several times in the peerages of England and Great Britain . The third Earldom of Hertford was created in 1559 for Edward Seymour , who was simultaneously created Baron Beauchamp of Hache . His grandson William Seymour was subsequently created Marquess of Hertford and restored to the title of Duke of Somerset ; the Marquessate became extinct in 1675 and the other three titles in 1750 . The present Marquessate was created in 1793 . Lord Hertford holds the subsidiary titles of Earl of Yarmouth ( Peerage of Great Britain , 1793 ) , Earl of Hertford ( Peerage of Great Britain , 1750 ) , Viscount Beauchamp ( Peerage of Great Britain , 1750 ) , Baron Conway , of Ragley in the County of Warwick ( Peerage of England , 1703 ) , and Baron Conway of Killultagh , of Killultagh in the County of Antrim ( Peerage of Ireland , 1712 ) . Lord Hertford 's heir uses the style Earl of Yarmouth . The Marquesses of Hertford are members of the Seymour family headed by the Duke of Somerset . Francis Seymour ( 1679-1732 ) was the fourth son of Sir Edward Seymour of Berry Pomeroy , 4th Baronet , a descendant of Edward Seymour , 1st Duke of Somerset ( Sir Edward 's grandson Sir Edward Seymour , 6th Baronet , of Berry Pomeroy succeeded as 8th Duke of Somerset in 1750 ) . Upon the death of his elder brother , Francis succeeded to the estates of his relative Edward Conway , 1st Earl of Conway . In 1703 he was created Baron Conway in the Peerage of England and assumed the additional surname of Conway . In 1712 he was created Baron Conway of Killultagh in the Peerage of Ireland . In 1750 his son Francis Seymour-Conway , 2nd Baron Conway , was created Viscount Beauchamp and Earl of Hertford ."}]}, {'value': 'Earl of Yarmouth ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Yarmouth', 'summary': 'Earl of Yarmouth is a title that has been created three times in British history , once in the Peerage of England and twice in the Peerage of Great Britain . The first creation came in the Peerage of England in 1679 in favour of the politician and scientist Robert Paston , 1st Viscount Yarmouth . He had already been created Baron Paston and Viscount Yarmouth in the Peerage of England in 1673 . He was the son of William Paston , who had been created a Baronet , of Oxnead in the County of Norfolk , in the Baronetage of England in 1641 . Lord Yarmouth was succeeded by his son , the second Earl . He notably served as Treasurer of the Household between 1687 and 1689 . He had no surviving male issue and the titles became extinct on his death in 1732 . The second creation came in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1740 in favour of Amalie von Wallmoden , mistress of George II . She was made Baroness Yarmouth at the same time , also in the Peerage of England . The titles were for life only . Lady Yarmouth was the last Royal mistress to be awarded a peerage . She died in 1765 .'}]}, {'value': 'Viscount Beauchamp', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Marquess of Bute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Bute', 'summary': 'Marquess of the County of Bute , shortened in general usage to Marquess of Bute , is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain . It was created in 1796 for John Stuart , 4th Earl of Bute .'}]}, {'value': 'Earl of Dumfries ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Dumfries', 'summary': 'Earl of Dumfries is a title in the Peerage of Scotland . It was originally created for William Crichton , 9th Lord Crichton of Sanquhar , in 1633 , and stayed in the Crichton family until the death of the fourth countess in 1742 , at which point the title passed to first the Dalrymple and then the McDouall families before finally being inherited by the Marquesses of Bute , where it remains today . The subsidiary titles of the Earl of Dumfries are : Viscount of Ayr and Lord Sanquhar ( created 2 February 1622 ) , Lord Crichton of Sanquhar ( 1488 ) , and Lord Crichton of Cumnock ( 12 June 1633 ) , all in the Peerage of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Viscount Mountjoy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Mountjoy', 'summary': "The titles of Baron Mountjoy and Viscount Mountjoy have been created several times for members of various families , including the Blounts and their descendants and the Stewarts of Ramelton and their descendants . The first creation was for Walter Blount of Hertfordshire , who was summoned to Parliament as Baron Mountjoy in the Peerage of England during 1465 . The Blounts were a junior part of the family Blount of Sodington of Worcestershire . The first Baron was the great-grandson of Sir John Blount of Sodington and Isolda Mountjoy , and the grandson of Sir Walter Blount , bearer of the Royal Standard of Henry IV at the Battle of Shrewsbury during 1403 where he was slain . This creation is one of the earliest examples of a baronial title not being related to land ownership or a pre-existing dignity . The 8th Baron Mountjoy was created Earl of Devon during 1603 and died without legitimate issue during 1606 , when the earldom and the barony became extinct . His son Mountjoy Blount , who had been born before his parents ' marriage , was created Baron Mountjoy of Mountjoy Fort in the Peerage of Ireland during 1618 , Baron Mountjoy of Thurveston in the Peerage of England during 1627 and Earl of Newport in the Peerage of England during 1628 . All these titles became extinct with the death of the 3rd Earl of Newport during 1681 . Elizabeth Blount , sister of the 2nd Baron Mountjoy of the 1465 creation , had married the 1st Baron Windsor , and their descendant Thomas Windsor , 1st Viscount Windsor in the Peerage of Ireland and younger son of the 7th Baron Windsor and 1st Earl of Plymouth , was created Baron Mountjoy in the Peerage of Great Britain during 1712 . This title became extinct on the death of his son the 2nd Viscount Windsor during 1758 . Luke Gardiner ( 1745-1798 ) , was created Baron Mountjoy during 1789 and Viscount Mountjoy during 1795 , both part of the peerage of Ireland ."}]}, {'value': 'The Marquess of Waterford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Waterford', 'summary': 'Marquess of Waterford is a title in the Peerage of Ireland and the premier marquessate in that peerage . It was created in 1789 for George Beresford , 2nd Earl of Tyrone . It is presently held by Henry Beresford , 9th Marquess of Waterford . The Beresford family descends from Tristram Beresford , who originated from Kent but settled in Ireland in the 17th century . His eldest son Tristram Beresford sat as a member of the Irish House of Commons . On 5 May 1665 he was created a baronet , of Coleraine in County Londonderry , in the Baronetage of Ireland . His great-grandson ( the title having descended from father to son ) , the fourth Baronet , married Lady Catherine , oldest daughter of James de la Poer , 3rd Earl of Tyrone ( see Earl of Tyrone ) . In 1720 , he was created both Baron Beresford , of Beresford , in the County of Cavan , and Viscount Tyrone in the Peerage of Ireland . He was further honoured when he was made Earl of Tyrone in the Peerage of Ireland in 1746 . In 1767 , four years after his death , the Dowager Countess of Tyrone was confirmed with the hereditary peerage title Baroness La Poer in the Peerage of Ireland ( created by writ ca . 1650 ) . Lord Tyrone was succeeded by his fourth but eldest surviving son , the second Earl , who also inherited the title Baron La Poer from his mother in 1769 .'}]}, {'value': 'Earl of Tyrone ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Tyrone', 'summary': "The Earl of Tyrone is a title created three times in the Peerage of Ireland . It was first created as part of the Tudor attempt to establish a uniform social structure in Ireland by converting the Gaelic kings and chiefs into hereditary nobles of the Kingdom of Ireland . Under brehon law , clans were effectively independent , and chose their chiefs from the members of a bloodline - normally , but not always , a close relative of the previous chief ; the clan as a whole generally had a voice in the chief 's decisions . Also , acknowledged sons of a clan member were members of the bloodline , even when not begotten in lawful marriage . The holder of a title , on the other hand , was subject to the Crown , but held his lands by hereditary right , which the Crown would help to enforce ; the rest of the clan were usually now his tenants . Illegitimate sons had no right of succession under the new system unless expressly granted . The title in the Peerage of Ireland was created again in 1673 for Richard Power , 6th Baron Power , the Anglo-Norman peer and Restoration politician , along with a large grant of land in County Waterford , at the other end of Ireland . He was also given the subordinate title of Viscount Decies ; both titles became extinct upon the death of his younger son , the third earl , in 1704 ; he left an only daughter , Lady Katherine Power , but both titles descended by patent to male heirs only . It was created a final time in 1746 for Marcus Beresford , 1st Viscount Tyrone , son-in-law of the last Power earl . His son was created Marquess of Waterford in 1789 , and the title has since been a subsidiary title of the Waterford title ."}]}, {'value': 'Lord Le Poer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_La_Poer', 'summary': 'Baron La Poer , de la Poer , or Le Pour , is a title in the Peerage of Ireland held by the Marquess of Waterford . Its creation is the sole instance in the law of the Kingdom of Ireland recognising a peerage by writ .'}]}, {'value': 'The Marquess of Downshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Downshire', 'summary': 'Marquess of Downshire is a title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created in 1789 for Wills Hill , 1st Earl of Hillsborough , a former Secretary of State . Hill had already been created Earl of Hillsborough and Viscount Kilwarlin of County Down in the Peerage of Ireland in 1751 with remainder , in default of male issue of his own , to his uncle Arthur Hill , 1st Viscount Dungannon . He was further created Baron Harwich , of Harwich in the County of Essex , in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1756 with a seat in the ( London ) House of Lords . In 1772 he was further ennobled with a second Earldom of Hillsborough and as Viscount Fairford in the County of Gloucester , both in the Peerage of Great Britain . Downshire was the eldest son of Trevor Hill , who had been created Viscount Hillsborough and Baron Hill of Kilwarlin in County Down , in the Peerage of Ireland in 1717 , with remainder , in default of male issue of his own , to the male issue of his father , Michael Hill . Trevor Hill was the brother of the aforementioned Arthur Hill , 1st Viscount Dungannon . In 2013 , the 9th Marquess succeeded , under the terms of a special remainder of 1802 , to the title Baron Sandys . The barony had been created for Mary Hill , Marchioness of Downshire , the widow of the second Marquess , with remainder to her younger sons , Lord Arthur Moyses William Hill , Lord Marcus Hill , Lord Augustus Hill and Lord George Hill successively , but if the male line failed , could be inherited by her male heirs of the eldest son , the third Marquess . This occurred in April 2013 with the death of Richard Hill , 7th Baron Sandys without male heirs . Prior to the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999 , the Marquesses sat in the House of Lords as the Earls of Hillsborough . Among many other estates , the Marquess owned Hillsborough Castle , the Blessington Estate in County Wicklow , and Easthampstead Park near Bracknell .'}]}, {'value': 'Earl of Hillsborough', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viscount Kilwarlin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Marquess of Donegall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Donegall', 'summary': 'Marquess of Donegall is a title in the Peerage of Ireland held by the head of the Chichester family , originally from Devon , England . Sir John Chichester sat as a Member of Parliament and was High Sheriff of Devon in 1557 . One of his sons , Sir Arthur Chichester , was Lord Deputy of Ireland from 1604 to 1614 . In 1613 , he was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Chichester , of Belfast in County Antrim . He died childless in 1625 when the barony became extinct . However , in the same year the Chichester title was revived in favour of his younger brother , Edward Chichester , who was made Baron Chichester , of Belfast in the County of Antrim , and Viscount Chichester , of Carrickfergus in County Antrim . Both titles are in the Peerage of Ireland . He was succeeded by his eldest son , Arthur Chichester . A distinguished soldier , he was created Earl of Donegall in the Peerage of Ireland in 1647 ( one year before he succeeded his father ) , with remainder to the heirs male of his father . He died without male issue and was succeeded ( in the earldom according to the special remainder ) by his nephew Arthur Chichester , the second Earl . He was the eldest son of Lieutenant-Colonel John Chichester , second son of the first Viscount . Lord Donegall had previously represented Donegal County in the Irish House of Commons .'}]}, {'value': 'Earl of Belfast', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viscount Chichester', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Marquess of Headfort', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Headfort', 'summary': "Marquess of Headfort is a title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created in 1800 for Thomas Taylour , 2nd Earl of Bective . The Marquess holds the subsidiary titles of Earl of Bective ( 1766 ) , Viscount Headfort ( 1762 ) , Baron Headfort , of Headfort in the County of Meath , ( 1760 ) , and Baron Kenlis , of Kenlis in the County of Meath ( 1831 ) , all but the last in the Peerage of Ireland . He is also an Irish baronet . Before the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999 , the Marquess sat in the House of Lords as Baron Kenlis in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . The family descends from Thomas Taylor , who came to Ireland during the 1650s from Sussex in England to oversee on behalf of Parliament the fiscal expenditure of Oliver Cromwell 's campaign in Ireland and later undertook the duties of a cartographer assisting with Sir William Petty 's project of mapping Ireland , known as the Down Survey . Taylor 's son also Thomas Taylor represented Kells in the Irish House of Commons and in 1704 , he was created a Baronet , of Kells , County Meath , in the Baronetage of Ireland . His grandson , the third Baronet , also sat for Kells in the Irish House of Commons . In 1760 he was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Headfort , of Headfort in the County of Meath . Two years later he was created Viscount Headfort , of Headfort , in the County of Meath and in 1766 he was even further honoured when he was made Earl of Bective , of Bective Castle , in the County of Meath . He was succeeded by his eldest son , the second Earl . He was one of the 28 original Irish Representative Peers in the House of Lords ."}]}, {'value': 'Earl of Bective', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lord Kenlis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Marquess of Sligo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Sligo', 'summary': 'Marquess of Sligo is a title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created in 1800 for John Browne , 3rd Earl of Altamont . The Marquess holds the subsidiary titles of Baron Mount Eagle , of Westport in the County of Mayo ( created 10 September 1760 ) , Viscount Westport , of Westport in the County of Mayo ( created 24 August 1768 ) , Earl of Altamont , in the County of Mayo ( created 4 December 1771 ) , Earl of Clanricarde ( created 1800 ) and Baron Monteagle , of Westport in the County of Mayo ( created 20 February 1806 ) . All these titles are in the Peerage of Ireland , except the Barony of Monteagle , which is in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . The latter peerage entitled the Marquesses to a seat in the House of Lords prior to the House of Lords Act 1999 . The Earldom of Clanricarde was inherited by the sixth Marquess in 1916 according to a special remainder in the letters patent .'}]}, {'value': 'Earl of Altamont', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viscount Westport', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Marquess of Ely', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Ely', 'summary': 'Marquess of Ely , of the County of Wexford , is a title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created in 1800 for Charles Loftus , 1st Earl of Ely . He was born Charles Tottenham , the son of Sir John Tottenham , 1st Baronet , who had been created a baronet , of Tottenham Green in the County of Wexford , in the Baronetage of Ireland in 1780 , by Elizabeth , daughter of Nicholas Loftus , 1st Viscount Loftus , sister and heiress of Henry Loftus , 1st Earl of Ely ( see Viscount Loftus and Earl of Ely for earlier history of the Loftus family ) . In 1783 he succeeded to the Loftus estates on the death of his maternal uncle the Earl of Ely and assumed the same year by Royal licence the surname of Loftus in lieu of his patronymic . In 1785 he was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Loftus , of Loftus Hall in the County of Wexford . It was sold by the family in 1917 and is today owned by the Quigley family . He was further honoured when he was made Viscount Loftus , of Ely , in 1789 , Earl of Ely , in the Kingdom of Ireland , in 1794 , and Marquess of Ely , of the County of Wexford , in 1800 , all in the Peerage of Ireland , becoming one of the few persons to rise to the rank of Marquess without having inherited any peerages . In 1801 he was created Baron Loftus , of Long Loftus in the County of York , in the Peerage of the United Kingdom , by which title the Marquesses of Ely sat in the House of Lords until the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999 . Lord Ely also succeeded his father as second Baronet in 1786 . Lord Ely was succeeded by his eldest son , John , the second Marquess . He had previously represented County Wexford in both the Irish and British Parliaments . On his death the titles passed to his eldest son , John , the third Marquess .'}]}, {'value': 'Viscount Loftus', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Marquess of Exeter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Exeter', 'summary': 'Marquess of Exeter is a title that has been created twice , once in the Peerage of England and once in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . The first creation came in the Peerage of England in 1525 for Henry Courtenay , 2nd Earl of Devon . For more information on this creation , which was forfeited in 1538 , see the Earl of Devon .'}]}, {'value': 'Lord Burghley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Marquess of Northampton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Northampton', 'summary': 'Marquess of Northampton is a title that has been created twice , firstly in the Peerage of England ( 1547 ) , then secondly in the Peerage of the United Kingdom ( 1812 ) . The current holder of this title is Spencer Compton , 7th Marquess of Northampton .'}]}, {'value': 'Earl Compton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lord Wilmington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Wilmington', 'summary': 'The title of Baron Wilmington has been created twice in the various British peerages . The first creation was in 1728 in the Peerage of Great Britain for Sir Spencer Compton , who was later made Earl of Wilmington . The second creation was in 1812 in the Peerage of the United Kingdom , as a subsidiary title for the Marquess of Northampton .'}]}, {'value': 'The Marquess Camden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_Camden', 'summary': "Marquess Camden is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . It was created in 1812 for the politician John Pratt , 2nd Earl Camden . The Pratt family descends from Sir John Pratt , Lord Chief Justice from 1718 to 1725 . His third son from his second marriage , Sir Charles Pratt , was also a prominent lawyer and politician and served as Lord Chancellor between 1766 and 1770 . In 1765 he was raised to the Peerage of Great Britain as Baron Camden , of Camden Place in the County of Kent , and in 1786 he was further honoured when he was created Viscount Bayham , of Bayham Abbey in the County of Kent , and Earl Camden . These titles are also in the Peerage of Great Britain . Lord Camden was married to Elizabeth , daughter of Nicholas Jeffreys , of The Priory , Brecknockshire , in Wales . Their son , the second Earl , was a politician and notably served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and as Lord President of the Council . In 1812 he was created Earl of the County of Brecknock ( usually shortened to Earl of Brecknock ) and Marquess Camden . His son , the second Marquess , represented Ludgershall , Bath and Dunwich in the House of Commons and also served as Lord Lieutenant of Brecknockshire . In 1835 Lord Camden was called to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his father 's junior title of Baron Camden . His son , the third Marquess , briefly sat as a Member of Parliament for Brecon in 1866 , before he succeeded his father and took his seat in the House of Lords ."}]}, {'value': 'Earl of Brecknock*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viscount Bayham', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Courtesy titles for heirs of marquesses', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_courtesy_titles_in_the_peerages_of_Britain_and_Ireland_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of courtesy titles used for the heirs of currently extant titles in the Peerages of England, Scotland, Great Britain, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Asterisks denote courtesy titles currently used by living heirs.'}	null	null	Who was the title of the father of the Earl of Aboyne originally created for ?	George Gordon
076b8a53898e7888	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Minor_League_Baseball_leagues_and_teams', 'title': 'List of Minor League Baseball leagues and teams', 'header': ['Team', 'City ( all in Florida )', 'Stadium', 'Affiliate'], 'data': [{'value': 'GCL Astros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Astros', 'summary': "The Gulf Coast League ( GCL ) Astros are a minor league baseball team of the Gulf Coast League ( GCL ) , and a Rookie-level affiliate of the Houston Astros . They are located in West Palm Beach , Florida , and play their home games at The Fitteam Ballpark of the Palm Beaches . The team is composed mainly of players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as draftees or non-drafted free agents from the United States , Canada , Dominican Republic , Venezuela , and other countries . The GCL Astros began play in 1977 . However , in 1965 , the team first played in the league 's direct predecessor , the Florida Rookie League , as the Florida Rookie League Astros . The team suspended operations after the 1998 season , but returned to the GCL in 2009 . In 1980 and 1981 , the Houston Astros fielded two teams in the Gulf Coast League , named GCL Astros Orange and GCL Astros Blue . Prior to 2017 , the team was located in Kissimmee , Florida , and played their home games at Osceola County Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'West Palm Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Palm_Beach,_Florida', 'summary': 'West Palm Beach is a city in and the county seat of Palm Beach County , Florida , United States . It is located immediately to the west of the adjacent Palm Beach , which is situated on a barrier island across the Lake Worth Lagoon . The population was 99,919 at the 2010 census . West Palm Beach is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,158,824 people in 2017 . It is the oldest incorporated municipality in the south Florida area , having been incorporated as a city two years before Miami in November 1894 . West Palm Beach is located approximately 68 miles ( 109 km ) north of Downtown Miami .'}]}, {'value': 'FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FITTEAM_Ballpark_of_the_Palm_Beaches', 'summary': 'FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches is a baseball park located in West Palm Beach , Florida . The stadium has a capacity of 6,500 people in fixed seats with room for 1,000 more on the outfield berm . The stadium hosts the Houston Astros and Washington Nationals Major League Baseball teams annually for spring training . It also hosts the Gulf Coast League Astros and the Gulf Coast League Nationals of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League .'}]}, {'value': 'Houston Astros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Astros', 'summary': "The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt .45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name , reflecting Houston 's role as the host of the Johnson Space Center , was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium and the so-called eighth wonder of the world . The Astros moved to a new stadium called Minute Maid Park in 2000 . The Astros played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , then the NL Central division from 1994 to 2012 , before being moved to the AL West as part of a minor realignment in 2013 . The Astros posted their first winning record in 1972 and made the playoffs for the first time in 1980 . The team made its first World Series appearance in 2005 as an NL team , only to be swept by the Chicago White Sox . The team embraced sabermetrics and new technologies in the 2010s , transforming from a tanking 100-loss team into a powerhouse . The Astros won the 2017 World Series , their first championship , against the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games in the wake of Hurricane Harvey . They returned to the World Series in 2019 , losing to the Washington Nationals in seven games . On January 13 , 2020 , the Astros manager A.J ."}]}, {'value': 'GCL Braves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Braves', 'summary': 'The Gulf Coast League Braves are the rookie-level minor league baseball affiliate of the Atlanta Braves . The team plays at CoolToday Park in North Port . The team is composed mainly of players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as draftees or non-drafted free agents from the United States , Canada , Dominican Republic , Venezuela , and other countries . The team traces its history to the earliest days of complex-based baseball . Initially based in Sarasota , Florida , it was a member of the short-lived Sarasota Rookie League ( 1964 ) and Florida Rookie League ( 1965 ) , and was a charter club in the Gulf Coast League when it formed in 1966 . The GCL Braves have operated from 1964 to 1967 and continuously since 1976 . In 2003 , the Gulf Coast Braves won a best-of-three series to defeat the Gulf Coast Pirates and become the Gulf Coast League champions . They did not make the playoffs in 2006 . In 2015 , the Gulf Coast Braves finished second in the Northeast division with a 27-33 record . They were 9.5 games behind the division-winning GCL Tigers , and did not make the playoffs .'}]}, {'value': 'Kissimmee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kissimmee,_Florida', 'summary': 'Kissimmee ( /kɪˈsɪmiː/ ki-SIM-ee ) is the largest city and county seat of Osceola County , Florida , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 59,682 . It is a Principal City of the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford , Florida , Metropolitan Statistical Area , which had a 2010 population of 2,134,411 .'}]}, {'value': 'Champion Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Champion_Stadium', 'summary': 'Champion Stadium is a baseball stadium located at the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex in the Walt Disney World Resort . The stadium was built in 1997 . It is the home for the Rookie-league GCL Braves . The 7,500-seat stadium was designed by David M. Schwarz in a style designer dubbed Florida Picturesque incorporating Venetian Gothic Revival , Mediterranean and Spanish influences with yellow-painted stucco , green-tile roofs , towers and arches .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta Braves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta_Braves', 'summary': "The Atlanta Braves are an American professional baseball team based in the Atlanta metropolitan area . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . The team played its home games at Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium from 1966 to 1996 , and at Turner Field from 1997 to 2016 . Since 2017 , their home stadium has been Truist Park ( formerly SunTrust Park ) , located 10 miles ( 16 km ) northwest of downtown Atlanta in Cobb County , Georgia . The Braves play spring training games at CoolToday Park in North Port , Florida . The name Braves , which was first used in 1912 , originates from a term for a Native American warrior . They are nicknamed the Bravos , and often referred to as America 's Team in reference to the team 's games being broadcast on the nationally available TBS from the 1970s until 2007 , giving the team a nationwide fan base . From 1991 to 2005 , the Braves were one of the most successful teams in baseball , winning division titles an unprecedented 14 consecutive times ( omitting the strike-shortened 1994 season in which there were no official division champions ) , and producing one of the greatest pitching rotations in the history of baseball . Most notably , this rotation consisted of pitchers Greg Maddux , John Smoltz , and Tom Glavine . Pitcher Steve Avery also was a significant contributor to the rotation during the period of 1991-1993 . The Braves won the National League West division from 1991 to 1993 , and after divisional realignment , the National League East division from 1995 to 2005 . They returned to the playoffs as the National League Wild Card in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'GCL Blue Jays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Blue_Jays', 'summary': 'The Gulf Coast League Blue Jays are a Rookie level minor league affiliate of the Toronto Blue Jays . The team began play in 1981 and played until 1985 . It did not play again until 1991 and was then a Rookie team again for the Blue Jays until 1995 . In 2007 , it replaced the Pulaski Blue Jays in the Blue Jays farm system . The GCL Blue Jays are based in Dunedin , Florida at the Bobby Mattick Training Center at Englebert Complex .'}]}, {'value': 'Dunedin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunedin,_Florida', 'summary': 'Dunedin /dəˈniːdɪn/ is a city in Pinellas County , Florida , United States . The name comes from Dùn Èideann , the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh , the capital of Scotland . Dunedin is the 5th largest city in Pinellas County . The population was 35,321 at the 2010 census . Dunedin is home to several beaches , including Dunedin Causeway , Honeymoon Island , and Caladesi Island State Park , which is consistently rated among the best beaches in the world . Dunedin is one of the few open waterfront communities from Sarasota to Cedar Key where buildings do not completely obscure the view of the Intracoastal Waterway and the Gulf of Mexico beyond ; a 1-mile ( 1.6 km ) stretch of Edgewater Drive ( also known as Alternate US 19 ) south of downtown offers views of St. Joseph Sound , Clearwater Beach , and Caladesi Island . Downtown Clearwater and Clearwater Beach are a 6-mile ( 10 km ) drive south on Edgewater . The downtown business district is notable for its absence of large commercial signage , corporate franchise restaurants or chain retail stores . The Pinellas Trail , a 39-mile-long ( 63 km ) bicycle and pedestrian trail that traverses all of Pinellas County , bisects downtown Dunedin . A large portion of the trail lies on the former roadbed of the Orange Belt Railway , the first railroad in Pinellas County , which arrived in 1888 . Since 1977 , Dunedin is the spring training home of the Toronto Blue Jays , as well as the class-A Dunedin Blue Jays of the Florida State League . Dunedin is one of the smallest communities used by Major League spring training teams , although surrounded by a large metropolitan area .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobby Mattick Training Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Englebert_Complex', 'summary': 'The Bobby Mattick Training Center at Englebert Complex is a sports facility owned by the City of Dunedin , Florida . It is used primarily by the Toronto Blue Jays as a practice facility , and is home to their Rookie league affiliate , the Gulf Coast League Blue Jays . The facility opened in 1978 and named after City Commissioner and one time mayor Cecil P. Englebert , who lured the Toronto Blue Jays to the area . The facility was renovated in 2002 for $ 14 million , expanding it from 17 to 23 acres ( 6.9 to 9.3 ha ) . The Blue Jays renamed the training facility the Bobby Mattick Training Center at Englebert Complex in 2003 after Bobby Mattick , who managed the Blue Jays from 1980 to 1981 , and was employed by the team from 1976 until his death in 2004 . The City of Dunedin objected to the new name , arguing that Mattick had no ties to the City . The site features :'}]}, {'value': 'Toronto Blue Jays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays', 'summary': "The Toronto Blue Jays are a Canadian professional baseball team based in Toronto , Ontario . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team plays its home games at Rogers Centre . The name Blue Jays originates from the bird of the same name , and blue is also the traditional colour of two of Toronto 's other professional sports teams : the Maple Leafs ( ice hockey ) and the Argonauts ( Canadian football ) . In addition , the team was originally owned by the Labatt Brewing Company , makers of the popular beer Labatt 's Blue . Colloquially nicknamed the Jays , the team 's official colours are royal blue , navy blue , red , and white . An expansion franchise , the club was founded in Toronto in 1977 . Originally based at Exhibition Stadium , the team began playing its home games at SkyDome upon its opening in 1989 . Since 2000 , the Blue Jays have been owned by Rogers Communications and in 2004 , SkyDome was purchased by that company , which renamed it Rogers Centre . They are the second MLB franchise to be based outside the United States , and currently the only team based outside the U.S. after the first Canadian franchise , the Montreal Expos , became the Washington Nationals in 2005 . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , the Blue Jays went through struggles typical of an expansion team , frequently finishing in last place in its division . In 1983 , the team had its first winning season and two years later , they became division champions ."}]}, {'value': 'GCL Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Cardinals', 'summary': 'The Gulf Coast League Cardinals are a Rookie Level minor league baseball affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals that plays in the Gulf Coast League . The Cardinals were originally a team from 1964-1976 and then were reactivated in 2007 . They play their home games in Jupiter , Florida at Roger Dean Chevrolet Stadium , which is also the spring training home of the St. Louis Cardinals and the Miami Marlins .'}]}, {'value': 'Jupiter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jupiter,_Florida', 'summary': 'Jupiter is the northernmost town in Palm Beach County , Florida , United States . According to a 2018 Census Bureau estimate , the town had a population of 65,524 . It is 87 miles north of Miami , and the northernmost community in the Miami metropolitan area , home to 6,012,331 people in a 2015 Census Bureau estimate . Jupiter was rated as the 12th Best Beach Town in America by WalletHub in 2018 , and as the 9th Happiest Seaside Town in America by Coastal Living in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cardinals Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Dean_Stadium', 'summary': 'Roger Dean Stadium ( officially known as Roger Dean Chevrolet Stadium ) is a baseball stadium located in the Abacoa community of the town of Jupiter , Florida . The stadium was built in 1998 , holds 6,871 people , and features luxury sky-box seating , two levels of permanent seating , parking and concessions . The Roger Dean Stadium Complex is the only stadium in the country to host four minor league teams : the Jupiter Hammerheads and Palm Beach Cardinals of the Class A-Advanced Baseball Florida State League , and the Gulf Coast Marlins and Gulf Coast Cardinals of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League . Roger Dean Stadium is one of only two stadiums in Florida to host two Major League Baseball teams annually for spring training : the Miami Marlins and St. Louis Cardinals ( the other is FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches , which opened in 2017 , hosting the Washington Nationals and Houston Astros ) . In both venues , the teams share the main stadium where the games are played . However , the teams have their own practice fields , outdoor batting cages , several pitching mounds , and state-of-the-art conditioning rooms .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals', 'summary': "The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the nation 's oldest and most successful professional baseball clubs , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , more than any other NL team and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . The team has won 19 National League pennants , third-most of any team . St. Louis has also won 14 division titles in the East and Central divisions . In 1881 , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased the Brown Stockings barnstorming club , renamed it the St. Louis Browns , and made it a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) baseball league . The team won four league championships , qualifying them to play in the era 's professional baseball championship tournament , a forerunner of the modern World Series . In two of these championships , the Browns met the Chicago White Stockings , launching the enduring Cardinals-Cubs rivalry . In 1892 , the Browns - also called the Perfectos - joined the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later renamed the National League . In 1900 , the team was renamed the Cardinals . ( Two years later , an unrelated St. Louis Browns team joined the American League . )"}]}, {'value': 'GCL Marlins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Marlins', 'summary': 'The Gulf Coast League Marlins are a Rookie Level minor league affiliate of the Miami Marlins that plays in the Gulf Coast League . The team plays their home games in Jupiter , Florida at Roger Dean Chevrolet Stadium , which is also the spring training home of the St. Louis Cardinals and the Miami Marlins . The Marlins include mostly players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as draftees or non-drafted free agents . The GCL Marlins were based in Kissimmee , Florida in 1992-1993 , and Melbourne , Florida 1994-2001 . The GCL Marlins threw a combined perfect game against the GCL Astros on July 19 , 2012 . Justin Jackson pitched the first six innings , Patrick Merkling pitched the seventh inning and Dane Stone pitched the last two innings .'}]}, {'value': 'Jupiter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jupiter,_Florida', 'summary': 'Jupiter is the northernmost town in Palm Beach County , Florida , United States . According to a 2018 Census Bureau estimate , the town had a population of 65,524 . It is 87 miles north of Miami , and the northernmost community in the Miami metropolitan area , home to 6,012,331 people in a 2015 Census Bureau estimate . Jupiter was rated as the 12th Best Beach Town in America by WalletHub in 2018 , and as the 9th Happiest Seaside Town in America by Coastal Living in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Marlins Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Dean_Stadium', 'summary': 'Roger Dean Stadium ( officially known as Roger Dean Chevrolet Stadium ) is a baseball stadium located in the Abacoa community of the town of Jupiter , Florida . The stadium was built in 1998 , holds 6,871 people , and features luxury sky-box seating , two levels of permanent seating , parking and concessions . The Roger Dean Stadium Complex is the only stadium in the country to host four minor league teams : the Jupiter Hammerheads and Palm Beach Cardinals of the Class A-Advanced Baseball Florida State League , and the Gulf Coast Marlins and Gulf Coast Cardinals of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League . Roger Dean Stadium is one of only two stadiums in Florida to host two Major League Baseball teams annually for spring training : the Miami Marlins and St. Louis Cardinals ( the other is FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches , which opened in 2017 , hosting the Washington Nationals and Houston Astros ) . In both venues , the teams share the main stadium where the games are played . However , the teams have their own practice fields , outdoor batting cages , several pitching mounds , and state-of-the-art conditioning rooms .'}]}, {'value': 'Miami Marlins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami_Marlins', 'summary': 'The Miami Marlins are an American professional baseball team based in Miami , Florida . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . Their home park is Marlins Park . Though one of only two MLB franchises to have never won a division title ( the other being the Colorado Rockies ) , the Marlins have won two World Series championships as a wild card team . The team began play as an expansion team in the 1993 season as the Florida Marlins and played home games from their inaugural season to the 2012 season at what was originally called Joe Robbie Stadium , which they shared with the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Since the 2012 season , they have played at Marlins Park in downtown Miami , on the site of the former Orange Bowl . The new park , unlike their previous home ( which was criticized in its baseball configuration for poor sight lines in some locations ) , was designed foremost as a baseball park . Per an agreement with the city and Miami-Dade County ( which owns the park ) , the Marlins officially changed their name to the Miami Marlins on November 11 , 2011 . They also adopted a new logo , color scheme , and uniforms . The Marlins have the distinction of winning a World Series championship in every postseason they have qualified for to date , having won the World Series in 1997 and 2003 as National League wild card team . They also have the distinction of being the only franchise in the major four North American professional sports leagues ( MLB , NBA , NFL , NHL ) to have never lost a playoff round . They defeated the American League ( AL ) champion Cleveland Indians in the 1997 World Series , with shortstop Édgar Rentería driving in second baseman Craig Counsell for the series-clinching run in the 11th inning of the seventh and deciding game .'}]}, {'value': 'GCL Mets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Mets', 'summary': "The Gulf Coast League Mets are a Rookie-level minor league affiliate of the New York Mets that play in the Gulf Coast League . The team plays at First Data Field in Port St. Lucie , Florida . The franchise entered the league in 1983 playing their home games in Sarasota , Florida at Twin Lakes Park . The team moved their base of operations to St. Lucie when the league expanded to Florida 's east coast . Gulf Coast League team rosters are thirty-five players , and can not have more than twelve players over twenty years old , and no more than four players over 21 . No player can have more than two years of prior service , excluding Rookie leagues outside the United States and Canada . The team is composed mainly of players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as draftees or non-drafted free agents from the United States , Canada , Dominican Republic , Venezuela , and other countries . On December 20 , 2011 , it was announced the Mets would eliminate their Rookie level team due to financial reasons . On November 8 , 2012 , the Mets announced the re-establishment of a Gulf Coast League team based in Port St. Lucie ."}]}, {'value': 'Port St. Lucie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_St._Lucie,_Florida', 'summary': "Port St. Lucie is a city in St. Lucie County , Florida , United States . It is the most populous municipality in the county with a population of 164,603 at the 2010 census due to its rapid growth during the 2000s . It is located 125 miles ( 201 km ) southeast of Orlando , and 114 miles ( 183 km ) northwest of Miami . In 2017 , the United States Census Bureau estimated the city 's population at 189,344 . The Port St. Lucie Metropolitan Area includes the counties of St. Lucie County & Martin County and as of 2016 had an estimated population of 465,208 . Port St. Lucie is also contained within the Miami - Fort Lauderdale - Port St. Lucie Combined Statistical Area with an estimated population of 6,832,588 ."}]}, {'value': 'First Data Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Data_Field', 'summary': "Clover Park is a baseball stadium located in Port St. Lucie , Florida . The stadium was built in time for the 1988 season and holds 7,160 people . It is the spring training home of the New York Mets ( who moved from St. Petersburg 's Al Lang Stadium ) , as well as the home to the St. Lucie Mets Class A team and the Gulf Coast Mets Rookie League team . The stadium also sometimes hosts college games ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Mets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Mets', 'summary': "The New York Mets are a Major League Baseball team based in the New York City borough of Queens . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . They are one of two MLB teams based in New York City , the other being the New York Yankees of the American League ( AL ) . One of baseball 's first expansion teams , the Mets were founded in 1962 to replace New York 's departed NL teams , the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants . The team 's colors combine the Dodgers ' blue and the Giants ' orange . For the 1962 and 1963 seasons , the Mets played home games at the Polo Grounds . From 1964 to 2008 , their home ballpark was Shea Stadium . In 2009 , they moved into their current ballpark , Citi Field . In their inaugural season , the Mets posted a record of 40-120 , the worst regular season record since MLB went to a 162-game schedule . The team never finished better than second-to-last until the Miracle Mets beat the Baltimore Orioles in the 1969 World Series , one of the biggest upsets in World Series history . Since then , they have played in four World Series , including a dramatic run in 1973 that ended in a seven-game loss to the Oakland Athletics , a second championship in 1986 over the Boston Red Sox , a Subway Series loss against their cross-town rivals the New York Yankees in 2000 , and a five-game loss to the Kansas City Royals in 2015 . The Mets qualified to play in the MLB postseason in 1988 and 2006 , coming within one game of the World Series both years ."}]}, {'value': 'GCL Nationals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Nationals', 'summary': 'The Gulf Coast League Nationals , often called the GCL Nationals , are a rookie-level Minor League Baseball team of the Gulf Coast League and an affiliate of the Washington Nationals . The team plays its home games in West Palm Beach , Florida , at FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches . The Nationals previously played at Space Coast Stadium from their inaugural 2005 season through the end of the 2016 season . The team is composed mainly of players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as draftees or non-drafted free agents .'}]}, {'value': 'West Palm Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Palm_Beach,_Florida', 'summary': 'West Palm Beach is a city in and the county seat of Palm Beach County , Florida , United States . It is located immediately to the west of the adjacent Palm Beach , which is situated on a barrier island across the Lake Worth Lagoon . The population was 99,919 at the 2010 census . West Palm Beach is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,158,824 people in 2017 . It is the oldest incorporated municipality in the south Florida area , having been incorporated as a city two years before Miami in November 1894 . West Palm Beach is located approximately 68 miles ( 109 km ) north of Downtown Miami .'}]}, {'value': 'FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FITTEAM_Ballpark_of_the_Palm_Beaches', 'summary': 'FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches is a baseball park located in West Palm Beach , Florida . The stadium has a capacity of 6,500 people in fixed seats with room for 1,000 more on the outfield berm . The stadium hosts the Houston Astros and Washington Nationals Major League Baseball teams annually for spring training . It also hosts the Gulf Coast League Astros and the Gulf Coast League Nationals of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington Nationals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Nationals', 'summary': "The Washington Nationals are an American professional baseball team based in Washington , D.C . The Nationals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . From 2005 to 2007 , the team played in RFK Stadium while their permanent stadium was being built . In 2008 , they moved in to Nationals Park , located on South Capitol Street in the Southeast quadrant of D.C. , near the Anacostia River . The Nationals are the eighth major league franchise to be based in Washington , D.C. , and the first since 1971 . The current franchise was founded in 1969 as the Montreal Expos as part of the MLB expansion . After a failed contraction plan , the Expos were purchased by MLB , which sought to relocate the team to a new city . Washington , D.C. was chosen in 2004 , and the Nationals were established in 2005 as the first franchise relocation in MLB since the third Washington Senators moved to Texas in 1971 . While the team initially struggled after moving to Washington , the Nationals had considerable success throughout the 2010s . The team 's two overall first picks in the MLB draft , Stephen Strasburg in 2009 and Bryce Harper in 2010 , attracted new levels of attention to the team . They achieved their first playoff berth and first division title in 2012 , but were knocked out in the NLDS . They won the National League East again in 2014 , 2016 , and 2017 , but were eliminated in the NLDS each time ."}]}, {'value': 'GCL Orioles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Orioles', 'summary': 'The Gulf Coast League Orioles are a minor league baseball team that plays in the Gulf Coast League . The Orioles were originally a team from 1991-2003 , but were reactivated in 2007 . The Orioles play their home games in Sarasota , Florida at Ed Smith Stadium , which became the spring training home to the Orioles at the start of the 2010 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarasota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarasota,_Florida', 'summary': 'Sarasota ( /ˌsærəˈsoʊtə/ ) is a city in Sarasota County on the southwestern coast of the U.S. state of Florida . The area is renowned for its cultural and environmental amenities , beaches , resorts , and the Sarasota School of Architecture . The city is at the southern end of the Tampa Bay Area , north of Fort Myers and Punta Gorda . Its official limits include Sarasota Bay and several barrier islands between the bay and the Gulf of Mexico . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , in 2018 Sarasota had a population of 57,738 . In 1986 it became designated as a certified local government . Sarasota is a principal city of the Sarasota metropolitan area , and is the seat of Sarasota County . The islands separating Sarasota Bay from the gulf near the city , known as keys , include Lido Key and Siesta Key , which are famous worldwide for the quality of their sandy beaches . The keys that are included in the boundary of Sarasota are Lido Key , St. Armands Key , Otter Key , Casey Key , Coon Key , Bird Key , and portions of Siesta Key . Previously , Siesta Key was named Sarasota Key . At one time , it and all of Longboat Key were considered part of Sarasota and confusing contemporaneous references may be found discussing them . Longboat Key is the largest key separating the bay from the gulf , but it was evenly divided by the new county line of 1921 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ed Smith Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Smith_Stadium', 'summary': 'Ed Smith Stadium is a baseball field located in Sarasota , Florida . Since 2010 , it has been the spring training home of the Baltimore Orioles .'}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore Orioles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles', 'summary': "The Baltimore Orioles are an American professional baseball team based in Baltimore , Maryland . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . As one of the American League 's eight charter teams in 1901 , this particular franchise spent its first year as a major league club in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , as the Milwaukee Brewers before moving to St. Louis , Missouri , to become the St. Louis Browns in 1902 . After 52 years in St. Louis , the franchise was purchased in November 1953 by a syndicate of Baltimore business and civic interests led by attorney and civic activist Clarence Miles and Mayor Thomas D'Alesandro , Jr . The team 's current owner is American trial lawyer Peter Angelos . The Orioles adopted their team name in honor of the official state bird of Maryland ; it had also been used by several previous major and minor league baseball clubs in Baltimore , including another AL charter member franchise also named the Baltimore Orioles , which moved north in 1903 to eventually become the New York Yankees . Nicknames for the team include the O 's and the Birds . The Orioles experienced their greatest success from 1966 to 1983 , when they made six World Series appearances , winning three of them ( 1966 , 1970 , 1983 ) . This era of the club featured several future Hall of Famers who would later be inducted representing the Orioles , such as third baseman Brooks Robinson , outfielder Frank Robinson , starting pitcher Jim Palmer , first baseman Eddie Murray , shortstop Cal Ripken Jr. , and manager Earl Weaver . The Orioles have won a total of nine division championships ( 1969-1971 , 1973-1974 , 1979 , 1983 , 1997 , 2014 ) , six pennants ( 1966 , 1969-1971 , 1979 , 1983 ) , and three wild card berths ( 1996 , 2012 , 2016 ) . Since moving to Baltimore in 1954 , the franchise has a win-loss record of 5306-5174 ( with a winning percentage of .506 ) as of the end of the 2019 season . After suffering a stretch of 14 straight losing seasons from 1998 to 2011 , the team qualified for the postseason three times under manager Buck Showalter and general manager Dan Duquette , including a division title and advancement to the American League Championship Series for the first time in 17 years in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'GCL Phillies East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Phillies', 'summary': 'The Gulf Coast League ( GCL ) Phillies are a minor league baseball team located at the Carpenter Complex , in Clearwater , Florida . A member of the rookie-level Gulf Coast League , the Phillies are an affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies . The team is composed mainly of players who are in their first year of professional baseball as either draftees or non-drafted free agents from the United States , Canada , Dominican Republic , Venezuela , and various other countries . The GCL Phillies played some games at the Joe DiMaggio Complex in Clearwater in 2009 while the Carpenter Complex was being renovated . The GCL Phillies also play some home games at Bright House Field . Beginning in the 2018 season , the Phillies have fielded two GCL teams , East and West , originally named for the divisions ( Northeast and Northwest ) in which they competed . In 2019 , both teams compete in the North division .'}]}, {'value': 'Clearwater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clearwater,_Florida', 'summary': "Clearwater is a city located in Pinellas County , Florida , United States , northwest of Tampa and St. Petersburg . To the west of Clearwater lies the Gulf of Mexico and to the southeast lies Tampa Bay . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 107,685 . Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County and is the smallest of the three principal cities in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater metropolitan area , most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay Area . Cleveland Street is one of the city 's historic avenues , and the city includes Spectrum Field and Coachman Park . The city is separated by the Intracoastal Waterway from Clearwater Beach . Clearwater is the home of Clearwater Marine Aquarium , where bottlenose dolphins Winter and Hope live . The global headquarters of the Church of Scientology is located in Clearwater ."}]}, {'value': 'Carpenter Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carpenter_Complex', 'summary': "The Carpenter Complex is a complex of four baseball fields , training facilities , and offices in Clearwater , Florida . It opened as Carpenter Field in 1967 . It is the Florida home of the Philadelphia Phillies baseball operations , spring training site for the Phillies minor league players , home to the Gulf Coast League Phillies , and adjacent to Spectrum Field , spring training home of the Philadelphia Phillies and regular season home of the Clearwater Threshers . While the Complex is now adjacent to Spectrum Field , the Phillies , until 2004 , played spring training games a short drive away , which gave the Complex its own identity in the Phillies organizational structure and the team 's history . The Complex has four fields , each named for Phillies Hall of Fame players ( all of whom trained with the Phillies in Clearwater and also were the first four Phillies to have their uniform numbers retired ) , Rich Ashburn Field , Robin Roberts Field , Mike Schmidt Field , and Steve Carlton Field . In 2004 , the Phillies officially renamed the Complex The Paul Owens Training Facility at Carpenter Complex , which honored Paul Owens ' memory but also served to distinguish the training fields from the primary spring ballpark , Spectrum Field , which is also at Carpenter Complex ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Phillies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Phillies are an American professional baseball team based in Philadelphia . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . Since 2004 , the team 's home stadium has been Citizens Bank Park , located in South Philadelphia . The Phillies are the oldest , continuous , one-name , one-city franchise in American professional sports . The Phillies have won two World Series championships ( against the Kansas City Royals in 1980 and the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ) and seven National League pennants , the first of which came in 1915 . Since the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons ( and 97 seasons from the club 's establishment ) before they won their first World Series - longer than any of the other 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century . They are one of the more successful franchises since the start of the Divisional Era in Major League Baseball . The Phillies have won 11 division titles , including five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011 ; these are ranked sixth among all teams and fourth in the National League . The franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883 , replacing the team from Worcester , Massachusetts , in the National League . The team has played at several stadiums in the city , beginning with Recreation Park and continuing at Baker Bowl ; Shibe Park , which was later renamed Connie Mack Stadium in honor of the longtime Philadelphia Athletics manager ; Veterans Stadium , and now Citizens Bank Park . The team 's spring training facilities are located in Clearwater , Florida , where its Class-A minor league affiliate Clearwater Threshers plays at Spectrum Field . Other Class-A affiliates are the Lakewood BlueClaws , who play in Lakewood , New Jersey , and the Williamsport Crosscutters , who play in Williamsport , Pennsylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'GCL Phillies West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Phillies', 'summary': 'The Gulf Coast League ( GCL ) Phillies are a minor league baseball team located at the Carpenter Complex , in Clearwater , Florida . A member of the rookie-level Gulf Coast League , the Phillies are an affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies . The team is composed mainly of players who are in their first year of professional baseball as either draftees or non-drafted free agents from the United States , Canada , Dominican Republic , Venezuela , and various other countries . The GCL Phillies played some games at the Joe DiMaggio Complex in Clearwater in 2009 while the Carpenter Complex was being renovated . The GCL Phillies also play some home games at Bright House Field . Beginning in the 2018 season , the Phillies have fielded two GCL teams , East and West , originally named for the divisions ( Northeast and Northwest ) in which they competed . In 2019 , both teams compete in the North division .'}]}, {'value': 'Clearwater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clearwater,_Florida', 'summary': "Clearwater is a city located in Pinellas County , Florida , United States , northwest of Tampa and St. Petersburg . To the west of Clearwater lies the Gulf of Mexico and to the southeast lies Tampa Bay . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 107,685 . Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County and is the smallest of the three principal cities in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater metropolitan area , most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay Area . Cleveland Street is one of the city 's historic avenues , and the city includes Spectrum Field and Coachman Park . The city is separated by the Intracoastal Waterway from Clearwater Beach . Clearwater is the home of Clearwater Marine Aquarium , where bottlenose dolphins Winter and Hope live . The global headquarters of the Church of Scientology is located in Clearwater ."}]}, {'value': 'Carpenter Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carpenter_Complex', 'summary': "The Carpenter Complex is a complex of four baseball fields , training facilities , and offices in Clearwater , Florida . It opened as Carpenter Field in 1967 . It is the Florida home of the Philadelphia Phillies baseball operations , spring training site for the Phillies minor league players , home to the Gulf Coast League Phillies , and adjacent to Spectrum Field , spring training home of the Philadelphia Phillies and regular season home of the Clearwater Threshers . While the Complex is now adjacent to Spectrum Field , the Phillies , until 2004 , played spring training games a short drive away , which gave the Complex its own identity in the Phillies organizational structure and the team 's history . The Complex has four fields , each named for Phillies Hall of Fame players ( all of whom trained with the Phillies in Clearwater and also were the first four Phillies to have their uniform numbers retired ) , Rich Ashburn Field , Robin Roberts Field , Mike Schmidt Field , and Steve Carlton Field . In 2004 , the Phillies officially renamed the Complex The Paul Owens Training Facility at Carpenter Complex , which honored Paul Owens ' memory but also served to distinguish the training fields from the primary spring ballpark , Spectrum Field , which is also at Carpenter Complex ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Phillies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Phillies are an American professional baseball team based in Philadelphia . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . Since 2004 , the team 's home stadium has been Citizens Bank Park , located in South Philadelphia . The Phillies are the oldest , continuous , one-name , one-city franchise in American professional sports . The Phillies have won two World Series championships ( against the Kansas City Royals in 1980 and the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ) and seven National League pennants , the first of which came in 1915 . Since the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons ( and 97 seasons from the club 's establishment ) before they won their first World Series - longer than any of the other 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century . They are one of the more successful franchises since the start of the Divisional Era in Major League Baseball . The Phillies have won 11 division titles , including five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011 ; these are ranked sixth among all teams and fourth in the National League . The franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883 , replacing the team from Worcester , Massachusetts , in the National League . The team has played at several stadiums in the city , beginning with Recreation Park and continuing at Baker Bowl ; Shibe Park , which was later renamed Connie Mack Stadium in honor of the longtime Philadelphia Athletics manager ; Veterans Stadium , and now Citizens Bank Park . The team 's spring training facilities are located in Clearwater , Florida , where its Class-A minor league affiliate Clearwater Threshers plays at Spectrum Field . Other Class-A affiliates are the Lakewood BlueClaws , who play in Lakewood , New Jersey , and the Williamsport Crosscutters , who play in Williamsport , Pennsylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'GCL Pirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Pirates', 'summary': "The Gulf Coast Pirates or GCL Pirates are the North Division Gulf Coast League Rookie Level minor league baseball affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates . The team plays in Bradenton , Florida , at Pirate City Complex . Established in 1978 , the team is composed mainly of players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as draftees or non-drafted free agents from the United States , Canada , Dominican Republic , Venezuela , and other countries . The team won division championships in 2002 , 2003 and in 2008 . The team 's current manager is Milver Reyes . In 2012 , the team won its first GCL Championship in team history . The 2009 GCL Pirates had nine players each from the Dominican Republic and Venezuela , with the United States a distant third at six . There were the two highly publicized , pioneering Indian pitchers , Rinku Singh and Dinesh Patel , who became the first Indian-born players to sign professional baseball contracts in the United States , a second baseman named Henry Henry from Colombia , two players from Puerto Rico , and one each from Mexico , Panama , Australia , Canada and one of the first three players ever signed out of South Africa , Gift Ngoepe , while one of the Americans , Chris Aure , is from Alaska . We eat together in the cafeteria , but sometimes we try each other 's foods , Ngoepe says . I listen to the Indians ' music when I go past their rooms , and they listen to my music from Africa . We tell each other stories about our home countries . We do everything together ."}]}, {'value': 'Bradenton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradenton,_Florida', 'summary': "Bradenton ( /ˈbreɪdəntən/ BRAY-dən-tən ) is a city in Manatee County , Florida , United States . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's 2018 population to be 57,644 . Bradenton is a principal city of the North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton metropolitan statistical area , which had a 2018 estimated population of 821,573 . It is the county seat ."}]}, {'value': 'Pirate City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirate_City', 'summary': "Pirate City is the site of minor league and spring training activities for the Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League . The complex is located in Bradenton , Florida , and serves as the site of the Pirates spring training workouts , while nearby LECOM Park ( formerly known as McKechnie Field ) is the site of the team 's home spring training games ."}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Pirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates', 'summary': 'The Pittsburgh Pirates are an American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Founded in 1881 under the name Pittsburgh Allegheny , the franchise has won five World Series championships . The Pirates are also often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos ( derived from buccaneer , a synonym for pirate ) . The team plays its home games at PNC Park , its home since 2001 . The Pirates previously played at Forbes Field from 1909-1970 and at Three Rivers Stadium , so named because of its location near the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers , from 1970-2000 . The franchise joined the NL in its eighth season in 1887 and was competitive from its early years , winning three NL titles from 1901 to 1903 , playing in the inaugural World Series in 1903 and winning their first World Series in 1909 behind Honus Wagner . The Pirates have had many ups and downs during their long history , most famously winning the 1960 World Series against the New York Yankees on a series-winning walk-off home run by Bill Mazeroski , the only time that Game 7 of the World Series has ever ended with a home run . They also won the 1971 World Series , led by the talent of Roberto Clemente , and the 1979 World Series under the slogan We Are Family , led by Pops Willie Stargell . After a run of regular-season success in the early 1990s ( winning three straight NL East Division titles ) , the Pirates struggled mightily over the following 20 years , with 20 consecutive losing seasons from 1993 to 2012 - the longest such streak in American professional sports history - before posting a winning record in 2013 of 94-68 , qualifying them for the NL Wild Card . They advanced to the NL Division Series round , where they lost in 5 games to the St. Louis Cardinals . The Pirates made the playoffs in both 2014 and 2015 , losing in the Wild Card Game both times .'}]}, {'value': 'GCL Rays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Rays', 'summary': 'The Gulf Coast Rays are a minor league baseball team in Port Charlotte , Florida managed by Paul Hoover . They are a Rookie-level team in the Gulf Coast League and an affiliate of the Tampa Bay Rays . The team plays most of their home games on field five of the Charlotte Sports Park complex , and will also play select games in the main stadium . The team first played from 1996 to 1998 , as the Gulf Coast League Devil Rays . The club struggled during their first two years , but made it to the league championship in 1998 , before losing to the GCL Rangers . The team was not fielded after the 1998 season , however the Rays returned to the Gulf Coast League in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Port Charlotte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Charlotte,_Florida', 'summary': "Port Charlotte is an unincorporated community and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Charlotte County , Florida , United States . The population was 54,392 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Punta Gorda , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . Port Charlotte was named to Forbes ' list of 25 Best Places to Retire in 2015 , listed among the ten best places in the United States to retire for the year 2012 by U.S. News & World Report , and was ranked at # 1 in CNNMoney.com 's 2009 list of 25 Best Places to Retire ."}]}, {'value': 'Charlotte Sports Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_Sports_Park', 'summary': "Charlotte Sports Park ( formerly known as Charlotte County Stadium and Ranger Stadium ) is a baseball stadium in Port Charlotte , Florida . The stadium is the home field for Tampa Bay Rays spring training operations , as well as its Class-A Florida State League Charlotte Stone Crabs and Rookie-class Gulf Coast Rays teams . Originally built in 1987 , the main stadium underwent a renovation that was completed in January 2009 at a cost of $ 27 million . Prior to the Rays , the stadium was once home of the Texas Rangers ' minor league affiliate Charlotte Rangers , and has played host to college baseball tournaments and the South Coast League Charlotte County Redfish . On February 3 , 2010 , the Rays announced a naming rights deal with The Mosaic Company . The agreement was reported to last through 2024 , however due to a potential conflict-of-interest with Charlotte County - whom ultimately must approve the name change - the Rays asked for more time to study the proposal before giving it to the county commissioners for final approval . On February 17 , due to intense opposition by both the Charlotte County Council and local residents , the Rays announced they were abandoning the deal with Mosaic and will potentially look at other companies in the future instead . In March 2014 , Charlotte Sports Park was named the # 1 spring training destination by the readers of USA Today and 10Best . The stadium has also been used by the local community for non-baseball events like concerts , festivals , and expos . It has hosted such musicians as Kenny Rogers , The Beach Boys , The Little River Band , and Simple Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Tampa Bay Rays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays', 'summary': "The Tampa Bay Rays are an American professional baseball team based in St. Petersburg , Florida . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) East division . Since its inception , the team 's home venue has been Tropicana Field . Following nearly three decades of unsuccessfully trying to gain an expansion franchise or enticing existing teams to relocate to the Tampa Bay Area , an ownership group led by Vince Naimoli was approved on March 9 , 1995 . The Tampa Bay Devil Rays began play in the 1998 Major League Baseball season . Their first decade of play , however , was marked by futility ; they finished in last place in the AL East in all but the 2004 season , when they finished second to last . Following the 2007 season , Stuart Sternberg , who had purchased controlling interest in the team from Vince Naimoli two years earlier , changed the team 's name from Devil Rays to Rays , now meant to primarily refer to a burst of sunshine rather than a manta ray , though a manta ray logo remains on the uniform sleeves . The 2008 season saw the Tampa Bay Rays post their first winning season , their first AL East championship , and their first pennant ( defeating the rival Boston Red Sox in the ALCS ) , though they lost to the Philadelphia Phillies in that year 's World Series . Since then , the Rays have played in the postseason in 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , and 2019 . The Tampa Bay Rays ' chief rivals are the Boston Red Sox and the New York Yankees . Regarding the former , there have been several notable on-field incidents . The Rays also have an intrastate interleague rivalry with the National League ( NL ) 's Miami Marlins ( originally the Florida Marlins ) , whom they play in the Citrus Series ."}]}, {'value': 'GCL Red Sox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Red_Sox', 'summary': 'The Gulf Coast League Red Sox are the rookie level Minor League Baseball affiliate of the Boston Red Sox . The team is located in Fort Myers , Florida , and plays its home games at the jetBlue Park in the Fenway South complex . The team played its first four seasons ( 1989-1992 ) in Winter Haven , Florida , moved to City of Palms Park in Fort Myers in 1993 , and moved to its current facility in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort Myers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Myers,_Florida', 'summary': 'Fort Myers or Ft. Myers , is the county seat and commercial center of Lee County , Florida , United States . It has grown rapidly in recent years . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 62,298 and in 2018 was estimated at 82,254 . Fort Myers is a gateway to the Southwest Florida region and a major tourist destination within Florida . The winter estates of Thomas Edison ( Seminole Lodge ) and Henry Ford ( The Mangoes ) are major attractions . The city is named after Colonel Abraham Myers , the quartermaster general of the Confederate States Army .'}]}, {'value': 'JetBlue Park at Fenway South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JetBlue_Park_at_Fenway_South', 'summary': "JetBlue Park at Fenway South ( or informally JetBlue Park ) is a baseball park in Fort Myers , Florida , part of the Fenway South training and development facility . Opened in March 2012 , it is primarily the spring training home of the Boston Red Sox , replacing earlier separated facilities at City of Palms Park and Boston 's former ( 1993-2011 ) minor league complex , also located in downtown Fort Myers . The naming rights were purchased by JetBlue , an airline with major operations at Boston 's Logan International Airport since 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston Red Sox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox', 'summary': "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team have won nine World Series championships , tied for the third-most of any MLB team , and they have played in 13 . Their most recent World Series appearance and win was in 2018 . In addition , they won the 1904 American League pennant , but were not able to defend their 1903 World Series championship when the New York Giants refused to participate in the 1904 World Series . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The Red Sox name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , circa 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the Boston Red Stockings , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . The Red Sox were a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the Curse of the Bambino after its alleged inception due to the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86-year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's mad dash in 1946 , the Impossible Dream of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2018 World Series , they became the first team to win four World Series trophies in the 21st century , with championships in 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2018 . The team 's history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the New York Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports ."}]}, {'value': 'GCL Tigers East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Tigers', 'summary': 'The Gulf Coast League Tigers or GCL Tigers are a minor league baseball club located in Lakeland , Florida , at Joker Marchant Stadium . A member of the rookie-level Gulf Coast League , the Tigers are an affiliate of the Detroit Tigers . The team is composed mainly of players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as draftees or non-drafted free agents from the United States , Canada , Dominican Republic , Venezuela , and various other countries . Starting with the 2016 season , the Tigers have fielded two teams in the Gulf Coast League , designated East and West . The second team was created due to the cancellation of the Venezuelan Summer League , which left the Tigers with a roster full of players with no team . Most of these players were assigned to one of the two GCL teams , although some were assigned to the Tigers affiliate in the Dominican Summer League .'}]}, {'value': 'Lakeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakeland,_Florida', 'summary': 'Lakeland is a city in Polk County , Florida , along Interstate 4 east of Tampa . The westernmost city in Polk County , it is part of the Tampa Bay Area . According to the 2018 U.S. Census Bureau estimate , the city had a population of 110,516 . Lakeland is a principal city of the Lakeland-Winter Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area . Native Americans lived in the area from soon after the end of the last ice age until the end of the Second Seminole War . European-American settlers arrived in Lakeland from South Carolina in the 1870s . The city expanded in the 1880s with the arrival of rail service , with the first freedmen railway workers settling here in 1883 . They and European immigrants also came because of new jobs in the large phosphate industry that developed . Lakeland is home to the 1,267-acre Circle B Bar Reserve .'}]}, {'value': 'Tigertown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joker_Marchant_Stadium', 'summary': "Publix Field at Joker Marchant Stadium is a baseball field in Lakeland , Florida . The 8,500-seat stadium was opened in 1966 and has had multiple renovations , most recently in 2017 . It was named after local resident and former Lakeland Parks and Recreation Director Marcus Joker Marchant . It is the spring training home of the Detroit Tigers and the regular-season home of the minor league affiliates Lakeland Flying Tigers and Gulf Coast Tigers . On March 15 , 2011 , the largest crowd in the stadium 's history ( 10,307 people ) watched a spring training game between the Detroit Tigers and the Boston Red Sox ."}]}, {'value': 'Detroit Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'GCL Tigers West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Tigers', 'summary': 'The Gulf Coast League Tigers or GCL Tigers are a minor league baseball club located in Lakeland , Florida , at Joker Marchant Stadium . A member of the rookie-level Gulf Coast League , the Tigers are an affiliate of the Detroit Tigers . The team is composed mainly of players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as draftees or non-drafted free agents from the United States , Canada , Dominican Republic , Venezuela , and various other countries . Starting with the 2016 season , the Tigers have fielded two teams in the Gulf Coast League , designated East and West . The second team was created due to the cancellation of the Venezuelan Summer League , which left the Tigers with a roster full of players with no team . Most of these players were assigned to one of the two GCL teams , although some were assigned to the Tigers affiliate in the Dominican Summer League .'}]}, {'value': 'Lakeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakeland,_Florida', 'summary': 'Lakeland is a city in Polk County , Florida , along Interstate 4 east of Tampa . The westernmost city in Polk County , it is part of the Tampa Bay Area . According to the 2018 U.S. Census Bureau estimate , the city had a population of 110,516 . Lakeland is a principal city of the Lakeland-Winter Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area . Native Americans lived in the area from soon after the end of the last ice age until the end of the Second Seminole War . European-American settlers arrived in Lakeland from South Carolina in the 1870s . The city expanded in the 1880s with the arrival of rail service , with the first freedmen railway workers settling here in 1883 . They and European immigrants also came because of new jobs in the large phosphate industry that developed . Lakeland is home to the 1,267-acre Circle B Bar Reserve .'}]}, {'value': 'Tigertown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joker_Marchant_Stadium', 'summary': "Publix Field at Joker Marchant Stadium is a baseball field in Lakeland , Florida . The 8,500-seat stadium was opened in 1966 and has had multiple renovations , most recently in 2017 . It was named after local resident and former Lakeland Parks and Recreation Director Marcus Joker Marchant . It is the spring training home of the Detroit Tigers and the regular-season home of the minor league affiliates Lakeland Flying Tigers and Gulf Coast Tigers . On March 15 , 2011 , the largest crowd in the stadium 's history ( 10,307 people ) watched a spring training game between the Detroit Tigers and the Boston Red Sox ."}]}, {'value': 'Detroit Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'GCL Twins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Twins', 'summary': 'The Gulf Coast League Twins are the Rookie Level Minor League Baseball affiliate of the Minnesota Twins . The team plays in Fort Myers , Florida , at the Lee County Sports Complex.The team is composed mainly of players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as draftees or non-drafted free agents from the United States , Canada , Dominican Republic , Venezuela and other countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort Myers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Myers,_Florida', 'summary': 'Fort Myers or Ft. Myers , is the county seat and commercial center of Lee County , Florida , United States . It has grown rapidly in recent years . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 62,298 and in 2018 was estimated at 82,254 . Fort Myers is a gateway to the Southwest Florida region and a major tourist destination within Florida . The winter estates of Thomas Edison ( Seminole Lodge ) and Henry Ford ( The Mangoes ) are major attractions . The city is named after Colonel Abraham Myers , the quartermaster general of the Confederate States Army .'}]}, {'value': 'Lee County Sports Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hammond_Stadium', 'summary': 'Hammond Stadium is a baseball field located in the CenturyLink Sports Complex in South Fort Myers , Florida , United States . The stadium was built in 1991 , and underwent major renovations in 2014 and 2015 . The spring training home of the Minnesota Twins saw its seating capacity increased from 7,500 to 9,300 in the spring of 2015 . Class A Advanced affiliate , the Fort Myers Mighty Mussels , of the Florida State League finished out their 2014 season and FSL championship at JetBlue Park ( Spring home of the Boston Red Sox , also in Fort Myers ) in order to get the renovations done in time for catchers & pitchers to report in 2015 . The renovations will also increase the amount of walkable area , provide more shaded areas for sunny games and an expanded gift shop , among other amenities for fans and players .'}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota Twins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Twins', 'summary': 'The Minnesota Twins are an American professional baseball team based in Minneapolis , Minnesota . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The team is named after the Twin Cities area comprising Minneapolis and St. Paul . The franchise was founded in Washington , D.C. in 1901 as the Washington Senators . The team relocated to Minnesota and was renamed the Minnesota Twins at the start of the 1961 season . The Twins played in Metropolitan Stadium from 1961 to 1981 and in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome from 1982 to 2009 . The team played its inaugural game at Target Field on April 12 , 2010 . The franchise won the World Series in 1924 as the Senators , and in 1987 and 1991 as the Twins . Through the 2019 season , the team has fielded 19 American League batting champions . The team has hosted five All-Star Games : 1937 and 1956 in Washington , D.C. ; and 1965 , 1985 , and 2014 in Minneapolis-St. Paul .'}]}, {'value': 'GCL Yankees East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Yankees', 'summary': "The Gulf Coast League Yankees ( or GCL Yankees ) are the Rookie League affiliate of Major League Baseball 's New York Yankees . The GCL Yankees play in Tampa , Florida at the Yankee Complex . The team is composed mainly of players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as draftees or non-drafted free agents . The GCL Yankees have won the Gulf Coast League championship twelve times , most recently in 2017 by the GCL Yankees East squad ."}]}, {'value': 'Tampa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampa,_Florida', 'summary': "Tampa is a major city in , and the county seat of , Hillsborough County , Florida , United States . It is on the west coast of Florida on Tampa Bay , near the Gulf of Mexico . Tampa is the largest city in the Tampa Bay Area . With a population of 392,890 in 2018 , Tampa is the third-largest city in Florida , after Miami and Jacksonville . The bay 's port is the largest in the state , near downtown 's Channel District . Bayshore Boulevard runs along the bay , and is east of the historic Hyde Park neighborhood . Today , Tampa is part of the metropolitan area most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay Area . For U.S. Census purposes , Tampa is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . The four-county area is composed of roughly 3.1 million residents , making it the second largest metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) in the state , and the fourth largest in the Southeastern United States , behind Washington , D.C. ; Miami ; and Atlanta . The Greater Tampa Bay area , has over 4 million residents and generally includes the Tampa and Sarasota metro areas . The city had a population of 335,709 at the 2010 census , and an estimated population of 392,890 in 2018 . As of 2018 , Tampa 's annual growth rate is 1.63% ."}]}, {'value': 'Himes Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_M._Steinbrenner_Field', 'summary': "George M. Steinbrenner Field ( formerly known as Legends Field ) , is a baseball stadium located in Tampa , Florida across Dale Mabry Highway from Raymond James Stadium , home of the National Football League 's Tampa Bay Buccaneers . The ballpark was built in 1996 and holds 11,026 people with an addition in right field built in 2007 . This ballpark is the largest spring training ballpark in Florida . George M. Steinbrenner Field serves as the home of the Tampa Tarpons , the New York Yankees ' affiliate in the Class A Advanced Florida State League , and is the Yankees ' spring training home ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Yankees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Yankees', 'summary': "The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the National League 's ( NL ) New York Mets . The Yankees began play in the 1901 season as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . In 1903 , Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise after it ceased operations and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in 1913 . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the team 's general manager , and Aaron Boone is the team 's field manager . The team 's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility , which was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance ."}]}, {'value': 'GCL Yankees West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Yankees', 'summary': "The Gulf Coast League Yankees ( or GCL Yankees ) are the Rookie League affiliate of Major League Baseball 's New York Yankees . The GCL Yankees play in Tampa , Florida at the Yankee Complex . The team is composed mainly of players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as draftees or non-drafted free agents . The GCL Yankees have won the Gulf Coast League championship twelve times , most recently in 2017 by the GCL Yankees East squad ."}]}, {'value': 'Tampa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampa,_Florida', 'summary': "Tampa is a major city in , and the county seat of , Hillsborough County , Florida , United States . It is on the west coast of Florida on Tampa Bay , near the Gulf of Mexico . Tampa is the largest city in the Tampa Bay Area . With a population of 392,890 in 2018 , Tampa is the third-largest city in Florida , after Miami and Jacksonville . The bay 's port is the largest in the state , near downtown 's Channel District . Bayshore Boulevard runs along the bay , and is east of the historic Hyde Park neighborhood . Today , Tampa is part of the metropolitan area most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay Area . For U.S. Census purposes , Tampa is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . The four-county area is composed of roughly 3.1 million residents , making it the second largest metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) in the state , and the fourth largest in the Southeastern United States , behind Washington , D.C. ; Miami ; and Atlanta . The Greater Tampa Bay area , has over 4 million residents and generally includes the Tampa and Sarasota metro areas . The city had a population of 335,709 at the 2010 census , and an estimated population of 392,890 in 2018 . As of 2018 , Tampa 's annual growth rate is 1.63% ."}]}, {'value': 'Himes Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_M._Steinbrenner_Field', 'summary': "George M. Steinbrenner Field ( formerly known as Legends Field ) , is a baseball stadium located in Tampa , Florida across Dale Mabry Highway from Raymond James Stadium , home of the National Football League 's Tampa Bay Buccaneers . The ballpark was built in 1996 and holds 11,026 people with an addition in right field built in 2007 . This ballpark is the largest spring training ballpark in Florida . George M. Steinbrenner Field serves as the home of the Tampa Tarpons , the New York Yankees ' affiliate in the Class A Advanced Florida State League , and is the Yankees ' spring training home ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Yankees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Yankees', 'summary': "The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the National League 's ( NL ) New York Mets . The Yankees began play in the 1901 season as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . In 1903 , Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise after it ceased operations and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in 1913 . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the team 's general manager , and Aaron Boone is the team 's field manager . The team 's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility , which was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Leagues affiliated with Major League Baseball -- Rookie leagues', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Minor_League_Baseball_leagues_and_teams_16', 'intro': 'This is a list of Minor League Baseball leagues and teams in the United States, Canada, and Mexico.'}	null	null	In what year did the team from Port St. Lucie join the Gulf Coast League ?	1983
076ba84c9a89e266	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_South_Korea_at_the_Olympics', 'title': 'List of flag bearers for South Korea at the Olympics', 'header': ['#', 'Event year', 'Season', 'Flag bearer', 'Sport'], 'data': [{'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Korean : 제23회 동계 올림픽 , romanized : Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , Gangwon Province , South Korea , with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018 , the day before the opening ceremony . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011 , at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . This was the second time that South Korea had hosted the Olympic Games , having previously hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , but it was only the first Winter Olympics to be held in the country . It was the first of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , the following two being Tokyo 2020 ( summer ) and Beijing 2022 ( winter ) . It was the third time that an East Asian country had hosted the Winter Games , after Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) , both of these cities in Japan . It was also the first Winter Olympics to be held in mainland Asia . The Games featured 102 events over 15 disciplines , a record number of events for the Winter Games . Four events made their Olympic debut in 2018 : big air snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing . A total of 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed , including the national debuts of Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . After a state-sponsored doping program was exposed following the 2014 Winter Olympics , the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended , but selected athletes were allowed to compete neutrally under the special IOC designation of Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) . North Korea agreed to participate in the Games despite tense relations with South Korea ; the two nations paraded together at the opening ceremony as a unified Korea , and fielded a unified team ( COR ) in the women 's ice hockey . Norway led the total medal tally with 39 , followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29 ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Yun-jong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Won_Yun-jong', 'summary': 'Won Yun-jong ( born 17 June 1985 ) is a South Korean bobsledder . Won competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for South Korea . He teamed with brakeman Seo Young-woo in the South Korea-1 sled in the two-man event , finishing 18th , and with Seo , Jun Jung-lin and Suk Young-ji in the four-man , finishing 20th . As of 2017 , his best showing at the World Championships is 5th , in the two-man event in 2015 . Won made his World Cup debut in December 2010 . As of 2017 , his best World Cup finish is 1st , in 2015-16 at Whistler and Konigssee , Germany . He was the overall champion of the 2015-16 season for the two-man category . Along with teammate Seo , Won placed sixth out of 30 teams in the two-man event at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang on February 19 , recording an overall time of 3:17.40 in four runs . Although they failed to win a medal , it was the best Olympic result by an Asian bobsleigh team . The following week , on February 25 , the South Korean four-man team of pilot Won , Seo , Kim Dong-hyun and Jun Jung-lin won a surprising silver medal in the four-man event , tying with a German team led by Nico Walther . With the silver medal , South Korea became the first Asian nation to claim an Olympic medal in a bobsleigh event .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobsleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The bobsleigh competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at the Whistler Sliding Centre between 20 and 27 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2016 Summer Olympics ( Portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , [ a ] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( Portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and commonly known as Rio 2016 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August . These were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in South America and the fourth to be held in a developing country , after the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in China . More than 11,000 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees took part , including first time entrants Kosovo , South Sudan , and the Refugee Olympic Team . With 306 sets of medals , the games featured 28 Olympic sports , including rugby sevens and golf , which were added to the Olympic program in 2009 . These sporting events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasília , and Manaus . These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 2 October 2009 . Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games . These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country , the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country 's winter season , the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America , and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere . The United States topped the medal table , winning the most gold and overall medals , 46 and 121 , as well as its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal overall . Great Britain finished second and became only the second country in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after it had been host nation . China finished third ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gu Bon-gil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gu_Bon-gil', 'summary': "Gu Bon-gil ( Korean pronunciation : [ ku.bon.ɡil ] or [ ku ] [ pon.ɡil ] ; born 27 April 1989 ) is a South Korean fencer . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , he competed as part of the South Korean team in the Men 's team sabre , where he won a gold medal . In the individual event he was defeated in the third round . He took up fencing in 2002 in Daegu . At the 2011 World Fencing Championships , he won the bronze medal , losing to Aldo Montano in the semifinal . At the 2014 World Fencing Championships he won silver in the individual event , losing to Nikolay Kovalev in the final . He also won silver in the team event , along with Kim Jung-hwan , Won Woo-Young and Oh Eun-seok . Gu finished the 2013-14 season ranked # 1 in the world , claiming Korea 's first Fencing World Cup title . In the 2014-15 Fencing World Cup he won gold at the Coupe de Monde in Budapest , the Sabre de Wolodyjowski in Warsaw and the Villa de Madrid in Madrid , before finishing 5th at the 2015 World Fencing Championships in Moscow . He maintained his world # 1 rank to the end of the 2014-15 season to claim his second World Cup title . Gu is also the 2010 , 2012 and 2014 Asian Champion , as well as the 2010 and 2014 Asian Games champion . In 2016 , Gu Bon-gil made a guest appearance in Got7 's Hard Carry , a reality show , where he played against Jackson Wang and won ."}]}, {'value': 'Fencing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The fencing competitions at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro took place from 6 to 14 August at the Carioca Arena 3 inside the Barra Olympic Park in Barra da Tijuca . Around 212 fencers ( an equal distribution between men and women ; and eight came from the host nation Brazil ) competed in 10 events ( six individual and four team ) . Similar to 2008 and 2012 , the International Fencing Federation maintained the format of ten events and the rotation system , as the men 's team sabre and the women 's team foil have been dropped from the program only at these Games ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2014 Winter Olympics , officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Russian : XXII Олимпийские зимние игры , tr . XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry ) and commonly known as Sochi 2014 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi , Krasnodar Krai , Russia , with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony , 6 February 2014 . Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee ( SOOC ) . Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007 , during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City . It was the first Olympics to be held in a CIS state since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The Soviet Union was previously the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . These were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . A record 98 events in fifteen winter sport disciplines were held during the Games . A number of new competitions - a total of twelve accounting for gender - were held during the Games , including biathlon mixed relay , women 's ski jumping , mixed-team figure skating , mixed-team luge , half-pipe skiing , ski and snowboard slopestyle , and snowboard parallel slalom . The events were held around two clusters of new venues : an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi 's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea , with Fisht Olympic Stadium , and the Games ' indoor venues located within walking distance , and snow events in the resort settlement of Krasnaya Polyana . The 2014 Winter Olympics were the most expensive Games in the history of the Olympics . While originally budgeted at US $ 12 billion , major cost overruns , caused this figure to expand to US $ 51 billion , more than three times the cost of the 2012 London Olympics and even surpassing the estimated $ 44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee Kyou-hyuk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Kyou-hyuk', 'summary': 'Lee Kyou-hyuk ( Korean : 이규혁 ; Hanja : 李奎爀 ; RR : Lee Gyu-hyeok , born 16 March 1978 ) is a South Korean retired long track speed skater who specializes in the 500 and 1,000 meters . He was the 2007 , 2008 , 2010 and 2011 World Sprint Speed Skating Champion and the 2011 World Champion for 500 m. He is one of four men to have won the World Sprint Speed Skating Championships four times . His first world sprint championship , in 2007 , was his first International Championships medal after a 13-year top-level career . As well as his success in the World Sprint Championships , Lee has fourteen wins in individual World Cup races , a gold medal , two silver and one bronze from the World Single Distance Championships and four gold medals from the Asian Winter Games as well as numerous South Korean titles , including 10 successive National Sprint Speed Skating Championships ( 2001-2010 ) . He has set two world records during his career .'}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Adler Arena , Sochi , Russia , between 8 and 22 February 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yoon Kyung-shin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yoon_Kyung-shin', 'summary': 'Yoon Kyung-shin ( born July 7 , 1973 in Seoul ) is a Korean handball player . He was voted World Player of the Year 2001 by the International Handball Federation .'}]}, {'value': 'Handball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The handball tournaments at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was held from 28 July to 12 August in the Olympic Park . Preliminary rounds and the quarter-finals were held in the Copper Box while the semi-finals and final took place in the larger Basketball Arena . Medals were awarded in a men 's tournament and a women 's tournament . The gold medals were won by France ( men ) and Norway ( women ) ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2010 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) and commonly known as Vancouver 2010 , informally the 21st Winter Olympics , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 12 to 28 February 2010 in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , with some events held in the surrounding suburbs of Richmond , West Vancouver and the University Endowment Lands , and in the nearby resort town of Whistler . Approximately 2,600 athletes from 82 nations participated in 86 events in fifteen disciplines . Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee ( VANOC ) , headed by John Furlong . The 2010 Winter Olympics were the third Olympics hosted by Canada and the first by the province of British Columbia . Canada hosted the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , Quebec , and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta . Metro Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to host the Winter Olympics , although Calgary is the largest city to host the Winter Olympics . They will both be surpassed by Beijing in 2022 . Following Olympic tradition , the incumbent mayor of Vancouver Sam Sullivan received the Olympic flag during the closing ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy . The flag was raised on February 28 , 2006 , in a special ceremony and was on display at Vancouver City Hall until the Olympic opening ceremony . The event was officially opened by Governor General Michaëlle Jean , who was accompanied by the Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge . For the first time , Canada won gold in an official sport at an Olympic Games hosted at home , having failed to do so at both the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary ( although Canada won the woman 's curling event in Calgary when it was still only a demonstration sport ) . Canada clinched their first gold medal on the second day of the competition and first topped the gold medal tally on the second to last day of competition and went on to become the first host nation since Norway in 1952 to lead the gold medal count ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kang Kwang-Bae', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kang_Kwang-Bae', 'summary': "Kang Kwang-bae ( Korean : 강광배 , Hanja : 姜光倍 , born July 29 , 1973 ) is a South Korean retired bobsledder , skeleton racer , and luger . Competing in four Winter Olympics , he earned his best finish of 19th in the four-man bobsleigh event at Vancouver in the 2010 games . Kang 's best finish at the IBSF World Championships was 26th in four-man bobsleigh at Königssee in the 2004 competition . Kang was flag bearer for South Korea at the 2010 Winter Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Bobsleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The bobsleigh competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at the Whistler Sliding Centre between 20 and 27 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2008 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad ( Chinese : 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2008 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing , China . [ b ] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) competed in 28 sports and 302 events ( one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Summer Olympics ) . This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics , but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia , following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics . These were the second summer Olympic Games staged in a Communist country , after the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics and the third in a developing country after the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union and the first overall Olympics to be hosted by a Communist state since the former Yugoslavia hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . Beijing was awarded the 2008 Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001 , having won a majority of votes from members of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after two rounds of voting . The Government of the People 's Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transport systems . A total of 37 venues were used to host the events , including twelve constructed specifically for the 2008 Olympics . The equestrian events were held in Hong Kong , making this the third Olympics for which the events were held under the jurisdiction of two different NOCs . [ c ] The sailing events were contested in Qingdao , while the football events took place across several different cities . The official logo for the 2008 Games , titled Dancing Beijing , featured a stylised calligraphic character jīng ( 京 , means capital ) in reference to the host city . The Beijing Olympics was watched by 3,500,000,000 people worldwide and featured the longest distance for an Olympic Torch relay . The event sets numerous world and Olympics records in the history of sports , and is also the most expensive Summer Olympics of all time and second-most expensive overall , after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jang Seong-Ho', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Judo competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing were held from August 9 to August 15 at the Beijing Science and Technology University Gymnasium . This was the fifth Olympics for Driulys González ( Cuba ) , Mária Pekli ( Australia ) , Ryoko Tamura-Tani ( Japan ) . The only other judokas to compete at five Olympics are Belgian Robert Van de Walle and Puerto Rican judoka-bobsledder Jorge Bonnet .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2006 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games ( Italian : XX Giochi olimpici invernali ) and commonly known as Turin 2006 or Torino 2006 , was a winter multi-sport event which was held in Turin , Piedmont , Italy from February 10 to 26 , 2006 . This marked the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Olympic Games , the first being the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo . Italy also hosted the Summer Olympics in 1960 in Rome . Turin was selected as the host city for the 2006 Games in June 1999 . The official motto of the XX Olympic Winter Games was Passion lives here . The official logo depicts a stylized profile of the Mole Antonelliana building , drawn in white and blue ice crystals , signifying the snow and the sky . The crystal web was also meant to portray the web of new technologies and the Olympic spirit of community . The Olympic mascots of the Games were Neve ( snow in Italian ) , a female snowball , and Gliz , a male ice cube . Italy will host the 2026 Winter Olympics in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo 20 years after these games ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee Bo-ra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Bo-ra', 'summary': 'Lee Bo-ra ( born 16 August 1986 ) is a South Korean female speed skater . She competed at the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics . She qualified for the Olympic in 2006 , in which she placed 25th in 500 m and 34th in 1000 m. She again qualified for the Olympics in 2010 , and placed 26th in the 500 m. She also competed at the 2007 and 2011 Asian Winter Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics was held over ten days , from 11 to 25 February . Twelve events were contested at the Oval Lingotto .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2004 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004 , was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home . The Games saw 10,625 athletes compete , some 600 more than expected , accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries . There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance . 2004 also marked the return of the Olympic Games to the city where they began . Having previously hosted the Olympics in 1896 , Athens became one of only four cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two separate occasions at the time ( together with Paris , London , and Los Angeles ) . A new medal obverse was introduced at these Games , replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games . This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue . The new design features the Panathenaic Stadium . The 2004 Summer Games were hailed as unforgettable , dream games by IOC President Jacques Rogge , and left Athens with a significantly improved infrastructure , including a new airport , ring road , and subway system . There have been arguments ( mostly in popular media ) regarding the cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games and their possible contribution to the 2010-2018 Greek government-debt crisis , however , there is little or no evidence for such a correlation . The 2004 Olympics were generally deemed to be a success , with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gu Min-Jeong', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Volleyball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Volleyball at the 2004 Summer Olympics consisted of indoor volleyball held at the Peace and Friendship Stadium and beach volleyball held at the Faliro Olympic Beach Volleyball Centre , in the southern portion of the Roth Pavilion ; both were located at the Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2002 Winter Olympics , officially the XIX Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Salt Lake 2002 , was a winter multi-sport event that was celebrated from 8 to 24 February 2002 in and around Salt Lake City , Utah , United States . 2,399 athletes from 78 nations participated in 78 events in fifteen disciplines , held throughout 165 sporting sessions . The 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2002 Paralympic Games were both organized by the Salt Lake Organizing Committee ( SLOC ) , the first time in Olympic and Paralympic history that both events were organized by a single committee . Utah became the fifth state in the United States to host the Olympic Games , after Missouri , New York , California , and Georgia . These were the first Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge . The opening ceremony was held on February 8 , 2002 , and sporting competitions were held up until the closing ceremony on February 24 , 2002 . Production for both ceremonies was designed by Seven Nielsen , and music for both ceremonies was directed by Mark Watters . Salt Lake City became the most populous area ever to have hosted the Winter Olympics , although the two subsequent host cities ' populations were larger . Following a trend , the 2002 Olympic Winter Games were also larger than all prior Winter Games , with 10 more events than the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan . Norway won the most gold medals while Germany won the most number of medals . The Salt Lake Games faced a bribery scandal and some local opposition during the bid . Nevertheless , from sporting and business standpoints , this was one of the most successful Winter Olympiads in history ; records were set in both the broadcasting and marketing programs ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hur Seung-Wook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hur_Seung-Wook', 'summary': 'Hur Seung-Wook ( born 25 April 1972 in Suwon ) is a South Korean alpine skier who competed at five consecutive Winter Olympics from 1988 to 2002 . He is the second Korean , after shooter Lee Eun-chul , to compete at five Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics consisted of ten events held February 10-23 in the United States near Salt Lake City , Utah . The downhill , super-G , and combined events were held at Snowbasin , the giant slaloms at Park City , and the slaloms at adjacent Deer Valley .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeong Eun-Sun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeong_Eun-Sun', 'summary': 'Chung Eun-soon ( born 18 July 1971 ) is a Korean former basketball player who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics and in the 2000 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Basketball contests at the 2000 Summer Olympics was the fifteenth appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event . It was held from 16 September 2000 to 1 October 2000 . Games took place at the Sydney SuperDome and the Dome in Sydney , Australia . The United States claimed the gold medals in both the men 's and women 's competitions ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1998 Winter Olympics , officially the XVIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Japanese : 第十八回オリンピック冬季競技大会 , Dai Jūhachi-kai Orinpikku Tōkikyōgi Taikai ) , and commonly known as Nagano 1998 , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 7 to 22 February 1998 that were centered in Nagano , Japan . The Games also took place in the nearby mountain communities of Hakuba , Karuizawa , Nozawa Onsen , and Yamanouuchi . The city of Nagano had previously been a candidate to host the 1940 Winter Olympics ( which were later cancelled ) , as well as the 1972 Winter Olympics , but each time Nagano was eliminated at the national level by Sapporo . The games hosted 2,176 athletes from 72 nations competing in 7 sports and 68 events . The number of athletes and participating nations were a record at the time . The Games saw the introduction of women 's ice hockey , curling and snowboarding . National Hockey League players were allowed to participate in the men 's ice hockey for the first time . Five countries , Azerbaijan , Kenya , Macedonia , Uruguay , and Venezuela made their debut at the Winter Olympics . The athlete who won the most medals at these games was the Russian cross-country skier Larisa Lazutina who won five medals , including three gold . The Norwegian cross-country skier Bjørn Dæhlie won four medals , including three gold , which took his total Olympic medal total to 12 , including eight gold , which is a record for Winter Olympics . In ice hockey , professionals from the North American National Hockey League participated for the first time . Despite their participation , the Czech men 's ice hockey team won the gold medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hur Seung-Wook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hur_Seung-Wook', 'summary': 'Hur Seung-Wook ( born 25 April 1972 in Suwon ) is a South Korean alpine skier who competed at five consecutive Winter Olympics from 1988 to 2002 . He is the second Korean , after shooter Lee Eun-chul , to compete at five Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine Skiing at the 1998 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events . The speed events were held at Hakuba and the technical events at Shiga Kogen . There were a number of race postponements due to weather ; the events began on 10 February and ended on 21 February .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Choi Cheon-Sik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Choi_Cheon-Sik', 'summary': 'Choi Cheon-sik ( born 29 July 1965 ) is a South Korean volleyball player . He competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics and the 1996 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Volleyball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Volleyball at the 1996 Summer Olympics featured mens and womens Beach volleyball for the first time as an official Olympic sport .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympics ( Norwegian : Olympiske vinterleker 1994 ) , officially known as the XVII Olympic Winter Games , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 12 to 27 February 1994 in and around Lillehammer , Norway . Lillehammer failed to win the bid for the 1992 event , losing to Albertville . Lillehammer was awarded the 1994 Winter Olympics in 1988 , after beating Anchorage , United States ; Östersund , Sweden ; and Sofia , Bulgaria . Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games and the Olympic Games overall . The Games were the first to be held in a different year from the Summer Olympics , the first and only one to be held two years after the previous winter games . The Games were the second Winter Olympics hosted in Norway , after the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , and the fourth Olympics in the Nordic countries , after the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden , and the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki , Finland . Although many events took place in Lillehammer , skating took place in Hamar , some ice hockey matches were placed in Gjøvik , while Alpine skiing was held in Øyer and Ringebu . Sixty-seven countries and 1,737 athletes participated in six sports and sixty-one events . Fourteen countries made their debut in the Winter Olympics , of which nine were former Soviet republics . The Games also saw the introduction of stricter qualifying rules , reducing the number of under-performing participants from warm-weather countries . New events were two new distances in short track speed skating and aerials , while speed skating was moved indoors . Nearly two million people spectated the games , which were the first to have the Olympic truce in effect .'}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee Joon-ho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Joon-ho_(speed_skater)', 'summary': 'Lee Joon-ho ( Hangul : 이준호 , Hanja : 李準鎬 , born 7 September 1965 ) is a South Korean short track speed skater . In 1990 , he became the first Korean to win the Overall World Short Track Speed Skating Championships . Lee won a gold medal in 1992 Winter Olympics as a member of 5000m relay team . He also won an individual bronze medal in 1000m .'}]}, {'value': 'Short track speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Short track speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics was held from 22 to 26 February . Six events were contested at the Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre . In short track speed skating 's second Olympic appearance , two events were added , the 500 metres for the men and the 1000 metres for the women ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XVI Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) , were a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 8 to 23 February 1992 in Albertville , France . They were the last Winter Olympics to be held the same year as the Summer Olympics , and the first where the Winter Paralympics were held at the same site . Albertville was selected as host in 1986 , beating Sofia , Falun , Lillehammer , Cortina d'Ampezzo , Anchorage and Berchtesgaden . The games were the third Winter Olympics held in France , after Chamonix in 1924 and Grenoble in 1968 , and the fifth Olympics overall in the country . Only some of the skating and the opening and closing ceremonies took place in Albertville , while the rest of the events took place in the villages of Courchevel , La Plagne , Les Arcs , Les Menuires , Les Saisies , Méribel , Pralognan-la-Vanoise , Tignes and Val d'Isère . Sixty-four nations with 1,801 athletes participated in the games , including the Unified Team which represented non-Baltic former Soviet republics . Germany participated as a unified team following reunification in 1990 , while five newly independent European countries debuted , as did six warm-weather countries . Short track speed skating , moguls and women 's biathlon made their debut as an Olympic sport . The games were the last Winter Games until 2014 to have demonstration sports , consisting of curling , aerials , ski ballet and speed skiing . It was the last Olympics to have an outdoor speed skating rink . The games were succeeded by the 1992 Winter Paralympics from 25 March to 1 April . Norwegians won every male cross-country skiing race , with Bjørn Dæhlie and Vegard Ulvang both collecting three gold ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee Yeong-Ha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Yeong-Ha', 'summary': 'Lee Yeong-ha ( born 10 November 1956 ) is a South Korean speed skater . He competed at the 1976 Winter Olympics , the 1980 Winter Olympics and the 1984 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Speed skating at the 1992 Winter Olympics , was held from 9 to 20 February . Ten events were contested at L'anneau de vitesse ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jo Yong-Cheol', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The Judo competition at the 1988 Summer Olympics continued the seven weight classes first used at the 1980 Games . The open division was eliminated from the competition . Women 's judo made its first appearance at the Olympic Games , as a demonstration sport . Japan failed to claim the top of the medal count for the first time in an Olympics in which they participated , coming in third behind South Korea and Poland . Peter Seisenbacher from Austria and Hitoshi Saito from Japan won the gold medal in their weight classes , defending their titles from 1984 , and becoming the first judoka to win gold at two Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1988 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XV Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) , was a multi-sport event celebrated in and around Calgary , Alberta , Canada , between February 13 and 28 , 1988 and were the first Winter Olympics to be held over a whole two week period . The host city was selected in 1981 over Falun , Sweden , and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy . Most events took place in Calgary while several skiing events were held in the mountain resorts of Nakiska and Canmore , west of the city . A then-record 57 nations competed and 1,423 athletes participated . As it had in Montreal in 1976 , Canada again failed to win a gold medal in an official medal event as the host nation . Finnish ski jumper Matti Nykänen and Dutch speed skater Yvonne van Gennip were individual medal leaders with each winning three gold medals . The games are also remembered for the heroic failure of British ski jumper Eddie The Eagle Edwards , and the Winter Olympic début of the Jamaica national bobsled team , both of which would be subjects of major feature films about their participation in the games . The Calgary games were at the time one of the most expensive Olympics ever held , but the organizing committee turned record television and sponsorship revenue into a net surplus that was used to maintain the facilities built for the Olympics and develop the Calgary region into the heart of Canada 's elite winter sports program . The five purpose-built venues continue to be used in their original functions , and have helped the country develop into one of the top nations in Winter Olympic competition ; Canada more than quintupled the five medals it won in Calgary at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hong Kun-Pyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kun-Pyo', 'summary': "Hong Kun-pyo ( born 21 March 1965 ) is a South Korean cross-country skier . He competed in the men 's 15 kilometre classical event at the 1988 Winter Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': '1988 Winter Olympic Games cross-country skiing results was contested at the Canmore Nordic Centre in Canmore , Alberta , Canada .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ha Hyung-Joo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ha_Hyung-Joo', 'summary': "Ha Hyung-joo ( born June 3 , 1962 ) also known by Ha Hyoung-zoo , is a retired judoka from South Korea . In 1981 , he became the first open division champion to represent South Korea at the Asian Judo Championships in Jakarta . Ha represented his native country at the Judo at the 1984 Summer Olympics , and claimed the gold medal in the men 's half heavyweight division ( - 95 kg ) by defeating Brazil 's Douglas Vieira in the final . He also competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics , but did not win a medal . He retired shortly after the Seoul Olympics and has been working as a physical education professor at Dong-A University ."}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Judo competition at the 1984 Summer Olympics continued the seven weight classes first used at the 1980 Games . With the open division , there were eight competitions . Japan returned to the top of the medal count , after boycotting the Moscow games . Because of the Soviet-led boycott of the Los Angeles games , several traditionally strong judo countries , including Cuba and the Soviet Union , did not participate . The Judo competition was held at California State University , Los Angeles . Austrian Peter Seisenbacher in the 86 kg class won the gold medal , as did Hitoshi Saito of Japan in the over 95 kg class , feats they would repeat in 1988 , becoming the first judoka to win gold at two Olympics . Popular pro wrestler/judoka Chris Adams appeared as an advisor to the UK Judo squad , where his brother Neil Adams won a silver medal in the 78 kg class . It was the third and final Olympics the Adams brothers were involved in , competitor or otherwise .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1972 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1972 ) , officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Munich , West Germany , from 26 August to 11 September 1972 . The sporting nature of the event was largely overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week , in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at Olympic village were killed by Black September terrorists . The 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany , after the 1936 Games in Berlin , which had taken place under the Nazi regime . The West German Government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present a democratic and optimistic Germany to the world , as shown by the Games ' official motto , Die Heiteren Spiele , or the cheerful Games . The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo ( the Bright Sun ) by Otl Aicher , the designer and director of the visual conception commission . The Olympic mascot , the dachshund Waldi , was the first officially named Olympic mascot . The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals . The Olympic Park ( Olympiapark ) is based on Frei Otto 's plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark . The competition sites , designed by architect Günther Behnisch , included the Olympic swimming hall , the Olympics Hall ( Olympiahalle , a multipurpose facility ) and the Olympic Stadium ( Olympiastadion ) , and an Olympic village very close to the park . The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary , with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes , used on such a large scale for the first time ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kim Ji-Hak', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coach', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1948 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event which was held in London , United Kingdom from 29 July to 14 August 1948 . After a twelve-year hiatus caused by the outbreak of World War II ; these were the first Summer Olympics held since the 1936 Games in Berlin . The 1940 Olympic Games had been scheduled for Tokyo , and then for Helsinki ; the 1944 Olympic Games had been provisionally planned for London . This was the second occasion that London had hosted the Olympic Games , having previously hosted them in 1908 , forty years earlier . The Olympics would again return to London 64 years later in 2012 , making London the first city to have hosted the games three times , and the only such city until Paris and Los Angeles host their third games in 2024 and 2028 , respectively . The 1948 Olympic Games were the first of two summer Olympic Games held under the IOC presidency of Sigfrid Edström . The event came to be known as the Austerity Games , because of the difficult economic climate and rationing imposed in the aftermath of World War II . No new venues were built for the games ( with events taking place mainly at Empire Stadium and the Empire Pool at Wembley Park ) , and athletes were housed in existing accommodation at the Wembley area instead of an Olympic Village , as were the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games and the subsequent 1952 Games in Helsinki . A record 59 nations were represented by 4,104 athletes , 3,714 men and 390 women , in 19 sport disciplines . Germany and Japan were not invited to participate in the games ; the Soviet Union was invited but chose not to send any athletes , sending observers instead to prepare for the 1952 Olympics . One of the star performers at the Games was Dutch sprinter Fanny Blankers-Koen . Dubbed The Flying Housewife , the thirty-year-old mother of two won four gold medals in athletics .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sohn Kee-chung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sohn_Kee-chung', 'summary': 'Sohn Kee-chung ( Korean : 손기정 ; Korean pronunciation : [ son.kidʑʌŋ ] ; August 29 , 1912 - November 15 , 2002 ) was a Korean athlete and long-distance runner . He became the first Korean to win a medal at the Olympic Games , winning gold in the marathon at the 1936 Berlin Olympics as a member of the Japanese delegation . Sohn competed under the Japanese name Son Kitei , as Korea was under the colonial rule of the Japanese Empire during his career .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 1948 Summer Olympics in London , 33 athletics events were contested , 24 for men and 9 for women . Three events made their Olympic debut at these Games : women 's 200 metres , women 's long jump and women 's shot put . There were a total number of 745 participating athletes from 53 countries ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'South Korea at theOlympicsIOC codeKORNOCKorean Olympic CommitteeWebsitewww.sports.or.kr ( in Korean and English ) Medals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer appearances1948195219561960196419681972197619801984198819921996200020042008201220162020Winter appearances1948195219561960196419681972197619801984198819921994199820022006201020142018 This is a list of flag bearers who have represented South Korea at the Olympics . [ 1 ] Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games .', 'uid': 'List_of_flag_bearers_for_South_Korea_at_the_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of flag bearers who have represented South Korea at the Olympics. Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.'}	null	null	What was the motto for the Olympics in which the flag bearer for South Korea was Lee Bo-ra ?	Passion lives here
076cf947df6712c3	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Dance_2014', 'title': 'Just Dance 2014', 'header': ['Song', 'Artist', 'Year', 'Release Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Roar ( FDLC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roar_(song)', 'summary': "Roar is a song by American singer Katy Perry for her fourth studio album , Prism ( 2013 ) . It was released as the lead single from the record on August 10 , 2013 . Perry co-wrote the song with Bonnie McKee and its producers Dr. Luke , Max Martin , and Cirkut . It is a pop song containing elements of arena rock and lyrics centering on standing up for oneself and self-empowerment . To promote the song , Perry performed under the Brooklyn Bridge at the end of the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards , on The X Factor Australia , at the Sydney Opera House in late October 2013 , and on the German TV show Schlag den Raab . Grady Hall and Mark Kudsi directed the song 's music video , which features Perry trying to adapt to the jungle and taming a tiger after surviving a plane crash . Though the song received generally mixed reviews , it was nominated for Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards . The song was a commercial success , topping charts in Australia , Austria , Canada , Ireland , Israel , Lebanon , New Zealand , Scotland , Slovenia , South Korea , the United Kingdom , and the United States . By the end of 2013 , Roar had sold 9.9 million units ( combined sales and track-equivalent streams ) globally according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) . Roar has sold over 6 million copies in the US , over 1 million in the UK , and was Australia 's best-selling single of 2013 with 560,000 copies sold within the year . When Roar was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , Perry became the first artist to have three Diamond certified singles in the country , the other being Firework and Dark Horse ."}]}, {'value': 'Katy Perry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katy_Perry', 'summary': 'Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson ( born October 25 , 1984 ) , known professionally as Katy Perry , is an American singer , songwriter , and television judge . After singing in church during her childhood , she pursued a career in gospel music as a teenager . Perry signed with Red Hill Records and released her debut studio album Katy Hudson under her birth name in 2001 , which was commercially unsuccessful . She moved to Los Angeles the following year to venture into secular music after Red Hill ceased operations and she subsequently began working with producers Glen Ballard , Dr. Luke , and Max Martin . After adopting the stage name Katy Perry and being dropped by The Island Def Jam Music Group and Columbia Records , she signed a recording contract with Capitol Records in April 2007 . Perry rose to fame in 2008 with her second album , One of the Boys , a pop rock record containing the singles I Kissed a Girl and Hot n Cold . The former track also sparked controversy for its themes of lesbianism . Her third album , Teenage Dream ( 2010 ) , ventured into disco , and was her first record to top the U.S . Billboard 200 . It peaked at number one on the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 with the singles California Gurls , Teenage Dream , Firework , E.T. , and Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F . ) , while The One That Got Away reached number three on the chart .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 October 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pound the Alarm ( Extreme alternate routine )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pound_the_Alarm', 'summary': 'Pound the Alarm is a song by Trinidadian-American rapper and singer Nicki Minaj , serving as a single from her second studio album Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded . The song was written by RedOne , Carl Falk , Rami Yacoub , Bilal Hajji , and Achraf Jannusi , with co-writing credits from Minaj , and production was handled by RedOne , Falk and Yacoub and was released as the fifth single , but third international single on June 12 , 2012 by Young Money . The song was actually not to be released as a single , as Minaj posted a poll on her website asking fans to choose the next single . Va Va Voom originally won the poll , with Whip It second and Pound the Alarm as third . However , owing to the number of airplay requests , Minaj scrapped Va Va Voom and went ahead with Pound the Alarm . Musically , Pound the Alarm is a Eurodance song . The song talks about having a good time , and partying all night ( as well as going to festivals/carnivals , as the music video portrays ) , however it does feature a verse with Minaj warning her lover . The song entered the top ten in countries including Finland , New Zealand , Ireland , Canada , Australia and the United Kingdom . The song also charted on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking inside the top twenty and number 1 on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart . The accompanying music video was shot in her native birth country , Trinidad and Tobago , where it featured Minaj performing at a national Trinidad and Tobago Carnival . It features many performances from locals in the video , including dancing and her in front of her relatives at the end of the video . The music video received positive reviews , many enjoying the fun atmosphere .'}]}, {'value': 'Nicki Minaj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicki_Minaj', 'summary': "Onika Tanya Maraj-Petty ( born December 8 , 1982 ) , known professionally as Nicki Minaj ( /mɪˈnɑːʒ/ ) , is an American rapper and singer . Born in Saint James , Port of Spain , and raised in Queens , New York City , she gained public recognition after releasing the mixtapes Playtime Is Over ( 2007 ) , Sucka Free ( 2008 ) , and Beam Me Up Scotty ( 2009 ) . After signing with Young Money Entertainment in 2009 , Minaj released her first studio album , Pink Friday ( 2010 ) , which peaked at number one on the US Billboard 200 and was ultimately certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Her second album , Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded , was released in 2012 and debuted at number one in several countries . Minaj made her film debut in the 2012 animated film Ice Age : Continental Drift . In 2013 , she was a judge on the twelfth season of American Idol . Minaj 's third studio album , The Pinkprint , was released in 2014 . She subsequently played supporting roles in the films The Other Woman ( 2014 ) and Barbershop : The Next Cut ( 2016 ) . Her fourth studio album , Queen , was released in 2018 . Early in her career , Minaj was known for her colorful costumes and wigs . Her rapping is distinctive for its fast flow and the use of alter egos and accents , primarily British cockney . Minaj was the first female artist included on MTV 's annual Hottest MC List ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 October 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Ca n't Hold Us", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Can't_Hold_Us", 'summary': "Ca n't Hold Us is a song written and performed by American hip hop duo Macklemore & Ryan Lewis and singer Ray Dalton , originally released on August 16 , 2011 as the second single from the duo 's debut studio album The Heist ( 2012 ) . The song was a sleeper hit , gaining more attention in 2012 . It reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , making it their second number-one hit in the United States . It is also their third consecutive number-one single in Australia . The music video was nominated for Best Music Video at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards in 2014 . The song was also listed as The Most-Streamed Song of 2013 by Spotify ."}]}, {'value': 'Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Ray Dalton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macklemore_&_Ryan_Lewis', 'summary': "Macklemore & Ryan Lewis is an American hip hop duo , formed in 2008 , from Seattle , Washington . The duo is composed of Ben Haggerty , a rapper who goes by the stage name of Macklemore , and Ryan Lewis , a record producer , DJ , and professional photographer , who met the former at a photo shoot and they have collaborated ever since . In 2009 , they released their first collaborative effort , an EP titled VS. EP . They later followed up with VS. Redux ( 2010 ) , the Grammy Award-winning album The Heist ( 2012 ) and This Unruly Mess I 've Made ( 2016 ) . Macklemore and Lewis ' single Thrift Shop reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 in 2013 . The single was soon dubbed the first song since 1994 to top the Hot 100 chart without the support of a major record label by Billboard , although Macklemore , in a slightly unusual recording contract , pays a nominal percentage of sales to use Warner Bros. Records ' radio promotion department to push his singles . Their second single , Ca n't Hold Us , also peaked at number one of the Hot 100 Chart , making Macklemore and Lewis the first duo in the chart 's history to have their first two singles both reach the peak position . Macklemore and Lewis released their debut studio album , The Heist , on October 9 , 2012 , which charted at number 2 on the US Billboard 200 . The pair won four Grammy Awards at the 2014 ceremony , including Best New Artist , Best Rap Album ( The Heist ) , Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance ( Thrift Shop ) . Their second album , This Unruly Mess I 've Made , was released on February 26 , 2016 . On June 15 , 2017 , Macklemore announced that the duo were on hiatus ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ray_Dalton', 'summary': "Ray Dalton ( born May 10 , 1991 ) is an American singer and songwriter based in Seattle , Washington . He began his career as a gospel and R & B singer . Dalton gained prominence as the featured singer on Macklemore & Ryan Lewis ' 2011 hit song Ca n't Hold Us , which gained popularity when it was re-released as a single in early 2013 . The song was certified platinum in the U.S. in April 2013 . He has won two MTV Video Music Awards ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 October 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wake Me Up', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wake_Me_Up_(Avicii_song)', 'summary': "Wake Me Up is a song by Swedish DJ and record producer Avicii , released as the lead single from his debut studio album True , released on CD and cassette by PRMD Music and Universal Music Groups Island Records on 17 June 2013 . Wake Me Up was written by Avicii , Mike Einziger , and Aloe Blacc . American soul singer Aloe Blacc provides vocals for the track and Mike Einziger of Incubus provides acoustic guitar . Peter Dyer also provides keyboard on the song . Avicii introduced Wake Me Up ! for the first time live on stage at the Ultra Music Festival in Miami . The experimental rendering ( it was accompanied by a live band with instruments and vocalists , including Blacc , Einziger and Incubus members Ben Kenney on bass and José Pasillas on drums ) reportedly confused and angered a section of the electronic dance festival community . Subsequently , Avicii achieved critical and commercial success with the release of the single worldwide . Avicii 's 'Wake Me Up ' has been named as the highest charting dance track of the decade ( 2010-2019 ) , sitting at No . 13 in the 100-strong list from the official UK Singles Chart . Wake Me Up peaked at number one in much of Europe and charted well in various countries . The song has been described as a summer anthem by Variance Magazine and , throughout the 2013 festival season , Avicii included it as part of the opening or closing sequence of his sets at EDC Las Vegas , EDC London , Tomorrowland , Creamfields , Electric Zoo and the iTunes Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Avicii featuring Aloe Blacc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avicii', 'summary': 'Tim Bergling ( Swedish : [ ˈtɪmː ˈbæ̂rjlɪŋ ] ( listen ) ; 8 September 1989 - 20 April 2018 ) , known professionally as Avicii ( /əˈviːtʃi/ ə-VEE-chee , Swedish : [ aˈvɪ̌tːɕɪ ] ) , was a Swedish DJ , electronic musician , and songwriter who specialized in audio programming , remixing , and record producing . At the age of 16 , Bergling began posting his remixes on electronic music forums , which led to his first record deal . He rose to prominence in 2011 with his single Levels . His debut studio album , True ( 2013 ) , blended electronic music with elements of multiple genres and received generally positive reviews . It peaked in the top ten in more than fifteen countries and topped international dance charts ; the lead single , Wake Me Up , topped most music markets in Europe and reached number four in the United States . In 2015 , Bergling released his second studio album , Stories , and in 2017 he released an EP , Avīci ( 01 ) . His catalog also included the singles I Could Be the One with Nicky Romero , You Make Me , X You , Hey Brother , Addicted to You , The Days , The Nights , Waiting for Love , Without You and Lonely Together . Bergling was nominated for a Grammy Award for his work on Sunshine with David Guetta in 2012 and Levels in 2013 . Several music publications credit Bergling as among the DJs who ushered electronic music into Top 40 radio in the early 2010s . Bergling retired from touring in 2016 due to health problems , having suffered stress and poor mental health for several years . On 20 April 2018 , Bergling died by suicide in Muscat , Oman . He was buried on 8 June in his hometown of Stockholm .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Aloe_Blacc', 'summary': "Egbert Nathaniel Dawkins III ( born January 7 , 1979 ) , known professionally as Aloe Blacc ( /ˈæloʊ ˈblæk/ ) , is an American musician , singer , songwriter , rapper , record producer , and philanthropist . He is best known for his singles I Need a Dollar , The Man , which topped the charts in the United Kingdom , and for writing and performing vocals on Avicii 's Wake Me Up , which topped the charts in 22 countries , including Australia and the United Kingdom . Aside from his solo career , Blacc is also a member of hip hop duo Emanon , alongside American record producer Exile ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 October 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'What About Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/What_About_Love_(Austin_Mahone_song)', 'summary': 'What About Love is a song by American singer Austin Mahone from his debut EP , The Secret ( 2014 ) . The song was written by Mahone , Nadir Khayat , Mohombi , Achraf Janussi , Bilal Hajji , Jimmy Jimmy Joker Thörnfeldt , and Gary Rivington Starchild Angulo and produced by RedOne and Jimmy Joker . The song was released in the United States as a digital download on June 10 , 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Austin Mahone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_Mahone', 'summary': 'Austin Carter Mahone ( /məˈhoʊn/ ; born April 4 , 1996 ) is an American singer and songwriter . Mahone gained popularity performing covers of pop songs on YouTube . He is currently signed to Elektra Records as of 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26 November 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Girl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Girl_(Bonnie_McKee_song)', 'summary': 'American Girl is a single by American pop music singer and songwriter Bonnie McKee . The song was written by McKee , Jon Asher , Josh Abraham , Oliver Goldstein , Alex Drury , and Jacknife Lee . It was produced by Abraham and Goldstein , with additional production by Matt Rad and vocal production and engineering by Sean Walsh . It was released on July 23 , 2013 as the first single from her upcoming second studio album .'}]}, {'value': 'Bonnie McKee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonnie_McKee', 'summary': "Bonnie Leigh McKee ( born January 20 , 1984 ) is an American singer and songwriter . Her debut album , Trouble , was released in September 2004 under Reprise Records . After being dropped by Reprise several years after its release , McKee had taken a musical hiatus before establishing a name for herself as a songwriter . McKee has written 10 singles that have reached number one in the United States or the United Kingdom , which have sold more than 30 million copies worldwide combined . After sometime of focusing on songwriting , McKee released American Girl in July 2013 . McKee is particularly known for collaborating with pop singer Katy Perry , and the duo has written the hits California Gurls , Teenage Dream , Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F . ) , Part of Me , Wide Awake , and Roar together . McKee also co-wrote Dynamite by Taio Cruz , which became the second-best selling song by a British artist in the digital era . McKee also co-wrote other hits such as Hold It Against Me by Britney Spears and C'Mon by Kesha , and has also written for Cher , Christina Aguilera , Kelly Clarkson , and Adam Lambert ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26 November 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One Way or Another ( Teenage Kicks )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Way_or_Another_(Teenage_Kicks)', 'summary': "One Way or Another ( Teenage Kicks ) is a cover recorded by English-Irish boy band One Direction , released as the 2013 Comic Relief charity single on 17 February 2013 . It is a medley of Blondie 's One Way or Another and The Undertones ' Teenage Kicks , both originally released in 1978 . The song was produced by Julian Bunetta and John Ryan . One Way or Another ( Teenage Kicks ) debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart , making it One Direction 's third UK number one . The song was nominated for Best British Single at the 2014 Brit Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'One Direction', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Direction', 'summary': "One Direction , often shortened to 1D , are an English-Irish pop boy band formed in London , England in 2010 . The band is composed of Niall Horan , Liam Payne , Harry Styles and Louis Tomlinson ; former member Zayn Malik departed from the group in 2015 . The group signed with Simon Cowell 's record label Syco Records after forming and finishing third in the seventh series of the British televised singing competition The X Factor in 2010 . Propelled to global success by social media , One Direction 's five albums , Up All Night ( 2011 ) , Take Me Home ( 2012 ) , Midnight Memories ( 2013 ) , Four ( 2014 ) , and Made in the A.M. ( 2015 ) , topped charts in most major markets , and generated hit singles including What Makes You Beautiful , Live While We 're Young , Best Song Ever , Story of My Life and Drag Me Down . The group has won nearly 200 awards including seven Brit Awards , four MTV Video Music Awards , six Billboard Music Awards , seven American Music Awards ( including Artist of the Year in 2014 and 2015 ) , and 28 Teen Choice Awards . They have embarked on four world tours , two of which were all-stadium . In 2013 , they earned an estimated $ 75 million , becoming the second highest earning celebrity under 30 according to Forbes . The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) honoured them as the Global Recording Artist of 2013 . Forbes ranked them as the fourth highest-earning celebrities in the world in 2015 , and second in 2016 . After the release of Four , One Direction became the first band in the U.S . Billboard 200 history to have their first four albums debut at number one . Their third album , Midnight Memories , was the best-selling album worldwide in 2013 with 4 million copies sold globally ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26 November 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sexy and I Know It', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sexy_and_I_Know_It', 'summary': "Sexy and I Know It is a hit song by American duo LMFAO from their second studio album , Sorry for Party Rocking . It was released as the third single from the album on 16 September 2011 . The song was written by Stefan Kendal Gordy , GoonRock , Erin Beck , George M. Robertson and Kenneth Oliver , and it was produced by Party Rock . It went to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on January 7 , 2012 and remained there for two weeks . The song became LMFAO 's second number one hit ( after Party Rock Anthem ) on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States , making them the first duo to have two successive number-one singles since Outkast 's Hey Ya ! ( 2003 ) and The Way You Move ( 2004 ) . The song also reached number one in Australia , Canada and New Zealand , and charted within the top ten in nearly every country in which it charted . The song was featured in the season 5 , episode 12 of Gossip Girl . and in the Glee episode , The Spanish Teacher . Weird Al Yankovic recorded a cover as part of his polka medley NOW That 's What I Call Polka ! for his 2014 album Mandatory Fun as well as in an M & M 's commercial and Specsavers advert . The song is also featured in the films Hotel Transylvania , American Reunion , Ate que a Sorte nos Separe 2 , Tapped Out , Think Like a Man Too , and 13 Hours : The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi ."}]}, {'value': 'LMFAO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LMFAO', 'summary': "LMFAO ( an initialism for Laughing My Fucking Ass Off ) is an American electronic dance music duo consisting of uncle Redfoo and nephew SkyBlu . They respectively are a son and grandson of Motown Records founder Berry Gordy . RedFoo and SkyBlu grew up in Pacific Palisades , Los Angeles , where they formed the group LMFAO in 2006 and later became part of the electro house scene . LMFAO started building a local buzz through its shows and radio play . In 2010 , they were featured on David Guetta 's song Gettin ' Over You , which charted all over Europe and the United States , including reaching number one on the UK Singles Chart . LMFAO are known for their song Party Rock Anthem , which topped the charts in the United Kingdom , Australia , Belgium , Brazil , Canada , Denmark , France , Germany , Ireland , New Zealand , Switzerland , and the United States . Party Rock Anthem also reached the top five in Italy and Norway and was the third best-selling digital single of 2011 with sales of 9.7 million copies worldwide . In September 2012 , the duo announced they would be taking an indefinite hiatus ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26 November 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blurred Lines ( Extreme alternate routine )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blurred_Lines_(song)', 'summary': "Blurred Lines is a song by American singer-songwriters Robin Thicke and Pharrell Williams and rapper T.I. , produced by Williams . It was released on March 26 , 2013 , through Williams 's label Star Trak Recordings as the lead single from Thicke 's album Blurred Lines . Recorded in 2012 , the drumming was inspired by the Marvin Gaye song Got to Give It Up , and apart from T.I . 's rap , was entirely the work of Williams . However , Thicke claimed writing credits on the track , according to a Reuters article . The song became the subject of a bitter legal dispute with the family of Gaye and Bridgeport Music , who argued the song infringed on copyrights to the song that inspired it . Williams and Thicke were found liable for copyright infringement by a federal jury in March 2015 , and Gaye was awarded posthumous songwriting credit ( based on the royalties pledged to his estate ) . The song 's music video was released in two versions : one featuring models Emily Ratajkowski , Jessi M'Bengue , and Elle Evans topless , while the other censored the nudity . The uncensored version of the video was removed from YouTube for violating the site 's terms of service , but restored with an age restriction . As of January 2020 , there is no age restriction on the uncensored music video . The lyrics and music video to Blurred Lines were controversial , with some groups claiming they are misogynistic and promote a culture of date rape . It was banned in the United Kingdom from some institutions and students ' unions at universities ."}]}, {'value': 'Robin Thicke featuring Pharrell Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robin_Thicke', 'summary': '{ { Infobox person \| name = Robin Thicke \| image = Robin Thicke 2019 by Glenn Francis.jpg \| caption = Thicke in July 2019 \| birth_name = Robin Alan Thicke \| birth_date = ( 1977-03-10 ) March 10 , 1977 ( age 42 ) \| death_date = { { Death date'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pharrell_Williams', 'summary': "Pharrell Lanscilo Williams ( /fəˈrɛl/ ; born April 5 , 1973 ) is an American singer , rapper , songwriter , record producer , fashion designer , and entrepreneur . Williams and Chad Hugo formed the record production duo The Neptunes in 1994 , producing hip hop and R & B music . He is the lead vocalist of the band NER*D , which he formed with Hugo and childhood friend Shay Haley . Williams also owns I Am Other , a multimedia creative collective that serves as an umbrella for all of Pharrell Williams ' endeavors , including Billionaire Boys Club . Williams released his first solo single , Frontin ' , in 2003 and followed it with his debut solo album , In My Mind , in 2006 . His second album , Girl , was released in March 2014 and included the commercially successful single Happy . As part of the Neptunes , Williams has produced numerous singles for various recording artists . Williams featured on Daft Punk 's Get Lucky which reached the top ten in the music charts of over 32 countries , and has sold more than 9.3 million copies , making it one of the best-selling singles of all time . The song won Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 56th Grammy Awards . Williams has received numerous accolades and nominations ; he has won 13 Grammy Awards , including three as Producer of the Year , Non-Classical ( one came as a member of The Neptunes ) . He is also a two-time Academy Award nominee , receiving a 2014 Best Original Song nomination for Happy ( which was featured in Despicable Me 2 ) and a 2017 Best Picture nomination as one of the producers of Hidden Figures ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26 November 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Other Side ( PAL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Other_Side_(Jason_Derulo_song)', 'summary': 'The Other Side is a song by American singer Jason Derulo , released as the lead single from his third studio album , Tattoos ( 2013 ) , and its US counterpart Talk Dirty ( 2014 ) . Derulo co-wrote the song with Martin Johnson and Joshua Ammo Coleman ; the latter is also the producer . The song was featured in a trailer for the 2017 film Coco .'}]}, {'value': 'Jason Derulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Derulo', 'summary': "Jason Joel Desrouleaux ( born September 21 , 1989 ) , known professionally as Jason Derulo ( /dəˈruːloʊ/ ; formerly stylised as Derülo ) , is an American singer , songwriter , and dancer . Since the start of his solo recording career in 2009 , Derulo has sold over 30 million singles and has achieved eleven Platinum singles , including Wiggle , Talk Dirty , In My Head , and Whatcha Say . After producing records for several artists and writing songs for Cash Money Records co-founder Birdman , Young Money Entertainment owner Lil Wayne and rapper Diddy , Derulo signed to minor recording label Beluga Heights . After Beluga Heights became part of the Warner Music Group , Derulo released his debut single Whatcha Say in May 2009 . It sold over five million digital downloads , gaining an RIAA certification of triple Platinum , and reaching number 1 in the U.S. and New Zealand . Derulo released his second single , In My Head , in December 2009 and his debut studio album , Jason Derulo , followed on March 2 , 2010 . He released his second album , Future History , on September 16 , 2011 ; the album was preceded by the release of the UK number-one single Do n't Wan na Go Home . Derulo 's third international album , Tattoos , was released on September 24 , 2013 and later repackaged as his third U.S. album , Talk Dirty , released on April 15 , 2014 . In 2015 , Derulo released his single Want to Want Me and announced his fourth studio album , Everything Is 4 , which was released on June 2 , 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26 November 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': "We Ca n't Stop ( X )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/We_Can't_Stop", 'summary': "We Ca n't Stop is a song by American singer Miley Cyrus , from her fourth studio album Bangerz ( 2013 ) . It was released on June 3 , 2013 by RCA Records as the lead single from the album . The song was written and produced by Mike Will Made It , P-Nasty , and Rock City , with additional songwriting provided by Cyrus , Doug E. Fresh , and Slick Rick . We Ca n't Stop is a pop and R & B song about a house party and recreational drug use . We Ca n't Stop received mixed reviews from music critics , who appreciated its overall production but were scathing towards its lyrical content . It peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 , and tied her earlier track Party in the U.S.A. ( 2009 ) as her highest-peaking single in the country at the time . It was kept off the top spot by Blurred Lines by Robin Thicke featuring Pharrell and T.I . As of January 2014 , it had sold over two million copies in the United States . The song experienced varying success internationally ; it reached the peak position in countries including New Zealand and the United Kingdom , and peaked moderately in several national record charts in Europe . An accompanying music video for We Ca n't Stop was released on June 19 , 2013 . It received generally mixed reviews from critics , who were divided in their opinions regarding Cyrus ' increasingly provocative image . With 10.7 million views in the first twenty-four hours of its release , the clip held the record for having the most views in that time-frame across Vevo platforms ; after reaching 100 million views within thirty-seven days , it also set the record for being the fastest music video to attain a Vevo certification ."}]}, {'value': 'Miley Cyrus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miley_Cyrus', 'summary': "Miley Ray Cyrus ( born Destiny Hope Cyrus ; November 23 , 1992 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and philanthropist . Her music has spanned a range of styles , including pop , country pop , and hip hop . Cyrus ' personal life , public image , and performances have often sparked controversy and received widespread media coverage . She is widely considered to be one of the most successful entertainers in adulthood who originated as a child star . Among numerous awards and nominations , Cyrus was included on the Time 100 list in both 2008 and 2014 , named MTV 's Artist of the Year in 2013 , and was ranked 62nd on Billboard 's Top 125 Artists of All Time list in 2019 . Cyrus was born in Franklin , Tennessee , and is a daughter of country music singer Billy Ray Cyrus . She became a teen idol as the title character of the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana ( 2006-2011 ) , through which media franchise she attained two number-one and three top-ten soundtracks on the US Billboard 200 , and the top-ten single He Could Be the One on the US Billboard Hot 100 . Cyrus ' own discography includes the US number-one albums Meet Miley Cyrus ( 2007 ) , Breakout ( 2008 ) , and Bangerz ( 2013 ) ; the top-five releases Ca n't Be Tamed ( 2010 ) , Younger Now ( 2017 ) , and She Is Coming ( 2019 ) ; and Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz ( 2015 ) , which was released for free online streaming on SoundCloud . Her singles include the US top ten-charting See You Again , 7 Things , The Climb , Party in the U.S.A. , Ca n't Be Tamed , We Ca n't Stop , Malibu , and the chart-topping Wrecking Ball . Her upcoming seventh studio album , She Is Miley Cyrus , is expected to be released in 2020 . In total , Cyrus has sold more than 20 million albums and 55 million singles worldwide . [ citation needed ] Cyrus ' filmography includes the animated film Bolt ( 2008 ) , and the feature films Hannah Montana : The Movie ( 2009 ) and The Last Song ( 2010 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26 November 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dançando ( PAL )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ivete Sangalo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivete_Sangalo', 'summary': 'Ivete Maria Dias de Sangalo Cady ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ iˈvɛtʃi sɐ̃ˈɡaɫu ] , born May 27 , 1972 ) is a Brazilian singer , songwriter , and occasional actress and television show host . She is one of the most popular and best-selling Brazilian female singers , with six albums released with Banda Eva , and seven more albums in a solo career . Sangalo is noted for her powerful voice , charisma and live performances . Her music is also very popular in Portugal . She has sold 15 million copies of her albums . As a child , Sangalo started to sing and play guitar at events , festivals and presentations of the school where she studied . Her debut show happened in Ondina , Salvador in August 1992 . With that show she won the Dorival Caymmi trophy , considered the Grammy of Bahia music .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 December 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Do n't You Worry Child", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Don't_You_Worry_Child", 'summary': "Do n't You Worry Child is the sixth single released by Swedish house music supergroup Swedish House Mafia . It is the last single from their second studio album , Until Now , featuring vocals from Swedish singer John Martin . In the United States , it is the act 's second number-one single on Billboard 's Dance/Mix Show Airplay chart , following Save the World . It is the group 's final single released before their disbandment in early 2013 . It received a Grammy nomination for Best Dance Recording in the 2013 Grammy Awards , as did its predecessor , Save the World , the previous year . The song is written in the key of B minor ."}]}, {'value': 'Swedish House Mafia featuring John Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swedish_House_Mafia', 'summary': 'Swedish House Mafia is a Swedish house music supergroup consisting of Axwell , Steve Angello and Sebastian Ingrosso . The group officially formed in late 2008 , were placed at number ten on the DJ Mag Top 100 DJ Poll 2011 and have been called the faces of mainstream progressive house music . In 2012 , they were ranked at number twelve on the DJ Mag Top 100 Poll . On June 24 , 2012 , the group announced they would split up . Their final performance was at Ultra Miami on March 24 , 2013 . For the next five years Angello worked solo , while Axwell and Ingrosso performed as a duo . On March 25 , 2018 , the group reunited with a surprise closing set at the 20th anniversary of Ultra Music Festival in Miami , Florida .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Martin_(singer)', 'summary': "John Martin Lindström ( born 22 August 1980 ) is a Swedish singer and songwriter . He is best known for his collaborations with the Swedish House Mafia . Since 2010 , he has collaborated with Tinie Tempah and released his debut single Anywhere For You , written alongside music partner Michel Zitron . On 3 April 2014 Lindström appeared on the BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge covering Haim 's If I Could Change Your Mind . John Martin is now working on his debut album which was planned to be released in August 2014 , however it has been delayed awaiting a new collaboration before the release ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 December 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I Need Your Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Need_Your_Love_(Calvin_Harris_song)', 'summary': "I Need Your Love is a song by Scottish producer and DJ Calvin Harris from his third studio album , 18 Months ( 2012 ) . The song features vocals from English singer Ellie Goulding and was released on 2 April 2013 as the album 's seventh single . I Need Your Love is also included as a bonus track on Goulding 's second studio album , Halcyon ( 2012 ) . The accompanying music video , directed by Emil Nava , depicts Harris and Goulding as a romantic couple on a trip to Miami . I Need Your Love received favourable reviews from critics . The song reached number four on the UK Singles Chart , making Harris the first artist in UK chart history to attain eight top-10 entries from one studio album . It also reached the top five in Australia , Austria , Finland , and Sweden , the top 10 in Belgium , Ireland and Switzerland , and the top 20 in the United States . At the 2014 Brit Awards , the song was nominated for British Single of the Year , while the music video was nominated for British Video of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Calvin Harris featuring Ellie Goulding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calvin_Harris', 'summary': "Adam Richard Wiles ( born 17 January 1984 ) , known professionally as Calvin Harris , is a Scottish DJ , record producer , singer , and songwriter . He is known for his singles We Found Love , This Is What You Came For , Summer , Feel So Close , Feels , and One Kiss . His collaboration with Rihanna , We Found Love , became an international success , giving Harris his first number one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 . He has released five studio albums and runs his own record label , Fly Eye Records , which he founded in 2010 . His debut studio album , I Created Disco , was released in June 2007 . Its singles Acceptable in the 80s and The Girls both reached the top 10 in the UK . In 2009 , he released his second studio album , Ready for the Weekend , which debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart and whose lead single , I 'm Not Alone , became his first song to top the UK Singles Chart . In 2012 , Harris rose to international prominence with the release of his third studio album , 18 Months , which topped the UK Albums charts and became his first album to chart on the US Billboard 200 , peaking at number 19 . All eight of the album 's singles reached the top 10 in the UK , breaking the record for the most top 10 songs from one studio album on the UK Singles Chart with eight entries , surpassing Michael Jackson 's record . In 2014 , he released his fourth studio album , Motion , which debuted at number two in the UK and number five in the US . In 2017 , he released his fifth studio album , Funk Wav Bounces Vol . 1 , which reached the top 2 in the UK and the US and became his third consecutive number one album on the US Dance/Electronic Albums chart ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ellie_Goulding', 'summary': "Elena Jane Goulding ( /ˈɡoʊldɪŋ/ GOHL-ding ; born 30 December 1986 ) is an English singer and songwriter . Her career began when she met record producers Starsmith and Frankmusik , and she was later spotted by Jamie Lillywhite , who later became her manager and A & R . After signing to Polydor Records in July 2009 , Goulding released her debut extended play , An Introduction to Ellie Goulding later that year . In 2010 , she became the second artist to top the BBC 's annual Sound of . poll and win the Critics ' Choice Award at the Brit Awards in the same year . She released her debut studio album , Lights , in 2010 ; it debuted at No . 1 on the UK Albums Chart and has sold over 850,000 copies in the United Kingdom . In November 2010 , the album was reissued as Bright Lights , which spawned two singles : a cover of Elton John 's Your Song which was selected for the first John Lewis Christmas advert , reached No . 2 on the UK Singles Chart , and Lights , which became Goulding 's highest-charting single on the US Billboard Hot 100 to date , peaking at No . 2 . Goulding 's second studio album , Halcyon , was released in October 2012 . Anything Could Happen preceded the album as the lead single ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 December 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Ca n't Get Enough", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Can't_Get_Enough_(Becky_G_song)", 'summary': "Ca n't Get Enough is a song by American singer Becky G featuring American rapper Pitbull . It was originally released on July 13 , 2013 , as the second track from her EP , Play It Again . It was later released as a single to Latin radio on March 29 , 2014 . The song was able to chart at number one on the Latin Rhythm Airplay chart in the United States . The music video was then released on June 4 , 2014 . A Spanish version was released on May 1 to digital platforms ; it features Gomez singing in Spanish while Pitbull 's verses remain in English ."}]}, {'value': 'Becky G featuring Pitbull', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Becky_G', 'summary': "Rebbeca Marie Gomez ( born March 2 , 1997 ) , also known as Becky G , is an American singer , songwriter and actress . Gomez first gained recognition in 2011 when she began posting videos of herself covering popular songs online . One of her videos caught the attention of producer Dr. Luke , who subsequently offered her a joint record deal with Kemosabe Records and RCA Records . While working on her debut effort , Gomez collaborated with artists will.i.am , Cody Simpson and Cher Lloyd . Her official debut single , Becky from the Block ( 2013 ) , received a positive reception upon its release . She released her debut extended play , Play It Again ( 2013 ) , later that same year . Her second single , Ca n't Get Enough ( 2014 ) , featured guest vocals from Pitbull and went on to top the Latin Rhythm Airplay chart in the United States . Gomez achieved mainstream success with the release of Shower ( 2014 ) , which went on to enter the top twenty of the Billboard Hot 100 chart . The single would go on to receive a multi platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting two million units sold in the country . Following the success of Shower , Gomez released Ca n't Stop Dancin ' ( 2014 ) , Lovin ' So Hard and Break a Sweat ( 2015 ) as singles from her forthcoming album . She embarked on a co-headlining tour with J Balvin throughout September and October 2015 , spanning throughout the United States . She portrayed Valentina Galindo in two episodes of the musical television series Empire , contributing two new songs to the soundtrack of the series called Do It and New New ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pitbull_(rapper)', 'summary': "Armando Christian Pérez ( born January 15 , 1981 ) , known professionally as Pitbull , is an American rapper , singer , songwriter and record producer . Pérez began his career in the early 2000s , recording reggaeton , latin hip hop and crunk music under a multitude of labels . In 2004 , he released his debut album M.I.A.M.I . under TVT Records and the executive production of Lil Jon . Pitbull later released his second album El Mariel , in 2006 and his third , The Boatlift , in 2007 . His fourth album , Rebelution ( 2009 ) , included his breakthrough hit single I Know You Want Me ( Calle Ocho ) , which peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the UK Singles Chart . After rebranding himself as a pop artist , Pitbull 's next English-language album , Planet Pit , featured his first US number one single Give Me Everything . His 2013 track from Global Warming : Meltdown , titled Timber , topped the charts in twenty nations , and hit # 1 in fifteen countries , including the US and UK . He performed the song We Are One ( Ole Ola ) along with Jennifer Lopez and Claudia Leitte , which served as the official theme of the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Pitbull 's music has sold over 100 million records worldwide , as well as number # 1 singles in 15 different countries . Pitbull 's other ventures include brand ambassadorship and for various entities , activism and philanthropy in the Latino American community , and a radio station ( Pitbull 's Globalization ) on Sirius XM Radio . As of May 2019 , Pitbull has won 35 Billboard Latin Music Awards ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 December 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'My Main Girl', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MainStreet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MainStreet_(boy_band)', 'summary': 'MainStreet was a Dutch boy band . The group consisted of Nils Käller , Daan Zwierink , Owen Playfair and Rein van Duivenboden . The group gained fame by participating in the Junior Songfestival 2012 and quickly became popular in the Netherlands . Their fans are called Mainiacs .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 December 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gangnam Style ( JD4DLC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gangnam_Style', 'summary': "Gangnam Style ( Korean : 강남스타일 , IPA : [ kaŋ.nam sɯ.tʰa.il ] ) is the 18th K-pop single by the South Korean musician Psy . The song was released on July 15 , 2012 , as the lead single of his sixth studio album Psy 6 ( Six Rules ) , Part 1 , and debuted at number one on South Korea 's Gaon Chart . On December 21 , 2012 , Gangnam Style became the first YouTube video to reach one billion views . The song 's music video has since been viewed over 3.5 billion times on YouTube , and was the most viewed video on YouTube from November 24 , 2012 , when it surpassed the music video for Baby by Justin Bieber featuring Ludacris , to July 10 , 2017 , when it was surpassed by the music video for See You Again by Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth . The phrase Gangnam Style is a Korean neologism that refers to a lifestyle associated with the Gangnam District of Seoul . The song and its music video went viral in August 2012 and have influenced popular culture worldwide . Gangnam Style received mixed reviews , with praise for its catchy beat and Psy 's amusing dancing ( which has itself become a phenomenon ) in the music video and during live performances in various locations around the world . In September 2012 , Gangnam Style was recognized by Guinness World Records as the most liked video on YouTube . It subsequently won Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards held that year . It became a source of parodies and reaction videos by many different individuals , groups and organizations . By the end of 2012 , Gangnam Style had topped the music charts of more than 30 countries including Australia , Canada , France , Germany , Italy , Russia , Spain , and the United Kingdom . Its dance was attempted by political leaders such as British Prime Minister David Cameron , U.S. President Barack Obama , and United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon , who hailed it as a force for world peace ."}]}, {'value': 'PSY', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PSY', 'summary': "Park Jae-sang ( Korean : 박재상 ; Hanja : 朴載相 , IPA : [ pɐk̚.t͡ɕεsɐŋ ] ; born December 31 , 1977 ) , known professionally as Psy ( 싸이 ; /saɪ/ SY ; Korean : [ s͈ai ] ) , stylized in all caps , is a South Korean singer , rapper , songwriter , and record producer . Psy is known domestically for his humorous videos and stage performances , and internationally for his hit single Gangnam Style . The song 's refrain was entered into The Yale Book of Quotations as one of the most famous quotations of 2012 . On October 23 , 2012 , Psy met United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon at the UN Headquarters where Ban expressed his desire to work with the singer because of his unlimited global reach . On December 21 , 2012 , his music video for Gangnam Style exceeded one billion views on YouTube , becoming the first video to do so in the website 's history . Psy was subsequently recognized by the media as the King of YouTube . On May 31 , 2014 , the video for Psy 's Gangnam Style hit two billion views . As of December 2019 [ update ] , it is the seventh most viewed video on YouTube , with over 3.4 billion views . In December 2012 , MTV noted Psy 's rise from being little known outside South Korea , to being hailed as the Viral Star of 2012 . On December 31 , 2012 , Psy performed in a globally televised New Year 's Eve celebration with American rapper MC Hammer on-stage in front of a live audience of over a million people in Times Square , New York City ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 December 2013 ( JD4 re-release )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Applause ( Official Choreography alternate routine )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Applause_(Lady_Gaga_song)', 'summary': "Applause is a song by American singer Lady Gaga from her third studio album , ARTPOP ( 2013 ) . It was released as the album 's lead single through Interscope Records on August 12 , 2013 . Written and produced by Gaga , DJ White Shadow , Dino Zisis and Nick Monson , additional songwriters included Martin Bresso , Nicolas Mercier , Julien Arias and William Grigahcine . Applause was inspired by the cheering of her fans , which kept her motivated during the months she toured with the Born This Way Ball in pain , before cancelling it due to a hip injury , and pays respect to the art of performance . It is an electropop and Eurodance song built around synthesizers and hi-NRG beats , with lyrics addressing how Gaga is dependent upon her fans ' adoration and how she lives to perform . The song received generally positive reviews from music critics , who felt its chorus was catchy and favorably compared it to the material featured on Gaga 's debut album , The Fame ( 2008 ) . Applause achieved commercial success in a number of nations , topping the charts in Hungary , Lebanon , South Korea , and Spain while peaking within the top 10 in Belgium , Bulgaria , Canada , Finland , France , Germany , Ireland , Israel , Italy , Japan , New Zealand , Norway , Poland , Scotland , the United Kingdom , and the United States as well as the top 20 in Australia , the Czech Republic , the Netherlands , Slovakia , and Sweden . It was also certified multi-platinum in Canada , Sweden , the United States , and Venezuela . An accompanying music video directed by fashion photography duo Inez and Vinoodh was released on August 19 , 2013 , and broadcast on jumbotrons across Times Square . The video received positive reviews from critics , who saw it as a profile of Gaga herself and noted references to German Expressionist cinema and Andy Warhol . To promote the record , Gaga opened the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards with a performance of the song in which she represented her career through several on-stage wardrobe changes . She also performed it live on Good Morning America , Saturday Night Live , her tours ArtRave : The Artpop Ball and the Joanne World Tour , and residency shows Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom and Lady Gaga Enigma ."}]}, {'value': 'Lady Gaga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lady_Gaga', 'summary': "Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta ( /ˈstɛfəni ˌdʒɜːrməˈnɒtə/ STEF-ən-ee JUR-mə-NOT-ə ) ( born March 28 , 1986 ) , known professionally as Lady Gaga , is an American singer , songwriter , and actress . She is known for reinventing herself throughout her career and for her versatility in numerous areas of the entertainment industry . Gaga began performing as a teenager , singing at open mic nights and acting in school plays . She studied at Collaborative Arts Project 21 , through New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts , before dropping out to pursue a music career . When Def Jam Recordings canceled her contract , she worked as a songwriter for Sony/ATV Music Publishing , where Akon helped her sign a joint deal with Interscope Records and his own label KonLive Distribution in 2007 . She rose to prominence the following year with her debut album , the electropop record The Fame , and its chart-topping singles Just Dance and Poker Face . The follow-up EP The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) , along with the singles Bad Romance , Telephone and Alejandro , were also successful . Gaga 's second full-length album , Born This Way ( 2011 ) , explored electronic rock and techno-pop and debuted atop the US Billboard 200 with more than one million copies sold . Its title track became the fastest-selling song on the iTunes Store with over a million downloads in less than a week . Gaga experimented with EDM on her third studio album , Artpop ( 2013 ) , which included the single Applause . Her collaborative jazz album with Tony Bennett , Cheek to Cheek ( 2014 ) , and her soft rock-influenced fifth studio album , Joanne ( 2016 ) , continued to top the US charts . During this period , Gaga ventured into acting , playing leading roles in the miniseries American Horror Story : Hotel ( 2015-2016 ) , for which she received a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress , and the critically acclaimed musical drama film A Star Is Born ( 2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 December 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# thatPOWER ( On Stage routine )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ThatPOWER', 'summary': "# thatPOWER ( stylized in all caps with hashtag ) is a song by American recording artist will.i.am , taken from his fourth studio album , # willpower . The song features Canadian singer Justin Bieber , who wrote the song alongside will.i.am , Verrigni and Damien Leroy ( DJ Ammo ) . The latter two also produced the song . thatPOWER was released in the United States and Canada on March 18 , 2013 , via Interscope Records , as the third single from the album . The song has since charted in several countries . A special version of the song is used for 2013 NBA Playoffs telecasts on ESPN and ABC and the last day of TV5 's primetime sports block on IBC , AKTV ."}]}, {'value': 'will.i.am featuring Justin Bieber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Will.i.am', 'summary': 'William Adams ( born March 15 , 1975 ) , known professionally as will.i.am ( pronounced Will-I-am ) , is an American rapper , singer , songwriter , record producer , DJ , actor and television personality . He is the founding and lead member of the hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas . As a solo artist , will.i.am has released four solo albums , beginning with Lost Change , released in 2001 through Atlantic Records . His second solo outing , Must B 21 , was released on September 23 , 2003 . The track Go ! was regularly used as the theme for the NBA Live 2005 and Madden NFL 2005 seasons . The third album , Songs About Girls , was released on September 25 , 2007 . He released his fourth studio album , # willpower , in 2013 . As a music producer , will.i.am has produced music for other artists including Cheryl , Michael Jackson , Justin Bieber , Kesha , Britney Spears , Miley Cyrus , David Guetta , U2 , Rihanna , Lady Gaga , Usher , Justin Timberlake , A. R. Rahman , Nicki Minaj , 2NE1 , and Baby Kaely . In collaborations and with the Black Eyed Peas , he has a total of 41 top-40 entries on the UK Singles Chart since 1998 , and has sold 9.4 million singles in the UK . In addition to his music career , will.i.am has also been a judge and mentor on the television talent show series The Voice UK ( 2012-present ) , The Voice Australia ( 2014 ) , and The Voice Kids ( 2017-present ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Justin_Bieber', 'summary': "Justin Drew Bieber ( /ˈbiːbər/ ; born March 1 , 1994 ) is a Canadian singer , songwriter and actor . Discovered at 13 years old by talent manager Scooter Braun after he had watched his YouTube cover song videos , Bieber was signed to RBMG Records in 2008 . With Bieber 's debut EP My World , released in late 2009 , Bieber became the first artist to have seven songs from a debut record chart on the Billboard Hot 100 . Bieber released his debut studio album My World 2.0 in 2010 . It debuted at number one in several countries and contained the worldwide hit single Baby , which was certified 12x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Following his debut album and promotional tours , he released his 3D biopic-concert film Justin Bieber : Never Say Never . In years after the releases of the Under the Mistletoe ( 2011 ) and Believe ( 2012 ) , Bieber had several run-ins with the law internationally before his first arrest in 2014 , including when he was accused of reckless driving in his neighbourhood in 2012 , and charged in Brazil with vandalism in 2013 . More than 270,000 people petitioned the White House seeking to have him deported from the United States . Although the number of signatures received was sufficient to require a response under published White House guidelines , the Obama Administration declined substantive comment on the petition . Following the controversies surrounding Bieber , his sound became more mature as he transitioned into EDM and drifted away from teen pop . Released in 2015 , his fourth studio album Purpose became his most critically and commercially successful album , spawning three Billboard Hot 100 number one singles : What Do You Mean ? , Sorry , and Love Yourself . It was nominated for Album of the Year at the 59th Grammy Awards ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 December 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Timber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timber_(Pitbull_song)', 'summary': "Timber is a song by American rapper Pitbull featuring American singer Kesha . The song was released on October 6 , 2013 , as the lead single from Pitbull 's extended play ( EP ) Meltdown EP . The song was produced by Dr. Luke , Cirkut , and Sermstyle , with additional production by Nick Seeley . The song interpolates Lee Oskar 's 1978 single San Francisco Bay and features harmonica player Paul Harrington , who plays through the entire song and was told to emulate Oskar . The song peaked at No . 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks and also topped the charts in many other countries , including Canada ( where it stood at No . 1 for eight consecutive weeks ) , Denmark , Germany , the Netherlands , and the United Kingdom . According to the IFPI , the song sold 12.6 million units worldwide in 2014 , including single-track downloads and track-equivalent streams , becoming the sixth best-selling song of that year . As of 2019 , the song has now sold 19.1 million copies worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'Pitbull featuring Kesha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitbull_(rapper)', 'summary': "Armando Christian Pérez ( born January 15 , 1981 ) , known professionally as Pitbull , is an American rapper , singer , songwriter and record producer . Pérez began his career in the early 2000s , recording reggaeton , latin hip hop and crunk music under a multitude of labels . In 2004 , he released his debut album M.I.A.M.I . under TVT Records and the executive production of Lil Jon . Pitbull later released his second album El Mariel , in 2006 and his third , The Boatlift , in 2007 . His fourth album , Rebelution ( 2009 ) , included his breakthrough hit single I Know You Want Me ( Calle Ocho ) , which peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the UK Singles Chart . After rebranding himself as a pop artist , Pitbull 's next English-language album , Planet Pit , featured his first US number one single Give Me Everything . His 2013 track from Global Warming : Meltdown , titled Timber , topped the charts in twenty nations , and hit # 1 in fifteen countries , including the US and UK . He performed the song We Are One ( Ole Ola ) along with Jennifer Lopez and Claudia Leitte , which served as the official theme of the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Pitbull 's music has sold over 100 million records worldwide , as well as number # 1 singles in 15 different countries . Pitbull 's other ventures include brand ambassadorship and for various entities , activism and philanthropy in the Latino American community , and a radio station ( Pitbull 's Globalization ) on Sirius XM Radio . As of May 2019 , Pitbull has won 35 Billboard Latin Music Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kesha', 'summary': "Kesha Rose Sebert ( /ˈkɛʃə ˈsiːbərt/ ; [ citation needed ] born March 1 , 1987 ) , known mononymously as Kesha ( formerly stylized Ke $ ha ) , is an American singer , songwriter and rapper . In 2005 , at age 18 , Kesha was signed to Kemosabe Records . Her first major success came in early 2009 after she was featured on American rapper Flo Rida 's number-one single Right Round . Kesha 's music and image propelled her to immediate success . She has earned two number-one albums on the US Billboard 200 with Animal ( 2010 ) and Rainbow ( 2017 ) , and the number-six record Warrior ( 2012 ) . She has attained ten top-ten singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 , including Blah Blah Blah , Your Love Is My Drug , Take It Off , Blow , Die Young , My First Kiss with 3OH ! 3 , and the chart-topping Tik Tok , We R Who We R , Right Round with Flo Rida , and Timber with Pitbull . Tik Tok , at one point , was the best-selling digital single in history , selling over 16.5 million units internationally . As of November 2019 , the song has sold over 25 million copies . In 2020 , Kesha released her fourth studio album High Road . She has also written songs for other artists , including Till the World Ends for Britney Spears ( 2011 ) . Kesha 's career was halted between Warrior and Rainbow due to a legal dispute with her former producer Dr. Luke , which has been ongoing since 2014 . A series of lawsuits , known collectively as Kesha v. Dr. Luke , were exchanged between the two parties in which Kesha accused him of physical , sexual , and emotional abuse and employment discrimination against her , while Dr. Luke claims breach of contract and defamation by Kesha ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 February 2014', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Soundtrack -- Downloadable content', 'section_text': 'Additional songs and routines for Just Dance 2014 were released as downloadable content . Some DLC songs were re-issues of songs released as DLC for previous editions . The game offers downloadable content songs for the player to download . One of them is free of charge .', 'uid': 'Just_Dance_2014_1', 'intro': "Just Dance 2014 is a dance video game developed by Ubisoft Paris, in collaboration with Ubisoft Milan, Ubisoft Reflections, Ubisoft Bucharest, Ubisoft Pune and Ubisoft Montpellier. The fifth main installment in the Just Dance series (which as of February 2019[update] ranged from Just Dance of 2009 to Just Dance 2019), it was announced at Ubisoft's E3 2013 press event, and released for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, and Wii U on 9 October 2013, and for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One as launch titles on 15 November and 22 November 2013 respectively. The game introduced several new features to the franchise, including expanded second screen support for Wii U and Xbox platforms, the ability to record and share video clips of gameplay on supported platforms, and online multiplayer through the World Dance Floor mode."}	null	null	The song American Girl was by a singer born in what year ?	1984
076d0173a9bd4832	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_in_video_games', 'title': '1995 in video games', 'header': ['Release', 'Title', 'System', 'Developer / Publisher'], 'data': [{'value': 'January 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle Arena Toshinden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_Arena_Toshinden', 'summary': "Battle Arena Toshinden ( バトルアリーナ闘神伝 , Batoru Arīna Tōshinden ) is a weapons-based fighting game developed by Tamsoft and published by Takara and Sony Computer Entertainment in 1995-1996 for the PlayStation , Sega Saturn , Game Boy , and MS-DOS . It was one of the first fighting games to boast polygonal characters in a 3D environment , and features a sidestep maneuver which is credited for taking the genre into true 3D . The game was announced as a PlayStation exclusive , with Sony initially promoting it as a Saturn killer ( against Sega 's Virtua Fighter ) , but it was ported to the Saturn with additional features less than a year later . Once fighting games like Tekken started emerging , Battle Arena Toshinden declined in popularity , but still spawned a series of sequels . It was the first 3D weapons fighter , and was succeeded in spirit by Soul Edge and other games of the genre ."}]}, {'value': 'PS1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamsoft / SCEA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamsoft', 'summary': "Tamsoft Corporation ( 株式会社タムソフト , Kabushiki Gaisha Tamu Sofuto ) is a Japanese video game developer , founded on 26 June 1992 . Some of their most popular games were released for Sony 's PlayStation console , including the Battle Arena Toshinden series , early Choro Q games and Guardian 's Crusade . Tamsoft has also worked on the PlayStation 2 port of Sega 's Virtua Tennis 2 and Itadaki Street 3 for Enix , as well as several games in D3 Publisher 's Simple 2000 series . Some other famous series are Dream Club , OneeChanbara and Senran Kagura ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment', 'summary': "Sony Interactive Entertainment ( SIE ) is a multinational video game and digital entertainment company that is a wholly owned subsidiary of Japanese conglomerate Sony Corporation , managed through Sony 's American hub , Sony Corporation of America . Its main headquarters is Sony Interactive Entertainment LLC ( SIE LLC ) , based in San Mateo , California , United States , while Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc. ( SIE Inc. ) is based in Tokyo , Japan . SIE Inc. was founded as Sony Computer Entertainment ( SCE ) in Tokyo in November 1993 to handle Sony 's venture into video game development for the PlayStation systems , while SIE LLC was founded in San Mateo in April 2016 . Since the launch of the original PlayStation console in 1994 , the company has been developing PlayStation home video game consoles , accessories and services lineup . Expanding into North America and Europe , the company quickly became Sony 's main resource for research and development in video games and interactive entertainment . In April 2016 , SCE and Sony Network Entertainment International was restructured and reorganized into Sony Interactive Entertainment , carrying over the operations and primary objectives from both companies . The same year , SIE moved its headquarters from Tokyo to San Mateo , California . Sony Interactive Entertainment handles the research and development , production , and sales of both hardware and software for the PlayStation video game systems . SIE is also a developer and publisher of video game titles , and operates several subsidiaries in Sony 's largest markets : North America , Europe and Asia . By August 2018 , the company had sold more than 525 million PlayStation consoles worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'January 13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bust-a-Move', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bust-a-Move', 'summary': "Puzzle Bobble ( also known as Bust-a-Move in North America ) is a 1994 tile-matching arcade puzzle video game for one or two players created by Taito Corporation . It is based on Taito 's popular 1986 arcade game Bubble Bobble , featuring characters and themes from that game . Its characteristically cute Japanese animation and music , along with its play mechanics and level designs , made it successful as an arcade title and spawned several sequels and ports to home gaming systems . The characters and theme of the game are based on the 1986 arcade game Bubble Bobble . An arrangement of the original Bubble Bobble background music is played in the game 's end credits ."}]}, {'value': 'SNES', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taito', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taito', 'summary': 'Taito Corporation ( 株式会社タイトー , Kabushiki gaisha Taitō ) is a Japanese company that specializes in video games , toys , arcade cabinets and game centers , based out of Shinjuku , Tokyo . The company was founded by Michael Kogan in 1953 as the Taito Trading Company , importing vodka , vending machines and jukeboxes into Japan . It would begin production of video games in 1973 . In 2005 , Taito was purchased by Square Enix , becoming a wholly owned subsidiary by 2006 . Taito is recognized as an important player in the early days of video games , producing several hit games such as Space Invaders , Bubble Bobble , Arkanoid , and Darius . Alongside Konami , Namco and Sega , it is one of the most prominent video game companies from Japan and the first that exported its games into other countries . Several of its games have since been recognized as important and revolutionary for the industry - Space Invaders in particular was a major contributor to the growth of video games in the mid-1970s , and the aliens featured in the games are seen as iconic emblems within the video game industry . The company maintains a chain of arcade centers , known as Game Taito Stations , across Japan , alongside being a manufacturer of toys , plush dolls and UFO-catcher prizes . It is currently housed in Shinjuku Bunka Quint Building in Yoyogi , Shibuya , the same building as parent company Square Enix .'}]}, {'value': 'February 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Star Wars : Dark Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Star_Wars:_Dark_Forces', 'summary': "Star Wars : Dark Forces is a first-person shooter video game developed and published by LucasArts as part of the Star Wars : Jedi Knight series . It was released in 1995 for MS-DOS and Macintosh , and in 1996 for the PlayStation . The storyline is set in the Star Wars fictional universe and follows the player character Kyle Katarn , a mercenary working on behalf of the Rebel Alliance . He discovers the Empire 's Dark Trooper Project , which involves the development of a series of powerful new battle droids and power-armored stormtroopers . Dark Forces uses the Jedi game engine , which was developed specifically for the game . The engine adds gameplay features that were uncommon to the first-person shooter genre at the time of release , including level designs with multiple floors , and the ability to look up and down . Critics gave very favorable reviews to the PC versions , which were praised for the level design and technological advances . The PlayStation version was criticized for having poor graphics and slow frame rates , reducing playability . A sequel , Star Wars Jedi Knight : Dark Forces II , followed in 1997 ."}]}, {'value': 'DOS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LucasArts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LucasArts', 'summary': "LucasArts Entertainment Company , LLC , doing business as Lucasfilm Games , is an American licensor . Until 2013 , it was also a video game developer and publisher . LucasArts is best known for its graphic adventure games , as well as games based on the Star Wars and Indiana Jones franchises . Its headquarters are in San Francisco , California . It was founded in May 1982 by George Lucas as Lucasfilm Games , the video game development group of his film company , Lucasfilm . Lucas initially served as the company 's chairman . During a 1990 reorganization of Lucas companies , the Lucasfilm Games division was renamed LucasArts . LucasArts was acquired by The Walt Disney Company through the acquisition of its parent company Lucasfilm in 2012 . On April 3 , 2013 , Disney halted all internal development at LucasArts and laid off most of its staff . However , LucasArts remained open so that it could retain its function as a licensor . Development of games based on the Star Wars license will be carried out by Electronic Arts , through an exclusive license , for the core gaming market . Disney Interactive Studios retained the ability to develop , and LucasArts retained the ability to license the franchise for the casual gaming market ."}]}, {'value': 'February 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ristar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ristar', 'summary': "Ristar [ a ] is a platform game developed and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis , which released worldwide in February 1995 . A Sega Game Gear game of the same name and genre , Ristar , was also released , which shared similar themes , while possessing different level design and gameplay mechanics . The game stars an anthropomorphic cartoon star who uses his hands and long , stretchable arms to both move and combat enemies . Reception for the game has been generally positive , but the game 's initial release was overshadowed due to the imminent ending of the Genesis 's lifecycle and the succession of the Sega Saturn and other fifth generation video game consoles . While never receiving any sequels , Sega has re-released the game a number of times digitally and on Sega-themed compilations , including the Sega Forever line of releases for mobile devices . The character has additionally received various cameos in other Sega properties as well ."}]}, {'value': 'SMD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sonic Team / Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sonic_Team', 'summary': "Sonic Team [ a ] is a video game developer housed within the Japanese video game company Sega as part of its Sega CS Research and Development No . 2 [ b ] division . Sonic Team is best known for the long-running Sonic the Hedgehog series and games such as Nights into Dreams and Phantasy Star Online . The initial team , formed in 1990 , was composed of staff from Sega 's Consumer Development division , including programmer Yuji Naka , artist Naoto Ohshima , and level designer Hirokazu Yasuhara . The team took the name Sonic Team in 1991 with the release of their first game , Sonic the Hedgehog , for the Sega Genesis . The game was a major success and contributed to millions of Genesis sales . The next Sonic games were developed by Naka and Yasuhara in America at Sega Technical Institute , while Ohshima worked on Sonic CD in Japan . Naka returned to Japan in late 1994 to become the head of CS3 , later renamed R & D No . 8 . During this time , the division took on the Sonic Team brand but developed games that do not feature Sonic , such as Nights into Dreams ( 1996 ) and Burning Rangers ( 1998 ) . Following the release of Sonic Adventure in 1998 , some Sonic Team staff moved to the United States to form Sonic Team USA and develop Sonic Adventure 2 ( 2001 ) . With Sega 's divestiture of its studios into separate companies , R & D No ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'February 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Front Mission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Front_Mission_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Front Mission ( フロントミッション , Furonto Misshon ) is a tactical role-playing game developed by G-Craft and published by Squaresoft , and was released in Japan on February 24 , 1995 for the Super Famicom . Front Mission is the first main entry and the first entry overall in the Front Mission series . Front Mission is part of a serialized storyline that follows the stories of various characters and their struggles involving mecha known as wanzers . A direct port of the game was released for the WonderSwan Color in Japan on July 12 , 2002 . A port of the game developed by Square Enix Co. , Ltd. was released for the PlayStation in Japan on October 23 , 2003 , titled Front Mission First ( フロントミッションザ・ファスト ) . It included new content and offered a new USN scenario to play through . The PlayStation version was then ported to the Nintendo DS with more additional content and was released in Japan on March 22 , 2007 . Only the Nintendo DS port , renamed as Front Mission , was released in North America on October 23 , 2007 . This release marked the third time that a Front Mission title was localized and published outside Japan . It was released as a PSOne Classic in Japan on November 12 , 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'SNES', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G-Craft\\ Squaresoft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Squaresoft', 'summary': "Square Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社スクウェア , Kabushiki-gaisha Sukuwea ) was a Japanese video game company founded in September 1986 by Masafumi Miyamoto . It merged with Enix in 2003 to form Square Enix . The company also used SquareSoft as a brand name to refer to their games , and the term is occasionally used to refer to the company itself . In addition , Square Soft , Inc was the name of the company 's American arm before the merger , after which it was renamed to Square Enix , Inc ."}]}, {'value': 'March 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Panzer Dragoon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panzer_Dragoon', 'summary': "Panzer Dragoon ( Japanese : パンツァードラグーン , Hepburn : Pantsā Doragūn ) is a series of video games by Sega , created first by its internal Team Andromeda and later , the Smilebit development team . Aside from the role-playing video game Panzer Dragoon Saga , the games are of the rail shooter genre . All games follow the story of a lone hero or heroine fighting an evil empire in a post apocalyptic world , while riding a dragon . The series ' name originates from its original concept designers referring to it as armoured dragon , then feeling that this was too bland and deciding to transliterate it to German . The series ' cutscenes feature its own language Panzerese , which is based on Ancient Greek , Latin and Russian . Words in these languages were a hobby of Yukio Futatsugi , one of the core designers of the first game . Sega announced in December 2018 that Panzer Dragoon and Panzer Dragoon II are getting high definition remakes , and confirmed at E3 2019 that they would be released on the Nintendo Switch . The remake of the first Panzer Dragoon game is slated for a worldwide release in winter 2020 . The remake of Panzer Dragoon II does not have a release date as of October 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Andromeda \\ Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Team_Andromeda', 'summary': "Sega Sports R & D ( also known as Sega Sports Japan ) was a Japanese video game development division of Sega . The studio was responsible for creating and producing the Let 's Make a , 90 Minutes , Sega Worldwide Soccer , Virtua Pro Football , and Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games series . In 2016 , the division was merged with CS1 R & D and ceased to exist . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'March 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chrono Trigger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chrono_Trigger', 'summary': "Chrono Trigger [ a ] is a 1995 role-playing video game developed and published by Square for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System that began the Chrono series . Chrono Trigger 's development team included three designers that Square dubbed the Dream Team : Hironobu Sakaguchi , the creator of Square 's successful Final Fantasy series ; Yuji Horii , a freelance designer and creator of Enix 's popular Dragon Quest series ; and Akira Toriyama , a manga artist famed for his work with Dragon Quest and Dragon Ball . In addition , Kazuhiko Aoki produced the game , Masato Kato wrote most of the story , while composer Yasunori Mitsuda wrote most of the soundtrack before falling ill and deferring the remaining tracks to Final Fantasy series composer Nobuo Uematsu . The game 's story follows a group of adventurers who travel through time to prevent a global catastrophe . Chrono Trigger was a critical and commercial success upon release , and is frequently cited as one of the greatest video games of all time . Nintendo Power magazine described aspects of Chrono Trigger as revolutionary , including its multiple endings , plot-related side-quests focusing on character development , unique battle system , and detailed graphics . Chrono Trigger was the third best-selling game of 1995 in Japan , and shipped 2.65 million copies worldwide by March 2003 . Square released a ported version by Tose in Japan for the PlayStation in 1999 , which was later repackaged with a Final Fantasy IV port as Final Fantasy Chronicles ( 2001 ) for the North American market . A slightly enhanced Chrono Trigger , again ported by Tose , was released for the Nintendo DS in North America and Japan in 2008 , and PAL regions in 2009 . The Nintendo DS version sold 790,000 copies by March 2009 , after about a year of sales . Chrono Trigger has also been ported to i-mode mobile phones , the Virtual Console , the PlayStation Network , iOS devices , Android devices , and Microsoft Windows ."}]}, {'value': 'SNES', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Square', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Square_(video_game_company)', 'summary': "Square Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社スクウェア , Kabushiki-gaisha Sukuwea ) was a Japanese video game company founded in September 1986 by Masafumi Miyamoto . It merged with Enix in 2003 to form Square Enix . The company also used SquareSoft as a brand name to refer to their games , and the term is occasionally used to refer to the company itself . In addition , Square Soft , Inc was the name of the company 's American arm before the merger , after which it was renamed to Square Enix , Inc ."}]}, {'value': 'March 14', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Mario 's Picross", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Mario's_Picross", 'summary': "Mario 's Picross [ a ] is a 1995 puzzle video game for the Game Boy . Developed by Jupiter and Ape and published by Nintendo , it is a compilation of nonogram logic puzzles . The game stars Mario who chisels away at puzzle grids to form pictures . The game initially received positive reviews , with reviewers citing its length and addictive nature as a positive , but its grid sizes and absence of typical Mario elements as a negative . Although the game sold well in Japan , the game flopped in English-speaking regions . As a result of this , the game was followed by two sequels , Mario 's Super Picross and Picross 2 , released only in Japan . The next Picross game published by Nintendo to be released in English-speaking regions would be Picross DS in 2007 , twelve years later . Due to its limited sales , the game is somewhat of a cult classic . The game is also available on the Nintendo 3DS through its Virtual Console service ."}]}, {'value': 'GB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jupiter \\ Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jupiter_(company)', 'summary': 'Jupiter Corporation is a Japanese video game and hardware development studio that focuses on handheld consoles . It is based in Kyoto , though they have a secondary branch in Tokyo . Jupiters motto is Lets Play ! Lets Smile !'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'March 17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Descent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Descent_(video_game)', 'summary': "Descent is a first-person shooter ( FPS ) game developed by Parallax Software and released by Interplay Productions in 1995 for MS-DOS , and later for Macintosh , PlayStation , and Acorn Archimedes . It popularized a subgenre of FPS games employing six degrees of freedom and was the first FPS to feature entirely true-3D graphics . The player is cast as a mercenary hired to eliminate the threat of a mysterious extraterrestrial computer virus infecting off-world mining robots . In a series of mines throughout the Solar System , the protagonist pilots a spaceship and must locate and destroy the mine 's power reactor and escape being caught in the mine 's self-destruction , defeating opposing robots along the way . Players can play online and compete in either deathmatches or cooperate to take on the robots . Descent was a commercial success . Together with its sequel , it sold over 1.1 million units as of 1998 and was critically acclaimed . Commentators and reviewers compared it to Doom and praised its unrestrained range of motion and full 3D graphics . The combination of traditional first-person shooter mechanics with that of a space flight simulator was also well received . Complaints tended to focus on the frequency for the player to become disoriented and the potential to induce motion sickness . The game 's success spawned expansion packs and the sequels Descent II ( 1996 ) and Descent 3 ( 1999 ) . It also led to the crowdfunding of Descent , a prequel to the original game ."}]}, {'value': 'DOS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parallax Software', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parallax_Software', 'summary': 'Deep Silver Volition , LLC ( formerly Parallax Software Corporation and Volition , Inc. ) is an American video game developer based in Champaign , Illinois . The company was founded as Parallax Software in June 1993 by Mike Kulas and Matt Toschlog , and developed Descent and Descent II . The company split in two , wherein Toschlog founded Outrage Entertainment , while Kulas stayed with Parallax , which was renamed Volition in November 1996 . Volition was acquired by THQ in August 2000 , and when THQ filed for bankruptcy and had its assets sold off , Volition changed hands to Deep Silver in January 2013 . Volition is best known for its Red Faction and Saints Row series of games .'}]}, {'value': 'March 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Kirby 's Dream Land 2", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Kirby's_Dream_Land_2", 'summary': "Kirby 's Dream Land 2 [ a ] is a side-scrolling platforming video game developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy handheld video game console . It was released in Japan on March 21 , 1995 , and in North America on May 1 , 1995 . It was released in Europe on July 31 , 1995 . Kirby 's Dream Land 2 continues the adventures of Kirby from Kirby 's Dream Land and Kirby 's Adventure , adding three animal friends to aid Kirby in battle . It can be played on the Super Game Boy , and gives slight changes to the game , such as adding a custom color scheme , a special game border , and a few new sound effects . Kirby 's Dream Land 2 was slated to be remade for the Game Boy Color as Kirby 's Dream Land 2 DX , but was cancelled along with Metroid II : Return of Samus DX . The original game was re-released on the 3DS Virtual Console in Japan on February 15 , 2012 , in PAL regions in May 17 , 2012 , and in North America on August 1 , 2013 . Kirby 's Dream Land 2 is also included in the Kirby 20th Anniversary Wii disc Kirby 's Dream Collection ."}]}, {'value': 'GB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HAL Laboratory \\ Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HAL_Laboratory', 'summary': 'HAL Laboratory , Inc. is a Japanese video game developer founded on February 21 , 1980 . While it is officially independent , it has been closely affiliated with Nintendo throughout its history . The company is headquartered in Chiyoda , Tokyo , and it also has a building at Kai , Yamanashi . The company got its name because each letter put them one step ahead of IBM . The company is most famous for their work on the Kirby and Mother series , as well as the first Super Smash Bros. game . The logo , Inutamago ( Japanese : 犬たまご Dog Eggs ) depicts a dog incubating eggs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'March 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mega Man 7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mega_Man_7', 'summary': 'Mega Man 7 [ a ] is a platform video game by Capcom for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . It is the seventh game in the original Mega Man series . The game was released in Japan on March 24 , 1995 and was localized later in the year in North America and Europe . Picking up 6 months after the events of Mega Man 6 , the plot involves the protagonist Mega Man once again attempting to stop the evil Dr. Wily , who uses a new set of Robot Masters to free himself from captivity and begin wreaking havoc on the world . Along with some help from his old friends , Mega Man finds potential allies in the mysterious robot pair Bass and Treble , who are later revealed to be in league with Wily . In terms of gameplay , Mega Man 7 follows the same classic action and platforming introduced in the 8-bit Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) titles , but updates the graphics and sound of the series for the more powerful SNES . According to its creators , Mega Man 7 was only in development for a short time before its release . Keiji Inafune , a noted character designer and illustrator for the franchise , handed off his duties to Hayato Kaji for this installment . Mega Man 7 has received an overall average critical reception . Although many considered it a competent game by itself , a majority of reviewers either called it a simple rehash of previous entries in the Mega Man saga , or considered it inferior to Mega Man X , released on the SNES over a year earlier .'}]}, {'value': 'SNES', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capcom', 'summary': "Capcom Co. , Ltd. ( Japanese : 株式会社カプコン , Hepburn : Kabushiki-gaisha Kapukon ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher known for creating numerous multi-million selling game franchises , including Mega Man , Street Fighter , Resident Evil , Devil May Cry , Onimusha , Dino Crisis , Dead Rising , Sengoku Basara , Ghosts ' n Goblins , Monster Hunter , Breath of Fire , and Ace Attorney as well as games based on Disney animated properties . Established in 1979 , it has become an international enterprise with subsidiaries in North America , Europe , and Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'April 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mortal Kombat 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mortal_Kombat_3', 'summary': 'Mortal Kombat 3 is a fighting video game developed by Midway / Atari Games and first released into arcades in 1995 as the third game in the Mortal Kombat series . As in the previous games , it has a cast of characters that players choose from and guide through a series of battles against other opponents . The game avoids the tournament storyline of its predecessors , as various warriors instead fight against the returning Shao Kahn , who has resurrected his bride Sindel and started an invasion of Earthrealm . The third installment of the Mortal Kombat series retains the notorious extreme depictions of violence that defined the series . It also introduces new types of the finishing moves , including Animalities . Other features new to the series were combos , predefined sequences used to perform a series of consecutive attacks . A Run button was also added , allowing players to briefly dash toward the opponent , as were Kombat Kodes , an unlockable content system using various symbols that can be entered before two-player matches to achieve certain effects . Some characters from the previous games returned and new characters were introduced into the series . Mortal Kombat 3 notably omitted popular characters from previous games , some of whom were added in an update , Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 , released later in 1995 . The PC and home console-exclusive Mortal Kombat Trilogy ( 1996 ) added even more characters , as well as other new features .'}]}, {'value': 'Arcade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcade_game', 'summary': 'An arcade game or coin-op game is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in public businesses such as restaurants , bars and amusement arcades . Most arcade games are video games , pinball machines , electro-mechanical games , redemption games or merchandisers . While exact dates are debated , the golden age of arcade video games is usually defined as a period beginning sometime in the late 1970s and ending sometime in the mid-1980s . Excluding a brief resurgence in the early 1990s , the arcade industry subsequently declined in the Western hemisphere as competing home video game consoles such as the Sony PlayStation and Microsoft Xbox increased in their graphics and game-play capability and decreased in cost . The Eastern Hemisphere retains a strong arcade industry .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jumping Flash !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jumping_Flash!', 'summary': "Jumping Flash ! [ a ] is a first-person platform video game co-developed by Exact and Ultra and published by Sony Computer Entertainment . The first installment in the Jumping Flash ! series , it was first released for the PlayStation on 28 April 1995 in Japan , 29 September 1995 in Europe and 1 November 1995 in North America . It was re-released through the PlayStation Network store on PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable in 2007 . Presented in a first-person perspective , the game follows a robotic rabbit named Robbit as he searches for missing jet pods scattered by the game 's astrophysicist antagonist character Baron Aloha . Robbit must explore each section of Crater Planet to retrieve all of the jet pods , stop Aloha and save the world from being destroyed . The game was designed as a technology demonstrator for the PlayStation console and was revealed in early 1994 under the provisional title of Spring Man . Jumping Flash ! utilises much of the game engine used in Geograph Seal , an earlier game by Exact for the Sharp X68000 home computer . Jumping Flash ! has been described as an ancestor of as well as an early showcase for 3D graphics in console gaming ."}]}, {'value': 'PS1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exact/ SCEA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment_America', 'summary': "Sony Interactive Entertainment ( SIE ) is a multinational video game and digital entertainment company that is a wholly owned subsidiary of Japanese conglomerate Sony Corporation , managed through Sony 's American hub , Sony Corporation of America . Its main headquarters is Sony Interactive Entertainment LLC ( SIE LLC ) , based in San Mateo , California , United States , while Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc. ( SIE Inc. ) is based in Tokyo , Japan . SIE Inc. was founded as Sony Computer Entertainment ( SCE ) in Tokyo in November 1993 to handle Sony 's venture into video game development for the PlayStation systems , while SIE LLC was founded in San Mateo in April 2016 . Since the launch of the original PlayStation console in 1994 , the company has been developing PlayStation home video game consoles , accessories and services lineup . Expanding into North America and Europe , the company quickly became Sony 's main resource for research and development in video games and interactive entertainment . In April 2016 , SCE and Sony Network Entertainment International was restructured and reorganized into Sony Interactive Entertainment , carrying over the operations and primary objectives from both companies . The same year , SIE moved its headquarters from Tokyo to San Mateo , California . Sony Interactive Entertainment handles the research and development , production , and sales of both hardware and software for the PlayStation video game systems . SIE is also a developer and publisher of video game titles , and operates several subsidiaries in Sony 's largest markets : North America , Europe and Asia . By August 2018 , the company had sold more than 525 million PlayStation consoles worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'April 28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Bomberman 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Bomberman_3', 'summary': 'Super Bomberman 3 [ a ] is a game released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1995 . It is the third game in the Bomberman series for the system . Just like Fifa International Soccer , up to five players can play at the same time . The game was released in Japan and the PAL region , but not in North America .'}]}, {'value': 'SNES', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hudson Soft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_Soft', 'summary': 'Hudson Soft Co. , Ltd ( 株式会社ハドソン , Kabushiki gaisha Hadoson ) was a Japanese video game company that released numerous games for video game consoles , home computers and mobile phones , mainly from the 1980s to the 2000s . It was headquartered in the Midtown Tower in Tokyo Midtown , Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo , Japan , with an additional office in the Hudson Building in Sapporo . Hudson Soft was founded on May 18 , 1973 . Initially , it dealt with personal computer products , but later expanded to the development and publishing of video games , mobile content , video game peripherals and music recording . Primarily a video game publisher , it internally developed many of the video games it released while outsourcing others to external companies . It is known for series such as Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bloody Roar , and Bonk . Hudson also developed video games released by other publishers such as the Mario Party series from Nintendo . Hudson Soft made the TurboGrafx-16 in association with NEC , to compete against Nintendo , Sega , and SNK , while continuing making games on other platforms , as a third-party developer . Hudson Soft ceased to exist as a company on March 1 , 2012 , and merged with Konami Digital Entertainment , which was the surviving entity . Konami owns the assets of Hudson and has since rereleased its video game back catalogue on different occasions .'}]}, {'value': 'April 30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Full Throttle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Full_Throttle_(1995_video_game)', 'summary': "Full Throttle is a graphic adventure video game developed by LucasArts and designed by Tim Schafer . The game was released on April 20 , 1995 , for MS-DOS , Microsoft Windows and Mac OS . It was Schafer 's first game as project lead and head writer and designer , after having worked on other LucasArts titles including The Secret of Monkey Island ( 1990 ) , Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge ( 1991 ) , and Day of the Tentacle ( 1993 ) . Set in the near future , the game 's story follows Ben , the leader of a biker gang , who is framed for the murder of a beloved motorcycle manufacturing mogul and seeks to clear his and his gang 's names . A remastered version of the game was developed by Double Fine Productions and was released in April 2017 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita . Full Throttle was LucasArts ' eleventh adventure game overall and the tenth to use the company 's in-house game engine , SCUMM . It featured full motion video and action sequences , using LucasArts ' INSANE animation engine , which was previously utilized in Star Wars : Rebel Assault II : The Hidden Empire . It was the first LucasArts game to be released for Microsoft Windows and the first to be distributed only on CD-ROM . It also introduced a contextual pie menu through which the player controls interactions with objects and characters . In contrast to other computer games of the era , which mostly relied on in-house talent for their voice acting , Full Throttle used mostly professional voice actors , including Roy Conrad as Ben , Mark Hamill as the villainous Adrian Ripburger , Hamilton Camp as the elderly Malcolm Corley , and Kath Soucie as Ben 's ally Maureen . It was one of the few LucasArts games to use licensed music , featuring songs by San Francisco-area rock band The Gone Jackals ."}]}, {'value': 'DOS , Win , Mac', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LucasArts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LucasArts', 'summary': "LucasArts Entertainment Company , LLC , doing business as Lucasfilm Games , is an American licensor . Until 2013 , it was also a video game developer and publisher . LucasArts is best known for its graphic adventure games , as well as games based on the Star Wars and Indiana Jones franchises . Its headquarters are in San Francisco , California . It was founded in May 1982 by George Lucas as Lucasfilm Games , the video game development group of his film company , Lucasfilm . Lucas initially served as the company 's chairman . During a 1990 reorganization of Lucas companies , the Lucasfilm Games division was renamed LucasArts . LucasArts was acquired by The Walt Disney Company through the acquisition of its parent company Lucasfilm in 2012 . On April 3 , 2013 , Disney halted all internal development at LucasArts and laid off most of its staff . However , LucasArts remained open so that it could retain its function as a licensor . Development of games based on the Star Wars license will be carried out by Electronic Arts , through an exclusive license , for the core gaming market . Disney Interactive Studios retained the ability to develop , and LucasArts retained the ability to license the franchise for the casual gaming market ."}]}, {'value': 'May 25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Light Crusader', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Light_Crusader', 'summary': 'Light Crusader [ a ] is an action-adventure game developed by Treasure and published by Sega for their Sega Genesis console in 1995 . The game was ported to Microsoft Windows in 2010 . It was also included on the Sega Genesis Mini in North America and Sega Mega Drive Mini in PAL regions . It is similar in gameplay to Landstalker : The Treasures of King Nole , blending role-playing video game , action-adventure and platform video game elements in much the same way .'}]}, {'value': 'SMD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Treasure \\ Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Treasure_(company)', 'summary': "Treasure Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese video game developer based in Tokyo known for its action , platform , and shoot 'em up games . The company was founded in 1992 by former Konami employees seeking to explore original game concepts and free themselves from Konami 's reliance on sequels . Their first game , Gunstar Heroes ( 1993 ) on the Sega Genesis , was a critical success and established a creative and action-oriented design style that would continue to characterize their output . Treasure 's philosophy in game development has always been to make games they enjoy , not necessarily those that have the greatest commercial viability . Treasure grew a cult following for their action games developed during the 1990s , and though initially exclusive to Sega platforms , they expanded to other platforms in 1997 . The company earned recognition from critics , being called one of the best Japanese indie studios and 2D game developers . The company 's output decreased in the 2010s , with their last release being Gaist Crusher God in 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'May', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'King Arthur & the Knights of Justice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_Arthur_&_the_Knights_of_Justice_(video_game)', 'summary': 'King Arthur & the Knights of Justice is an action-adventure game developed by Manley & Associates and published by Enix for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in May 1995 . Based on the cartoon series of the same title , which was loosely inspired by the Arthurian legend , the game was released in North America exclusively . The player takes on the role of a team of American football players who are transported to Medieval England and given the mission to save King Arthur and destroy the evil sorceress Morgana and her army . The game was the first Enix title developed by an American company , and was inspired in-part by The Legend of Zelda . It was received with reviews ranging from mediocre to extremely poor .'}]}, {'value': 'SNES', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enix', 'summary': "Enix Corporation ( 株式会社エニックス , Kabushiki-gaisha Enikkusu ) was a Japanese video game publisher that produced video games , anime and manga . Enix is known for publishing the Dragon Quest series of role-playing video games . The company was founded by Yasuhiro Fukushima on September 22 , 1975 , as Eidansha Boshu Service Center ( 株式会社営団社募集サービスセンター , Kabushiki Gaisha Eidansha Boshū Sābisu Sentā ) . The name Enix is a play on the words phoenix , a mythical bird that is reborn from its own ashes , and ENIAC , the world 's first digital computer . The company merged with rival Square in 2003 to form Square Enix ."}]}, {'value': 'June 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EarthBound', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EarthBound', 'summary': "EarthBound ( known as Mother 2 in Japan ) [ nb 1 ] is a role-playing video game developed by Ape Inc. and HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . The second entry in the Mother series , it was first released in Japan in August 1994 , and in North America in June 1995 . As Ness and his party of four , the player travels the world to collect melodies from eight Sanctuaries in order to defeat the evil alien force Giygas . EarthBound had a lengthy development period that spanned five years . Its returning staff from Mother ( 1989 ) included writer/director Shigesato Itoi and lead programmer Satoru Iwata , as well as composers Keiichi Suzuki and Hirokazu Tanaka , who incorporated a diverse range of styles into the soundtrack , including salsa , reggae , and dub . Most of the other staff members had not worked on the original Mother , and the game came under repeated threats of cancellation until Iwata joined the team . Originally scheduled for release in January 1993 , the game was completed around May 1994 . Themed around an idiosyncratic portrayal of Americana and Western culture , EarthBound subverted popular role-playing game traditions by featuring a real world setting while parodying numerous staples of the genre . Itoi wanted the game to reach non-gamers with its intentionally goofy tone ; for example , the player uses items such as the Pencil Eraser to remove pencil statues , experiences in-game hallucinations , and battles piles of vomit , taxi cabs , and walking nooses . For its American release , the game was marketed with a $ 2 million promotional campaign that sardonically proclaimed this game stinks . Additionally , the game 's puns and humor were reworked by localizer Marcus Lindblom , and the title was changed from Mother 2 to avoid confusion about what it was a sequel to . Initial reviewers had little praise for EarthBound in the United States , where it sold half as many copies as in Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'SNES', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ape , Inc. / Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Creatures_Inc.', 'summary': "Creatures , Inc. ( 株式会社クリーチャーズ , Kabushiki-gaisha Kurīchāzu ) is a Japanese video game development company affiliated with The Pokémon Company . It was founded by Tsunekazu Ishihara in November 1995 , with the assistance of Satoru Iwata , at the time the president of Hal Laboratory , as a successor to Shigesato Itoi 's company Ape Inc . It is well known for producing Pokémon trading card games and toys , as well as developing many video games . Its current president is Hirokazu Tanaka , who was previously known for producing and composing various other Nintendo games . The company has its headquarters in Chiyoda , Tokyo , in proximity to Ichigaya Station ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Street Fighter Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Street_Fighter_Alpha', 'summary': "Street Fighter Alpha : Warriors ' Dreams [ a ] is a 2D 1995 fighting game by Capcom originally released for the arcade for the CP System II hardware . It was the first all new Street Fighter game produced by Capcom since the release of Street Fighter II in 1991 . The working title for the game was Street Fighter Legends . The game introduces several new features , expanding on the Super Combo system previously featured in Super Street Fighter II Turbo , with graphics drawn in a similar cartoonish style to the one Capcom employed in Darkstalkers and X-Men : Children of the Atom . The plot of Street Fighter Alpha is set after the original Street Fighter but before Street Fighter II and thus the game features younger versions of established characters , as well as characters from the original Street Fighter and Final Fight , and a few who are new to the series ."}]}, {'value': 'Arcade', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capcom', 'summary': "Capcom Co. , Ltd. ( Japanese : 株式会社カプコン , Hepburn : Kabushiki-gaisha Kapukon ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher known for creating numerous multi-million selling game franchises , including Mega Man , Street Fighter , Resident Evil , Devil May Cry , Onimusha , Dino Crisis , Dead Rising , Sengoku Basara , Ghosts ' n Goblins , Monster Hunter , Breath of Fire , and Ace Attorney as well as games based on Disney animated properties . Established in 1979 , it has become an international enterprise with subsidiaries in North America , Europe , and Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'June 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flight Unlimited', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flight_Unlimited', 'summary': 'Flight Unlimited is a 1995 aerobatic flight simulator video game developed and published by LookingGlass Technologies . It allows players to pilot reproductions of real-world aircraft and to perform aerobatic maneuvers . They may fly freely , race through floating rings against a timer or take lessons from a virtual flight instructor . The instructor teaches basic and advanced techniques , ranging from rudder turns to maneuvers such as the tailslide , Lomcovák and Immelmann turn . Flight Unlimited was the first self-published game released by Looking Glass Technologies . It was intended to establish the company as a video game publisher and to compete with flight simulator franchises such as Microsoft Flight Simulator . Project leader Seamus Blackley , a particle physicist and amateur pilot , conceived the game in 1992 . He felt that other flight simulators failed to convey the experience of real flight , and he reacted by coding a simulated atmosphere for Flight Unlimited based on real-time computational fluid dynamics . Aerobatic pilot Michael Goulian endorsed the game and assisted the team in making it more true to life . Flight Unlimited received positive reviews from critics and was a commercial success ; its sales exceeded 780,000 copies by 2002 . Reviewers lauded its realism , flight instruction , graphics and sense of flight , but some criticized its high system requirements . The game was followed by two sequels : Flight Unlimited II ( 1997 ) and Flight Unlimited III ( 1999 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'DOS , Win95', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Looking Glass Studios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Looking_Glass_Studios', 'summary': "Looking Glass Studios , Inc. ( formerly Blue Sky Productions and LookingGlass Technologies , Inc. ) was an American video game developer based in Cambridge , Massachusetts . The company was founded by Paul Neurath with Ned Lerner as Blue Sky Productions in 1990 , and merged with Lerner 's Lerner Research in 1992 to become LookingGlass Technologies . Between 1997 and 1999 , the company was part of AverStar , where it was renamed Looking Glass Studios . Following financial issues at Looking Glass , the studio shut down in May 2000. Notable productions by Looking Glass include the Ultima Underworld , System Shock and Thief series ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable releases', 'section_text': 'Video game platforms Ami Commodore Amiga DOS MS-DOS GB Game Boy Neo Neo Geo NeoCD Neo-Geo CD PS1 PlayStation Sat Sega Saturn SMD Sega Genesis / Mega Drive SCD Sega Mega-CD S32X Sega 32X SNES Super Nintendo Entertainment System / Super Famicom Win Microsoft Windows 3DO 3DO Lynx Atari Lynx Jag Atari Jaguar Mac Classic Mac OS / macOS', 'uid': '1995_in_video_gaming_0', 'intro': "1995 has seen many sequels and prequels in video games and several new titles such as Mario's Picross, Chrono Trigger, Mega Man 7, Rayman, Twisted Metal, Star Wars: Dark Forces, Destruction Derby and Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island."}	null	null	The game publisher that merged with Enix in 2003 put out a game title in 1995 that involved storylines involving what type of mecha ?	wanzers
076d3b0dc541873d	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deloitte_Football_Money_League', 'title': 'Deloitte Football Money League', 'header': ['2020 Rank', 'Club', 'Revenue ( € million )', 'Country', '2019 Rank', 'Change'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Barcelona', 'summary': "Futbol Club Barcelona ( Catalan pronunciation : [ fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə ] ( listen ) ) , commonly referred to as Barcelona and colloquially known as Barça ( [ ˈbaɾsə ] ) , is a Spanish professional football club based in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss , Spanish , English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper , the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism , hence the motto Més que un club ( More than a club ) . Unlike many other football clubs , the supporters own and operate Barcelona . It is the fourth-most valuable sports team in the world , worth $ 4.06 billion , and the world 's richest football club in terms of revenue , with an annual turnover of €840,8 million . The official Barcelona anthem is the Cant del Barça , written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs . Domestically , Barcelona has won a record 74 trophies ; 26 La Liga , 30 Copa del Rey , 13 Supercopa de España , 3 Copa Eva Duarte , and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies , as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions . In international club football , the club has won 20 European and worldwide titles ; 5 UEFA Champions League titles , a record 4 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a joint record 5 UEFA Super Cup , a record 3 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , and 3 FIFA Club World Cup . Barcelona was ranked first in the International Federation of Football History & Statistics Club World Ranking for 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid ; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico . Barcelona is one of the most widely supported teams in the world , and the club has one of the largest social media following in the world among sports teams . Barcelona players have won a record number of Ballon d'Or awards ( 12 ) , with recipients including Johan Cruyff , as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards ( 7 ) , with winners including Ronaldo , Romário , Ronaldinho , and Rivaldo . In 2010 , three players who came through the club 's youth academy ( Lionel Messi , Andrés Iniesta , and Xavi ) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school ."}]}, {'value': '840.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF', 'summary': "Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( Spanish pronunciation : [ reˈal maˈðɾið ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol ] ( listen ) , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrid 's members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $ 4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757,3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which consisted of players such as Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time ."}]}, {'value': '757.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manchester United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed the Red Devils , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 . Manchester United have won more trophies than any other club in English football , with a record 20 League titles , 12 FA Cups , five League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . United have also won three UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998-99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the continental European treble . By winning the UEFA Europa League in 2016-17 , they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions . The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . Manchester United was the highest-earning football club in the world for 2016-17 , with an annual revenue of €676.3 million , and the world 's third most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at £3.15 billion ( $ 3.81 billion ) . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $ 1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange ."}]}, {'value': '711.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bayern Munich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich', 'summary': "Fußball-Club Bayern München e.V. , commonly known as FC Bayern München ( German pronunciation : [ ʔɛf tseː ˈbaɪɐn ˈmʏnçn̩ ] ) , FCB , Bayern Munich , or FC Bayern , is a German sports club based in Munich , Bavaria . It is best known for its professional football team , which plays in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system , and is the most successful club in German football history , having won a record 29 national titles and 19 national cups . FC Bayern was founded in 1900 by 11 football players , led by Franz John . Although Bayern won its first national championship in 1932 , the club was not selected for the Bundesliga at its inception in 1963 . The club had its period of greatest success in the middle of the 1970s when , under the captaincy of Franz Beckenbauer , it won the European Cup three consecutive times ( 1974-1976 ) . Overall , Bayern has reached ten European Cup/UEFA Champions League finals , most recently winning their fifth title in 2013 as part of a continental treble . Bayern has also won one UEFA Cup , one European Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one FIFA Club World Cup and two Intercontinental Cups , making it one of the most successful European clubs internationally and the only German club to have won both international titles . Since the formation of the Bundesliga , Bayern has been the dominant club in German football , winning 29 titles , including seven consecutively since 2013 . They have traditional local rivalries with 1860 Munich and 1 . FC Nürnberg , as well as with Borussia Dortmund since the mid-1990s . Since the beginning of the 2005-06 season , Bayern has played its home games at the Allianz Arena . Previously the team had played at Munich 's Olympiastadion for 33 years ."}]}, {'value': '660.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paris Saint - Germain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C.', 'summary': "Paris Saint-Germain Football Club ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ paʁi sɛ̃ ʒɛʁmɛ̃ ] ) , commonly referred to as Paris Saint-Germain , Paris SG , or simply Paris or PSG , is a French professional football club based in Paris . Founded in 1970 , the club has traditionally worn red and blue kits . PSG has played their home matches in the 47,929-capacity Parc des Princes , in the 16th arrondissement of Paris , since 1974 . The club plays in the highest tier of French football , Ligue 1 . The Parisian club established itself as a major force in France , and one of the major forces of European football in the 2010s . PSG have won a total of 40 titles , 39 of them top-flight trophies , making it the most successful French club in history by this measure . Paris SG is also the only club to have never been relegated from Ligue 1 , the club with most consecutive seasons in the top-flight ( they have played 45 seasons in Ligue 1 since 1974 ) , one of only two French clubs to have won a major European title , the most popular football club in France , and one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Domestically , the Parisians have won eight Ligue 1 titles , a record twelve Coupe de France , a record eight Coupe de la Ligue , and a record nine Trophée des Champions titles . In European football , they have won one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup and one UEFA Intertoto Cup . The capital club has also won one Ligue 2 , regarded as a minor official title . PSG have a long-standing rivalry with Olympique de Marseille . The duo contest French football 's most notorious match , known as Le Classique ."}]}, {'value': '635.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manchester City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C.', 'summary': "Manchester City Football Club is an English football club based in Manchester that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Founded in 1880 as St. Mark 's ( West Gorton ) , it became Ardwick Association Football Club in 1887 and Manchester City in 1894 . The club 's home ground is the City of Manchester Stadium in east Manchester , to which it moved in 2003 , having played at Maine Road since 1923 . Manchester City entered the Football League in 1899 , and won their first major honour with the FA Cup in 1904 . It had its first major period of success in the late 1960s , winning the League , FA Cup and League Cup under the management of Joe Mercer and Malcolm Allison . After losing the 1981 FA Cup Final , the club went through a period of decline , which eventually saw them relegated as far down as third tier of English football by the end of the 1997-98 season . They since regained promotion to the top tier in 2001-02 and have remained a fixture in the Premier League since 2002-03 . In 2008 , Manchester City was purchased by Abu Dhabi United Group for £210 million and received considerable financial investment . The club have won six domestic league titles . Under the management of Pep Guardiola they won the Premier League in 2018 becoming the only Premier League team to attain 100 points in a single season . In 2019 , they won four trophies , completing an unprecedented sweep of all domestic trophies in England and becoming the first English men 's team to win the domestic treble . Manchester City 's revenue was the fifth highest of a football club in the world in the 2018-19 season at €568.4 million ."}]}, {'value': '610.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liverpool', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liverpool_F.C.', 'summary': "Liverpool Football Club is a professional football club in Liverpool , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top tier of English football . The club has won six European Cups , more than any other English club , three UEFA Cups , four UEFA Super Cups ( both also English records ) , one FIFA Club World Cup , eighteen League titles , seven FA Cups , a record eight League Cups , fifteen FA Community Shields and one Football League Super Cup . Founded in 1892 , the club joined the Football League the following year and has played at Anfield since its formation . Liverpool established itself as a major force in English and European football in the 1970s and 1980s when Bill Shankly , Bob Paisley , Joe Fagan and Kenny Dalglish led the club to a combined eleven League titles and four European Cups . Under the management of Rafael Benítez and captained by homegrown player Steven Gerrard , Liverpool became European champions for the fifth time in 2005 , before a sixth title was added under Jürgen Klopp in 2019 . Liverpool was the seventh highest-earning football club in the world in 2019 , with an annual revenue of €513.7 million , and the world 's eighth most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at $ 2.183 billion . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Liverpool has long-standing rivalries with Manchester United and Everton . The club 's supporters have been involved in two major tragedies : the Heysel Stadium disaster , where escaping fans were pressed against a collapsing wall at the 1985 European Cup Final in Brussels , with 39 people - mostly Italians and Juventus fans - dying , after which English clubs were given a five-year ban from European competition , and the Hillsborough disaster in 1989 , where 96 Liverpool supporters died in a crush against perimeter fencing . The team changed from red shirts and white shorts to an all-red home strip in 1964 which has been used ever since . Red has been the main shirt colour ever since 1896 . The club 's anthem is You 'll Never Walk Alone ."}]}, {'value': '604.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tottenham Hotspur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C.', 'summary': "Tottenham Hotspur Football Club , commonly referred to as Tottenham ( /ˈtɒtənəm/ ) or Spurs , is an English professional football club in Tottenham , London , that competes in the Premier League . Tottenham Hotspur Stadium has been the club 's home ground since April 2019 , replacing their former home of White Hart Lane , which had been demolished to make way for the new stadium on the same site . Their training ground is on Hotspur Way in Bulls Cross in the London Borough of Enfield . The club is owned by ENIC Group . Tottenham have played in a first ( home ) strip of white shirts and navy blue shorts since the 1898-99 season . The club 's emblem is a cockerel standing upon a football , with a Latin motto Audere est Facere ( To Dare Is to Do ) . Founded in 1882 , Tottenham won the FA Cup for the first time in 1901 , the only non-League club to do so since the formation of the Football League in 1888 . Tottenham were the first club in the 20th century to achieve the League and FA Cup Double , winning both competitions in the 1960-61 season . After successfully defending the FA Cup in 1962 , in 1963 they became the first British club to win a UEFA club competition - the European Cup Winners ' Cup . They were also the inaugural winners of the UEFA Cup in 1972 , becoming the first British club to win two different major European trophies . They have collected at least one major trophy in each of the six decades from the 1950s to 2000s - an achievement only matched by Manchester United . In total , Spurs have won two league titles , eight FA Cups , four League Cups , seven FA Community Shields , one European Cup Winners ' Cup and two UEFA Cups ."}]}, {'value': '521.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chelsea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chelsea_F.C.', 'summary': "Chelsea Football Club are an English professional football club based in Fulham , London . Founded in 1905 , they compete in the Premier League , the top division of English football . Chelsea are among England 's most successful clubs ; they have been league champions six times and won over thirty competitive honours , including six European trophies . Their home ground is Stamford Bridge . Chelsea won their first major honour , the League Championship , in 1955 . They won the FA Cup for the first time in 1970 and their first European honour , the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , in 1971 . After a period of decline in the late 1970s and 1980s , the club enjoyed a revival in the 1990s and had more success in cup competitions . The past two decades have been the most successful in Chelsea 's history : they won five of their six league titles and the UEFA Champions League during this period . Chelsea are one of five clubs to have won all three of UEFA 's main club competitions , and the only London club to have won the Champions League . Chelsea 's home kit colours are royal blue shirts and shorts with white socks . The club 's crest features a ceremonial lion rampant regardant holding a staff . The club have rivalries with neighbouring teams Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur , and a historic rivalry with Leeds United ."}]}, {'value': '513.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juventus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juventus_F.C.', 'summary': "Juventus Football Club ( from Latin : iuventūs , youth ; Italian pronunciation : [ juˈvɛntus ] ) , colloquially known as Juve ( pronounced [ ˈjuːve ] ) , is an Italian professional association football club based in Turin , Piedmont . Founded in 1897 by a group of Torinese students , the club has worn a black and white striped home kit since 1903 and has played home matches in different grounds around its city , the latest being the 41,507-capacity Juventus Stadium . Nicknamed Vecchia Signora ( the Old Lady ) , the club has won 35 official league titles , 13 Coppa Italia titles and eight Supercoppa Italiana titles , being the record holder for all these competitions ; two Intercontinental Cups , two European Cups / UEFA Champions Leagues , one European Cup Winners ' Cup , a joint national record of three UEFA Cups , two UEFA Super Cups and a joint national record of one UEFA Intertoto Cup . Consequently , the side leads the historical Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio ( FIGC ) ranking [ a ] whilst on the international stage occupies the 5th position in Europe and the eleventh in the world for most confederation titles won with eleven trophies , having led the UEFA ranking during seven seasons since its inception in 1979 , the most for an Italian team and joint second overall . Founded with the name of Sport-Club Juventus , initially as an athletics club , it is the second oldest of its kind still active in the country after Genoa 's football section ( 1893 ) and has competed uninterruptedly in the top flight league ( reformulated as Serie A from 1929 ) since its debut in 1900 after changing its name to Foot-Ball Club Juventus , with the exception of the 2006-07 season , being managed by the industrial Agnelli family almost continuously since 1923 . [ b ] The relationship between the club and that dynasty is the oldest and longest in national sports , making Juventus the first professional sporting club ante litteram in the country , having established itself as a major force in the national stage since the 1930s and at confederation level since the mid-1970s and becoming one of the first ten wealthiest in world football in terms of value , revenue and profit since the mid-1990s , being listed on the Borsa italiana since 2001 . Under the management of Giovanni Trapattoni , the club won 13 trophies in the ten years before 1986 , including six league titles and five international titles , and became the first to win all three seasonal competitions organised by the Union of European Football Associations : the 1976-77 UEFA Cup ( first Southern European side to do so ) , the 1983-84 Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1984-85 European Champions ' Cup . With successive triumphs in the 1984 European Super Cup and 1985 Intercontinental Cup , it became the first and thus far only in the world to complete a clean sweep of all confederation trophies ; an achievement that they revalidated with the title won in the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup after another successful era led by Marcello Lippi , becoming in addition the only professional Italian club to have won every ongoing honour available to the first team and organised by a national or international football association . In December 2000 , Juventus was ranked seventh in the FIFA 's historic ranking of the best clubs in the world and nine years later was ranked second best club in Europe during the 20th Century based on a statistical study series by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) , the highest for an Italian club in both . The club 's fan base is the largest at national level and one of the largest worldwide . Unlike most European sporting supporters ' groups , which are often concentrated around their own club 's city of origin , it is widespread throughout the whole country and the Italian diaspora , making Juventus a symbol of anticampanilismo ( anti-parochialism ) and italianità ( Italianness ) . Juventus players have won eight Ballon d'Or awards , four of these in consecutive years ( 1982-1985 , an overall record ) , among these the first player representing Serie A , Omar Sívori , as well as Michel Platini and three of the five recipients with Italian nationality as the former member of the youth sector Paolo Rossi ; they have also won four FIFA World Player of the Year awards , with winners as Roberto Baggio and Zinédine Zidane , a national record and third and joint second highest overall , respectively , in the cited prizes ."}]}, {'value': '459.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arsenal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arsenal_F.C.', 'summary': "Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Islington , London , England , that plays in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . The club has won 13 League titles , a record 13 FA Cups , 2 League Cups , 15 FA Community Shields , 1 League Centenary Trophy , 1 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup and 1 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . Arsenal was the first club from the South of England to join The Football League , in 1893 , and they reached the First Division in 1904 . Relegated only once , in 1913 , they continue the longest streak in the top division , and have won the second-most top-flight matches in English football history . In the 1930s , Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups , and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war . In 1970-71 , they won their first League and FA Cup Double . Between 1989 and 2005 , they won five League titles and five FA Cups , including two more Doubles . They completed the 20th century with the highest average league position . Herbert Chapman won Arsenal 's first national trophies , but died prematurely . He helped introduce the WM formation , floodlights , and shirt numbers , and added the white sleeves and brighter red to the club 's kit . Arsène Wenger was the longest-serving manager and won the most trophies . He won a record 7 FA Cups , and his title-winning team set an English record for the longest top-flight unbeaten league run at 49 games between 2003 and 2004 , receiving the nickname The Invincibles ."}]}, {'value': '445.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Borussia Dortmund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund', 'summary': "Ballspielverein Borussia 09 e.V . Dortmund , commonly known as Borussia Dortmund [ boˈʁʊsi̯aː ˈdɔɐ̯tmʊnt ] , BVB , or simply Dortmund , is a German professional sports club based in Dortmund , North Rhine-Westphalia . It is best known for its men 's professional football team , which plays in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system . The club have won eight league championships , four DFB-Pokals , one UEFA Champions League , one Intercontinental Cup , and one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup . Founded in 1909 by eighteen football players from Dortmund , the football team is part of a large membership-based sports club with more than 145,000 members , making Borussia Dortmund the second largest sports club by membership in Germany . Since 1974 , Dortmund have played their home games at Westfalenstadion ; the stadium is the largest in Germany , and Dortmund has the highest average attendance of any association football club in the world . Borussia Dortmund 's colours are black and yellow , giving the club its nickname die Schwarzgelben . The club has active departments in other sports , namely in women 's handball , and hold a long-standing rivalry with Ruhr neighbours Schalke 04 , known as the Revierderby . They also compete in Der Klassiker with fellow German club , Bayern Munich . In terms of Deloitte 's annual Football Money League , Dortmund was ranked as the second richest sports club in Germany , and the 12th richest football team in the world . Moreover , under the directorship of Michael Zorc in the 2010s , Dortmund have cultivated a reputation for spotting and developing young talent , and have remained focused on developing a youth system . They have also received plaudits for generally adhering to an attacking footballing philosophy ."}]}, {'value': '377.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_Madrid', 'summary': "Club Atlético de Madrid ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko ðe maˈðɾið ] ; meaning Athletic Club of Madrid ) , commonly referred to as Atlético de Madrid or simply as Atlético or Atleti , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid , that play in La Liga . The club play their home games at the Metropolitano Stadium , which has a capacity of 68,456 . In terms of league titles won , Atlético Madrid are the third most successful club in Spanish football - behind Real Madrid and Barcelona . Atlético have won La Liga on 10 occasions , including a league and cup double in 1996 ; the Copa del Rey on 10 occasions ; two Supercopas de España and one Copa Eva Duarte ; in Europe , they won the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1962 , were runners-up in 1963 and 1986 , were Champions League runners-up in 1974 , 2014 and 2016 , won the Europa League in 2010 , 2012 and 2018 , and won the UEFA Super Cup in 2010 , 2012 and 2018 as well as the 1974 Intercontinental Cup . Atlético 's home kit is red and white vertical striped shirts , with blue shorts , and blue and red socks . This combination has been used since 1911 . Throughout their history the club has been known by a number of nicknames , including Los Colchoneros ( The Mattress Makers ) , due to their first team stripes being the same colours as traditional mattresses . During the 1970s , they became known as Los Indios , which some attribute to the club 's signing several South American players after the restrictions on signing foreign players were lifted . However , there are a number of alternative theories which claim they were named so because their stadium is camped on the river bank , or because Los Indios ( The Indians ) were the traditional enemy of Los Blancos ( The Whites ) , which is the nickname of the club 's city rivals , Real Madrid . Felipe VI , the king of Spain , has been the honorary president of the club since 2003 . The club co-owned the Indian Super League franchise in Kolkata , formerly named Atlético de Kolkata , which won the competition twice , but in 2017 Atlético decided to end its franchise partnership with the ISL club due to broken commitments . Atlético also co-owns Liga MX club Atlético San Luis , and the Canadian Premier League side Atlético Ottawa ."}]}, {'value': '367.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Internazionale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inter_Milan', 'summary': "Football Club Internazionale Milano , commonly referred to as Internazionale ( pronounced [ ˌinternattsjoˈnaːle ] ) or simply Inter , and known as Inter Milan outside Italy , is an Italian professional football club based in Milan , Lombardy . Inter is the only Italian club to have never been relegated from the top flight . Founded in 1908 following a schism within the Milan Cricket and Football Club ( now A.C. Milan ) , Inter won its first championship in 1910 . Since its formation , the club has won 30 domestic trophies , including 18 league titles , 7 Coppa Italia and 5 Supercoppa Italiana . From 2006 to 2010 , the club won five successive league titles , equalling the all-time record at that time . They have won the Champions League three times : two back-to-back in 1964 and 1965 and then another in 2010 . Their latest win completed an unprecedented Italian seasonal treble , with Inter winning the Coppa Italia and the Scudetto the same year . The club has also won three UEFA Cups , two Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup . Inter 's home games are played at the San Siro stadium , which they share with local rivals A.C. Milan . The stadium is the largest in Italian football with a capacity of 80,018 . Matches between A.C. Milan and Inter , known as the Derby della Madonnina , are one of the most followed derbies in football . As of 2019 [ update ] , Inter has the highest home game attendance in Italy and the sixth hightest attendance in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '364.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Schalke 04', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Schalke_04', 'summary': "Fußballclub Gelsenkirchen-Schalke 04 e. V. , commonly known as FC Schalke 04 ( German : [ ɛf tseː ˈʃalkə nʊl fiːɐ̯ ] ) , Schalke , Schalke 04 or abbreviated as S04 ( German : [ ˈɛs nʊl fiːɐ̯ ] ) , is a professional German football and multi-sports club originally from the Schalke district of Gelsenkirchen , North Rhine-Westphalia . The 04 in the club 's name derives from its formation in 1904 . Schalke has long been one of the most popular professional football teams and multi-sports club in Germany , even though the club 's heyday was in the 1930s and 1940s . Schalke play in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system . As of June 2018 , the club has 155,000 members , making it the second-largest sports club in Germany and the fourth-largest sports club in the world in terms of membership . [ not verified in body ] Other activities offered by the club include athletics , basketball , handball , table tennis , winter sports and eSports . Founded in 1904 , Schalke has won seven German championships , five DFB-Pokals , one DFL-Supercup and one UEFA Cup . Schalke also succeeded as the first German club to win a cup double in 1937 . Since 2001 , Schalke 's stadium has been the Veltins-Arena . Schalke holds a long-standing rivalry with Ruhr neighbours Borussia Dortmund , arguably one of the most widespread and well-known rivalries in German football , and matches between the two teams are referred to as the Revierderby . Schalke was ranked as the seventh-best football team in Europe by UEFA 's 2015 UEFA club rankings . In terms of operating income , Schalke possesses the seventh-highest operating income of any football club at $ 64.4 million or £38.2 million ( €48 million ) , and 0% debt as of August 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '324.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.S._Roma', 'summary': "Associazione Sportiva Roma ( BIT : ASR , LSE : 0MT1 ; Rome Sport Association ) , commonly referred to as Roma ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈroːma ] ) , is an Italian professional football club based in Rome . Founded by a merger in 1927 , Roma have participated in the top-tier of Italian football for all of their existence except for 1951-52 . Roma have won Serie A three times , in 1941-42 , 1982-83 and 2000-01 , as well as winning nine Coppa Italia titles and two Supercoppa Italiana titles . In European competitions , Roma won the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1960-61 and were runners-up in the 1983-84 European Cup and the 1990-91 UEFA Cup . Fifteen players have won the FIFA World Cup while playing at Roma : Ferraris , Guaita and Masetti ( 1934 ) ; Donati , Monzeglio and Serantoni ( 1938 ) ; Bruno Conti ( 1982 ) ; Rudi Voller and Berthold ( 1990 ) ; Aldair ( 1994 ) ; Candela ( 1998 ) ; Cafu ( 2002 ) ; Daniele De Rossi , Simone Perrotta and Francesco Totti ( 2006 ) . Since 1953 , Roma have played their home matches at the Stadio Olimpico , a venue they share with city rivals Lazio . With a capacity of over 72,000 , it is the second-largest of its kind in Italy , with only the San Siro able to seat more . The club plan to move to a new stadium , though this is yet to start construction . The club 's home colours are Tyrian purple and gold , which gives Roma their nickname I Giallorossi ( The Yellow and Reds ) . These colours have often been combined with white shorts . Their club badge features a she-wolf , an allusion to the founding myth of Rome ."}]}, {'value': '231.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais', 'summary': "Olympique Lyonnais ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɔlɛ̃pik ljɔnɛ ] ) , commonly referred to as simply Lyon ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ljɔ̃ ] ) or OL , ( Euronext : OLG ) is a French professional football club based in Lyon in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes , It plays in France 's highest football division , Ligue 1 . The club was formed as Lyon Olympique Universitaire in 1899 , according to many supporters and sport historians , but was nationally established as a club in 1950 . The club 's most successful period has been the 21st century . The club won its first Ligue 1 championship in 2002 , starting a national record-setting streak of seven successive titles . Lyon has also won eight Trophées des Champions , five Coupes de France and three Ligue 2 titles . Lyon has participated in the UEFA Champions League 12 times , and during the 2009-10 season , reached the semi-finals of the competition for the first time after three previous quarter-final appearances . Olympique Lyonnais plays its home matches at the 59,186-seat Parc Olympique Lyonnais , commercially known as Groupama Stadium , in Décines-Charpieu , a suburb of Lyon . The club 's home colors are white , red and blue . Lyon was a member of the G14 group of leading European football clubs and are founder members of its successor , the European Club Association . Olympique Lyonnais is one of the most popular clubs in France . A 2009 survey found that about 11% of the country 's football fans support the club , a proportion Lyon shared with Paris Saint-Germain , behind only Olympique de Marseille . The club 's nickname , Les Gones , means The Kids in Lyon 's regional dialect of Arpitan ."}]}, {'value': '220.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Ham United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C.', 'summary': "West Ham United Football Club is an English professional football club based in Stratford , East London . They compete in the Premier League , the top tier of English football . The club play at the London Stadium , having moved from their former home the Boleyn Ground in 2016 . The club was founded in 1895 as Thames Ironworks and reformed in 1900 as West Ham United . They moved to the Boleyn Ground in 1904 , which remained their home ground for more than a century . The team initially competed in the Southern League and Western League before joining the Football League in 1919 . They were promoted to the top flight in 1923 , when they were also losing finalists in the first FA Cup Final held at Wembley . In 1940 , the club won the inaugural Football League War Cup . West Ham have been winners of the FA Cup three times , in 1964 , 1975 , and 1980 , and have also been runners-up twice , in 1923 , and 2006 . The club have reached two major European finals , winning the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1965 and finishing runners-up in the same competition in 1976 . West Ham also won the Intertoto Cup in 1999 . They are one of eight clubs never to have fallen below the second tier of English football , spending 61 of 93 league seasons in the top flight , up to and including the 2018-19 season ."}]}, {'value': '216.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Everton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Everton_F.C.', 'summary': "Everton Football Club ( /ˈɛvərtən/ ) is an English professional football club based in Liverpool that competes in the Premier League , the top tier of English football . The club has competed in the top division for a record 116 seasons and has missed the top division only four times ( 1930-31 , 1951-52 , 1952-53 , and 1953-54 ) since the creation of the Football League , of which it is a founding member . The club has won nine League Championships , five FA Cups , and one UEFA Cup Winners Cup . Formed in 1878 , Everton won its first League Championship during the 1890-91 season . After winning four more League Championships and two FA Cups , the club experienced a post-World War II lull until a revival in the 1960s . A period of sustained success came in the mid-1980s , when Everton won a further two League Championships , one FA Cup , and the 1985 European Cup Winners ' Cup . The club 's most recent major trophy was the 1995 FA Cup . The club 's supporters are colloquially known as Evertonians or Blues . Everton has a rivalry with Liverpool , and the two sides contest the Merseyside derby . The club has been based at Goodison Park in Walton since 1892 , after moving from Anfield following a disagreement over its rent . The club 's home colours are royal blue shirts with white shorts and socks ."}]}, {'value': '213.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Napoli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli', 'summary': 'Società Sportiva Calcio Napoli , commonly referred to as Napoli ( pronounced [ ˈnaːpoli ] ) , is an Italian professional football club based in Naples , Campania that plays in Serie A , the top flight of Italian football . The club have won two league titles , five Coppa Italias , two Supercoppa Italiana titles , and one UEFA Cup . Formed in 1926 , the club saw relatively little success in its early years , winning one Coppa Italia until 1965 , where they were refounded . Napoli then saw increased success in the 1980s , after the club acquired Diego Maradona . During his time in Naples , Maradona helped the team win several trophies , which led to the club retiring his number 10 jersey . During this period , Napoli won their sole league titles , in 1987 and 1990 . Following his departure , however , Napoli struggled financially , and endured several relegations , prior to being refounded in 2004 by film producer Aurelio De Laurentiis . Under his guise , the club has stabilized , which has led to renewed on-field success , winning the 2012 and 2014 Coppa Italia titles . By attendance , Napoli have the fourth biggest fanbase in Italy , and were ranked as the fifth highest-earning football club in Serie A , with $ 182 million in revenue during the 2017-18 season . In 2018 , Forbes estimated the club is the fifth most valuable club in Italy , worth $ 379 million . Napoli are also one of the associate members of the European Club Association . Since 1959 , the club has played their home games at Stadio San Paolo , and have traditionally worn sky blue shirts and white shorts .'}]}, {'value': '207.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Rankings by season -- 2020', 'section_text': 'Appearances by Country Ranking Country Number of Teams Total Revenue ( € million ) 1 11 4406.0 2 5 1469.0 3 4 2150.4 1545.8 5 2 856.7 373.8 7 1 199.4 180.4', 'uid': 'Deloitte_Football_Money_League_0', 'intro': 'The Deloitte Football Money League is a ranking of football clubs by revenue generated from football operations. It is produced annually by the accountancy firm Deloitte and released in early February of each year, describing the season most recently finished.'}	null	null	Which club that was ranked 10th in 2019 was formed more recently ?	Juventus
076e037953d44651	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Virtual_Console_games_for_Wii_(South_Korea)', 'title': 'List of Virtual Console games for Wii (South Korea)', 'header': ['Title', 'Publisher', 'Release Date', 'Language'], 'data': [{'value': 'Contra III : The Alien Wars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Contra_III:_The_Alien_Wars', 'summary': "Contra III : The Alien Wars [ a ] is a 1992 run and gun video game developed and published by Konami for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) . It is the third home console entry in the Contra series after Contra ( 1987 ) and Super C ( 1988 ) for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) . In PAL regions , it was retitled Super Probotector : Alien Rebels and the player characters were replaced with robots . The player is tasked with fighting off an alien invasion of Earth across six stages . Four stages feature side-scrolling action traditional to the series while two are presented from an overhead perspective . It is the first Contra title to have been directed by Nobuya Nakazato who later directed other games in the series . He designed Contra III to feature more comical elements , a more cinematic soundtrack , and tighter stage design than its predecessors . Contra III received positive reviews , with critics praising its arcade quality derived from its sound and visual design . It has been called one of the best Contra games in retrospective reviews . It was ported to the Game Boy as Contra : The Alien Wars ( 1994 ) by Factor 5 where it received positive reviews for its Super Game Boy enhancements . Konami also released a Game Boy Advance port titled Contra Advance : The Alien Wars EX ( 2002 ) which received more critical reviews for removing features in the original . The SNES version was rereleased several times on Nintendo 's online distribution services ."}]}, {'value': 'Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'April 26 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cybernator', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cybernator', 'summary': 'Assault Suits Valken ( 重装機兵ヴァルケン , Jūsō Kihei Varuken ) , ( also known as Cybernator ) is a 2D mecha game developed by Masaya released in 1992 for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . The second entry in the Assault Suits series , it is a prequel to the first game , Target Earth . The game was localized and published overseas by Konami . The story follows Jake Brain who pilots a giant mecha and fights in a war engulfing the entire world . In 2019 A Spiritual Successor to Cybernator is called GIGANTIC ARMY Developer By Storybird .'}]}, {'value': 'Hudson Soft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_Soft', 'summary': 'Hudson Soft Co. , Ltd ( 株式会社ハドソン , Kabushiki gaisha Hadoson ) was a Japanese video game company that released numerous games for video game consoles , home computers and mobile phones , mainly from the 1980s to the 2000s . It was headquartered in the Midtown Tower in Tokyo Midtown , Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo , Japan , with an additional office in the Hudson Building in Sapporo . Hudson Soft was founded on May 18 , 1973 . Initially , it dealt with personal computer products , but later expanded to the development and publishing of video games , mobile content , video game peripherals and music recording . Primarily a video game publisher , it internally developed many of the video games it released while outsourcing others to external companies . It is known for series such as Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bloody Roar , and Bonk . Hudson also developed video games released by other publishers such as the Mario Party series from Nintendo . Hudson Soft made the TurboGrafx-16 in association with NEC , to compete against Nintendo , Sega , and SNK , while continuing making games on other platforms , as a third-party developer . Hudson Soft ceased to exist as a company on March 1 , 2012 , and merged with Konami Digital Entertainment , which was the surviving entity . Konami owns the assets of Hudson and has since rereleased its video game back catalogue on different occasions .'}]}, {'value': 'April 26 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gradius III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gradius_III', 'summary': 'Gradius III [ a ] is a 1989 scrolling shooter video game developed and published by Konami , originally released for the arcades in Japan and other parts of Asia on December 11 , 1989 . It is the third game in the Gradius series . The game was ported to the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in Japan in 1990 and North America in 1991 , and served as a launch title for the system in North America . The arcade version was included with Gradius IV in a two-in-one compilation ( Gradius III & IV ) for the PlayStation 2 and in the Gradius Collection for the PlayStation Portable .'}]}, {'value': 'Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'April 26 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Mario World', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Mario_World', 'summary': "Super Mario World [ a ] is a 1990 side-scrolling platform game developed and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) . The story follows Mario 's quest to save Princess Toadstool and Dinosaur Land from the series antagonist Bowser and his minions , the Koopalings . The gameplay is similar to that of earlier Super Mario games : Players control Mario or his brother Luigi through a series of levels in which the goal is to reach the flagpole at the end . Super Mario World introduced Yoshi , a dinosaur who can eat enemies and gain abilities by eating the shells of Koopa Troopas . Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development developed the game , led by director Takashi Tezuka and producer and series creator Shigeru Miyamoto . It is the first Mario game for the SNES and was designed to make the most of the console 's technical features . The development team had more freedom compared to the series instalments for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) . Yoshi was conceptualised during the development of the NES games but was not used until Super Mario World due to hardware limitations . Super Mario World is often considered one of the greatest video games of all time . It sold over 20 million copies worldwide , making it the best-selling SNES game . It also led to an animated television series of the same name and a prequel , Yoshi 's Island , released in August and October 1995 . It has been rereleased on multiple occasions : It was part of the 1994 compilation Super Mario All-Stars + Super Mario World for the SNES and was rereleased for the Game Boy Advance as Super Mario World : Super Mario Advance 2 in 2001 , on the Virtual Console for the Wii , Wii U , and New Nintendo 3DS consoles , and as part of the Super NES Classic Edition ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 26 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Metroid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Metroid', 'summary': "Super Metroid [ a ] [ b ] is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1994 . It is the third installment in the Metroid series , following the events of the Game Boy game Metroid II : Return of Samus ( 1991 ) . Players control bounty hunter Samus Aran , who travels to planet Zebes to retrieve an infant Metroid creature stolen by the Space Pirate leader Ridley . The gameplay focuses on exploration , with the player searching for power-ups that are used to reach previously inaccessible areas . It features new concepts to the series , such as the inventory screen , an automap , and the ability to fire in all directions . The development staff from previous Metroid games - including Yoshio Sakamoto , Makoto Kano and Gunpei Yokoi - returned to develop Super Metroid over the course of two years , with half a year earlier to gain approval for the initial idea . The developers wanted to make a true action game , and to set the stage for Samus 's reappearance . The game received critical acclaim , praising its atmosphere , gameplay , music and graphics . It is often cited as one of the best video games of all time . Although the game did not sell well in Japan , it fared better in North America and had shipped 1.42 million copies worldwide by late 2003 . Super Metroid , alongside Castlevania : Symphony of the Night ( 1997 ) , is credited for establishing the Metroidvania subgenre , and has inspired other games within the genre . It also became popular among players for speedrunning ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 26 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japanese/ English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donkey Kong Country', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country', 'summary': "Donkey Kong Country [ α ] is a 1994 platform game developed by Rare and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , as part of the Donkey Kong franchise created by Shigeru Miyamoto . The game centers on the duo of Donkey Kong and his nephew Diddy Kong , who are on a quest to recover their stolen banana hoard from King K. Rool and his henchmen Kremlings . Development began shortly after Rare founders , brothers Tim and Chris Stamper , ran experiments with a Silicon Graphics ( SGI ) workstation to render 3D sprites . Nintendo became interested in Rare 's work and acquired 49% of the company , leading to the production of a game for the SNES using Alias and SGI technology . The Stamper brothers expressed interest in creating a standalone Donkey Kong game and assembled a team of 12 developers to work on the game over 18 months . Donkey Kong Country is the first Donkey Kong game that was not produced or directed by the franchise 's creator Shigeru Miyamoto , though he was involved with the project . Following an aggressive marketing campaign , Donkey Kong Country received critical acclaim and sold more than nine million copies worldwide , making it the third best-selling SNES game and has been cited as one of the greatest video games of all time . It was ported to the Game Boy Color and Game Boy Advance consoles , and was made available for Nintendo 's Virtual Console . Donkey Kong Country is the first game in the Donkey Kong Country series and was followed by two sequels on the SNES : Donkey Kong Country 2 : Diddy 's Kong Quest in 1995 , and Donkey Kong Country 3 : Dixie Kong 's Double Trouble ! in 1996 . In 2017 , the game was released as a part of the Super NES Classic Edition ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 26 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_A_Link_to_the_Past', 'summary': 'The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past [ a ] ( frequently referred to as an RPG ) is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . It is the third game in The Legend of Zelda series and was released in 1991 in Japan and 1992 in North America and Europe . A Link to the Past focuses on Link as he journeys to save Hyrule , defeat the dark lord Ganon , and rescue the descendants of the Seven Sages . It returns to a top-down perspective similar to the original The Legend of Zelda , dropping the side-scrolling gameplay of Zelda II : The Adventure of Link . It introduced series staples such as parallel worlds and items including the Master Sword . Released to critical and commercial success , A Link to the Past was a landmark game for Nintendo and is considered one of the greatest video games of all time . Over four million copies have been sold worldwide . A Link to the Past was ported to the Game Boy Advance as A Link to the Past and Four Swords , and was ported for the Wii , Wii U , New Nintendo 3DS via the Virtual Console , and Nintendo Switch via Nintendo Switch Online . In 2017 , Nintendo rereleased A Link to the Past as part of the Super NES Classic Edition . A direct sequel , A Link Between Worlds , was released for 3DS in November 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 10 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F-Zero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F-Zero_(video_game)', 'summary': 'F-Zero ( エフゼロ , Efu Zero ) is a futuristic racing video game developed by Nintendo EAD and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) . The game was released in Japan on November 21 , 1990 , in North America in August 1991 , and in Europe in 1992 . F-Zero is the first game of the F-Zero series , and was a launch title for the SNES . It was emulated for the Virtual Console service on various Nintendo platforms over the years and as part of the Super NES Classic Edition in 2017 . The game takes place in the year 2560 , where multi-billionaires with lethargic lifestyles created a new form of entertainment based on the Formula One races called F-Zero . The player can choose between one of four characters in the game , each with their respective hovercar . The player can race against computer-controlled characters in fifteen tracks divided into three leagues . F-Zero has been acknowledged by critics as one of the greatest video games of all time as well for setting the standard for the racing genre and the creation of its futuristic subgenre . Critics lauded F-Zero for its fast and challenging gameplay , variety of tracks , and extensive use of the graphical mode called Mode 7 . This graphics-rendering technique was an innovative technological achievement at the time that made racing games more realistic , the first of which was F-Zero . As a result , it is credited for reinvigorating the genre and inspiring the future creation of numerous racing games . In retrospective reviews of the game , critics agreed that it should have used a multiplayer mode .'}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 25 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super R-Type', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_R-Type', 'summary': 'Super R-Type [ a ] is a shooter game for the SNES , developed and published by Irem in 1991 . It is a partial port of R-Type II , borrowing stages and enemies , but introducing several of its own . The game has been re-released on the Wii Virtual Console in Japan , North America , and PAL regions in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Irem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irem', 'summary': "Irem ( アイレムソフトウェアエンジニアリング株式会社 , Airemu Software Engineering ) is a Japanese video game console developer and publisher , and formerly a developer and manufacturer of arcade games as well . The company has its headquarters in Chiyoda , Tokyo . The full name of the company that currently uses the brand is Irem Software Engineering . It was established in 1997 by its parent company Nanao ( now Eizo ) for the purpose of taking over the development department of the original Irem Corporation , that had left the video game industry in 1994 to concentrate itself on the rental and sales of coin-op electronics . Irem Corporation was founded in 1974 as IPM and still exists today under the name of Apies . Irem is probably mostly known internationally for three 1980s arcade games : Moon Patrol ( 1982 ; licensed to Williams Electronics in North America ) , the earliest beat 'em up , Kung-Fu Master ( 1984 ) , and the scrolling shooter R-Type ( 1987 ) . Irem has been popular in Japan with games like Photoboy for the PC Engine and In the Hunt for arcades . As a result of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , Irem canceled the majority of its remaining video game projects , including Zettai Zetsumei Toshi 4 : Summer Memories and Poncotsu Roman Daikatsugeki Bumpy Trot 2 . Irem refocused to become primarily a slot-machine and pachinko developer , the industry it was in before turning to video games . Many Irem designers , including producer Kazuma Kujo , gathered to form a new company called Granzella to continue creating video games ."}]}, {'value': 'August 12 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Panel de Pon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panel_de_Pon', 'summary': "Tetris Attack [ a ] is a 1995 puzzle video game developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . A Game Boy version was released a year later . In the game , the player must arrange matching colored blocks in vertical or horizontal rows to clear them . The blocks steadily rise towards the top of the playfield , with new blocks being added at the bottom . Several gamemodes are present , including a time attack and multiplayer mode . Produced by Gunpei Yokoi , Tetris Attack was released as Panel de Pon in Japan , featuring fairies as the main characters with a mythical , fantasy-like setting - international versions instead replaces these with characters and settings from Super Mario World 2 : Yoshi 's Island . Despite its title , the game bears no relation to the Tetris video game series , leading to Tetris Company co-founder Henk Rogers regret giving Nintendo the license to use the name . Both Panel de Pon and Tetris Attack were later broadcast through the Japan-only Satellaview peripheral , the latter renamed to BS Yoshi 's Panepon [ b ] . Tetris Attack was well-received by critics for its graphical style , addictive gameplay and multiplayer modes , with some noting the North American version was superior to the original Japanese release . It was followed by a series of sequels and remakes for multiple platforms , all of which instead use the name Puzzle League . References to the game appear in other Nintendo games , such as the Super Smash Bros. series , Animal Crossing : New Leaf and Captain Rainbow ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 30 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japanese', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Donkey Kong Country 2 : Diddy 's Kong Quest", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country_2:_Diddy's_Kong_Quest", 'summary': "Donkey Kong Country 2 : Diddy 's Kong Quest is a platform video game developed by Rare and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) . It was released on 21 November 1995 in North America , and in December 1995 in Europe and Japan . It is the second installment of the Donkey Kong Country series and serves as a direct sequel to Donkey Kong Country . It was re-released for the Game Boy Advance ( GBA ) in 2004 . The game was made available for download on the Wii 's Virtual Console in 2007 , and the Wii U 's Virtual Console in 2015 . It was followed by a sequel , Donkey Kong Country 3 : Dixie Kong 's Double Trouble ! , in 1996 . The story revolves around Diddy Kong and his girlfriend , Dixie Kong , who try to rescue Donkey Kong after he is abducted by King K. Rool . The game is set on Crocodile Isle , with eight worlds of varying environments , totaling 52 levels . The game utilises the same Silicon Graphics ( SGI ) technology from the original , which features the use of pre-rendered 3D imagery . Diddy 's Kong Quest received critical acclaim , being widely regarded as one of the greatest 2D platformers ever made . Praise was directed at its graphics , gameplay , and soundtrack . It was the second best-selling game of 1995 , the sixth best-selling game on the SNES , and the highest selling SNES title to not be packaged with the system ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 25 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R-Type III : The Third Lightning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R-Type_III:_The_Third_Lightning', 'summary': 'R-Type III : The Third Lightning ( アールタイプ3 ザ・サード・ライトニング , Āru Taipu Surī : Za Sādo Raitoningu ) is a 1993 horizontally scrolling shooter video game .'}]}, {'value': 'Irem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irem', 'summary': "Irem ( アイレムソフトウェアエンジニアリング株式会社 , Airemu Software Engineering ) is a Japanese video game console developer and publisher , and formerly a developer and manufacturer of arcade games as well . The company has its headquarters in Chiyoda , Tokyo . The full name of the company that currently uses the brand is Irem Software Engineering . It was established in 1997 by its parent company Nanao ( now Eizo ) for the purpose of taking over the development department of the original Irem Corporation , that had left the video game industry in 1994 to concentrate itself on the rental and sales of coin-op electronics . Irem Corporation was founded in 1974 as IPM and still exists today under the name of Apies . Irem is probably mostly known internationally for three 1980s arcade games : Moon Patrol ( 1982 ; licensed to Williams Electronics in North America ) , the earliest beat 'em up , Kung-Fu Master ( 1984 ) , and the scrolling shooter R-Type ( 1987 ) . Irem has been popular in Japan with games like Photoboy for the PC Engine and In the Hunt for arcades . As a result of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , Irem canceled the majority of its remaining video game projects , including Zettai Zetsumei Toshi 4 : Summer Memories and Poncotsu Roman Daikatsugeki Bumpy Trot 2 . Irem refocused to become primarily a slot-machine and pachinko developer , the industry it was in before turning to video games . Many Irem designers , including producer Kazuma Kujo , gathered to form a new company called Granzella to continue creating video games ."}]}, {'value': 'January 13 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japanese', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Kirby 's Dream Course", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Kirby's_Dream_Course", 'summary': "Kirby 's Dream Course [ a ] is a miniature golf video game developed jointly by HAL Laboratory and Nintendo EAD and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1994 . It is one of four Kirby video games released for the console . It was re-released on the Virtual Console in 2007 for the Wii and in 2013 for the Wii U. Nintendo re-released Kirby 's Dream Course in Europe and North America in September 2017 as part of the company 's Super NES Classic Edition ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'February 24 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Available titles -- Super Nintendo Entertainment System', 'section_text': 'There were 13 games available .', 'uid': 'List_of_Virtual_Console_games_for_Wii_(South_Korea)_1', 'intro': 'New titles were released on the 2nd and 4th Tuesdays of a four-week month, or 3rd and 5th Tuesdays of a five-week month. If the Tuesday was a public holiday, the update will be on Wednesday instead. The games were announced by Nintendo of Korea one week prior to release. This service stopped getting new games in April 2009. Nintendo discontinued the Wii Shop Channel on January 31, 2019, with the purchase of Wii points for new games having ended on March 26, 2018.'}	null	null	What is the release date of the game that is a shooter game for the SNES ?	August 12 , 2008
076f5438e715be93	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_River', 'title': 'Niagara River', 'header': ['Feature', 'Location', 'Country', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Source of Niagara River', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42°54′16″N 78°54′21″W / 42.904325°N 78.905869°W / 42.904325 ; -78.905869', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'The Niagara River originates at the north-east end of Lake Erie , and flows north to its mouth at Lake Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Erie', 'summary': "Lake Erie /ˈɪəri/ ( French : Lac Érié ) is the fourth-largest lake ( by surface area ) of the five Great Lakes in North America , and the eleventh-largest globally if measured in terms of surface area . It is the southernmost , shallowest , and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and therefore also has the shortest average water residence time . At its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 feet ( 64 metres ) deep . Situated on the International Boundary between Canada and the United States , Lake Erie 's northern shore is the Canadian province of Ontario , specifically the Ontario Peninsula , with the U.S. states of Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York on its western , southern , and eastern shores . These jurisdictions divide the surface area of the lake with water boundaries . The lake was named by the Erie people , a Native American people who lived along its southern shore . The tribal name erie is a shortened form of the Iroquoian word erielhonan , meaning long tail . Situated below Lake Huron , Erie 's primary inlet is the Detroit River . The main natural outflow from the lake is via the Niagara River , which provides hydroelectric power to Canada and the U.S. as it spins huge turbines near Niagara Falls at Lewiston , New York and Queenston , Ontario . Some outflow occurs via the Welland Canal , part of the St. Lawrence Seaway , which diverts water for ship passages from Port Colborne , Ontario on Lake Erie , to St. Catharines on Lake Ontario , an elevation difference of 326 ft ( 99 m ) . Lake Erie 's environmental health has been an ongoing concern for decades , with issues such as overfishing , pollution , algae blooms , and eutrophication generating headlines ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lake_Ontario', 'summary': "Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America . It is surrounded on the north , west , and southwest by the Canadian province of Ontario , and on the south and east by the American state of New York , whose water boundaries meet in the middle of the lake . Ontario , Canada 's most populous province , was named for the lake . Many of Ontario 's most populous cities , including Toronto , Canada 's most populous city , and Hamilton , are on the lake 's northern and western shores respectively . In the Huron language , the name Ontarí'io means great lake . Its primary inlet is the Niagara River from Lake Erie . The last in the Great Lakes chain , Lake Ontario serves as the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River . It is the only Great Lake not to border the state of Michigan ."}]}, {'value': 'Black Rock Canal', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42°54′25″N 78°54′07″W / 42.90706°N 78.902053°W / 42.90706 ; -78.902053', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Black Rock Canal flows within and parallel to the east shore of the Niagara river near Buffalo , New York , and was built to extend the navigation period in the Niagara River through a greater part of the winter . The canal begins at Buffalo Harbor , on the north-east shore of Lake Erie , then flows north , ending at the Black Rock Lock near the north tip of Unity Island . The canal is buffered from the Niagara River by Bird Island Pier at its south end , and Unity Island at its north end', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York', 'summary': "Buffalo is the second largest city in the U.S. state of New York and the largest city in Western New York . As of 2018 [ update ] , the population was 256,304 . The city is the county seat of Erie County and a major gateway for commerce and travel across the Canada-United States border , forming part of the bi-national Buffalo Niagara Region . As of the April 1 , 2010 , the metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) had a population of 1,135,509 ; the combined statistical area ( CSA ) , which adds Cattaraugus County , had a population of 1,215,826 inhabitants . The Buffalo area was inhabited before the 17th century by the Native American Iroquois tribe and later by French colonizers . The city grew significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of immigration , the construction of the Erie Canal and rail transportation , and its close proximity to Lake Erie . This growth provided an abundance of fresh water and an ample trade route to the Midwestern United States while grooming its economy for the grain , steel and automobile industries that dominated the city 's economy in the 20th century . Since the city 's economy relied heavily on manufacturing , deindustrialization in the latter half of the 20th century led to a steady decline in population . While some manufacturing activity remains , Buffalo 's economy has transitioned to service industries with a greater emphasis on healthcare , research and higher education , which emerged following the Great Recession . Buffalo is on the eastern shore of Lake Erie , at the head of the Niagara River , 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Niagara Falls . Its early embrace of electric power led to the nickname The City of Light . The city is also famous for its urban planning and layout by Joseph Ellicott , an extensive system of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted , as well as significant architectural works ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Black_Rock_Lock', 'summary': 'The Black Rock Lock located in Buffalo , New York is 650 feet ( 200 m ) in length and 70 feet ( 21 m ) wide . There is only one chamber and the total weight of the gate is 480 tons . The lock has been a part of Black Rock since the state of New York built the Erie Canal in 1833 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Unity_Island', 'summary': "The Seneca people acquired Unity Island and the surrounding areas in the 1650s . They called it Deyowenoguhdoh , meaning divided island , so-called for a small marshy creek ( then known as Smuggler 's Run ) that once ran through the property . The name Squaw Island first appeared prior to the War of 1812 ; however , its origin is unknown . Not until the early 19th century did the island leave the hands of the Seneca Nation . Philip Kenjockety , one of the last of the Neutral Nation and namesake of Scajaquada Creek , owned a corn field on the island at the time of his death in 1808 . Kenjockety is known to have traveled the creek that once divided the island by canoe during his travels to and from Canada ."}]}, {'value': 'Gould Ditch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42°55′14″N 78°54′42″W / 42.920689°N 78.911785°W / 42.920689 ; -78.911785', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Historic tributary . Once served as a drainage ditch for Gould National Battery plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scajaquada Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scajaquada_Creek', 'summary': "Scajaquada Creek ( /skəˈdʒɑːkwədə/ skə-JAH-kwə-də ) is a stream in Erie County , New York , United States . The name is derived from Philip Kenjockety , a Native American described as the oldest resident of the region upon his death in 1808 . The creek lends its name to the Scajaquada Expressway , New York State Route 198 , a highway that briefly adjoins the creek 's northern shore . A bike path follows the creek 's southern shore most of the way from Delaware Park to the Niagara River . Buffalo State College , the Albright-Knox Art Gallery and the Buffalo History Museum overlook Scajaquada Creek ."}]}, {'value': '42°55′45″N 78°53′57″W / 42.929091°N 78.899056°W / 42.929091 ; -78.899056', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Frenchman 's Creek", 'urls': []}, {'value': '42°56′34″N 78°55′39″W / 42.942648°N 78.927391°W / 42.942648 ; -78.927391', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chippawa Channel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42°57′12″N 78°56′15″W / 42.953344°N 78.937626°W / 42.953344 ; -78.937626', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'The north-flowing Niagara River bifurcates at the south tip of Grand Island ( both sections rejoin at the north tip ) . Chippawa Channel is the river passage on the west side of Grand Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Island,_New_York', 'summary': "Grand Island is a town located in Erie County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the town 's population was 20,374 , representing an increase of 9.41% from the 2000 census figure . The town 's name derives from the French name La Grande Île , as Grand Island is the largest island in the Niagara River and third largest in New York state . The phrase La Grande Île appears on the town seal . Over its history , Grand Island has served as home to the Attawandaron Nation and been an acquisition of both French and English colonial pursuits . In 1945 , Grand Island was part of a plan to make a new World Peace Capital on the international border between Southern Ontario , Canada , and Western New York . The plan proposed placing the United Nations headquarters on adjacent Navy Island ( Ontario ) , which was considered an ideal location because it lay on the boundary between two peaceful countries . An artist 's rendering of the World Peace Capital showed the property with bridges spanning both countries ( between Grand Island in the United States and the Canadian mainland ) . The proposal was turned down in favor of the current U.N. headquarters in New York City . The town of Grand Island is located in the northwestern corner of Erie County , and on the Canada-US border , although there is no river crossing to Canada . It is northwest of Buffalo , south of Niagara Falls , and is traversed by Interstate 190 and New York State Route 324 ."}]}, {'value': 'Miller Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42°57′19″N 78°58′31″W / 42.955315°N 78.97537°W / 42.955315 ; -78.97537', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tonawanda Channel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42°57′39″N 78°55′46″W / 42.960757°N 78.929386°W / 42.960757 ; -78.929386', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'When the Niagara River bifurcates at Grand Island , the east passage - from the south tip of Grand Island , to a point just north of Tonawanda , New York - is the Tonawanda Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tonawanda_(city),_New_York', 'summary': 'Tonawanda ( formally City of Tonawanda , from Tahnawá•teh meaning confluent stream in Tuscarora ) is a city in Erie County , New York , United States . The population was 15,130 at the 2010 census . It is at the northern edge of Erie County , south across the Erie Canal ( Tonawanda Creek ) from North Tonawanda , east of Grand Island , and north of Buffalo . It is part of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area .'}]}, {'value': 'Baker Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42°58′22″N 79°00′29″W / 42.972761°N 79.008039°W / 42.972761 ; -79.008039', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42°58′52″N 79°01′25″W / 42.980999°N 79.023499°W / 42.980999 ; -79.023499', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Boyer 's Creek", 'urls': []}, {'value': '43°00′07″N 79°01′46″W / 43.00194°N 79.029508°W / 43.00194 ; -79.029508', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two Mile Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43°00′39″N 78°54′24″W / 43.010845°N 78.906555°W / 43.010845 ; -78.906555', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Little River ( at Tonawanda Island )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43°01′23″N 78°53′06″W / 43.022926°N 78.884969°W / 43.022926 ; -78.884969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Flows between Tonawanda Island and the New York mainland , within the Tonawanda Channel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tonawanda Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tonawanda_Creek', 'summary': 'Tonawanda Creek is a small tributary of the Niagara River in Western New York , United States . After rising in Wyoming County , the stream flows through Genesee County before forming part of the boundary between Erie County and Niagara County .'}]}, {'value': '43°01′24″N 78°52′54″W / 43.02338°N 78.881707°W / 43.02338 ; -78.881707', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spicer Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43°01′31″N 78°53′39″W / 43.025279°N 78.894153°W / 43.025279 ; -78.894153', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary on Grand Island , New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Sixmile Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43°01′35″N 79°00′42″W / 43.026494°N 79.011773°W / 43.026494 ; -79.011773', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary on Grand Island , New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Little Sixmile Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43°01′43″N 79°00′37″W / 43.028502°N 79.010217°W / 43.028502 ; -79.010217', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary on Grand Island , New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niagara River Channel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43°02′09″N 78°53′38″W / 43.035772°N 78.893809°W / 43.035772 ; -78.893809', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'When the Niagara River bifurcates at Grand Island , the east passage - from a point just north of Tonawanda , New York , to the north tip of Grand Island - is the Niagara River Channel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gun Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43°02′58″N 78°54′57″W / 43.049455°N 78.915728°W / 43.049455 ; -78.915728', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary on Grand Island , New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Usshers Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43°03′05″N 79°01′21″W / 43.051282°N 79.022577°W / 43.051282 ; -79.022577', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Tributary', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Niagara_River_2', 'intro': "The Niagara River (/naɪˈæɡərə/ ny-AG-ər-ə) is a river that flows north from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. It forms part of the border between the province of Ontario in Canada (on the west) and the state of New York in the United States (on the east). There are differing theories as to the origin of the river's name. According to Iroquoian scholar Bruce Trigger, Niagara is derived from the name given to a branch of the locally residing native Neutral Confederacy, who are described as being called the Niagagarega people on several late-17th-century French maps of the area. According to George R. Stewart, it comes from the name of an Iroquois town called Ongniaahra, meaning point of land cut in two. The river, which is occasionally described as a strait, is about 58 kilometres (36 mi) long and includes Niagara Falls in its course. The falls have moved approximately 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) upstream from the Niagara Escarpment in the last 12,000 years, resulting in a gorge below the falls. Today, the diversion of the river for electrical generation has significantly reduced the rate of erosion. The total drop in elevation along the river is 99 metres (325 ft). The Niagara Gorge extends downstream from the Falls and includes the Niagara Whirlpool and another section of rapids. Power plants on the river include the Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Power Stations (built in 1922 and 1954) on the Canadian side, and the Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant (built in 1961) on the American side. Together, they generate 4.4 gigawatts of electricity."}	null	null	What State College over looks the Feature in the country that has 3.8 million square miles ?	Buffalo
07713d8ab5803b8d	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NASCAR_seasons', 'title': 'List of NASCAR seasons', 'header': ['Season', 'Races', "Drivers ' champion", "Manufacturers ' champion"], 'data': [{'value': '1982', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_NASCAR_Busch_Series', 'summary': "The inaugural NASCAR Budweiser Late Model Sportsman Series began on Saturday , February 13 and ended on Saturday , October 31 . Jack Ingram , driving as an owner-driver , won the championship at season 's end ."}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Ingram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Ingram_(NASCAR_driver)', 'summary': 'Jack Ingram ( born December 28 , 1936 ) is a former NASCAR Busch Series race car driver . Nicknamed the Iron Man , during eight seasons in the Busch Series , he won 31 races and 5 poles , as well as the 1982 and 1985 championships . Unlike most younger competitors , Ingram won his 31 races between the age of 45 and age 50 . During most of his time in the series he drove the Skoal Bandit car ( 1984 to 1991 ) . Throughout his Busch Series career he almost always raced in the No . 11 car . During the 1986 season , Ingram was suspended for two races by NASCAR after ramming a driver during a race in Asheville , North Carolina . After his NBS retirement in 1991 , he held the record for the most wins in the Busch Series , until it was broken by Mark Martin in 1997 . As of August 17 , 2019 , he is currently 6th in career wins in the series . Prior to the inauguration of the Busch Series in 1982 Ingram had won three consecutive Late Model Sportsman Championships in 1972 , 1973 and 1974 . In 2007 , Ingram was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame . In 2013 , Ingram was nominated into the NASCAR Hall of Fame , and was inducted the following year .'}]}, {'value': 'Pontiac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pontiac', 'summary': "Pontiac was a car brand owned , made , and sold by General Motors . Introduced as a companion make for GM 's more expensive line of Oakland automobiles , Pontiac overtook Oakland in popularity and supplanted its parent brand entirely by 1933 . Sold in the United States , Canada , and Mexico by GM , Pontiac was advertised as the performance division of General Motors from the 1960s onward . In the hierarchy of GM 's five divisions , it slotted above Chevrolet , but below Oldsmobile , Buick and Cadillac . Amid late 2000s financial problems and restructuring efforts , GM announced in 2008 it would follow the same path with Pontiac as it had with Oldsmobile in 2004 and discontinued manufacturing and marketing vehicles under that brand by the end of 2010 . The last Pontiac badged cars were built in December 2009 , with one final vehicle in January 2010 . Franchise agreements for Pontiac dealers expired October 31 , 2010 , leaving GM to focus on its four remaining North American brands : Chevrolet , Buick , Cadillac , and GMC ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_NASCAR_Busch_Series', 'summary': "The 1983 NASCAR Busch Grand National Series season began on February 19 and ended on October 30 . Sam Ard won the championship at season 's end ."}]}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sam Ard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Ard', 'summary': "Samuel Julian Ard ( February 14 , 1939 - April 2 , 2017 ) was an American professional stock car racing driver . He won two NASCAR Late Model Sportsman Series ( now Xfinity Series ) championship , in 1983 and 1984 . Ard also made one Winston Cup start . He retired from driving after being injured in late 1984 and became a car owner . He battled Parkinson 's in the later stages of his life and died in April 2017 at age 78 ."}]}, {'value': 'Oldsmobile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oldsmobile', 'summary': "Oldsmobile was a brand of American automobiles produced for most of its existence by General Motors . Olds Motor Vehicle Co. was founded by Ransom E. Olds in 1897 . It produced over 35 million vehicles , including at least 14 million built at its Lansing , Michigan factory alone . During its time as a division of General Motors , it slotted into the middle of GM 's five divisions ( above Chevrolet and Pontiac , beside Buick , but below Cadillac ) , and was noted for its testing of groundbreaking technology and designs , most notably the Rocket V8 engine . In 1985 , over 1 million Oldsmobiles were sold , but by the 1990s the division was tasked with competing with import brands . When it was shut down in 2004 , Oldsmobile was the oldest surviving American automobile marque , and one of the oldest in the world , after Peugeot , MAN , and Tatra ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_NASCAR_Busch_Series', 'summary': "The NASCAR Xfinity Series ( NXS ) is a stock car racing series organized by NASCAR . It is promoted as NASCAR 's minor league circuit , and is considered a proving ground for drivers who wish to step up to the organization 's top level circuit , the NASCAR Cup Series . NXS events are frequently held as a support race on the day prior to a Cup Series event scheduled for that weekend . The series was previously called the Budweiser Late Model Sportsman Series in 1982 and 1983 , the NASCAR Busch Grand National Series from 1984 through 2002 , the NASCAR Busch Series from 2003 through 2007 , and the NASCAR Nationwide Series from 2008 through 2014 . It is currently sponsored by Comcast via its consumer cable brand Xfinity ."}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sam Ard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Ard', 'summary': "Samuel Julian Ard ( February 14 , 1939 - April 2 , 2017 ) was an American professional stock car racing driver . He won two NASCAR Late Model Sportsman Series ( now Xfinity Series ) championship , in 1983 and 1984 . Ard also made one Winston Cup start . He retired from driving after being injured in late 1984 and became a car owner . He battled Parkinson 's in the later stages of his life and died in April 2017 at age 78 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pontiac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pontiac', 'summary': "Pontiac was a car brand owned , made , and sold by General Motors . Introduced as a companion make for GM 's more expensive line of Oakland automobiles , Pontiac overtook Oakland in popularity and supplanted its parent brand entirely by 1933 . Sold in the United States , Canada , and Mexico by GM , Pontiac was advertised as the performance division of General Motors from the 1960s onward . In the hierarchy of GM 's five divisions , it slotted above Chevrolet , but below Oldsmobile , Buick and Cadillac . Amid late 2000s financial problems and restructuring efforts , GM announced in 2008 it would follow the same path with Pontiac as it had with Oldsmobile in 2004 and discontinued manufacturing and marketing vehicles under that brand by the end of 2010 . The last Pontiac badged cars were built in December 2009 , with one final vehicle in January 2010 . Franchise agreements for Pontiac dealers expired October 31 , 2010 , leaving GM to focus on its four remaining North American brands : Chevrolet , Buick , Cadillac , and GMC ."}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_NASCAR_Busch_Series', 'summary': "The NASCAR Xfinity Series ( NXS ) is a stock car racing series organized by NASCAR . It is promoted as NASCAR 's minor league circuit , and is considered a proving ground for drivers who wish to step up to the organization 's top level circuit , the NASCAR Cup Series . NXS events are frequently held as a support race on the day prior to a Cup Series event scheduled for that weekend . The series was previously called the Budweiser Late Model Sportsman Series in 1982 and 1983 , the NASCAR Busch Grand National Series from 1984 through 2002 , the NASCAR Busch Series from 2003 through 2007 , and the NASCAR Nationwide Series from 2008 through 2014 . It is currently sponsored by Comcast via its consumer cable brand Xfinity ."}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Ingram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Ingram_(NASCAR_driver)', 'summary': 'Jack Ingram ( born December 28 , 1936 ) is a former NASCAR Busch Series race car driver . Nicknamed the Iron Man , during eight seasons in the Busch Series , he won 31 races and 5 poles , as well as the 1982 and 1985 championships . Unlike most younger competitors , Ingram won his 31 races between the age of 45 and age 50 . During most of his time in the series he drove the Skoal Bandit car ( 1984 to 1991 ) . Throughout his Busch Series career he almost always raced in the No . 11 car . During the 1986 season , Ingram was suspended for two races by NASCAR after ramming a driver during a race in Asheville , North Carolina . After his NBS retirement in 1991 , he held the record for the most wins in the Busch Series , until it was broken by Mark Martin in 1997 . As of August 17 , 2019 , he is currently 6th in career wins in the series . Prior to the inauguration of the Busch Series in 1982 Ingram had won three consecutive Late Model Sportsman Championships in 1972 , 1973 and 1974 . In 2007 , Ingram was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame . In 2013 , Ingram was nominated into the NASCAR Hall of Fame , and was inducted the following year .'}]}, {'value': 'Pontiac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pontiac', 'summary': "Pontiac was a car brand owned , made , and sold by General Motors . Introduced as a companion make for GM 's more expensive line of Oakland automobiles , Pontiac overtook Oakland in popularity and supplanted its parent brand entirely by 1933 . Sold in the United States , Canada , and Mexico by GM , Pontiac was advertised as the performance division of General Motors from the 1960s onward . In the hierarchy of GM 's five divisions , it slotted above Chevrolet , but below Oldsmobile , Buick and Cadillac . Amid late 2000s financial problems and restructuring efforts , GM announced in 2008 it would follow the same path with Pontiac as it had with Oldsmobile in 2004 and discontinued manufacturing and marketing vehicles under that brand by the end of 2010 . The last Pontiac badged cars were built in December 2009 , with one final vehicle in January 2010 . Franchise agreements for Pontiac dealers expired October 31 , 2010 , leaving GM to focus on its four remaining North American brands : Chevrolet , Buick , Cadillac , and GMC ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_NASCAR_Busch_Series', 'summary': "The NASCAR Xfinity Series ( NXS ) is a stock car racing series organized by NASCAR . It is promoted as NASCAR 's minor league circuit , and is considered a proving ground for drivers who wish to step up to the organization 's top level circuit , the NASCAR Cup Series . NXS events are frequently held as a support race on the day prior to a Cup Series event scheduled for that weekend . The series was previously called the Budweiser Late Model Sportsman Series in 1982 and 1983 , the NASCAR Busch Grand National Series from 1984 through 2002 , the NASCAR Busch Series from 2003 through 2007 , and the NASCAR Nationwide Series from 2008 through 2014 . It is currently sponsored by Comcast via its consumer cable brand Xfinity ."}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larry Pearson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Pearson', 'summary': 'Larry Pearson ( born November 2 , 1953 , Spartanburg , South Carolina ) is a former NASCAR driver and the son of three-time Winston Cup champion David Pearson . He won the Busch Series championship in 1986 and 1987 , but struggled during his brief tenure in Winston Cup . His last ride in NASCAR came in the Busch Series in 1999 , in the No . 00 Pontiac owned by Buckshot Racing . His Winston Cup statistics include 57 starts and 3 top-tens . His Busch statistics include 259 starts , 15 wins , 78 top-fives , 129 top-tens , 12 poles , and 6 top-ten point finishes ( including the two championships ) . Pearson was involved in a violent turn two crash with Charlie Glotzbach on March 20 , 2010 , during a legends race at Bristol Motor Speedway , knocking him unconscious . Pearson regained consciousness before he was lifted out of the car on a backboard and transported by ambulance to a waiting helicopter that flew him to Bristol Regional Medical Center . Pearson suffered a fractured pelvis , fractured right hand , and compound fracture to his left ankle , and underwent surgery the night of March 20 to repair the ankle injury . Two days after the accident , he was released from the Bristol hospital and transported to Charlotte , North Carolina He was admitted into Carolinas Medical Center in fair condition .'}]}, {'value': 'Pontiac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pontiac', 'summary': "Pontiac was a car brand owned , made , and sold by General Motors . Introduced as a companion make for GM 's more expensive line of Oakland automobiles , Pontiac overtook Oakland in popularity and supplanted its parent brand entirely by 1933 . Sold in the United States , Canada , and Mexico by GM , Pontiac was advertised as the performance division of General Motors from the 1960s onward . In the hierarchy of GM 's five divisions , it slotted above Chevrolet , but below Oldsmobile , Buick and Cadillac . Amid late 2000s financial problems and restructuring efforts , GM announced in 2008 it would follow the same path with Pontiac as it had with Oldsmobile in 2004 and discontinued manufacturing and marketing vehicles under that brand by the end of 2010 . The last Pontiac badged cars were built in December 2009 , with one final vehicle in January 2010 . Franchise agreements for Pontiac dealers expired October 31 , 2010 , leaving GM to focus on its four remaining North American brands : Chevrolet , Buick , Cadillac , and GMC ."}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_NASCAR_Busch_Series', 'summary': "The NASCAR Xfinity Series ( NXS ) is a stock car racing series organized by NASCAR . It is promoted as NASCAR 's minor league circuit , and is considered a proving ground for drivers who wish to step up to the organization 's top level circuit , the NASCAR Cup Series . NXS events are frequently held as a support race on the day prior to a Cup Series event scheduled for that weekend . The series was previously called the Budweiser Late Model Sportsman Series in 1982 and 1983 , the NASCAR Busch Grand National Series from 1984 through 2002 , the NASCAR Busch Series from 2003 through 2007 , and the NASCAR Nationwide Series from 2008 through 2014 . It is currently sponsored by Comcast via its consumer cable brand Xfinity ."}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larry Pearson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Pearson', 'summary': 'Larry Pearson ( born November 2 , 1953 , Spartanburg , South Carolina ) is a former NASCAR driver and the son of three-time Winston Cup champion David Pearson . He won the Busch Series championship in 1986 and 1987 , but struggled during his brief tenure in Winston Cup . His last ride in NASCAR came in the Busch Series in 1999 , in the No . 00 Pontiac owned by Buckshot Racing . His Winston Cup statistics include 57 starts and 3 top-tens . His Busch statistics include 259 starts , 15 wins , 78 top-fives , 129 top-tens , 12 poles , and 6 top-ten point finishes ( including the two championships ) . Pearson was involved in a violent turn two crash with Charlie Glotzbach on March 20 , 2010 , during a legends race at Bristol Motor Speedway , knocking him unconscious . Pearson regained consciousness before he was lifted out of the car on a backboard and transported by ambulance to a waiting helicopter that flew him to Bristol Regional Medical Center . Pearson suffered a fractured pelvis , fractured right hand , and compound fracture to his left ankle , and underwent surgery the night of March 20 to repair the ankle injury . Two days after the accident , he was released from the Bristol hospital and transported to Charlotte , North Carolina He was admitted into Carolinas Medical Center in fair condition .'}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_NASCAR_Busch_Series', 'summary': 'The 1988 NASCAR Busch Series season began February 13 and ended October 30 . Tommy Ellis of J & J Racing won the championship .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tommy Ellis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tommy_Ellis', 'summary': 'Tommy Ellis is a former NASCAR short track driver who competed in the 1970s and 1980s . Often referred to as Terrible Tommy Ellis for his rough tactics , he won the last national late model sportsman championship in 1981 , the final year before the format changed from points chasing late model sportsman racing at various short tracks across the country ( now known as the Whelen All-American Series ) to the current touring format , currently known as the Xfinity Series , the next year . He won the successor series in 1988 .'}]}, {'value': 'Buick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buick', 'summary': "Buick ( /ˈbjuːɪk/ ) is a division of the American automobile manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Named for automotive pioneer David Buick , it was among the first American marques of automobiles , and was the company that established General Motors in 1908 . Before the establishment of General Motors , GM founder William C. Durant had served as Buick 's general manager and major investor . Buick was the first production automobile maker in the world to equip its cars with overhead valve engines , which it did in the year 1904 . For much of its existence in the North American market , Buick has been marketed as a premium automobile brand , selling luxury vehicles positioned above GM 's mainstream brands , while below the flagship luxury Cadillac division . In addition to wealthier buyers , Buick has also had a reputation of appealing to older buyers . In 2017 , Buick sold more than 1.4 million vehicles worldwide , a record for the brand . The main market is China , where 80% of Buick-branded automobiles are sold . Buicks are also sold in the United States , Canada , and Mexico ."}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_NASCAR_Busch_Series', 'summary': 'The 1989 NASCAR Busch Series season began February 18 and ended October 29 . Rob Moroso of Moroso Racing won the championship .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rob Moroso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rob_Moroso', 'summary': 'Robert James Moroso ( September 26 , 1968 - September 30 , 1990 ) was a NASCAR racing driver who was champion of the NASCAR Busch Series ( now Xfinity Series ) in 1989 , and was posthumously awarded the 1990 NASCAR Winston Cup ( now NASCAR Cup Series ) Rookie of the Year award . A promising young driver , he and another driver were killed when Moroso was driving under the influence at excessive speeds on roads near his hometown of Terrell , North Carolina . Born in Greenwich , Connecticut , he was the son of Dick Moroso , founder of Moroso Performance , suppliers of aftermarket automotive parts , and former owner of Moroso Motorsports Park in Jupiter , Florida .'}]}, {'value': 'Buick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buick', 'summary': "Buick ( /ˈbjuːɪk/ ) is a division of the American automobile manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Named for automotive pioneer David Buick , it was among the first American marques of automobiles , and was the company that established General Motors in 1908 . Before the establishment of General Motors , GM founder William C. Durant had served as Buick 's general manager and major investor . Buick was the first production automobile maker in the world to equip its cars with overhead valve engines , which it did in the year 1904 . For much of its existence in the North American market , Buick has been marketed as a premium automobile brand , selling luxury vehicles positioned above GM 's mainstream brands , while below the flagship luxury Cadillac division . In addition to wealthier buyers , Buick has also had a reputation of appealing to older buyers . In 2017 , Buick sold more than 1.4 million vehicles worldwide , a record for the brand . The main market is China , where 80% of Buick-branded automobiles are sold . Buicks are also sold in the United States , Canada , and Mexico ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1990_NASCAR_Busch_Series', 'summary': 'The 1990 NASCAR Busch Series season began February 17 and ended October 28 . Chuck Bown of Hensley Motorsports won the championship . See also : 1990 in NASCAR'}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chuck Bown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chuck_Bown', 'summary': 'Richard Charles Chuck Bown Jr. ( born February 22 , 1954 ) is a former NASCAR champion . His last ride came in 1999 . He lives with his wife in Asheboro , North Carolina . He is the brother of former fellow NASCAR competitor Jim Bown .'}]}, {'value': 'Buick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buick', 'summary': "Buick ( /ˈbjuːɪk/ ) is a division of the American automobile manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Named for automotive pioneer David Buick , it was among the first American marques of automobiles , and was the company that established General Motors in 1908 . Before the establishment of General Motors , GM founder William C. Durant had served as Buick 's general manager and major investor . Buick was the first production automobile maker in the world to equip its cars with overhead valve engines , which it did in the year 1904 . For much of its existence in the North American market , Buick has been marketed as a premium automobile brand , selling luxury vehicles positioned above GM 's mainstream brands , while below the flagship luxury Cadillac division . In addition to wealthier buyers , Buick has also had a reputation of appealing to older buyers . In 2017 , Buick sold more than 1.4 million vehicles worldwide , a record for the brand . The main market is China , where 80% of Buick-branded automobiles are sold . Buicks are also sold in the United States , Canada , and Mexico ."}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_NASCAR_Busch_Series', 'summary': 'The 1991 NASCAR Busch Series season began February 16 and ended on October 27 . Bobby Labonte of Labonte Motorsports won the championship .'}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bobby Labonte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Labonte', 'summary': "Robert Allen Labonte ( born May 8 , 1964 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . The 2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series champion , he currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series , driving the No . 18 Toyota for RDV Competition , and is an analyst on NASCAR RaceDay for FOX Sports . He and his older brother , Terry Labonte , are one of only two pairs of brothers to have both won the Cup championships ( along with Kurt Busch and Kyle Busch ) . He is also the uncle of former Xfinity Series race winner Justin Labonte . Labonte is the first driver to have won both the Winston Cup championship ( 2000 ) and the Busch Series championship ( 1991 ) in both series current , touring form . ( Ned Jarrett previously won both under the old points championship format ) . Bobby also won the IROC title in 2001 . Labonte is also the first driver to complete the NASCAR Triple Threat at the same track , by winning races at Martinsville in each of NASCAR 's top three racing series ."}]}, {'value': 'Oldsmobile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oldsmobile', 'summary': "Oldsmobile was a brand of American automobiles produced for most of its existence by General Motors . Olds Motor Vehicle Co. was founded by Ransom E. Olds in 1897 . It produced over 35 million vehicles , including at least 14 million built at its Lansing , Michigan factory alone . During its time as a division of General Motors , it slotted into the middle of GM 's five divisions ( above Chevrolet and Pontiac , beside Buick , but below Cadillac ) , and was noted for its testing of groundbreaking technology and designs , most notably the Rocket V8 engine . In 1985 , over 1 million Oldsmobiles were sold , but by the 1990s the division was tasked with competing with import brands . When it was shut down in 2004 , Oldsmobile was the oldest surviving American automobile marque , and one of the oldest in the world , after Peugeot , MAN , and Tatra ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_NASCAR_Busch_Series', 'summary': 'The 1992 NASCAR Busch Series season began February 15 and ended November 8 . Joe Nemechek of NEMCO Motorsports won the championship .'}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Nemechek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Nemechek', 'summary': 'Joseph Frank Nemechek III ( born September 26 , 1963 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 47 Chevrolet Camaro for Mike Harmon Racing , and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No.87 Ford F-150 for family-owned NEMCO Motorsports . He won the 1992 NASCAR Busch Series championship . Nemechek has made more national series starts in NASCAR than any other driver . He was born in Lakeland , Florida , the older brother of John Nemechek , and is nicknamed Front Row Joe , a nickname given him by former teammate Wally Dallenbach for his tendency in the late 1990s to be a regular contender for a front row starting position . He is the father of John Hunter Nemechek .'}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1993_NASCAR_Busch_Series', 'summary': 'The 1993 NASCAR Busch Series season began February 13 and ended November 13 , with Steve Grissom of Grissom Racing Enterprises winning the championship .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steve Grissom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Grissom', 'summary': 'Steven Grissom ( born June 26 , 1963 ) is a former NASCAR driver . Grissom was the 1993 Busch Series champion and has eleven Busch wins in 185 starts . He turned down a scholarship to play quarterback at the University of Alabama to focus a career on racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994_NASCAR_Busch_Series', 'summary': 'The 1994 NASCAR Busch Series season began February 19 and ended October 22 . David Green of Labonte Motorsports won the championship .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Green', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Green_(racing_driver)', 'summary': 'David A . Green ( born January 28 , 1958 ) is a former American stock car racing driver , who currently works as a NASCAR official . While driving , he won the 1994 NASCAR Busch Series championship . His two younger brothers , Jeff and Mark have also competed in the NASCAR circuit .'}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995_NASCAR_Busch_Series', 'summary': 'The 1995 NASCAR Busch Series season was held February 18 and ended November 5 . Johnny Benson of BACE Motorsports won the championship . This was the first season to utilize V8 engines after having used V6 engines since the series began in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnny Benson Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Benson_Jr.', 'summary': "Jonathan Benson Jr. ( born June 27 , 1963 ) is an American retired stock car racing driver and the son of former Michigan modified driver John Benson Sr. Benson has raced across NASCAR 's three national series ( Cup , Busch , Truck ) , and his career highlights include the 1993 American Speed Association AC-Delco Challenge series championship , the 1995 NASCAR Busch Series championship , the 1996 NASCAR Winston Cup Series Rookie of the Year Award , and the 2008 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series championship . Benson , who began his NASCAR career in 1993 , is the second of only three drivers that have won a championship in both the Busch Series and the Craftsman Truck Series , and the seventeenth of only twenty-seven drivers to win a race in each of NASCAR 's three national series ."}]}, {'value': 'Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_NASCAR_Busch_Series', 'summary': 'The 1996 NASCAR Busch Series season began February 17 and ended November 3 . Randy LaJoie of BACE Motorsports was crowned the series champion .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Randy LaJoie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Randy_LaJoie', 'summary': 'Randall Randy LaJoie ( born August 28 , 1961 ) is a former NASCAR Busch Series race car driver ( now the Xfinity Series ) . where he won the championship in 1996 and 1997 . He is the father of racers Casey and Corey LaJoie .'}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1997_NASCAR_Busch_Series', 'summary': 'The 1997 NASCAR Busch Series season began February 15 and ended November 9 . Randy LaJoie of BACE Motorsports won the championship .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Randy LaJoie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Randy_LaJoie', 'summary': 'Randall Randy LaJoie ( born August 28 , 1961 ) is a former NASCAR Busch Series race car driver ( now the Xfinity Series ) . where he won the championship in 1996 and 1997 . He is the father of racers Casey and Corey LaJoie .'}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_NASCAR_Busch_Series', 'summary': "The 1998 NASCAR Busch Series season began on Saturday February 14 and ended on Sunday November 15 . Dale Earnhardt Jr. of Dale Earnhardt , Inc. was crowned champion at season 's end ."}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dale Earnhardt Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt_Jr.', 'summary': "Ralph Dale Earnhardt Jr. ( born October 10 , 1974 ) is an American semi-retired , professional stock car racing driver . He is a team owner , author , and an analyst for NASCAR on NBC . Earnhardt competes part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 8 Chevrolet Camaro for his team JR Motorsports . He is the son of the late Dale Earnhardt Sr. , who was inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame . He is also the grandson of NASCAR driver Ralph Earnhardt , the brother of Kelley Earnhardt-Miller , the half-brother of former driver Kerry Earnhardt , the uncle of driver Jeffrey Earnhardt , and the stepson of Teresa Earnhardt . Earnhardt 's success at Daytona International Speedway throughout his career earned him the nickname Pied Piper of Daytona . He is a two-time Daytona 500 winner , winning the race exactly 10 years apart ( 2004 and 2014 ) , and has won the Most Popular Driver Award fifteen consecutive times from 2003-2017 . After driving the No . 8 Chevrolet Monte Carlo for Dale Earnhardt , Inc. ( DEI ) , his father 's team in the NASCAR Cup Series , for much of his early Cup career , he moved to Hendrick Motorsports to drive the No . 88 in 2008 . He remained with HMS until his retirement as a full-time driver in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_NASCAR_Busch_Series', 'summary': 'The 1999 NASCAR Busch Series season began on February 13 and ended on November 13 . Dale Earnhardt Jr. of Dale Earnhardt , Inc. won the season points championship for the second year in a row .'}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dale Earnhardt Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt_Jr.', 'summary': "Ralph Dale Earnhardt Jr. ( born October 10 , 1974 ) is an American semi-retired , professional stock car racing driver . He is a team owner , author , and an analyst for NASCAR on NBC . Earnhardt competes part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 8 Chevrolet Camaro for his team JR Motorsports . He is the son of the late Dale Earnhardt Sr. , who was inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame . He is also the grandson of NASCAR driver Ralph Earnhardt , the brother of Kelley Earnhardt-Miller , the half-brother of former driver Kerry Earnhardt , the uncle of driver Jeffrey Earnhardt , and the stepson of Teresa Earnhardt . Earnhardt 's success at Daytona International Speedway throughout his career earned him the nickname Pied Piper of Daytona . He is a two-time Daytona 500 winner , winning the race exactly 10 years apart ( 2004 and 2014 ) , and has won the Most Popular Driver Award fifteen consecutive times from 2003-2017 . After driving the No . 8 Chevrolet Monte Carlo for Dale Earnhardt , Inc. ( DEI ) , his father 's team in the NASCAR Cup Series , for much of his early Cup career , he moved to Hendrick Motorsports to drive the No . 88 in 2008 . He remained with HMS until his retirement as a full-time driver in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_NASCAR_Busch_Series', 'summary': 'The 2000 NASCAR Busch Grand National Series season began on February 19 and ended on November 11 . Jeff Green of ppc Racing was crowned series champion .'}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeff Green', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Green_(NASCAR)', 'summary': "Jeffrey Lynn Green ( born September 6 , 1962 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 38 Chevrolet Camaro for RSS Racing . Green also serves as the crew chief for the No . 93 RSS Chevrolet Camaro whenever he is not driving . Green 's 1990 Nashville Speedway USA championship led to his first foray in NASCAR . For several years , he raced part-time in the Busch Series before thriving as a full-time driver in 1995 and 1996 . He then went through a two-year Cup stint with Diamond Ridge Motorsports and Felix Sabates . Green returned to the Busch Series in 1999 . In three seasons , he won the 2000 championship by 616 points , a series record which stood until 2006 , and finished second twice . Green participated in IROC 's 25th season in 2001 , and has raced full-time with four different Sprint Cup teams since 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_NASCAR_Busch_Series', 'summary': 'The 2001 NASCAR Busch Series season began February 17 and ended November 10 . Kevin Harvick of Richard Childress Racing was champion .'}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kevin Harvick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Harvick', 'summary': "Kevin Michael Harvick ( born December 8 , 1975 ) , nicknamed The Closer and Happy Harvick , is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 4 Ford Mustang for Stewart-Haas Racing . Harvick is the former owner of Kevin Harvick Incorporated , a race team that fielded cars in the Xfinity and Camping World Truck Series between 2004 and 2011 . He is the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series champion and a two-time Xfinity Series champion . Harvick holds the all-time record for Cup Series wins at Phoenix International Raceway with nine wins . Harvick is also the third winningest driver in Xfinity Series history with 47 wins . Harvick , who began his NASCAR career in 1995 , is the third of only five drivers that have won a championship in both the Sprint Cup Series and the Xfinity Series , and the fifth of only thirty-one drivers to win a race in each of NASCAR 's three national series with over 100 race wins across three national divisions . Harvick also won the 1998 Winston West Series title with five wins that season ."}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Xfinity Series', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_NASCAR_seasons_1', 'intro': "Seventy seasons of NASCAR, the highest class of stock car auto racing in the United States. The NASCAR championship season consists of a series of races held usually on purpose-built tracks. The results of each race are combined to determine two annual championships in each of the top series, one for drivers and one for manufacturer. The Drivers' Championship is awarded to the most successful NASCAR driver over a season, as determined by a points system based on race results, and has been awarded since the first NASCAR season in 1949. The Manufacturers' Championship is awarded to the most successful NASCAR manufacturer over a season, also determined by a points system based on race results. The Manufacturers' Championship was first awarded in 1952."}	null	null	When did the team owner , author , and an analyst for NASCAR on NBC last win the Driver 's Championship ?	1999
0773ee6611641990	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_China', 'title': 'List of ambassadors of the United States to China', 'header': ['Name', 'Home state', 'Presented credentials', 'Terminated'], 'data': [{'value': 'Leonard Woodcock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leonard_Woodcock', 'summary': "Leonard Freel Woodcock ( February 15 , 1911 - January 16 , 2001 ) was President of the United Auto Workers ( UAW ) and the first US ambassador to the People 's Republic of China after being the last Chief of the US Liaison Office in Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan', 'summary': "Michigan ( /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigamaa , meaning large water or large lake . With a population of just under 10 million , Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area , and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River . [ b ] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation 's most populous and largest metropolitan economies . Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is often noted as being shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often called the U.P . ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds ."}]}, {'value': 'March 7 , 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 13 , 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthur W. Hummel Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_W._Hummel_Jr.', 'summary': 'Arthur William Hummel Jr. ( Chinese : 恒安石 ; pinyin : Héng Ānshí ; birth name Arthur Millbourne Hummel ) ( June 1 , 1920 - February 6 , 2001 ) was a United States diplomat .'}]}, {'value': 'Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryland', 'summary': "Maryland ( US : /ˈmɛrələnd/ ( listen ) MERR-ə-lənd ) [ a ] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States , bordering Virginia , West Virginia , and the District of Columbia to its south and west ; Pennsylvania to its north ; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to its east . The state 's largest city is Baltimore , and its capital is Annapolis . Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State , the Free State , and the Chesapeake Bay State . It is named after the English queen Henrietta Maria , known in England as Queen Mary , who was the wife of King Charles I. Sixteen of Maryland 's twenty-three counties , as well as the city of Baltimore , border the tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its many tributaries , which combined total more than 4,000 miles of shoreline . Although one of the smallest states in the U.S. , it features a variety of climates and topographical features that have earned it the moniker of America in Miniature . In a similar vein , Maryland 's geography , culture , and history combine elements of the Mid-Atlantic , Northeastern , and South Atlantic regions of the country . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Maryland was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , mostly by the Algonquin , and to a lesser degree by the Iroquois and Sioux . As one of the original Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain , Maryland was founded by George Calvert , a Catholic convert who sought to provide a religious haven for Catholics persecuted in England . In 1632 , Charles I of England granted Calvert a colonial charter , naming the colony after his wife , Queen Mary ( Henrietta Maria of France ) . Unlike the Pilgrims and Puritans , who rejected Catholicism in their settlements , Calvert envisioned a colony where people of different religious sects would coexist under the principle of toleration . Accordingly , in 1649 the Maryland General Assembly passed an Act Concerning Religion , which enshrined this principle by penalizing anyone who reproached a fellow Marylander based on religious affiliation . Nevertheless , religious strife was common in the early years , and Catholics remained a minority , albeit in greater numbers than in any other English colony ."}]}, {'value': 'September 24 , 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 24 , 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winston Lord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winston_Lord', 'summary': 'Winston Lord ( born August 14 , 1937 ) is a United States diplomat and leader of non-governmental foreign policy organizations . He has served as Special Assistant to the National Security Advisor ( 1970-1973 ) , Director of the State Department Policy Planning Staff ( 1973-1977 ) , President of the Council on Foreign Relations ( 1977-1985 ) , Ambassador to China ( 1985-1989 ) , and Assistant Secretary of State ( 1993-1997 ) . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': 'November 19 , 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 23 , 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Lilley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Lilley', 'summary': "James Roderick Lilley ( simplified Chinese : 李洁明 ; traditional Chinese : 李潔明 ; pinyin : Lǐ Jiémíng ; January 15 , 1928 - November 12 , 2009 ) was an American diplomat who served as United States ambassador to China at the time of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests . Born to American parents in China , Lilley learned Mandarin at a young age before his family moved back to the United States at the outbreak of World War II . He served in the United States Army before earning an undergraduate degree from Yale University and a master 's in international relations from George Washington University . He then joined the Central Intelligence Agency , where he would work for nearly 30 years in a variety of Asian countries prior to becoming a diplomat . Before being appointed ambassador to China in 1989 , he was director of the American Institute in Taiwan , Washington 's de facto embassy on the island , and ambassador to South Korea . After the suppression of the Tiananmen Square protests , Lilley was critical of the Chinese crackdown and harbored a prominent dissident in the embassy , but worked to prevent long-term damage to United States-China relations . After his retirement , he published a memoir and worked as a fellow at the American Enterprise Institute ."}]}, {'value': 'Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryland', 'summary': "Maryland ( US : /ˈmɛrələnd/ ( listen ) MERR-ə-lənd ) [ a ] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States , bordering Virginia , West Virginia , and the District of Columbia to its south and west ; Pennsylvania to its north ; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to its east . The state 's largest city is Baltimore , and its capital is Annapolis . Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State , the Free State , and the Chesapeake Bay State . It is named after the English queen Henrietta Maria , known in England as Queen Mary , who was the wife of King Charles I. Sixteen of Maryland 's twenty-three counties , as well as the city of Baltimore , border the tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its many tributaries , which combined total more than 4,000 miles of shoreline . Although one of the smallest states in the U.S. , it features a variety of climates and topographical features that have earned it the moniker of America in Miniature . In a similar vein , Maryland 's geography , culture , and history combine elements of the Mid-Atlantic , Northeastern , and South Atlantic regions of the country . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Maryland was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , mostly by the Algonquin , and to a lesser degree by the Iroquois and Sioux . As one of the original Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain , Maryland was founded by George Calvert , a Catholic convert who sought to provide a religious haven for Catholics persecuted in England . In 1632 , Charles I of England granted Calvert a colonial charter , naming the colony after his wife , Queen Mary ( Henrietta Maria of France ) . Unlike the Pilgrims and Puritans , who rejected Catholicism in their settlements , Calvert envisioned a colony where people of different religious sects would coexist under the principle of toleration . Accordingly , in 1649 the Maryland General Assembly passed an Act Concerning Religion , which enshrined this principle by penalizing anyone who reproached a fellow Marylander based on religious affiliation . Nevertheless , religious strife was common in the early years , and Catholics remained a minority , albeit in greater numbers than in any other English colony ."}]}, {'value': 'May 8 , 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 10 , 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J. Stapleton Roy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._Stapleton_Roy', 'summary': 'J. Stapleton Roy ( Chinese : 芮效俭 ; pinyin : Ruì Xiàojiăn ; born 1935 ) is a former senior United States diplomat specializing in Asian affairs . A fluent Chinese speaker , Roy spent much of his career in East Asia , where his assignments included Bangkok ( twice ) , Hong Kong , Taipei , Beijing ( twice ) , Singapore , and Jakarta . He also specialized in Soviet affairs and served in Moscow at the height of the Cold War . Ambassador Roy served as Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research from 1999 to 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': 'August 20 , 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 17 , 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James R. Sasser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_R._Sasser', 'summary': 'James Ralph Sasser ( born September 30 , 1936 ) is an American politician , diplomat , and attorney . A Democrat , Sasser served three terms as a United States Senator from Tennessee from 1977 to 1995 , and was Chairman of the Senate Budget Committee . From 1996 to 1999 , during the Clinton Administration , he was the United States Ambassador to China .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee ( /ˌtɛnəˈsiː/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈtɛnəsi/ ; Cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ , romanized : Tanasi ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by eight states , with Kentucky to the north , Virginia to the northeast , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , Arkansas to the west , and Missouri to the northwest . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's capital and largest city , with a 2017 population of 667,560 and a 2017 metro population of 1,903,045 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which had a population of 652,236 in 2017 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined ."}]}, {'value': 'February 14 , 1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 1 , 1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Prueher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Prueher', 'summary': "Joseph Wilson Prueher ( born November 25 , 1942 ) is a former United States Navy Admiral who served as United States Ambassador to the People 's Republic of China from 1999 to 2001 . He was succeeded as ambassador by Clark T. Randt , Jr ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee ( /ˌtɛnəˈsiː/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈtɛnəsi/ ; Cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ , romanized : Tanasi ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by eight states , with Kentucky to the north , Virginia to the northeast , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , Arkansas to the west , and Missouri to the northwest . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's capital and largest city , with a 2017 population of 667,560 and a 2017 metro population of 1,903,045 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which had a population of 652,236 in 2017 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined ."}]}, {'value': 'December 15 , 1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 1 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clark T. Randt Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clark_T._Randt_Jr.', 'summary': "Clark T. Sandy Randt Jr. ( Chinese : 雷德 ; Pinyin : Léi Dé ; born November 24 , 1945 ) is an American lawyer and diplomat who served as the United States Ambassador to the People 's Republic of China from July 23 , 2001 to January 20 , 2009 , making him the longest-serving U.S . Ambassador to China . Randt was formerly a partner with the law firm of Shearman & Sterling in Hong Kong , where he headed the firm 's China practice ."}]}, {'value': 'Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}]}, {'value': 'July 28 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 20 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jon Huntsman Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_Jr.', 'summary': 'Jon Meade Huntsman Jr. ( born March 26 , 1960 ) is an American businessman , diplomat , politician , and the former Ambassador of the United States to Russia , serving from October 2017 to October 3 , 2019 . Huntsman was the U.S . Ambassador to Singapore from 1992 to 1993 , the 16th Governor of Utah from 2005 to 2009 , and the U.S . Ambassador to China from 2009 until 2011 . He has served in the administrations of five Presidents and was a candidate for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination . In January 2014 , Huntsman was named chair of the Washington-based foreign policy think-tank the Atlantic Council . Huntsman has served in every presidential administration since the presidency of Ronald Reagan . He began his career as a White House staff assistant for Ronald Reagan , and was appointed Deputy Assistant Secretary of Commerce and United States Ambassador to Singapore by George H. W. Bush . Later as Deputy U.S. Trade Representative under George W. Bush , he launched global trade negotiations in Doha in 2001 and guided the accession of China into the World Trade Organization . He also served as CEO of his family-owned Huntsman Corporation and chair of the Huntsman Cancer Foundation . He has served as U.S . Ambassador to China , Russia , and Singapore ; he is the only American ambassador to have served in both Russia and China .'}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah', 'summary': "Utah ( /ˈjuːtɑː/ YOO-tah , /ˈjuːtɔː/ ( listen ) YOO-taw ) is a state in the western United States . It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4 , 1896 . Utah is the 13th-largest by area , 30th-most-populous , and 11th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States . Utah has a population of more than 3 million according to the Census estimate for July 1 , 2018 . Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas : the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state , which contains approximately 2.5 million people ; and Washington County in Southern Utah , with over 160,000 residents . Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east , Wyoming to the northeast , Idaho to the north , Arizona to the south , and Nevada to the west . It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast . Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , making Utah the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church . This greatly influences Utahn culture , politics , and daily life . The church 's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City . The state is a center of transportation , education , information technology and research , government services , and mining and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation . In 2013 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second-fastest-growing population of any state ."}]}, {'value': 'August 28 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 30 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gary Locke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Locke', 'summary': 'Gary Faye Locke ( born January 21 , 1950 ) is an American politician and diplomat who served as the 10th United States ambassador to China ( 2011-14 ) . He was previously the 21st Governor of Washington ( 1997-2005 ) and served in the Obama administration as United States Secretary of Commerce ( 2009-11 ) . Locke is the first governor in the continental United States of East Asian descent , and is the only Chinese American ever to have served as a governor of any state . He was also the first Chinese American to serve as the U.S. ambassador to China .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_(state)', 'summary': "Washington ( /ˈwɒʃɪŋtən/ ( listen ) ) , officially the State of Washington , is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . Named for George Washington , the first U.S. president , the state was made out of the western part of the Washington Territory , which was ceded by the British Empire in 1846 , in accordance with the Oregon Treaty in the settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute . The state , which is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean , Oregon to the south , Idaho to the east , and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north , was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889 . Olympia is the state capital ; the state 's largest city is Seattle . Washington is often referred to as Washington State to distinguish it from the nation 's capital , Washington , D.C. Washington is the 18th largest state , with an area of 71,362 square miles ( 184,827 km2 ) , and the 13th most populous state , with more than 7.4 million people . Approximately 60 percent of Washington 's residents live in the Seattle metropolitan area , the center of transportation , business , and industry along Puget Sound , an inlet of the Pacific Ocean consisting of numerous islands , deep fjords , and bays carved out by glaciers . The remainder of the state consists of deep temperate rainforests in the west ; mountain ranges in the west , central , northeast , and far southeast ; and a semi-arid basin region in the east , central , and south , given over to intensive agriculture . Washington is the second most populous state on the West Coast and in the Western United States , after California . Mount Rainier , an active stratovolcano , is the state 's highest elevation , at almost 14,411 feet ( 4,392 meters ) , and is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous U.S. Washington is a leading lumber producer . Its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir , hemlock , ponderosa pine , white pine , spruce , larch , and cedar . The state is the US 's largest producer of apples , hops , pears , red raspberries , spearmint oil , and sweet cherries , and ranks high in the production of apricots , asparagus , dry edible peas , grapes , lentils , peppermint oil , and potatoes . Livestock and livestock products make important contributions to total farm revenue , and the commercial fishing of salmon , halibut , and bottomfish makes a significant contribution to the state 's economy ."}]}, {'value': 'August 16 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 21 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Max Baucus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Max_Baucus', 'summary': "Maxwell Sieben Baucus ( né Enke ; born December 11 , 1941 ) is a retired American politician and diplomat who served as a United States Senator from Montana from 1978 to 2014 . A member of the Democratic Party , he was a U.S . Senator for nearly 36 years , making him the longest-serving Senator in Montana history . President Barack Obama appointed Baucus to replace Gary Locke as the 11th U.S . Ambassador to the People 's Republic of China , a position that he held from 2014 until 2017 . As the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Finance , Baucus played an influential role in the debate over health care reform in the United States . He was also chairman of the Joint Committee on Taxation , a member of the Senate Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry and the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works , and was chairman of the Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure . Before his election to the Senate , Baucus was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1978 , representing Montana 's 1st congressional district . He previously served in the Montana House of Representatives from 1973 to 1974 ."}]}, {'value': 'Montana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montana', 'summary': "Montana ( /mɒnˈtænə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Northwestern United States . Montana has several nicknames , although none are official , including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State , and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place . Montana is the fourth-largest in area , the 8th least populous , and the third-least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The western half of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges . Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . In all , 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains . The eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands . Montana is bordered by Idaho to the west , Wyoming to the south , North Dakota and South Dakota to the east , and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan to the north . The economy is primarily based on agriculture , including ranching and cereal grain farming . Other significant economic resources include oil , gas , coal , hard rock mining , and lumber . The health care , service , and government sectors also are significant to the state 's economy . The state 's fastest-growing sector is tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'March 20 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 16 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terry E. Branstad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terry_E._Branstad', 'summary': "Terry Edward Branstad ( born November 17 , 1946 ) is an American politician , university administrator , and diplomat serving as the United States Ambassador to China since 2017 . A member of the Republican Party , he previously served as governor of Iowa . Branstad also served three terms in the Iowa House of Representatives from 1973 to 1979 . Branstad served as the 39th governor of Iowa from 1983 to 1999 . After retiring from politics , he served as President of Des Moines University from 2003 to 2009 . In 2010 he ran for governor again and defeated incumbent Chet Culver to become the state 's 42nd governor . He was reelected to a sixth term in 2014 . In December 2015 he surpassed New York 's George Clinton as the longest-tenured governor in American history . In December 2016 Branstad accepted President Donald Trump 's nomination as United States Ambassador to China . He was confirmed and sworn in in May 2017 . Upon resigning as governor , Branstad was succeeded by Lieutenant Governor Kim Reynolds , who became Iowa 's first female governor and went on to win election to the office in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iowa', 'summary': "Iowa ( /ˈaɪəwə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Midwestern United States , bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west . It is bordered by six states : Wisconsin to the northeast , Illinois to the east and southeast , Missouri to the south , Nebraska to the west , South Dakota to the northwest , and Minnesota to the north . In colonial times , Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana ; its state flag is patterned after the flag of France . After the Louisiana Purchase , people laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt . In the latter half of the 20th century , Iowa 's agricultural economy made the transition to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing , processing , financial services , information technology , biotechnology , and green energy production . Iowa is the 26th most extensive in land area and the 30th most populous of the 50 U.S. states . The state 's capital , most populous city , and largest metropolitan area fully located within the state is Des Moines . A portion of the larger Omaha , Nebraska , metropolitan area extends into three counties of southwest Iowa . Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states to live in ."}]}, {'value': 'July 12 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Incumbent', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "List of ambassadors to the People 's Republic of China", 'section_text': "The United States established diplomatic relations with the People 's Republic of China , and terminated them with the Republic of China , on January 1 , 1979 . The American Embassy at Taipei closed February 28 , 1979 , while the American Liaison Office at Beijing was redesignated the American Embassy on March 1 , 1979 .", 'uid': 'United_States_Ambassador_to_China_5', 'intro': "The United States Ambassador to China is the chief American diplomat to People's Republic of China (PRC). The United States has sent diplomatic representatives to China since 1844, when Caleb Cushing, as commissioner, negotiated the Treaty of Wanghia. Commissioners represented the United States in China from 1844 to 1857. Until 1898, the Qing Empire did not have a system in place for the Emperor to accept the Letters of Credence of foreign representatives. From 1858 to 1935, the U.S. representative in China was formally Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to China. The American legation in Nanjing was upgraded to an embassy in 1935 and the Envoy was promoted to Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. During the republican era, the U.S. recognized the Beiyang Government in Beijing from 1912 to 1928 and the Nationalist Government in Nanjing (and Chongqing from 1937 to 1945) from 1928 onwards. After the Communist People's Republic of China was established in mainland China in 1949 and the Kuomintang moved the Republic of China government from Nanjing to Taipei, Taiwan, the U.S. continued to recognize the Republic of China as the legitimate Chinese government and maintained its embassy in Taiwan. However, in 1973, the U.S. established a Liaison Office in Beijing to represent its interests in mainland China. In 1976, the Chief of the Liaison Office was promoted to the rank of ambassador. In December 1978, the U.S. severed official relations with the Republic of China and in January 1979, established formal relations with the People's Republic of China. The U.S. Liaison Office in Beijing was upgraded to an embassy on March 1, 1979."}	null	null	How many peninsulas are in the state that ambassador Leonard Woodcock was from ?	two
07767091790348f2	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments', 'title': 'Comparison of integrated development environments', 'header': ['IDE', 'Developer', 'Latest stable release', 'Platform', 'License', 'Written in'], 'data': [{'value': 'Anjuta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anjuta', 'summary': 'Anjuta is an integrated development environment written for the GNOME project . It has support for C , C++ , Java , JavaScript , Python and Vala programming language .'}]}, {'value': 'Anjuta Team', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unix-like', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unix-like', 'summary': "A Unix-like ( sometimes referred to as UNX or nix ) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system , while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification . A Unix-like application is one that behaves like the corresponding Unix command or shell . There is no standard for defining the term , and some difference of opinion is possible as to the degree to which a given operating system or application is Unix-like . The term can include free and open-source operating systems inspired by Bell Labs ' Unix or designed to emulate its features , commercial and proprietary work-alikes , and even versions based on the licensed UNIX source code ( which may be sufficiently Unix-like to pass certification and bear the UNIX trademark ) ."}]}, {'value': 'GPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C_(programming_language)', 'summary': 'C ( /siː/ , as in the letter c ) is a general-purpose , procedural computer programming language supporting structured programming , lexical variable scope , and recursion , while a static type system prevents unintended operations . By design , C provides constructs that map efficiently to typical machine instructions and has found lasting use in applications previously coded in assembly language . Such applications include operating systems and various application software for computers , from supercomputers to embedded systems . C was originally developed at Bell Labs by Dennis Ritchie between 1972 and 1973 to make utilities running on Unix . Later , it was applied to re-implementing the kernel of the Unix operating system . During the 1980s , C gradually gained popularity . It has become one of the most widely used programming languages , with C compilers from various vendors available for the majority of existing computer architectures and operating systems . C has been standardized by the ANSI since 1989 ( see ANSI C ) and by the International Organization for Standardization . C is an imperative procedural language . It was designed to be compiled using a relatively straightforward compiler to provide low-level access to memory and language constructs that map efficiently to machine instructions , all with minimal runtime support . Despite its low-level capabilities , the language was designed to encourage cross-platform programming . A standards-compliant C program written with portability in mind can be compiled for a wide variety of computer platforms and operating systems with few changes to its source code .'}]}, {'value': 'Atom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atom_(text_editor)', 'summary': 'Atom is a free and open-source text and source code editor for macOS , Linux , and Microsoft Windows with support for plug-ins written in Node.js , and embedded Git Control , developed by GitHub . Atom is a desktop application built using web technologies . Most of the extending packages have free software licenses and are community-built and maintained . Atom is based on Electron ( formerly known as Atom Shell ) , a framework that enables cross-platform desktop applications using Chromium and Node.js . It is written in CoffeeScript and Less . Atom was released from beta , as version 1.0 , on 25 June 2015 . Its developers call it a hackable text editor for the 21st Century . It is fully customizable in HTML , CSS , and JavaScript .'}]}, {'value': 'GitHub', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.33.1 / December 19 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross-platform', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-platform', 'summary': 'In computing , cross-platform software ( also multi-platform software or platform-independent software ) is computer software that is implemented on multiple computing platforms . Cross-platform software may be divided into two types ; one requires individual building or compilation for each platform that it supports , and the other one can be directly run on any platform without special preparation , e.g. , software written in an interpreted language or pre-compiled portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all platforms . For example , a cross-platform application may run on Microsoft Windows , Linux , and macOS . Cross-platform programs may run on as many as all existing platforms , or on as few as two platforms . Cross-platform frameworks ( such as Qt , Flutter , NativeScript , Xamarin , Phonegap , Ionic , and React Native ) exist to aid cross-platform development .'}]}, {'value': 'MIT License', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MIT_License', 'summary': 'The MIT License is a permissive free software license originating at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) in the late 1980s . As a permissive license , it puts only very limited restriction on reuse and has , therefore , reasonable license compatibility . It is compatible because it can be re-licensed under other licenses . The MIT license is compatible with many copyleft licenses , such as the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) ; MIT licensed software can be re-licensed as GPL software , and integrated with other GPL software , but not the other way around . The MIT license also permits reuse within proprietary software , provided that either all copies of the licensed software include a copy of the MIT License terms and the copyright notice , or the software is re-licensed to remove this requirement . MIT-licensed software can also be re-licensed as proprietary software , which distinguishes it from copyleft software licenses . As of 2015 [ update ] , MIT was the most popular software license on GitHub , ahead of any GPL variant and other free and open-source software ( FOSS ) licenses . Notable projects that use the MIT License include the X Window System , Ruby on Rails , and Node.js .'}]}, {'value': 'JavaScript', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JavaScript', 'summary': 'JavaScript ( /ˈdʒɑːvəˌskrɪpt/ ) , often abbreviated as JS , is an interpreted programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification . JavaScript is high-level , often just-in-time compiled , and multi-paradigm . It has curly-bracket syntax , dynamic typing , prototype-based object-orientation , and first-class functions . Alongside HTML and CSS , JavaScript is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web . JavaScript enables interactive web pages and is an essential part of web applications . The vast majority of websites use it for client-side page behavior , and all major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute it . As a multi-paradigm language , JavaScript supports event-driven , functional , and imperative programming styles . It has application programming interfaces ( APIs ) for working with text , dates , regular expressions , standard data structures , and the Document Object Model ( DOM ) . However , the language itself does not include any input/output ( I/O ) , such as networking , storage , or graphics facilities , as the host environment ( usually a web browser ) provides those APIs . Originally used only in web browsers , JavaScript engines are also now embedded in server-side website deployments and non-browser applications . Although there are similarities between JavaScript and Java , including language name , syntax , and respective standard libraries , the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design .'}]}, {'value': 'Brackets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brackets_(text_editor)', 'summary': 'Brackets is a source code editor with a primary focus on web development . Created by Adobe Systems , it is free and open-source software licensed under the MIT License , and is currently maintained on GitHub by Adobe and other open-source developers . It is written in JavaScript , HTML and CSS . Brackets is cross-platform , available for macOS , Windows , and most Linux distributions . The main purpose of Brackets is its live HTML , CSS and JavaScript editing functionality . On November 4 , 2014 , Adobe announced the first ( 1.0 ) release of Brackets . The update introduced new features such as custom shortcut key combinations and more accurate JavaScript hinting . Brackets has a major focus on development in JavaScript-enabled , CSS and HTML . With release of version 1.0 , Adobe announced a feature that extracts design information from a PSD file for convenience of coding in CSS . As of June 28 , 2016 , the feature is officially discontinued , due to low usage . However , Extract is still available via Photoshop and Dreamweaver , both of which are part of their paid service , Adobe Creative Cloud . The latest version release of Brackets is 1.14 .'}]}, {'value': 'Adobe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adobe_Systems', 'summary': 'Adobe Inc. ( /əˈdoʊbiː/ ə-DOH-bee , until October 3 , 2018 Adobe Systems Incorporated ) is an American multinational computer software company headquartered in San Jose , California . It has historically focused upon the creation of multimedia and creativity software products , with a more recent foray towards digital marketing software . Adobe is best known for its Adobe Flash web software ecosystem , Photoshop image editing software , Adobe Illustrator vector graphics editor , Acrobat Reader , the Portable Document Format ( PDF ) , and Adobe Creative Suite , as well as its successor Adobe Creative Cloud . Adobe was founded in December 1982 by John Warnock and Charles Geschke , who established the company after leaving Xerox PARC in order to develop and sell the PostScript page description language . In 1985 , Apple Computer licensed PostScript for use in its LaserWriter printers , which helped spark the desktop publishing revolution . As of 2019 [ update ] , Adobe has more than 21,000 employees worldwide , about 40% of whom work in San Jose . Adobe also has major development operations in Newton , Massachusetts ; New York City , New York ; Minneapolis , Minnesota ; Lehi , Utah ; Seattle , Washington ; and San Francisco , California in the United States . It also has major development operations in Noida and Bangalore in India .'}]}, {'value': 'September 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross-platform', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-platform', 'summary': 'In computing , cross-platform software ( also multi-platform software or platform-independent software ) is computer software that is implemented on multiple computing platforms . Cross-platform software may be divided into two types ; one requires individual building or compilation for each platform that it supports , and the other one can be directly run on any platform without special preparation , e.g. , software written in an interpreted language or pre-compiled portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all platforms . For example , a cross-platform application may run on Microsoft Windows , Linux , and macOS . Cross-platform programs may run on as many as all existing platforms , or on as few as two platforms . Cross-platform frameworks ( such as Qt , Flutter , NativeScript , Xamarin , Phonegap , Ionic , and React Native ) exist to aid cross-platform development .'}]}, {'value': 'MIT License', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MIT_License', 'summary': 'The MIT License is a permissive free software license originating at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) in the late 1980s . As a permissive license , it puts only very limited restriction on reuse and has , therefore , reasonable license compatibility . It is compatible because it can be re-licensed under other licenses . The MIT license is compatible with many copyleft licenses , such as the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) ; MIT licensed software can be re-licensed as GPL software , and integrated with other GPL software , but not the other way around . The MIT license also permits reuse within proprietary software , provided that either all copies of the licensed software include a copy of the MIT License terms and the copyright notice , or the software is re-licensed to remove this requirement . MIT-licensed software can also be re-licensed as proprietary software , which distinguishes it from copyleft software licenses . As of 2015 [ update ] , MIT was the most popular software license on GitHub , ahead of any GPL variant and other free and open-source software ( FOSS ) licenses . Notable projects that use the MIT License include the X Window System , Ruby on Rails , and Node.js .'}]}, {'value': 'JavaScript , HTML , CSS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JavaScript', 'summary': 'JavaScript ( /ˈdʒɑːvəˌskrɪpt/ ) , often abbreviated as JS , is an interpreted programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification . JavaScript is high-level , often just-in-time compiled , and multi-paradigm . It has curly-bracket syntax , dynamic typing , prototype-based object-orientation , and first-class functions . Alongside HTML and CSS , JavaScript is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web . JavaScript enables interactive web pages and is an essential part of web applications . The vast majority of websites use it for client-side page behavior , and all major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute it . As a multi-paradigm language , JavaScript supports event-driven , functional , and imperative programming styles . It has application programming interfaces ( APIs ) for working with text , dates , regular expressions , standard data structures , and the Document Object Model ( DOM ) . However , the language itself does not include any input/output ( I/O ) , such as networking , storage , or graphics facilities , as the host environment ( usually a web browser ) provides those APIs . Originally used only in web browsers , JavaScript engines are also now embedded in server-side website deployments and non-browser applications . Although there are similarities between JavaScript and Java , including language name , syntax , and respective standard libraries , the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design .'}, {'url': '/wiki/HTML', 'summary': 'Hypertext Markup Language ( HTML ) is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser . It can be assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets ( CSS ) and scripting languages such as JavaScript . Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and render the documents into multimedia web pages . HTML describes the structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for the appearance of the document . HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages . With HTML constructs , images and other objects such as interactive forms may be embedded into the rendered page . HTML provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings , paragraphs , lists , links , quotes and other items . HTML elements are delineated by tags , written using angle brackets . Tags such as < img / > and < input / > directly introduce content into the page . Other tags such as < p > surround and provide information about document text and may include other tags as sub-elements . Browsers do not display the HTML tags , but use them to interpret the content of the page . HTML can embed programs written in a scripting language such as JavaScript , which affects the behavior and content of web pages .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets', 'summary': 'Cascading Style Sheets ( CSS ) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a markup language like HTML . CSS is a cornerstone technology of the World Wide Web , alongside HTML and JavaScript . CSS is designed to enable the separation of presentation and content , including layout , colors , and fonts . This separation can improve content accessibility , provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics , enable multiple web pages to share formatting by specifying the relevant CSS in a separate .css file , and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content . Separation of formatting and content also makes it feasible to present the same markup page in different styles for different rendering methods , such as on-screen , in print , by voice ( via speech-based browser or screen reader ) , and on Braille-based tactile devices . CSS also has rules for alternate formatting if the content is accessed on a mobile device . The name cascading comes from the specified priority scheme to determine which style rule applies if more than one rule matches a particular element . This cascading priority scheme is predictable . The CSS specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ) . Internet media type ( MIME type ) text/css is registered for use with CSS by RFC 2318 ( March 1998 ) . The W3C operates a free CSS validation service for CSS documents . In addition to HTML , other markup languages support the use of CSS including XHTML , plain XML , SVG , and XUL .'}]}, {'value': 'Aptana Studio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aptana', 'summary': "Aptana , Inc. is a company that makes web application development tools for use with a variety of programming languages ( such as JavaScript , Ruby , PHP and Python ) . Aptana 's main products include Aptana Studio , Aptana Cloud and Aptana Jaxer ."}]}, {'value': 'Aptana , Inc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aptana', 'summary': "Aptana , Inc. is a company that makes web application development tools for use with a variety of programming languages ( such as JavaScript , Ruby , PHP and Python ) . Aptana 's main products include Aptana Studio , Aptana Cloud and Aptana Jaxer ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross-platform', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-platform', 'summary': 'In computing , cross-platform software ( also multi-platform software or platform-independent software ) is computer software that is implemented on multiple computing platforms . Cross-platform software may be divided into two types ; one requires individual building or compilation for each platform that it supports , and the other one can be directly run on any platform without special preparation , e.g. , software written in an interpreted language or pre-compiled portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all platforms . For example , a cross-platform application may run on Microsoft Windows , Linux , and macOS . Cross-platform programs may run on as many as all existing platforms , or on as few as two platforms . Cross-platform frameworks ( such as Qt , Flutter , NativeScript , Xamarin , Phonegap , Ionic , and React Native ) exist to aid cross-platform development .'}]}, {'value': 'GPL , proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': 'Java , JavaScript', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}, {'url': '/wiki/JavaScript', 'summary': 'JavaScript ( /ˈdʒɑːvəˌskrɪpt/ ) , often abbreviated as JS , is an interpreted programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification . JavaScript is high-level , often just-in-time compiled , and multi-paradigm . It has curly-bracket syntax , dynamic typing , prototype-based object-orientation , and first-class functions . Alongside HTML and CSS , JavaScript is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web . JavaScript enables interactive web pages and is an essential part of web applications . The vast majority of websites use it for client-side page behavior , and all major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute it . As a multi-paradigm language , JavaScript supports event-driven , functional , and imperative programming styles . It has application programming interfaces ( APIs ) for working with text , dates , regular expressions , standard data structures , and the Document Object Model ( DOM ) . However , the language itself does not include any input/output ( I/O ) , such as networking , storage , or graphics facilities , as the host environment ( usually a web browser ) provides those APIs . Originally used only in web browsers , JavaScript engines are also now embedded in server-side website deployments and non-browser applications . Although there are similarities between JavaScript and Java , including language name , syntax , and respective standard libraries , the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design .'}]}, {'value': 'Codeanywhere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Codeanywhere', 'summary': "Codeanywhere is a cross-platform Cloud IDE ( integrated development environment ) created by Codeanywhere , Inc. Codeanywhere enables users to instantly write , edit , collaborate and run web development projects from a web browser and any mobile device . Codeanywhere is entirely written in JavaScript . The editor is based on CodeMirror and uses OpenVZ containers for its development environments ( called DevBoxes ) . Codeanywhere is platform agnostic , enabling the user to run code in Codeanywhere 's environments called DevBoxes or connect to their own VMs via SSH or FTP protocol and also connect to Dropbox and Google Drive . It supports more than 75 programming languages , including HTML , JavaScript , Node.js , io.js PHP , Ruby , Python , and Go . In 2017 the company acquired Codebender , Arduino IDE in the cloud , and one of the biggest communities and code repositories of the Arduino ecosystem ."}]}, {'value': 'Codeanywhere , Inc', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cloud IDE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cloud_IDE', 'summary': "An Online integrated development environment , also known as a Web IDE or Cloud IDE , is a browser based integrated development environment . An online IDE can be accessed from a web browser , such as Google Chrome or Internet Explorer , enabling software development on an low-powered devices that are normally unsuitable . An online IDE does not usually contain all of the same features as a traditional , or desktop , IDE , although all of the basic IDE features , such as a Source code editor with syntax highlighting . Integrated Version control and Read-Eval-Print Loop ( REPL ) may also be included . Online IDE 's can be further categorised into professional and educational . Cloud9 IDE and code.pyret.org being examples where Cloud9 IDE is part of the wider AWS offering , and the WeScheme Online IDE is specifically designed to support education ."}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'JavaScript', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JavaScript', 'summary': 'JavaScript ( /ˈdʒɑːvəˌskrɪpt/ ) , often abbreviated as JS , is an interpreted programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification . JavaScript is high-level , often just-in-time compiled , and multi-paradigm . It has curly-bracket syntax , dynamic typing , prototype-based object-orientation , and first-class functions . Alongside HTML and CSS , JavaScript is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web . JavaScript enables interactive web pages and is an essential part of web applications . The vast majority of websites use it for client-side page behavior , and all major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute it . As a multi-paradigm language , JavaScript supports event-driven , functional , and imperative programming styles . It has application programming interfaces ( APIs ) for working with text , dates , regular expressions , standard data structures , and the Document Object Model ( DOM ) . However , the language itself does not include any input/output ( I/O ) , such as networking , storage , or graphics facilities , as the host environment ( usually a web browser ) provides those APIs . Originally used only in web browsers , JavaScript engines are also now embedded in server-side website deployments and non-browser applications . Although there are similarities between JavaScript and Java , including language name , syntax , and respective standard libraries , the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design .'}]}, {'value': 'CodeLite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CodeLite', 'summary': 'CodeLite is a free and open-source IDE for the C , C++ , PHP , and JavaScript ( Node.js ) programming languages .'}]}, {'value': 'CodeLite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CodeLite', 'summary': 'CodeLite is a free and open-source IDE for the C , C++ , PHP , and JavaScript ( Node.js ) programming languages .'}]}, {'value': 'October 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross-platform', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-platform', 'summary': 'In computing , cross-platform software ( also multi-platform software or platform-independent software ) is computer software that is implemented on multiple computing platforms . Cross-platform software may be divided into two types ; one requires individual building or compilation for each platform that it supports , and the other one can be directly run on any platform without special preparation , e.g. , software written in an interpreted language or pre-compiled portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all platforms . For example , a cross-platform application may run on Microsoft Windows , Linux , and macOS . Cross-platform programs may run on as many as all existing platforms , or on as few as two platforms . Cross-platform frameworks ( such as Qt , Flutter , NativeScript , Xamarin , Phonegap , Ionic , and React Native ) exist to aid cross-platform development .'}]}, {'value': 'GPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': 'C++', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C++', 'summary': 'C++ ( /ˌsiːˌplʌsˈplʌs/ ) is a high-level , general-purpose programming language created by Bjarne Stroustrup as an extension of the C programming language , or C with Classes . The language has expanded significantly over time , and modern C++ has object-oriented , generic , and functional features in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation . It is almost always implemented as a compiled language , and many vendors provide C++ compilers , including the Free Software Foundation , LLVM , Microsoft , Intel , Oracle , and IBM , so it is available on many platforms . C++ was designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded , resource-constrained software and large systems , with performance , efficiency , and flexibility of use as its design highlights . C++ has also been found useful in many other contexts , with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications , including desktop applications , video games , servers ( e.g . e-commerce , Web search , or SQL servers ) , and performance-critical applications ( e.g . telephone switches or space probes ) . C++ is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) , with the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in December 2017 as ISO/IEC 14882:2017 ( informally known as C++17 ) . The C++ programming language was initially standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998 , which was then amended by the C++03 , C++11 and C++14 standards . The current C++17 standard supersedes these with new features and an enlarged standard library . Before the initial standardization in 1998 , C++ was developed by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs since 1979 as an extension of the C language ; he wanted an efficient and flexible language similar to C that also provided high-level features for program organization . C++20 is the next planned standard , keeping with the current trend of a new version every three years .'}]}, {'value': 'Eclipse Web Tools', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eclipse_(software)', 'summary': 'Eclipse is an integrated development environment ( IDE ) used in computer programming . It contains a base workspace and an extensible plug-in system for customizing the environment . Eclipse is written mostly in Java and its primary use is for developing Java applications , but it may also be used to develop applications in other programming languages via plug-ins , including Ada , ABAP , C , C++ , C # , Clojure , COBOL , D , Erlang , Fortran , Groovy , Haskell , JavaScript , Julia , Lasso , Lua , NATURAL , Perl , PHP , Prolog , Python , R , Ruby ( including Ruby on Rails framework ) , Rust , Scala , and Scheme . It can also be used to develop documents with LaTeX ( via a TeXlipse plug-in ) and packages for the software Mathematica . Development environments include the Eclipse Java development tools ( JDT ) for Java and Scala , Eclipse CDT for C/C++ , and Eclipse PDT for PHP , among others . The initial codebase originated from IBM VisualAge . The Eclipse software development kit ( SDK ) , which includes the Java development tools , is meant for Java developers . Users can extend its abilities by installing plug-ins written for the Eclipse Platform , such as development toolkits for other programming languages , and can write and contribute their own plug-in modules . Since the introduction of the OSGi implementation ( Equinox ) in version 3 of Eclipse , plug-ins can be plugged-stopped dynamically and are termed ( OSGI ) bundles Eclipse software development kit ( SDK ) is free and open-source software , released under the terms of the Eclipse Public License , although it is incompatible with the GNU General Public License . It was one of the first IDEs to run under GNU Classpath and it runs without problems under IcedTea .'}]}, {'value': 'IBM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IBM', 'summary': "The International Business Machines Corporation ( IBM ) is an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Armonk , New York , with operations in over 170 countries . The company began in 1911 , founded in Endicott , New York , as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company ( CTR ) and was renamed International Business Machines in 1924 . IBM is incorporated in New York . IBM produces and sells computer hardware , middleware and software , and provides hosting and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology . IBM is also a major research organization , holding the record for most U.S. patents generated by a business ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) for 27 consecutive years . Inventions by IBM include the automated teller machine ( ATM ) , the floppy disk , the hard disk drive , the magnetic stripe card , the relational database , the SQL programming language , the UPC barcode , and dynamic random-access memory ( DRAM ) . The IBM mainframe , exemplified by the System/360 , was the dominant computing platform during the 1960s and 1970s . IBM has continually shifted business operations by focusing on higher-value , more profitable markets . This includes spinning off printer manufacturer Lexmark in 1991 and the sale of personal computer ( ThinkPad/ThinkCentre ) and x86-based server businesses to Lenovo ( in 2005 and 2014 , respectively ) , and acquiring companies such as PwC Consulting ( 2002 ) , SPSS ( 2009 ) , The Weather Company ( 2016 ) , and Red Hat ( 2019 ) . Also in 2015 , IBM announced that it would go fabless , continuing to design semiconductors , but offloading manufacturing to GlobalFoundries . Nicknamed Big Blue , IBM is one of 30 companies included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average and one of the world 's largest employers , with ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) over 350,000 employees , known as IBMers . At least 70% of IBMers are based outside the United States , and the country with the largest number of IBMers is India ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows , Linux , macOS , FreeBSD , JVM , Solaris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Linux', 'summary': 'Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/MacOS', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FreeBSD', 'summary': "FreeBSD is a free and open-source Unix-like operating system descended from the Berkeley Software Distribution ( BSD ) , which was based on Research Unix . The first version of FreeBSD was released in 1993 . In 2005 , FreeBSD was the most popular open-source BSD operating system , accounting for more than three-quarters of all installed BSD systems . FreeBSD has similarities with Linux , with two major differences in scope and licensing : FreeBSD maintains a complete system , i.e . the project delivers a kernel , device drivers , userland utilities , and documentation , as opposed to Linux only delivering a kernel and drivers , and relying on third-parties for system software ; and FreeBSD source code is generally released under a permissive BSD license , as opposed to the copyleft GPL used by Linux . The FreeBSD project includes a security team overseeing all software shipped in the base distribution . A wide range of additional third-party applications may be installed using the pkg package management system or FreeBSD Ports , or by compiling source code . Due to its licensing , much of FreeBSD 's codebase has become an integral part of other operating systems , such as Apple 's Darwin ( the basis for macOS , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS ) , FreeNAS ( an open-source NAS/SAN operating system ) , and the system software for Sony 's PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Java_Virtual_Machine', 'summary': 'A Java virtual machine ( JVM ) is a virtual machine that enables a computer to run Java programs as well as programs written in other languages that are also compiled to Java bytecode . The JVM is detailed by a specification that formally describes what is required in a JVM implementation . Having a specification ensures interoperability of Java programs across different implementations so that program authors using the Java Development Kit ( JDK ) need not worry about idiosyncrasies of the underlying hardware platform . The JVM reference implementation is developed by the OpenJDK project as open source code and includes a JIT compiler called HotSpot . The commercially supported Java releases available from Oracle Corporation are based on the OpenJDK runtime . Eclipse OpenJ9 is another open source JVM for OpenJDK .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)', 'summary': "Solaris is a non-free Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems . It superseded the company 's earlier SunOS in 1993 . In 2010 , after the Sun acquisition by Oracle , it was renamed Oracle Solaris . Solaris is known for its scalability , especially on SPARC systems , and for originating many innovative features such as DTrace , ZFS and Time Slider . Solaris supports SPARC and x86-64 workstations and servers from Oracle and other vendors . Solaris is registered as compliant with the Single UNIX Specification . Historically , Solaris was developed as proprietary software . In June 2005 , Sun Microsystems released most of the codebase under the CDDL license , and founded the OpenSolaris open-source project . With OpenSolaris , Sun wanted to build a developer and user community around the software . After the acquisition of Sun Microsystems in January 2010 , Oracle decided to discontinue the OpenSolaris distribution and the development model . In August 2010 , Oracle discontinued providing public updates to the source code of the Solaris kernel , effectively turning Solaris 11 back into a closed source proprietary operating system . Following that , OpenSolaris was forked as illumos and is alive through several illumos distributions ."}]}, {'value': 'EPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License', 'summary': 'The Eclipse Public License ( EPL ) is an open source software license most notably used for the Eclipse IDE and other projects by the Eclipse Foundation . It replaces the Common Public License ( CPL ) and removes certain terms relating to litigations related to patents . The Eclipse Public License is designed to be a business-friendly free software license , and features weaker copyleft provisions than licenses such as the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) . The receiver of EPL-licensed programs can use , modify , copy and distribute the work and modified versions , in some cases being obligated to release their own changes . The EPL is approved by the Open Source Initiative ( OSI ) and is listed as a free software license by the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) . Discussion of a new version of the EPL began in May 2013 . Version 2.0 was announced on 24 August 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'C , Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C_(programming_language)', 'summary': 'C ( /siː/ , as in the letter c ) is a general-purpose , procedural computer programming language supporting structured programming , lexical variable scope , and recursion , while a static type system prevents unintended operations . By design , C provides constructs that map efficiently to typical machine instructions and has found lasting use in applications previously coded in assembly language . Such applications include operating systems and various application software for computers , from supercomputers to embedded systems . C was originally developed at Bell Labs by Dennis Ritchie between 1972 and 1973 to make utilities running on Unix . Later , it was applied to re-implementing the kernel of the Unix operating system . During the 1980s , C gradually gained popularity . It has become one of the most widely used programming languages , with C compilers from various vendors available for the majority of existing computer architectures and operating systems . C has been standardized by the ANSI since 1989 ( see ANSI C ) and by the International Organization for Standardization . C is an imperative procedural language . It was designed to be compiled using a relatively straightforward compiler to provide low-level access to memory and language constructs that map efficiently to machine instructions , all with minimal runtime support . Despite its low-level capabilities , the language was designed to encourage cross-platform programming . A standards-compliant C program written with portability in mind can be compiled for a wide variety of computer platforms and operating systems with few changes to its source code .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'Komodo IDE / Edit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ActiveState_Komodo', 'summary': "Komodo Edit is a free and open source text editor for dynamic programming languages . It was introduced in January 2007 to complement ActiveState 's commercial Komodo IDE . As of version 4.3 , Komodo Edit is built atop the Open Komodo project ."}]}, {'value': 'ActiveState', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ActiveState', 'summary': 'ActiveState Software Inc. is a Canadian software company headquartered in Vancouver , British Columbia . It develops , sells , and supports cross-platform development tools for dynamic languages such as Perl , PHP , Python , Ruby , and Tcl , as well as language distributions and enterprise services . ActiveState is owned by its employees and Pender Financial Group , an investment company focused on technology and healthcare sectors in British Columbia after briefly being a member of the Sophos group .'}]}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross-platform', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-platform', 'summary': 'In computing , cross-platform software ( also multi-platform software or platform-independent software ) is computer software that is implemented on multiple computing platforms . Cross-platform software may be divided into two types ; one requires individual building or compilation for each platform that it supports , and the other one can be directly run on any platform without special preparation , e.g. , software written in an interpreted language or pre-compiled portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all platforms . For example , a cross-platform application may run on Microsoft Windows , Linux , and macOS . Cross-platform programs may run on as many as all existing platforms , or on as few as two platforms . Cross-platform frameworks ( such as Qt , Flutter , NativeScript , Xamarin , Phonegap , Ionic , and React Native ) exist to aid cross-platform development .'}]}, {'value': 'IDE : Proprietary , Edit : MPL 1.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License', 'summary': "The Mozilla Public License ( MPL ) is a free and open source software license developed and maintained by the Mozilla Foundation . It is a weak copyleft license , characterized as a middle ground between permissive free software licenses and the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) , that seeks to balance the concerns of proprietary and open source developers . As such , it allows re-licensing . MPL software can thus be converted into a copyleft license such as the GPL , or to a proprietary license ( example : KaiOS ) . It has undergone two revisions , a minor update to version 1.1 , and a major update to version 2.0 with the goals of greater simplicity and better compatibility with other licenses . The MPL is the license for Mozilla Firefox , Mozilla Thunderbird , and most other Mozilla software , but it has been used by others , such as Adobe to license their Flex product line , and The Document Foundation to license LibreOffice 4.0 ( also on LGPL 3+ ) . Version 1.1 was adapted by several projects to form derivative licenses like Sun Microsystems ' own Common Development and Distribution License ."}]}, {'value': 'C , C++ , JavaScript , Perl , Python , Tcl , XUL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C_(programming_language)', 'summary': 'C ( /siː/ , as in the letter c ) is a general-purpose , procedural computer programming language supporting structured programming , lexical variable scope , and recursion , while a static type system prevents unintended operations . By design , C provides constructs that map efficiently to typical machine instructions and has found lasting use in applications previously coded in assembly language . Such applications include operating systems and various application software for computers , from supercomputers to embedded systems . C was originally developed at Bell Labs by Dennis Ritchie between 1972 and 1973 to make utilities running on Unix . Later , it was applied to re-implementing the kernel of the Unix operating system . During the 1980s , C gradually gained popularity . It has become one of the most widely used programming languages , with C compilers from various vendors available for the majority of existing computer architectures and operating systems . C has been standardized by the ANSI since 1989 ( see ANSI C ) and by the International Organization for Standardization . C is an imperative procedural language . It was designed to be compiled using a relatively straightforward compiler to provide low-level access to memory and language constructs that map efficiently to machine instructions , all with minimal runtime support . Despite its low-level capabilities , the language was designed to encourage cross-platform programming . A standards-compliant C program written with portability in mind can be compiled for a wide variety of computer platforms and operating systems with few changes to its source code .'}, {'url': '/wiki/C++', 'summary': 'C++ ( /ˌsiːˌplʌsˈplʌs/ ) is a high-level , general-purpose programming language created by Bjarne Stroustrup as an extension of the C programming language , or C with Classes . The language has expanded significantly over time , and modern C++ has object-oriented , generic , and functional features in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation . It is almost always implemented as a compiled language , and many vendors provide C++ compilers , including the Free Software Foundation , LLVM , Microsoft , Intel , Oracle , and IBM , so it is available on many platforms . C++ was designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded , resource-constrained software and large systems , with performance , efficiency , and flexibility of use as its design highlights . C++ has also been found useful in many other contexts , with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications , including desktop applications , video games , servers ( e.g . e-commerce , Web search , or SQL servers ) , and performance-critical applications ( e.g . telephone switches or space probes ) . C++ is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) , with the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in December 2017 as ISO/IEC 14882:2017 ( informally known as C++17 ) . The C++ programming language was initially standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998 , which was then amended by the C++03 , C++11 and C++14 standards . The current C++17 standard supersedes these with new features and an enlarged standard library . Before the initial standardization in 1998 , C++ was developed by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs since 1979 as an extension of the C language ; he wanted an efficient and flexible language similar to C that also provided high-level features for program organization . C++20 is the next planned standard , keeping with the current trend of a new version every three years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/JavaScript', 'summary': 'JavaScript ( /ˈdʒɑːvəˌskrɪpt/ ) , often abbreviated as JS , is an interpreted programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification . JavaScript is high-level , often just-in-time compiled , and multi-paradigm . It has curly-bracket syntax , dynamic typing , prototype-based object-orientation , and first-class functions . Alongside HTML and CSS , JavaScript is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web . JavaScript enables interactive web pages and is an essential part of web applications . The vast majority of websites use it for client-side page behavior , and all major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute it . As a multi-paradigm language , JavaScript supports event-driven , functional , and imperative programming styles . It has application programming interfaces ( APIs ) for working with text , dates , regular expressions , standard data structures , and the Document Object Model ( DOM ) . However , the language itself does not include any input/output ( I/O ) , such as networking , storage , or graphics facilities , as the host environment ( usually a web browser ) provides those APIs . Originally used only in web browsers , JavaScript engines are also now embedded in server-side website deployments and non-browser applications . Although there are similarities between JavaScript and Java , including language name , syntax , and respective standard libraries , the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Perl', 'summary': "Perl is a family of two high-level , general-purpose , interpreted , dynamic programming languages . Perl refers to Perl 5 , but from 2000 to 2019 it also referred to its redesigned sister language , Perl 6 , before the latter 's name was officially changed to Raku in October 2019 . Though Perl is not officially an acronym , there are various backronyms in use , including Practical Extraction and Reporting Language . Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier . Since then , it has undergone many changes and revisions . Raku , which began as a redesign of Perl 5 in 2000 , eventually evolved into a separate language . Both languages continue to be developed independently by different development teams and liberally borrow ideas from one another . The Perl languages borrow features from other programming languages including C , shell script ( sh ) , AWK , and sed ; Wall also alludes to BASIC and Lisp in the introduction to Learning Perl ( Schwartz & Christiansen ) and so on . They provide text processing facilities without the arbitrary data-length limits of many contemporary Unix command line tools , facilitating manipulation of text files . Perl 5 gained widespread popularity in the late 1990s as a CGI scripting language , in part due to its unsurpassed regular expression and string parsing abilities . In addition to CGI , Perl 5 is used for system administration , network programming , finance , bioinformatics , and other applications , such as for GUIs . It has been nicknamed the Swiss Army chainsaw of scripting languages because of its flexibility and power , and also its ugliness ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Python_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Python is an interpreted , high-level , general-purpose programming language . Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991 , Python 's design philosophy emphasizes code readability with its notable use of significant whitespace . Its language constructs and object-oriented approach aim to help programmers write clear , logical code for small and large-scale projects . Python is dynamically typed and garbage-collected . It supports multiple programming paradigms , including procedural , object-oriented , and functional programming . Python is often described as a batteries included language due to its comprehensive standard library . Python was conceived in the late 1980s as a successor to the ABC language . Python 2.0 , released in 2000 , introduced features like list comprehensions and a garbage collection system capable of collecting reference cycles . Python 3.0 , released in 2008 , was a major revision of the language that is not completely backward-compatible , and much Python 2 code does not run unmodified on Python 3 . The Python 2 language , i.e . Python 2.7.x , was officially discontinued on 1 January 2020 ( first planned for 2015 ) after which security patches and other improvements will not be released for it . With Python 2 's end-of-life , only Python 3.5.x and later are supported ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tcl', 'summary': 'Tcl ( pronounced tickle or tee cee ell /ˈtiː siː ɛl/ ) is a high-level , general-purpose , interpreted , dynamic programming language . It was designed with the goal of being very simple but powerful . Tcl casts everything into the mold of a command , even programming constructs like variable assignment and procedure definition . Tcl supports multiple programming paradigms , including object-oriented , imperative and functional programming or procedural styles . It is commonly used embedded into C applications , for rapid prototyping , scripted applications , GUIs , and testing . Tcl interpreters are available for many operating systems , allowing Tcl code to run on a wide variety of systems . Because Tcl is a very compact language , it is used on embedded systems platforms , both in its full form and in several other small-footprint versions . The popular combination of Tcl with the Tk extension is referred to as Tcl/Tk , and enables building a graphical user interface ( GUI ) natively in Tcl . Tcl/Tk is included in the standard Python installation in the form of Tkinter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/XUL', 'summary': 'XUL ( /ˈzuːl/ ZOOL ) , which stands for XML User Interface Language , is a user interface markup language developed by Mozilla . XUL is implemented as an XML dialect , enabling graphical user interfaces to be written in a similar manner to web pages . Such applications must be created using the Mozilla codebase ( or a fork of it ) ; the most prominent example is the Firefox web browser . In recent years , Mozilla has been reducing the usage of XUL in Firefox . The most notable example is the removal of add-on customization . Firefox originally permitted add-ons to extensively alter its user interface via custom XUL code , but this capability was removed in Firefox 57 and replaced with the less-permissive WebExtensions API . Several forks of Firefox , such as Pale Moon , Basilisk , and Waterfox , retain support for XUL add-ons .'}]}, {'value': 'NetBeans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NetBeans', 'summary': 'NetBeans is an integrated development environment ( IDE ) for Java . NetBeans allows applications to be developed from a set of modular software components called modules . NetBeans runs on Windows , macOS , Linux and Solaris . In addition to Java development , it has extensions for other languages like PHP , C , C++ , HTML5 , and JavaScript . Applications based on NetBeans , including the NetBeans IDE , can be extended by third party developers .'}]}, {'value': 'Oracle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oracle_Corporation', 'summary': 'Oracle Corporation is an American multinational computer technology corporation headquartered in Redwood Shores , California . The company sells database software and technology , cloud engineered systems , and enterprise software products - particularly its own brands of database management systems . In 2019 , Oracle was the second-largest software company by revenue and market capitalization . The company also develops and builds tools for database development and systems of middle-tier software , enterprise resource planning ( ERP ) software , Human Capital Management ( HCM ) software , customer relationship management ( CRM ) software , and supply chain management ( SCM ) software .'}]}, {'value': '9.0 / July 29 , 2018 ; 18 months ago ( 2018-07-29 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross-platform', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-platform', 'summary': 'In computing , cross-platform software ( also multi-platform software or platform-independent software ) is computer software that is implemented on multiple computing platforms . Cross-platform software may be divided into two types ; one requires individual building or compilation for each platform that it supports , and the other one can be directly run on any platform without special preparation , e.g. , software written in an interpreted language or pre-compiled portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all platforms . For example , a cross-platform application may run on Microsoft Windows , Linux , and macOS . Cross-platform programs may run on as many as all existing platforms , or on as few as two platforms . Cross-platform frameworks ( such as Qt , Flutter , NativeScript , Xamarin , Phonegap , Ionic , and React Native ) exist to aid cross-platform development .'}]}, {'value': 'CDDL , GPL2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CDDL', 'summary': 'The Common Development and Distribution License ( CDDL ) is a free and open-source software license , produced by Sun Microsystems , based on the Mozilla Public License ( MPL ) . Files licensed under the CDDL can be combined with files licensed under other licenses , whether open source or proprietary . In 2005 the Open Source Initiative approved the license . The Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) considers it a free software license , but one which is incompatible with the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/GPL2', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'Nodeclipse NTS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nodeclipse', 'summary': 'Nodeclipse is a set of third-party developer solutions for Eclipse for programming in JavaScript , CoffeeScript with focus on Node.js . Nodeclipse also refers to the team that makes this software as free open-source on GitHub . Nodeclipse Eclipse plug-in ( Nodeclipse-1 on GitHub ) is core that other solutions are based on . It is available via update site or Eclipse Marketplace . Other solutions are Eclipse Node.js IDE ( Enide ) , set of plugins and Node Tool Suite ( NTS ) , an integrated development environment ( IDE ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Nodeclipse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nodeclipse', 'summary': 'Nodeclipse is a set of third-party developer solutions for Eclipse for programming in JavaScript , CoffeeScript with focus on Node.js . Nodeclipse also refers to the team that makes this software as free open-source on GitHub . Nodeclipse Eclipse plug-in ( Nodeclipse-1 on GitHub ) is core that other solutions are based on . It is available via update site or Eclipse Marketplace . Other solutions are Eclipse Node.js IDE ( Enide ) , set of plugins and Node Tool Suite ( NTS ) , an integrated development environment ( IDE ) .'}]}, {'value': 'March 31 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows , Linux , macOS , FreeBSD , JVM , Solaris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Linux', 'summary': 'Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/MacOS', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FreeBSD', 'summary': "FreeBSD is a free and open-source Unix-like operating system descended from the Berkeley Software Distribution ( BSD ) , which was based on Research Unix . The first version of FreeBSD was released in 1993 . In 2005 , FreeBSD was the most popular open-source BSD operating system , accounting for more than three-quarters of all installed BSD systems . FreeBSD has similarities with Linux , with two major differences in scope and licensing : FreeBSD maintains a complete system , i.e . the project delivers a kernel , device drivers , userland utilities , and documentation , as opposed to Linux only delivering a kernel and drivers , and relying on third-parties for system software ; and FreeBSD source code is generally released under a permissive BSD license , as opposed to the copyleft GPL used by Linux . The FreeBSD project includes a security team overseeing all software shipped in the base distribution . A wide range of additional third-party applications may be installed using the pkg package management system or FreeBSD Ports , or by compiling source code . Due to its licensing , much of FreeBSD 's codebase has become an integral part of other operating systems , such as Apple 's Darwin ( the basis for macOS , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS ) , FreeNAS ( an open-source NAS/SAN operating system ) , and the system software for Sony 's PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Java_Virtual_Machine', 'summary': 'A Java virtual machine ( JVM ) is a virtual machine that enables a computer to run Java programs as well as programs written in other languages that are also compiled to Java bytecode . The JVM is detailed by a specification that formally describes what is required in a JVM implementation . Having a specification ensures interoperability of Java programs across different implementations so that program authors using the Java Development Kit ( JDK ) need not worry about idiosyncrasies of the underlying hardware platform . The JVM reference implementation is developed by the OpenJDK project as open source code and includes a JIT compiler called HotSpot . The commercially supported Java releases available from Oracle Corporation are based on the OpenJDK runtime . Eclipse OpenJ9 is another open source JVM for OpenJDK .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)', 'summary': "Solaris is a non-free Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems . It superseded the company 's earlier SunOS in 1993 . In 2010 , after the Sun acquisition by Oracle , it was renamed Oracle Solaris . Solaris is known for its scalability , especially on SPARC systems , and for originating many innovative features such as DTrace , ZFS and Time Slider . Solaris supports SPARC and x86-64 workstations and servers from Oracle and other vendors . Solaris is registered as compliant with the Single UNIX Specification . Historically , Solaris was developed as proprietary software . In June 2005 , Sun Microsystems released most of the codebase under the CDDL license , and founded the OpenSolaris open-source project . With OpenSolaris , Sun wanted to build a developer and user community around the software . After the acquisition of Sun Microsystems in January 2010 , Oracle decided to discontinue the OpenSolaris distribution and the development model . In August 2010 , Oracle discontinued providing public updates to the source code of the Solaris kernel , effectively turning Solaris 11 back into a closed source proprietary operating system . Following that , OpenSolaris was forked as illumos and is alive through several illumos distributions ."}]}, {'value': 'EPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License', 'summary': 'The Eclipse Public License ( EPL ) is an open source software license most notably used for the Eclipse IDE and other projects by the Eclipse Foundation . It replaces the Common Public License ( CPL ) and removes certain terms relating to litigations related to patents . The Eclipse Public License is designed to be a business-friendly free software license , and features weaker copyleft provisions than licenses such as the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) . The receiver of EPL-licensed programs can use , modify , copy and distribute the work and modified versions , in some cases being obligated to release their own changes . The EPL is approved by the Open Source Initiative ( OSI ) and is listed as a free software license by the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) . Discussion of a new version of the EPL began in May 2013 . Version 2.0 was announced on 24 August 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'NuSphere PhpED', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PHPEd', 'summary': 'PhpED is a commercial integrated development environment for PHP , JavaScript , HTML , CSS , XML , SMARTY , XHTML and others . It is developed by NuSphere Corporation .'}]}, {'value': 'NuSphere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NuSphere', 'summary': 'NuSphere is a software company based in Reno , Nevada in the United States , specializing in programming tools for web applications . Their products include PhpED , a proprietary integrated development environment for PHP , JavaScript , HTML , CSS , XML , Smarty and XHTML'}]}, {'value': 'June 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oracle JDeveloper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oracle_JDeveloper', 'summary': 'JDeveloper is a freeware IDE supplied by Oracle Corporation . It offers features for development in Java , XML , SQL and PL/SQL , HTML , JavaScript , BPEL and PHP . JDeveloper covers the full development lifecycle from design through coding , debugging , optimization and profiling to deploying . With JDeveloper , Oracle has aimed to simplify application development by focusing on providing a visual and declarative approach to application development in addition to building an advanced coding-environment . Oracle JDeveloper integrates with the Oracle Application Development Framework ( Oracle ADF ) - an end-to-end Java EE-based framework that further simplifies application development . The core IDE exposes an API that other teams in Oracle use to build extensions to JDeveloper . BPEL , Portal , Business Intelligence and other components of the Oracle platform [ which ? ] all build their design-time tools on top of JDeveloper . The same IDE platform also serves as the basis of another Oracle product , SQL Developer , which Oracle Corporation promotes specifically to PL/SQL- and database-developers .'}]}, {'value': 'Oracle Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oracle_Corporation', 'summary': 'Oracle Corporation is an American multinational computer technology corporation headquartered in Redwood Shores , California . The company sells database software and technology , cloud engineered systems , and enterprise software products - particularly its own brands of database management systems . In 2019 , Oracle was the second-largest software company by revenue and market capitalization . The company also develops and builds tools for database development and systems of middle-tier software , enterprise resource planning ( ERP ) software , Human Capital Management ( HCM ) software , customer relationship management ( CRM ) software , and supply chain management ( SCM ) software .'}]}, {'value': 'July 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows , Linux , macOS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Linux', 'summary': 'Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/MacOS', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary - free', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'Servoy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Servoy', 'summary': "Servoy is a development and deployment platform for enterprise applications , written itself in Java , and which uses JavaScript as its development language . It can adopt the native look and feel of any platform or the web , using HTML and CSS code . Servoy was created from the start to make business application development easy . It has introduced many innovations for that purpose : the use of JavaScript instead of Java , a comprehensive development framework with building blocks that are added through drag and drop , a web client , etc . Servoy was inspired by 4GLs in terms of how applications are developed but unlike many 4GLs , it does not use proprietary languages and/or databases , being based instead on open standards . Servoy consists of a GUI designer , is event-driven and runs scripts through JavaScript . Servoy allows applications to be deployed on a native Smart client ( Rich client ) and on a pure HTML Web client from the same codebase and user interface forms . Servoy 4.0 and beyond offers a free community edition for non-commercial use , which can be downloaded from the company 's website . Servoy applications can be deployed on all popular operating systems including Microsoft Windows , macOS , Linux , Solaris and other UNIX systems . eWeek and MacUser Magazine gave Servoy a 4 mouse rating . Applications developed with Servoy can access data from all popular SQL back-ends such as PostgreSQL , Oracle , Microsoft SQL Server , IBM DB2 , IBM Informix , Sybase , MySQL and Firebird , and combine data from different databases into a single user interface . The Servoy suite of products consists of :"}]}, {'value': 'Servoy Developer Team', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross-platform', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-platform', 'summary': 'In computing , cross-platform software ( also multi-platform software or platform-independent software ) is computer software that is implemented on multiple computing platforms . Cross-platform software may be divided into two types ; one requires individual building or compilation for each platform that it supports , and the other one can be directly run on any platform without special preparation , e.g. , software written in an interpreted language or pre-compiled portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all platforms . For example , a cross-platform application may run on Microsoft Windows , Linux , and macOS . Cross-platform programs may run on as many as all existing platforms , or on as few as two platforms . Cross-platform frameworks ( such as Qt , Flutter , NativeScript , Xamarin , Phonegap , Ionic , and React Native ) exist to aid cross-platform development .'}]}, {'value': 'Servoy License', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'SlickEdit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SlickEdit', 'summary': 'SlickEdit , previously known as Visual SlickEdit , is a cross-platform commercial source code editor , text editor , code editor and Integrated Development Environment developed by SlickEdit , Inc. SlickEdit supports Integrated Debuggers for GNU C/C++ , Java , WinDbg , Clang C/C++ LLDB , Groovy , Google Go , Python , Perl , Ruby , PHP , Xcode , and Android JVM/NDK . SlickEdit includes such features as built in beautifiers that can beautify code as you type , code navigation , context tagging ( also known as Intelligent code completion ) , symbol references , third party tool integration , DiffZilla ( a file differencing tool ) , syntax highlighting , and over 13 keyboard emulations . In 2014 SlickEdit released a SlickEdit Standard version of their product and renamed their original product SlickEdit Pro .'}]}, {'value': 'SlickEdit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SlickEdit', 'summary': 'SlickEdit , previously known as Visual SlickEdit , is a cross-platform commercial source code editor , text editor , code editor and Integrated Development Environment developed by SlickEdit , Inc. SlickEdit supports Integrated Debuggers for GNU C/C++ , Java , WinDbg , Clang C/C++ LLDB , Groovy , Google Go , Python , Perl , Ruby , PHP , Xcode , and Android JVM/NDK . SlickEdit includes such features as built in beautifiers that can beautify code as you type , code navigation , context tagging ( also known as Intelligent code completion ) , symbol references , third party tool integration , DiffZilla ( a file differencing tool ) , syntax highlighting , and over 13 keyboard emulations . In 2014 SlickEdit released a SlickEdit Standard version of their product and renamed their original product SlickEdit Pro .'}]}, {'value': 'October 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows , Linux , macOS , Solaris , AIX , HP-UX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Linux', 'summary': 'Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/MacOS', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)', 'summary': "Solaris is a non-free Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems . It superseded the company 's earlier SunOS in 1993 . In 2010 , after the Sun acquisition by Oracle , it was renamed Oracle Solaris . Solaris is known for its scalability , especially on SPARC systems , and for originating many innovative features such as DTrace , ZFS and Time Slider . Solaris supports SPARC and x86-64 workstations and servers from Oracle and other vendors . Solaris is registered as compliant with the Single UNIX Specification . Historically , Solaris was developed as proprietary software . In June 2005 , Sun Microsystems released most of the codebase under the CDDL license , and founded the OpenSolaris open-source project . With OpenSolaris , Sun wanted to build a developer and user community around the software . After the acquisition of Sun Microsystems in January 2010 , Oracle decided to discontinue the OpenSolaris distribution and the development model . In August 2010 , Oracle discontinued providing public updates to the source code of the Solaris kernel , effectively turning Solaris 11 back into a closed source proprietary operating system . Following that , OpenSolaris was forked as illumos and is alive through several illumos distributions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/AIX', 'summary': "AIX ( Advanced Interactive eXecutive , pronounced /ˌeɪaɪˈɛks/ ) is a series of proprietary Unix operating systems developed and sold by IBM for several of its computer platforms . Originally released for the IBM RT PC RISC workstation , AIX now supports or has supported a wide variety of hardware platforms , including the IBM RS/6000 series and later POWER and PowerPC-based systems , IBM System i , System/370 mainframes , PS/2 personal computers , and the Apple Network Server . AIX is based on UNIX System V with 4.3BSD-compatible extensions . It is one of five commercial operating systems that have versions certified to The Open Group 's UNIX 03 standard ( the others being macOS , Solaris , HP-UX , and eulerOS ) . The AIX family of operating systems debuted in 1986 , became the standard operating system for the RS/6000 series on its launch in 1990 , and is still actively developed by IBM . It is currently supported on IBM Power Systems alongside IBM i and Linux . AIX was the first operating system to have a journaling file system , and IBM has continuously enhanced the software with features such as processor , disk and network virtualization , dynamic hardware resource allocation ( including fractional processor units ) , and reliability engineering ported from its mainframe designs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/HP-UX', 'summary': "HP-UX ( from Hewlett Packard Unix ) is Hewlett Packard Enterprise 's proprietary implementation of the Unix operating system , based on Unix System V ( initially System III ) and first released in 1984 . Recent versions support the HP 9000 series of computer systems , based on the PA-RISC instruction set architecture , and HP Integrity systems , based on Intel 's Itanium architecture . Earlier versions of HP-UX supported the HP Integral PC and HP 9000 Series 200 , 300 , and 400 computer systems based on the Motorola 68000 series of processors , as well as the HP 9000 Series 500 computers based on HP 's proprietary FOCUS architecture . HP-UX was the first Unix to offer access control lists for file access permissions as an alternative to the standard Unix permissions system . [ citation needed ] HP-UX was also among the first Unix systems to include a built-in logical volume manager . [ citation needed ] HP has had a long partnership with Veritas Software , and uses VxFS as the primary file system . It is one of five commercial operating systems that have versions certified to The Open Group 's UNIX 03 standard . ( The others are macOS , Solaris , AIX and Huawei 's EulerOS . )"}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'C++', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C++', 'summary': 'C++ ( /ˌsiːˌplʌsˈplʌs/ ) is a high-level , general-purpose programming language created by Bjarne Stroustrup as an extension of the C programming language , or C with Classes . The language has expanded significantly over time , and modern C++ has object-oriented , generic , and functional features in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation . It is almost always implemented as a compiled language , and many vendors provide C++ compilers , including the Free Software Foundation , LLVM , Microsoft , Intel , Oracle , and IBM , so it is available on many platforms . C++ was designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded , resource-constrained software and large systems , with performance , efficiency , and flexibility of use as its design highlights . C++ has also been found useful in many other contexts , with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications , including desktop applications , video games , servers ( e.g . e-commerce , Web search , or SQL servers ) , and performance-critical applications ( e.g . telephone switches or space probes ) . C++ is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) , with the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in December 2017 as ISO/IEC 14882:2017 ( informally known as C++17 ) . The C++ programming language was initially standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998 , which was then amended by the C++03 , C++11 and C++14 standards . The current C++17 standard supersedes these with new features and an enlarged standard library . Before the initial standardization in 1998 , C++ was developed by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs since 1979 as an extension of the C language ; he wanted an efficient and flexible language similar to C that also provided high-level features for program organization . C++20 is the next planned standard , keeping with the current trend of a new version every three years .'}]}, {'value': 'Visual Studio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Visual_Studio', 'summary': 'Microsoft Visual Studio is an integrated development environment ( IDE ) from Microsoft . It is used to develop computer programs , as well as websites , web apps , web services and mobile apps . Visual Studio uses Microsoft software development platforms such as Windows API , Windows Forms , Windows Presentation Foundation , Windows Store and Microsoft Silverlight . It can produce both native code and managed code . Visual Studio includes a code editor supporting IntelliSense ( the code completion component ) as well as code refactoring . The integrated debugger works both as a source-level debugger and a machine-level debugger . Other built-in tools include a code profiler , designer for building GUI applications , web designer , class designer , and database schema designer . It accepts plug-ins that enhance the functionality at almost every level - including adding support for source control systems ( like Subversion and Git ) and adding new toolsets like editors and visual designers for domain-specific languages or toolsets for other aspects of the software development lifecycle ( like the Azure DevOps client : Team Explorer ) . Visual Studio supports 36 different programming languages and allows the code editor and debugger to support ( to varying degrees ) nearly any programming language , provided a language-specific service exists . Built-in languages include C , C++ , C++/CLI , Visual Basic .NET , C # , F # , JavaScript , TypeScript , XML , XSLT , HTML , and CSS . Support for other languages such as Python , Ruby , Node.js , and M among others is available via plug-ins . Java ( and J # ) were supported in the past .'}]}, {'value': 'Microsoft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 31 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'C++ , C #', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C++', 'summary': 'C++ ( /ˌsiːˌplʌsˈplʌs/ ) is a high-level , general-purpose programming language created by Bjarne Stroustrup as an extension of the C programming language , or C with Classes . The language has expanded significantly over time , and modern C++ has object-oriented , generic , and functional features in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation . It is almost always implemented as a compiled language , and many vendors provide C++ compilers , including the Free Software Foundation , LLVM , Microsoft , Intel , Oracle , and IBM , so it is available on many platforms . C++ was designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded , resource-constrained software and large systems , with performance , efficiency , and flexibility of use as its design highlights . C++ has also been found useful in many other contexts , with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications , including desktop applications , video games , servers ( e.g . e-commerce , Web search , or SQL servers ) , and performance-critical applications ( e.g . telephone switches or space probes ) . C++ is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) , with the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in December 2017 as ISO/IEC 14882:2017 ( informally known as C++17 ) . The C++ programming language was initially standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998 , which was then amended by the C++03 , C++11 and C++14 standards . The current C++17 standard supersedes these with new features and an enlarged standard library . Before the initial standardization in 1998 , C++ was developed by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs since 1979 as an extension of the C language ; he wanted an efficient and flexible language similar to C that also provided high-level features for program organization . C++20 is the next planned standard , keeping with the current trend of a new version every three years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)', 'summary': 'C # ( pronounced see sharp , like the musical note C♯ , but written with the number sign ) [ b ] is a general-purpose , multi-paradigm programming language encompassing strong typing , lexically scoped , imperative , declarative , functional , generic , object-oriented ( class-based ) , and component-oriented programming disciplines . It was developed around 2000 by Microsoft as part of its .NET initiative , and later approved as an international standard by Ecma ( ECMA-334 ) and ISO ( ISO/IEC 23270:2018 ) . Mono is the name of the free and open-source project to develop a compiler and runtime for the language . C # is one of the programming languages designed for the Common Language Infrastructure ( CLI ) . C # was designed by Anders Hejlsberg , and its development team is currently led by Mads Torgersen . The most recent version is 8.0 , which was released in 2019 alongside Visual Studio 2019 version 16.3 .'}]}, {'value': 'Visual Studio Code', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code', 'summary': 'Visual Studio Code is a source-code editor developed by Microsoft for Windows , Linux and macOS . It includes support for debugging , embedded Git control and GitHub , syntax highlighting , intelligent code completion , snippets , and code refactoring . It is highly customizable , allowing users to change the theme , keyboard shortcuts , preferences , and install extensions that add additional functionality . The source code is free and open source and released under the permissive MIT License . The compiled binaries are freeware and free for private or commercial use . Visual Studio Code is based on Electron , a framework which is used to develop Node.js applications for the desktop running on the Blink layout engine . Although it uses the Electron framework , the software does not use Atom and instead employs the same editor component ( codenamed Monaco ) used in Azure DevOps ( formerly called Visual Studio Online and Visual Studio Team Services ) . In the Stack Overflow 2019 Developer Survey , Visual Studio Code was ranked the most popular developer environment tool , with 50.7% of 87,317 respondents claiming to use it .'}]}, {'value': 'Microsoft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.30.2 / January 8 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross-platform', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-platform', 'summary': 'In computing , cross-platform software ( also multi-platform software or platform-independent software ) is computer software that is implemented on multiple computing platforms . Cross-platform software may be divided into two types ; one requires individual building or compilation for each platform that it supports , and the other one can be directly run on any platform without special preparation , e.g. , software written in an interpreted language or pre-compiled portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all platforms . For example , a cross-platform application may run on Microsoft Windows , Linux , and macOS . Cross-platform programs may run on as many as all existing platforms , or on as few as two platforms . Cross-platform frameworks ( such as Qt , Flutter , NativeScript , Xamarin , Phonegap , Ionic , and React Native ) exist to aid cross-platform development .'}]}, {'value': 'MIT License', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MIT_License', 'summary': 'The MIT License is a permissive free software license originating at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) in the late 1980s . As a permissive license , it puts only very limited restriction on reuse and has , therefore , reasonable license compatibility . It is compatible because it can be re-licensed under other licenses . The MIT license is compatible with many copyleft licenses , such as the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) ; MIT licensed software can be re-licensed as GPL software , and integrated with other GPL software , but not the other way around . The MIT license also permits reuse within proprietary software , provided that either all copies of the licensed software include a copy of the MIT License terms and the copyright notice , or the software is re-licensed to remove this requirement . MIT-licensed software can also be re-licensed as proprietary software , which distinguishes it from copyleft software licenses . As of 2015 [ update ] , MIT was the most popular software license on GitHub , ahead of any GPL variant and other free and open-source software ( FOSS ) licenses . Notable projects that use the MIT License include the X Window System , Ruby on Rails , and Node.js .'}]}, {'value': 'JavaScript', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JavaScript', 'summary': 'JavaScript ( /ˈdʒɑːvəˌskrɪpt/ ) , often abbreviated as JS , is an interpreted programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification . JavaScript is high-level , often just-in-time compiled , and multi-paradigm . It has curly-bracket syntax , dynamic typing , prototype-based object-orientation , and first-class functions . Alongside HTML and CSS , JavaScript is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web . JavaScript enables interactive web pages and is an essential part of web applications . The vast majority of websites use it for client-side page behavior , and all major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute it . As a multi-paradigm language , JavaScript supports event-driven , functional , and imperative programming styles . It has application programming interfaces ( APIs ) for working with text , dates , regular expressions , standard data structures , and the Document Object Model ( DOM ) . However , the language itself does not include any input/output ( I/O ) , such as networking , storage , or graphics facilities , as the host environment ( usually a web browser ) provides those APIs . Originally used only in web browsers , JavaScript engines are also now embedded in server-side website deployments and non-browser applications . Although there are similarities between JavaScript and Java , including language name , syntax , and respective standard libraries , the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design .'}]}, {'value': 'WebStorm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WebStorm', 'summary': 'JetBrains s.r.o . ( formerly IntelliJ Software s.r.o . ) is a software development company whose tools are targeted towards software developers and project managers . As of 2019 [ update ] , the company has over 990 employees in its offices in Prague , Saint Petersburg , Moscow , Munich , Boston , Novosibirsk , Amsterdam , Foster City and Marlton , New Jersey . The company offers an extended family of integrated development environments ( IDE ) for the programming languages Java , Kotlin , Ruby , Python , PHP , C , Objective-C , C++ , C # , Go , JavaScript and SQL . The company entered a new area in 2011 when it introduced Kotlin , a programming language that runs in a Java virtual machine ( JVM ) . InfoWorld magazine awarded the firm Technology of the Year Award in 2011 and 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'JetBrains', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JetBrains', 'summary': 'JetBrains s.r.o . ( formerly IntelliJ Software s.r.o . ) is a software development company whose tools are targeted towards software developers and project managers . As of 2019 [ update ] , the company has over 990 employees in its offices in Prague , Saint Petersburg , Moscow , Munich , Boston , Novosibirsk , Amsterdam , Foster City and Marlton , New Jersey . The company offers an extended family of integrated development environments ( IDE ) for the programming languages Java , Kotlin , Ruby , Python , PHP , C , Objective-C , C++ , C # , Go , JavaScript and SQL . The company entered a new area in 2011 when it introduced Kotlin , a programming language that runs in a Java virtual machine ( JVM ) . InfoWorld magazine awarded the firm Technology of the Year Award in 2011 and 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '2019.1/ 25 March 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross-platform', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-platform', 'summary': 'In computing , cross-platform software ( also multi-platform software or platform-independent software ) is computer software that is implemented on multiple computing platforms . Cross-platform software may be divided into two types ; one requires individual building or compilation for each platform that it supports , and the other one can be directly run on any platform without special preparation , e.g. , software written in an interpreted language or pre-compiled portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all platforms . For example , a cross-platform application may run on Microsoft Windows , Linux , and macOS . Cross-platform programs may run on as many as all existing platforms , or on as few as two platforms . Cross-platform frameworks ( such as Qt , Flutter , NativeScript , Xamarin , Phonegap , Ionic , and React Native ) exist to aid cross-platform development .'}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}], 'section_title': 'JavaScript', 'section_text': 'Main article : JavaScript', 'uid': 'Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments_14', 'intro': 'The following tables list notable software packages that are nominal IDEs; standalone tools such as source code editors and GUI builders are not included. These IDEs are listed in alphabetical order of the supported language.'}	null	null	Which IDE was developed by a Canadian software company headquartered in Vancouver , British Columbia ?	Komodo IDE / Edit
0777482d9fc85bbe	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of bus transit systems in the United States', 'header': ['System', 'Locale', 'Major city ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Amarillo City Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amarillo_City_Transit', 'summary': 'Amarillo City Transit , marketed under the moniker of ACT , is the primary provider of mass transportation in Amarillo , Texas . The agency was established in 1966 , after a municipal takeover of private bus transportation . Thirteen routes run through the city daily but Sundays and holidays .'}]}, {'value': 'Amarillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas', 'summary': "Amarillo ( /ˌæməˈrɪloʊ/ AM-ə-RIL-oh ) is the 14th-most populous city in the state of Texas , United States . It is also the largest city in the Texas Panhandle , and the seat of Potter County . A portion of the city extends into Randall County . The estimated population was 199,826 as of 2017 . The Amarillo metropolitan area has an estimated population of 276,020 in four counties as of 2017 . The metro population is projected to surpass 310,000 in 2020 . Amarillo , originally named Oneida , is situated in the Llano Estacado region . The availability of the railroad and freight service provided by the Fort Worth and Denver City Railroad contributed to the city 's growth as a cattle-marketing center in the late 19th century . The city was once the self-proclaimed Helium Capital of the World for having one of the country 's most productive helium fields . The city is also known as The Yellow Rose of Texas ( as the city takes its name from the Spanish word for yellow ) , and most recently Rotor City , USA for its V-22 Osprey hybrid aircraft assembly plant , as well as Bomb City . Amarillo operates one of the largest meat-packing areas in the United States . Pantex , the only nuclear weapons assembly and disassembly facility in the country , is also a major employer ."}]}, {'value': 'Amarillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amarillo', 'summary': "Amarillo ( /ˌæməˈrɪloʊ/ AM-ə-RIL-oh ) is the 14th-most populous city in the state of Texas , United States . It is also the largest city in the Texas Panhandle , and the seat of Potter County . A portion of the city extends into Randall County . The estimated population was 199,826 as of 2017 . The Amarillo metropolitan area has an estimated population of 276,020 in four counties as of 2017 . The metro population is projected to surpass 310,000 in 2020 . Amarillo , originally named Oneida , is situated in the Llano Estacado region . The availability of the railroad and freight service provided by the Fort Worth and Denver City Railroad contributed to the city 's growth as a cattle-marketing center in the late 19th century . The city was once the self-proclaimed Helium Capital of the World for having one of the country 's most productive helium fields . The city is also known as The Yellow Rose of Texas ( as the city takes its name from the Spanish word for yellow ) , and most recently Rotor City , USA for its V-22 Osprey hybrid aircraft assembly plant , as well as Bomb City . Amarillo operates one of the largest meat-packing areas in the United States . Pantex , the only nuclear weapons assembly and disassembly facility in the country , is also a major employer ."}]}, {'value': 'Beaumont Municipal Transit System', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beaumont_Municipal_Transit_System', 'summary': 'The Beaumont Municipal Transit System is the primary provider of mass transportation in Jefferson County , Texas . Ten routes are operated from Monday through Saturday . All routes terminate at the Dannebaum Station Transit Center . Dannebaum Station Transit Center , located adjacent to the site of a historic railroad depot , was built in 2000 at the cost of $ 670,000 . It is located on Laurel Avenue and is bounded by Laurel on the south , Liberty on the north , Magnolia Avenue to the west , and Willow Street to the east at 30°05′01.6″N 94°06′10.6″W / 30.083778°N 94.102944°W / 30.083778 ; -94.102944 geographic coordinates ( across the street from the Jack Brooks Federal Building ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Beaumont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas', 'summary': 'Beaumont ( /ˈboʊmɒnt/ BOH-mont ) is a city in and the county seat of Jefferson County , Texas , in the United States , within the Beaumont-Port Arthur Metropolitan Statistical Area . Located in Southeast Texas on the Neches River about 85 miles ( 137 km ) east of Houston ( city center to city center ) , Beaumont had a population of 117,267 at the time of the 2010 census , making it the 30th most populous city in the state of Texas . Beaumont was founded as a town in 1835 . The pioneer settlement had an economy based on the development of lumber , farming , and port industries . In 1892 , Joseph Eloi Broussard opened the first commercially successful rice mill in the state , stimulating development of rice farming in the area ; he also started an irrigation company ( since 1933 established as the Lower Neches Valley Authority ) to support rice culture . Rice became an important commodity crop in Texas , and is now cultivated in 23 counties . A big change occurred in 1901 with the Spindletop gusher , which demonstrated that a huge oil field lay underneath and adjacent to the city . With Spindletop , several energy companies developed in Beaumont , and some continue . The area rapidly developed as one of the major petro-chemical refining areas in the country . Along with Port Arthur and Orange , Beaumont forms the Golden Triangle , a major industrial area on the Texas Gulf Coast . Beaumont is home of Lamar University , a national Carnegie Doctoral Research university with 14,966 students , including undergraduates and post graduates . Over the years , several corporations have been based in this city , including Gulf States Utilities which had its headquarters in Beaumont until its takeover by Entergy Corporation in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'Beaumont', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brownsville Urban System', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brownsville_Urban_System', 'summary': 'Brownsville Metro , or B Metro for short , is a mass transit system based in and serving Brownsville , TX . It is currently the largest mass transit system in Cameron County and the Rio Grande Valley , TX , and is the only mass transit system in Cameron County , TX . Brownsville Metro consists of 13 bus routes and two terminals . Brownsville Metro carries more than 1.5 million passengers a year . There is only two mass transit systems in the Rio Grande Valley the second being Metro McAllen which only consist of 7 bus routes and one bus terminal respectfully .'}]}, {'value': 'Brownsville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas', 'summary': 'Brownsville ( /ˈbraʊnzˌvɪl/ ) is a city in Cameron County in the U.S. state of Texas . It is located on the western Gulf Coast in South Texas , adjacent to the border with Matamoros , Mexico . The city covers 81.528 square miles ( 211.157 km2 ) and has a population of 183,299 as of 2017 . It is the 131st-largest city in the United States and 16th-largest in Texas . It is part of the Brownsville-Matamoros conurbation . The city is known for its year-round subtropical climate , deep-water seaport and Hispanic culture . The city was founded in 1848 by American entrepreneur Charles Stillman after he developed a successful river boat company nearby . It was named after Major Jacob Brown , who fought and died while serving as a U.S. Army soldier during the Mexican-American War ( 1846-48 ) . As the city is the seat of government for the county of Cameron , the city and county government are major employers . Other primary employers fall within the service , trade and manufacturing industries , including a growing aerospace and space transportation sector . It operates international trading through the Port of Brownsville . The city experienced a population increase in the early 1900s when steel production flourished .'}]}, {'value': 'Brownsville', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capital Metro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capital_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority', 'summary': 'The Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority , commonly referred to as Capital Metro ( or colloquially Cap Metro ) , is a public transportation provider located in Austin , Texas . It operates bus , paratransit services and a commuter rail system known as the Capital MetroRail in Austin and several suburbs in Travis and Williamson counties . In January 2014 , Capital Metro launched MetroRapid , an express service operating in shared lanes with automobile traffic . Voters approved the creation of Capital Metro in January 1985 , agreeing to fund the organization with a one percent sales tax .'}]}, {'value': 'Austin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin,_Texas', 'summary': "Austin ( UK : /ˈɒstɪn , ˈɔːstɪn/ , US : /ˈɔːstən/ ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas , as well as the seat and largest city of Travis County , with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties . It is the 11th-most populous city in the United States , the fourth-most-populous city in Texas , and the second-most-populous state capital city ( after Phoenix , Arizona ) . It is also the fastest growing large city in the United States and the southernmost state capital in the contiguous United States . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 1 , 2018 estimate , Austin had a population of 964,254 , up from 790,491 at the 2010 census . The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin-Round Rock metropolitan statistical area , which had an estimated population of 2,168,316 as of July 1 , 2018 [ update ] . Located in Central Texas within the greater Texas Hill Country , it is home to numerous lakes , rivers , and waterways , including Lady Bird Lake and Lake Travis on the Colorado River , Barton Springs , McKinney Falls , and Lake Walter E. Long . U.S. News & World Report named Austin the No . 1 place to live in the U.S. for 2017 and 2018 . In 2016 , Forbes ranked Austin No . 1 on its Cities of the Future list , then in 2017 placed the city at that same position on its list for the Next Biggest Boom Town in the U.S. Also in 2017 , Forbes awarded the South River City neighborhood of Austin its # 2 ranking for Best Cities and Neighborhoods for Millennials . WalletHub named Austin the # 6 best place in the country to live for 2017 . The FBI ranked Austin as the # 2 safest major city in the U.S. for 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Austin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Citibus ( Lubbock )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Citibus_(Lubbock)', 'summary': 'Citibus is the public transportation bus and paratransit system which serves Lubbock , Texas . It runs bus routes throughout the city , with the main routes converging at the Downtown Transfer Plaza , which also houses the Greyhound bus terminal . Citibus has been in continual service since 1971 when the city of Lubbock took over public transit operations . The paratransit system is called Citiaccess . Citibus operates six days a week from 5:30 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Monday through Saturday . Nighttime service is supplemented by a curb-to-curb service called the NiteRide . In addition to regular bus routes , it has a partnership with Texas Tech University to run shuttle buses on school days and game-day events .'}]}, {'value': 'Lubbock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas', 'summary': "Lubbock ( /ˈlʌbək/ LUB-ək ) is the 11th-most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas and the county seat of Lubbock County . With a population of 255,885 in 2018 , the city is also the 81st-most populous in the United States . The city is in the northwestern part of the state , a region known historically and geographically as the Llano Estacado , and ecologically is part of the southern end of the High Plains , lying at the economic center of the Lubbock metropolitan area , which has a projected 2020 population of 327,424 . Lubbock 's nickname , Hub City , derives from it being the economic , educational , and health-care hub of the multicounty region , north of the Permian Basin and south of the Texas Panhandle , commonly called the South Plains . The area is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world and is heavily dependent on water from the Ogallala Aquifer for irrigation . CNNMoney.com selected Lubbock as the 12th-best place to start a small business . CNN mentioned the city 's traditional business atmosphere : low rent for commercial space , central location , and cooperative city government . Lubbock is home to Texas Tech University , the sixth-largest college by enrollment in the state . Lubbock High School has been recognized for three consecutive years by Newsweek as one of the top high schools in the United States , based in part on its international baccalaureate program ."}]}, {'value': 'Lubbock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lubbock', 'summary': "Lubbock ( /ˈlʌbək/ LUB-ək ) is the 11th-most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas and the county seat of Lubbock County . With a population of 255,885 in 2018 , the city is also the 81st-most populous in the United States . The city is in the northwestern part of the state , a region known historically and geographically as the Llano Estacado , and ecologically is part of the southern end of the High Plains , lying at the economic center of the Lubbock metropolitan area , which has a projected 2020 population of 327,424 . Lubbock 's nickname , Hub City , derives from it being the economic , educational , and health-care hub of the multicounty region , north of the Permian Basin and south of the Texas Panhandle , commonly called the South Plains . The area is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world and is heavily dependent on water from the Ogallala Aquifer for irrigation . CNNMoney.com selected Lubbock as the 12th-best place to start a small business . CNN mentioned the city 's traditional business atmosphere : low rent for commercial space , central location , and cooperative city government . Lubbock is home to Texas Tech University , the sixth-largest college by enrollment in the state . Lubbock High School has been recognized for three consecutive years by Newsweek as one of the top high schools in the United States , based in part on its international baccalaureate program ."}]}, {'value': 'Conroe Connection', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conroe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conroe,_Texas', 'summary': 'Conroe is a city in Texas , United States . It is the seat of Montgomery County and a principal city in the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land metropolitan area . It is about 40 miles ( 64 km ) north of Houston . As of 2018 , the population was 87,654 , up from 56,207 in 2010 . According to the Census Bureau , Conroe was the fastest-growing large city in the United States between July 1 , 2015 , and July 1 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Conroe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conroe,_Texas', 'summary': 'Conroe is a city in Texas , United States . It is the seat of Montgomery County and a principal city in the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land metropolitan area . It is about 40 miles ( 64 km ) north of Houston . As of 2018 , the population was 87,654 , up from 56,207 in 2010 . According to the Census Bureau , Conroe was the fastest-growing large city in the United States between July 1 , 2015 , and July 1 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Corpus Christi Regional Transportation Authority', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corpus_Christi_Regional_Transportation_Authority', 'summary': 'The Corpus Christi Regional Transportation Authority is the operator of public transportation in Nueces County , Texas . Twenty-four local routes are offered , plus five peak hour express offerings . A seasonal express route is also provided to Padre Island beaches and two year-round shuttles in Downtown Corpus Christi in Port Aransas . These shuttles use buses designed to look like trolleys and the # 94 Port Aransas travels along the beach for some of its journey .'}]}, {'value': 'Nueces County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nueces_County,_Texas', 'summary': 'Nueces County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas . As of the 2010 census , the population was 340,223 . The county seat is Corpus Christi . The county was formed in 1846 from portions of San Patricio County and organized the following year . It is named for the Nueces River , which flows through the county . Nueces County is part of the Corpus Christi , TX Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Corpus Christi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dallas Area Rapid Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Area_Rapid_Transit', 'summary': "Dallas Area Rapid Transit ( DART ) is a transit agency serving the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex of Texas . It operates buses , light rail , commuter rail , and high-occupancy vehicle lanes in Dallas and twelve of its suburbs . DART was created in 1983 to replace a municipal bus system and funded expansion of the region 's transit network through a sales tax levied in member cities . DART 's light rail system is the longest in the United States , at over 93 miles ( 149.7 km ) , and began operation in 1996 . At 95,800 weekday boardings , it is also the 6th busiest light rail system in the United States . DART operates the Trinity Railway Express between Dallas and Fort Worth , through an interlocal agreement with Trinity Metro . The agency also operates the Dallas Streetcar and provides funding for the non-profit McKinney Avenue Streetcar ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denton County Transportation Authority', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denton_County_Transportation_Authority', 'summary': 'The Denton County Transportation Authority ( DCTA ) is the transit authority that operates in Denton County , Texas . It operates bus service in three cities within Denton County , as well as the A-train , a regional commuter rail line to Carrollton .'}]}, {'value': 'Denton County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denton_County,_Texas', 'summary': "Denton County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas . As of the 2010 census , its population was 662,614 , making it the ninth-most populous county in Texas . The county seat is Denton . The 2018 Census Bureau estimate for Denton County 's population is 859,064 . The county , which was named for John B. Denton , was established in 1846 . Denton County is included in the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington , TX Metropolitan Statistical Area . In 2007 , it was one of the fastest-growing counties in the United States ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Metro Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Metro_Transit', 'summary': 'El Metro Transit is the operator of public transportation in Laredo , Texas . Twenty-three bus routes are operated in a hub and spoke system , with each terminating in a downtown transit center . Most routes function seven days per week .'}]}, {'value': 'Laredo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laredo,_Texas', 'summary': "Laredo ( /ləˈreɪdoʊ/ lə-RAY-doh ; Spanish : [ laˈɾeðo ] ) is a city in and the county seat of Webb County , Texas , United States , on the north bank of the Rio Grande in South Texas , across from Nuevo Laredo , Tamaulipas , Mexico . Laredo has the distinction of flying seven flags ( the Flag of the Republic of the Rio Grande , which is now the flag of the city , in addition to the Six Flags of Texas ) . Founded in 1755 , Laredo grew from a village to the capital of the brief Republic of the Rio Grande to the largest inland port on the Mexico-United States border . Laredo 's economy is based on international trade with Mexico . Many major transportation companies have a facility in Laredo . The city is on the southern end of I-35 which makes it close to the manufacturers in northern Mexico . It has four international bridges and one railway bridge . According to the 2010 census , the city population was 236,091 , making it the tenth-most populous city in the state of Texas and third-most populated on the Mexico-United States border , after San Diego , California , and El Paso , Texas . Its metropolitan area is the 178th-largest in the U.S. and includes all of Webb County , with a population of 250,304 . Laredo is also part of the cross-border Laredo-Nuevo Laredo Metropolitan Area with an estimated population of 636,516 . Because Laredo is 95.6% Hispanic and Latino ( overwhelmingly Mexican in origin ) , it is one of the least ethnically diverse cities in the United States . When economic , household and social diversity are considered , Laredo is the 19th-least diverse of the 313 largest cities in the nation ."}]}, {'value': 'Laredo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Island Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Island_Transit_(Texas)', 'summary': 'Island Transit is a public transit company operating in Galveston , Texas . The company runs bus routes , and a streetcar system , called Galveston Island Trolley . The system was started in 1893 , with its streetcar system . The Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) and the Federal Transit Authority have agreed to fund the repair of the rail cars , that were damaged in Hurricane Ike .'}]}, {'value': 'Galveston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galveston,_Texas', 'summary': "Galveston ( /ˈɡælvɪstən/ GAL-vis-tən ) is a coastal resort city and port off the southeast coast on Galveston Island and Pelican Island in the American State of Texas . The community of 209.3 square miles ( 542 km2 ) , with a population of 47,743 in 2010 , is the county seat of surrounding Galveston County and second-largest municipality in the county . It is also within the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land metropolitan area at its southern end on the northwestern coast of the Gulf of Mexico . Galveston , or Galvez ' town , was named after the Spanish military and political leader in the 18th century : Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid , Count of Gálvez ( 1746-1786 ) , who was born in Macharaviaya , Málaga , in the Kingdom of Spain . Galveston 's first European settlements on the Galveston Island were built around 1816 by French pirate Louis-Michel Aury to help the fledgling Republic of Mexico fight for independence from Spain , along with other colonies in the Western Hemisphere of the Americas in Central and South America in the 1810s and 1820s . The Port of Galveston was established in 1825 by the Congress of Mexico following its independence from Spain . The city was the main port for the fledgling Texas Navy during the Texas Revolution of 1836 , and later served temporarily as the new national capital of the Republic of Texas . During the 19th century , Galveston became a major U.S. commercial center and one of the largest ports in the United States . It was for a time , Texas ' largest city , known as the Queen City of the Gulf . It was devastated by the unexpected Galveston Hurricane of 1900 , whose effects included massive flooding and a storm surge which nearly wiped out the town . The natural disaster on the exposed barrier island is still ranked today as the deadliest in United States history , with an estimated death toll of 6,000 to 12,000 people . The city subsequently reemerged during the Prohibition era of 1919-1933 as a leading tourist hub and a center of illegal gambling , nicknamed the Free State of Galveston until this era ended in the 1950s with subsequent other economic and social development ."}]}, {'value': 'Galveston', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Longview Transit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Longview', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Longview,_Texas', 'summary': "Longview is the forty-fifth largest city in the state of Texas . The city is mostly located in Gregg County , of which it is the county seat ; a small part of Longview extends into the western part of neighboring Harrison County . Longview is located in East Texas , where Interstate 20 and U.S . Highways 80 and 259 converge just north of the Sabine River . According to the 2010 U.S. census , the city had a population of 80,455 . The estimated population in 2017 was 81,522 . Longview is the principal city of the Longview metropolitan statistical area , comprising Gregg , Upshur , and Rusk counties . The population of the metropolitan area as of 2017 census estimates is 217,481 . Longview was established in the 1870 and became a railroad route in East Texas ; the city was also the first incorporated town in Gregg County . Today , Longview is considered a major hub city for the region , as is the nearby city of Tyler . In 2014 , Forbes magazine ranked Longview as the sixth fastest-growing small city in the United States . Companies with significant presence in Longview are Eastman Chemical and Trinity Rail Group and AAON Coil Products AAON and Consolidated Electrical Distributors ; communities stimulating the city and metro area are LeTourneau University , Kilgore College , and the University of Texas at Tyler 's Longview University Center ."}]}, {'value': 'Longview', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Longview,_Texas', 'summary': "Longview is the forty-fifth largest city in the state of Texas . The city is mostly located in Gregg County , of which it is the county seat ; a small part of Longview extends into the western part of neighboring Harrison County . Longview is located in East Texas , where Interstate 20 and U.S . Highways 80 and 259 converge just north of the Sabine River . According to the 2010 U.S. census , the city had a population of 80,455 . The estimated population in 2017 was 81,522 . Longview is the principal city of the Longview metropolitan statistical area , comprising Gregg , Upshur , and Rusk counties . The population of the metropolitan area as of 2017 census estimates is 217,481 . Longview was established in the 1870 and became a railroad route in East Texas ; the city was also the first incorporated town in Gregg County . Today , Longview is considered a major hub city for the region , as is the nearby city of Tyler . In 2014 , Forbes magazine ranked Longview as the sixth fastest-growing small city in the United States . Companies with significant presence in Longview are Eastman Chemical and Trinity Rail Group and AAON Coil Products AAON and Consolidated Electrical Distributors ; communities stimulating the city and metro area are LeTourneau University , Kilgore College , and the University of Texas at Tyler 's Longview University Center ."}]}, {'value': 'McAllen Express Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McAllen_Express_Transit', 'summary': 'Metro McAllen ( form . McAllen Express Transit ) is the primary provider of mass transportation in Hidalgo County , Texas . The agency was established in 1997 in response to massive population growth . In 2001 , the McAllen Central Station was opened in Downtown McAllen , which provides a transit hub for all local lines , as well as connects to a variety of domestic and international bus lines . The City of McAllen created the Transit Department that same year to help manage the recently created McAllen Central Station . In January 2005 , the Transit Department took over operations of the McAllen Express Transit ( MET ) . In February 2011 , MET officially changed to Metro McAllen . The transit agency has grown to 9 routes currently and operates from Monday through Sunday . In fiscal year 2019 , 637,360 people used these lines .'}]}, {'value': 'McAllen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McAllen,_Texas', 'summary': 'McAllen is the largest city in Hidalgo County , Texas , United States , and the 22nd-most populous city in Texas . It is located at the southern tip of the state in the Rio Grande Valley . The city limits extend south to the Rio Grande , across from the Mexican city of Reynosa . McAllen is about 70 mi ( 110 km ) west of the Gulf of Mexico . As of 2017 , McAllens population was estimated to be 142,696 . It is the fifth-most populous metropolitan area ( McAllen-Edinburg-Mission ) in the state of Texas , and the binational Reynosa-McAllen metropolitan area counts a population of nearly 1.52 million . From its settlement in 1904 , the area around McAllen was largely rural and agricultural in character , but the latter half of the 20th century had steady growth , which has continued in the 21st century in the metropolitan area . The introduction of the maquiladora economy and the North American Free Trade Association led to an increase in cross-border trading with Mexico .'}]}, {'value': 'McAllen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'METRO Bus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/METRO_Bus_(Houston,_TX)', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County ( stylized as METRO ) is a major public transportation agency based in Houston , Texas , United States . It operates bus , light rail , bus rapid transit , HOV and HOT lanes , and paratransit service ( under the name METROLift ) in the city as well as most of Harris County . It also operates bus service to two cities in Fort Bend County , and to Conroe in Montgomery County . The Metro headquarters are in the Lee P. Brown Administration Building in Downtown Houston .'}]}, {'value': 'Harris County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas', 'summary': "Harris County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas , located in the southeastern part of the state near Galveston Bay . As of the 2010 census , the population was 4,092,459 , making it the most populous county in Texas and the third most populous county in the United States . Its county seat is Houston , the largest city in Texas and fourth largest city in the United States . The county was founded in 1836 and organized in 1837 . It is named for John Richardson Harris , who founded the town of Harrisburg on Buffalo Bayou in 1826 . According to a July 2018 census estimate , Harris County 's population had grown to 4,698,619 , comprising over 16 percent of Texas 's population . Harris County is included in the nine-county Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land metropolitan statistical area , which is the fifth most populous metropolitan area in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston', 'summary': "Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ( listen ) HEW-stən ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas , fourth most populous city in the United States , most populous city in the Southern United States , as well as the sixth most populous in North America , with an estimated 2018 population of 2,325,502 . Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , it is the seat of Harris County and the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area , which is the fifth most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second most populous in Texas after the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , with a population of 6,997,384 in 2018 . Comprising a total area of 637.4 square miles ( 1,651 km2 ) , Houston is the eighth most expansive city in the United States ( including consolidated city-counties ) . It is the largest city in the United States by total area , whose government is not consolidated with that of a county , parish or borough . Though primarily in Harris County , small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend and Montgomery counties , bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands . The city of Houston was founded by land investors on August 30 , 1836 , at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou ( a point now known as Allen 's Landing ) and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 . The city is named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had won Texas ' independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Allen 's Landing . After briefly serving as the capital of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s , Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century . The arrival of the 20th century saw a convergence of economic factors which fueled rapid growth in Houston , including a burgeoning port and railroad industry , the decline of Galveston as Texas ' primary port following a devastating 1900 hurricane , the subsequent construction of the Houston Ship Channel , and the Texas oil boom . In the mid-20th century , Houston 's economy diversified as it became home to the Texas Medical Center - the world 's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions - and NASA 's Johnson Space Center , where the Mission Control Center is located . Houston 's economy since the late 19th century has a broad industrial base in energy , manufacturing , aeronautics , and transportation . Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment , Houston has the second most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits ( after New York City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Metro Arlington Xpress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metro_Arlington_Xpress', 'summary': 'The Metro Arlington Xpress ( MAX ) was a public transit system serving Arlington , Texas , part of the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex . MAX consisted of a single bus route that connected CentrePort/DFW Airport station on the Trinity Railway Express to downtown Arlington and the University of Texas at Arlington campus . The service was operated by Dallas Area Rapid Transit ( DART ) and funded by the city of Arlington . The pilot program started in August 2013 and was replaced by a ride-sharing service in December 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Arlington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arlington,_Texas', 'summary': "Arlington is a city in the U.S. state of Texas , located in Tarrant County . It is part of the Mid-Cities region of the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington metropolitan area , approximately 12 miles ( 19 km ) east of downtown Fort Worth and 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of downtown Dallas . According to the U.S. Census Bureau 's estimate , the city had a population of 398,112 in 2018 , making it the second-largest city in the county ( after Fort Worth ) and the third-largest in the metropolitan area . Arlington is the forty-eighth-most populous city in the United States , the seventh-most populous city in the state of Texas , and the largest city in the state that is not a county seat . Arlington is home to the University of Texas at Arlington , a major urban research university , the Arlington Assembly plant used by General Motors , the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Region IV , Texas Health Resources , American Mensa , and D. R. Horton . Additionally , Arlington hosts the Texas Rangers at Globe Life Field , the Dallas Cowboys at AT & T Stadium , the Dallas Wings at College Park Center , the International Bowling Campus ( which houses the United States Bowling Congress , International Bowling Museum and the International Bowling Hall of Fame ) , and the theme parks Six Flags Over Texas ( the original Six Flags ) and Hurricane Harbor . Arlington borders Kennedale , Grand Prairie , Mansfield and Fort Worth , and surrounds the smaller communities of Dalworthington Gardens and Pantego ."}]}, {'value': 'Arlington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sun Metro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sun_Metro_Mass_Transit_System', 'summary': 'Sun Metro Mass Transit Department , simply known as Sun Metro , is the public transportation provider that serves El Paso , Texas . Consisting of buses and paratransit service , it is a department of the City of El Paso , and the agency also serves the rest of El Paso County and Sunland Park , New Mexico . The major hub is located at the Bert Williams Downtown Santa Fe Transfer Center in the surrounding block areas in Downtown El Paso . Until 1987 , Sun Metro was called Sun City Area Transit ( SCAT ) .'}]}, {'value': 'El Paso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas', 'summary': "El Paso ( /ɛl ˈpæsoʊ/ ; from Spanish , the pass ) is a city and the county seat of El Paso County , Texas , United States , in the far western part of the state . The 2018 population estimate for the city from the U.S. Census was 682,669 , making it the 22nd largest city in the United States . Its metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) covers all of El Paso and Hudspeth counties in Texas , and has a population of 840,758 . El Paso stands on the Rio Grande across the Mexico-United States border from Ciudad Juárez , the most populous city in the Mexican state of Chihuahua with 1.4 million people . Las Cruces , in the neighboring U.S. state of New Mexico , has a population of 215,579 . On the U.S. side , the El Paso metropolitan area forms part of the larger El Paso-Las Cruces CSA , with a population of 1,060,397 . Bi-nationally , these three cities form a combined international metropolitan area sometimes referred to as the Paso del Norte or the Borderplex . The region of 2.5 million people constitutes the largest bilingual and binational work force in the Western Hemisphere . The city is home to three publicly traded companies , and former Western Refining , now Andeavor . as well as home to the Medical Center of the Americas , the only medical research and care provider complex in West Texas and Southern New Mexico , and the University of Texas at El Paso , the city 's primary university . The city hosts the annual Sun Bowl college football post-season game , the second oldest bowl game in the country . El Paso has a strong federal and military presence ."}]}, {'value': 'El Paso', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T-Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texarkana_Urban_Transit_District', 'summary': "The Texarkana Urban Transit District ( TUTD ) is the primary provider of public transit and paratransit services in the Texarkana metropolitan area , established in October 2000 . TUTD is governed by the nine-member Texarkana Urban Transit Board , whose members are representatives of city governments in Texarkana , Texas , Texarkana , Arkansas , Nash , Texas , and Wake Village , Texas . TUTD operates eight fixed-route bus routes - branded as T-LINE - on Monday through Saturday , excluding six designated holidays : New Year 's Day , Memorial Day , Independence Day , Labor Day , Thanksgiving Day , and Christmas Day . The agency also operates in coordination with the Ark-Tex Council of Governments Rural Public Transit District ( ATCOG RTD ) , which provides connecting services ( branded as TRAX ) to Cass , Delta , Franklin , Hopkins , Lamar , Morris , Red River and Titus counties in Texas , in addition TUTD 's primary service area ."}]}, {'value': 'Texarkana metropolitan area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texarkana_metropolitan_area', 'summary': 'The Texarkana metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) , as defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget , is a two-county region anchored by the twin cities of Texarkana , Texas , ( population 37,333 ) and Texarkana , Arkansas , ( population 30,259 ) , and encompassing the surrounding communities in Bowie County , Texas , and Miller County , Arkansas . As of the 2016 census , the MSA had a population of 150,098 . Texarkana is a subset of the broader Ark-La-Tex region .'}]}, {'value': 'Texarkana , Texas and Texarkana , Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texarkana,_Texas', 'summary': 'Texarkana is a city in Bowie County , Texas , United States , located in the Ark-La-Tex region . Located approximately 180 miles ( 290 km ) from Dallas , Texarkana is a twin city with neighboring Texarkana , Arkansas . The population of the Texas city was 36,411 at the 2010 census . The city and its Arkansas counterpart form the core of the Texarkana Metropolitan Statistical Area , encompassing all of Bowie County , Texas , and Miller County , Arkansas . The two cities had a combined population of 67,592 at the 2017 census , and the metropolitan area had a total population of 150,098 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Texarkana,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Texarkana is a city in the U.S. state of Arkansas and the county seat of Miller County . The city is located across the state line from its twin city , Texarkana , Texas . The city was founded at a railroad intersection on December 8 , 1873 , and was incorporated in Arkansas on August 10 , 1880 . Texarkana ( together with its Texas counterpart ) is the principal city of the Texarkana metropolitan area , which is ranked 274th in terms of population in the United States with 150,098 in 2016 according to the United States Census Bureau . Located within the Ark-La-Tex subregion of Southwest Arkansas , Texarkana is located in the Piney Woods , an oak-hickory forest atop the flat Gulf Coastal Plain . Texarkana 's economy is driven by agriculture and the city 's position as a crossroads of three major Interstate highways : Interstate 30 ( I-30 ) , I-49 and the future I-69 . Outdoors tourism , such as fishing at Lake Millwood , are also important in the region . The Texarkana Arkansas School District is the largest public school district on the Arkansas side , leading to graduation from Arkansas High School . The city is home to Texarkana College ( on the Texas side of town ) , and a branch campus of the University of Arkansas Community College at Hope ( UACCH ) ."}]}, {'value': 'The District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazos_Transit_District', 'summary': 'The Brazos Transit District , branded as The District , is the primary provider of mass transportation in a 16-county area of East Texas . The agency was established in 1974 as the Brazos Valley Transit Authority , with the primary purpose of providing fixed routes for Bryan and College Station , plus rural demand response service . Today , two separate urban areas feature fixed routes , Paratransit , Demand and Response plus a series of commuter buses for several Houston suburbs .'}]}, {'value': 'Bryan-College Station metropolitan area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryan-College_Station_metropolitan_area', 'summary': "Bryan-College Station is a metropolitan area centering on the twin cities of Bryan and College Station in the Brazos Valley region of Texas . The 2010 census placed the population of the three county metropolitan area at 255,519 . The 2019 population estimate is 273,101 . The area 's economic and social life is centered on the main campus of Texas A & M University in College Station ; thus , the area is popularly known as Aggieland in reference to the Aggies nickname for the university 's sports teams and students ."}]}, {'value': 'Bryan , Texas and College Station , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryan,_Texas', 'summary': 'Bryan is a city and the county seat of Brazos County , Texas , United States . It is located in the heart of the Brazos Valley ( East and Central Texas ) . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 76,201 . As of December 2019 , the estimated population was 90,404 . Bryan borders the city of College Station , which lies to its south . Together they are referred to as the Bryan-College Station metropolitan area , which has a population of more than 250,069'}, {'url': '/wiki/College_Station,_Texas', 'summary': "College Station is a city in Brazos County , Texas , situated in East-Central Texas in the heart of the Brazos Valley , in the center of the region known as Texas Triangle . It is 83 miles ( 130 kilometers ) northwest of Houston and 87 miles ( 140 km ) east northeast of Austin . As of the 2010 census , College Station had a population of 93,857 , which had increased to an estimated population of 122,671 as of November 2019 . College Station and Bryan together make up the Bryan-College Station metropolitan area , the 13th-largest metropolitan area in Texas with 273,101 people as of 2019 . College Station is home to the main campus of Texas A & M University , the flagship institution of the Texas A & M University System . The city owes both its name and existence to the university 's location along a railroad . Texas A & M 's triple designation as a Land- , Sea- , and Space-Grant institution reflects the broad scope of the research endeavors it brings to the city , with ongoing projects funded by agencies such as NASA , the National Institutes of Health , the National Science Foundation , and the Office of Naval Research . Due largely to the presence of Texas A & M University , College Station was named by Money magazine in 2006 as the most educated city in Texas , and the 11th-most educated city in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Trinity Metro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_Metro', 'summary': "Trinity Metro is a transit agency located in and serving the city of Fort Worth , Texas and its suburbs in surrounding Tarrant County , part of the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area . Since 1983 , it was known as the Fort Worth Transportation Authority ( popularly known as FWTA and The T ) . As of January 29 , 2018 the Board of Directors has voted to rebrand bus services as Trinity Metro , replacing the previous and long standing name . Trinity Metro primarily operates the region 's bus service , and partners with Denton County Transportation Authority to operate express bus service to Denton on the North Texas Xpress ( Route 64 ) . The agency is also involved in the operation of two commuter rail lines : TEXRail , a commuter rail service connecting downtown Fort Worth with DFW Airport via Northeast Tarrant County ; and Trinity Railway Express ( TRE ) , operated in partnership with Dallas Area Rapid Transit , which offers commuter rail service from downtown Fort Worth to downtown Dallas via DFW ."}]}, {'value': 'Tarrant County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tarrant_County', 'summary': "Tarrant County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas . As of 2010 , it had a population of 1,809,034 . It is Texas ' third-most populous county and the 15th-most populous in the United States . Its county seat is Fort Worth . Tarrant County , one of 26 counties created out of the Peters Colony , was established in 1849 and organized the next year . It was named in honor of General Edward H. Tarrant of the Republic of Texas militia . Tarrant County is part of the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington , TX Metropolitan Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Worth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas', 'summary': "Fort Worth is the fifth-largest city in the U.S. state of Texas and the 13th-largest city in the United States . It is the county seat of Tarrant County , covering nearly 350 square miles ( 910 km2 ) into three other counties : Denton , Parker , and Wise . According to the 2018 census estimates , Fort Worth 's population was 898,919 . Fort Worth is the second-largest city in the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington metropolitan area , which is the 4th most populous metropolitan area in the United States . The city of Fort Worth was established in 1849 as an army outpost on a bluff overlooking the Trinity River . Fort Worth has historically been a center of the longhorn cattle trade . It still embraces its Western heritage and traditional architecture and design . USS Fort Worth ( LCS-3 ) is the first ship of the United States Navy named after the city . Fort Worth is home to the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition and several world-class museums designed by internationally known contemporary architects . The Kimbell Art Museum , considered to have one of the best art collections in Texas , is housed in what is widely regarded as one of the outstanding architectural achievements of the modern era . The museum was designed by the American architect Louis Kahn , with an addition designed by world-renowned Italian architect Renzo Piano opening November 2013 . Also of note is the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth , designed by Tadao Ando ."}]}, {'value': 'Tyler Transit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tyler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyler,_Texas', 'summary': "Tyler is the county seat of Smith County , located in east-central Texas , United States . The city of Tyler has long been Smith County 's major economic , educational , financial , medical , and cultural hub . The city is named for John Tyler , the tenth President of the United States . Tyler had a population of 96,900 in 2010 , according to the United States Census Bureau , and Tyler 's 2018 estimated population was 105,729 . It is 100 miles ( 160 km ) east-southeast of Dallas . Tyler is the principal city of the Tyler metropolitan statistical area , which had a population of 209,714 in 2010 , and is the regional center of the Tyler-Jacksonville combined statistical area , which had a population of 260,559 in 2010 . Tyler is known as the Rose Capital of America ( also the Rose City and the Rose Capital of the World ) , a nickname it earned from a long history of rose production , cultivation , and processing . It is home to the largest rose garden in the United States , a 14-acre public garden complex that has over 38,000 rose bushes of at least 500 different varieties . The Tyler Rose Garden is also home to the annual Texas Rose Festival , attracting tourists by the thousands each year in mid-October . Tyler is also home to the Caldwell Zoo and Broadway Square Mall . As a regional educational and technology center , Tyler is the host for more than 20,000 higher-education students , a college of engineering , a university health science center , and two regional hospital systems . In 1985 , the international Adopt-a-Highway movement originated in Tyler ."}]}, {'value': 'Tyler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyler,_Texas', 'summary': "Tyler is the county seat of Smith County , located in east-central Texas , United States . The city of Tyler has long been Smith County 's major economic , educational , financial , medical , and cultural hub . The city is named for John Tyler , the tenth President of the United States . Tyler had a population of 96,900 in 2010 , according to the United States Census Bureau , and Tyler 's 2018 estimated population was 105,729 . It is 100 miles ( 160 km ) east-southeast of Dallas . Tyler is the principal city of the Tyler metropolitan statistical area , which had a population of 209,714 in 2010 , and is the regional center of the Tyler-Jacksonville combined statistical area , which had a population of 260,559 in 2010 . Tyler is known as the Rose Capital of America ( also the Rose City and the Rose Capital of the World ) , a nickname it earned from a long history of rose production , cultivation , and processing . It is home to the largest rose garden in the United States , a 14-acre public garden complex that has over 38,000 rose bushes of at least 500 different varieties . The Tyler Rose Garden is also home to the annual Texas Rose Festival , attracting tourists by the thousands each year in mid-October . Tyler is also home to the Caldwell Zoo and Broadway Square Mall . As a regional educational and technology center , Tyler is the host for more than 20,000 higher-education students , a college of engineering , a university health science center , and two regional hospital systems . In 1985 , the international Adopt-a-Highway movement originated in Tyler ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Texas', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States_43', 'intro': 'The following is a list of presently-operating bus transit systems in the United States with regular service. The list excludes charter buses, private bus operators, paratransit systems, and trolleybus systems. Figures for daily ridership, number of vehicles, and daily vehicle revenue miles are accurate as of 2009 and come from the FTA National Transit Database.'}	null	null	What system is located in the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. ?	Dallas Area Rapid Transit
07797574ee6ea11e	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Ward,_Queensland', 'title': 'County of Ward, Queensland', 'header': ['Parish', 'LGA', 'Towns'], 'data': [{'value': 'Albert', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Gold_Coast', 'summary': 'The City of Gold Coast is the local government area spanning the Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia and surrounding areas . With a population of 606,774 it is the second most populous local government area in Australia ( City of Brisbane being the largest ) . Its council maintains a staff of over 2,500 . It was established in 1948 , but has existed in its present form since 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alberton , Ormeau ( East ) , Woongoolba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberton,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Alberton is a locality in the City of Gold Coast in Queensland , Australia . It is bounded in the north by the Logan River and in the west by its tributary , the Albert River .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ormeau,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Ormeau is a hinterland town and suburb in the City of Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Woongoolba,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Woongoolba is a coastal rural locality in the northern part of City of Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Alford', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scenic Rim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scenic_Rim_Region', 'summary': 'The Scenic Rim Region is a local government area in West Moreton region of South East Queensland , Australia . Established in 2008 , it was preceded by several previous local government areas with histories extending back to the early 1900s and beyond . The main town of the region is Beaudesert . It has an estimated operating budget of A $ 33 million .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barrow', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Gold_Coast', 'summary': 'The City of Gold Coast is the local government area spanning the Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia and surrounding areas . With a population of 606,774 it is the second most populous local government area in Australia ( City of Brisbane being the largest ) . Its council maintains a staff of over 2,500 . It was established in 1948 , but has existed in its present form since 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Paradise Point , Oxenford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paradise_Point,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Paradise Point is a coastal suburb on the Gold Coast in Queensland , Australia . At the 2006 Census , Paradise Point had a population of 19,139 . After development of Ephraim Island and Sovereign Islands , by 2011 the census for Paradise Point neighbourhood alone was 5,930 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxenford,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Oxenford is a suburb on the Gold Coast in Queensland , Australia . At the 2016 census , Oxenford had a population of 11,842 . Oxenford has expanded in recent years with the subdivision Studio Village being built in the southern end of the suburb , adjacent to the two major theme parks ; the subdivision itself was inspired by Movie World , with the street names all referring to objects or people within Hollywood and film culture .'}]}, {'value': 'Beaudesert', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scenic Rim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scenic_Rim_Region', 'summary': 'The Scenic Rim Region is a local government area in West Moreton region of South East Queensland , Australia . Established in 2008 , it was preceded by several previous local government areas with histories extending back to the early 1900s and beyond . The main town of the region is Beaudesert . It has an estimated operating budget of A $ 33 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Beaudesert , Laravale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beaudesert,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Beaudesert is a rural town and locality in the Scenic Rim Region , Queensland , Australia . It is south of Brisbane and west of Gold Coast . In the 2016 census , Beaudesert had a population of 6,395 people .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Laravale,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Laravale is a locality in the Scenic Rim Region of South East Queensland , Australia . At the 2016 census , Laravale recorded a population total of 189 .'}]}, {'value': 'Boonnahbah', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Gold_Coast', 'summary': 'The City of Gold Coast is the local government area spanning the Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia and surrounding areas . With a population of 606,774 it is the second most populous local government area in Australia ( City of Brisbane being the largest ) . Its council maintains a staff of over 2,500 . It was established in 1948 , but has existed in its present form since 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boyd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Logan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Logan_City', 'summary': "Logan City is a local government area situated within the south of the Brisbane metropolitan area in South East Queensland , Australia . Situated between the City of Brisbane to the north and the City of Gold Coast to the south , the City also borders the Scenic Rim Region , the City of Ipswich , and Redland City LGAs . Logan City is divided into 70 suburbs and 12 divisions ; a councillor is elected to each of the latter . The area had a population of 326,615 in June 2018 . Gaining significant area in 2008 from the amalgamation of parts of the Albert and Beaudesert Shires , Logan City extends north to Priestdale , south to Mundoolun near the Albert River , east to Carbrook at the Logan River , and west to Lyons . Logan City is located across parts of the sub-basin of Oxley Creek , and the Logan and Albert Rivers . The Daisy Hill Koala Centre serves as an example of Logan 's prominent bushland , reminiscent of Karawatha Forest , and the Tamborine and Venman Bushland National Parks , that border Logan suburbs . Etymologically , the region is named after Captain Patrick Logan , as is the aforementioned river , alongside the commercial hubs of Logan Central , Shailer Park 's Logan Hyperdome , and Browns Plains . Other populous suburbs include Beenleigh , Rochedale South , Meadowbrook , Springwood , Woodridge , Eagleby and the rural towns of Jimboomba and Logan Village The city facilitates much of the transport between Brisbane and the Gold Coast . Its motorway network is extensive : in the city 's north-east , the Logan Motorway joins the Pacific Motorway , while the Mount Lindesay Highway and Sydney-Brisbane rail corridor cross the city along a roughly central north-south axis . New developments are common , particularly those being built at Yarrabilba and Greater Flagstone , while Griffith University has already established a Logan campus in Meadowbrook which is being developed into a specialist area based around health , research and education . In 2016 , Luke Smith was elected mayor of Logan ."}]}, {'value': 'Beenleigh , Bethania , Windaroo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beenleigh,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Beenleigh is a town and a suburb in the City of Logan , Queensland , Australia . At the 2016 Australian Census , Beenleigh recorded a population of 8,252 . A government survey for the new town was conducted in 1866 . The town is the terminus for the Beenleigh railway line , which first opening in 1885 and a stop on the South Coast railway line , which reached Southport in 1889 . Beenleigh was the administrative centre of the former Shire of Albert . It is known for the heritage-listed tourist attraction called the Beenleigh Artisan Distillery .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bethania,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Bethania is a suburb of Logan City , Queensland , Australia . It is situated on the main Beenleigh railway line and lies south of the Logan River . The lower lying areas near the river occasionally suffer floods . A separate branch railway leaves the South Coast railway line at Bethania and runs to Beaudesert . It has been out of commission since August 2004 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Windaroo,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Windaroo is a residential suburb in the outer southern areas of Logan City in Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Bromelton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scenic Rim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scenic_Rim_Region', 'summary': 'The Scenic Rim Region is a local government area in West Moreton region of South East Queensland , Australia . Established in 2008 , it was preceded by several previous local government areas with histories extending back to the early 1900s and beyond . The main town of the region is Beaudesert . It has an estimated operating budget of A $ 33 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Bromelton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bromelton,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Bromelton is a rural locality in the Scenic Rim Region , Queensland , Australia . In the 2016 census , Bromelton had a population of 155 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Cedar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Gold_Coast', 'summary': 'The City of Gold Coast is the local government area spanning the Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia and surrounding areas . With a population of 606,774 it is the second most populous local government area in Australia ( City of Brisbane being the largest ) . Its council maintains a staff of over 2,500 . It was established in 1948 , but has existed in its present form since 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamborine Mountain , Upper Coomera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamborine_Mountain,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Tamborine Mountain is a 28 km2 ( 11 sq mi ) plateau ( 8 km long by 4 km wide ) and locality in the Scenic Rim local government area of South East Queensland , Australia . The name is of Aboriginal origin and has nothing to do with the musical instrument . It is considered part of the Gold Coast hinterland and has a strong tourist industry .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Upper_Coomera,_Queensland', 'summary': "Upper Coomera is a suburb in the City of Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia . Upper Coomera and Coomera have long been the main centre of urban development on the Gold Coast and are considered to be , along with Southport and Robina , one of the Gold Coast 's three urban centres . Upper Coomera is a heavily suburbanised suburb consisting of many large residential developments and commercial centres . Despite already being heavily developed and having a large population , Upper Coomera is predicted by both the Queensland Government and Gold Coast City Council to grow and develop at an exponential rate well into the next decade . Upper Coomera is a popular place of residence for dual-city commuters as it is placed roughly halfway between the central commercial districts of Southport and Beenleigh and within reasonable travelling distance to Brisbane CBD ."}]}, {'value': 'Coochin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scenic Rim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scenic_Rim_Region', 'summary': 'The Scenic Rim Region is a local government area in West Moreton region of South East Queensland , Australia . Established in 2008 , it was preceded by several previous local government areas with histories extending back to the early 1900s and beyond . The main town of the region is Beaudesert . It has an estimated operating budget of A $ 33 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Boonah , Mount Alford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boonah,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Boonah is both a town and a locality of the Scenic Rim Region in south-eastern Queensland , Australia . At the 2016 census , the town had a population of 2,696 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mount_Alford,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Mount Alford is a locality and town in the Scenic Rim Region of South East Queensland , Australia . At the 2016 census , Mount Alford recorded a population of 268 . A store , school and church in the area were first built in the late 1880s . A cemetery , war memorial and other churches were established later .'}]}, {'value': 'Coomera', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Gold_Coast', 'summary': 'The City of Gold Coast is the local government area spanning the Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia and surrounding areas . With a population of 606,774 it is the second most populous local government area in Australia ( City of Brisbane being the largest ) . Its council maintains a staff of over 2,500 . It was established in 1948 , but has existed in its present form since 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Coomera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coomera,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Coomera is a suburb of the Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia . At the 2016 Census , Coomera had a population of 13,305 The name Coomera comes from the Yugambeh word kumera , a species of wattle .'}]}, {'value': 'Currigee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Gold_Coast', 'summary': 'The City of Gold Coast is the local government area spanning the Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia and surrounding areas . With a population of 606,774 it is the second most populous local government area in Australia ( City of Brisbane being the largest ) . Its council maintains a staff of over 2,500 . It was established in 1948 , but has existed in its present form since 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'South Stradbroke Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Stradbroke_Island', 'summary': 'The South Stradbroke Island ( Indigenous : Minjerribah ) , colloquially South Straddie , is an island that lies within Moreton Bay in the Australian state of Queensland , south of Brisbane and forms the northern end of Gold Coast . The island is a locality within the City of Gold Coast . In the 2016 census , South Stradbroke had a population of 41 people . The 21 kilometres ( 13 mi ) by 2.5 kilometres ( 1.6 mi ) sized island is the smaller one of the two Stradbroke Islands and lies very close to the mainland . The island has hundreds of wild wallabies that are usually human orientated . They are also well known for stealing bread from tents and cabins , and joining campers at their fires . One of more than 360 islands within Moreton Bay , the southern end of South Stradbroke Island fronts the Broadwater , and the tip marks the Gold Coast Seaway , only a matter of metres from the mainland at Southport Spit . In the northeast is Tipplers Passage which separates the island from many smaller islands within the bay closer to the mainland . The east coast borders the Coral Sea . South Stradbroke Island consists mainly of sand dunes , remnant livistona rainforest and melaleuca wetlands . The island also has unique flora and fauna . The golden wallaby is endemic to the island and the agile wallaby , once more common to the region , has now retreated to the island .'}]}, {'value': 'Darlington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Gold_Coast', 'summary': 'The City of Gold Coast is the local government area spanning the Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia and surrounding areas . With a population of 606,774 it is the second most populous local government area in Australia ( City of Brisbane being the largest ) . Its council maintains a staff of over 2,500 . It was established in 1948 , but has existed in its present form since 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ormeau ( West )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ormeau,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Ormeau is a hinterland town and suburb in the City of Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Dugandan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scenic Rim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scenic_Rim_Region', 'summary': 'The Scenic Rim Region is a local government area in West Moreton region of South East Queensland , Australia . Established in 2008 , it was preceded by several previous local government areas with histories extending back to the early 1900s and beyond . The main town of the region is Beaudesert . It has an estimated operating budget of A $ 33 million .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gilston', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Gold_Coast', 'summary': 'The City of Gold Coast is the local government area spanning the Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia and surrounding areas . With a population of 606,774 it is the second most populous local government area in Australia ( City of Brisbane being the largest ) . Its council maintains a staff of over 2,500 . It was established in 1948 , but has existed in its present form since 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Broadbeach , Burleigh Heads', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broadbeach,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Broadbeach is a coastal suburb in the City of Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia . At the 2016 Census , Broadbeach had a population of 5,514 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Burleigh_Heads,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Burleigh Heads is a coastal suburb in the City of Gold Coast in Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Jimboomba', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Logan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Logan_City', 'summary': "Logan City is a local government area situated within the south of the Brisbane metropolitan area in South East Queensland , Australia . Situated between the City of Brisbane to the north and the City of Gold Coast to the south , the City also borders the Scenic Rim Region , the City of Ipswich , and Redland City LGAs . Logan City is divided into 70 suburbs and 12 divisions ; a councillor is elected to each of the latter . The area had a population of 326,615 in June 2018 . Gaining significant area in 2008 from the amalgamation of parts of the Albert and Beaudesert Shires , Logan City extends north to Priestdale , south to Mundoolun near the Albert River , east to Carbrook at the Logan River , and west to Lyons . Logan City is located across parts of the sub-basin of Oxley Creek , and the Logan and Albert Rivers . The Daisy Hill Koala Centre serves as an example of Logan 's prominent bushland , reminiscent of Karawatha Forest , and the Tamborine and Venman Bushland National Parks , that border Logan suburbs . Etymologically , the region is named after Captain Patrick Logan , as is the aforementioned river , alongside the commercial hubs of Logan Central , Shailer Park 's Logan Hyperdome , and Browns Plains . Other populous suburbs include Beenleigh , Rochedale South , Meadowbrook , Springwood , Woodridge , Eagleby and the rural towns of Jimboomba and Logan Village The city facilitates much of the transport between Brisbane and the Gold Coast . Its motorway network is extensive : in the city 's north-east , the Logan Motorway joins the Pacific Motorway , while the Mount Lindesay Highway and Sydney-Brisbane rail corridor cross the city along a roughly central north-south axis . New developments are common , particularly those being built at Yarrabilba and Greater Flagstone , while Griffith University has already established a Logan campus in Meadowbrook which is being developed into a specialist area based around health , research and education . In 2016 , Luke Smith was elected mayor of Logan ."}]}, {'value': 'Jimboomba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimboomba,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Jimboomba is a town and locality in Logan City , Queensland , Australia . In the 2016 census , Jimboomba had a population of 13,201 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Kerry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scenic Rim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scenic_Rim_Region', 'summary': 'The Scenic Rim Region is a local government area in West Moreton region of South East Queensland , Australia . Established in 2008 , it was preceded by several previous local government areas with histories extending back to the early 1900s and beyond . The main town of the region is Beaudesert . It has an estimated operating budget of A $ 33 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Kerry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerry,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Kerry is a rural locality in the Scenic Rim Region , Queensland , Australia . In the 2016 census , Kerry had a population of 326 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Knapp', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scenic Rim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scenic_Rim_Region', 'summary': 'The Scenic Rim Region is a local government area in West Moreton region of South East Queensland , Australia . Established in 2008 , it was preceded by several previous local government areas with histories extending back to the early 1900s and beyond . The main town of the region is Beaudesert . It has an estimated operating budget of A $ 33 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Rathdowney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rathdowney,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Rathdowney is a rural town and locality in the Scenic Rim Region , Queensland , Australia . In the 2016 census , Rathdowney had a population of 308 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Logan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Logan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Logan_City', 'summary': "Logan City is a local government area situated within the south of the Brisbane metropolitan area in South East Queensland , Australia . Situated between the City of Brisbane to the north and the City of Gold Coast to the south , the City also borders the Scenic Rim Region , the City of Ipswich , and Redland City LGAs . Logan City is divided into 70 suburbs and 12 divisions ; a councillor is elected to each of the latter . The area had a population of 326,615 in June 2018 . Gaining significant area in 2008 from the amalgamation of parts of the Albert and Beaudesert Shires , Logan City extends north to Priestdale , south to Mundoolun near the Albert River , east to Carbrook at the Logan River , and west to Lyons . Logan City is located across parts of the sub-basin of Oxley Creek , and the Logan and Albert Rivers . The Daisy Hill Koala Centre serves as an example of Logan 's prominent bushland , reminiscent of Karawatha Forest , and the Tamborine and Venman Bushland National Parks , that border Logan suburbs . Etymologically , the region is named after Captain Patrick Logan , as is the aforementioned river , alongside the commercial hubs of Logan Central , Shailer Park 's Logan Hyperdome , and Browns Plains . Other populous suburbs include Beenleigh , Rochedale South , Meadowbrook , Springwood , Woodridge , Eagleby and the rural towns of Jimboomba and Logan Village The city facilitates much of the transport between Brisbane and the Gold Coast . Its motorway network is extensive : in the city 's north-east , the Logan Motorway joins the Pacific Motorway , while the Mount Lindesay Highway and Sydney-Brisbane rail corridor cross the city along a roughly central north-south axis . New developments are common , particularly those being built at Yarrabilba and Greater Flagstone , while Griffith University has already established a Logan campus in Meadowbrook which is being developed into a specialist area based around health , research and education . In 2016 , Luke Smith was elected mayor of Logan ."}]}, {'value': 'Woodhill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodhill,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Woodhill is a locality in the City of Logan , Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Melcombe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scenic Rim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scenic_Rim_Region', 'summary': 'The Scenic Rim Region is a local government area in West Moreton region of South East Queensland , Australia . Established in 2008 , it was preceded by several previous local government areas with histories extending back to the early 1900s and beyond . The main town of the region is Beaudesert . It has an estimated operating budget of A $ 33 million .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moffatt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Logan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Logan_City', 'summary': "Logan City is a local government area situated within the south of the Brisbane metropolitan area in South East Queensland , Australia . Situated between the City of Brisbane to the north and the City of Gold Coast to the south , the City also borders the Scenic Rim Region , the City of Ipswich , and Redland City LGAs . Logan City is divided into 70 suburbs and 12 divisions ; a councillor is elected to each of the latter . The area had a population of 326,615 in June 2018 . Gaining significant area in 2008 from the amalgamation of parts of the Albert and Beaudesert Shires , Logan City extends north to Priestdale , south to Mundoolun near the Albert River , east to Carbrook at the Logan River , and west to Lyons . Logan City is located across parts of the sub-basin of Oxley Creek , and the Logan and Albert Rivers . The Daisy Hill Koala Centre serves as an example of Logan 's prominent bushland , reminiscent of Karawatha Forest , and the Tamborine and Venman Bushland National Parks , that border Logan suburbs . Etymologically , the region is named after Captain Patrick Logan , as is the aforementioned river , alongside the commercial hubs of Logan Central , Shailer Park 's Logan Hyperdome , and Browns Plains . Other populous suburbs include Beenleigh , Rochedale South , Meadowbrook , Springwood , Woodridge , Eagleby and the rural towns of Jimboomba and Logan Village The city facilitates much of the transport between Brisbane and the Gold Coast . Its motorway network is extensive : in the city 's north-east , the Logan Motorway joins the Pacific Motorway , while the Mount Lindesay Highway and Sydney-Brisbane rail corridor cross the city along a roughly central north-south axis . New developments are common , particularly those being built at Yarrabilba and Greater Flagstone , while Griffith University has already established a Logan campus in Meadowbrook which is being developed into a specialist area based around health , research and education . In 2016 , Luke Smith was elected mayor of Logan ."}]}, {'value': 'Logan Village , Waterford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Logan_Village,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Logan Village is a town and locality within Logan City , Queensland , Australia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Waterford,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Waterford is a suburb in Logan City , Queensland , Australia . The suburb includes Woodlands Estate .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Parishes', 'section_text': 'Like all counties in Queensland , Ward is divided into parishes . The parishes current LGA and mapping coordinates to the approximate centre of each location is as follows :', 'uid': 'County_of_Ward,_Queensland_0', 'intro': 'The County of Ward is a county (a cadastral division) in the south-eastern corner of Queensland, Australia. The main urban area within the county is the city of the Gold Coast, and it also extends to include the southern parts of the West Moreton region centred on Beaudesert and Boonah.'}	null	null	What is the parish of the LGA whose council maintains a staff of over 2,500 ?	Cedar
0779f92b07de1fa1	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Colleges_and_Universities_Athletic_Association', 'title': 'State Colleges and Universities Athletic Association', 'header': ['Institution', 'Nickname', 'Status', 'Founded', 'Color', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Batangas State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Batangas_State_University', 'summary': 'The Batangas State University ( translated in Filipino as Pambansang Pamantasan ng Batangas and abbreviated as BatStateU , BatSU , or BSU ) is a state university in the province of Batangas , Philippines . Established in 1903 as a training school , Batangas State University is the oldest higher education institution in the province . It was granted a state college status in 1968 , renamed Pablo Borbon Memorial Institute of Technology , and was finally elevated into a state university in 2001 . At present , the university has ten campuses in Batangas , but a total of eleven campuses altogether in Calabarzon Region 4A . Since 1999 , Batangas State University has been consistently the top and the second top performing mechanical engineering school in the country based on the results of the biannual board examinations .'}]}, {'value': 'BatStateU Red Spartans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Batangas_State_University', 'summary': 'The Batangas State University ( translated in Filipino as Pambansang Pamantasan ng Batangas and abbreviated as BatStateU , BatSU , or BSU ) is a state university in the province of Batangas , Philippines . Established in 1903 as a training school , Batangas State University is the oldest higher education institution in the province . It was granted a state college status in 1968 , renamed Pablo Borbon Memorial Institute of Technology , and was finally elevated into a state university in 2001 . At present , the university has ten campuses in Batangas , but a total of eleven campuses altogether in Calabarzon Region 4A . Since 1999 , Batangas State University has been consistently the top and the second top performing mechanical engineering school in the country based on the results of the biannual board examinations .'}]}, {'value': 'State', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1903', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red and White', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Batangas City , Batangas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Batangas_City', 'summary': 'Batangas City , officially the City of Batangas ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Batangas ) , is a 1st class city in the province of Batangas , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 329,874 people . Batangas City is classified as one of the fastest urbanizing cities of the Philippines , and is known as the Industrial Port City of Calabarzon . It is home to the Batangas International Port , one of the busiest passenger and container terminals in the Philippines . It also hosts one of the largest oil refineries in the country , three natural gas power plants , and several other major industries . In addition , the city also serves as the educational , industrial and the transportation center of the province .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Batangas', 'summary': "Batangas , officially the Province of Batangas ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Batangas IPA : [ bɐˈtaŋgɐs ] ) , is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon . Its capital is the city of Batangas and is bordered by the provinces of Cavite and Laguna to the north , and Quezon to the east . Across the Verde Island Passages to the south is the island of Mindoro and to the west lies the South China Sea . Poetically , Batangas is often referred to by its ancient name Kumintáng . Batangas is one of the most popular tourist destinations near Metro Manila . It is home to the well-known Taal Volcano , one of the Decade Volcanoes , and Taal Heritage town , a small town that has ancestral houses and structures dating back to the 19th century . The province also has numerous beaches and diving spots including Anilao in Mabini , Sombrero Island in Tingloy , Ligpo Island and Sampaguita Beach in Bauan , Matabungkay in Lian , Punta Fuego in Nasugbu , Calatagan and Laiya in San Juan . All of the marine waters of the province are part of the Verde Island Passage , the center of the center of world 's marine biodiversity . Batangas City has the second largest international seaport in the Philippines after Metro Manila . The identification of the city as an industrial growth center in the region and being the focal point of the Calabarzon program is seen in the increasing number of business establishments in the city 's Central Business District ( CBD ) as well as numerous industries operating in the province 's industrial parks ."}]}, {'value': 'Cavite State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cavite_State_University', 'summary': 'The Cavite State University , ( CvSU ) ( Filipino : Pamantasang Pang-Lalawigan ng Kabite ) , is a state university in the province of Cavite in the Philippines . Its 70-hectare ( 170-acre ) main campus , known as the Don Severino delas Alas Campus , is located in the Municipality of Indang , Cavite about 60 km ( 37 mi ) southwest of Manila . The educational institution has ten other campuses spread all over the province . The school was established initially as an intermediate school by the Thomasites , a group of American teachers brought by the United States during the early part of the American colonial period to revamp the system of education in the country . By 1964 , the school has grown into a college known as the Don Severino Agricultural College ( DSAC ) . It became a university on January 22 , 1998 , and was renamed as the Cavite State University . The Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities in the Philippines ( AACCUP ) recently conferred the award to Cavite State University ( CvSU ) as top performing state university during the annual national conference held at the Waterfront Cebu City Hotel , Cebu City , 7 - 9 March . In 2016 , CvSU was also recognized as one of the top ten performing SUCs in accreditation , capturing the rank 7 spot . Since then , the university has grown offering close to 100 curricular programs in the undergraduate and graduate levels . It has more than 25,000 students and 1,200 faculty and staff from all eleven campuses .'}]}, {'value': 'CvSU Hornets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cavite_State_University', 'summary': 'The Cavite State University , ( CvSU ) ( Filipino : Pamantasang Pang-Lalawigan ng Kabite ) , is a state university in the province of Cavite in the Philippines . Its 70-hectare ( 170-acre ) main campus , known as the Don Severino delas Alas Campus , is located in the Municipality of Indang , Cavite about 60 km ( 37 mi ) southwest of Manila . The educational institution has ten other campuses spread all over the province . The school was established initially as an intermediate school by the Thomasites , a group of American teachers brought by the United States during the early part of the American colonial period to revamp the system of education in the country . By 1964 , the school has grown into a college known as the Don Severino Agricultural College ( DSAC ) . It became a university on January 22 , 1998 , and was renamed as the Cavite State University . The Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities in the Philippines ( AACCUP ) recently conferred the award to Cavite State University ( CvSU ) as top performing state university during the annual national conference held at the Waterfront Cebu City Hotel , Cebu City , 7 - 9 March . In 2016 , CvSU was also recognized as one of the top ten performing SUCs in accreditation , capturing the rank 7 spot . Since then , the university has grown offering close to 100 curricular programs in the undergraduate and graduate levels . It has more than 25,000 students and 1,200 faculty and staff from all eleven campuses .'}]}, {'value': 'State', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Green and Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indang , Cavite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indang', 'summary': 'Indang , officially the Municipality of Indang ( Tagalog : Bayan ng Indang ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Cavite , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 65,599 people . The municipality is situated in the central part of Cavite Province approximately 12 kilometers ( 7.5 mi ) from Tagaytay Ridge . The Municipality consists of the Poblacion and surrounding barangays with a total land area of 8,920 hectares ( 22,000 acres ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cavite', 'summary': "Cavite , officially the Province of Cavite ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Kabite ; Tagalog pronunciation : [ ˈkäbite̞ ] , [ käˈbiːte̞ ] or [ käˈbitɛː ] ; Chabacano : Provincia de Cavite ) , is a province in the Philippines located on the southern shores of Manila Bay in the Calabarzon region on Luzon island . Situated 21 kilometers ( 13 mi ) southwest of Metro Manila , it is one of the most industrialized and fastest growing provinces in the Philippines . Its population of 3,678,301 ( 2015 ) makes it one of the most populated provinces in the country . Originally agricultural and now a booming bedroom community for ultracongested Metro Manila , its location just north of Taal volcano poses significant risks of ashfall and debris flows through it into Manila Bay . For over 300 years , the province played an important role in both the country 's colonial past and eventual fight for independence , earning it the title Historical Capital of the Philippines . It became the cradle of the Philippine Revolution , which led to the renouncement of Spanish colonial control , finally culminating in the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12 , 1898 in Kawit , Cavite . The old provincial capital , Cavite City also hosted docks for the Manila galleon , becoming an essential part of commerce between Asia and Latin America ."}]}, {'value': 'Laguna State Polytechnic University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laguna_State_Polytechnic_University', 'summary': 'The Laguna State Polytechnic University ( LSPU ) ( Tagalog : Pambansang Politeknikong Pamantasan ng Laguna ) is a state university in the Province of Laguna , Philippines , with four regular campuses and several auxiliary sites . It is currently classified as SUC Level III ( CHED Memorandum Order 12 , series of 2018 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'LSPU Lakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laguna_State_Polytechnic_University', 'summary': 'The Laguna State Polytechnic University ( LSPU ) ( Tagalog : Pambansang Politeknikong Pamantasan ng Laguna ) is a state university in the Province of Laguna , Philippines , with four regular campuses and several auxiliary sites . It is currently classified as SUC Level III ( CHED Memorandum Order 12 , series of 2018 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'State', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Light Blue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Cruz , Laguna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Laguna', 'summary': 'Santa Cruz , officially the Municipality of Santa Cruz , ( Tagalog : Bayan ng Santa Cruz ) , is a 1st class municipality and capital of the province of Laguna , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 117,605 people . Santa Cruz is situated on the banks of the Santa Cruz River which flows into the eastern part of Laguna de Bay . The town is bounded by the Bay on the north , by Lumban and Pagsanjan towns in the east , Pagsanjan and Magdalena towns in the south , and Pila in the west . It is 88 kilometres ( 55 mi ) from Manila via Calamba and Los Baños . It is accessible by land from From Metro Manila Passing Through Rizal Province Via Manila East Road or Via South Luzon Expressway Santa Cruz is considered as the service and commercial center on the eastern part of the province . The town is composed of five barangays in the Poblacion area and 21 classified urban barangays . Although relatively far from the immediate urbanizing influence of Metropolitan Manila , Santa Cruz continues to progress . It is now classified as first class municipality . The present administration is headed by the Mayor Egay San Luis . Santa Cruz is also the seat of the provincial government since 1885 , giving the municipality an additional administrative function over the entire province . It also functions as the service center for transportation , commerce , health , education , and other social services for the predominantly rural north-eastern municipalities of the province .'}]}, {'value': 'Mindoro State College of Agriculture and Technology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mindoro_State_College_of_Agriculture_and_Technology', 'summary': 'The Mindoro State University is a public state university in the Philippines . It is mandated to provide higher vocational , professional and technical instruction and training in agricultural , fisheries and industrial fields . It is also mandated to promote research , advanced studies and progressive leadership in the fields of agriculture including agricultural education and home technology , with special emphasis given to agricultural industry , fishery , forestry , and industrial education . Its main campus is located in Victoria , Oriental Mindoro .'}]}, {'value': 'MinSCAT Carabaos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mindoro_State_College_of_Agriculture_and_Technology', 'summary': 'The Mindoro State University is a public state university in the Philippines . It is mandated to provide higher vocational , professional and technical instruction and training in agricultural , fisheries and industrial fields . It is also mandated to promote research , advanced studies and progressive leadership in the fields of agriculture including agricultural education and home technology , with special emphasis given to agricultural industry , fishery , forestry , and industrial education . Its main campus is located in Victoria , Oriental Mindoro .'}]}, {'value': 'State', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Green and Yellow', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calapan , Oriental Mindoro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calapan,_Oriental_Mindoro', 'summary': "Calapan , officially the City of Calapan , ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Calapan ) , or referred simply as Calapan City is a 3rd class city and the capital of the province of Oriental Mindoro , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 133,893 people . The city serves as the gateway to the Oriental Mindoro province with the implementation of the Strong Republic Nautical Highway ( SRNH ) an integrated ferry project of then President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo that extends further to the southern part of the Philippines . The Calapan City Seaport is the largest and busiest seaport on Mindoro Island , which is just 45 minutes away by ferry boats and roll-on/roll-off ( RORO ) ships to-and-fro Batangas City International Seaport . Calapan is currently one of the only two cities in Region 4-B ( MIMAROPA ) the other being Puerto Princesa City in Palawan . Calapan serves as the region 's administrative center . It is also the center of commerce , industry , transport , communication , religious activities and education in the entire province of Oriental Mindoro ."}]}, {'value': 'Palawan State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palawan_State_University', 'summary': 'The Palawan State University ( PSU ) is a government-funded university in Puerto Princesa , Palawan , Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'PSU Bearcats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palawan_State_University', 'summary': 'The Palawan State University ( PSU ) is a government-funded university in Puerto Princesa , Palawan , Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'State', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1903', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orange', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puerto Princesa , Palawan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Princesa,_Palawan', 'summary': "Puerto Princesa , officially the City of Puerto Princesa ( Cuyonon : Siyudad i'ang Puerto Princesa ; Tagalog : Lungsod ng Puerto Princesa ; Spanish : Ciudad de Puerto Princesa ) , and often referred to as Puerto Princesa City , is a 1st class Highly Urbanized City in the Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 255,116 people . It is a city located in the western province of Palawan , and is the westernmost city in the Philippines . Though the seat of government and capital for the province , the city itself is one of 38 independent cities within the Philippines not controlled by the province in which it is geographically located and is therefore an independent area located within Palawan . It is the least densely populated city in the Philippines . In terms of land area , the city is the second largest geographically after Davao City with an area of 2,381.02 square kilometres ( 919.32 sq mi ) . Puerto Princesa is the location of the Philippines ' Western Command headquarters . Today , Puerto Princesa is a tourist city with many beach resorts and seafood restaurants . It has been acclaimed several times as the cleanest and greenest city in the Philippines ."}]}, {'value': 'Southern Luzon State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Luzon_State_University', 'summary': 'Southern Luzon State University ( SLSU ) , formerly known as Southern Luzon Polytechnic College ( SLPC ) , is the premier , state-funded higher education institution in Quezon Province in the Philippines operating by virtue of Republic Act 9395 . It is composed of 11 campuses in the province of Quezon , with the main campus situated in the Municipality of Lucban . SLSU is mandated to provide advanced education , professional , technological instruction in the fields of allied medicine , education , engineering , agriculture , fisheries , forestry , environment , arts and sciences , accountancy , cooperative , business and entrepreneurship , technology and other relevant fields of study in the Province of Quezon and in Region IV-A CALABARZON . It is also mandated to undertake research and extension services and provide progressive leadership in its areas of specialization . By virtue of Republic Act 10931 or the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act signed by President Rodrigo Duterte , SLSU will no longer be collecting tuition fees from its local , first degree undergraduate students .'}]}, {'value': 'SLSU Phoenix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Luzon_State_University', 'summary': 'Southern Luzon State University ( SLSU ) , formerly known as Southern Luzon Polytechnic College ( SLPC ) , is the premier , state-funded higher education institution in Quezon Province in the Philippines operating by virtue of Republic Act 9395 . It is composed of 11 campuses in the province of Quezon , with the main campus situated in the Municipality of Lucban . SLSU is mandated to provide advanced education , professional , technological instruction in the fields of allied medicine , education , engineering , agriculture , fisheries , forestry , environment , arts and sciences , accountancy , cooperative , business and entrepreneurship , technology and other relevant fields of study in the Province of Quezon and in Region IV-A CALABARZON . It is also mandated to undertake research and extension services and provide progressive leadership in its areas of specialization . By virtue of Republic Act 10931 or the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act signed by President Rodrigo Duterte , SLSU will no longer be collecting tuition fees from its local , first degree undergraduate students .'}]}, {'value': 'State', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Green', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucban , Quezon Province', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucban', 'summary': 'Lucban , officially the Municipality of Lucban , ( Tagalog : Bayan ng Lukban ) , is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Quezon , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 51,475 people . Lucban is dubbed as the Art Capital of Quezon province . It is accessible by land from From Metro Manila Passing Through Rizal Province Via Manila East Road or Via South Luzon Expressway The municipality is known for its annual Pahiyas Festival , which is held every May 15 in honor of San Isidro Labrador the Farmer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Quezon_Province', 'summary': "Quezon , officially the Province of Quezon ( UK : /ˈkeɪzɒn/ , US : /ˈkeɪsɒn , -sɔːn , -soʊn/ , Tagalog : [ ˈkɛson ] ) is a province of the Philippines in the Calabarzon region located in the south of Luzon island . The province was named after Manuel L. Quezon , the second President of the Philippines and the first to be freely elected . Lucena is the provincial capital , seat of the provincial government and the most populous city of the province , but is governed independently as a highly urbanized city . To distinguish the province from Quezon City , it is sometimes called Quezon Province . Quezon is southeast of Metro Manila and is bordered by the provinces of Aurora to the north , Bulacan , Rizal , Laguna and Batangas to the west and the provinces of Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur to the east . Part of Quezon lies on an isthmus connecting the Bicol Peninsula to the main part of Luzon . The province also includes the Polillo Islands in the Philippine Sea . Some marine parts of the Verde Island Passage , the center of the center of world 's marine biodiversity , are also in the province . A major tourism draw to the province is Mount Banahaw . The mountain is surrounded by spiritual mysticism with many Anitist adherents , Christian cults , and Christian organizations staying on the mountain . The mountain was also one of the most sacred sites for pre-colonial Tagalog people before the arrival of the Spanish . Numerous pilgrims visit the mountain especially during Holy Week ."}]}, {'value': 'Romblon State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romblon_State_University', 'summary': 'Romblon State University is a public university in the Philippines . It has eight campuses and its main campus is located in Odiongan , Romblon .'}]}, {'value': 'RSU Big Red', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romblon_State_University', 'summary': 'Romblon State University is a public university in the Philippines . It has eight campuses and its main campus is located in Odiongan , Romblon .'}]}, {'value': 'State', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Green', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Odiongan , Romblon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Odiongan,_Romblon', 'summary': 'Odiongan , officially the Municipality of Odiongan , ( Tagalog : Bayan ng Odiongan ) , is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Romblon , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 45,367 people . It is a major port , commercial center and the largest municipality of Romblon in terms of population and income .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Rizal System', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Rizal_System', 'summary': 'The University of Rizal System ( URS ) is a system of colleges located in the Rizal province , Philippines . It operates multiple campuses , with the main campus being in Tanay , Rizal . It is committed to produce graduates in agriculture , engineering , science and technology , culture and arts , teacher and business education through instruction , research , extension and production services in Region IV . The university has expanded from its Main campus in Tanay to offer programs to students in the campuses : Antipolo , Angono , Binangonan , Cainta , Cardona , Morong , Pililla , Rodriguez , and Taytay .'}]}, {'value': 'URS Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Rizal_System', 'summary': 'The University of Rizal System ( URS ) is a system of colleges located in the Rizal province , Philippines . It operates multiple campuses , with the main campus being in Tanay , Rizal . It is committed to produce graduates in agriculture , engineering , science and technology , culture and arts , teacher and business education through instruction , research , extension and production services in Region IV . The university has expanded from its Main campus in Tanay to offer programs to students in the campuses : Antipolo , Angono , Binangonan , Cainta , Cardona , Morong , Pililla , Rodriguez , and Taytay .'}]}, {'value': 'State', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956 ( 2001 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Light Blue and Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morong , Rizal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morong,_Rizal', 'summary': "Morong , officially the Municipality of Morong , ( Tagalog : Bayan ng Morong ) , is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Rizal , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 58,118 people . A popular attraction is Spanish-era St. Jerome 's Parish Church . The town is also known for featuring the balaw-balaw side dish , as well as for having education as its priority- Una Ang Edukasyon ( Education first ) , that is why during the early-1970s and early-1990s , it became the center of education . Students from different places mostly in the nearby towns of Rizal would come and study in Morong ."}]}, {'value': 'Occidental Mindoro State College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Occidental_Mindoro_State_College', 'summary': 'The Occidental Mindoro State College ( OMSC ) is the only state college in the province of Occidental Mindoro , Philippines . Its main campus is located in San Jose , Occidental Mindoro . OMSC began as a barangay high school founded in 1966 and is now a full-fledged state college with five campuses catering to more than eight thousand students of the province and nearby municipalities . The current presidents are Dr. Arnold N. Venturina and Dr. James Kordance .'}]}, {'value': 'OMNC Fighting Rays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Occidental_Mindoro_State_College', 'summary': 'The Occidental Mindoro State College ( OMSC ) is the only state college in the province of Occidental Mindoro , Philippines . Its main campus is located in San Jose , Occidental Mindoro . OMSC began as a barangay high school founded in 1966 and is now a full-fledged state college with five campuses catering to more than eight thousand students of the province and nearby municipalities . The current presidents are Dr. Arnold N. Venturina and Dr. James Kordance .'}]}, {'value': 'State', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blue Yellow and White', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose , Occidental Mindoro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose,_Occidental_Mindoro', 'summary': 'San Jose , officially the Municipality of San Jose , ( Tagalog : Bayan ng San Jose ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Occidental Mindoro , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 143,430 people. , which represents a third of the provincial population , and the largest among cities ( excluding Puerto Princesa City ) and municipalities in the MIMAROPA region . San Jose has the largest commercial port and airport in the province . The town also has the most banking , business , dining and commercial establishments in Occidental Mindoro , and has become a center of trade in the MIMAROPA region . Its major local and international exports include rice , salt and processed milkfish . San Jose ranked 13th placer for the Overall Competitiveness among Philippine local government units in the 2017 Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index ( CMCI ) . In pre-colonial times , it was named Pandurucan by the indigenous Mangyans , before later renamed for its patron saint , St. Joseph , the husband of Mary .'}]}, {'value': 'Western Philippines University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Philippines_University', 'summary': 'The Western Philippines University is a state higher education institution located in Palawan . The University began as the Aborlan Farm Settlement School for the Tagbanuas ( an indigenous cultural community of Palawan ) in 1910 . It became the Aborlan Agricultural High School in 1928 and then Palawan Regional Agricultural School in 1960 . It was renamed Palawan National School in 1962 and became the Palawan National Agricultural College in 1963 . Its name was again changed to State Polytechnic College of Palawan in 1995 by virtue of RA 8012 , and in 2004 , President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed RA 9260 converting it to Western Philippines University .'}]}, {'value': 'WPU SHARKS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Philippines_University', 'summary': 'The Western Philippines University is a state higher education institution located in Palawan . The University began as the Aborlan Farm Settlement School for the Tagbanuas ( an indigenous cultural community of Palawan ) in 1910 . It became the Aborlan Agricultural High School in 1928 and then Palawan Regional Agricultural School in 1960 . It was renamed Palawan National School in 1962 and became the Palawan National Agricultural College in 1963 . Its name was again changed to State Polytechnic College of Palawan in 1995 by virtue of RA 8012 , and in 2004 , President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed RA 9260 converting it to Western Philippines University .'}]}, {'value': 'State', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Light Blue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aborlan , Palawan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aborlan,_Palawan', 'summary': 'Aborlan , officially the Municipality of Aborlan , ( Tagalog : Bayan ng Aborlan ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Palawan , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 35,091 people . It lies in a vast plain between the Sulu Sea and the mountains . It is located 69 kilometres ( 43 mi ) south of Puerto Princesa City . Aborlan was made into a regular municipality on June 28 , 1949 , by virtue of Executive Order No . 232 . In 1951 , it lost the barrios of Berong and Alfonso XII when these were transferred to the then newly created town of Quezon . It is the only town in the province with an agricultural college , now called the Western Philippines University . It was founded in 1910 .'}]}, {'value': 'Marinduque State College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marinduque_State_College', 'summary': 'Marinduque State College ( MSC ) is a public college in the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'MSC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marinduque_State_College', 'summary': 'Marinduque State College ( MSC ) is a public college in the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'State', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maroon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boac , Marinduque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boac,_Marinduque', 'summary': "Boac , officially the Municipality of Boac , is a 1st class municipality and capital of the province of Marinduque , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 54,730 people . Boac is home to most of the province 's commercial businesses . [ citation needed ] Barangays San Miguel , Murallon , and Mercado are the town 's business district where the public market , medium-rise buildings , sports arena and Boac Town Arena , now Moriones Arena are . Meanwhile , Barangay Isok is home to the town 's education district . Marinduque National High School , St. Mary 's College of Marinduque , Don Luis Hidalgo Memorial School , Barangay Day Care Centers , Boac North District Office and the Division of Marinduque DepED Office is in Barangay Isok . The Municipal Building Hall is at Barangay Tampus , adjacent is the Marinduque Museum at Barangay Malusak . The Marinduque Provincial Capitol is in Barangay Santol near the Dr. Damian Reyes Memorial Hospital ( formerly Marinduque Provincial Hospital ) and Camp Maximo Abad . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'University of the Philippines Los Baños', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Los_Baños', 'summary': 'The University of the Philippines Los Baños ( also referred to as UPLB , UP Los Baños , or colloquially , Elbi ) is a public research university located in the towns of Los Baños and Bay in the province of Laguna , some 64 kilometers southeast of Manila . It traces its roots to the UP College of Agriculture ( UPCA ) , which was founded in 1909 by the American colonial government to promote agricultural education and research in the Philippines . American botanist Edwin Copeland served as its first dean . UPLB was formally established in 1972 following the union of UPCA with four other Los Baños and Diliman-based University of the Philippines ( UP ) units . The university has played an influential role in Asian agriculture and biotechnology due to its pioneering efforts in plant breeding and bioengineering , particularly in the development of high-yielding and pest-resistant crops . In recognition of its work , it was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding in 1977 . Nine research centers are recognized as Centers of Excellence by presidential decree . UPLB hosts a number of local and international research centers , including the International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) , ASEAN Center for Biodiversity , World Agroforestry Centre , and the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture ( SEARCA ) . UPLB offers more than 100-degree programs in various disciplines through its nine colleges and two schools . As of Academic Year 2012-2013 the Commission on Higher Education ( CHED ) has accredited nine academic units as Centers of Excellence and two as Centers of Development , giving UPLB the largest number of Centers of Excellence ( research and academic units combined ) among all universities in the country . UPLB alumni have been recognized in a wide range of fields . They include 13 scientists awarded the title National Scientist of the Philippines , members of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC , the joint winner of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize ) , Palanca Award winners , as well as political and business leaders .'}]}, {'value': 'UPLB Fighting Maroons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Los_Baños', 'summary': 'The University of the Philippines Los Baños ( also referred to as UPLB , UP Los Baños , or colloquially , Elbi ) is a public research university located in the towns of Los Baños and Bay in the province of Laguna , some 64 kilometers southeast of Manila . It traces its roots to the UP College of Agriculture ( UPCA ) , which was founded in 1909 by the American colonial government to promote agricultural education and research in the Philippines . American botanist Edwin Copeland served as its first dean . UPLB was formally established in 1972 following the union of UPCA with four other Los Baños and Diliman-based University of the Philippines ( UP ) units . The university has played an influential role in Asian agriculture and biotechnology due to its pioneering efforts in plant breeding and bioengineering , particularly in the development of high-yielding and pest-resistant crops . In recognition of its work , it was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding in 1977 . Nine research centers are recognized as Centers of Excellence by presidential decree . UPLB hosts a number of local and international research centers , including the International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) , ASEAN Center for Biodiversity , World Agroforestry Centre , and the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture ( SEARCA ) . UPLB offers more than 100-degree programs in various disciplines through its nine colleges and two schools . As of Academic Year 2012-2013 the Commission on Higher Education ( CHED ) has accredited nine academic units as Centers of Excellence and two as Centers of Development , giving UPLB the largest number of Centers of Excellence ( research and academic units combined ) among all universities in the country . UPLB alumni have been recognized in a wide range of fields . They include 13 scientists awarded the title National Scientist of the Philippines , members of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC , the joint winner of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize ) , Palanca Award winners , as well as political and business leaders .'}]}, {'value': 'National', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UP Maroon and UP Forest Green', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Baños , Laguna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Baños,_Laguna', 'summary': "Los Baños , officially the Municipality of Los Baños ( Tagalog : Bayan ng Los Baños ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Laguna , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 112,008 people . It has a total land area of 56.5 square kilometers and is bordered on the south and south-west by Mount Makiling , on the north by Laguna de Bay , on the north-west by Calamba and on the east by the town of Bay . The town is located 63 kilometres ( 39 mi ) southeast of Manila and is accessible via the South Luzon Expressway . The municipality lies on the northern slopes of the long dormant volcano Mount Makiling and is known among tourists for its hot spring resorts . Los Baños also hosts two constituent universities of the University of the Philippines System : the University of the Philippines Los Baños and University of the Philippines Open University , along with other foreign and local and international research centers , such as the International Rice Research Institute , the ASEAN Center for Biodiversity , the Philippine Rice Research Institute , Philippine Carabao Center at UPLB , and SEAMEO-SEARCA , making the town a temporary home for tens of thousands of both local and foreign undergraduate and graduate students , researchers and support staff . Los Baños was declared as the Special Science and Nature City of the Philippines through Presidential Proclamation No . 349 . The proclamation , however , does not convert the municipality to a city or give it corporate powers that are accorded to other cities . Aside from its importance in academics , science and research , Los Baños is a well-known tourist destination . Because of the town 's proximity to Metro Manila , Los Baños ' hot spring resorts are frequent weekend or summer getaways for residents of the vast metropolis and tourists from other places in the Philippines and abroad . Tourists who visit Los Baños also come to the several native delicacies stores in the town to buy the town 's famous Buko pie ( coconut meat pie ) as well as a home-grown brand of chocolate cake ."}]}], 'section_title': 'STRASUC formerly SCUAA IV A & B', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'State_Colleges_and_Universities_Athletic_Association_3', 'intro': 'The State Colleges and Universities Athletic Association (SCUAA) is an association of 93 institutions, conferences, organizations, and individuals that organizes the athletic programs of different state colleges and universities in the Philippines. SCUAA is one of the inter-collegiate sports associations in the Philippines, the union of seven major state colleges and universities in Metro Manila.'}	null	null	What is the nickname of the institution that has a 70-hectare ( 170-acre ) main campus ?	CvSU Hornets
077b9d2faa05f345	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_actors', 'title': 'List of Jewish actors', 'header': ['Name', 'Years', 'Nationality', 'Prominent roles'], 'data': [{'value': 'Reymond Amsalem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reymond_Amsalem', 'summary': 'Reymond Amsalem ( Hebrew : ריימונד אמסלם , born 19 July 1978 ) is an Israeli actress . She has appeared in more than 20 films since 2003 .'}]}, {'value': '1978-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Israeli', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hostages', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hostages_(Israeli_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Hostages ( Hebrew : בני ערובה , romanized : Bnei Aruba ) is an Israeli drama television series that was first broadcast on Channel 10 in October 2013 . The series was created by Rotem Shamir and Omri Givon and produced by Chaim Sharir . The series originally aired on Channel 10 in Israel and has subsequently been broadcast or adapted in several other countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Dave Annable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Annable', 'summary': 'David Rodman Annable ( born September 15 , 1979 ) is an American actor . His roles include Justin Walker on the ABC television drama Brothers & Sisters ( 2006-11 ) , Henry Martin on the ABC supernatural drama 666 Park Avenue ( 2012-13 ) , and Pierce Harrison on the NBC medical drama Heartbeat ( 2016 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1979-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shiri Appleby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shiri_Appleby', 'summary': "Shiri Freda Appleby ( born December 7 , 1978 ) is an American actress and director . She is best known for her leading roles as Liz Parker in the WB/UPN science fiction drama series Roswell ( 1999-2002 ) and Rachel Goldberg in the Lifetime/Hulu drama series Unreal ( 2015-2018 ) . Her major film credits include A Time for Dancing ( 2000 ) , Swimfan ( 2002 ) , Havoc ( 2005 ) , Charlie Wilson 's War ( 2007 ) , and The Devil 's Candy ( 2015 ) . Appleby also starred as intern Daria Wade in the final season of the NBC medical drama series ER ( 2008-2009 ) . She later starred as Cate Cassidy in The CW drama series Life Unexpected ( 2010-2011 ) and as Lucy Lambert in the web comedy series Dating Rules from My Future Self ( 2012 ) . Appleby also had recurring roles on the NBC drama series Chicago Fire ( 2012-2013 ) and the HBO comedy-drama series Girls ( 2013-2014 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1978-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roswell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Arquette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Arquette', 'summary': "David Arquette ( born September 8 , 1971 ) is an American actor , professional wrestler , film director , producer , screenwriter and fashion designer . A member of the Arquette acting family , he first became known during the mid-1990s after starring in several Hollywood films , such as the Scream series , Wild Bill , Never Been Kissed , Buffy the Vampire Slayer , See Spot Run and Eight Legged Freaks . He has since had several television roles , such as Jason Ventress on ABC 's In Case of Emergency . As a professional wrestler , he is remembered for his infamous stint in World Championship Wrestling where he was a one time WCW World Heavyweight Champion but has received praise in recent times , for his work on the independent circuit ."}]}, {'value': '1971-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scream , See Spot Run', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mili Avital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mili_Avital', 'summary': 'Mili Avital ( Hebrew : מילי אביטל ; born 30 March 1972 ) is an Israeli-American actress , writer and director . Avital built an international career , starting in her native Israel , starring on stage , film and television . She won the Israeli Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1991 , moved to New York in 1993 to study theater in English , discovered by an agent while working in a restaurant , and acting in Hollywood almost immediately . She has maintained her career in both countries since .'}]}, {'value': '1972-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Israeli', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stargate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stargate', 'summary': 'Stargate ( Stylised as STARGᐰTE ) is a science fiction media franchise based on the film written by Dean Devlin and Roland Emmerich . The franchise is based on the idea of an alien Einstein-Rosen bridge device ( the Stargate ) that enables nearly instantaneous travel across the cosmos . The franchise began with the film Stargate , released on October 28 , 1994 , by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Carolco , which grossed US $ 197 million worldwide . In 1997 , Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner created a television series titled Stargate SG-1 as a sequel to the film . This show was joined by Stargate Atlantis in 2004 , Stargate Universe in 2009 , and a prequel web series , Stargate Origins , in 2018 . Also consistent with the same story are a variety of books , video games and comic books , as well as the direct-to-DVD movies Stargate : Children of the Gods , Stargate : The Ark of Truth , and Stargate : Continuum , which concluded the first television show after 10 seasons . In 2011 , Stargate Universe , the last Stargate program on television , ended its run . Brad Wright announced that there were no more plans to continue the same story in further productions . In 2016 , comic publisher American Mythology acquired the rights to publish new Stargate Atlantis stories set within the established franchise canon . This was expanded in 2017 to include new Stargate Universe comics as well , resolving the cliffhanger that ended the show . The predominant story arc thus ran for more than 15 years , including 18 seasons ( 364 episodes ) of programming , and 22 comic book issues as of January 2020 . However , a variety of other media either ignore this main continuity or resets it , while maintaining essential elements that define the franchise ( mainly , the inclusion of a Stargate device ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Eric Balfour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Balfour', 'summary': "Eric Salter Balfour ( born April 24 , 1977 ) is an American actor and singer . He is the lead singer of Born as Ghosts , formerly known as Fredalba . He made his film debut in the drama Shattered Image ( 1998 ) , followed by roles in What Women Want ( 2000 ) and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ( 2003 ) . His roles on television include Milo Pressman on the action-thriller TV series 24 , a recurring role in the HBO drama Six Feet Under as Claire 's boyfriend , and Duke Crocker in the supernatural series Haven ."}]}, {'value': '1977-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elizabeth Banks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elizabeth_Banks', 'summary': "Elizabeth Banks ( born Elizabeth Irene Mitchell ; February 10 , 1974 ) is an American actress , director , writer , and producer . She is best known for starring as Effie Trinket in The Hunger Games film series ( 2012-2015 ) and as Gail Abernathy-McKadden in the Pitch Perfect film series ( 2012-2017 ) . Banks made her directorial film debut with Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) , whose $ 69 million opening-weekend gross set a record for a first-time director . She also directed , wrote , produced , and starred in the action comedy film Charlie 's Angels ( 2019 ) . Banks made her film debut in the low-budget independent film Surrender Dorothy ( 1998 ) . She starred in the films Wet Hot American Summer ( 2001 ) , Sam Raimi 's Spider-Man trilogy ( 2002-2007 ) , Seabiscuit ( 2003 ) , The 40-Year-Old Virgin ( 2005 ) , Slither ( 2006 ) , Zack and Miri Make a Porno ( 2008 ) , Role Models ( 2008 ) , The Next Three Days ( 2010 ) , Man on a Ledge ( 2012 ) , What to Expect When You 're Expecting ( 2012 ) , The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) , Love & Mercy ( 2014 ) , Magic Mike XXL ( 2015 ) , Power Rangers ( 2017 ) , The Lego Movie 2 : The Second Part ( 2019 ) , and Brightburn ( 2019 ) . On television , Banks had a recurring role as Avery Jessup on the NBC sitcom 30 Rock , which earned her two Primetime Emmy Award nominations . She also had recurring roles on the comedy series Scrubs and Modern Family , the latter of which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . Banks starred in the Netflix miniseries Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 ) and Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later ( 2017 ) . As of 2019 , she hosts a revival of the 1980s game show Press Your Luck on ABC ."}]}, {'value': '1974-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Hunger Games', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sendi Bar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sendi_Bar', 'summary': "Sendi Bar ( sometimes Sandy Bar ; Hebrew : סנדי בר ; born April 5 , 1976 ) is an Israeli actress and model . Bar appeared in commercials for Black and Wild beer , Milki and Isracart . She modeled for fashion companies Castro and Pilpel . Bar started her acting career in 1996 in the TV drama Deadly Fortune , directed by Eran Riklis . It was broadcast on prime time in Channel and was followed by roles in Zbeng ! and Zinzana . She resided for several years in Los Angeles with her husband , actor Aki Avni , and their son . They returned to Israel in 2008 , and separated . Sendi Baranes ( סנדי ברנס ) was born in Tel Aviv-Jaffa , Israel , to a Sephardic Jewish family . Her father is a Libyan-born Jew , whereas her mother is Israeli-born and of Iraqi-Jewish descent . She was married to Israel actor Aki Avni during the 2000 's . They had a son born in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': '1976-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Israeli', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sacha Baron Cohen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacha_Baron_Cohen', 'summary': "Sacha Noam Baron Cohen ( born 13 October 1971 ) is an English actor , comedian , writer , director and film producer . He is known for his creation and portrayal of several fictional satirical characters , including Ali G , Borat Sagdiyev , Brüno Gehard and Admiral General Aladeen . Like his idol Peter Sellers , Baron Cohen adopts a variety of accents and guises for his characters . He interacts with unsuspecting subjects , who do not realise they have been set up for self-revealing ridicule . On these interactions , The Observer states , his career has been built on winding people up , while keeping a deadpan face . Baron Cohens other work includes voicing King Julien XIII in the Madagascar film series ( 2005-2012 ) and appearing in films such as Talladega Nights : The Ballad of Ricky Bobby ( 2006 ) , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) , Hugo ( 2011 ) , and Les Misérables ( 2012 ) . He made a cameo as a BBC News Anchor in Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues ( 2013 ) . In 2016 , Baron Cohen appeared in the comedy film Grimsby and co-starred in the fantasy sequel Alice Through the Looking Glass . Two years later , he created and starred in Who Is America ? ( 2018 ) for Showtime , his first television project since Da Ali G Show , for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy . The following year , Baron Cohen portrayed Eli Cohen in the limited series The Spy for OCS and Netflix , for which he received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Miniseries or Television Film . Baron Cohen was named Best Newcomer at the 1999 British Comedy Awards for The 11 O'Clock Show , and since then , he has received two BAFTA Awards for Da Ali G Show , several Emmy nominations , a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay , and a Golden Globe for Best Actor for his work in the feature film Borat ."}]}, {'value': '1971-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ali G , Borat , Brüno , The Dictator', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Justin Bartha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justin_Bartha', 'summary': 'Justin Lee Bartha ( born July 21 , 1978 ) is an American actor , known for his roles as Riley Poole in the National Treasure film series , Doug Billings in The Hangover trilogy , and David Sawyer in the NBC comedy series The New Normal . He starred as Colin Morrello in the CBS All Access legal and political drama The Good Fight .'}]}, {'value': '1978-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gigli , National Treasure , The Hangover', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dani Behr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dani_Behr', 'summary': 'Dani Behr ( born 9 July 1974 ) is an English singer , actress and television presenter .'}]}, {'value': '1971-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amber Benson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amber_Benson', 'summary': 'Amber Nicole Benson ( born January 8 , 1977 ) is an American actress , writer , director , and producer . She is best known for her role as Tara Maclay on the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer , and has also directed , produced and starred in her own films Chance ( 2002 ) and Lovers , Liars & Lunatics ( 2006 ) . She also co-directed the film Drones with fellow Buffy cast member Adam Busch . Amber Benson also starred as a waitress in the horror movie The Killing Jar .'}]}, {'value': '1977-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffy the Vampire Slayer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elizabeth Berkley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elizabeth_Berkley', 'summary': "Elizabeth Berkley ( born July 28 , 1972 ) [ a ] is an American actress and reality show personality . Berkley 's most notable roles were as Jessie Spano in the television series Saved by the Bell , and as Nomi Malone in the 1995 Paul Verhoeven film Showgirls ."}]}, {'value': '1972-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saved By The Bell , Showgirls', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Josh Bernstein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josh_Bernstein', 'summary': "Josh Bernstein ( born February 24 , 1971 ) is an American explorer , author , survival expert , anthropologist , and TV host best known as the host of Digging for the Truth . He later appeared for one season as the host of the Discovery Channel 's Into the Unknown with Josh Bernstein ."}]}, {'value': '1971-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Digging for the Truth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Digging_for_the_Truth', 'summary': 'Digging for the Truth is a History Channel television series . The first three seasons of the show focused on host Josh Bernstein , who journeyed on various explorations of historical icons and mysteries . Bernstein is the president and CEO of BOSS ( Boulder Outdoor Survival School ) and has a degree in anthropology and psychology from Cornell University . The show airs every Monday night at 9:00 EST on the History Channel . The series premiered in January 2005 and at the time was the highest-rated series currently running on The History Channel , which was surprising [ according to whom ? ] given the previous show Time Titans from the production crew never made it past the pilot . The third season premiered on January 22 , 2007 , with a two-hour special event on the quest for Atlantis . Bernstein announced on February 20 , 2007 , that he would be leaving The History Channel and Digging for the Truth , and would , as of April , join The Discovery Channel as an executive producer and host of a new prime-time series and specials . Hunter Ellis , host of Tactical to Practical and Man , Moment , Machine for The History Channel , then replaced Bernstein as host . Each episode typically deals with an event or subject in history that is not completely understood by modern historians . As such , many of the topics covered are controversial in some respect . Bernstein usually mentioned the various theories that exist on the subject , although the episode may not have explored all of them .'}]}, {'value': 'Jon Bernthal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jon_Bernthal', 'summary': 'Jonathan Edward Bernthal ( /ˈbɜːrnθɔːl/ ; born September 20 , 1976 ) is an American actor . Bernthal began his career in theater before guest starring on various television shows . He gained critical acclaim and prominence for his portrayal of Shane Walsh on the AMC series The Walking Dead ( 2010-2012 ; 2018 ) . He later starred in supporting and leading roles in various critically acclaimed films including The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 ) , Fury ( 2014 ) , Sicario ( 2015 ) , The Accountant ( 2016 ) , Baby Driver , Wind River ( both 2017 ) , Widows ( 2018 ) , and Ford v Ferrari ( 2019 ) . In 2015 , he was cast as Frank Castle / Punisher as part of the Netflix MCU web series . He debuted on Daredevil before starring in his own titular series The Punisher ( 2017-2019 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1976-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Walking Dead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(TV_series)', 'summary': "The Walking Dead is an American post-apocalyptic horror television series for AMC based on the comic book series by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . The series features a large ensemble cast as survivors of a zombie apocalypse , trying to stay alive under near-constant threat of attacks from the mindless zombies , colloquially known as walkers . However , with the fall of humanity , these survivors also face conflict from other living survivors who have formed groups and communities with their own sets of laws and morals , often leading to hostile conflict between the human communities . Andrew Lincoln played the series 's lead character , Rick Grimes , until his departure during the ninth season . Other long-standing cast members have included Norman Reedus , Steven Yeun , Chandler Riggs , Melissa McBride , Lauren Cohan , Danai Gurira , Josh McDermitt and Christian Serratos . The series is exclusively broadcast on AMC in the United States and internationally through the Fox Networks Group . The series premiered on October 31 , 2010 . The tenth season premiered on October 6 , 2019 , and has been renewed for an eleventh season . AMC stated their intent to continue further development of the series and related media . A spinoff series Fear the Walking Dead premiered on August 23 , 2015 , and is renewed for a sixth season . A second spinoff , The Walking Dead : World Beyond , is set to premiere in early 2020 . AMC has announced plans for three films to follow Rick 's story after Lincoln 's departure ."}]}, {'value': 'Mayim Bialik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayim_Bialik', 'summary': "Mayim Chaya Bialik ( /ˈmaɪəm biˈɑːlɪk/ MY-əm bee-AH-lik ; born December 12 , 1975 ) is an American actress , author , and neuroscientist . From 1991 to 1995 , she played the title character of the NBC sitcom Blossom . Bialik later played neurobiologist Amy Farrah Fowler on the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory from 2010 to 2019 . Outside of her acting career , she holds a Ph.D. in neuroscience . For her role as Fowler , Bialik has been nominated four times for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and won the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 2015 and 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '1975-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blossom , The Big Bang Theory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Ian Black', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Ian_Black', 'summary': "Michael Ian Black ( born Michael Ian Schwartz ; August 12 , 1971 ) is an American comedian , actor , writer , and director . He has starred in several TV comedy series , including The State , Viva Variety , Stella , Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp , Michael & Michael Have Issues , and Another Period . He also appeared on Celebrity Poker Showdown several times . He released his first children 's book , Chicken Cheeks , in 2009 , and has since released six more , in addition to four books for adults ."}]}, {'value': '1971-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Selma Blair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selma_Blair', 'summary': "Selma Blair Beitner ( born June 23 , 1972 ) is an American actress . She played a number of small roles in films and on television before obtaining recognition for her leading role in the film Brown 's Requiem ( 1998 ) . Her breakthrough came when she starred as Zoe Bean on the WB sitcom Zoe , Duncan , Jack and Jane ( 1999-2000 ) , and as Cecile Caldwell in the cult film Cruel Intentions ( 1999 ) . Blair continued to find success with the comedies Legally Blonde ( 2001 ) and The Sweetest Thing ( 2002 ) , and achieved international fame with her portrayal of Liz Sherman in the big-budget fantasy films Hellboy ( 2004 ) and Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) . Her other notable film credits include Storytelling ( 2001 ) , A Guy Thing ( 2003 ) , A Dirty Shame ( 2004 ) , The Fog ( 2005 ) , WΔZ ( 2007 ) , Feast of Love ( 2007 ) , The Poker House ( 2008 ) , Dark Horse ( 2011 ) , In Their Skin ( 2012 ) , Ordinary World ( 2016 ) , Mothers and Daughters ( 2016 ) , Mom and Dad ( 2017 ) , After ( 2019 ) and A Dark Foe ( 2019 ) . On television , Blair starred as Kim in the American remake of Kath & Kim ( 2008-2009 ) ; as Kate Wales on the sitcom Anger Management ( 2012-2014 ) ; and as Kris Jenner in the first season of the FX drama series American Crime Story ( 2016 ) . In 2010 , Blair narrated the audiobook The Diary of Anne Frank , earning a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children ."}]}, {'value': '1972-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cruel Intentions , Hellboy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cruel_Intentions', 'summary': 'Cruel Intentions is a 1999 American teen romantic drama film written and directed by Roger Kumble and starring Sarah Michelle Gellar , Ryan Phillippe , Reese Witherspoon , and Selma Blair . The film is an adaptation of the novel Les Liaisons dangereuses , written by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos in 1782 , but set among wealthy teenagers attending high school in New York City instead of 18th-century France . The film started as a smaller budget independent film , but was picked up by Columbia Pictures and released on March 5 , 1999 . Despite mixed critical reviews , the performances of Gellar , Philippe , and Witherspoon were praised . Cruel Intentions was a box office success , earning $ 76 million , with two direct-to-video films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hellboy_(2004_film)', 'summary': 'Hellboy is a 2004 American supernatural-superhero film directed by Guillermo del Toro and loosely based on the Dark Horse Comics graphic novel Hellboy : Seed of Destruction by Mike Mignola . Ron Perlman stars as Hellboy , alongside Selma Blair , Jeffrey Tambor , Karel Roden , Rupert Evans , and John Hurt in supporting roles . In the film , a demonic beast-turned superhero known as Hellboy secretly works to keep the world safe from paranormal threats with his team , the Bureau of Paranormal Research and Defense . Released on April 4 , 2004 by Sony Pictures Releasing under its Columbia Pictures label , the film was a minor box office success , and was favorably received by critics . A sequel , Hellboy II : The Golden Army , was released on July 11 , 2008 , with Universal Pictures taking over distribution .'}]}, {'value': 'Alex Borstein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Borstein', 'summary': 'Alexandrea Borstein ( born February 15 , 1971 ) is an American actress , voice artist , comedian , writer and producer . She is known for voicing Lois Griffin on the animated comedy series Family Guy ( 1999-present ) , for which she received a Primetime Emmy Award from multiple nominations . Borstein also had lead roles as various characters on the sketch comedy series MADtv ( 1997-2009 ) , Dawn Forchette in the medical comedy series Getting On ( 2013-2015 ) , and Susie Myerson in the historical comedy-drama series The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( 2017-present ) , the latter of which has earned her two Primetime Emmy Awards . She had supporting roles in numerous films , including The Lizzie McGuire Movie ( 2003 ) , Catwoman ( 2004 ) , Good Night , and Good Luck ( 2005 ) , Dinner for Schmucks ( 2010 ) , Ted ( 2012 ) , ParaNorman ( 2012 ) , and A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) . Borstein spent her childhood in Deerfield , Illinois , a suburb of Chicago , before moving with her family to Northridge , California , a neighborhood of Los Angeles . She graduated from Chatsworth High School in 1989 . Borstein is a graduate of San Francisco State University , where she studied rhetoric . She was trained in improvisational comedy at the ACME Comedy Theatre , near Hollywood , California , and was selected to join the cast of MADtv after being scouted by talent agents . Borstein was also a writer and voice actor for several television shows , including Casper , Pinky and the Brain , and Power Rangers Zeo , before joining the cast of MADtv in 1997 as a featured player , becoming a repertory player mid-season .'}]}, {'value': '1973-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Family Guy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Family_Guy', 'summary': "Family Guy is an American animated sitcom television series created by Seth MacFarlane for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series centers on the Griffins , a family consisting of parents Peter and Lois ; their children , Meg , Chris , and Stewie ; and their anthropomorphic pet dog , Brian . The show is set in the fictional city of Quahog , Rhode Island , and exhibits much of its surreal & dark humor in the form of metafictional cutaway gags that often lampoon American culture . The family was conceived by MacFarlane after developing two animated films , The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve . MacFarlane redesigned the films ' protagonist , Larry , and his dog , Steve , and renamed them Peter and Brian , respectively . MacFarlane pitched a seven-minute pilot to Fox in 1998 , and the show was greenlit and began production . Shortly after the third season of Family Guy had aired in 2002 , Fox canceled the series with one episode left unaired . Adult Swim aired that episode in 2003 , finishing the series ' original run . However , favorable DVD sales and high ratings for syndicated reruns on Adult Swim convinced the network to renew the show in 2004 for a fourth season , which began airing on May 1 , 2005 . Since its debut on January 31 , 1999 , 340 episodes of Family Guy have been broadcast . Its eighteenth season began on September 29 , 2019 . The show has been widely acclaimed , prompting Family Guy to be nominated for 12 Primetime Emmy Awards and 11 Annie Awards , and has won three of each ."}]}, {'value': 'Caprice Bourret', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caprice_Bourret', 'summary': 'Caprice Bourret ( born October 24 , 1971 ) is an American businesswoman , model , actress , and television personality . She lives in London where she runs her company , By Caprice .'}]}, {'value': '1971-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American/British', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Born in the 1970s', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Jewish_actors_2', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable Jewish actors and actresses.'}	null	null	What was the name in her native language of the person that appeared in בני ערובה ?	ריימונד אמסלם
077d06184b8623eb	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Major_League_Baseball_draft', 'title': '2009 Major League Baseball draft', 'header': ['Pick', 'Player', 'Team', 'Position', 'School'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephen Strasburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Strasburg', 'summary': "Stephen James Strasburg ( /ˈstrɑːsbɜːrɡ/ ; born July 20 , 1988 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Washington Nationals of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Strasburg was selected by Washington with the first pick in the 2009 Major League Baseball draft . He won the 2019 World Series with the Nationals defeating the Houston Astros . He won the World Series Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award . A talented but unpolished high school baseball player at West Hills High School , Strasburg played college baseball for the San Diego State Aztecs . There , he became one of the best collegiate pitchers in the country . He pitched for the United States national baseball team at the 2008 Summer Olympics , winning the bronze medal . Two years later , Strasburg was called the most-hyped pick in draft history by ESPN and the most hyped and closely watched pitching prospect in the history of baseball by Sports Illustrated . Strasburg 's major league debut on June 8 , 2010 , produced a franchise-record 14 strikeouts . Several months into his major league career , Strasburg tore a ligament in his pitching elbow . The injury required Tommy John surgery and a year of rehabilitation . He rejoined the Nationals on September 6 , 2011 , but was only able to pitch 24 innings that year ."}]}, {'value': 'Washington Nationals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Nationals', 'summary': "The Washington Nationals are an American professional baseball team based in Washington , D.C . The Nationals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . From 2005 to 2007 , the team played in RFK Stadium while their permanent stadium was being built . In 2008 , they moved in to Nationals Park , located on South Capitol Street in the Southeast quadrant of D.C. , near the Anacostia River . The Nationals are the eighth major league franchise to be based in Washington , D.C. , and the first since 1971 . The current franchise was founded in 1969 as the Montreal Expos as part of the MLB expansion . After a failed contraction plan , the Expos were purchased by MLB , which sought to relocate the team to a new city . Washington , D.C. was chosen in 2004 , and the Nationals were established in 2005 as the first franchise relocation in MLB since the third Washington Senators moved to Texas in 1971 . While the team initially struggled after moving to Washington , the Nationals had considerable success throughout the 2010s . The team 's two overall first picks in the MLB draft , Stephen Strasburg in 2009 and Bryce Harper in 2010 , attracted new levels of attention to the team . They achieved their first playoff berth and first division title in 2012 , but were knocked out in the NLDS . They won the National League East again in 2014 , 2016 , and 2017 , but were eliminated in the NLDS each time ."}]}, {'value': 'Right-handed pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'San Diego State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego_State_Aztecs_baseball', 'summary': "The San Diego State Aztecs baseball team is the college baseball program that represents the San Diego State University . Along with the university 's other athletic teams , the baseball team became a member of the Mountain West Conference during the 1999-00 academic year . Previously , the baseball program competed in the Western Athletic Conference . The Aztecs play in Tony Gwynn Stadium , on the SDSU campus in San Diego , California . From 2003 until his death in 2014 , Tony Gwynn was the program 's head coach ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dustin Ackley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dustin_Ackley', 'summary': 'Dustin Michael Ackley ( born February 26 , 1988 ) is an American professional baseball second baseman and outfielder who is currently a free agent . He has played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Seattle Mariners and the New York Yankees . Ackley played college baseball for the North Carolina Tar Heels , and was selected second overall by the Mariners in the 2009 Major League Baseball Draft . After going through a transformation to develop his skills defensively at second base , he joined the Mariners June 17 , 2011 . The Mariners traded him to the Yankees during the 2015 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Seattle Mariners', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Mariners', 'summary': "The Seattle Mariners are an American professional baseball team based in Seattle , Washington . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . The team joined the American League as an expansion team in 1977 playing their home games in the Kingdome . Since July 1999 , the Mariners ' home ballpark has been T-Mobile Park ( formerly Safeco Field ) , located in the SoDo neighborhood of Seattle . The Mariners name originates from the prominence of marine culture in the city of Seattle . They are nicknamed the M 's , a title featured in their primary logo from 1987 to 1992 . They adopted their current team colors - navy blue , northwest green ( teal ) , and silver - prior to the 1993 season , after having been royal blue and gold since the team 's inception . Their mascot is the Mariner Moose . The organization did not field a winning team until 1991 , and any real success eluded them until 1995 when they won their first division championship and defeated the New York Yankees in the ALDS . The game-winning hit in Game 5 , in which Edgar Martínez drove home Ken Griffey Jr. to win the game in the 11th inning , clinched a series win for the Mariners , served as a powerful impetus to preserve baseball in Seattle , and has since become an iconic moment in team history . The Mariners won 116 games in 2001 , which set the American League record for most wins in a single season and tied the 1906 Chicago Cubs for the Major League record for most wins in a single season . Through the end of the 2019 season , the franchise has finished with a losing record in 29 of 43 seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_baseball', 'summary': 'The North Carolina Tar Heels baseball team , commonly referred to as Carolina , represents the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in NCAA Division I college baseball . They compete in the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference . The Tar Heels play their home games on campus at Boshamer Stadium , and are currently coached by Mike Fox .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donavan Tate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donavan_Tate', 'summary': 'Donavan Reed Tate ( born September 27 , 1990 ) is an American former college football quarterback for the Arizona Wildcats of the University of Arizona . Previously , he was a Minor League Baseball outfielder who was selected third overall by the San Diego Padres in the 2009 Major League Baseball draft .'}]}, {'value': 'San Diego Padres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego_Padres', 'summary': 'The San Diego Padres are an American professional baseball team based in San Diego , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Founded in 1969 , the Padres have won two NL pennants - in 1984 and 1998 , losing in the World Series both years . As of 2018 , they have had 14 winning seasons in franchise history . The Padres are one of two Major League Baseball teams ( the other being the Los Angeles Angels ) in California to originate from that state ; the Athletics were originally from Philadelphia ( and moved to the state from Kansas City ) , and the Dodgers and Giants are originally from two New York City boroughs - Brooklyn and Manhattan , respectively . The Padres are the only MLB team that does not share its city with another franchise in the four major American professional sports leagues . The Padres are the only major professional sports franchise to be located in San Diego , following the relocation of the Chargers to Los Angeles in 2017 . They are also the only franchise in the MLB not to have a no-hitter , having gone 8,020 games without throwing one , a major league record to begin a franchise .'}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Cartersville High School ( GA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cartersville_High_School', 'summary': 'Cartersville High School is a public high school in Cartersville , Georgia . Cartersville is a part of the Cartersville City School System .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._State)', 'summary': "Georgia ( /ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/ ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Georgia is the 24th largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Georgia is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the northeast by South Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by Florida , and to the west by Alabama . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Atlanta , a beta ( + ) global city , is both the state 's capital and its largest city . The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 5.9 million people in 2018 , is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 56% of the entire state population . Founded in 1733 as a British colony , Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2 , 1788 , Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . From 1802 to 1804 , western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tony Sanchez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Sanchez_(baseball)', 'summary': 'Jorge Anthony Sanchez ( born May 20 , 1988 ) is an American professional baseball catcher who is a free agent . Sanchez was selected fourth overall by the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 2009 Major League Baseball draft , and made his Major League Baseball ( MLB ) debut with them in 2013 . He has also played in MLB for the Atlanta Braves .'}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Pirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates', 'summary': 'The Pittsburgh Pirates are an American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Founded in 1881 under the name Pittsburgh Allegheny , the franchise has won five World Series championships . The Pirates are also often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos ( derived from buccaneer , a synonym for pirate ) . The team plays its home games at PNC Park , its home since 2001 . The Pirates previously played at Forbes Field from 1909-1970 and at Three Rivers Stadium , so named because of its location near the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers , from 1970-2000 . The franchise joined the NL in its eighth season in 1887 and was competitive from its early years , winning three NL titles from 1901 to 1903 , playing in the inaugural World Series in 1903 and winning their first World Series in 1909 behind Honus Wagner . The Pirates have had many ups and downs during their long history , most famously winning the 1960 World Series against the New York Yankees on a series-winning walk-off home run by Bill Mazeroski , the only time that Game 7 of the World Series has ever ended with a home run . They also won the 1971 World Series , led by the talent of Roberto Clemente , and the 1979 World Series under the slogan We Are Family , led by Pops Willie Stargell . After a run of regular-season success in the early 1990s ( winning three straight NL East Division titles ) , the Pirates struggled mightily over the following 20 years , with 20 consecutive losing seasons from 1993 to 2012 - the longest such streak in American professional sports history - before posting a winning record in 2013 of 94-68 , qualifying them for the NL Wild Card . They advanced to the NL Division Series round , where they lost in 5 games to the St. Louis Cardinals . The Pirates made the playoffs in both 2014 and 2015 , losing in the Wild Card Game both times .'}]}, {'value': 'Catcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catcher', 'summary': "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_College_Eagles_baseball', 'summary': 'The Boston College Eagles baseball team represents Boston College in NCAA Division I college baseball . The team participates in the Atlantic Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference . The head coach of the Eagles is Mike Gambino , a 2000 alumnus of Boston College , and the team plays its home games at the newly constructed Brighton Field after having played at Shea Field from 1961 to 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matt Hobgood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Hobgood', 'summary': 'Matthew Micah Hobgood ( born August 3 , 1990 ) is a former American professional baseball pitcher . He was drafted in the first round , 5th overall , of the 2009 Major League Baseball Draft by the Baltimore Orioles .'}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore Orioles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles', 'summary': "The Baltimore Orioles are an American professional baseball team based in Baltimore , Maryland . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . As one of the American League 's eight charter teams in 1901 , this particular franchise spent its first year as a major league club in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , as the Milwaukee Brewers before moving to St. Louis , Missouri , to become the St. Louis Browns in 1902 . After 52 years in St. Louis , the franchise was purchased in November 1953 by a syndicate of Baltimore business and civic interests led by attorney and civic activist Clarence Miles and Mayor Thomas D'Alesandro , Jr . The team 's current owner is American trial lawyer Peter Angelos . The Orioles adopted their team name in honor of the official state bird of Maryland ; it had also been used by several previous major and minor league baseball clubs in Baltimore , including another AL charter member franchise also named the Baltimore Orioles , which moved north in 1903 to eventually become the New York Yankees . Nicknames for the team include the O 's and the Birds . The Orioles experienced their greatest success from 1966 to 1983 , when they made six World Series appearances , winning three of them ( 1966 , 1970 , 1983 ) . This era of the club featured several future Hall of Famers who would later be inducted representing the Orioles , such as third baseman Brooks Robinson , outfielder Frank Robinson , starting pitcher Jim Palmer , first baseman Eddie Murray , shortstop Cal Ripken Jr. , and manager Earl Weaver . The Orioles have won a total of nine division championships ( 1969-1971 , 1973-1974 , 1979 , 1983 , 1997 , 2014 ) , six pennants ( 1966 , 1969-1971 , 1979 , 1983 ) , and three wild card berths ( 1996 , 2012 , 2016 ) . Since moving to Baltimore in 1954 , the franchise has a win-loss record of 5306-5174 ( with a winning percentage of .506 ) as of the end of the 2019 season . After suffering a stretch of 14 straight losing seasons from 1998 to 2011 , the team qualified for the postseason three times under manager Buck Showalter and general manager Dan Duquette , including a division title and advancement to the American League Championship Series for the first time in 17 years in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Right-handed pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Norco High School ( CA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norco_High_School', 'summary': 'Norco High School is California Distinguished School public high school serving 2,206 students from grades 9-12 in Norco , California , United States . It is part of the Corona-Norco Unified School District . The current principal is Mr . Rob Ibbetson .'}, {'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zack Wheeler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zack_Wheeler', 'summary': 'Zachary Harrison Wheeler ( born May 30 , 1990 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He previously played for the New York Mets . Prior to being drafted , Wheeler attended East Paulding High School in Dallas , Georgia . The San Francisco Giants selected Wheeler with the sixth overall pick in the 2009 MLB Draft . Wheeler was then traded to the Mets in 2011 , and made his major league debut with the team in 2013 . He signed with Philadelphia as a free agent after the 2019 season .'}]}, {'value': 'San Francisco Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants', 'summary': "The San Francisco Giants are an American professional baseball team based in San Francisco , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Founded in 1883 as the New York Gothams , and renamed three years later the New York Giants , the team eventually moved to San Francisco in 1958 . As one of the longest-established and most successful professional baseball teams , the franchise has won the most games of any team in the history of American baseball . The team was the first major league team based in New York City , most memorably playing at the legendary Polo Grounds . They have won 23 NL pennants and have played in 20 World Series competitions - both NL records . The Giants ' eight World Series championships rank second in the National League and fifth overall ( the New York Yankees are first with 27 , then the St. Louis Cardinals ( the National League record-holders ) with 11 , and the Oakland Athletics and the Boston Red Sox both with 9 ) . The Giants have played in the World Series 20 times - 14 times in New York , six in San Francisco - but boycotted the event in 1904 . Playing as the New York Giants , they won 14 pennants and five World Series championships behind managers such as John McGraw and Bill Terry and players such as Christy Mathewson , Carl Hubbell , Mel Ott , Bobby Thomson , and Willie Mays . The Giants ' franchise has the most Hall of Fame players in all of professional baseball . The Giants ' rivalry with the Los Angeles Dodgers is one of the longest-standing and biggest rivalries in American sports . The teams began their rivalry as the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers , respectively , before both franchises moved west for the 1958 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Right-handed pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'East Paulding High School ( GA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Paulding_High_School', 'summary': "East Paulding High School is a public secondary school located in Dallas , Georgia , United States . EPHS was established in 1991 and is nestled in one of the country 's fastest-growing counties . The school 's enrollment is approaching 1800 students , and it is a part of the second highest classification in Georgia , AAAAA ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._State)', 'summary': "Georgia ( /ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/ ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Georgia is the 24th largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Georgia is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the northeast by South Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by Florida , and to the west by Alabama . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Atlanta , a beta ( + ) global city , is both the state 's capital and its largest city . The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 5.9 million people in 2018 , is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 56% of the entire state population . Founded in 1733 as a British colony , Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2 , 1788 , Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . From 1802 to 1804 , western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Minor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Minor_(baseball)', 'summary': 'Michael David Minor ( born December 26 , 1987 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He previously played in MLB for the Atlanta Braves , who selected him seventh overall in the 2009 MLB draft , and the Kansas City Royals .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta Braves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta_Braves', 'summary': "The Atlanta Braves are an American professional baseball team based in the Atlanta metropolitan area . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . The team played its home games at Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium from 1966 to 1996 , and at Turner Field from 1997 to 2016 . Since 2017 , their home stadium has been Truist Park ( formerly SunTrust Park ) , located 10 miles ( 16 km ) northwest of downtown Atlanta in Cobb County , Georgia . The Braves play spring training games at CoolToday Park in North Port , Florida . The name Braves , which was first used in 1912 , originates from a term for a Native American warrior . They are nicknamed the Bravos , and often referred to as America 's Team in reference to the team 's games being broadcast on the nationally available TBS from the 1970s until 2007 , giving the team a nationwide fan base . From 1991 to 2005 , the Braves were one of the most successful teams in baseball , winning division titles an unprecedented 14 consecutive times ( omitting the strike-shortened 1994 season in which there were no official division champions ) , and producing one of the greatest pitching rotations in the history of baseball . Most notably , this rotation consisted of pitchers Greg Maddux , John Smoltz , and Tom Glavine . Pitcher Steve Avery also was a significant contributor to the rotation during the period of 1991-1993 . The Braves won the National League West division from 1991 to 1993 , and after divisional realignment , the National League East division from 1995 to 2005 . They returned to the playoffs as the National League Wild Card in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Left-handed pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Vanderbilt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores_baseball', 'summary': 'The Vanderbilt Commodores baseball team is an American National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) college baseball team , and the reigning Division I national champion . From Vanderbilt University in Nashville , Tennessee , the team participates in the Eastern division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) and plays its home games on campus at Hawkins Field . The Commodores are coached by three-time National Coach of the Year and three-time SEC Coach of the Year , Tim Corbin .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Leake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Leake', 'summary': 'Michael Raymond Leake ( born November 12 , 1987 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He previously played for the Cincinnati Reds , San Francisco Giants , St. Louis Cardinals , and Seattle Mariners . Leake played college baseball for the Arizona State Sun Devils of Arizona State University . The Reds selected Leake in the first round of the 2009 MLB draft . They promoted him to the major leagues at the start of the 2010 season , without having him pitch in the minor leagues , one of only 21 baseball players to go straight from the draft to the major league team that drafted them . Leake pitched for the Reds through 2015 , at which point he was traded to the Giants . A free agent that offseason , he signed with the Cardinals . The Cardinals traded him to the Mariners in 2017 . He was traded for a third time in his career in 2019 as the Arizona Diamondbacks agreed to acquire him at the Trade Deadline .'}]}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Reds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds', 'summary': "The Cincinnati Reds are an American professional baseball team based in Cincinnati , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . They were a charter member of the American Association in 1882 and joined the NL in 1890 . The Reds played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , before joining the Central division in 1994 . They have won five World Series championships , nine NL pennants , one AA pennant , and 10 division titles . The team plays its home games at Great American Ball Park , which opened in 2003 replacing Riverfront Stadium . Bob Castellini has been chief executive officer since 2006 . From 1882 to 2019 , the Reds ' overall win-loss record is 10,599-10,393 ( a 0.505 winning percentage ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Right-handed pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_State_Sun_Devils_baseball', 'summary': "The Arizona State Sun Devils baseball program at the Arizona State University ( ASU ) is part of the Pac-12 Conference . Since it became a member of the Pac-12 , it had the highest winning percentage , at .681 , of all schools that participate in Division I baseball within the conference . ASU 's NCAA leading 54 consecutive 30 win seasons was the longest streak in the nation . The Sun Devils ' only losing seasons occurred in 1963 , 2017 , & 2018 The Sun Devils had been nationally ranked during at least a part of every season of their 58-year history until 2017 . The Sun Devils have finished 27 times in the Top 10 , 22 times in the Top 5 , and 5 times as the No . 1 team in the nation . ASU is one of the most successful college baseball programs in the country . The Sun Devils have won five national championships , the fourth-most by any school , and are 1st in total number of alumni to ever play in Major League Baseball . Notable Sun Devil baseball alumni include Barry Bonds , Reggie Jackson , Sal Bando , Dustin Pedroia , Andre Ethier , Bob Horner , Paul Lo Duca , and Rick Monday ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacob Turner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacob_Turner', 'summary': 'Jacob Edward Turner ( born May 21 , 1991 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent . He previously played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Detroit Tigers , Miami Marlins , Chicago Cubs , Chicago White Sox , and Washington Nationals . He also played in the KBO League for the Kia Tigers .'}]}, {'value': 'Detroit Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Right-handed pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Westminster Christian Academy ( MO )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westminster_Christian_Academy_(Missouri)', 'summary': 'Westminster Christian Academy ( WCA ) is a private Christian school in Town and Country , Missouri serving students in grades 7-12 . As of 2019 , the school has an enrollment of approximately 975 students . The Upper School ( 9-12 ) enrolls approximately 750 students and the Middle School ( 7-8 ) enrolls approximately 260 students .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Missouri', 'summary': "Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States . With over six million residents , it is the 18th-most populous state of the Union . The largest urban areas are St. Louis , Kansas City , Springfield and Columbia ; the capital is Jefferson City . The state is the 21st-most extensive in area . Missouri is bordered by eight states ( tied for the most with Tennessee ) : Iowa to the north , Illinois , Kentucky and Tennessee ( via the Mississippi River ) to the east , Arkansas to the south and Oklahoma , Kansas and Nebraska to the west . In the south are the Ozarks , a forested highland , providing timber , minerals and recreation . The Missouri River , after which the state is named , flows through the center of the state into the Mississippi River , which makes up Missouri 's eastern border . Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years . The Mississippian culture built cities and mounds , before declining in the 14th century . When European explorers arrived in the 17th century , they encountered the Osage and Missouria nations . The French established Louisiana , a part of New France , founding Ste . Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764 ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drew Storen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drew_Storen', 'summary': 'Drew Patrick Storen ( born August 11 , 1987 ) is an American professional baseball relief pitcher in the Philadelphia Phillies organization . He previously played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Washington Nationals , Toronto Blue Jays , Seattle Mariners , and Cincinnati Reds . The Nats selected Storen with the 10th overall selection in the 2009 MLB draft ; he made his MLB debut for Washington in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington Nationals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Nationals', 'summary': "The Washington Nationals are an American professional baseball team based in Washington , D.C . The Nationals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . From 2005 to 2007 , the team played in RFK Stadium while their permanent stadium was being built . In 2008 , they moved in to Nationals Park , located on South Capitol Street in the Southeast quadrant of D.C. , near the Anacostia River . The Nationals are the eighth major league franchise to be based in Washington , D.C. , and the first since 1971 . The current franchise was founded in 1969 as the Montreal Expos as part of the MLB expansion . After a failed contraction plan , the Expos were purchased by MLB , which sought to relocate the team to a new city . Washington , D.C. was chosen in 2004 , and the Nationals were established in 2005 as the first franchise relocation in MLB since the third Washington Senators moved to Texas in 1971 . While the team initially struggled after moving to Washington , the Nationals had considerable success throughout the 2010s . The team 's two overall first picks in the MLB draft , Stephen Strasburg in 2009 and Bryce Harper in 2010 , attracted new levels of attention to the team . They achieved their first playoff berth and first division title in 2012 , but were knocked out in the NLDS . They won the National League East again in 2014 , 2016 , and 2017 , but were eliminated in the NLDS each time ."}]}, {'value': 'Right-handed pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_baseball', 'summary': 'The Stanford Cardinal baseball team represents Stanford University in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Stanford athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Pac-12 Conference . The Cardinal play their home games on campus at Klein Field at Sunken Diamond , and they are currently coached by David Esquer .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tyler Matzek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyler_Matzek', 'summary': 'Tyler Alexander Matzek ( born October 19 , 1990 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher in the Atlanta Braves organization . He was drafted by the Colorado Rockies in the first round of the 2009 Major League Baseball draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Colorado Rockies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rockies', 'summary': "The Colorado Rockies are an American professional baseball team based in Denver , Colorado . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . The team 's home venue is Coors Field , located in the Lower Downtown area of Denver . The team is owned by the Monfort brothers and managed by Bud Black . The Rockies began play as an expansion team for the 1993 season , and played their home games for their first two seasons at Mile High Stadium . Since 1995 , they have played at Coors Field , which has earned a reputation as a hitter 's park . The Rockies have qualified for the postseason five times , each time as a Wild Card winner . In 2007 , the team earned its first ( and only ) NL pennant after winning 14 of their final 15 games in the regular season to secure a Wild Card position . In the 2007 World Series , they were swept by the American League ( AL ) champions Boston Red Sox in four games ."}]}, {'value': 'Left-handed pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Capistrano Valley High School ( CA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capistrano_Valley_High_School', 'summary': "Capistrano Valley High School ( often called CVHS or Capo ) is a public high school at the southern border of Mission Viejo , California , USA , that is run by the Capistrano Unified School District . It is set on a hilltop overlooking the San Diego Freeway ( I-5 ) corridor and Saddleback Mountain . It is located on Via Escolar , off the Avery exit of the I-5 . The school attendance boundaries primarily serve students from eastern , southern and northern Mission Viejo ( the entire portion of the city in CUSD ) and a small northern portion of San Juan Capistrano . CVHS is a California Distinguished School , National Blue Ribbon Finalist , and was ranked as number 488 in Newsweek 's 2008 list of the top 1,300 high schools in the USA . By this standard , CVHS falls in the top 2.5% of US high schools . It is the highest ranked for the school district and second highest rank between both Saddleback Valley and Capistrano Unified that serve south Orange County ."}, {'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aaron Crow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aaron_Crow', 'summary': 'Aaron James Crow ( born November 10 , 1986 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent . He previously pitched in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Kansas City Royals .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City Royals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals', 'summary': "The Kansas City Royals are an American professional baseball team based in Kansas City , Missouri . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member team of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The team was founded as an expansion franchise in 1969 , and has participated in four World Series , winning in 1985 and 2015 , and losing in 1980 and 2014 . The name Royals pays homage to the American Royal , a livestock show , horse show , rodeo , and championship barbeque competition held annually in Kansas City since 1899 as well as the identical names of two former negro league baseball teams that played in the first half of the 20th century ( one a semi-pro team based in Kansas City in the 1910s and 1920s that toured the Midwest and a California Winter League team based in Los Angeles in the 1940s that was managed by Chet Brewer and included Satchel Paige and Jackie Robinson on its roster ) . The Los Angeles team had personnel connections to the Monarchs but could not use the Monarchs name . The name also fits into something of a theme for other professional sports franchises in the city , including the Kansas City Chiefs of the NFL , the former Kansas City Kings of the NBA , and the former Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro National League . In 1968 , the team held a name-the-team contest that received more than 17,000 entries . Sanford Porte , a bridge engineer from the suburb of Overland Park , Kansas was named the winner for his Royals entry . His reason had nothing to do with royalty . Kansas Citys new baseball team should be called the Royals because of Missouris billion-dollar livestock income , Kansas Citys position as the nations leading stocker and feeder market and the nationally known American Royal parade and pageant , Porte wrote . The team 's board voted 6-1 on the name , with the only opposition coming from team owner Ewing Kauffman , who eventually changed his vote and said the name had grown on him . Entering the American League in 1969 along with the Seattle Pilots , the club was founded by Kansas City businessman Ewing Kauffman ."}]}, {'value': 'Right-handed pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri_Tigers_baseball', 'summary': 'The Missouri Tigers baseball team represents the University of Missouri in NCAA Division I college baseball . The Missouri Tigers had an overall record of 2053-1339-17 entering the 2012 season .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grant Green', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grant_Green_(baseball)', 'summary': 'Grant Thomas Green ( born September 27 , 1987 ) is an American former professional baseball second baseman . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Oakland Athletics , Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , San Francisco Giants , and Washington Nationals . Green attended the University of Southern California ( USC ) and played college baseball for the USC Trojans .'}]}, {'value': 'Oakland Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakland_Athletics', 'summary': "The Oakland Athletics , often referred to as the A 's , are an American professional baseball team based in Oakland , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . The team plays its home games at the Oakland Coliseum . They have won nine World Series championships . One of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the team was founded in Philadelphia in 1901 as the Philadelphia Athletics . They won three World Series championships from 1910 to 1913 and back-to-back titles in 1929 and 1930 . The team 's owner and manager for its first 50 years was Connie Mack and Hall of Fame players included Chief Bender , Frank Home Run Baker , Jimmie Foxx , and Lefty Grove . The team left Philadelphia for Kansas City in 1955 and became the Kansas City Athletics before moving to Oakland in 1968 . They won three consecutive World Championships between 1972 and 1974 , led by players including Vida Blue , Catfish Hunter , Reggie Jackson , ace reliever Rollie Fingers , and colorful owner Charlie O. Finley . After being sold by Finley to Walter A. Haas Jr. , the team won three consecutive pennants and the 1989 World Series behind the Bash Brothers , Jose Canseco and Mark McGwire , as well as Hall of Famers Dennis Eckersley , Rickey Henderson and manager Tony La Russa . From 1901 to 2019 , the Athletics ' overall win-loss record is 9,028-9,452 ( .489 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Shortstop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': 'Southern California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USC_Trojans_baseball', 'summary': "The USC Trojans baseball program represents the University of Southern California in college baseball . Established in 1888 , the team is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and the Pac-12 Conference . USC home 's field is Dedeaux Field , which is named in honor of former head coach and National College Baseball Hall of Fame inductee Rod Dedeaux . The USC Trojans are one of the most successful programs in the history of college baseball . The Trojans have won more baseball national championships than any other program across all divisions of college baseball . With 12 national championships , USC is far and away the leader in that category ; no other Division I school has more than six . As of June 30 , 2018 , USC also ranked fifth in all-time College World Series ( CWS ) appearances with 21 , trailing only Texas ( 36 ) , Miami ( FL ) ( 25 ) , and Arizona State ( 22 ) , and Florida State ( 22 ) . The Trojans have won more individual CWS games ( 74 ) than any program but Texas ( 85 ) . USC also ranked fourth in all-time NCAA Tournament wins with 173 - trailing only Texas ( 240 ) , Miami ( 192 ) , and Florida State ( 192 ) - and eighth in total NCAA Tournament appearances with 37 . The Trojans have compiled an all-time record of 2,884-1,685-28 ( .630 ) - ranking fifth in all-time wins and 18th in all-time win percentage - and have captured outright or tied for 38 conference championships , as of the end of the 2018 season . USC 's most notable baseball coach was Rod Dedeaux , who coached from 1942 from 1986 and led the school to 11 of its NCAA championships , including five straight from 1970 to 1974 . The first Trojan national championship came in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matt Purke ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Purke', 'summary': 'Matthew Taylor Purke ( born July 17 , 1990 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent . He made his Major League Baseball ( MLB ) debut with the Chicago White Sox in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Texas Rangers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)', 'summary': "The Texas Rangers are an American professional baseball team based in Arlington , Texas , located in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . In 2020 , they will move to the new Globe Life Field after having played at Globe Life Park in Arlington from 1994 to 2019 . The team 's name is borrowed from the famous law enforcement agency of the same name . The franchise was established in 1961 as the Washington Senators , an expansion team awarded to Washington , D.C. , after the city 's first AL ballclub , the second Washington Senators , moved to Minnesota and became the Twins ( the original Washington Senators played primarily in the National League during the 1890s ) . After the 1971 season , the new Senators moved to Arlington , and debuted as the Rangers the following spring . The Rangers have made eight appearances in the MLB postseason , seven following division championships in 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2010 , 2011 , 2015 , and 2016 and as a wild card team in 2012 . In 2010 , the Rangers advanced past the Division Series for the first time , defeating the Tampa Bay Rays . The team then brought home their first American League pennant after beating the New York Yankees in six games . In the 2010 World Series , the franchise 's first , the Rangers fell to the San Francisco Giants in five games . They repeated as American League champions the following year , then lost the 2011 World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games ."}]}, {'value': 'Left-handed pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Klein High School ( TX )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klein_High_School', 'summary': 'Klein High School is a public high school located in Klein , Texas , United States , located approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) from Downtown Houston . It serves grades 9-12 in the Klein Independent School District . The current principal of Klein High School is Jessica Haddox .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alex White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_White_(baseball)', 'summary': 'Alex Bruce White ( born August 29 , 1988 ) is an American former professional baseball pitcher . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Cleveland Indians and the Colorado Rockies .'}]}, {'value': 'Cleveland Indians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland_Indians', 'summary': "The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . Since 1994 , they have played at Progressive Field . The team 's spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear , Arizona . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the team has won 10 Central Division titles , six American League pennants , and two World Series championships , ( in 1920 and 1948 ) . The team 's current 71-year World Series championship drought is the longest active among all 30 current Major League teams . The name Indians originated from a request by club owner Charles Somers to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace Cleveland Naps following the departure of Nap Lajoie after the 1914 season . It was a revival of the nickname that fans gave to the Cleveland Spiders while Louis Sockalexis , a Native American , was playing for the team . Common nicknames for the Indians include the Tribe and the Wahoos , the latter referencing their former logo , Chief Wahoo . The team 's mascot is named Slider . The franchise originated in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers , a minor league team in the Western League . The team relocated to Cleveland in 1900 and was renamed the Cleveland Lake Shores ."}]}, {'value': 'Right-handed pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_baseball', 'summary': 'The North Carolina Tar Heels baseball team , commonly referred to as Carolina , represents the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in NCAA Division I college baseball . They compete in the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference . The Tar Heels play their home games on campus at Boshamer Stadium , and are currently coached by Mike Fox .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bobby Borchering', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Borchering', 'summary': "The Arizona Diamondbacks are a Major League Baseball franchise based in Phoenix , Arizona . The Diamondbacks compete in the National League West division . Officially known as the First-Year Player Draft , the Rule 4 Draft is Major League Baseball 's primary mechanism for assigning amateur baseball players from high schools , colleges , and other amateur baseball clubs to its teams . The draft order is determined based on the previous season 's standings , with the team possessing the worst record receiving the first pick . In addition , teams which lost free agents in the previous off-season may be awarded compensatory or supplementary picks . Since the franchise first participated in the draft in 1996 , the Diamondbacks have selected 27 players in the first round . The First-Year Player Draft is unrelated to the 1997 expansion draft in which the Diamondbacks filled their roster . Of the 27 players picked in the first round by the Diamondbacks , 14 have been pitchers , the most of any position ; 10 of these have been right-handed , while 4 have been left-handed . Five players taken in the first round have been shortstops ; additionally , two players have been selected at each of first base , third base , catcher , and the outfield . No second baseman has been selected in the first round by the Diamondbacks . The Diamondbacks have drafted 16 players out of college , and 10 out of high school . Arizona has drafted seven players out of high schools or colleges in the state of California , with two being taken from each of Florida , Georgia , and their home state of Arizona ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona Diamondbacks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks', 'summary': "The Arizona Diamondbacks , often shortened as the D-backs , are an American professional baseball team based in Phoenix , Arizona . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) West division . The team plays its home games at Chase Field , formerly known as Bank One Ballpark . The Diamondbacks have won one World Series championship ( defeating the New York Yankees in 2001 ) - becoming the fastest expansion team in Major League history to win a championship , which it did in only the fourth season since the franchise 's inception ."}]}, {'value': 'Third baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_baseman', 'summary': "A third baseman , abbreviated 3B , is the player in baseball whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base - the third of four bases a baserunner must touch in succession to score a run . In the scoring system used to record defensive plays , the third baseman is assigned the number ' 5 ' . The third baseman requires good reflexes in reacting to batted balls , as he is often the closest infielder ( roughly 90-120 feet ) to the batter . The third base position requires a strong and accurate arm , as the third baseman often makes long throws to first base . The third baseman sometimes must throw quickly to second base in time to start a double play . The third baseman must also field fly balls in fair and foul territory . Third base is known as the hot corner , because the third baseman is relatively close to the batter and most right-handed hitters tend to hit the ball hard in this direction . A third baseman must possess good hand-eye coordination and quick reactions in order to catch hard line drives sometimes in excess of 125 miles per hour ( 201 km/h ) . Third basemen often must begin in a position even closer to the batter if a bunt is expected , creating a hazard if the ball is instead hit sharply . As with middle infielders , right-handed throwing players are standard at the position because they do not need to turn their body before throwing across the infield to first base . Mike Squires , who played fourteen games at third base in 1982 and 1983 , is a very rare example of a third baseman who threw lefty . Some third basemen have been converted from middle infielders or outfielders because the position does not require them to run as fast ."}]}, {'value': 'Bishop Verot High School ( FL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_Verot_High_School', 'summary': 'Bishop Verot High School is a private , Roman Catholic high school in Fort Myers , Florida . It is located in the Diocese of Venice , Florida .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Florida', 'summary': "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A. J. Pollock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A._J._Pollock_(baseball)', 'summary': 'Allen Lorenz A. J. Pollock ( born December 5 , 1987 ) is an American professional baseball center fielder for the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . The Arizona Diamondbacks selected Pollock in the first round of the 2009 Major League Baseball draft . He made his MLB debut with the Diamondbacks in 2012 . Pollock was an MLB All-Star and won a Gold Glove Award in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Arizona Diamondbacks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks', 'summary': "The Arizona Diamondbacks , often shortened as the D-backs , are an American professional baseball team based in Phoenix , Arizona . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) West division . The team plays its home games at Chase Field , formerly known as Bank One Ballpark . The Diamondbacks have won one World Series championship ( defeating the New York Yankees in 2001 ) - becoming the fastest expansion team in Major League history to win a championship , which it did in only the fourth season since the franchise 's inception ."}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Notre Dame', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_baseball', 'summary': 'The Notre Dame Fighting Irish baseball team represents the University of Notre Dame in NCAA Division I college baseball . Notre Dame competes as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference and plays its home games at Frank Eck Stadium in Notre Dame , Indiana .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chad James', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida Marlins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Marlins', 'summary': 'The Miami Marlins are an American professional baseball team based in Miami , Florida . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . Their home park is Marlins Park . Though one of only two MLB franchises to have never won a division title ( the other being the Colorado Rockies ) , the Marlins have won two World Series championships as a wild card team . The team began play as an expansion team in the 1993 season as the Florida Marlins and played home games from their inaugural season to the 2012 season at what was originally called Joe Robbie Stadium , which they shared with the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Since the 2012 season , they have played at Marlins Park in downtown Miami , on the site of the former Orange Bowl . The new park , unlike their previous home ( which was criticized in its baseball configuration for poor sight lines in some locations ) , was designed foremost as a baseball park . Per an agreement with the city and Miami-Dade County ( which owns the park ) , the Marlins officially changed their name to the Miami Marlins on November 11 , 2011 . They also adopted a new logo , color scheme , and uniforms . The Marlins have the distinction of winning a World Series championship in every postseason they have qualified for to date , having won the World Series in 1997 and 2003 as National League wild card team . They also have the distinction of being the only franchise in the major four North American professional sports leagues ( MLB , NBA , NFL , NHL ) to have never lost a playoff round . They defeated the American League ( AL ) champion Cleveland Indians in the 1997 World Series , with shortstop Édgar Rentería driving in second baseman Craig Counsell for the series-clinching run in the 11th inning of the seventh and deciding game .'}]}, {'value': 'Left-handed pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Yukon High School ( OK )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yukon_High_School', 'summary': 'Yukon High School is a secondary school located within Canadian County in Yukon , Oklahoma . Famous alumni include country singer Garth Brooks .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma', 'summary': "Oklahoma ( /ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/ ( listen ) ; Cherokee : ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ , ogalahoma ; Choctaw : Oklahumma ) is a state in the South Central region of the United States , bordered by the state of Texas on the south and west , Kansas on the north , Missouri on the northeast , Arkansas on the east , New Mexico on the west , and Colorado on the northwest . It is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its residents are known as Oklahomans ( or colloquially , Okies ) , and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City . The state 's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma , meaning red people . It is also known informally by its nickname , The Sooner State , in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on land before the official opening date of lands in the western Oklahoma Territory or before the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 , which increased European-American settlement in the eastern Indian Territory . Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged into the State of Oklahoma when it became the 46th state to enter the union on November 16 , 1907 . With ancient mountain ranges , prairie , mesas , and eastern forests , most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains , Cross Timbers , and the U.S . Interior Highlands , all regions prone to severe weather . Oklahoma is on a confluence of three major American cultural regions and historically served as a route for cattle drives , a destination for Southern settlers , and a government-sanctioned territory for Native Americans . More than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma . A major producer of natural gas , oil , and agricultural products , Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation , energy , telecommunications , and biotechnology . Both Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma 's primary economic anchors , with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shelby Miller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shelby_Miller', 'summary': "Shelby Charles Miller ( born October 10 , 1990 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Milwaukee Brewers organization . He has played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the St. Louis Cardinals , Atlanta Braves , Arizona Diamondbacks , Texas Rangers . Drafted by the Cardinals out of Brownwood High School in the first round of the 2009 MLB draft , Miller became one of the sport 's highest-rated prospects . He is a recipient of numerous awards , including the Cardinals ' minor league pitcher of the year in 2010 , Baseball America 's number one Cardinals prospect from 2009-11 , and selection to the All-Star Futures Game in 2010 and 2011 . A fourth award , MLB.com 's Pitching Performance of the Month , was the result of his first MLB complete game shutout in May 2013 , a one-hitter against the Colorado Rockies . After the 2014 season , the Cardinals traded Miller to the Braves . In 2015 , Miller was named to the MLB All-Star Game . That offseason , the Braves traded Miller to the Diamondbacks ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals', 'summary': "The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the nation 's oldest and most successful professional baseball clubs , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , more than any other NL team and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . The team has won 19 National League pennants , third-most of any team . St. Louis has also won 14 division titles in the East and Central divisions . In 1881 , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased the Brown Stockings barnstorming club , renamed it the St. Louis Browns , and made it a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) baseball league . The team won four league championships , qualifying them to play in the era 's professional baseball championship tournament , a forerunner of the modern World Series . In two of these championships , the Browns met the Chicago White Stockings , launching the enduring Cardinals-Cubs rivalry . In 1892 , the Browns - also called the Perfectos - joined the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later renamed the National League . In 1900 , the team was renamed the Cardinals . ( Two years later , an unrelated St. Louis Browns team joined the American League . )"}]}, {'value': 'Right-handed pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Brownwood High School ( TX )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brownwood_High_School', 'summary': 'Brownwood High School is a public high school located in Brownwood , Texas , United States . It is part of the Brownwood Independent School District located in central Brown County , and is classified as a 4A school by the UIL . In 2015 , the school was rated Met Standard by the Texas Education Agency .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chad Jenkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chad_Jenkins_(baseball)', 'summary': 'Stephen Chadwick Jenkins ( born December 22 , 1987 ) is an American former professional baseball pitcher . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Toronto Blue Jays .'}]}, {'value': 'Toronto Blue Jays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays', 'summary': "The Toronto Blue Jays are a Canadian professional baseball team based in Toronto , Ontario . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team plays its home games at Rogers Centre . The name Blue Jays originates from the bird of the same name , and blue is also the traditional colour of two of Toronto 's other professional sports teams : the Maple Leafs ( ice hockey ) and the Argonauts ( Canadian football ) . In addition , the team was originally owned by the Labatt Brewing Company , makers of the popular beer Labatt 's Blue . Colloquially nicknamed the Jays , the team 's official colours are royal blue , navy blue , red , and white . An expansion franchise , the club was founded in Toronto in 1977 . Originally based at Exhibition Stadium , the team began playing its home games at SkyDome upon its opening in 1989 . Since 2000 , the Blue Jays have been owned by Rogers Communications and in 2004 , SkyDome was purchased by that company , which renamed it Rogers Centre . They are the second MLB franchise to be based outside the United States , and currently the only team based outside the U.S. after the first Canadian franchise , the Montreal Expos , became the Washington Nationals in 2005 . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , the Blue Jays went through struggles typical of an expansion team , frequently finishing in last place in its division . In 1983 , the team had its first winning season and two years later , they became division champions ."}]}, {'value': 'Right-handed pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Kennesaw State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kennesaw_State_Owls_baseball', 'summary': "The Kennesaw State Owls fields 17 varsity athletics teams , competing for Kennesaw State University . After spending ten years in Division II 's Peach Belt Conference , the university fully transitioned to Division I status in the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the beginning of the 2009-10 season . All of Kennesaw State 's sports teams compete in the Atlantic Sun Conference , except for the football team , which is an associate member of the Big South Conference . The school mascot is Scrappy the Owl . Kennesaw State 's athletic department was founded in 1983 , and initially offered nine sports : women 's basketball , men 's soccer , men 's & women 's cross country , and men 's & women 's track and field . The program first began competition in the Georgia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference , part of the NAIA . In just 23 years , the school has transitioned to a full NCAA Division I program ."}]}], 'section_title': 'First-round selections', 'section_text': 'Key All-Star Player did not sign', 'uid': '2009_Major_League_Baseball_Draft_0', 'intro': 'The 2009 Major League Baseball draft was held June 9 to June 11 at the MLB Network Studios in Secaucus, New Jersey. The drafting order is as follows:'}	null	null	Which MLB team besides the Pirates did the player picked 4th in the 2009 Major League Baseball draft play for ?	Atlanta Braves
077d1adc8f067a56	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Sound', 'title': 'Rock Sound', 'header': ['Album', 'Artist', 'Year', 'Issue'], 'data': [{'value': 'The Shape of Punk to Come', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Shape_of_Punk_to_Come', 'summary': "The Shape of Punk to Come : A Chimerical Bombination in 12 Bursts , often shortened to The Shape of Punk to Come , is the third album by Swedish hardcore punk band Refused , released on October 27 , 1998 through Burning Heart Records . Although Refused broke up only months after the album 's release , The Shape of Punk to Come has since found an audience for the band and largely contributed to their posthumous fame , as well as inspiring many later artists in a wide range of genres . Kerrang ! magazine listed The Shape of Punk to Come at # 13 on their 50 Most Influential Albums of All Time list in 2003 ."}]}, {'value': 'Refused', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Refused', 'summary': 'Refused ( also known as The Refused ) is a Swedish hardcore punk band originating from Umeå and formed in 1991 . Refused is composed of vocalist Dennis Lyxzén , guitarist Kristofer Steen , drummer David Sandström , and bassist Magnus Flagge . Guitarist Jon Brännström was a member from 1994 , through reunions , until he was fired in late-2014 . Their lyrics are often of a non-conformist and politically far-left nature . On January 9 , 2012 , the band announced their reunion confirming shows at Coachella , Rock am Ring , Ruisrock , Roskilde Festival , Groezrock , Way Out West Festival , Sonisphere Festival ( Cancelled ) , Download Festival , Rock for People , Primavera Sound , Hellfest , Fuji Rock Festival , Øyafestivalen , Pukkelpop , Resurrection . After embarking on a world tour for nearly a year , Refused went on hiatus again in 2012 , but announced another reunion in November 2014 . The band released five EPs and three full-length albums before originally splitting up in 1998 , and released their fourth full-length album Freedom on the Epitaph Records label on June 26 , 2015 . Elektra was released as the first single from the comeback album on April 27 , 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '27 October 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 136 , June 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jupiter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jupiter_(Cave_In_album)', 'summary': "Jupiter is the second full-length album by the alternative/metal band Cave In , released in summer 2000 . It marked a change in the band 's style , as this album saw the band move away from their previous hardcore sound by starting to experiment with more elements of space rock and psychedelic rock . In December 2009 , Decibel magazine named Jupiter the second best metal album of the decade . The initial track was remastered and released on Moons of Jupiter"}]}, {'value': 'Cave In', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cave_In', 'summary': "Cave In is an American rock band that formed in 1995 , in Methuen , Massachusetts . After several members changes in the late 1990s , their lineup solidified with the 1998 release of Until Your Heart Stops through Hydra Head Records . Their early albums were prominent in the metalcore scene . After this release , the band started experimenting with other genres . Cave In later received mainstream recognition for their 2003 RCA Records album Antenna and its lead single Anchor , which had an overall alternative rock style . The group went on hiatus in 2006 and later reformed in 2009 with the release of a new EP , Planets of Old , as well as a new LP in 2011 , titled White Silence . Both of these post-hiatus releases saw a return to Cave In 's earlier and heavier sound ."}]}, {'value': '8 August 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 138 , August 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weezer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weezer_(1994_album)', 'summary': "Weezer ( commonly known as the Blue Album ) is the eponymous debut studio album by American rock band Weezer , released on May 10 , 1994 by DGC Records . The album came two years after the band 's founding , after they initially struggled as an alternative to grunge music , which was prevalent in Los Angeles during the early 1990s . It was almost entirely arranged and composed by frontman Rivers Cuomo , who also anticipated to lead the band in self-producing the album . However , at the behest of DGC , the band was required to include a producer , and collectively opted for Cars frontman Ric Ocasek . Most of the recording was conducted at Electric Lady Studios in New York City between August and September 1993 , a period that coincided with founding guitarist Jason Cropper being fired and replaced by Brian Bell . Under Ocasek 's direction , the band opted for a brighter sound , while lead bassist Matt Sharp collaborated with Cuomo to ensure that the album contained an overriding sonic concept of treating the guitars and bass as isolated ten-string instruments , thus maximizing its potential when united . As a result , Weezer is notable for its various solos , namely those performed by Sharp and Cuomo . Lyrically , Weezer focuses on outsiderdom and social awkwardness , while also touching on melancholic themes of love , romance , and familial issues . Weezer was supported by the singles Undone - The Sweater Song , Buddy Holly , and Say It Ai n't So , which , alongside their respective music videos , brought Weezer mainstream success . The album itself peaked at number sixteen on the US Billboard 200 , and was certified triple platinum by 1995 . It is also the band 's best-selling album , having sold at least 3.3 million copies in the U.S. and over fifteen million copies worldwide by 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Weezer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weezer', 'summary': "Weezer is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles , California , in 1992 . Since 2001 , the band has consisted of Rivers Cuomo ( lead vocals , lead guitar , keyboards ) , Patrick Wilson ( drums ) , Brian Bell ( guitar , backing vocals , keyboards ) , and Scott Shriner ( bass , backing vocals ) . After signing to Geffen Records in 1993 , Weezer released its self-titled debut album , also known as the Blue Album , in 1994 . Backed by music videos for the singles Buddy Holly , Undone - The Sweater Song , and Say It Ai n't So , the Blue Album became a multiplatinum success . Weezer 's second album , Pinkerton ( 1996 ) , featuring a darker , more abrasive sound , was a commercial failure and initially received mixed reviews , but went on to achieve cult status and critical acclaim years later . Both the Blue Album and Pinkerton are now frequently cited among the best albums of the 1990s . Following the tour for Pinkerton , bassist Matt Sharp left the band and Weezer went on hiatus . In 2001 , Weezer returned with the Green Album , with new bassist Mikey Welsh . With a more pop sound , and promoted by singles Hash Pipe and Island in the Sun , the album was a commercial success and received mostly positive reviews . After the Green Album tour , Welsh left the band and was replaced by current bassist Scott Shriner . Weezer 's fourth album , Maladroit ( 2002 ) , achieved mostly positive reviews , but weaker sales . Make Believe ( 2005 ) received mixed reviews , but its single Beverly Hills became Weezer 's first single to top the US Modern Rock Tracks chart and the first to reach the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 ."}]}, {'value': '10 May 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 139 , September 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Smash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smash_(The_Offspring_album)', 'summary': "Smash is the third studio album by American punk rock band The Offspring , released on April 8 , 1994 by Epitaph Records . After touring in support of their previous album Ignition ( 1992 ) , the band recorded their next album over two months at Track Record in North Hollywood , California . Smash was the band 's final studio album to be produced by Thom Wilson , who had worked with them since their 1989 eponymous debut . Smash was the Offspring 's introduction into worldwide popularity , and produced a number of hit singles , including Come Out and Play , Self Esteem , and Got ta Get Away . Along with Green Day 's Dookie , Smash was responsible for bringing punk rock into the mainstream , and helped pave the way for the emerging pop punk scene of the 1990s . As a fan favorite , the album received generally positive reviews from critics and garnered attention from major labels , including Columbia Records , with whom the band would sign in 1996 . Peaking at number four on the US Billboard 200 , Smash has sold over eleven million copies worldwide , making it the best-selling album released by an independent record label ; it was also the first Epitaph release to obtain gold and platinum status . In the United States , Smash has sold over six million copies and has been certified six times platinum by the RIAA ."}]}, {'value': 'The Offspring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Offspring', 'summary': "The Offspring is an American rock band from Garden Grove , California , formed in 1984 . Originally formed under the name Manic Subsidal , the band 's current lineup consists of lead vocalist and guitarist Bryan Dexter Holland , bassist Todd Morse , guitarist Kevin Noodles Wasserman and drummer Pete Parada . Over the course of their 36-year career , they have released nine studio albums and experienced lineup changes , most noticeably with their drummers . Their longest-serving drummer was Ron Welty , who replaced original drummer James Lilja in 1987 , and stayed with the band for 16 years ; he was replaced by Atom Willard in 2003 , and then four years later by Parada . Gregory Greg K. Kriesel , one of the co-founders of The Offspring , was their bassist until 2018 when he parted ways due to business disputes with the band , leaving Holland as the sole remaining original member . Kriesel was replaced by Todd Morse of H2O , who had previously worked with The Offspring as their touring guitarist . The Offspring is often credited - alongside fellow California punk bands Green Day , Rancid , Bad Religion , NOFX and Pennywise - for reviving mainstream interest in punk rock in the 1990s . They have sold over 40 million records worldwide , being considered one of the best-selling punk rock bands of all time . The Offspring achieved its first commercial success with their third studio album Smash ( 1994 ) , which has sold over eleven million copies worldwide , setting a record for most albums sold on an independent record label , and was the first album released on Epitaph to obtain gold and platinum status . After switching record labels from Epitaph to Columbia in 1996 , the Offspring continued their commercial success with its next six studio albums : Ixnay on the Hombre ( 1997 ) , Americana ( 1998 ) , Conspiracy of One ( 2000 ) , Splinter ( 2003 ) , Rise and Fall , Rage and Grace ( 2008 ) and Days Go By ( 2012 ) ; the first four were certified platinum , multi-platinum , platinum and gold status by the RIAA respectively . The band is currently in production of their tenth studio album , tentatively due for release in 2020 ."}]}, {'value': '8 April 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 140 , October 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'White Pony', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_Pony', 'summary': "White Pony is the third studio album by American alternative metal band Deftones , released on June 20 , 2000 by Maverick Records . It marked a significant growth in the band 's sound and is considered a turning point in their history in terms of experimentation , employing an increasingly experimental rock sound and incorporating influences from new wave , dream pop , trip hop , shoegaze , and post-rock into the alternative metal sound they had become known for . White Pony was also the first album to feature Frank Delgado as a full-time member of the band on turntables and synthesizer ; Delgado had previously worked with the band as a featured guest on Around the Fur ( 1997 ) and Adrenaline ( 1995 ) , producing sound effects on some songs . It was also the first Deftones record which Chino Moreno began to contribute rhythm guitar parts . Upon its release and retrospectively , the album was met with critical acclaim , and is generally regarded by fans and critics alike as one of their most mature outings up to that point . White Pony is Deftones ' highest-selling album to date , and was certified platinum by the RIAA on July 17 , 2002 . The album includes two successful singles ( Change ( In the House of Flies ) and Back to School ( Mini Maggit ) ) , the promotional single Digital Bath ) as well as the 2001 Grammy Award-winning track for Best Metal Performance , Elite ."}]}, {'value': 'Deftones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deftones', 'summary': "Deftones is an American alternative metal band formed in Sacramento , California in 1988 . It was formed by Chino Moreno ( lead vocals , rhythm guitar ) , Stephen Carpenter ( lead guitar ) , Abe Cunningham ( drums ) and Dominic Garcia ( bass ) . During their first five years , the band 's lineup changed several times , but stabilized in 1993 when Cunningham rejoined after his departure in 1990 ; by this time , Chi Cheng was bassist . The lineup remained stable for fifteen years , with the exception of keyboardist and turntablist Frank Delgado being added in 1999 . The band is known as one of the most experimental groups to have come from the alternative metal scene , and are sometimes dubbed by critics as the Radiohead of metal . Deftones have released eight albums since their inception . After the lineup settled in 1993 , the band secured a recording contract with Maverick Records , and subsequently released their debut album Adrenaline in 1995 . Promoting the album by touring exhaustively with other bands in the scene , Deftones managed to gain a dedicated fan base through word of mouth . Their sophomore album Around the Fur was released in 1997 , reached chart positions along with its singles , and became the band 's first to receive certification from the RIAA . The band found even further success with their third album White Pony ( 2000 ) , which saw a transition away from their earlier , more aggressive sound into a more experimental direction . Its lead single Change ( In the House of Flies ) is the band 's most commercially successful single , and the track Elite won a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance ; it was also the band 's first of three albums to be certified platinum in the United States . Their self-titled fourth album was released in 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '20 June 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 142 , December 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jane Doe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jane_Doe_(album)', 'summary': "Jane Doe is the fourth studio album by American metalcore band Converge . It was released on September 4 , 2001 , via Equal Vision Records , it is the band 's last release on the label . The album was produced by Matthew Ellard alongside Converge guitarist Kurt Ballou and the artwork was created by the band 's singer Jacob Bannon . It 's the band 's first album to feature bassist Nate Newton and drummer Ben Koller , and the last to feature guitarist Aaron Dalbec ; Converge 's line-up has remained stable since . Although Jane Doe did not chart , it was a commercial breakthrough for the band and received immediate critical acclaim , with critics praising its poetic lyrics , dynamic range , ferocity and production . It has since been listed as one of the greatest albums of its genre and era by various publications , and has developed a cult following , with the cover art becoming an icon of the band . A live version , titled Jane Live , was released in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Converge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Converge_(band)', 'summary': "Converge is an American hardcore punk band formed by vocalist Jacob Bannon and guitarist Kurt Ballou in Salem , Massachusetts in 1990 . During the recording of their seminal fourth album Jane Doe , the group became a four-piece with the departure of guitarist Aaron Dalbec and the addition of bassist Nate Newton and drummer Ben Koller . This lineup has remained intact since . They have released nine studio albums , three live albums , and numerous EPs . The band 's sound is rooted in both hardcore punk and heavy metal , and they are considered pioneers of metalcore as well as its subgenre mathcore . Converge have enjoyed a relatively high level of recognition . According to AllMusic , they are regarded as one of the most original and innovative bands to emerge from the punk underground . Their popularity rose with the release of Jane Doe , which was ranked as the best album of the decade by Sputnikmusic , the best album of 2001 by Terrorizer and later as the 61st best metal album of all time by Rolling Stone . Subsequently , Converge moved from Equal Vision Records to the considerably larger label Epitaph Records and their records gradually became more elaborate and expensive to produce . Special releases have traditionally been handled by Deathwish Inc. , established by Bannon in 1999 . The band 's ninth studio album , The Dusk in Us , was released in November 2017 through Deathwish and Epitaph ."}]}, {'value': '4 September 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 145 , March 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queens of the Stone Age', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queens_of_the_Stone_Age_(album)', 'summary': "Queens of the Stone Age is the eponymous debut studio album by American rock band Queens of the Stone Age , released by Loosegroove Records on October 6 , 1998 . It was primarily written and recorded in April 1998 by founding member Josh Homme and his former Kyuss bandmate Alfredo Hernández , with Hernández playing drums and Homme singing and playing the rest of the instruments . Homme also produced the album alongside Joe Barresi . Bassist Nick Oliveri , also a former member of Kyuss , would join the band by the time of the album 's release . Queens of the Stone Age received generally positive reviews from critics , who placed it in the stoner rock genre and drew comparisons to krautrock bands such as Neu ! and Can , as well as to Kyuss and other metal bands . In 2011 , Homme reissued Queens of the Stone Age through his Rekords Rekords label , having it remastered and adding three additional tracks-two from the album 's recording sessions and one from two years earlier . The reissue received a positive critical response and was accompanied by a supporting concert tour . Working on the reissue and subsequent tour also inspired part of the band 's approach to recording its sixth album , .Like Clockwork , released in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Queens of the Stone Age', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queens_of_the_Stone_Age', 'summary': "Queens of the Stone Age ( commonly abbreviated QOTSA ) is an American rock band formed in 1996 in Palm Desert , California . The band was founded by vocalist and guitarist Josh Homme , who has been the only constant member throughout multiple line-up changes . The current line-up consists of Homme alongside Troy Van Leeuwen ( guitar , lap steel , keyboard , percussion , backing vocals ) , Michael Shuman ( bass guitar , keyboard , backing vocals ) , Dean Fertita ( keyboards , guitar , percussion , backing vocals ) , and Jon Theodore ( drums , percussion ) . Formed after the dissolution of Homme 's previous band Kyuss , Queens of the Stone Age developed a style of riff-oriented , heavy rock music . Their sound has since evolved to incorporate a variety of different styles and influences , most notably including collaborations with Screaming Trees frontman Mark Lanegan and Foo Fighters frontman and former Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl ."}]}, {'value': '22 September 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 146 , April 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hello Rockview', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hello_Rockview', 'summary': "Hello Rockview is the third studio album by ska punk band Less Than Jake , released on October 6 , 1998 . Produced by Howard Benson , it is the band 's second and final album on Capitol Records , and recorded at Mirror Image Studios in Gainesville , Florida . The album is the first to feature trombonist Pete Anna , who joined the band during its recording . The album is dedicated in memory of Niki Wood . The album yielded two singles , History of a Boring Town and All My Best Friends Are Metalheads , with History of a Boring Town reaching # 39 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks Chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Less Than Jake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Less_Than_Jake', 'summary': "Less Than Jake is an American ska punk band from Gainesville , Florida , formed in 1992 . The band consists of Chris DeMakes ( vocals , guitar ) , Roger Lima ( vocals , bass ) , Matt Yonker ( drums ) , Buddy Schaub ( trombone ) and Peter JR Wasilewski ( saxophone ) . The group released its debut album , Pezcore , in 1995 , following a series of independent seven-inch single releases . The band 's subsequent two studio albums , Losing Streak ( 1996 ) and Hello Rockview ( 1998 ) , were released on major label , Capitol Records , leading to increased exposure . Borders and Boundaries was released in 2000 . The band 's fifth studio album Anthem ( 2003 ) was the group 's most commercially successful to date , featuring the singles , She 's Gon na Break Soon and The Science of Selling Yourself Short . In 2008 the band founded its own label , Sleep It Off Records , and released its seventh full-length album , GNV FLA . The band has recently stated its preference for EP releases , and independently issued Greetings from Less Than Jake ( 2011 ) and its counterpart , Seasons Greetings from Less Than Jake ( 2012 ) . In late 2012 , the band combined the two to create the compilation album , Greetings and Salutations ( 2012 ) The band 's eighth studio album , See the Light , was released on November 12 , 2013 . The band entered the studio in 2016 to record their latest EP , titled Sound the Alarm , which was released in February 2017 through Pure Noise Records ."}]}, {'value': '6 October 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 149 , July 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Casually Dressed & Deep in Conversation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Casually_Dressed_&_Deep_in_Conversation', 'summary': "Casually Dressed & Deep in Conversation is the debut studio album by Welsh post-hardcore band Funeral for a Friend . It was released on 13 October 2003 through Atlantic Records and was produced by Colin Richardson with co-production by the band themselves . The cover of the album as well as its subsequent singles is based on a small series of paintings by Belgian artist René Magritte titled : The Lovers . Upon its release the album received positive reception from critics and was a commercial success . The album was included on NME 's album of the year list for 2003 , and Rock Sound 's 101 Modern Classics list . debuted at number 12 on the UK charts and achieved Gold certifications after a sales of 100,000 a year after its release on 29 October 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'Funeral for a Friend', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Funeral_for_a_Friend', 'summary': "Funeral for a Friend are a Welsh post-hardcore band from Bridgend , formed in 2001 . Funeral for a Friend 's popularity rose in the United Kingdom with the release of their debut album , Casually Dressed & Deep in Conversation ( 2003 ) . Achieving both a gold certification and three top-twenty singles in their home country , Casually Dressed & Deep in Conversation is often acclaimed as one of the landmark emo records of the 2000s . Hours ( 2005 ) featured a similar musical style to their debut , but also featured more melodic sensibilities , and Tales Do n't Tell Themselves ( 2007 ) showed an evolution in Funeral for a Friend 's musical style from that which defined their debut , as the group began to diverge from their use of screaming vocals and post-hardcore-influenced guitars , favouring a more melodic rock influence . These albums achieved gold and silver sales certificates respectively in the UK . Funeral for a Friend self-released their fourth album , Memory and Humanity ( 2008 ) through their short-lived record label Join Us , the album arguably being their most eclectic to date . Following this the band tied themselves to other independent labels for Welcome Home Armageddon ( 2011 ) Conduit ( 2013 ) , and Chapter and Verse ( 2015 ) , which showed the band returning to the more metal and hardcore-influenced style of their earlier work . In September 2015 , they announced their break-up and final tour in 2016 . On 21 May 2016 , they played their last performance to a sold-out Forum in London . In October 2019 they played three one-off benefit shows - two in Cardiff at the Cardiff University Student Union followed by one in London at Shepherd 's Bush Empire ."}]}, {'value': '20 October 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 151 , Summer 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tell All Your Friends', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tell_All_Your_Friends', 'summary': "Tell All Your Friends is the debut studio album by American rock band Taking Back Sunday . The group had several lineup changes before settling on vocalist Adam Lazzara , guitarist and vocalist John Nolan , guitarist Eddie Reyes , bassist Shaun Cooper , and drummer Mark O'Connell . Taking Back Sunday released a five-song demo in early 2001 , after which , they toured for most of the year . They rented a room in Lindenhurst , New York , where they wrote and demoed songs . In December 2001 , the band signed with Victory Records and began recording Tell All Your Friends . The album , produced by Sal Villanueva , was recorded at Big Blue Meenie Recording Studio in New Jersey . In early March 2002 , a music video was released for Great Romances of the 20th Century and the song was distributed to radio stations . Tell All Your Friends was released on March 26 . It sold 2,000 copies its first week , charting at number 183 on the Billboard 200 chart . That summer , Taking Back Sunday toured with Brand New and Rufio . In December , a Fight Club-inspired music video was released for Cute Without the ' E ' ( Cut from the Team ) . The group spent the early part of 2003 touring with The Used and The Blood Brothers before headlining their own tour ."}]}, {'value': 'Taking Back Sunday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taking_Back_Sunday', 'summary': "Taking Back Sunday is an American rock band from Long Island , New York . The band was formed by guitarist Eddie Reyes in 1999 . The band 's members are Adam Lazzara ( lead vocals ) , John Nolan ( lead guitar , keyboards , vocals ) , Shaun Cooper ( bass guitar ) , and Mark O'Connell ( drums ) , and they are joined by Nathan Cogan ( guitar ) for their live performances . Nolan and Cooper left the group in 2003 before rejoining in 2010 . The band has released studio albums with various past members Fred Mascherino ( guitar , vocals ) , Matthew Rubano ( bass guitar ) , Matthew Fazzi ( guitar , keyboards , vocals ) , and Eddie Reyes ( guitar ) . Louder Now ( 2006 ) was the band 's breakout mainstream album , notably because of the popularity of its lead single MakeDamnSure . The album sold over 900,000 copies and peaked at No . 2 on the United States Billboard 200 , surpassing the band 's previous Billboard 200 peak in 2004 at No . 3 with Where You Want to Be . Before the release of their first studio album Tell All Your Friends ( 2002 ) , they released Taking Back Sunday 's EP in 2001 , when the band featured former lead vocalist Antonio Longo . At that time , the EP received very little attention , eventually resulting in the band seeking a new lead singer , Adam Lazzara . Lazzara had at first joined the band as its guitarist , left a few months after it formed , then replaced original bassist Jesse Lacey ( now of Brand New ) during the EP 's recording sessions ."}]}, {'value': '26 March 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 152 , September 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Relationship of Command', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Relationship_of_Command', 'summary': "Relationship of Command is the third studio album by American post-hardcore band At the Drive-In , released in September 2000 . The album combines an aggressive edge with a melodic drive , harmonious , emotive vocals , and surreal lyrics . While it continues in the alternative style of At the Drive-In 's previous albums , Relationship of Command is seen as a more well-rounded album than its predecessors . Initially received positively by critics , the album is now seen not only as one of the most influential post-hardcore albums of the 2000s , but also as one of the most accomplished recent works in the wider rock spectrum . Relationship of Command was voted twelfth out of 100 in the Albums of the Decade by NME , and the 37th most influential album of all time by Kerrang ! ."}]}, {'value': 'At the Drive-In', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/At_the_Drive-In', 'summary': "At the Drive-In is an American rock band from El Paso , Texas , formed in 1994 . The band most recently consisted of Cedric Bixler-Zavala ( vocals ) , Omar Rodríguez-López ( guitar , vocals ) , Paul Hinojos ( bass ) , Tony Hajjar ( drums ) and Keeley Davis ( guitar , vocals ) . After several early line-up changes , the band solidified into a five-piece , consisting of Bixler-Zavala , Rodríguez-López , Jim Ward , Hinojos and Hajjar . At the Drive-In released three studio albums and five EPs before breaking up in 2001 . Their third and final album before their split , 2000 's Relationship of Command , received a number of accolades and is cited as a landmark of the post-hardcore genre . Following the breakup , Bixler-Zavala and Rodríguez-López formed the Mars Volta while Ward , Hinojos , and Hajjar formed Sparta . At the Drive-In reunited in January 2012 and played the 2012 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival , as well as the 2012 Lollapalooza Festival . In 2016 , the band reunited for a second time , with guitarist and occasional lead vocalist Jim Ward no longer participating . He was replaced by Sparta 's Keeley Davis . The band released their fourth studio album , in•ter a•li•a , in 2017 . At the Drive In headlined the Neon Desert Music Festival in 2018 in El Paso , Texas . The band announced an indefinite hiatus in November 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '12 September 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 153 , October 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'From Under the Cork Tree', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/From_Under_the_Cork_Tree', 'summary': "From Under the Cork Tree is the second album by the American rock band Fall Out Boy , released on May 3 , 2005 , through Island Records as the band 's major label debut . The music was composed by lead vocalist and guitarist Patrick Stump , with all lyrics penned by bassist Pete Wentz , continuing the band 's songwriting approach they took for some songs on their prior 2003 effort Take This to Your Grave . Neal Avron handled production duties . Commenting on the record 's lyrical themes , Wentz said the lyrics were about the anxiety and depression that goes along with looking at your own life . In support of their release the group headlined tours worldwide and played at various music festivals . For their Black Clouds and Underdogs tour the album was re-released as From Under the Cork Tree ( Limited Black Clouds and Underdogs Edition ) , featuring new songs and remixes . The album was Fall Out Boy 's breakthrough mainstream success . Spearheaded by the lead single Sugar , We 're Goin ' Down , the album debuted at No . 9 on the US Billboard 200 with 168,000 first week sales , a position it stayed at for two non-consecutive weeks , earning the band their first top 10 album and becoming their longest charting and best-selling album . It logged 14 weeks in the top 20 out of its 78 chart weeks . The album as well as its singles won several awards and achieved Triple Platinum status . It has sold over 3.5 million albums in the United States as of 2007 , and over 4 million worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'Fall Out Boy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fall_Out_Boy', 'summary': "Fall Out Boy is an American rock band formed in Wilmette , Illinois , a suburb of Chicago , in 2001 . The band consists of lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist Patrick Stump , bassist Pete Wentz , lead guitarist Joe Trohman , and drummer Andy Hurley . The band originated from Chicago 's hardcore punk scene , with which all members were involved at one point . The group was formed by Wentz and Trohman as a pop punk side project of the members ' respective hardcore bands , and Stump joined shortly thereafter . The group went through a succession of drummers before landing Hurley and recording the group 's debut album , Take This to Your Grave ( 2003 ) . The album became an underground success and helped the band gain a dedicated fanbase through heavy touring , as well as commercial success . Take This to Your Grave has commonly been cited as an influential blueprint for pop punk music in the 2000s . With Wentz as the band 's lyricist and Stump as the primary composer , the band 's 2005 major-label breakthrough , From Under the Cork Tree , produced two hit singles , Sugar , We 're Goin Down and Dance , Dance , and went double platinum , transforming the group into superstars and making Wentz a celebrity and tabloid fixture . Fall Out Boy received a Best New Artist nomination at the 2006 Grammy Awards . The band 's 2007 follow-up , Infinity on High , debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 with 260,000 first week sales . It produced two worldwide hit singles , This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race and Thnks fr th Mmrs . Folie à Deux , the band 's fourth album , created a mixed response from fans and commercially undersold expectations ."}]}, {'value': '3 May 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 155 , December 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Found Glory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Found_Glory_(album)', 'summary': "New Found Glory is the eponymous second studio album and major-label debut by the American pop punk band of the same name . It was produced and mixed by Neal Avron and released on September 26 , 2000 through Drive-Thru and MCA Records . Featuring their breakthrough single Hit or Miss , the album was later certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) with shipments of 500,000 units . During the band 's American tour in late 2009 , they announced a special edition re-release of the album to celebrate its tenth anniversary . The deluxe package included new liner notes , seven b-sides and a DVD . A commemorative tour also took place with the album played live in its entirety . The album has been credited for its impact and long lasting influence on pop punk music , and was officially inducted into the Rock Sound Hall of Fame in 2012 . It was also placed in the magazine 's 101 Modern Classics article , a feature honoring the best rock albums since 1997 ."}]}, {'value': 'New Found Glory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Found_Glory', 'summary': "New Found Glory ( formerly A New Found Glory ) is an American rock band from Coral Springs , Florida , formed in 1997 . The band currently consists of Jordan Pundik ( lead vocals ) , Ian Grushka ( bass guitar ) , Chad Gilbert ( lead guitar , backing vocals ) , and Cyrus Bolooki ( drums ) . Longtime rhythm guitarist and lyricist Steve Klein departed from the band in late 2013 , following personal differences , which was subsequently revealed to be due to Klein 's arrest for sexual misconduct with a minor and possession of child pornography . During their lengthy recording career , the band have released nine studio albums , one live album , two EPs , and four cover albums . After forming in 1997 , New Found Glory released their debut studio album Nothing Gold Can Stay in 1999 . The band released their self-titled major label debut in 2000 , with the album 's song Hit or Miss peaking at number 15 the Alternative Songs chart . In 2002 , the band became mainstream with their album Sticks and Stones and the album 's hit My Friends Over You . New Found Glory 's popularity continued with their 2004 album Catalyst . In 2006 , they released the album Coming Home , which showed the band temporarily moving to an alternative rock style instead of their usual pop punk sound . The quintet returned to their energetic pop punk style with the release of Not Without a Fight in 2009 . They have since released three more albums : Radiosurgery in 2011 , Resurrection in 2014 , and Makes Me Sick in 2017 . Emerging as part of the second wave of pop punk in the late 1990s , music critics consider them a key pioneer of the genre ."}]}, {'value': '26 September 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 158 , March 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Artist in the Ambulance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Artist_in_the_Ambulance', 'summary': "The Artist in the Ambulance is the third studio album by American rock band Thrice . It was released on July 22 , 2003 , through Island Records , marking their first release on a major label . The album spawned two charting singles , All That 's Left and Stare at the Sun , both of which charted on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart . It is now seen as an important release for the band , and one of the most enduring albums of the 2000s post-hardcore movement ."}]}, {'value': 'Thrice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thrice', 'summary': "Thrice is an American rock band from Irvine , California , formed in 1998 . The group was founded by guitarist/vocalist Dustin Kensrue and guitarist Teppei Teranishi while they were in high school . Early in their career , the band was known for fast , hard music based in heavily distorted guitars , prominent lead guitar lines , and frequent changes in complex time signatures . This style is exemplified on their second album , The Illusion of Safety ( 2002 ) and their third album The Artist in the Ambulance ( 2003 ) . Their fourth album Vheissu ( 2005 ) made significant changes by incorporating electronic beats , keyboards , and a more experimental sound . In 2007 and 2008 , Thrice released The Alchemy Index , consisting of two studio albums that together make a four-part , 24-song cycle . Each of the four six-song EPs of the Alchemy Index features significantly different styles , based on different aspects of the band 's musical esthetic which reflect the elemental themes of fire , water , air and earth , both lyrically and musically . The band 's seventh album , entitled Beggars , was released on August 11 , 2009 , and their eighth , Major/Minor on September 20 , 2011 . The most recent albums feature a refined combination of the band 's different experiments and explorations . In 2011 , Thrice announced a final tour and an imminent hiatus . Kensrue and Teranishi decided to reform the band in 2015 after attending a Brand New concert . In 2016 , Thrice released their first post-reunion album , To Be Everywhere Is to Be Nowhere ."}]}, {'value': '22 July 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 159 , April 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Good Mourning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Good_Mourning', 'summary': 'Good Mourning is the fourth studio album by Alkaline Trio , released May 13 , 2003 on Vagrant Records .'}]}, {'value': 'Alkaline Trio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alkaline_Trio', 'summary': "Alkaline Trio is an American rock band from Chicago , Illinois . The band consists of Matt Skiba ( vocals , guitar ) , Dan Andriano ( vocals , bass ) and Derek Grant ( drums ) . Founded in late 1996 by Skiba , bassist Rob Doran , and drummer Glenn Porter , Alkaline Trio released its debut single , Sundials , in 1997 . Following its release , Doran departed from the band and was replaced by Andriano . The band subsequently recorded an EP , For Your Lungs Only ( 1998 ) , and its debut studio album , Goddamnit ( 1998 ) . Following the release of the band 's second album , Maybe I 'll Catch Fire ( 2000 ) , Porter left the band and was replaced by Mike Felumlee for its subsequent album , From Here to Infirmary ( 2001 ) . Backed by the singles Stupid Kid and Private Eye , From Here to Infirmary significantly increased the band 's exposure , and its follow-up , Good Mourning ( 2003 ) , charted highly on the Billboard 200 . Good Mourning marked the recording debut of current drummer Derek Grant . In 2005 , the band released Crimson which expanded upon the band 's punk rock influences , with prominent overdubs and additional instrumentation , and continued with this direction on Agony & Irony ( 2008 ) , which was released on Epic Records . In 2010 , the band released This Addiction on its own label Heart & Skull and Epitaph . Recorded in the band 's home town of Chicago , with early producer Matt Allison , the album was a conscious effort by the band to return to their punk rock roots ; it became the highest charting album of their career , debuting on the Billboard 200 at No . 11 ."}]}, {'value': '13 May 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 160 , May 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Start Something', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Start_Something', 'summary': "Start Something is the second studio album by the Welsh rock band Lostprophets , released on 2 February 2004 through Visible Noise in the United Kingdom and South Korea . The album was released internationally on 5 February 2004 . The band began work on the album in 2003 after touring for support of their previous album , The Fake Sound of Progress . This is the second and last album featuring the original drummer Mike Chiplin . Start Something was a critical and commercial success and became the band 's international breakthrough album . It peaked at number 33 on the Billboard 200 selling over 500 thousand copies in the United States alone and reached high positions on charts worldwide . Six singles were released from the album : Burn Burn , Last Train Home , Wake Up ( Make a Move ) , Last Summer , Goodbye Tonight and the radio single I Do n't Know . These singles helped Lostprophets reach mainstream popularity . In 2004 , the album was certified platinum by the BPI in the United Kingdom , and gold by the RIAA ."}]}, {'value': 'Lostprophets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lostprophets', 'summary': "Lostprophets /lɒstˈprɒfɪts/ were a Welsh rock band from Pontypridd , formed in 1997 by singer and lyricist Ian Watkins , bassist and later guitarist Mike Lewis , guitarist Lee Gaze , and drummer Mike Chiplin . The band was founded as a side project of the band Public Disturbance , and was part of the Cardiff music scene . Lostprophets released five studio albums : The Fake Sound of Progress ( 2000 ) , Start Something ( 2004 ) , Liberation Transmission ( 2006 ) , The Betrayed ( 2010 ) , and Weapons ( 2012 ) . They sold 3.5 million albums worldwide , achieving two top-ten singles on the UK Singles Chart ( Last Train Home and Rooftops ) , a No . 1 single on the US Alternative Songs chart ( Last Train Home ) , and several Kerrang ! Awards and nominations . In December 2012 , Watkins was charged with multiple sexual offences against children and infants . Lostprophets cancelled all tour dates and announced they were disbanding in October 2013 , before the end of Watkins ' trial . Watkins pleaded guilty to several charges . In December 2013 , he was sentenced to 29 years of imprisonment plus six years of parole . In June 2014 , the remaining members teamed up with American singer Geoff Rickly to form a new band called No Devotion ."}]}, {'value': '2 February 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 161 , June 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ideas Above Our Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ideas_Above_Our_Station', 'summary': "Ideas Above Our Station is the first studio album by the English alternative rock band , Hundred Reasons , released on May 20 , 2002 , on Columbia Records . The album reached # 6 in the UK album chart and is the band 's most commercially successful album to date . [ citation needed ] In 2012 , the band got together after a three-year break to celebrate the album 's ten-year anniversary . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Hundred Reasons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hundred_Reasons', 'summary': "Hundred Reasons are an English alternative rock band from Aldershot , Hampshire , formed in 1999 . The band consists of Colin Doran ( vocals ) , Larry Hibbitt ( guitar , vocals ) , Andy Gilmour ( bass ) and Andy Bews ( drums ) . Having toured almost constantly for 14 months throughout the UK and Europe in support of their first releases EP1 ( Cerebra ) , EP2 ( Remmus ) and EP3 , ( I 'll Find You ) , Hundred Reasons released their debut album , Ideas Above Our Station ( 2002 ) , to critical acclaim and commercial success . The album yielded the singles , I 'll find you , If I Could , Silver and Falter , and was followed by Shatterproof Is Not a Challenge in 2004 . After being dropped by Columbia Records , the band signed with V2 Records and released their third studio album , Kill Your Own ( 2006 ) . Guitarist and vocalist Paul Townsend departed from the band following its release , and was replaced by Ben Doyle for the band 's fourth and final studio album , Quick the Word , Sharp the Action ( 2007 ) . Following years of inactivity , the band reunited with Paul Townsend in 2012 , and announced plans for a ten-year anniversary tour to celebrate the release of Ideas Above Our Station . Hundred Reasons have had 6 top 40 hit singles , 2 top 20 hit albums , and have been nominated for several Awards , winning three Kerrang ! awards for : Best New Band ( 2000 ) , Best Album ( 2002 ) and Best Unsigned Act ( 2004 ) ."}]}, {'value': '20 May 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 162 , July 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suicide Season', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suicide_Season', 'summary': "Suicide Season is the second studio album by British rock band Bring Me the Horizon . It was released on 29 September 2008 in the United Kingdom and Europe through Visible Noise . The band signed a licensing deal with Epitaph Records on 11 September 2008 , with the label releasing the album on 18 November 2008 in the United States . The album shows a major change musically from their previous releases , abandoning their original deathcore sound . This would also be the last album to feature Curtis Ward on rhythm guitar . The band later released a two disc special edition of Suicide Season which features various musicians and producers remixing tracks off the album , entitled Suicide Season : Cut Up ! , this was released on 2 November 2009 in the United Kingdom through Visible Noise and on 12 April 2010 in the United States through Epitaph . Suicide Season spawned three singles ( Chelsea Smile , Diamonds Are n't Forever and The Sadness Will Never End ) . The album debuted on the charts of five countries . Critically , the album received a mixed response . Though praised from the musical shift from the style of 2006 's Count Your Blessings , the album was criticised for its song writing and musical aesthetics ."}]}, {'value': 'Bring Me the Horizon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bring_Me_the_Horizon', 'summary': "Bring Me the Horizon ( often abbreviated as BMTH ) are an English rock band formed in Sheffield in 2004 . The group consists of lead vocalist Oliver Sykes , guitarist Lee Malia , bassist Matt Kean , drummer Matt Nicholls and keyboardist Jordan Fish . They are signed to RCA Records globally and Columbia Records exclusively in the United States . The band released their debut album Count Your Blessings in 2006 . Upon release , the album 's sound polarised listeners , and was met with critical disdain . The band began to break away from their controversial sound with Suicide Season ( 2008 ) , which was a creative , critical and commercial turning point for the band . Bring Me the Horizon released their third album , There Is a Hell Believe Me I 've Seen It . There Is a Heaven Let 's Keep It a Secret. , in 2010 , propelling them to greater international fame , whilst incorporating influences from classical , electronica and pop . Their major label debut , Sempiternal ( 2013 ) achieved Gold certification in Australia ( 35,000 ) and Silver in the United Kingdom ( 60,000 ) . That 's the Spirit ( 2015 ) debuted at number two in the UK Albums Chart and the US Billboard 200 . Their sixth studio album Amo ( 2019 ) became their first UK chart topper . As well as these six studio albums , they have also released two extended plays and two live albums ."}]}, {'value': '29 September 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 164 , Summer 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/A_Fever_You_Can't_Sweat_Out", 'summary': "A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out is the debut studio album by American pop rock band Panic ! at the Disco . Produced by Matt Squire , the album was released on September 27 , 2005 , on Decaydance and Fueled by Ramen . The group formed in Las Vegas in 2004 and began posting demos online , which caught the attention of Fall Out Boy bassist Pete Wentz . Wentz signed the group to his own imprint label , Decaydance , without them having ever performed live . It is the only album released during original bassist Brent Wilson 's time in the band , but the exact nature of his involvement in the writing and recording process became a source of contention upon his dismissal from the group in mid-2006 . The album was recorded on a small budget at SOMD ! Studios in College Park , Maryland over several weeks in June 2005 . The group had only graduated from high school one month before . With lyrics written by lead guitarist/backing vocalist Ryan Ross , the record covers social issues and topics such as sanctity of marriage , adultery , mental health , alcoholism and prostitution . The album is divided into halves stylistically ; the first half is primarily pop punk with elements of electronic , while the second employs more traditional instrumentation , with influences of baroque pop . Upon its release , A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out became a commercial success ."}]}, {'value': 'Panic ! at the Disco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panic!_at_the_Disco', 'summary': "Panic ! at the Disco is an American pop rock band from Las Vegas , Nevada , formed in 2004 by childhood friends Brendon Urie , Ryan Ross , Spencer Smith and Brent Wilson . Since 2015 , singer Urie has been the only official member of the band , with drummer Dan Pawlovich , bassist Nicole Row , and guitarist Mike Naran accompanying him on tour . Panic ! at the Disco recorded their first demos while they were in high school . Shortly after , the band recorded and released their debut studio album , A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out ( 2005 ) . Popularized by the second single , I Write Sins Not Tragedies , the album was certified triple platinum in the US . In 2006 , founding bassist Brent Wilson was fired from the band during an extensive world tour and subsequently replaced by Jon Walker . The band 's second album , Pretty . Odd . ( 2008 ) , was influenced by 1960s rock bands the Beatles , the Zombies , and the Beach Boys , and was preceded by the single Nine in the Afternoon . That album marked a significant departure from the sound of the band 's debut ."}]}, {'value': '27 September 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 165 , September 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Used', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Used_(album)', 'summary': 'The Used is the eponymous debut studio album by the American rock band of the same name . The album has been certified platinum by the RIAA .'}]}, {'value': 'The Used', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Used', 'summary': "The Used is an American rock band from Orem , Utah that formed in January 2001 . The group consists of vocalist Bert McCracken , bassist Jeph Howard , drummer Dan Whitesides , and guitarist Joey Bradford . The group signed to Reprise Records and rose to fame in June 2002 after releasing their self-titled debut album . They followed up with their second album , In Love and Death , in September 2004 and their third album , Lies for the Liars , in May 2007 . Shallow Believer , an EP that featured most of the band 's B-sides , was released in February 2008 . Their fourth studio album , Artwork , was released in August 2009 . A fifth album , Vulnerable , was released in March 2012 through the independent label Hopeless Records . In 2013 they released another EP : The Ocean of the Sky . Their sixth album , Imaginary Enemy , released in April 2014 . Their seventh studio album , The Canyon , was released October 27 , 2017 . Their eight studio album , Heartwork , will be released April 24 , 2020 . They have enjoyed much success with their albums achieving gold and platinum statuses in many countries worldwide ."}]}, {'value': '25 June 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 166 , October 2012', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Hall of Fame/Throwback', 'section_text': "Occasionally Rock Sound adds a new album to its Hall of Fame . The main criteria is thought to be influence – even within a particular genre – and for that reason many of the albums have been commercially successful as well as critically successful because they have then gone on to influence large numbers of bands or the music scene . Thus this differs from the Yearly Top Albums lists which do not take influence into account . In each article there is normally an interview with band members , a commentary on the album 's release , a look at its initial success , and reaction from other musicians as well . In some of the newer issues this section had been renamed to `` Throwback '' .", 'uid': 'Rock_Sound_0', 'intro': 'Rock Sound is a British magazine which covers rock music. The magazine aims at being more underground and less commercial, while also giving coverage to more well-known acts. It generally focuses on pop punk, post-hardcore, metalcore, punk, emo, hardcore, heavy metal and extreme metal genres of rock music, rarely covering indie rock music at all. The tag-line For those who like their music loud, extreme and non-conformist is sometimes used. Although primarily aimed at the British market, the magazine is also sold in Australia, Canada and the United States.'}	null	null	what year was the debut album of the American rock band formed in 1996 in Palm Desert , California released ?	22 September 1998
077e5892c83fa2ec	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_canton_of_St._Gallen', 'title': 'List of mountains of the canton of St. Gallen', 'header': ['Mountain', 'Height ( m )', 'Drop ( m )', 'Range', 'District ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ringelspitz/Piz Barghis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ringelspitz', 'summary': 'The Ringelspitz ( also known as Piz Barghis ) is a mountain of the Glarus Alps , located on the border between the Swiss cantons of St. Gallen and Graubünden . Reaching a height of 3,248 metres above sea level , it is the highest summit in the canton of St. Gallen . It is split between three municipalities : Pfäfers ( St. Gallen ) , Trin and Tamins ( Graubünden ) . The Ringelspitz is the culminating point of a range , about 12 kilometres long , running from west to east and diverging from the main chain of the Glarus Alp between Piz Sardona and Piz Segnas . The massif separates the Calfeisen valley in canton St. Gallen from the Rhine valley near Flims . The north side of the mountain consists of nearly 2,000 metre-high precipitous cliffs overlooking the Gigerwaldsee ( 1,335 m ) .'}]}, {'value': '3247', 'urls': []}, {'value': '843', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glarus Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glarus_Alps', 'summary': 'The Glarus Alps ( German : Glarner Alpen ) are a mountain range in central Switzerland . They are bordered by the Uri Alps and the Schwyz Alps to the west , the Lepontine Alps to the south , the Appenzell Alps to the northeast . The eastern part of the Glarus Alps contains a major thrust fault which was declared a geologic UNESCO world heritage site ( the Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona ) . The Glarus Alps extend well beyond the canton of Glarus , including parts of the cantons of Uri , Graubünden , and St Gallen . Conversely , not all the mountains in the canton of Glarus are part of the Glarus Alps , with those to the north of the Urner Boden and to the west of the valley of the river Linth considered to be part of the Schwyz Alps .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarganserland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarganserland', 'summary': 'The Sarganserland is a constituency ( Wahlkreis ) of the canton of St. Gallen , Switzerland , with a population of 36,892 ( as of 2008 [ update ] ) . The constituency corresponds to the historical county of Sargans ( 13th to 15th century ) and the later Landvogtei Sargans in the Old Swiss Confederacy ( 15th to 18th century ) . Part of the Canton of Linth in the Helvetic Republic , the Sarganserland together with Pfäfers was joined to the canton of St. Gallen at its formation in 1803 . Geographically , it includes the land between the Rhine at Sargans ( the tripoint of St. Gallen , Grisons and Liechtenstein ) and upper Lake Walen , including the Seeztal . The territory of Pfäfers lies along the Tamina , in the Rhine basin , and was not historically part of Sargans county but was independently owned by Pfäfers Abbey , and had been joined to the canton of Linth in 1798 .'}]}, {'value': 'Piz Dolf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piz_Dolf', 'summary': 'Piz Dolf ( Romansh ) or Trinserhorn ( German ) is a mountain of the Glarus Alps , located on the border between the cantons of St. Gallen and Graubünden . Piz Sardona is to the north across a glacier , and to its west Piz Segnas . Both Piz Segnas and Piz Dolf show the line of the Glarus thrust in its upper part . The easiest access to the area is an aerial cableway to Fil de Cassons from Flims or any of various hikes to this ridge lying southeast of Piz Dolf . One route uses the ascent via Val Bargis ( the path can be seen on the picture ( right ) crossing the southern face of Piz Dolf in vegetation ) .'}]}, {'value': '3028', 'urls': []}, {'value': '250', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glarus Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glarus_Alps', 'summary': 'The Glarus Alps ( German : Glarner Alpen ) are a mountain range in central Switzerland . They are bordered by the Uri Alps and the Schwyz Alps to the west , the Lepontine Alps to the south , the Appenzell Alps to the northeast . The eastern part of the Glarus Alps contains a major thrust fault which was declared a geologic UNESCO world heritage site ( the Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona ) . The Glarus Alps extend well beyond the canton of Glarus , including parts of the cantons of Uri , Graubünden , and St Gallen . Conversely , not all the mountains in the canton of Glarus are part of the Glarus Alps , with those to the north of the Urner Boden and to the west of the valley of the river Linth considered to be part of the Schwyz Alps .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarganserland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarganserland', 'summary': 'The Sarganserland is a constituency ( Wahlkreis ) of the canton of St. Gallen , Switzerland , with a population of 36,892 ( as of 2008 [ update ] ) . The constituency corresponds to the historical county of Sargans ( 13th to 15th century ) and the later Landvogtei Sargans in the Old Swiss Confederacy ( 15th to 18th century ) . Part of the Canton of Linth in the Helvetic Republic , the Sarganserland together with Pfäfers was joined to the canton of St. Gallen at its formation in 1803 . Geographically , it includes the land between the Rhine at Sargans ( the tripoint of St. Gallen , Grisons and Liechtenstein ) and upper Lake Walen , including the Seeztal . The territory of Pfäfers lies along the Tamina , in the Rhine basin , and was not historically part of Sargans county but was independently owned by Pfäfers Abbey , and had been joined to the canton of Linth in 1798 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pizol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pizol', 'summary': "The Pizol is a mountain in the Glarus Alps of northeastern Switzerland , overlooking Wangs in the canton of St. Gallen . At 2,844 metres above sea level , it is the highest summit of the chain separating the valleys of the Seez and the Tamina rivers , and the highest mountain lying entirely within the canton of St. Gallen . There are five mountain lakes ( Pizolseen ) on Pizol : Wangsersee at Pizolhütte , Wildsee , Schottensee , Schwarzsee ( 2368 m ) and Baschalvasee ( 2174 m ) . A small cirque glacier , the Pizolgletscher , lies above 2,600 metres on the northern side of the mountain . Pizol Hut lies at 2,227 metres ( 7,306 ft ) . On 22 September 2019 , a 'funeral ' and mourning ceremony was held for the Pizol glacier which had disappeared due to rising temperatures . A similar ceremony had been held in August when the Okjökull glacier in Iceland disappeared ."}]}, {'value': '2844', 'urls': []}, {'value': '457', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glarus Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glarus_Alps', 'summary': 'The Glarus Alps ( German : Glarner Alpen ) are a mountain range in central Switzerland . They are bordered by the Uri Alps and the Schwyz Alps to the west , the Lepontine Alps to the south , the Appenzell Alps to the northeast . The eastern part of the Glarus Alps contains a major thrust fault which was declared a geologic UNESCO world heritage site ( the Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona ) . The Glarus Alps extend well beyond the canton of Glarus , including parts of the cantons of Uri , Graubünden , and St Gallen . Conversely , not all the mountains in the canton of Glarus are part of the Glarus Alps , with those to the north of the Urner Boden and to the west of the valley of the river Linth considered to be part of the Schwyz Alps .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarganserland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarganserland', 'summary': 'The Sarganserland is a constituency ( Wahlkreis ) of the canton of St. Gallen , Switzerland , with a population of 36,892 ( as of 2008 [ update ] ) . The constituency corresponds to the historical county of Sargans ( 13th to 15th century ) and the later Landvogtei Sargans in the Old Swiss Confederacy ( 15th to 18th century ) . Part of the Canton of Linth in the Helvetic Republic , the Sarganserland together with Pfäfers was joined to the canton of St. Gallen at its formation in 1803 . Geographically , it includes the land between the Rhine at Sargans ( the tripoint of St. Gallen , Grisons and Liechtenstein ) and upper Lake Walen , including the Seeztal . The territory of Pfäfers lies along the Tamina , in the Rhine basin , and was not historically part of Sargans county but was independently owned by Pfäfers Abbey , and had been joined to the canton of Linth in 1798 .'}]}, {'value': 'Haldensteiner Calanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haldensteiner_Calanda', 'summary': 'The Calanda is a mountain in the Glarus Alps with two main peaks Haldensteiner Calanda ( highest ) and Felsberger Calanda ( 2697 m ) , both located on the border between the cantons of St. Gallen and Graubünden in eastern Switzerland . It looms over Chur , the capital city of Graubünden . Although other peaks with 286 metres Topographic prominence ( for the Felsberger Calanda ) would claim to be called mountain on their own , within this massive it is commonly spoken of only one mountain with different peaks due to its sole position - cut off by an old route of the Rhine river through Tamina Valley to its northwestern face and the actual Rhine Valley to the south and east . The name Calanda derives from the Latin calare , roughly meaning roll down , which refers to the ever-moving southern face that can be seen at Felsberg and is still an active rock slide .'}]}, {'value': '2805', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1460', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glarus Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glarus_Alps', 'summary': 'The Glarus Alps ( German : Glarner Alpen ) are a mountain range in central Switzerland . They are bordered by the Uri Alps and the Schwyz Alps to the west , the Lepontine Alps to the south , the Appenzell Alps to the northeast . The eastern part of the Glarus Alps contains a major thrust fault which was declared a geologic UNESCO world heritage site ( the Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona ) . The Glarus Alps extend well beyond the canton of Glarus , including parts of the cantons of Uri , Graubünden , and St Gallen . Conversely , not all the mountains in the canton of Glarus are part of the Glarus Alps , with those to the north of the Urner Boden and to the west of the valley of the river Linth considered to be part of the Schwyz Alps .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarganserland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarganserland', 'summary': 'The Sarganserland is a constituency ( Wahlkreis ) of the canton of St. Gallen , Switzerland , with a population of 36,892 ( as of 2008 [ update ] ) . The constituency corresponds to the historical county of Sargans ( 13th to 15th century ) and the later Landvogtei Sargans in the Old Swiss Confederacy ( 15th to 18th century ) . Part of the Canton of Linth in the Helvetic Republic , the Sarganserland together with Pfäfers was joined to the canton of St. Gallen at its formation in 1803 . Geographically , it includes the land between the Rhine at Sargans ( the tripoint of St. Gallen , Grisons and Liechtenstein ) and upper Lake Walen , including the Seeztal . The territory of Pfäfers lies along the Tamina , in the Rhine basin , and was not historically part of Sargans county but was independently owned by Pfäfers Abbey , and had been joined to the canton of Linth in 1798 .'}]}, {'value': 'Foostock/Ruchen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foostock', 'summary': 'The Foostock , also known as the Ruchen , is a mountain of the Glarus Alps , located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Glarus and St. Gallen . It lies north of Piz Sardona , on the range that separates the Sernftal from the Weisstannental . The Foostock lies between two passes that carry hiking trails between the cantons of St. Gallen and Glarus . The Foo Pass lies to the south of the Foostock and carries a trail from Weisstannen in St. Gallen to Elm in Glarus , forming part of the Alpine Pass Route between Sargans to Montreux . The less well known Riseten Pass lies to the north of the Foostock and links Weisstannen with Matt in Glarus .'}]}, {'value': '2611', 'urls': []}, {'value': '388', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glarus Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glarus_Alps', 'summary': 'The Glarus Alps ( German : Glarner Alpen ) are a mountain range in central Switzerland . They are bordered by the Uri Alps and the Schwyz Alps to the west , the Lepontine Alps to the south , the Appenzell Alps to the northeast . The eastern part of the Glarus Alps contains a major thrust fault which was declared a geologic UNESCO world heritage site ( the Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona ) . The Glarus Alps extend well beyond the canton of Glarus , including parts of the cantons of Uri , Graubünden , and St Gallen . Conversely , not all the mountains in the canton of Glarus are part of the Glarus Alps , with those to the north of the Urner Boden and to the west of the valley of the river Linth considered to be part of the Schwyz Alps .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarganserland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarganserland', 'summary': 'The Sarganserland is a constituency ( Wahlkreis ) of the canton of St. Gallen , Switzerland , with a population of 36,892 ( as of 2008 [ update ] ) . The constituency corresponds to the historical county of Sargans ( 13th to 15th century ) and the later Landvogtei Sargans in the Old Swiss Confederacy ( 15th to 18th century ) . Part of the Canton of Linth in the Helvetic Republic , the Sarganserland together with Pfäfers was joined to the canton of St. Gallen at its formation in 1803 . Geographically , it includes the land between the Rhine at Sargans ( the tripoint of St. Gallen , Grisons and Liechtenstein ) and upper Lake Walen , including the Seeztal . The territory of Pfäfers lies along the Tamina , in the Rhine basin , and was not historically part of Sargans county but was independently owned by Pfäfers Abbey , and had been joined to the canton of Linth in 1798 .'}]}, {'value': 'Magerrain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magerrain', 'summary': 'The Magerrain is a mountain of the Glarus Alps , located on the border between the cantons of Glarus and St. Gallen in Eastern Switzerland . Reaching an elevation of 2,524 metres above sea level , the Magerrain is the highest summit of the range north of the Walabützer Furggle ( 2,167 m ) and the Risitenpass ( 2,189 m ) . The closest locality is Engi on the south side .'}]}, {'value': '2524', 'urls': []}, {'value': '357', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glarus Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glarus_Alps', 'summary': 'The Glarus Alps ( German : Glarner Alpen ) are a mountain range in central Switzerland . They are bordered by the Uri Alps and the Schwyz Alps to the west , the Lepontine Alps to the south , the Appenzell Alps to the northeast . The eastern part of the Glarus Alps contains a major thrust fault which was declared a geologic UNESCO world heritage site ( the Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona ) . The Glarus Alps extend well beyond the canton of Glarus , including parts of the cantons of Uri , Graubünden , and St Gallen . Conversely , not all the mountains in the canton of Glarus are part of the Glarus Alps , with those to the north of the Urner Boden and to the west of the valley of the river Linth considered to be part of the Schwyz Alps .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarganserland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarganserland', 'summary': 'The Sarganserland is a constituency ( Wahlkreis ) of the canton of St. Gallen , Switzerland , with a population of 36,892 ( as of 2008 [ update ] ) . The constituency corresponds to the historical county of Sargans ( 13th to 15th century ) and the later Landvogtei Sargans in the Old Swiss Confederacy ( 15th to 18th century ) . Part of the Canton of Linth in the Helvetic Republic , the Sarganserland together with Pfäfers was joined to the canton of St. Gallen at its formation in 1803 . Geographically , it includes the land between the Rhine at Sargans ( the tripoint of St. Gallen , Grisons and Liechtenstein ) and upper Lake Walen , including the Seeztal . The territory of Pfäfers lies along the Tamina , in the Rhine basin , and was not historically part of Sargans county but was independently owned by Pfäfers Abbey , and had been joined to the canton of Linth in 1798 .'}]}, {'value': 'Säntis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Säntis', 'summary': 'At 2,501.9 metres above sea level , Säntis is the highest mountain in the Alpstein massif of northeastern Switzerland . It is also the culminating point of the whole Appenzell Alps , between Lake Walen and Lake Constance . Shared by three cantons , the mountain is a highly visible landmark thanks to its exposed northerly position within the Alpstein massif . As a consequence , houses called Säntisblick ( English : Säntis view ) can be found in regions as far away as the Black Forest in Germany . Säntis is among the most prominent summits in the Alps and the most prominent summit in Europe with an observation deck on the top . The panorama from the summit is spectacular . Six countries can be seen if the weather allows : Switzerland , Germany , Austria , Liechtenstein , France , and Italy .'}]}, {'value': '2502', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appenzell Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appenzell_Alps', 'summary': 'The Appenzell Alps ( German : Appenzeller Alpen ) are a mountain range in Switzerland on the northern edge of the Alps . They extend into the cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden , Appenzell Innerrhoden and St. Gallen and are bordered by the Glarus Alps to the west and the Rätikon to the south-east .'}]}, {'value': 'Toggenburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toggenburg_(district)', 'summary': 'Toggenburg is a region of Switzerland . It corresponds to the upper valley of the river Thur and that of its main tributary , the Necker . Since 1 January 2003 , Toggenburg has been a constituency ( Wahlkreis ) of the canton of St. Gallen ( SFOS number 1727 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Altmann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Altmann_(mountain)', 'summary': 'The Altmann is a mountain in the Appenzell Alps , located on the border between the cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden and St. Gallen . It is situated in the massif of the Alpstein north of Wildhaus ( St. Gallen ) , a few kilometres from the Säntis . The Altmann is a steep limestone tower , which rises about 1000 metres over the valleys of the Alpstein . The normal route starts at Rotsteinpass ( 2,120 metres ) on the north-west side and is considered an easy climb .'}]}, {'value': '2435', 'urls': []}, {'value': '313', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appenzell Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appenzell_Alps', 'summary': 'The Appenzell Alps ( German : Appenzeller Alpen ) are a mountain range in Switzerland on the northern edge of the Alps . They extend into the cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden , Appenzell Innerrhoden and St. Gallen and are bordered by the Glarus Alps to the west and the Rätikon to the south-east .'}]}, {'value': 'Toggenburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toggenburg_(district)', 'summary': 'Toggenburg is a region of Switzerland . It corresponds to the upper valley of the river Thur and that of its main tributary , the Necker . Since 1 January 2003 , Toggenburg has been a constituency ( Wahlkreis ) of the canton of St. Gallen ( SFOS number 1727 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Gamsberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gamsberg', 'summary': 'The Gamsberg is a mountain in the Appenzell Alps , overlooking the region of Walenstadt in the canton of St. Gallen . Located in the Alvier group it is the culminating point of the range lying between Lake Walenstadt and Toggenburg . The summit is relatively difficult to access . There is no trail leading to the top . Not to be confused with the mountain of the same name in Namibia .'}]}, {'value': '2385', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1358', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appenzell Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appenzell_Alps', 'summary': 'The Appenzell Alps ( German : Appenzeller Alpen ) are a mountain range in Switzerland on the northern edge of the Alps . They extend into the cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden , Appenzell Innerrhoden and St. Gallen and are bordered by the Glarus Alps to the west and the Rätikon to the south-east .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarganserland / Werdenberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarganserland', 'summary': 'The Sarganserland is a constituency ( Wahlkreis ) of the canton of St. Gallen , Switzerland , with a population of 36,892 ( as of 2008 [ update ] ) . The constituency corresponds to the historical county of Sargans ( 13th to 15th century ) and the later Landvogtei Sargans in the Old Swiss Confederacy ( 15th to 18th century ) . Part of the Canton of Linth in the Helvetic Republic , the Sarganserland together with Pfäfers was joined to the canton of St. Gallen at its formation in 1803 . Geographically , it includes the land between the Rhine at Sargans ( the tripoint of St. Gallen , Grisons and Liechtenstein ) and upper Lake Walen , including the Seeztal . The territory of Pfäfers lies along the Tamina , in the Rhine basin , and was not historically part of Sargans county but was independently owned by Pfäfers Abbey , and had been joined to the canton of Linth in 1798 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Werdenberg_(Wahlkreis)', 'summary': 'Werdenberg ( Wahlkreis ) or Wahlkreis Werdenberg is a constituency in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland . The Wahlkreis ( SFOS number 1724 ) was established on June 10 , 2001 . The Wahlkreis has its name by the municipality Grabs-Werdenberg .'}]}, {'value': 'Hinterrugg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hinterrugg', 'summary': 'The Hinterrugg ( or Hinderrugg ) is the highest peak of the Churfirsten group , located in the Appenzell Alps . It overlooks the town of Walenstadt and the lake in the canton of St. Gallen . The summit is easily accessible via the Chäserrugg cable car station ( 2,262 metres ) , above Unterwasser in Toggenburg . The Hinterrugg is a well-known location for BASE jumping .'}]}, {'value': '2306', 'urls': []}, {'value': '470', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appenzell Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appenzell_Alps', 'summary': 'The Appenzell Alps ( German : Appenzeller Alpen ) are a mountain range in Switzerland on the northern edge of the Alps . They extend into the cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden , Appenzell Innerrhoden and St. Gallen and are bordered by the Glarus Alps to the west and the Rätikon to the south-east .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarganserland / Toggenburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarganserland', 'summary': 'The Sarganserland is a constituency ( Wahlkreis ) of the canton of St. Gallen , Switzerland , with a population of 36,892 ( as of 2008 [ update ] ) . The constituency corresponds to the historical county of Sargans ( 13th to 15th century ) and the later Landvogtei Sargans in the Old Swiss Confederacy ( 15th to 18th century ) . Part of the Canton of Linth in the Helvetic Republic , the Sarganserland together with Pfäfers was joined to the canton of St. Gallen at its formation in 1803 . Geographically , it includes the land between the Rhine at Sargans ( the tripoint of St. Gallen , Grisons and Liechtenstein ) and upper Lake Walen , including the Seeztal . The territory of Pfäfers lies along the Tamina , in the Rhine basin , and was not historically part of Sargans county but was independently owned by Pfäfers Abbey , and had been joined to the canton of Linth in 1798 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Toggenburg_(district)', 'summary': 'Toggenburg is a region of Switzerland . It corresponds to the upper valley of the river Thur and that of its main tributary , the Necker . Since 1 January 2003 , Toggenburg has been a constituency ( Wahlkreis ) of the canton of St. Gallen ( SFOS number 1727 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Brisi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisi', 'summary': 'The Brisi is a mountain of the Churfirsten group , located in the Appenzell Alps . It overlooks Lake Walenstadt in the canton of St. Gallen . The summit is easily accessible by trail but via the north side in Toggenburg only .'}]}, {'value': '2279', 'urls': []}, {'value': '325', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appenzell Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appenzell_Alps', 'summary': 'The Appenzell Alps ( German : Appenzeller Alpen ) are a mountain range in Switzerland on the northern edge of the Alps . They extend into the cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden , Appenzell Innerrhoden and St. Gallen and are bordered by the Glarus Alps to the west and the Rätikon to the south-east .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarganserland / Toggenburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarganserland', 'summary': 'The Sarganserland is a constituency ( Wahlkreis ) of the canton of St. Gallen , Switzerland , with a population of 36,892 ( as of 2008 [ update ] ) . The constituency corresponds to the historical county of Sargans ( 13th to 15th century ) and the later Landvogtei Sargans in the Old Swiss Confederacy ( 15th to 18th century ) . Part of the Canton of Linth in the Helvetic Republic , the Sarganserland together with Pfäfers was joined to the canton of St. Gallen at its formation in 1803 . Geographically , it includes the land between the Rhine at Sargans ( the tripoint of St. Gallen , Grisons and Liechtenstein ) and upper Lake Walen , including the Seeztal . The territory of Pfäfers lies along the Tamina , in the Rhine basin , and was not historically part of Sargans county but was independently owned by Pfäfers Abbey , and had been joined to the canton of Linth in 1798 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Toggenburg_(district)', 'summary': 'Toggenburg is a region of Switzerland . It corresponds to the upper valley of the river Thur and that of its main tributary , the Necker . Since 1 January 2003 , Toggenburg has been a constituency ( Wahlkreis ) of the canton of St. Gallen ( SFOS number 1727 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Speer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speer_(mountain)', 'summary': 'The Speer ( 1,951 m ) is a mountain in the Appenzell Alps , overlooking the region between Lake Zurich and Lake Walenstadt in the canton of St. Gallen . Being easily accessible , the summit is popular for its panoramic view of the Alps from central to eastern Switzerland . The ascent , however , involves a few hours of hiking .'}]}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': '535', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appenzell Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appenzell_Alps', 'summary': 'The Appenzell Alps ( German : Appenzeller Alpen ) are a mountain range in Switzerland on the northern edge of the Alps . They extend into the cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden , Appenzell Innerrhoden and St. Gallen and are bordered by the Glarus Alps to the west and the Rätikon to the south-east .'}]}, {'value': 'See-Gaster / Toggenburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/See-Gaster_(Wahlkreis)', 'summary': 'See-Gaster is a constituency ( Wahlkreis ) in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland . The Wahlkreis ( SFOS number 1726 ) has been established on June 10 , 2001 with an area of 246.16 km2 ( 95.04 sq mi ) . It was formed from the former See and Gaster districts in 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Toggenburg_(district)', 'summary': 'Toggenburg is a region of Switzerland . It corresponds to the upper valley of the river Thur and that of its main tributary , the Necker . Since 1 January 2003 , Toggenburg has been a constituency ( Wahlkreis ) of the canton of St. Gallen ( SFOS number 1727 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Furgglenfirst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Furgglenfirst', 'summary': 'The Furgglenfirst is a multi-summited mountain of the Appenzell Alps located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden and St. Gallen . The main summit , named Hintere Hüser , has a height of 1,951 metres above sea level .'}]}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': '302', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appenzell Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appenzell_Alps', 'summary': 'The Appenzell Alps ( German : Appenzeller Alpen ) are a mountain range in Switzerland on the northern edge of the Alps . They extend into the cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden , Appenzell Innerrhoden and St. Gallen and are bordered by the Glarus Alps to the west and the Rätikon to the south-east .'}]}, {'value': 'Werdenberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Werdenberg_(Wahlkreis)', 'summary': 'Werdenberg ( Wahlkreis ) or Wahlkreis Werdenberg is a constituency in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland . The Wahlkreis ( SFOS number 1724 ) was established on June 10 , 2001 . The Wahlkreis has its name by the municipality Grabs-Werdenberg .'}]}, {'value': 'Mattstock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mattstock', 'summary': 'The Mattstock ( also known as Mattstogg ) ( 1,936 m ) is a mountain of the Appenzell Alps , overlooking the Walensee in the canton of St. Gallen . It lies south of the Speer , on the range between the Toggenburg and the Linth valley .'}]}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': '358', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appenzell Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appenzell_Alps', 'summary': 'The Appenzell Alps ( German : Appenzeller Alpen ) are a mountain range in Switzerland on the northern edge of the Alps . They extend into the cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden , Appenzell Innerrhoden and St. Gallen and are bordered by the Glarus Alps to the west and the Rätikon to the south-east .'}]}, {'value': 'See-Gaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/See-Gaster_(Wahlkreis)', 'summary': 'See-Gaster is a constituency ( Wahlkreis ) in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland . The Wahlkreis ( SFOS number 1726 ) has been established on June 10 , 2001 with an area of 246.16 km2 ( 95.04 sq mi ) . It was formed from the former See and Gaster districts in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Stockberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockberg', 'summary': 'The Stockberg is a mountain of the Appenzell Alps , overlooking Nesslau in the canton of St. Gallen . It lies on the range west of the Säntis .'}]}, {'value': '1782', 'urls': []}, {'value': '302', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appenzell Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appenzell_Alps', 'summary': 'The Appenzell Alps ( German : Appenzeller Alpen ) are a mountain range in Switzerland on the northern edge of the Alps . They extend into the cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden , Appenzell Innerrhoden and St. Gallen and are bordered by the Glarus Alps to the west and the Rätikon to the south-east .'}]}, {'value': 'Toggenburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toggenburg_(district)', 'summary': 'Toggenburg is a region of Switzerland . It corresponds to the upper valley of the river Thur and that of its main tributary , the Necker . Since 1 January 2003 , Toggenburg has been a constituency ( Wahlkreis ) of the canton of St. Gallen ( SFOS number 1727 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Tweralpspitz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tweralpspitz', 'summary': 'The Tweralpspitz is a mountain in the Appenzell Alps , located near Wattwil in the canton of St. Gallen . It is the highest point of the chain situated north of Ricken Pass .'}]}, {'value': '1332', 'urls': []}, {'value': '542', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appenzell Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appenzell_Alps', 'summary': 'The Appenzell Alps ( German : Appenzeller Alpen ) are a mountain range in Switzerland on the northern edge of the Alps . They extend into the cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden , Appenzell Innerrhoden and St. Gallen and are bordered by the Glarus Alps to the west and the Rätikon to the south-east .'}]}, {'value': 'See-Gaster / Toggenburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/See-Gaster_(Wahlkreis)', 'summary': 'See-Gaster is a constituency ( Wahlkreis ) in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland . The Wahlkreis ( SFOS number 1726 ) has been established on June 10 , 2001 with an area of 246.16 km2 ( 95.04 sq mi ) . It was formed from the former See and Gaster districts in 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Toggenburg_(district)', 'summary': 'Toggenburg is a region of Switzerland . It corresponds to the upper valley of the river Thur and that of its main tributary , the Necker . Since 1 January 2003 , Toggenburg has been a constituency ( Wahlkreis ) of the canton of St. Gallen ( SFOS number 1727 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Höchhand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Höchhand', 'summary': 'The Höchhand ( 1,314 m ) is a mountain of the Appenzell Alps , located north of Goldingen in the canton of St. Gallen .'}]}, {'value': '1314', 'urls': []}, {'value': '311', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appenzell Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appenzell_Alps', 'summary': 'The Appenzell Alps ( German : Appenzeller Alpen ) are a mountain range in Switzerland on the northern edge of the Alps . They extend into the cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden , Appenzell Innerrhoden and St. Gallen and are bordered by the Glarus Alps to the west and the Rätikon to the south-east .'}]}, {'value': 'See-Gaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/See-Gaster_(Wahlkreis)', 'summary': 'See-Gaster is a constituency ( Wahlkreis ) in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland . The Wahlkreis ( SFOS number 1726 ) has been established on June 10 , 2001 with an area of 246.16 km2 ( 95.04 sq mi ) . It was formed from the former See and Gaster districts in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wilkethöchi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilkethöchi', 'summary': 'The Wilkethöchi ( or simply Wilket ) ( 1,172 m ) is a mountain of the Appenzell Alps , overlooking Dicken in the canton of St. Gallen .'}]}, {'value': '1172', 'urls': []}, {'value': '310', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Appenzell Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Appenzell_Alps', 'summary': 'The Appenzell Alps ( German : Appenzeller Alpen ) are a mountain range in Switzerland on the northern edge of the Alps . They extend into the cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden , Appenzell Innerrhoden and St. Gallen and are bordered by the Glarus Alps to the west and the Rätikon to the south-east .'}]}, {'value': 'Toggenburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toggenburg_(district)', 'summary': 'Toggenburg is a region of Switzerland . It corresponds to the upper valley of the river Thur and that of its main tributary , the Necker . Since 1 January 2003 , Toggenburg has been a constituency ( Wahlkreis ) of the canton of St. Gallen ( SFOS number 1727 ) .'}]}], 'section_title': 'List', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_mountains_of_the_canton_of_St._Gallen_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of mountains of the Swiss canton of St. Gallen. The canton of St. Gallen is partially located in the Alps and is one of the nine cantons having summits over 3,000 metres. Topographically, the two most important summits of the canton are those of the Ringelspitz (most elevated and isolated) and the Säntis (most prominent). This list only includes significant summits with a topographic prominence of at least 150 metres (492 ft). There are over 50 such summits in the canton of St. Gallen and they are mostly found in its southern districts. All mountain heights and prominences on the list are from the largest-scale maps available.'}	null	null	What is the height of the mountain that is also known as Trinserhorn ?	3028
077ed3b0df6c8fcd	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritra_Dutta_Banik', 'title': 'Aritra Dutta Banik', 'header': ['Year', 'Film', 'Role', 'Director', 'Language'], 'data': [{'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chirodini Tumi Je Amar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chirodini_Tumi_Je_Amar', 'summary': 'Chirodini . Tumi Je Aamar ( English : You Are Mine Eternally ) is a 2008 Indian Bengali film by Raj Chakraborty . This is a remake of Tamil film Kaadhal ( 2004 ) directed by Balaji Sakthivel .'}]}, {'value': 'Pancha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raj Chakraborty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raj_Chakraborty', 'summary': "Raj Chakraborty ( Bengali : রাজ চক্রবর্তী ; born : 1975 ) is an Indian film director , actor and producer . A person from middle-class family background , he was born in Halisahar , West Bengal . He graduated from Rishi Bankim Chandra College , Naihati . He is one of the most commercially successful film-makers in Tollywood . Before directing his debut film , he was busy in Bengali TV . Raj Chakraborty was associated with Zee Bangla 's popular laughter show Mirakkel , hosted by Mir , and dance competition Dance Bangla Dance , judged by Mithun Chakraborty , during their initial days . He also directed Star Jalsha 's laughter programme I Laugh You ."}]}, {'value': 'Bengali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bengali_language', 'summary': "Bengali ( /bɛŋˈɡɔːli/ ) , also known by its endonym Bangla ( বাংলা [ ˈbaŋla ] ) , is an Indo-Aryan language primarily spoken by the Bengalis in South Asia , specifically in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent , presently divided between Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal , Tripura , Assam 's Barak Valley . It is the official and most widely spoken language of Bangladesh and second most widely spoken of the 22 scheduled languages of India , behind Hindi . With approximately 228 million native speakers and another 37 million as second language speakers , Bengali is the fifth most-spoken native language and the seventh most spoken language by total number of speakers in the world . The official and de facto national language of Bangladesh is Modern Standard Bengali ( Literary Bengali ) . It serves as the lingua franca of the nation , with 98% of Bangladeshis being fluent in Bengali as their first language . Within India , Bengali is the official language of the states of West Bengal , Tripura and the Barak Valley region of the state of Assam . It is the most widely spoken language in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal , and is spoken by significant populations in other states including in Arunachal Pradesh , Delhi , Chhattisgarh , Jharkhand , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Nagaland and Uttarakhand . Bengali is also spoken by the significant global Bengali diaspora ( Bangladeshi diaspora and Indian Bengalis ) communities in Pakistan , the United Kingdom , the United States , and the Middle East . Bengali has developed over the course of more than 1,300 years . Bengali literature , with its millennium-old literary history , has extensively developed since the Bengali Renaissance and is one of the most prolific and diverse literary traditions in Asia . The Bengali language movement from 1948 to 1956 demanding Bengali to be an official language of Pakistan fostered Bengali nationalism in East Bengal leading to the emergence of Bangladesh in 1971 . In 1999 , UNESCO recognised 21 February as International Mother Language Day in recognition of the language movement ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paran Jai Jaliya Re', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paran_Jai_Jaliya_Re', 'summary': 'Paran Jai Jaliya Re ( My Heart is Set on Fire ) is a 2009 Bengali film directed by Ravi Kinnagi . This film stars Dev and Subhashree Ganguly . It is a remake of 2007 Hindi film Namastey London . The director of the original Vipul Shah filed a case against the producers of Paran Jai Jaliya Re and they gave a penalty of Rs . 75 lakh . In this movie , Dev and Subhasree Ganguly act together in the second time after the film , Challenge .'}]}, {'value': "Raj 's cousin", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rabi Kinagi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rabi_Kinagi', 'summary': 'Rabi Kinagi ( alternative spellings : Ravi Kinagi , Rabi Kinnagi ) is a Bengali and Odia film director , editor and a script-writer .'}]}, {'value': 'Bengali', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Challenge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Challenge_(2009_film)', 'summary': 'Challenge is a 2009 Indian Bengali romantic comedy directed by Raj Chakraborty . The film stars Dev and Subhashree Ganguly.The film was a major hit in the history of Bengali Cinema . For few scenes and music-videos , shooting was done in Dubai.This Movie is a partly remake of Telugu Movie Bunny and Dil'}]}, {'value': 'Boy in Tea Stall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raj Chakraborty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raj_Chakraborty', 'summary': "Raj Chakraborty ( Bengali : রাজ চক্রবর্তী ; born : 1975 ) is an Indian film director , actor and producer . A person from middle-class family background , he was born in Halisahar , West Bengal . He graduated from Rishi Bankim Chandra College , Naihati . He is one of the most commercially successful film-makers in Tollywood . Before directing his debut film , he was busy in Bengali TV . Raj Chakraborty was associated with Zee Bangla 's popular laughter show Mirakkel , hosted by Mir , and dance competition Dance Bangla Dance , judged by Mithun Chakraborty , during their initial days . He also directed Star Jalsha 's laughter programme I Laugh You ."}]}, {'value': 'Bengali', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Handa and Bhonda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handa_and_Bhonda', 'summary': 'Handa and Bhonda is a 2010 Bengali-language Indian feature film directed by Subhankar Chattopadhyay , starring Mithun Chakraborty , Aritra Dutta Banik , Biswajit Chakraborty and Supriya Devi .'}]}, {'value': 'Sayan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Subhankar Chattopadhyay', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bengali', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wanted', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wanted_(2010_film)', 'summary': 'Wanted is a 2010 Bengali-language Indian action film , directed by Ravi Kinagi , starring Jeet and Srabanti Chatterjee in the lead roles . The film is a remake of 2005 Telugu superhit film Athadu starring Mahesh Babu and Trisha Krishnan in the lead roles . Wanted received mostly positive reviews and was one of the biggest hits of 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rabi Kinagi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rabi_Kinagi', 'summary': 'Rabi Kinagi ( alternative spellings : Ravi Kinagi , Rabi Kinnagi ) is a Bengali and Odia film director , editor and a script-writer .'}]}, {'value': 'Bengali', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le Chakka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Chakka', 'summary': "Le Chakka ( English : Take a Sixer ) ( Bengali : লে ছক্কা ) is a 2010 Bengali-language sports comedy film written by Padmanava Dasgupta and directed by Raj Chakraborty . The film stars Payel Sarkar and Dev as the lead pair of the film along with the talented bunch of actors like Kharaj Mukherjee , Ritwick Chakraborty , Biswajit Chakraborty , Aritra Dutta Banik , Deepankar De , Laboni Sarkar , Biswanath Basu , Debjani Chattopadhyay and Padmanava Dasgupta himself to name a few . The film 's score and soundtrack were composed by Indraadip Das Gupta . The film is unofficially based on the 2007 Tamil film Chennai 600028 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raj Chakraborty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raj_Chakraborty', 'summary': "Raj Chakraborty ( Bengali : রাজ চক্রবর্তী ; born : 1975 ) is an Indian film director , actor and producer . A person from middle-class family background , he was born in Halisahar , West Bengal . He graduated from Rishi Bankim Chandra College , Naihati . He is one of the most commercially successful film-makers in Tollywood . Before directing his debut film , he was busy in Bengali TV . Raj Chakraborty was associated with Zee Bangla 's popular laughter show Mirakkel , hosted by Mir , and dance competition Dance Bangla Dance , judged by Mithun Chakraborty , during their initial days . He also directed Star Jalsha 's laughter programme I Laugh You ."}]}, {'value': 'Bengali', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hello Memsaheb', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tinga', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nandita Roy , Shibaprasad Mukherjee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nandita_Roy', 'summary': 'Nandita Roy ( born April 3 , 1955 ) is an Indian filmmaker and screenwriter . She made her directorial debut with the film Icche ( 2011 ) along with her co-director Shiboprosad Mukherjee . The two have also directed Accident , Muktodhara , Alik Sukh , Ramdhanu , Bela Seshe , Haami , Praktan and Posto ( film ) . She has been a part of several projects and has worked with many renowned directors .'}]}, {'value': 'Bengali', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Idiot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idiot_(2012_film)', 'summary': 'Idiot is a 2012 Bengali action-comedy film directed by Rajiv Kumar Biswas , starring Ankush Hazra and Srabanti Chatterjee in lead roles . It is a remake of the 2006 Tamil language comedy film Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam .'}]}, {'value': 'Himself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashok Pati', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bengali', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khokababu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khokababu', 'summary': 'Khokababu is an Indian Bengali romantic comedy film directed by Shankar Aiyya . The film stars Dev , Subhashree Ganguly , Ferdous , and Laboni Sarkar in the lead roles . This film is a remake of a Telugu film , Dhee .'}]}, {'value': 'Circuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shankar Aiyya', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bengali', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le Halwa Le', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Halwa_Le', 'summary': 'Le Halua Le is a 2012 Bengali-language Indian feature comedy film directed by Raja Chanda , starring Mithun Chakraborty . The film is the remake of successful Malayalam-language film Poochakkoru Mookkuthi directed by Priyadarshan , who again remade the film in Hindi-language as Hungama later .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raja Chanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raja_Chanda', 'summary': 'Raja Chanda is an Indian film director who concentrates into Bengali language film and commercial ad films . He is one of the leading ad film makers in Kolkata and has made 450+ ad films . His filmworks include Challenge 2 , Le Halua Le , Rangbaaz and Target : The Final Mission . He is one of the leading film directors in the Kolkata film industry .'}]}, {'value': 'Bengali', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loveria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loveria', 'summary': "Loveria [ α ] is a 2013 Bengali film . It was directed by Raja Chanda and produced under the banner of Shree Venkatesh Films and Surinder Films . It is a remake of the 2009 Telugu film Bumper Offer starring Sairam Shankar and Bindu Madhavi . It was above average in box office and Soham 's performance was appreciated ."}]}, {'value': 'Bablu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raja Chanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raja_Chanda', 'summary': 'Raja Chanda is an Indian film director who concentrates into Bengali language film and commercial ad films . He is one of the leading ad film makers in Kolkata and has made 450+ ad films . His filmworks include Challenge 2 , Le Halua Le , Rangbaaz and Target : The Final Mission . He is one of the leading film directors in the Kolkata film industry .'}]}, {'value': 'Bengali', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kanamachi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kanamachi', 'summary': "Kanamachi ( Bengali : কানামাছি , romanized : Kanamachhi , lit . 'Blind fly ' , also spelt Kanamasi or Khanamasi ) is a traditional game popular in Bangladesh and in the Indian states of West Bengal , Assam , Odisha and Tripura . It is played mainly by children and is one of the most popular games among Bangladeshi villagers . Children living in towns and cities also love the game in great amounts . It is similar to the European game Blind man 's buff ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raj Chakraborty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raj_Chakraborty', 'summary': "Raj Chakraborty ( Bengali : রাজ চক্রবর্তী ; born : 1975 ) is an Indian film director , actor and producer . A person from middle-class family background , he was born in Halisahar , West Bengal . He graduated from Rishi Bankim Chandra College , Naihati . He is one of the most commercially successful film-makers in Tollywood . Before directing his debut film , he was busy in Bengali TV . Raj Chakraborty was associated with Zee Bangla 's popular laughter show Mirakkel , hosted by Mir , and dance competition Dance Bangla Dance , judged by Mithun Chakraborty , during their initial days . He also directed Star Jalsha 's laughter programme I Laugh You ."}]}, {'value': 'Bengali', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khiladi ( 2013 film )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khiladi_(2013_film)', 'summary': 'Khiladi is a Bengali slapstick comedy film directed by Ashok Pati and produced by Ashok Dhanuka under the banner of Eskay Movies . The film features Bengali actors Ankush Hazra and Nusrat Jahan in the lead roles . Music of the film has been composed by Shree Pritam . The film was released on 11 October 2013 . This film is a remake of 2012 Telugu movie Denikaina Ready which itself was a remake of the 1999 Malayalam film Udayapuram Sulthan .'}]}, {'value': 'Nitai', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashok Pati', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bengali', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kabir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kabir_(2018_film)', 'summary': 'Kabir is a 2018 Indian Bengali-language action thriller film directed by Aniket Chattopadhyay , starring Dev and Rukmini Maitra which released on 13 April 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ratul Karmakar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aniket Chattopadhyay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aniket_Chattopadhyay', 'summary': 'Aniket Chattopadhyay ( born 9 January 1963 ) is a journalist and director of the Bengali films , Chha-e Chhuti ( 2009 ) , Bye Bye Bangkok ( 2011 ) , romantic comedy film Goraay Gondogol ( 2012 ) , Mahapurush O Kapurush ( 2013 ) , Janala Diye Bou Palalo ( 2014 ) , Room No . 103 ( 2015 ) , Shankar Mudi ( 2019 ) , and Kabir ( 2018 ) . He was also the news editor of Bengali News Channel Kolkata TV .'}]}, {'value': 'Bengali', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': 'Aritra has appeared in the following Bengali films since 2008 . [ 3 ]', 'uid': 'Aritra_Dutta_Banik_0', 'intro': "Aritra Dutta Banik (or sometimes Aritro Dutta Banik) is a Bengali film actor who has made several on-screen appearances since 2003. He made his debut in the Bengali megaserial Tithir Atithi, which was aired on ETV Bangla from 2003 to 2009. He drew public attention for the first time during Mithun Chakraborty's dance reality show, Dance Bangla Dance Junior (2007), in which, he anchored the show along with Tathoi Deb. Since then, he has appeared in numerous Bengali films."}	null	null	What was Aritra Dutta Banik 's role in the film that is a remake of Tamil film Kaadhal ( 2004 ) ?	Pancha
077edc9e1bb01500	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'title': 'Qatar at the 2010 Asian Games', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Femi Ogunode', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Femi_Ogunode', 'summary': "Femi Seun Ogunode ( born 15 May 1991 in Ondo City ) is a Nigerian-born sprint athlete who competes internationally for Qatar . His personal best of 9.91 at 100 m in 2015 makes him the current co-holder of the Asian 100m record , which was tied by China 's Su Bingtian in 2018 . In 2012 he was subjected to a ban from competition for two years after a positive doping test . Ogunode made his international debut for Qatar at the 2010 Asian Games and won a 200 metres/400 metres double . The following year he won Asian and Arab titles over 200 m as well as 100 metres/200 m sprint titles at the 2011 Military World Games . He was a finalist in the 400 m at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics , but served a two-year ban from January 2012 to 2014 after a positive drugs test . He won his second career double at the Asian Games in 2014 , this time in the 100 m/200 m , and set an Asian record of 9.93 seconds for the former event ( the second Asian man to break the 10-second barrier after fellow Qatari-Nigerian Samuel Francis ) . He also won bronze medals at a global level that year at the 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships and 2014 IAAF Continental Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 400m", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ."}]}, {'value': '22 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Femi Ogunode', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Femi_Ogunode', 'summary': "Femi Seun Ogunode ( born 15 May 1991 in Ondo City ) is a Nigerian-born sprint athlete who competes internationally for Qatar . His personal best of 9.91 at 100 m in 2015 makes him the current co-holder of the Asian 100m record , which was tied by China 's Su Bingtian in 2018 . In 2012 he was subjected to a ban from competition for two years after a positive doping test . Ogunode made his international debut for Qatar at the 2010 Asian Games and won a 200 metres/400 metres double . The following year he won Asian and Arab titles over 200 m as well as 100 metres/200 m sprint titles at the 2011 Military World Games . He was a finalist in the 400 m at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics , but served a two-year ban from January 2012 to 2014 after a positive drugs test . He won his second career double at the Asian Games in 2014 , this time in the 100 m/200 m , and set an Asian record of 9.93 seconds for the former event ( the second Asian man to break the 10-second barrier after fellow Qatari-Nigerian Samuel Francis ) . He also won bronze medals at a global level that year at the 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships and 2014 IAAF Continental Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 200m", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ."}]}, {'value': '25 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mutaz Essa Barshim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mutaz_Essa_Barshim', 'summary': 'Mutaz Essa Barshim ( Arabic : معتز عيسى برشم ; born 24 June 1991 ) is a Qatari athlete who is specialized in high jump . He is the national record and Asian record holder with a best mark of 2.43 m ( 7 ft 11 1⁄2 in ) . He won a gold medal at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics in London and at the 2019 World Championships in Athletics in Doha . Barshim also won bronze at the London 2012 Summer Olympics , and silver at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio . He was earlier the Asian Indoor and World Junior champion in 2010 , and won the high jump gold medals at the 2011 Asian Athletics Championships and 2011 Military World Games . Mutaz jumps off his left foot , using the Fosbury Flop technique , with a pronounced backwards arch over the bar . One of his brothers , Muamer , is also a high jumper .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's High Jump", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ."}]}, {'value': '23 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar', 'summary': "Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour ."}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Shooting at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Aoti Shooting Range in Guangzhou , China between 13 November and 24 November 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Skeet Team", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Shooting at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Aoti Shooting Range in Guangzhou , China between 13 November and 24 November 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '24 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Kwalia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Kwalia', 'summary': "James Kwalia C'Kurui ( born James Kwalia Chepkurui on 12 June 1984 ) is an athlete who represents Qatar after switching from his homeland Kenya . Specializing in the 3000 and 5000 metres , his personal best times are 7:28.28 minutes and 12:54.58 minutes respectively . He was born in Trans Nzoia . He is the current holder of the Asian indoor record over 5000 m which he broke in Düsseldorf in February 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 5000m", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ."}]}, {'value': '21 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thamer Kamal Ali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thamer_Kamal_Ali', 'summary': 'Thamer Kamal Ali ( born 12 November 1988 ) is a Qatari middle distance runner who specializes in the 1500 metres . He first specialized in the steeplechase . He finished ninth at the 2005 World Youth Championships , ninth at the 2006 World Junior Championships and fifth at the 2006 Asian Games . He then competed in the 1500 metres at the 2008 World Indoor Championships and the 2008 Olympic Games without progressing to the second round . He is coached by the Italian Renato Canova . His personal best times are :'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 3000m Steeplechase", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ."}]}, {'value': '23 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Essa Ismail Rashed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Essa_Ismail_Rashed', 'summary': 'Essa Ismail Rashed ( Arabic : عيسى اسماعيل راشد ; born Daniel Kipkosgei on 14 December 1986 ) is a long-distance runner now representing Qatar after his switch from Kenya in 2004 . He represented his adopted country at the 2008 Summer Olympics and the World Championships in Athletics in 2005 and 2007 . He is coached by the Italian Renato Canova . In 10,000 metres he won a gold medal at the 2005 Asian Championships in Incheon and a silver medal at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha . He came twentieth in the 10,000 metres at the 2008 Beijing Olympics . He was the 5000 m bronze medallist at the 2009 Asian Athletics Championships and went on to claim another bronze over 3000 m at the 2009 Asian Indoor Games later that year . Rashed ran an Asian indoor record for the 5000 m at the PSD Bank Meeting in Düsseldorf in 2010 , running a time of 13:19.10 minutes . Later that month he was just pipped to the gold in the 3000 m by teammate James Kwalia at the 2010 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships . He gained selection for the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships and came ninth in the 3000 m final . He claimed a consecutive silver medal in the 10,000 m at the 2010 Asian Games . He ran a personal best in the marathon at the 2012 Amsterdam Marathon , coming eleventh with his run of 2:09:22 hours .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 10,000m", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ."}]}, {'value': '26 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Masoud Saleh Hamad', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Shooting at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Aoti Shooting Range in Guangzhou , China between 13 November and 24 November 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Skeet", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Shooting at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Aoti Shooting Range in Guangzhou , China between 13 November and 24 November 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '24 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Felix Kibore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felix_Kibore', 'summary': "Felix Kikwai Kibore ( Arabic : فيليكس كيبوري ; born February 18 , 1988 in Kenya ) is a Qatari long-distance runner of Kenyan origin . Kibore represented Qatar at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , where he competed for the men 's 10,000 metres , along with his compatriots Essa Ismail Rashed and Ahmad Hassan Abdullah . He finished the race in twenty-second place by nearly two seconds ahead of Spanish long-distance runners Carles Castillejo and Ayad Lamdassen , with a time of 28:11.92 . Kibore had also achieved his best result in long-distance running , when he finished ninth in the finals of the men 's 5000 metres at the 2007 IAAF World Championships in Osaka , Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 5000m", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ."}]}, {'value': '21 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Musaab Abdelrahman Bala', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 800m", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ."}]}, {'value': '25 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rashidahmed Al Mannai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rashidahmed_Al_Mannai', 'summary': 'Rashid Ahmed Al-Mannai ( Arabic : أحمد راشد المناعي ; born 18 June 1988 ) is a Qatari track and field athlete who specialises in the high jump and triple jump .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's High Jump", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ."}]}, {'value': '23 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mubarak Hassan Shami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mubarak_Hassan_Shami', 'summary': 'Mubarak Hassan Shami ( Arabic : مبارك حسن شامي , born Richard Yatich on December 1 , 1980 ) is a Kenyan-born Qatari long-distance runner . He specializes in half marathon and marathon races .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's Marathon", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou , China from 21 to 27 November 2010 . A total of 47 events were contested - 24 by men and 23 by women - matching the Olympic athletics programme . The 42 track and field events on the programme were hosted at the Aoti Main Stadium ( Guangdong Olympic Stadium ) while the marathons and racewalking competitions took place around the city 's University Town ( sharing a venue with the triathlon ) . Sixteen Asian Games records were broken during the seven-day competition . China , the host country , topped the medal table having won 13 gold medals and 36 medals overall . India ( 12 medals overall ) and Bahrain both won five golds , but Japan ( with four golds ) had the second largest overall medal haul with twenty . A number of countries had double-digit medal totals : Kazakhstan and South Korea won four gold medals each , with hauls of eleven and ten medals respectively . Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan were the next best performing National Olympic Committees . A total of 574 athletes ( comprising 351 men and 223 women ) from 41 nations took part in the competition . Bhutan , Brunei , Jordan and Pakistan were the only nations without a representative in the events . One of the primary attractions of the competition was Chinese Olympic champion hurdler Liu Xiang - the stadium filled with around 70,000 spectators on the day he defended his title and he won gold in a Games record time . Chinese women completed 1-2 podium finishes in the shot put , discus and hammer throws while Zhou Chunxiu and Zhu Xiaolin took the top two spots in the women 's marathon ."}]}, {'value': '27 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fahad Alemadi Monsour Al Hajri Mubarak Al Muraikh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bowling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bowling_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Bowling at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Tianhe Bowling Hall , Guangzhou , China from November 15 to 24 , 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Trios", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bowling_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Bowling at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Tianhe Bowling Hall , Guangzhou , China from November 15 to 24 , 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '20 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamad Ali Al Marri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Shooting at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Aoti Shooting Range in Guangzhou , China between 13 November and 24 November 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Double Trap", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Shooting at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Aoti Shooting Range in Guangzhou , China between 13 November and 24 November 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '21 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nasser Al-Attiyah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nasser_Al-Attiyah', 'summary': "Nasser Salih Nasser Abdullah Al-Attiyah ( Arabic : ناصر صالح ناصر عبدالله العطية ; born 21 December 1970 in Doha ) is a Qatari rally driver , sport shooter and sheik . He was the 2006 Production World Rally Champion , a 13-time Middle East Rally Champion , 2014 and 2015 WRC-2 champion , four times winner of the FIA World Cup for Cross-Country Rallies and the 2011 , 2015 and 2019 Dakar Rally winner . He currently competes in the World Rally Championship and Middle East Rally Championship for the Qatar World Rally Team . His three victories in the Dakar Rally make him the only Middle Easterner and West Asian to win the competition more than once . In shooting , Al-Attiyah won the bronze medal in the men 's skeet event at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . He is the cousin of the current Emir of Qatar , Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani ."}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Shooting at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Aoti Shooting Range in Guangzhou , China between 13 November and 24 November 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Skeet", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2010_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Shooting at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Aoti Shooting Range in Guangzhou , China between 13 November and 24 November 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '24 November', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Qatar_at_the_2010_Asian_Games_0', 'intro': 'Qatar participated at the 16th Asian Games in Guangzhou, China.'}	null	null	What is the competition of the nation that won a gold medal ?	2.6 million
077f14c274026c54	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_New_Zealand_Parliament', 'title': '2nd New Zealand Parliament', 'header': ['Member', 'Electorate', 'Province', "MP 's term", 'Election date'], 'data': [{'value': 'John Cuff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Cuff_(politician)', 'summary': 'John Cuff ( 1805 - 6 December 1864 ) was a New Zealand politician . He represented the Akaroa electorate in the 2nd New Zealand Parliament from 1855 to 1858 , but resigned before the end of his term . He did not serve in any subsequent Parliaments . He died in Christchurch on 6 December 1864 aged 59 years .'}]}, {'value': 'Akaroa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Akaroa_(New_Zealand_electorate)', 'summary': 'Akaroa was a New Zealand electorate . It was located in on Banks Peninsula , in Canterbury , and named after the town of the same name . One of the original 24 electorates , it existed from 1853 to 1893 .'}]}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28 December', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Logan Campbell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Logan_Campbell_(politician)', 'summary': 'Sir John Logan Campbell ( 3 November 1817 - 22 June 1912 ) was a prominent New Zealand public figure . He was described by his contemporaries as the father of Auckland .'}]}, {'value': 'City of Auckland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_(New_Zealand_electorate)', 'summary': 'Auckland ( or , more formally , City of Auckland ) was a New Zealand electorate . It covered the core of Auckland during the early days of New Zealand democracy , when the city was small enough to be covered by two or three seats .'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Beckham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Beckham', 'summary': 'Thomas Beckham ( 1810 - 31 July 1875 ) was a 19th-century New Zealand politician . He represented the City of Auckland electorate in the 2nd New Zealand Parliament from 1855 to 1859 , but resigned before the end of his term and did not serve in any subsequent Parliament . He was also a member of the Auckland Provincial Council , representing the City of Auckland electorate in 1855-1856 . During most of that time , he was a member of the Auckland Executive Council .'}]}, {'value': 'City of Auckland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_(New_Zealand_electorate)', 'summary': 'Auckland ( or , more formally , City of Auckland ) was a New Zealand electorate . It covered the core of Auckland during the early days of New Zealand democracy , when the city was small enough to be covered by two or three seats .'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Province', 'summary': "The province covered roughly half of the North Island of New Zealand . It was the largest of the six initial provinces , both by area and population . The southern boundary was mostly along the 39th latitude , which was an arbitrary line , as the country 's interior was little known by Europeans . It was not subdivided during its existence ; the Taranaki Province ( originally named New Plymouth Province ) was the other one that kept its boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'First', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Daldy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Daldy', 'summary': 'William Crush Daldy ( 1816 - 5 October 1903 ) was a 19th-century captain and New Zealand politician .'}]}, {'value': 'City of Auckland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_(New_Zealand_electorate)', 'summary': 'Auckland ( or , more formally , City of Auckland ) was a New Zealand electorate . It covered the core of Auckland during the early days of New Zealand democracy , when the city was small enough to be covered by two or three seats .'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frederick Merriman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_Merriman_(politician)', 'summary': 'Frederick Ward Merriman ( 18 October 1818 - 21 July 1865 ) , generally called Frederick Merriman , was a 19th-century New Zealand politician .'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland Suburbs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Suburbs_(New_Zealand_electorate)', 'summary': 'Auckland Suburbs was a parliamentary electorate in Auckland , New Zealand from 1928 to 1946 .'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walter Brodie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Brodie', 'summary': 'Walter Brodie ( 1811 - 11 September 1884 ) was a New Zealand politician in Auckland , on both provincial and national level .'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland Suburbs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Suburbs_(New_Zealand_electorate)', 'summary': 'Auckland Suburbs was a parliamentary electorate in Auckland , New Zealand from 1928 to 1946 .'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hugh Carleton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugh_Carleton', 'summary': "Hugh Francis Carleton ( 3 July 1810 - 14 July 1890 ) was New Zealand 's first member of parliament ."}]}, {'value': 'Bay of Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bay_of_Islands_(New_Zealand_electorate)', 'summary': "Bay of Islands is a former New Zealand parliamentary electorate . It existed during various periods between 1853 and 1993 . It was thus one of the original 24 electoral districts , and New Zealand 's first ever MP was elected , although unopposed , in the Bay of Islands ; Hugh Carleton thus liked to be called the Father of the House ."}]}, {'value': 'Auckland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dingley Brittin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dingley_Askham_Brittin', 'summary': "Dingley Askham Brittin ( 1823-1881 ) was an English solicitor . He spent three years in New Zealand as a runholder and during that time , he represented the Christchurch Country electorate in the New Zealand House of Representatives for one term . Brittin was born in Huntingdonshire , England in 1823 . He received an education as a solicitor , but during his time in New Zealand , he did not practice in that profession . Brittin came out to New Zealand on the Minerva in 1853 , together with his wife , and his brother John Danns Brittin , his wife and son . The Minerva , one of the ships chartered by the Canterbury Association , had left London on 29 September and Plymouth on 12 October 1852 , and arrived in Lyttelton on 2 February 1853 . Other notable passengers on the ship were Henry Sewell , Edward Gibbon Wakefield , Jane and John Deans , Thomas Rowley , John Cuff , and Elizabeth Torlesse . The Brittin brothers took up run 105 at the mouth of the Rakaia River . They sold their land in 1854 , and took land in the Port Hills . In the 1855 election , Brittin was one of four candidates in the two-member Christchurch Country electorate . He came second and represented the electorate in the 2nd New Zealand Parliament in 1856 , but resigned during the 1856 session before the end of his term ; the Speaker read out his letter of resignation on 31 July , two weeks before the session finished . He had to return to England on 'urgent business ' in 1856 and feared that he may not be back in time for the start of the 1857 parliamentary session ."}]}, {'value': 'Christchurch Country', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christchurch_Country', 'summary': 'Christchurch Country was a parliamentary electorate in the Canterbury region of New Zealand from 1853 to 1860 . It was thus one of the original 24 electorates used for the 1st New Zealand Parliament .'}]}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury_Province', 'summary': 'The Canterbury Province was a province of New Zealand from 1853 until the abolition of provincial government in 1876 . Its capital was Christchurch .'}]}, {'value': 'First', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 December', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Hall_(New_Zealand_politician)', 'summary': 'Sir John Hall KCMG ( c.18 December 1824 - 25 June 1907 ) was a New Zealand politician who served as the 12th Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1879 to 1882 . Born in Kingston upon Hull , England , the third son of George Hall , a captain in the navy . At the age of ten he was sent to school in Switzerland and his education continued in Paris and Hamburg . After returning to England and being employed by the Post Office , at the age of 27 he decided to emigrate . He was also Mayor of Christchurch .'}]}, {'value': 'Christchurch Country', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christchurch_Country', 'summary': 'Christchurch Country was a parliamentary electorate in the Canterbury region of New Zealand from 1853 to 1860 . It was thus one of the original 24 electorates used for the 1st New Zealand Parliament .'}]}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 December', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Sewell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Sewell', 'summary': "Henry Sewell ( 7 September 1807 - 14 May 1879 ) was a prominent 19th-century New Zealand politician . He was a notable campaigner for New Zealand self-government , and is generally regarded as having been the country 's first Premier ( an office that would later be titled Prime Minister ) , having led the Sewell Ministry in 1856 . He later served as Colonial Treasurer ( 1856-59 ) , as Attorney-General ( 1861-62 ) , and twice as Minister of Justice ( 1864-65 , 1869-72 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Town of Christchurch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christchurch_(New_Zealand_electorate)', 'summary': 'Christchurch was a parliamentary electorate in Christchurch , New Zealand . It existed three times . Originally it was the Town of Christchurch from 1853 to 1860 . From the 1860-1861 election to the 1871 election , it existed as City of Christchurch . It then existed from the 1875-1876 election until the 1881 election . The last period was from the 1890 election to the 1905 election . Since the 1946 election , a similarly named electorate called Christchurch Central has been in existence . The historic electorate was represented by 21 members of parliament . For some of the time , it was represented by one member at a time . During other periods , it was one of the few three-member electorates in New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 December', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Cargill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Cargill_(politician)', 'summary': 'John Cargill ( 1821 - 2 January 1898 ) was a New Zealand politician and runholder .'}]}, {'value': 'Dunedin Country', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunedin_Country', 'summary': 'Dunedin Country was a parliamentary electorate in the rural area surrounding the city of Dunedin in Otago , New Zealand , from 1853 to 1860 . It was a two-member electorate and was represented by a total of five members of parliament .'}]}, {'value': 'Otago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otago_Province', 'summary': 'The Otago Province was a province of New Zealand until the abolition of provincial government in 1876 . The capital of the province was Dunedin . Southland Province split from Otago in 1861 , but became part of the province again in 1870 .'}]}, {'value': 'Second', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 December', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Cargill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Cargill', 'summary': "William Walter Cargill ( 27 August 1784 - 6 August 1860 ) was the founder of the Otago settlement in New Zealand , after serving as an officer in the British Army . He was a member of parliament and Otago 's first Superintendent ."}]}, {'value': 'Dunedin Country', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunedin_Country', 'summary': 'Dunedin Country was a parliamentary electorate in the rural area surrounding the city of Dunedin in Otago , New Zealand , from 1853 to 1860 . It was a two-member electorate and was represented by a total of five members of parliament .'}]}, {'value': 'Otago', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 December', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Macandrew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Macandrew', 'summary': 'James Macandrew ( 1819 ( ? ) - 25 February 1887 ) was a New Zealand ship-owner and politician . He served as a Member of Parliament from 1853 to 1887 and as the last Superintendent of Otago Province .'}]}, {'value': 'Town of Dunedin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunedin_(New_Zealand_electorate)', 'summary': 'Dunedin or the City of Dunedin or the Town of Dunedin was a parliamentary electorate in the city of Dunedin in Otago , New Zealand . It was one of the original electorates created in 1853 and existed , with two breaks , until 1905 . It was the only New Zealand electorate that was created as a single-member , two-member and three member electorate .'}]}, {'value': 'Otago', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 December', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Brown_(New_Zealand_politician,_born_1820)', 'summary': 'Charles Brown ( 1820 - 2 September 1901 ) was a New Zealand politician from the Taranaki area .'}]}, {'value': 'Grey and Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grey_and_Bell', 'summary': 'Grey and Bell was a Taranaki electorate in the New Zealand Parliament from 1853 to 1881 .'}]}, {'value': 'New Plymouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taranaki_Province', 'summary': 'For the current top-level subdivision of Taranaki in New Zealand , see Taranaki region'}]}, {'value': 'First', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfred Ludlam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_Ludlam', 'summary': "Alfred Ludlam ( 1810 - 8 November 1877 ) was a leading New Zealand politician , horticulturist and farmer who owned land at Wellington and in the Hutt Valley . A member of three of New Zealand 's four earliest parliaments , he was also a philanthropist and a founder of Wellington 's Botanic Garden ."}]}, {'value': 'Hutt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hutt_(New_Zealand_electorate)', 'summary': 'Hutt was a New Zealand parliamentary electorate . It was one of the original electorates in 1853 and existed during two periods until 1978 . It was represented by 13 Members of Parliament .'}]}, {'value': 'Wellington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dillon Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dillon_Bell', 'summary': "Sir Francis Dillon Bell KCMG CB ( 8 October 1822 - 15 July 1898 ) was a New Zealand politician of the late 19th century . He served as New Zealand 's third Minister of Finance ( the first parliamentary finance minister ) , and later as its third Speaker of the House . The town of Bell Block near New Plymouth - on land Bell bought from the Puketapu iwi in 1849 - is named after him , as is Bell Street , Whanganui . Bell 's son , Francis Henry Dillon Bell , became the first New Zealand born Prime Minister in 1925 ."}]}, {'value': 'Hutt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hutt_(New_Zealand_electorate)', 'summary': 'Hutt was a New Zealand parliamentary electorate . It was one of the original electorates in 1853 and existed during two periods until 1978 . It was represented by 13 Members of Parliament .'}]}, {'value': 'Wellington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wellington_Province', 'summary': 'The Wellington Province was a province of New Zealand from 1853 until the abolition of provincial government in 1876 .'}]}, {'value': 'First', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James FitzGerald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_FitzGerald_(New_Zealand_politician)', 'summary': "James Edward FitzGerald ( 4 March 1818 - 2 August 1896 ) was a New Zealand politician . According to some historians , he should be considered the country 's first Prime Minister , although a more conventional view is that neither he nor his successor ( Thomas Forsaith ) should properly be given that title . He was a notable campaigner for New Zealand self-governance . He was the first Superintendent of the Canterbury Province ."}]}, {'value': 'Town of Lyttelton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyttelton_(New_Zealand_electorate)', 'summary': 'Lyttelton is a former New Zealand parliamentary electorate . It existed from 1853 to 1890 , and again from 1893 to 1996 , when it was replaced by the Banks Peninsula electorate .'}]}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21 December', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Parker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Parker_(New_Zealand_politician)', 'summary': 'Charles Parker JP ( 4 March 1809 - 29 June 1898 ) was a New Zealand politician and a carpenter .'}]}, {'value': 'Motueka and Massacre Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Motueka_and_Massacre_Bay_(New_Zealand_electorate)', 'summary': 'Motueka and Massacre Bay was one of the original parliamentary electorates created for the 1st New Zealand Parliament . It existed from 1853 to 1860 and was represented by three Members of Parliament . In the 1860 electoral redistribution , the area was split in half , and the Motueka and Collingwood electorates were created from it .'}]}, {'value': 'Nelson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfred Domett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_Domett', 'summary': "Alfred Domett CMG ( 20 May 1811 - 2 November 1887 ) was an English colonial statesman and poet . He was New Zealand 's fourth Premier ."}]}, {'value': 'Town of Nelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nelson_(New_Zealand_electorate)', 'summary': 'Nelson is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate , returning one Member of Parliament to the House of Representatives of New Zealand . From 1853 to 1860 , the electorate was called Town of Nelson . From 1860 to 1881 , it was City of Nelson . The electorate is the only one that has continuously existed since the 1st Parliament in 1853 . The current MP for Nelson is Nick Smith of the National Party . He has held this position since 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nelson_Province', 'summary': 'Nelson Province was constituted in 1853 under the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 , and originally covered the entire upper South Island , including all of present-day Buller , Kaikoura , Marlborough , and Tasman districts , along with Nelson City , Grey District north of the Grey River , and the Hurunui District north of the Hurunui River . It was reduced in size by the creation of Marlborough Province in November 1859 , then abolished in 1876 , along with all the provinces of New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'First', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edward Stafford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Stafford_(politician)', 'summary': 'Sir Edward Stafford GCMG ( 23 April 1819 - 14 February 1901 ) served as the third Premier of New Zealand on three occasions in the mid 19th century . His total time in office is the longest of any leader without a political party . He is described as pragmatic , logical , and clear-sighted .'}]}, {'value': 'Town of Nelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nelson_(New_Zealand_electorate)', 'summary': 'Nelson is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate , returning one Member of Parliament to the House of Representatives of New Zealand . From 1853 to 1860 , the electorate was called Town of Nelson . From 1860 to 1881 , it was City of Nelson . The electorate is the only one that has continuously existed since the 1st Parliament in 1853 . The current MP for Nelson is Nick Smith of the National Party . He has held this position since 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nelson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 November', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Initial composition of the 2nd Parliament', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2nd_New_Zealand_Parliament_0', 'intro': "The 2nd New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. It opened on 15 April 1856, following New Zealand's 1855 election. It was dissolved on 5 November 1860 in preparation for 1860-61 election. The 2nd Parliament was the first under which New Zealand had responsible government, meaning that unlike previously, the Cabinet was chosen (although not officially appointed) by Parliament rather than by the Governor."}	null	null	What electorate with two members was one of the original electorates in 1853 and existed during two periods until 1978 ?	Hutt
07807d944dd3fdb0	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho_at_the_Olympics', 'title': 'Lesotho at the Olympics', 'header': ['#', 'Event year', 'Season', 'Flag bearer', 'Sport'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1972 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1972 ) , officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Munich , West Germany , from 26 August to 11 September 1972 . The sporting nature of the event was largely overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week , in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at Olympic village were killed by Black September terrorists . The 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany , after the 1936 Games in Berlin , which had taken place under the Nazi regime . The West German Government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present a democratic and optimistic Germany to the world , as shown by the Games ' official motto , Die Heiteren Spiele , or the cheerful Games . The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo ( the Bright Sun ) by Otl Aicher , the designer and director of the visual conception commission . The Olympic mascot , the dachshund Waldi , was the first officially named Olympic mascot . The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals . The Olympic Park ( Olympiapark ) is based on Frei Otto 's plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark . The competition sites , designed by architect Günther Behnisch , included the Olympic swimming hall , the Olympics Hall ( Olympiahalle , a multipurpose facility ) and the Olympic Stadium ( Olympiastadion ) , and an Olympic village very close to the park . The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary , with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes , used on such a large scale for the first time ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Motsapi Moorosi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Motsapi_Moorosi', 'summary': "Motsapi Moorosi ( 4 May 1945 - 8 February 2013 ) was a Lesotho sprinter . He competed in the men 's 100 metres at the 1972 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich , 38 events in athletics were contested , 24 for men and 14 for women . There were a total number of 1324 participating athletes from 104 countries .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mochochonono Mokhutlole', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chef de mission', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noheku Nteso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noheku_Nteso', 'summary': "Noheku Nteso ( born 1 August 1962 ) is a Lesotho long-distance runner . He competed in the men 's marathon at the 1988 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul a total number of 42 events in athletics were contested : 24 by men and 18 by women . There were a total number of 1617 participating athletes from 149 countries .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jessie Mathunta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chef de mission', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mokete Mokhosi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mokete_Mokhosi', 'summary': "Mokete Mokhosi ( born 7 May 1969 ) is a Lesotho taekwondo practitioner . He competed in the men 's 80 kg category during the 2000 Summer Olympics . He also competed in the 1997 and 1999 World Taekwondo Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Taekwondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo was contested as an official sport at the Olympic Games for the first time at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney . It had previously been a demonstration sport in 1988 and 1992 . Medals were awarded in four weight classes each for men and women . Tran Hieu Ngan became the first Vietnamese Olympic medalist in this competition .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2004 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004 , was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home . The Games saw 10,625 athletes compete , some 600 more than expected , accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries . There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance . 2004 also marked the return of the Olympic Games to the city where they began . Having previously hosted the Olympics in 1896 , Athens became one of only four cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two separate occasions at the time ( together with Paris , London , and Los Angeles ) . A new medal obverse was introduced at these Games , replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games . This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue . The new design features the Panathenaic Stadium . The 2004 Summer Games were hailed as unforgettable , dream games by IOC President Jacques Rogge , and left Athens with a significantly improved infrastructure , including a new airport , ring road , and subway system . There have been arguments ( mostly in popular media ) regarding the cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games and their possible contribution to the 2010-2018 Greek government-debt crisis , however , there is little or no evidence for such a correlation . The 2004 Olympics were generally deemed to be a success , with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lineo Mochesane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lineo_Mochesane', 'summary': "Lineo Mochesane ( born July 29 , 1984 ) is a female Lesotho taekwondo athlete . She won her first international gold medal in the women 's finweight division ( -47 kg ) at the 2003 All-Africa Games . Mochesan was the flag bearer for Lesotho during the Opening Ceremony of the 2004 Summer Olympics . She competed in the women 's 49 kg class in the taekwondo tournament at the Olympics but lost in the first round to Austria 's Nevena Lukic . After the Olympics , Mochesan had limited success . In 2006 , she won silver in women 's finweight at the World Military Taekwondo Championships in Seoul , South Korea ."}]}, {'value': 'Taekwondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo at the 2004 Summer Olympics were held in the Sports Pavilion at the Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex in Athens , Greece where 124 competitors competed in eight events , four each for men and women .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2008 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad ( Chinese : 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2008 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing , China . [ b ] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) competed in 28 sports and 302 events ( one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Summer Olympics ) . This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics , but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia , following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics . These were the second summer Olympic Games staged in a Communist country , after the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics and the third in a developing country after the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union and the first overall Olympics to be hosted by a Communist state since the former Yugoslavia hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . Beijing was awarded the 2008 Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001 , having won a majority of votes from members of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after two rounds of voting . The Government of the People 's Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transport systems . A total of 37 venues were used to host the events , including twelve constructed specifically for the 2008 Olympics . The equestrian events were held in Hong Kong , making this the third Olympics for which the events were held under the jurisdiction of two different NOCs . [ c ] The sailing events were contested in Qingdao , while the football events took place across several different cities . The official logo for the 2008 Games , titled Dancing Beijing , featured a stylised calligraphic character jīng ( 京 , means capital ) in reference to the host city . The Beijing Olympics was watched by 3,500,000,000 people worldwide and featured the longest distance for an Olympic Torch relay . The event sets numerous world and Olympics records in the history of sports , and is also the most expensive Summer Olympics of all time and second-most expensive overall , after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simon Maine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simon_Maine', 'summary': "Simon Tsotang Maine ( born August 10 , 1974 in Ha Molengoane , Ratau , Lesotho ) is a Basotho long-distance runner who competed in the men 's marathon event at the 2008 Summer Olympics . He was the flag bearer of Lesotho during the 2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics were held during the last ten days of the games , from August 15 to August 24 , 2008 , at the Beijing National Stadium . The Olympic sport of athletics is split into four distinct sets of events : track and field events , road running events , and racewalking events . Both men and women had very similar schedules of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , as their schedule lacked the 50 km race walk . In addition , both the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon are reflected in the women 's schedule by the 100 m hurdles and heptathlon , respectively . The Olympic record was broken in 17 returning events . In five events , including the inaugural women 's 3000 m steeplechase , the world record was broken . The athletics was , alongside the Olympic cycling events , one of the few large sports programmes in which the host nation fared comparatively poorly in terms of medals won . Despite a haul of 100 medals at the games as a whole , Chinese athletes took home two bronze medals from the athletics events . The country 's foremost athlete Liu Xiang , the 2004 Olympic champion in the 110 metres hurdles , had to withdraw after a false start due to injury . In the years following the events , results were significantly affected by doping findings ; 19 of the 47 events have had amendments to their medal rankings as a result of testing and retesting of samples taken at or before the Games . Multiple medalists have been sanctioned for doping violations ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mamorallo Tjoka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mamorallo_Tjoka', 'summary': "'Mamoroallo Tjoka ( born 25 October 1984 in Ha Seqhoe , Malehloana , Lesotho ) is a Basotho long-distance runner who competed in the marathon event at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics . She was the flag bearer of Lesotho during the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The athletics competitions at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were held during the last 10 days of the Games , on 3-12 August . Track and field events took place at the Olympic Stadium in east London . The road events , however , started and finished on The Mall in central London . Over 2,000 athletes from 201 nations competed in 47 events in total , with both men and women having a very similar schedule of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , of which 21 were the same for both . The women 's schedule lacked the 50 km race walk and included 100 m hurdles and heptathlon as opposed to the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon . The youngest participant in the athletics competition was Andorran 15-year-old Cristina Llovera while the oldest was 46-year-old Ukrainian Oleksandr Dryhol . South African Oscar Pistorius became the first amputee sprinter to compete at the Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2016 Summer Olympics ( Portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , [ a ] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( Portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and commonly known as Rio 2016 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August . These were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in South America and the fourth to be held in a developing country , after the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in China . More than 11,000 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees took part , including first time entrants Kosovo , South Sudan , and the Refugee Olympic Team . With 306 sets of medals , the games featured 28 Olympic sports , including rugby sevens and golf , which were added to the Olympic program in 2009 . These sporting events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasília , and Manaus . These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 2 October 2009 . Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games . These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country , the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country 's winter season , the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America , and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere . The United States topped the medal table , winning the most gold and overall medals , 46 and 121 , as well as its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal overall . Great Britain finished second and became only the second country in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after it had been host nation . China finished third ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mosito Lehata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mosito_Lehata', 'summary': "Mosito Lehata ( born 8 April 1989 in Maseru ) is a Mosotho athlete competing in sprinting events . He is the current holder of the Lesotho national record for the 100-meter at 10.11 seconds , and has consistently won the national track championships on shorter tracks . He was eliminated in the first round of the men 's 200 m event at the 2012 Summer Olympics . Lehata found success in the 200 m event at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics when he finished in the first round ahead of Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt and advanced to the semifinals . He set a new national record in the 200 m at the 2014 Commonwealth Games , finishing in 4th , four hundredths of a second behind the bronze medal winner . At the 2016 Summer Olympics , he competed in the 100 m and 200 m events . He finished 4th in his heat for the 100 m with a time of 10.25 seconds and did not qualify for the semifinals . He finished 7th in his heat for the 200 m with a season best time of 20.65 seconds , but did not qualify for the semifinals . He was the flagbearer for Lesotho during the Parade of Nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics were held during the last 10 days of the games , from 12-21 August 2016 , at the Olympic Stadium . The sport of athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics was made into three distinct sets of events : track and field events , road running events , and racewalking events .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Flag bearers', 'section_text': 'This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Lesotho at the Olympics . [ 1 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_flag_bearers_for_Lesotho_at_the_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'Lesotho first participated at the Olympic Games in 1972 and has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except when they boycotted the 1976 Summer Olympics along with most other African nations. Lesotho has never participated in the Winter Olympic Games. To date, no athlete from Lesotho has ever won an Olympic medal. The National Olympic Committee for Lesotho was created in 1971 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1972.'}	null	null	Between the Olympics for 2008 and 2012 , which had more particpants ?	2008
07812782bce5bcf4	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_MLS_Supplemental_Draft', 'title': '2013 MLS Supplemental Draft', 'header': ['Pick #', 'MLS team', 'Player', 'Position', 'Affiliation'], 'data': [{'value': '58', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toronto FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_FC', 'summary': "Toronto Football Club is a Canadian professional soccer club based in Toronto . The club competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home matches at BMO Field , located at Exhibition Place on Toronto 's shoreline . Toronto FC joined MLS in 2007 as an expansion team and was the first Canadian-based franchise in the league . The first team is coached by Greg Vanney and operated by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment , which also operates the USL League One affiliate team Toronto FC II and most other professional sports franchises in the city . In 2017 , Toronto FC won the domestic treble with the MLS Cup , Supporters ' Shield and Canadian Championship . They are seven-time winners of the Canadian Championship and were runners-up of the 2018 CONCACAF Champions League , as well as MLS Cup in 2016 and 2019 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the club has an estimated value of US $ 395 million and the highest player payroll in Major League Soccer ."}]}, {'value': 'Taylor Morgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taylor_Morgan', 'summary': 'Taylor Lee Morgan ( born 21 October 1990 ) is an English footballer who plays as a forward and is currently a free agent after leaving his most recent club , Brighton-based National League South side Whitehawk .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'George Mason Chicago Fire Premier', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/George_Mason_Patriots_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The George Mason Patriots men 's soccer team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of George Mason University in Fairfax , Virginia , United States . The team is a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference , which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I. George Mason 's first men 's soccer team was fielded in 1968 . The team plays its home games at George Mason Stadium in Fairfax , Virginia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Fire_Premier', 'summary': "Chicago Fire U-23 Is an American soccer team based in Chicago , Illinois , United States . Founded in 2001 , the team plays in the USL League Two , And the team also played in the Premier Development League ( PDL ) , the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid , in the Great Lakes Division of the Central Conference . The team played its home games at the artificial turf practice field adjacent to Toyota Park in Bridgeview , Illinois . The team 's colors were red and white . Until 2005 they were known as the Chicago Fire Reserves . From the 2008 season , the team was usually referred to as Chicago Fire PDL , although the official name of the team did not change ."}]}, {'value': '59', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chivas USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.D._Chivas_USA', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Chivas USA was an American professional soccer team based in Carson , California , a suburb of Los Angeles . The club played from 2005 to 2014 in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) and was a subsidiary of Mexican club C.D . Guadalajara , sharing common ownership and branding . The club was the eleventh MLS team upon its entry into the league in 2004 . Chivas USA was intended to be seen as a little brother to its parent club C.D . Guadalajara , one of the most widely supported and successful teams in Mexico . Chiva is Latin American Spanish for goat , seen as a tough and resilient animal in Mexico , and is the nickname of C.D . Guadalajara . Chivas USA played its home games at the StubHub Center in Carson , which it shared with its rival , the LA Galaxy . The club was originally owned by Antonio Cue and Jorge Vergara , who also owns C.D . Guadalajara . In 2014 , MLS purchased the club from Vergara with plans to sell to new owners .'}]}, {'value': 'PASS', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '60', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portland Timbers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portland_Timbers', 'summary': "The Portland Timbers is an American professional soccer club based in Portland , Oregon . The Timbers compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member club of the league 's Western Conference . The Timbers have played their home games at Providence Park since 2011 , when the team began play as an expansion team in the league . The club was founded in 2009 , when the city of Portland was awarded an expansion berth to Major League Soccer . The team is owned by Peregrine Sports under the majority ownership of Merritt Paulson , whose companies had acquired the then-USL Pro team in 2007 and later established the Portland Thorns women 's team in 2012 . The club is a phoenix club , and the fourth soccer franchise based in Portland to carry the legacy of the Timbers name , which originated with the original team , in the North American Soccer League in 1975 . In 2013 , the Timbers finished the regular season in first place in the Western Conference , clinching both their first-ever playoff appearance and a CONCACAF Champions League berth . In 2015 , the franchise won the Western Conference Finals in the playoffs , and their first major trophy , the MLS Cup , becoming the first team in Cascadia to do so . In 2017 , the club again finished the regular season in first place in the Western Conference . In 2018 , the Timbers again made the playoffs , advancing in three rounds , defeating archrival Seattle in the semifinals along the way , and made the MLS Cup where they lost 2-0 to Atlanta United FC ."}]}, {'value': 'PASS', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '61', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New England Revolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_England_Revolution', 'summary': "The New England Revolution is an American professional soccer club based in the Greater Boston area that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , in the Eastern Conference of the league . It is one of the ten charter clubs of MLS , having competed in the league since its inaugural season . The club is owned by Robert Kraft , who also owns the New England Patriots along with his son , Jonathan Kraft . The name Revolution refers to the New England region 's significant involvement in the American Revolution that took place from 1775-1783 . New England plays their home matches at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , located 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of downtown Boston , Massachusetts . The club played their home games at the adjacent and now-demolished Foxboro Stadium , from 1996 until 2001 . The Revs are the only original MLS team to have every league game in their history televised . The Revolution won their first major trophy in the 2007 U.S. Open Cup . The following year , they won the 2008 North American SuperLiga . The Revolution have participated in five MLS Cup finals in 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , and 2014 . They also placed second in the 2005 regular season . However , they have never won an MLS Cup or MLS Supporters ' Shield ."}]}, {'value': 'Gabe Latigue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabe_Latigue', 'summary': 'Gabe Latigue ( born October 11 , 1990 ) is an American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Elon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elon_University', 'summary': "Elon University is a private university in Elon , North Carolina . Founded in 1889 as Elon College , Elon is organized into six schools , most of which offer bachelor 's degrees and several of which offer master 's degrees or professional doctorate degrees . Located in North Carolina 's Piedmont region , Elon is situated on a 656-acre suburban campus between the cities of Greensboro and Raleigh . Fewer than twenty percent of Elon 's undergraduates are native to the state of North Carolina . Elon 's intercollegiate athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I athletics as a member of the Colonial Athletic Association ."}]}, {'value': '62', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Union', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Union is an American professional soccer team based in Chester , Pennsylvania . The Union competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member club of the league 's Eastern Conference . The club began play in 2010 as an expansion team of the league . The club plays their home matches at Subaru Park , a soccer-specific stadium located in Chester on the banks of the Delaware River . Jim Curtin is the Union 's head coach . The Union finished as runners-up in the 2014 , 2015 and 2018 U.S. Open Cup tournaments . In the 2014 edition , they lost to the Seattle Sounders FC 3-1 in extra time , and to Sporting Kansas City 6-7 on penalties after a 1-1 draw in the 2015 edition . They lost 3-0 to the Houston Dynamo in the final of the 2018 edition ."}]}, {'value': 'Leo Fernandes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leo_Fernandes', 'summary': 'Leonardo Fernandes ( born December 23 , 1991 ) is a Brazilian-American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for the Tampa Bay Rowdies in the United Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Stony Brook Reading United', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Stony_Brook_Seawolves_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Stony Brook Seawolves men 's soccer team is a collegiate soccer team that competes in NCAA Division I and in the America East Conference ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Reading_United_A.C.', 'summary': "Reading United AC is an American soccer team based in Reading , Pennsylvania . Founded in 1995 , the team plays in USL League Two , the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid . The club plays its home games at Gurski Stadium on the campus of Wilson High School . The club 's colors are white , black , gold , and navy blue . United formerly fielded a team in the Super-20 League , a league for players seventeen to twenty years of age under the United Soccer Leagues umbrella . Prior to the 2010 season , the team was known as the Reading Rage . On December 21 , 2009 , the Rage organization announced its agreement with Major League Soccer 's Philadelphia Union to become their official minor league affiliate , and re-branded as Reading United A.C. with immediate effect . Reading United is one of only three teams in USL League Two history to reach consecutive league finals - reaching in 2018 and 2019 . The team has had a great deal of success promoting amateur players to the professional ranks , with over 130 former players having gone on to either play professionally , cap for their country in international play , or be drafted by an MLS team ."}]}, {'value': '63', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'summary': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City , Colorado . The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Western Conference . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS . Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010 , their second MLS Cup appearance . The first appearance was in 1997 , losing to D.C. United . They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament , where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos , the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup . The Rapids play their home games at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Marcello Castro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Sacred Heart Ottawa Fury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacred_Heart_University', 'summary': "Sacred Heart University ( SHU ) is a private Roman Catholic university in Fairfield , Connecticut . Sacred Heart was founded in 1963 by the Most Reverend Walter W. Curtis , Bishop of the Diocese of Bridgeport , Connecticut . Sacred Heart was the first Catholic university in the United States to be staffed by the laity . Sacred Heart is the second-largest Catholic university in New England , behind Boston College , and offers more than 80 degree programs to over 8,500 students at the bachelor 's , master 's and doctoral levels . Undergraduate students study at Sacred Heart 's international campuses in Dingle , Ireland and Luxembourg , including freshmen participating in pre-fall and Freshman Fall Abroad programs . On the main campus , academic facilities include the Frank and Marisa Martire Business & Communications Center and the Center for Healthcare Education ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ottawa_Fury', 'summary': 'Ottawa Fury Football Club was a Canadian professional soccer club based in Ottawa , Ontario . The club competed in the North American Soccer League and USL Championship and played its home games at TD Place Stadium . The Ottawa Fury FC were dissolved as a soccer club on November 8 , 2019 and their USL franchise rights sold to Miami FC on December 11 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '64', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FC Dallas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Dallas', 'summary': "FC Dallas is an American professional soccer club based in the Dallas suburb of Frisco , Texas . The club competes as a member of the Western Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 as a charter club of the league . The club was founded in 1995 as the Dallas Burn before adopting its current name in 2004 . Dallas plays its home games at their 20,500-capacity soccer-specific Toyota Stadium , where they have played since 2005 . In the club 's early years , Dallas played their home games in the Cotton Bowl . The team is owned by the Hunt Sports Group led by brothers Clark Hunt and Dan Hunt , who is the team 's president . The Hunt family also owns the NFL 's Kansas City Chiefs and part of the Chicago Bulls . FC Dallas in 2016 won their first Supporters ' Shield . In 2010 they were runners-up in the MLS Cup , losing to the Colorado Rapids in extra time . The team has won the U.S. Open Cup on two occasions ( in 1997 and again in 2016 ) . Their fully owned USL affiliate , North Texas SC , won the 2019 USL League One regular season and overall championship titles , the third division title in American soccer ."}]}, {'value': 'T. J. Nelson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'SMU', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/SMU_Mustangs_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The SMU Mustangs men 's soccer team represents Southern Methodist University in men 's college soccer . The team currently competes in The American Athletic Conference . The Mustangs made their most recent appearance in the NCAA National Tournament in 2018 , their second consecutive tournament appearance and third in four seasons . In 2017 , the Mustangs reached the round of sixteen for the 18th time in program history . In 2017 , they also became the first program in American Athletic Conference history to claim both the regular season and conference tournament championship , a feat they repeated in 2018 defeating Temple 2-1 in the final game of the regular season and defeating UCF in a shootout in Orlando in the AAC Tournament Final . The Mustangs have been one of the top men 's collegiate sides in the NCAA since being founded in 1975 , and are regularly featured in Top 25 polls . The Mustangs used to be coached by former FC Dallas and current Grand Canyon University coach Schellas Hyndman and current FC Dallas coach Luchi Gonzalez played for the Mustangs from 1998-2001 ."}]}, {'value': '65', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal Impact', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Impact', 'summary': "The Montreal Impact ( French : Impact de Montréal ) is a Canadian professional soccer team based in Montreal , Quebec . The Impact competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The team began play in 2012 as an expansion team of the league , being the league 's third Canadian club , and replaced the North American Soccer League team of the same name . In 2015 , the Impact became the second MLS club , and first Canadian club , to advance to the final of the CONCACAF Champions League , in its current name since 2008 , where they had finished runners up in the two game aggregate goal series against Club América . The Impact had won the Canadian Championship in 2013 , 2014 and 2019 . The club plays its home games at Saputo Stadium and is coached by Thierry Henry ."}]}, {'value': 'PASS', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus Crew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus_Crew', 'summary': "Columbus Crew Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club based in Columbus , Ohio . The Crew competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference and began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The team is currently being operated by an ownership group led by the Haslam family and former team doctor Pete Edwards . The Haslam/Edwards group is the third owner in club history . The franchise was founded in 1994 as simply the Columbus Crew . Since 1999 , the Crew has played home games at Mapfre Stadium , the first soccer-specific stadium ever built for an MLS team , with a seating capacity of 19,968 as of the 2015 season . From 1996 to 1998 , the Crew played its home games at Ohio Stadium on the campus of the Ohio State University . In 2014 , the team set club attendance records for both most cumulative attendance and most sellouts . Crew SC has won five major trophies : MLS Cup 2008 , the Supporters ' Shield in 2004 , 2008 , and 2009 , and the 2002 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup . The Crew have qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League ( or its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup ) three times , reaching the quarterfinals each time ."}]}, {'value': 'Shawn Sloan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'High Point', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/High_Point_University', 'summary': 'High Point University is a private liberal arts university in High Point , North Carolina . It is affiliated with the United Methodist Church . Founded as High Point College in 1924 , it became High Point University in October 1991 . HPU offers 47 undergraduate majors , 51 undergraduate minors and 12 graduate-degree majors .'}]}, {'value': '67', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vancouver Whitecaps FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vancouver_Whitecaps_FC', 'summary': "Vancouver Whitecaps FC is a Canadian professional soccer team based in Vancouver , British Columbia that competes in the Western Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The Whitecaps were the 17th team to enter Major League Soccer and replaced the USSF Division 2 team of the same name in the city . The club has been owned and managed by the same group since their USSF days , having graduated to MLS after the conclusion of the USSF 's 2010 season . The MLS version of the team is a phoenix club , and the third to carry the legacy of the Whitecaps name . In the 2012 season , the team became the first Canadian team to qualify for the MLS Cup Playoffs ."}]}, {'value': 'Alejandro Sucre', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Amherst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amherst_College', 'summary': "Amherst College ( /ˈæmərst/ ( listen ) AM-ərst ) is a private liberal arts college in Amherst , Massachusetts . Founded in 1821 as an attempt to relocate Williams College by its then-president Zephaniah Swift Moore , Amherst is the third oldest institution of higher education in Massachusetts . The institution was named after the town , which in turn had been named after Jeffery , Lord Amherst , Commander-in-Chief of British forces of North America during the French and Indian War . Originally established as a men 's college , Amherst became coeducational in 1975 . Amherst is an exclusively undergraduate four-year institution ; the school enrolled 1,855 students in fall 2018 . Students choose courses from 38 major programs in an open curriculum and are not required to study a core curriculum or fulfill any distribution requirements ; students may also design their own interdisciplinary major . For the class of 2023 , Amherst received 10,567 applications and accepted 1,144 , yielding a 10.8% acceptance rate . Amherst was ranked as the best liberal arts college in the country for 2018-19 by The Wall Street Journal , the second best liberal arts college in the country by U.S. News & World Report , and 16th out of all U.S. colleges and universities by Forbes in their 2018 rankings . Amherst competes in the New England Small College Athletic Conference . Amherst has historically had close relationships and rivalries with Williams College and Wesleyan University , which form the Little Three colleges . The college is a member of the Five College Consortium , which allows its students to attend classes at four other Pioneer Valley institutions : Mount Holyoke College , Smith College , Hampshire College , and the University of Massachusetts Amherst ."}]}, {'value': '68', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Fire_Soccer_Club', 'summary': "Chicago Fire Football Club is an American professional soccer franchise based in Chicago , Illinois . The team competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference , having moved to the conference in 2002 . The franchise is named after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , and was founded as the Chicago Fire Soccer Club on October 8 , 1997 , the event 's 126th anniversary . The team began play in 1998 as one of the league 's first expansion teams . The Fire won the MLS Cup as well as the U.S. Open Cup ( the double ) in their first season in 1998 . They also won U.S. Open Cups in 2000 , 2003 , and 2006 , in addition to the 2003 MLS Supporters ' Shield . In 2015 , the club won the first ever MLS Wooden Spoon , and repeated the feat in 2016 . The Fire maintains an extensive development system , consisting of the Chicago Fire Development Academy and the Chicago Fire Juniors youth organization . They also operate the Chicago Fire Foundation , the team 's community-based charitable division . The Fire 's home stadium is Soldier Field ."}]}, {'value': 'Caleb Konstanski', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Indiana_Hoosiers_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Indiana Hoosiers men 's soccer team represents Indiana University Bloomington . The team is a member of the Big Ten Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . By a number of indicators , the Hoosiers are one of the most successful collegiate soccer programs in the history of the sport . The Hoosiers have won eight national championships in men 's soccer ( 1982 , 1983 , 1988 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2004 and 2012 ) , second only to St. Louis ' 10 . Since the program began in 1973 , Indiana has more national championships , wins , College Cup appearances , and a higher winning percentage in both regular season and post-season play than any other school in Division I soccer . The Hoosiers have also dominated conference play . Since the Big Ten began sponsoring men 's soccer in 1991 , Indiana has won 13 Big Ten tournament titles . Indiana has also been crowned regular season champion 15 times , including nine-straight seasons from 1996-2004 . A league-record 12 Big Ten Players of the Year come from Indiana . Indiana players have won six Hermann Trophies ( including Ken Snow twice ) and three Missouri Athletic Club Player of the Year awards . The Hoosiers have produced 13 United States men 's national soccer team players , six Olympians and six World Cup players . In addition , Hoosier players have earned All-America honors 52 times ."}]}, {'value': '69', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real Salt Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Salt_Lake', 'summary': "Real Salt Lake ( /riːˈæl/ ) , also known as RSL , is an American professional soccer franchise that competes as a member club of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) Western Conference . RSL began play in 2005 as an expansion team of the league . The club was founded in 2004 when the club 's first owner and founder was awarded an expansion berth in Major League Soccer . The club plays its home games at Rio Tinto Stadium , a soccer-specific stadium located in the Salt Lake City suburb of Sandy , Utah , which they share with their sister team , Utah Royals FC . Before moving to Rio Tinto , RSL played home games at Rice-Eccles Stadium , located on the campus of the University of Utah , from 2005-2007 . The team is currently led by interim head coach Freddy Juarez . In domestic soccer , Real Salt Lake won the 2009 MLS Cup , the Supporters Shield in 2010 , and the 2013 edition of the U.S. Open Cup . They were runners-up in the 2013 MLS Cup . The franchise regional success to date was in the 2010-11 CONCACAF Champions League , where RSL finished runners-up in the tournament becoming the first American club , since the CONCACAF Champions League format was introduced in 2008 , to advance to the final stage of the tournament . Their fully owned USL affiliate , Real Monarchs , won the 2019 USL Championship , the second division title in American soccer ."}]}, {'value': 'Max Wasserman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'UConn', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Connecticut_Huskies_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The UConn Huskies men 's soccer team is an intercollegiate varsity sports team of the University of Connecticut . The team is a member of the American Athletic Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ."}]}, {'value': '70', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Red Bulls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Red_Bulls', 'summary': "The New York Red Bulls are an American professional soccer club based in Harrison , New Jersey . The Red Bulls compete as a member of the Eastern Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The club was established in October 1994 and began play in the league 's inaugural season in 1996 as the New York/New Jersey MetroStars . In 2006 , the team was sold to Red Bull GmbH and re-branded as part of the company 's global network of football clubs , leading to the team 's current name . The Red Bulls have played their home matches at Red Bull Arena since 2010 , having previously played at Giants Stadium . The club is one of two teams in MLS based in the New York metropolitan region along with New York City FC , which entered the league in 2015 . The two sides compete against each other in the Hudson River Derby . The team 's current head coach is former United States international midfielder Chris Armas . The Red Bulls have reached the MLS Cup final once in 2008 where they were defeated by the Columbus Crew . The club has won three regular season Supporters ' Shield titles in 2013 , 2015 and 2018 , and has also twice reached the final of the U.S. Open Cup in 2003 and 2017 , losing on both occasions ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Ribeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Ribeiro', 'summary': 'Andrew Ribeiro ( born October 22 , 1990 ) is an American soccer player who most recently played for United Soccer League club Orlando City B .'}]}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Creighton Portland Timbers U23s', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Creighton_Bluejays_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Creighton Bluejays men 's soccer team represents Creighton University in NCAA men 's Division I soccer competitions . They compete in the Big East Conference and have risen to prominence in collegiate men 's soccer in the last few decades having gone to the NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Tournament in 22 of the previous 23 seasons , going back to 1992 , with five appearances in the College Cup semifinals and one appearance in the National Championship Match . In conference play , the Bluejays have won 13 conference regular season championships and 13 conference tournament championships ; the most recent being the 2014 Big East Conference Regular Season Championship . Creighton is the only soccer program in the nation to have at least one athlete taken in every Major League Soccer ( MLS ) draft from 1996 - 2014 . They are currently coached by Elmar Bolowich ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Portland_Timbers_U23s', 'summary': "Portland Timbers U23 is an American soccer team based in Salem , Oregon , United States . Although founded in 2008 as part of the development system for the Portland Timbers USSF D2 organization , beginning in 2011 they are part of the development system for the Major League Soccer franchise of the same name . The team plays in USL League Two , the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid . The team played most of its home games at Providence Park , the home of the senior Timbers team , where they have played since 2009 . In 2017 , the team announced it would be based out of Salem , in affiliation with Capital FC Timbers . The team 's colors are green and white ."}]}, {'value': '71', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sporting Kansas City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sporting_Kansas_City', 'summary': "Sporting Kansas City , often shortened to Sporting KC , is an American professional soccer club based in Kansas City , Kansas . The administrative offices are located in Downtown Kansas City , Missouri , and the team clubhouse and practice facilities are located in Kansas City , Kansas near Children 's Mercy Park . The club competes as a member of the Western Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , having returned in 2015 after spending ten seasons in the Eastern Conference . Sporting KC began play in 1996 as a charter team in the league , then known as the Kansas City Wiz . The team was founded by Lamar Hunt in 1995 . Since moving across the state line , they have been the only major professional sports league franchise to play their home games in Kansas . For the majority of their existence , the franchise were known as the Kansas City Wizards . The team rebranded in November 2010 , coinciding with its move to their home stadium , now known as Children 's Mercy Park . The franchise has won the MLS Cup twice ( 2000 , 2013 ) , the Supporters ' Shield in 2000 , and the U.S. Open Cup in 2004 , 2012 , 2015 and 2017 . The club also has a reserve team , Sporting Kansas City II , that plays in the second-tier USL Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike Reidy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Reidy', 'summary': 'Michael Andrew Reidy ( born April 2 , 1991 ) is an American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Colgate FC Buffalo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colgate_University', 'summary': 'Colgate University is a private liberal arts college in Hamilton , New York . Founded in 1819 , Colgate enrolls nearly 3,000 students in 56 undergraduate majors that culminate in a Bachelor of Arts degree ; it also enrolls a dozen students in a Master of Arts in Teaching program .'}, {'url': '/wiki/FC_Buffalo', 'summary': "FC Buffalo is an American soccer team based in Buffalo , New York , United States . Founded in 2009 , the team plays in the National Premier Soccer League ( NPSL ) , a national amateur league at the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid , in the Midwest Division . The team plays its home games at All-High Stadium . The team 's colors are blue , gold and white . FC Buffalo participates in the Erie County Derby against Erie Commodores FC , a regional NPSL rivalry featuring two clubs in different states but counties of the same name . FC Buffalo also participates in the Western New York Derby against Rochester Lancers and the I-90 Derby against Syracuse FC ."}]}, {'value': '72', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose Earthquakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes', 'summary': "The San Jose Earthquakes are an American professional soccer team based in San Jose , California , United States , that competes as a member of the Western Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 ( originally as the San Jose Clash ) as one of the charter clubs of the league . The Earthquakes took part in the first game in MLS history , defeating D.C. United 1-0 . The Earthquakes have won two MLS Cup titles , in 2001 and 2003 , and two Supporters ' Shields in 2005 and 2012 . In 2002 , the team played in its first CONCACAF Champions Cup ( now called the CONCACAF Champions League ) , making it to the quarterfinals . The team holds a fierce rivalry with the LA Galaxy known as the California Clásico . In 2005 , the then owner of the Earthquakes , Anschutz Entertainment Group , announced plans of the team relocating to Houston due to failing efforts to secure a soccer-specific stadium in San Jose . The organization in Houston would be considered an expansion team by the league , eventually becoming the Houston Dynamo , which began play in 2006 . The Earthquakes returned after a two-year hiatus , resuming play in 2008 . Argentinian Matías Almeyda is the Quakes ' current head coach . Since 2015 the Earthquakes play their home games at Avaya Stadium . The team previously played its home games at Buck Shaw Stadium on the Santa Clara University campus in Santa Clara , California from 2008 to 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Peter McGlynn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_McGlynn', 'summary': 'Peter Fergus McGlynn ( born 2 May 1989 ) is an Irish footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'UCSB Ventura County Fusion', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/UC_Santa_Barbara_Gauchos_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The UC Santa Barbara Gauchos men 's soccer team is a NCAA Division I college soccer team composed of student-athletes attending the University of California , Santa Barbara . The Gauchos play their home matches at Harder Stadium . Like most of the other UC Santa Barbara Gauchos athletic teams , the men 's soccer team competes in the Big West Conference . The Gauchos won the 2006 NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Championship . The program has produced a total of 19 All-American selections , all but one of which since 2002 , and over 50 players who have gone on to play professionally or represent their senior national teams . From 2007 to 2015 , the Gauchos were recognized every year by the NCAA as the men 's attendance champions by average attendance ( men 's and women 's inclusive across Division I , II , and III ) - the longest such recorded streak in the NCAA record books . The program holds the top six all-time NCAA soccer records for largest regular season attendances at on-campus venues ( men 's and women 's inclusive across Division I , II , and III ) . This is highlighted by the top all-time mark of 15,896 fans packed into Harder Stadium on September 24 , 2010 , when UC Santa Barbara hosted UCLA for their regular season match , despite the Santa Barbara County Fire Marshal turning fans away at the gates for fear of filling the stadium over capacity ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ventura_County_Fusion', 'summary': "Ventura County Fusion is an American soccer team based in Ventura , California , United States . Founded in 2006 , the team plays in USL League Two , the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid . The team plays its home games in the stadium on the campus of Ventura College , the VC SportsPlex , where they have played since 2011 . The team 's colors are blue , orange and white . All home games are streamed live on the Fusion 's YouTube channel , www.YouTube.com/VCFusion . All broadcasts are done in conjunction with CAPS TV in Ventura ."}]}, {'value': '73', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle Sounders FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Sounders_FC', 'summary': "Seattle Sounders FC is an American professional soccer club based in Seattle , Washington . The Sounders compete as a member of the Western Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The club was established on November 13 , 2007 , and began play in 2009 as an MLS expansion team . The Sounders are a phoenix club , carrying the same name as the original franchise that competed in the North American Soccer League from 1974 to 1983 . The club 's majority owner is Adrian Hanauer , and its minority owners are the estate of Paul Allen , Drew Carey , and 11 families from the Seattle area . Former USL Sounders coach and assistant coach Brian Schmetzer took over as head coach in July 2016 after the departure of Sigi Schmid . The Sounders play their home league matches at CenturyLink Field , with a reduced capacity of 37,722 seats for most matches . Along with several organized groups , a 53-member marching band called 'Sound Wave ' supports the club at each home match . Seattle competes with rival MLS clubs Portland and Vancouver for the Cascadia Cup . The Sounders played their inaugural match on March 19 , 2009 , winning 3-0 over the New York Red Bulls . Seattle has been among the league 's most successful teams , winning the U.S. Open Cup four times , the Supporters ' Shield in 2014 , and the MLS Cup in 2016 and 2019 . The team has qualified for the MLS Cup Playoffs in each of its eleven seasons , making the final three times , and competed in the CONCACAF Champions League five times , advancing to the semifinal round once ."}]}, {'value': 'Jennings Rex', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'UNC Charlotte', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Charlotte_49ers_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Charlotte 49ers men 's soccer team is an intercollegiate varsity sports team of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte . The team is a member of the Conference USA of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . The team plays their home games at Transamerica Field in Charlotte , North Carolina . In 2011 , the team reached the championship of the NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Championship , for the first time in their program 's history ."}]}, {'value': '74', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D.C. United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D.C._United', 'summary': "D.C. United is an American professional soccer club based in Washington , D.C . The club competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , the top level of professional American soccer . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The club was one of the most successful clubs in the early years of MLS , winning eight of its thirteen titles between 1996 and 1998 under then head coach Bruce Arena . United holds the joint MLS record for most Supporters ' Shields , has four MLS Cups , and been crowned U.S. Open Cup champions three times . It is also the first club to win both the MLS Supporters ' Shield and MLS Cup consecutively . On the international stage , D.C. United has competed in both the CONCACAF Champions League and its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup . The club won the 1998 CONCACAF Champions ' Cup , making them one of only two MLS teams to ever win a CONCACAF tournament . Subsequently , United won the now-defunct Copa Interamericana in 1998 against Vasco da Gama of Brazil . This is the only intercontinental title won by an MLS club . The team 's home field from 1996 to 2017 was the 45,596-seat Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium , owned by the District of Columbia . The team moved into the new Audi Field , a soccer-specific stadium with a capacity of 20,000 at Buzzard Point just a few blocks from Nationals Park in July 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Philip Suprise', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Quinnipiac University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quinnipiac_University', 'summary': 'Quinnipiac University ( /ˈkwɪnɪpiˌæk/ ) is a private university in Hamden , Connecticut . The university grants undergraduate , graduate , and professional degrees through its College of Arts and Sciences , School of Business and Engineering , School of Communication , School of Health Sciences , School of Law , School of Medicine , School of Nursing , and School of Education . The university also hosts the Quinnipiac University Polling Institute .'}]}, {'value': '75', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Dynamo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Dynamo', 'summary': "Houston Dynamo are an American professional soccer club based in Houston , Texas . The franchise competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , as a member of the Western Conference . The Dynamo had first played their home games at Robertson Stadium on the University of Houston campus until 2011 . Since 2012 , the Dynamo has played home matches at BBVA Stadium , a soccer-specific stadium located in Houston . The Dynamo was established on December 15 , 2005 , when the then owner of the San Jose Earthquakes , Anschutz Entertainment Group , announced that the team was relocating to Houston after failed attempts in securing a soccer-specific stadium in San Jose , California . The club would then be an expansion team of the league , which began play in 2006 . The Dynamo are owned by Gabriel Brener , Jake Silverstein , Ben Guill , NBA star James Harden , and former boxer Oscar De La Hoya . Houston Dynamo 's domestic success consists of winning the 2006 and 2007 MLS Cups in their first two seasons . They also won the U.S. Open Cup in 2018 . In 2008 , Houston became the first American club to secure a point on Mexican soil in the CONCACAF Champions League era during the 2008-2017 format of the tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Yannick Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yannick_Smith', 'summary': 'Yannick Smith ( born November 21 , 1990 in Hillsborough Township , New Jersey ) was an American soccer player , and is now a gym teacher at Montgomery High School in Skillman , New Jersey .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Old Dominion Virginia Beach Piranhas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Dominion_Monarchs_soccer', 'summary': "The Old Dominion Monarchs men 's soccer team is an intercollegiate varsity sports team of Old Dominion University . The team is a member of the Conference USA of the National Collegiate Athletic Association , having joined in 2013 after moving from the Colonial Athletic Association ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Beach_Piranhas', 'summary': "The Virginia Beach Piranhas were an amateur American soccer team based in Virginia Beach , Virginia , United States . Founded in 2006 as the Virginia Beach Submariners as part of the development system of the now-defunct USL First Division franchise , the Virginia Beach Mariners , the team plays in the USL Premier Development League ( PDL ) , the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid , in the South Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . From 2007 to 2010 the team was known as the Hampton Roads Piranhas . The team plays its home games at Virginia Beach Sportsplex , where they have played since 2006 . The team 's colors are red , white and black . The team has a sister organization , the Virginia Beach Piranhas Women , who play in the women 's USL W-League , and also fields a team in the USLs Super-20 League , a league for players 17 to 20 years of age run under the United Soccer Leagues umbrella . The team announced on January 15 , 2014 that both the PDL and W-League teams will be folding this year and will not play in the 2014 season . The primary owners health was cited as the reason behind the decision ."}]}, {'value': '76', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Galaxy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy', 'summary': "The LA Galaxy , also known as the Los Angeles Galaxy , is an American professional soccer club based in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson , California , that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , as a member of the Western Conference . The club began play in 1996 as one of the league 's ten charter members . The Galaxy was founded in 1994 and is owned by Anschutz Entertainment Group . In their early years , the club played its home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . Since 2003 , they have played at Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson , California . The team holds a rivalry with the San Jose Earthquakes in the California Clásico and used to play the SuperClasico against city rivals Chivas USA before that team folded in 2014 . A new rival emerged in 2018 in the form of Los Angeles FC in the El Tráfico derby . The franchise is one of Major League Soccer 's most successful teams , with a record five MLS Cups and having appeared an additional four times in the final , and won the Western Conference regular season title eight times , four Supporters ' Shields , two U.S. Open Cups and one CONCACAF Champions ' Cup title . In 2017 , the club added the dubious MLS Wooden Spoon to its trophy case for finishing bottom of the MLS league table . In 2007 , the club made international headlines with the signing of English player David Beckham from Real Madrid , the most high-profile transaction with Major League Soccer to that point . The club has fielded other high-profile international players including Zlatan Ibrahimović , Robbie Keane , Luis Hernández , Giovani dos Santos , Jonathan dos Santos , Jorge Campos , Steven Gerrard , Ashley Cole , and American Landon Donovan who is the all-time leading scorer for the club . Mostly recently in 2020 they signed Javier Chicharito Hernández , the all-time leading scorer for Mexico 's National Team ."}]}, {'value': 'PASS', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Selection order -- Round 4', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2013_MLS_Supplemental_Draft_3', 'intro': 'The 2013 MLS Supplemental Draft was a secondary draft that was held by Major League Soccer via conference call on January 22, 2013. The draft was four rounds with all 19 MLS clubs participating.'}	null	null	What was the establishment year of the university attended by Gabe Latigue ?	1889
0783eb8f9d856747	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Roache', 'title': 'Linus Roache', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1973-1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coronation Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coronation_Street', 'summary': "Coronation Street ( often referred to as Corrie ) is a British soap opera created by Granada Television and shown on ITV since 9 December 1960 . The programme centres on Coronation Street in Weatherfield , a fictional town based on inner-city Salford . In the show 's fictional history , the street was built in 1902 and named in honour of the coronation of King Edward VII . The series typically airs six times a week : Monday , Wednesday and Friday 7:30-8 pm and 8:30-9 pm . Since 2017 , ten sequential classic episodes of the series dated from 1986 onwards have been broadcast weekly on ITV3 . The programme was conceived in 1960 by scriptwriter Tony Warren at Granada Television in Manchester . Warren 's initial proposal was rejected by the station 's founder Sidney Bernstein , but he was persuaded by producer Harry Elton to produce the programme for 13 pilot episodes . Within six months of the show 's first broadcast , it had become the most-watched programme on British television , and is now a significant part of British culture . Coronation Street is made by ITV Granada at MediaCityUK and shown in all ITV regions , as well as internationally . On 17 September 2010 , it became the world 's longest-running television soap opera and was listed in Guinness World Records . On 23 September 2015 , Coronation Street was broadcast live to mark ITV 's sixtieth anniversary . Influenced by the conventions of kitchen sink realism , Coronation Street is noted for its depiction of a down-to-earth , working-class community , combined with light-hearted humour and strong characters ."}]}, {'value': 'Peter Barlow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Barlow_(Coronation_Street)', 'summary': "Peter Barlow is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera , Coronation Street , played by Chris Gascoyne since 2000 . The character of Peter was born on screen during an episode broadcast on 5 April 1965 , he was born along with his twin sister Susan ( Katie Heannau , Wendy Jane Walker , Suzy Patterson , Joanna Foster ) to parents Ken ( William Roache ) and Valerie Barlow ( Anne Reid ) . Gascoyne made his first appearance in the role during the 40th anniversary live episode airing on 8 December 2000 . Gascoyne left the role in 2003 and returned in 2007 for a brief stint before returning full-time in 2008 . In January 2014 it was confirmed that Gascoyne would be leaving once again . His final scenes aired on 14 November 2014 . In April 2015 , it was announced that Gascoyne would reprise the role for two episodes for the funeral of Deirdre Barlow ( Anne Kirkbride ) and Peter returned on 15 July 2015 and left once again on 16 July 2015 . In July 2016 , it was announced that Peter would be returning as a regular character and he returned on 17 October 2016 . Peter 's storylines have included a number of affairs , alcoholism and a custody battle involving his son Simon Barlow ( Alex Bain ) . Peter became involved in a bigamy storyline when he married Rovers barmaid Shelley Unwin ( Sally Lindsay ) and florist Lucy Richards ( Katy Carmichael ) . Having been discovered , Peter was left alone and fled Weatherfield . He returned briefly in 2007 when his stepsister Tracy Barlow ( Kate Ford ) was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of Charlie Stubbs ( Bill Ward ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Recurring', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Onedin Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Onedin_Line', 'summary': 'The Onedin Line is a BBC television drama series , which ran from 1971 to 1980 . The series was created by Cyril Abraham . The series is set in Liverpool from 1860 to 1886 and covers the rise of a fictional shipping company , the Onedin Line , named after its owner James Onedin . Around this , it depicts the lives of his family , most notably his brother and partner Robert , a ship chandler , and his sister Elizabeth , giving insight into the lifestyle and customs at the time , not only at sea , but also ashore ( mostly lower- and upper-middle-class ) . The series also illustrates some of the changes in business and shipping , such as from wooden to steel ships and from sailing ships to steamships . It shows the role that ships played in such matters as international politics , uprisings and the slave trade .'}]}, {'value': 'Boy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode Quarantine', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Omnibus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Omnibus_(UK_TV_series)', 'summary': "Omnibus is an arts-based British documentary series , broadcast mainly on BBC 1 in the United Kingdom . The programme was the successor to the arts-based series Monitor . It ran from 1967 until 2003 , usually being transmitted on Sunday evenings . During its 35-year history , the programme won 12 British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) awards . Among the series ' best remembered documentaries are Cracked Actor ( 1975 ) , a profile of David Bowie during the peak of his cocaine addiction ; Rene Magritte ( 1979 ) , a graduate film by David Wheatley ; Van Gogh ( 1991 ) ; Anna Benson-Gyles Madonna : Behind the American dream ( 1990 ) , a film produced by Nadia Hagger ; a profile of British film director Ridley Scott ( 1992 ) , a two hour career overview of director Jean Renoir ( 1995 ) and a documentary about The K Foundation 's various art projects ( 1995 ) . For one season in 1982 , the series was in a magazine format presented by Barry Norman . In 2001 , the BBC announced that the programme was being switched to BBC Two , prompting accusations that the Corporation was further marginalising its arts programming . BBC controller of arts commissioning Roly Keating defended the move , saying the documentary strand will be able to tackle a wider range of subjects . Regarded as its flagship arts programme , Omnibus was one of only two regular arts platforms broadcast at the time by the BBC . In late 2002 , the BBC announced that Omnibus would be cancelled the following year , to be replaced by the arts series Imagine , hosted by Alan Yentob ."}]}, {'value': 'Vincent van Gogh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh', 'summary': 'Vincent Willem van Gogh ( Dutch : [ ˈvɪnsɛnt ˈʋɪləm vɑŋ ˈɣɔx ] ( listen ) ; [ note 1 ] 30 March 1853 - 29 July 1890 ) was a Dutch post-impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art . In just over a decade , he created about 2,100 artworks , including around 860 oil paintings , most of which date from the last two years of his life . They include landscapes , still lifes , portraits and self-portraits , and are characterised by bold colours and dramatic , impulsive and expressive brushwork that contributed to the foundations of modern art . He was not commercially successful , and his suicide at 37 came after years of mental illness and poverty . Born into an upper-middle-class family , Van Gogh drew as a child and was serious , quiet , and thoughtful . As a young man he worked as an art dealer , often travelling , but became depressed after he was transferred to London . He turned to religion and spent time as a Protestant missionary in southern Belgium . He drifted in ill health and solitude before taking up painting in 1881 , having moved back home with his parents . His younger brother Theo supported him financially , and the two kept up a long correspondence by letter . His early works , mostly still lifes and depictions of peasant labourers , contain few signs of the vivid colour that distinguished his later work . In 1886 , he moved to Paris , where he met members of the avant-garde , including Émile Bernard and Paul Gauguin , who were reacting against the Impressionist sensibility . As his work developed he created a new approach to still lifes and local landscapes .'}]}, {'value': 'Episode : Van Gogh', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seaforth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Longman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shot Through the Heart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shot_Through_the_Heart', 'summary': 'Shot Through the Heart is a 1998 television film directed by David Attwood , shown on the BBC and HBO in 1998 , which covers the Siege of Sarajevo during the Bosnian War . The film is based on a true story and an article called Anti-Sniper by John Falk ( published in the November 1995 issue of Details magazine ) . It won a Peabody Award in 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'Vlado Selimovic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Television film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RFK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RFK_(film)', 'summary': "RFK is a 2002 American television film directed by Robert Dornhelm . It takes place through the eyes of Robert F. Kennedy after his brother John F. Kennedy 's assassination in 1963 . As he lives through the loss , he starts to identify himself as a political figure , not just the former President 's brother . He makes it official with a Presidential bid in 1968 to what he says was to save the Democratic Party . During his campaign , in which the American people showed great support for him , RFK was shot and killed by Sirhan Sirhan . The film was shot in Hamilton , Ontario , Canada ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert F. Kennedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy', 'summary': "Robert Francis Kennedy ( November 20 , 1925 - June 6 , 1968 ) , sometimes referred to by the initials RFK , was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 64th United States Attorney General from January 1961 to September 1964 , and as a U.S . Senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968 . Kennedy , like his brothers John and Edward , was a prominent member of the Democratic Party and has come to be viewed by some historians as an icon of modern American liberalism . Kennedy was born into a wealthy , political family in Brookline , Massachusetts . After serving in the U.S . Naval Reserve as a seaman apprentice from 1944 to 1946 , Kennedy returned to his studies at Harvard University , graduating in 1948 . He received his law degree from the University of Virginia , and was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1951 . He began his career as a correspondent for The Boston Post and as a lawyer at the Justice Department , but later resigned to manage his brother John 's successful campaign for the U.S. Senate in 1952 . The following year , he worked as an assistant counsel to the Senate committee chaired by Senator Joseph McCarthy . He gained national attention as the chief counsel of the Senate Labor Rackets Committee from 1957 to 1959 , where he publicly challenged Teamsters President Jimmy Hoffa over the corrupt practices of the union and authored The Enemy Within , a book about corruption in organized labor . Kennedy resigned from the committee to conduct his brother 's campaign in the 1960 presidential election . He was appointed United States Attorney General after the successful election and served as the closest advisor to the President from 1961 to 1963 ."}]}, {'value': 'Television film Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Miniseries or Television Film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actor_–_Miniseries_or_Television_Film', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Miniseries or Television Film or Best Actor - Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television is an award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role on a miniseries or motion picture made for television for the calendar year . The award was first presented at the 39th Golden Globe Awards on January 30 , 1982 , to Mickey Rooney for his role on Bill . Performances by an actor in a miniseries or television film were originally awarded in the Best Actor - Television Series Drama category before the creation of this category . Since its inception , the award has been given to 34 actors . Russell Crowe is the current recipient of the award for his portrayal of Roger Ailes on The Loudest Voice . Robert Duvall , James Garner , and Al Pacino have won the most awards in this category with two each . James Woods has been nominated for the award on seven occasions , the most within the category .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Gathering Storm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gathering_Storm_(2002_film)', 'summary': "The Gathering Storm is a BBC-HBO co-produced television biographical film about Winston Churchill in the years just prior to World War II . The title of the film is that of the first volume of Churchill 's largely autobiographical six-volume history of the war , which covered the period from 1919 to 3 September 1939 , the day he became First Lord of the Admiralty . The film , directed by Richard Loncraine and written by Larry Ramin and Hugh Whitemore , stars Albert Finney as Churchill and Vanessa Redgrave as his wife Clementine Churchill ( Clemmie ) . The film also features a supporting cast of British actors such as Derek Jacobi , Ronnie Barker ( his first role since retiring in 1988 ) , Jim Broadbent , Tom Wilkinson , Celia Imrie , Linus Roache and Hugh Bonneville , and is notable for an early appearance by a young Tom Hiddleston . Lena Headey , Simon Williams , and Edward Hardwicke all make brief appearances amongst the supporting cast . Among the film 's executive producers were Ridley Scott and Tony Scott . Originally the film was named The Lonely War . Finney gained many accolades for his performance , winning both a BAFTA Award for Best Actor and an Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actor . Ramin and Whitemore won the Emmy for Outstanding Writing . It won a Peabody Award in 2002 for being a portrait of a 20th Century heros return from political obscurity to direct the destiny of a nation . In 2016 , Mark Lawson of The Guardian ranked it as the most memorable television portrayal of Churchill . A sequel , Into the Storm , was released in 2009 , with Churchill portrayed by Brendan Gleeson , which focuses on the prime minister 's days in office during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Ralph Wigram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralph_Wigram', 'summary': "Ralph Follett Wigram CMG ( /ˈreɪf ˈwɪɡrəm/ ; 23 October 1890 - 31 December 1936 ) was a British government official in the Foreign Office . He helped raise the alarm about German rearmament under Hitler during the period prior to World War II . In part , he did this by providing intelligence information about German rearmament to Winston Churchill at a time when Churchill did not hold a position in the government of Stanley Baldwin . Churchill used the information to publicly attack the policies of Baldwin . Churchill 's magisterial six-volume history of World War II , The Second World War , described Wigram as a great unsung hero . The autobiography of Valentine Lawford , who worked under Wigram in the Central Department , describes him variously as the authentic local deity and the departmental volcano . Wigram 's role was brought to public attention by the Southern Television drama serial Winston Churchill : The Wilderness Years ( in which he was portrayed by Paul Freeman ) , and later by the biographical movie about Churchill , The Gathering Storm ( in which he was portrayed by Linus Roache ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Television film Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor - Series , Miniseries or Television Film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Satellite_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_–_Series,_Miniseries_or_Television_Film', 'summary': 'The Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Series , Miniseries , or Television Film is one of the annual Satellite Awards given by the International Press Academy .'}]}, {'value': '2006-2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kidnapped', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kidnapped_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Kidnapped is an American crime drama television series created by Jason Smilovic , which aired on NBC from September 20 , 2006 , to August 11 , 2007 . The series returned on Universal HD in 2008 . The series produced by Sony Pictures Television .'}]}, {'value': 'Andy Archer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ten Commandments : The Complete Miniseries ( TV series )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aaron', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008-2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Law & Order', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Law_&_Order', 'summary': "Law & Order is an American police procedural and legal drama television series created by Dick Wolf , launching the Law & Order franchise . Airing its entire run on NBC , Law & Order premiered on September 13 , 1990 and completed its twentieth and final season on May 24 , 2010 . Set and filmed in New York City , the series follows a two-part approach : the first half-hour is the investigation of a crime ( usually murder ) and apprehension of a suspect by New York City Police Department detectives ; the second half is the prosecution of the defendant by the Manhattan District Attorney 's Office . Plots are often based on real cases that recently made headlines , although the motivation for the crime and the perpetrator may be different . The show has had a revolving cast over the years . Among the longest-running main cast members were Steven Hill as District Attorney Adam Schiff ( seasons 1-10 ) , Jerry Orbach as Detective Lennie Briscoe ( seasons 3-14 ) , S. Epatha Merkerson as Lieutenant Anita Van Buren ( seasons 4-20 ) , Sam Waterston as Executive Assistant District Attorney Jack McCoy ( seasons 5-20 ; later District Attorney ) and Jesse L. Martin as Detective Ed Green ( seasons 10-18 ) . Law & Order 's twenty seasons are second only to its spin-off Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 1999-present ) for the longest-running live-action scripted American primetime series . The success of the series has led to the creation of additional shows , making Law & Order a franchise , with also a television film , several video games , and international adaptations of the series . It has won and has been nominated for numerous awards over the years , including a number of Emmy Awards . On May 14 , 2010 , NBC announced that it had canceled Law & Order and would air its final episode on May 24 , 2010 . Immediately following the show 's cancellation , Wolf attempted to find a new home for the series . Those attempts failed , and in July 2010 , Wolf declared that the series had now moved to the history books ."}]}, {'value': 'Executive ADA Michael Cutter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Cutter', 'summary': 'Michael Cutter is a fictional character on the long-running NBC series Law & Order and its spinoff Law & Order : Special Victims Unit played by Linus Roache . The character debuted in the eighteenth season premiere of Law & Order , broadcast on January 2 , 2008 , and remained until its series finale Rubber Room on May 24 , 2010 . The character returned to television in the thirteenth season premiere of Special Victims Unit , broadcast on September 21 , 2011 . He has appeared in sixty-three episodes of L & O and four episodes of SVU .'}]}, {'value': '63 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coronation Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coronation_Street', 'summary': "Coronation Street ( often referred to as Corrie ) is a British soap opera created by Granada Television and shown on ITV since 9 December 1960 . The programme centres on Coronation Street in Weatherfield , a fictional town based on inner-city Salford . In the show 's fictional history , the street was built in 1902 and named in honour of the coronation of King Edward VII . The series typically airs six times a week : Monday , Wednesday and Friday 7:30-8 pm and 8:30-9 pm . Since 2017 , ten sequential classic episodes of the series dated from 1986 onwards have been broadcast weekly on ITV3 . The programme was conceived in 1960 by scriptwriter Tony Warren at Granada Television in Manchester . Warren 's initial proposal was rejected by the station 's founder Sidney Bernstein , but he was persuaded by producer Harry Elton to produce the programme for 13 pilot episodes . Within six months of the show 's first broadcast , it had become the most-watched programme on British television , and is now a significant part of British culture . Coronation Street is made by ITV Granada at MediaCityUK and shown in all ITV regions , as well as internationally . On 17 September 2010 , it became the world 's longest-running television soap opera and was listed in Guinness World Records . On 23 September 2015 , Coronation Street was broadcast live to mark ITV 's sixtieth anniversary . Influenced by the conventions of kitchen sink realism , Coronation Street is noted for its depiction of a down-to-earth , working-class community , combined with light-hearted humour and strong characters ."}]}, {'value': 'Lawrence Cunningham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_minor_Coronation_Street_characters_(2010)', 'summary': 'The following is a list of characters that first appeared in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street in 2010 , by order of first appearance .'}]}, {'value': '4 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011-2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Law & Order : Special Victims Unit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Law_&_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit', 'summary': "Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( often abbreviated to Law & Order : SVU or just SVU ) is an American crime drama television series created by Dick Wolf for NBC . It stars Mariska Hargitay as Captain Olivia Benson , the commanding officer of the Special Victims Unit and formerly a lead detective , located in a fictionalized version of the New York City Police Department . Christopher Meloni played the other lead detective , Elliot Stabler , until departing from the series after 12 seasons . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit follows the style of the original Law & Order in that episodes are often ripped from the headlines or loosely based on real crimes that have received media attention . The show premiered on September 20 , 1999 as the second series in Wolf 's successful Law & Order franchise . After the premiere of the 21st season in September 2019 , the series became the longest-running US live action series on television . As of February 13 , 2020 , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit has aired 472 original episodes , surpassing the episode count of the original Law & Order series . It was nominated for and won numerous awards , including the 2006 Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series awarded to Mariska Hargitay ; the first Emmy to be received by a regular on any Law & Order series . On March 29 , 2019 , NBC renewed the series for a record-breaking twenty-first season , which premiered on September 26 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bureau Chief ADA Michael Cutter', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Titanic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Titanic_(2012_miniseries)', 'summary': "Titanic is a four-part television miniseries and period drama written by Julian Fellowes . It is based on the passenger liner RMS Titanic , which sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in April 1912 following a collision with an iceberg on her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City . It was released in at least 86 countries in March and April 2012 for the disaster 's 100th anniversary , 15 April 2012 , one of two such productions . The other was Titanic : Blood and Steel ( April 2012 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Hugh , Earl of Manton', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Making of a Lady', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Making_of_a_Lady', 'summary': "The Making of a Lady is a television film based on the 1901 novel The Making of a Marchioness by Frances Hodgson Burnett that uses a screenplay adaptation by Kate Brooke . The film premiered in 2012 on ITV in Britain and was subsequently broadcast on PBS in the United States in 2014 . Directed by Richard Curson Smith , the film stars Lydia Wilson as Emily , Linus Roache as Lord James Walderhurst , Joanna Lumley as Lady Maria Byrne , and James D'Arcy as Captain Alec Osborn ."}]}, {'value': 'Lord Walderhurst', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Television film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014-2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vikings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vikings_(2013_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Vikings is a historical drama television series created and written by Michael Hirst for the History channel . Filmed in Ireland , it premiered on March 3 , 2013 , in Canada . In January 2019 , it was announced that the 20-episode sixth season , which was ordered on September 12 , 2017 , ahead of its fifth-season premiere , would be the final season of the series . The sixth season premiered on December 4 , 2019 . A sequel series , titled Vikings : Valhalla , is currently in development for Netflix . Vikings is inspired by the sagas of Viking Ragnar Lothbrok , one of the best-known legendary Norse heroes and notorious as the scourge of England and France . The show portrays Ragnar as a farmer who rises to fame by successful raids into England , and eventually becomes a Scandinavian King , with the support of his family and fellow warriors . In the later seasons , the series follows the fortunes of his sons and their adventures in England , Scandinavia and the Mediterranean .'}]}, {'value': 'Ecbert of Wessex', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Blacklist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Blacklist_(TV_series)', 'summary': "The Blacklist is an American crime thriller television series that premiered on NBC on September 23 , 2013 . The show follows Raymond Red Reddington ( James Spader ) , a former U.S. Navy officer turned high-profile criminal , who voluntarily surrenders to the FBI after eluding capture for decades . He tells the FBI that he has a list of the most dangerous criminals in the world that he has compiled over the years and is willing to inform on their operations in exchange for immunity from prosecution . However , he insists on working exclusively with a rookie FBI profiler by the name of Elizabeth Keen ( Megan Boone ) . The series also stars Diego Klattenhoff , Ryan Eggold and Harry Lennix . The pilot episode was written by Jon Bokenkamp and directed by Joe Carnahan . Executive producers for the series include Bokenkamp , John Eisendrath and John Davis for Sony Pictures Television , Universal Television and Davis Entertainment . Each season has received positive reviews , with many critics praising Spader 's performance in particular . On March 11 , 2019 , NBC renewed the series for a seventh season , which premiered on October 4 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Kingmaker', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : The Kingmaker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Kingmaker_(The_Blacklist)', 'summary': 'The Kingmaker is the twentieth episode of the first season of the American crime drama The Blacklist . The episode premiered in the United States on NBC on April 28 , 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bancroft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bancroft_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Bancroft is a British television thriller series that began airing on ITV on 11 December 2017 . The series was produced by Tall Story Pictures for ITV , and distributed worldwide by ITV Studios Global Entertainment . It was created and written by Kate Brooke . A second series was broadcast in January 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tim Fraser', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017-2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Homeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Homeland_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Homeland is an American spy thriller television series developed by Howard Gordon and Alex Gansa based on the Israeli series Prisoners of War ( Original title Hebrew : חטופים , romanized : Hatufim , literally Abductees ) , which was created by Gideon Raff . The series stars Claire Danes as Carrie Mathison , a Central Intelligence Agency officer with bipolar disorder , and Damian Lewis as Nicholas Brody , a U.S. Marine Corps Scout Sniper . Mathison had come to believe that Brody , who was held captive by al-Qaeda as a prisoner of war , was turned by the enemy and poses a threat to the United States . The series focuses on a storyline that evolves from this premise , together with Mathison 's ongoing covert work . The series is broadcast in the U.S. on the cable channel Showtime , and is produced by Fox 21 Television Studios ( formerly Fox 21 ) . It premiered on October 2 , 2011 . The first episode was made available online more than two weeks before the television broadcast , with viewers having to complete game tasks to gain access . The series finished airing its seventh season on April 29 , 2018 , and has been renewed for an eighth and final season , which premiered on February 9 , 2020 . The series has received generally positive reviews , with its first two seasons gaining near universal praise . It has won several awards , including the 2011 and 2012 Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series - Drama for its first two seasons , and the 2012 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series for its first season . Claire Danes has won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series twice ( from five nominations ) and Damian Lewis has won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series once ( from two nominations ) . Supporting cast members Mandy Patinkin , Morena Baccarin , Rupert Friend and F. Murray Abraham have also received Emmy acting nominations ."}]}, {'value': 'David Wellington', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Summer of Rockets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Summer_of_Rockets', 'summary': 'Summer of Rockets is a six-episode British Cold War television miniseries , which premiered on BBC Two in the United Kingdom on 22 May 2019 . The series was written and directed by Stephen Poliakoff and stars Keeley Hawes , Linus Roache , Timothy Spall and Toby Stephens .'}]}, {'value': 'Richard Shaw MP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 episodes', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Linus_Roache_1', 'intro': 'Linus William Roache (born 1 February 1964) is an English actor. He is known for playing Executive ADA Michael Cutter in the NBC dramas Law & Order (2008-10) and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (2011-12). More recently, Roache played Ecgberht, King of Wessex in Vikings in 2014. He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for playing Robert F. Kennedy in RFK (2002) and won a Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor (TV) for his role as Ralph Wigram in The Gathering Storm (2002). His film appearances include Priest (1994), The Wings of the Dove (1997), Pandaemonium (2000), Batman Begins (2005), Non-Stop (2014), and Mandy (2018).'}	null	null	what is the year of the title that is a 2002 American television film directed by Robert Dornhelm ?	2002
0786ec50e20f4a64	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Marinette_County,_Wisconsin', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Marinette County, Wisconsin', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amberg Town Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 20 , 1981 ( # 81000048 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One third mile off U.S. 141 on County V. 45°30′09″N 87°59′40″W / 45.5025°N 87.994444°W / 45.5025 ; -87.994444 ( Amberg Town Hall )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amberg,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Amberg is a town in Marinette County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 854 at the 2000 census . The unincorporated community of Cedarville is located partially in the town . The census-designated place of Amberg is located within the town .'}]}, {'value': "Designed by Charles Maass of Marinette in Queen Anne style and built in 1894 , the hall housed a jail , a clerk 's office and a community hall used for live entertainers , Christmas plays , meetings , dances and basketball games", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States', 'summary': 'In the United States , Queen Anne-style architecture was popular from roughly 1880 to 1910 . Queen Anne was one of a number of popular architectural styles to emerge during the Victorian era . Within the Victorian era timeline , Queen Anne style followed the Eastlake style and preceded the Richardsonian Romanesque and Shingle styles . The style bears almost no relationship to the Queen Anne style architecture , a toned-down version of English Baroque mostly used for gentry houses , produced in the actual reign of Queen Anne from 1702 to 1714 . It describes a wide range of picturesque buildings with free Renaissance ( non-Gothic Revival ) details rather than of a specific formulaic style in its own right . Queen Anne , as an alternative both to the French-derived Second Empire and the less domestic Beaux-Arts architecture , is broadly applied to architecture , furniture and decorative arts of the period 1880 to 1910 ; some Queen Anne architectural elements , such as the wraparound front porch , continued to be found into the 1920s .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bijou Theatre Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bijou_Theatre_Building', 'summary': 'The Bijou Theatre Building is located in Marinette , Wisconsin . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 11 , 1993 ( # 93000159 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1722-1726 Main St. 45°05′58″N 87°37′47″W / 45.099444°N 87.629722°W / 45.099444 ; -87.629722 ( Bijou Theatre Building )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marinette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marinette,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Marinette is a city in and the county seat of Marinette County , Wisconsin , United States . It is located on the south bank of the Menominee River , at its mouth at Green Bay , part of Lake Michigan ; to the north is Stephenson Island ( Wisconsin ) , part of the city preserved as park . During the lumbering boom of the late 19th century , Marinette became the tenth-largest city in Wisconsin in 1900 , with its peak population of 16,195 . Marinette is the principal city of the Marinette , Wisconsin-Michigan Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Marinette County , Wisconsin and Menominee County , Michigan . The population was 10,968 at the 2010 census . Menominee , Michigan is across the river to the north , and the cities are connected by three bridges . Menominee and Marinette are sometimes described as twin cities of the Menominee River .'}]}, {'value': 'Classical Revival building built in 1905 as a department store and vaudeville theater for Frank Lauerman . As vaudeville succumbed to motion pictures , it was converted to a movie theater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Classical_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Department_store', 'summary': "A department store is a retail establishment offering a wide range of consumer goods in different product categories known as departments . In modern major cities , the department store made a dramatic appearance in the middle of the 19th century , and permanently reshaped shopping habits , and the definition of service and luxury . Similar developments were under way in London ( with Whiteleys ) , in Paris ( Le Bon Marché in 1852 ) and in New York ( with Stewart 's ) . Today , departments often include the following : clothing , furniture , home appliances , toys , cosmetics , houseware , gardening , toiletries , sporting goods , do it yourself , paint , and hardware . Additionally , other lines of products such as food , books , jewelry , electronics , stationery , photographic equipment , baby products , and products for pets are sometimes included . Customers generally check out near the front of the store , although some stores include sales counters within each department . Some stores are one of many within a larger retail chain , while others are independent retailers . In the 1970s , they came under heavy pressure from discounters , and have come under even heavier pressure from e-commerce sites since 2010 . Big-box stores , hypermarkets , and discount stores are comparable to historical department stores ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vaudeville', 'summary': "Vaudeville ( /ˈvɔːd ( ə ) vɪl/ ; French : [ vodvil ] ) is a theatrical genre of variety entertainment born in France at the end of the 19th century . A vaudeville was originally a comedy without psychological or moral intentions , based on a comical situation : a kind of dramatic composition or light poetry , interspersed with songs or ballets . It became popular in the United States and Canada from the early 1880s until the early 1930s , but the idea of vaudeville 's theatre changed radically from its French antecedent . In some ways analogous to music hall from Victorian Britain , a typical American vaudeville performance was made up of a series of separate , unrelated acts grouped together on a common bill . Types of acts have included popular and classical musicians , singers , dancers , comedians , trained animals , magicians , ventriloquists , strongmen , female and male impersonators , acrobats , clowns , illustrated songs , jugglers , one-act plays or scenes from plays , athletes , lecturing celebrities , minstrels , and movies . A vaudeville performer is often referred to as a vaudevillian . Vaudeville developed from many sources , also including the concert saloon , minstrelsy , freak shows , dime museums , and literary American burlesque . Called the heart of American show business , vaudeville was one of the most popular types of entertainment in North America for several decades ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Motion_picture', 'summary': 'Film , also called movie or motion picture or ( less widely ) The Seventh Art , is a visual art-form used to simulate experiences that communicate ideas , stories , perceptions , feelings , beauty or atmosphere , by the means of recorded or programmed [ vague ] moving images , along with sound ( and more rarely ) other sensory stimulations . The word cinema , short for cinematography , is often used to refer to filmmaking and the film industry , and to the art form that is the result of it . The moving images of a film are created by photographing actual scenes with a motion-picture camera , by photographing drawings or miniature models using traditional animation techniques , by means of CGI and computer animation , or by a combination of some or all of these techniques , and other visual effects . Traditionally , films were recorded onto celluloid film through a photochemical process and then shown through a movie projector onto a large screen . Contemporary films are often fully digital through the entire process of production , distribution , and exhibition , while films recorded in a photochemical form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack ( a graphic recording of the spoken words , music and other sounds that accompany the images which runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it , and is not projected ) . Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures . They reflect those cultures , and , in turn , affect them . Film is considered to be an important art form , a source of popular entertainment , and a powerful medium for educating - or indoctrinating - citizens . The visual basis of film gives it a universal power of communication . Some films have become popular worldwide attractions through the use of dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into other languages . The individual images that make up a film are called frames . In the projection of traditional celluloid films , a rotating shutter causes intervals of darkness as each frame , in turn , is moved into position to be projected , but the viewer does not notice the interruptions because of an effect known as persistence of vision , whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after its source disappears .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mary and Harry Brown House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 5 , 2015 ( # 15000713 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931 Riverside Ave. 45°06′08″N 87°37′57″W / 45.1023°N 87.6325°W / 45.1023 ; -87.6325 ( Mary and Harry Brown House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marinette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marinette,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Marinette is a city in and the county seat of Marinette County , Wisconsin , United States . It is located on the south bank of the Menominee River , at its mouth at Green Bay , part of Lake Michigan ; to the north is Stephenson Island ( Wisconsin ) , part of the city preserved as park . During the lumbering boom of the late 19th century , Marinette became the tenth-largest city in Wisconsin in 1900 , with its peak population of 16,195 . Marinette is the principal city of the Marinette , Wisconsin-Michigan Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Marinette County , Wisconsin and Menominee County , Michigan . The population was 10,968 at the 2010 census . Menominee , Michigan is across the river to the north , and the cities are connected by three bridges . Menominee and Marinette are sometimes described as twin cities of the Menominee River .'}]}, {'value': 'Lumber baron and Senator Isaac Stephenson had this house along the Menominee River built in 1885 in Queen Anne style for his daughter Mary . In the 1920s it was remodelled to the then-more-fashionable Tudor Revival style', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Stephenson', 'summary': 'Isaac Stephenson ( June 18 , 1829 - March 15 , 1918 ) was an American politician of the Republican Party who represented Wisconsin as both a United States Representative and a United States Senator . He was born in the community of Yorkton , near Fredericton in York County , New Brunswick ( now Canada , but a British colony at the time ) . His parents were Isaac Stephenson ( 1791-1874 ) , a lumberman and farmer born in Ireland of Scotch-Irish ancestry , and Elizabeth ( Watson ) Stephenson ( ? -1838 ) , who was born in London .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Menominee_River', 'summary': 'The Menominee River is a river in northwestern Michigan and northeastern Wisconsin in the United States . It is approximately 116 miles ( 187 km ) long , draining a rural forested area of northern Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan into Lake Michigan . Its entire course , with that of its tributary , the Brule River , forms part of the boundary between the two states .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States', 'summary': 'In the United States , Queen Anne-style architecture was popular from roughly 1880 to 1910 . Queen Anne was one of a number of popular architectural styles to emerge during the Victorian era . Within the Victorian era timeline , Queen Anne style followed the Eastlake style and preceded the Richardsonian Romanesque and Shingle styles . The style bears almost no relationship to the Queen Anne style architecture , a toned-down version of English Baroque mostly used for gentry houses , produced in the actual reign of Queen Anne from 1702 to 1714 . It describes a wide range of picturesque buildings with free Renaissance ( non-Gothic Revival ) details rather than of a specific formulaic style in its own right . Queen Anne , as an alternative both to the French-derived Second Empire and the less domestic Beaux-Arts architecture , is broadly applied to architecture , furniture and decorative arts of the period 1880 to 1910 ; some Queen Anne architectural elements , such as the wraparound front porch , continued to be found into the 1920s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Tudor Revival architecture ( also known as mock Tudor in the UK ) first manifested itself in domestic architecture in the United Kingdom in the latter half of the 19th century . Based on revival of aspects that were perceived as Tudor architecture , in reality it usually took the style of English vernacular architecture of the Middle Ages that had survived into the Tudor period . The style later became an influence elsewhere , especially the British colonies . For example , in New Zealand , the architect Francis Petre adapted the style for the local climate . In Singapore , then a British colony , architects such as R. A. J. Bidwell pioneered what became known as the Black and White House . The earliest examples of the style originate with the works of such eminent architects as Norman Shaw and George Devey , in what at the time was thought Neo-Tudor design . Tudorbethan is a subset of Tudor Revival architecture that eliminated some of the more complex aspects of Jacobethan in favor of more domestic styles of Merrie England , which were cosier and quaint . It was associated with the Arts and Crafts Movement .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chautauqua Grounds Site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 29 , 1997 ( # 97000367 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marinette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marinette,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Marinette is a city in and the county seat of Marinette County , Wisconsin , United States . It is located on the south bank of the Menominee River , at its mouth at Green Bay , part of Lake Michigan ; to the north is Stephenson Island ( Wisconsin ) , part of the city preserved as park . During the lumbering boom of the late 19th century , Marinette became the tenth-largest city in Wisconsin in 1900 , with its peak population of 16,195 . Marinette is the principal city of the Marinette , Wisconsin-Michigan Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Marinette County , Wisconsin and Menominee County , Michigan . The population was 10,968 at the 2010 census . Menominee , Michigan is across the river to the north , and the cities are connected by three bridges . Menominee and Marinette are sometimes described as twin cities of the Menominee River .'}]}, {'value': 'An archaeological site of the Old Copper Culture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Copper_Culture', 'summary': 'Old Copper Complex is a term used for ancient Native North American societies known to have been heavily involved in the utilization of copper for weaponry and tools . The evidence of smelting or alloying that has been found is subject to some dispute and a common assumption by archaeologists is that objects were cold-worked into shape . Artifacts from some of these sites have been dated from 4000 to 1000 BCE . Furthermore , some archaeologists find artifactual and structural evidence of casting by Hopewellian and Mississippian peoples to be demonstrated in the archaeological record .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dunlap Square Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunlap_Square_Building', 'summary': "The Dunlap Square Building is a historic commercial block in Marinette , Wisconsin , United States , and is registered on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . The building is a 2-story commercial block designed in Queen Anne style , with a granite foundation , walls of rustic red brick , a brick cornice on some walls , a pressed metal cornice on other walls . Some corners sport brick oriels - one topped with an onion dome . The floor plan is triangular , filling a block of the same shape . Inside , a fine dark oak staircase leads to the second story . On that level the halls have wooden wainscoting and wood paneling over plaster walls . Older rooms have plaster walls and pressed metal ceilings . Before this building was constructed , the triangular block hosted a combination of smaller wood and brick buildings . Around 1890 some of them were razed to make way for the back end of the current building . Gradually more old buildings were cleared and the building was completed in 1902 . The oldest part of the block housed a dry goods store and saloon , with offices above . Over the years , a telephone exchange was added , attorneys ' offices , a dress shop and a news agency ."}]}, {'value': 'February 24 , 1992 ( # 92000026 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1821 Hall St. 45°05′58″N 87°37′55″W / 45.099444°N 87.631944°W / 45.099444 ; -87.631944 ( Dunlap Square Building )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marinette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marinette,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Marinette is a city in and the county seat of Marinette County , Wisconsin , United States . It is located on the south bank of the Menominee River , at its mouth at Green Bay , part of Lake Michigan ; to the north is Stephenson Island ( Wisconsin ) , part of the city preserved as park . During the lumbering boom of the late 19th century , Marinette became the tenth-largest city in Wisconsin in 1900 , with its peak population of 16,195 . Marinette is the principal city of the Marinette , Wisconsin-Michigan Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Marinette County , Wisconsin and Menominee County , Michigan . The population was 10,968 at the 2010 census . Menominee , Michigan is across the river to the north , and the cities are connected by three bridges . Menominee and Marinette are sometimes described as twin cities of the Menominee River .'}]}, {'value': 'This Queen Anne styled business block built from 1890 to 1902 has housed a drug store , a saloon , a telephone exchange , restaurants , shops , and various offices', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States', 'summary': 'In the United States , Queen Anne-style architecture was popular from roughly 1880 to 1910 . Queen Anne was one of a number of popular architectural styles to emerge during the Victorian era . Within the Victorian era timeline , Queen Anne style followed the Eastlake style and preceded the Richardsonian Romanesque and Shingle styles . The style bears almost no relationship to the Queen Anne style architecture , a toned-down version of English Baroque mostly used for gentry houses , produced in the actual reign of Queen Anne from 1702 to 1714 . It describes a wide range of picturesque buildings with free Renaissance ( non-Gothic Revival ) details rather than of a specific formulaic style in its own right . Queen Anne , as an alternative both to the French-derived Second Empire and the less domestic Beaux-Arts architecture , is broadly applied to architecture , furniture and decorative arts of the period 1880 to 1910 ; some Queen Anne architectural elements , such as the wraparound front porch , continued to be found into the 1920s .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent Order of Odd Fellows-Lodge No . 189 Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independent_Order_of_Odd_Fellows-Lodge_No._189_Building', 'summary': "The Independent Order of Odd Fellows-Lodge No . 189 Building , in Marinette , Wisconsin , was built in 1887 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 . It served historically as a meeting hall and as a restaurant . It 's a two-story cream-city brick commercial building with stone and brick details . It has a shed roof behind a modest projecting parapet . Its second story has six bays ; its first floor historically was three storefronts divided by two-story brick piers . All of its historic windows are approximately 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) tall by 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) wide and have original one-over-one double hung windows ."}]}, {'value': 'January 7 , 1999 ( # 98001597 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1335 Main St. 45°05′42″N 87°37′18″W / 45.095°N 87.621667°W / 45.095 ; -87.621667 ( Independent Order of Odd Fellows-Lodge No . 189 Building )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marinette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marinette,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Marinette is a city in and the county seat of Marinette County , Wisconsin , United States . It is located on the south bank of the Menominee River , at its mouth at Green Bay , part of Lake Michigan ; to the north is Stephenson Island ( Wisconsin ) , part of the city preserved as park . During the lumbering boom of the late 19th century , Marinette became the tenth-largest city in Wisconsin in 1900 , with its peak population of 16,195 . Marinette is the principal city of the Marinette , Wisconsin-Michigan Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Marinette County , Wisconsin and Menominee County , Michigan . The population was 10,968 at the 2010 census . Menominee , Michigan is across the river to the north , and the cities are connected by three bridges . Menominee and Marinette are sometimes described as twin cities of the Menominee River .'}]}, {'value': 'Two-story brick Odd Fellows lodge built in 1889', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independent_Order_of_Odd_Fellows', 'summary': "The Independent Order of Odd Fellows ( IOOF ) is a non-political and non-sectarian international fraternal order of Odd Fellowship . It was founded in 1819 by Thomas Wildey in Baltimore , Maryland , United States . Evolving from the Order of Odd Fellows founded in England during the 1700s , the IOOF was originally chartered by the Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity in England but has operated as an independent organization since 1842 , although it maintains an inter-fraternal relationship with the English Order . The order is also known as the Triple Link Fraternity , referring to the order 's Triple Links symbol , alluding to its motto Friendship , Love and Truth . While several unofficial Odd Fellows lodges had existed in New York City circa 1806-1818 , because of its charter relationship , the American Odd Fellows is regarded as being founded with Washington Lodge No 1 in Baltimore at the Seven Stars Tavern on April 26 , 1819 , by Thomas Wildey along with some associates who assembled in response to an advertisement in the New Republic . The following year , the lodge affiliated with the Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity and was granted the authority to institute new lodges . Previously , Wildey had joined the Grand United Order of Oddfellows ( 1798- ) in 1804 but followed through with the split of Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity ( 1810- ) before immigrating to the United States in 1817 . In 1842 , after an elementary dispute on authority , the American Lodges formed a governing system separate from the English Order , and in 1843 assumed the name Independent Order of Odd Fellows . The Independent Order of Odd Fellows became the first fraternity in the United States to include both men and women when it adopted the Beautiful Rebekah Degree on September 20 , 1851 , by initiative of Schuyler Colfax , later Vice-President of the United States . Beyond fraternal and recreational activities , the Independent Order of Odd Fellows promotes the ethic of reciprocity and charity , by implied inspiration of Judeo-Christian ethics . The largest Sovereign Grand Lodge of all fraternal orders of Odd Fellows since the 19th century , it enrolls some 600,000 members divided in approximately 10,000 lodges in 26 countries , inter-fraternally recognised by the second largest , the British-seated Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lena Road School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lena_Road_School', 'summary': 'The Lena Road School is located in Pound , Wisconsin . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 26 , 2002 ( # 02000415 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N2155 US 141 45°02′19″N 88°02′42″W / 45.038611°N 88.045°W / 45.038611 ; -88.045 ( Lena Road School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pound', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pound,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Pound is a village in Marinette County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 377 at the 2010 census . The village is located within the Town of Pound . Pound is part of the Marinette , WI- MI Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Simple , classic one-room school built by local farmers in 1911 and used as a school until 1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lauerman Brothers Department Store', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lauerman_Brothers_Department_Store', 'summary': 'Lauerman Brothers Department Store was a department store chain in the early 20th century . Its flagship store in Marinette , Wisconsin is a registered historic place . The chain consisted of 13 stores in Wisconsin , Michigan , and Iowa .'}]}, {'value': 'February 24 , 1992 ( # 92000027 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1701-1721 Dunlap Sq . 45°05′58″N 87°37′51″W / 45.099444°N 87.630833°W / 45.099444 ; -87.630833 ( Lauerman Brothers Department Store )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marinette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marinette,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Marinette is a city in and the county seat of Marinette County , Wisconsin , United States . It is located on the south bank of the Menominee River , at its mouth at Green Bay , part of Lake Michigan ; to the north is Stephenson Island ( Wisconsin ) , part of the city preserved as park . During the lumbering boom of the late 19th century , Marinette became the tenth-largest city in Wisconsin in 1900 , with its peak population of 16,195 . Marinette is the principal city of the Marinette , Wisconsin-Michigan Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Marinette County , Wisconsin and Menominee County , Michigan . The population was 10,968 at the 2010 census . Menominee , Michigan is across the river to the north , and the cities are connected by three bridges . Menominee and Marinette are sometimes described as twin cities of the Menominee River .'}]}, {'value': 'The flagship of a multi-state chain of department stores based in Marinette . Complex includes the early Italianate-styled business block , the department store built from 1904 to 1924 designed in Chicago Commercial style , and the warehouse built in 1920', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italianate_architecture', 'summary': "The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture . In the Italianate style , the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture , which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism , were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics . The style of architecture that was thus created , though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance , was essentially of its own time . The backward look transforms its object , Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles ; every spectator at every period - at every moment , indeed - inevitably transforms the past according to his own nature . The Italianate style was first developed in Britain in about 1802 by John Nash , with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire . This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England , from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras . The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s . Barry 's Italianate style ( occasionally termed Barryesque ) drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance , though sometimes at odds with Nash 's semi-rustic Italianate villas . The style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms , long after its decline in popularity in Britain , throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire . From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved huge popularity in the United States , where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chicago_school_(architecture)', 'summary': "Chicago 's architecture is famous throughout the world and one style is referred to as the Chicago School . Much of its early work is also known as Commercial style . In the history of architecture , the first Chicago School was a school of architects active in Chicago at the turn of the 20th century . They were among the first to promote the new technologies of steel-frame construction in commercial buildings , and developed a spatial aesthetic which co-evolved with , and then came to influence , parallel developments in European Modernism . A Second Chicago School with a modernist aesthetic emerged in the 1940s through 1970s , which pioneered new building technologies and structural systems such as the tube-frame structure ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F.J. Lauerman House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 14 , 1979 ( # 79000094 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '383 State St. 45°06′00″N 87°38′21″W / 45.1°N 87.639167°W / 45.1 ; -87.639167 ( F.J. Lauerman House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marinette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marinette,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Marinette is a city in and the county seat of Marinette County , Wisconsin , United States . It is located on the south bank of the Menominee River , at its mouth at Green Bay , part of Lake Michigan ; to the north is Stephenson Island ( Wisconsin ) , part of the city preserved as park . During the lumbering boom of the late 19th century , Marinette became the tenth-largest city in Wisconsin in 1900 , with its peak population of 16,195 . Marinette is the principal city of the Marinette , Wisconsin-Michigan Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Marinette County , Wisconsin and Menominee County , Michigan . The population was 10,968 at the 2010 census . Menominee , Michigan is across the river to the north , and the cities are connected by three bridges . Menominee and Marinette are sometimes described as twin cities of the Menominee River .'}]}, {'value': 'Spanish Colonial Revival-styled home built in 1901 for Frank Lauerman of the department store , and called Casa del Flores', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'The Spanish Colonial Revival Style ( Spanish : Arquitectura neocolonial española ) is an architectural stylistic movement arising in the early 20th century based on the Spanish Colonial architecture of the Spanish colonization of the Americas . The Panama-California Exposition of 1915 in San Diego , highlighting the work of architect Bertram Goodhue , is credited with giving the style national exposure . Embraced principally in California and Florida , the Spanish Colonial Revival movement enjoyed its greatest popularity between 1915 and 1931 .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milwaukee Road Depot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milwaukee_Road_Depot_(Marinette,_Wisconsin)', 'summary': 'The Milwaukee Road Depot in Marinette , Wisconsin was built in 1903 by the Chicago , Milwaukee , St. Paul and Pacific Railroad ( otherwise known as The Milwaukee Road ) to replace an earlier depot .'}]}, {'value': 'January 12 , 2005 ( # 04001485 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '650 Hattie St. 45°05′55″N 87°38′17″W / 45.098611°N 87.638056°W / 45.098611 ; -87.638056 ( Milwaukee Road Depot )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marinette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marinette,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Marinette is a city in and the county seat of Marinette County , Wisconsin , United States . It is located on the south bank of the Menominee River , at its mouth at Green Bay , part of Lake Michigan ; to the north is Stephenson Island ( Wisconsin ) , part of the city preserved as park . During the lumbering boom of the late 19th century , Marinette became the tenth-largest city in Wisconsin in 1900 , with its peak population of 16,195 . Marinette is the principal city of the Marinette , Wisconsin-Michigan Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Marinette County , Wisconsin and Menominee County , Michigan . The population was 10,968 at the 2010 census . Menominee , Michigan is across the river to the north , and the cities are connected by three bridges . Menominee and Marinette are sometimes described as twin cities of the Menominee River .'}]}, {'value': "Stick style depot built in 1903 by the Milwaukee Road , originally with a women 's waiting room on one end and men 's on the other", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stick_style', 'summary': 'The Stick style was a late-19th-century American architectural style , transitional between the Carpenter Gothic style of the mid-19th century , and the Queen Anne style that it had evolved into by the 1890s . It is named after its use of linear stickwork ( overlay board strips ) on the outside walls to mimic an exposed half-timbered frame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Milwaukee,_St._Paul_and_Pacific_Railroad', 'summary': 'The Chicago , Milwaukee , St. Paul and Pacific Railroad , often referred to as the Milwaukee Road ( reporting mark MILW ) , was a Class I railroad that operated in the Midwest and Northwest of the United States from 1847 until 1986 . The company experienced financial difficulty through the 1970s and 1980s , including bankruptcy in 1977 . In 1980 , it abandoned its Pacific Extension , which included track in the states of Montana , Idaho , and Washington . The remaining system was merged into the Soo Line Railroad ( reporting mark SOO ) , a subsidiary of Canadian Pacific Railway ( reporting mark CP ) , on January 1 , 1986 . Much of its historical trackage remains in use by other railroads . The company brand is commemorated by buildings like the historic Milwaukee Road Depot in Minneapolis and preserved locomotives such as Milwaukee Road 261 which operates excursion trains .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peshtigo Fire Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peshtigo_Fire_Cemetery', 'summary': 'The Peshtigo Fire Cemetery is a cemetery in Peshtigo , Wisconsin . The cemetery is the burial location of the charred remains of victims of the Peshtigo Fire , of October 8 , 1871 , the deadliest natural fire in the history of the United States . Identified victims were buried in traditional marked graves , and over 300 unidentified victims were buried in a mass grave . The site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The memorial at the cemetery was the first official state historical marker authorized by the State Historic Society of Wisconsin . The cemetery is located adjacent to the Peshtigo Fire Museum , which is a memorial museum for the fire .'}]}, {'value': 'October 15 , 1970 ( # 70000037 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oconto Ave. between Peck and Ellis Aves . 45°03′23″N 87°45′15″W / 45.056389°N 87.754167°W / 45.056389 ; -87.754167 ( Peshtigo Fire Cemetery )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peshtigo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peshtigo,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Peshtigo is a city in Marinette County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 3,502 at the 2010 census . The city is surrounded by the Town of Peshtigo . It is part of the Marinette , WI-MI Micropolitan Statistical Area . Peshtigo is most famous as the site of the Peshtigo fire of 1871 , in which more than 1,200 people perished .'}]}, {'value': 'Graves of victims of the fire of 1871 , including a mass grave of 300 men , women and children who could not be identified', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peshtigo_Fire', 'summary': 'The Peshtigo fire was a very large forest fire that took place on October 8 , 1871 , in northeastern Wisconsin , including much of the Door Peninsula , and adjacent parts of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan . The largest community in the affected area was Peshtigo , Wisconsin . It burned approximately 1,200,000 acres ( 490,000 ha ) and was the deadliest wildfire in American history , with the estimated deaths of around 1,500 people , and possibly as many as 2,500 . Occurring on the same day as the more famous Great Chicago Fire , the Peshtigo fire has been largely forgotten , even though it killed far more people . On the same day as the Peshtigo and Chicago fires , Holland and Manistee , Michigan ( across Lake Michigan from Peshtigo ) , and Port Huron at the southern end of Lake Huron also had major fires , leading to various theories by contemporaries and later historians that they had a common cause .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peshtigo Reef Light', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peshtigo_Reef_Light', 'summary': 'The Peshtigo Reef Light is a lighthouse in Marinette County , Wisconsin , United States , offshore in lower Green Bay . Constructed in 1936 to replace a lightship , it remains in service .'}]}, {'value': 'May 2 , 2007 ( # 07000404 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Offshore in lower Green Bay , approx . 3.3 mi ( 5.3 km ) . SE of Peshtigo Point 44°57′31″N 87°34′48″W / 44.958611°N 87.58°W / 44.958611 ; -87.58 ( Peshtigo Reef Light )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peshtigo Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peshtigo_(town),_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Peshtigo is a town in Marinette County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 3,819 at the 2000 census . The City of Peshtigo is located within the town . The historic Peshtigo Fire took place here .'}]}, {'value': 'Lighthouse built in 1936 to warn ships of the shoal which runs out three miles from the mouth of the Peshtigo River . A daymark marked the shoal from 1869 to 1906 and a lightship from then to 1936 . ( ARLHS USA 951 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lighthouse', 'summary': 'A lighthouse is a tower , building , or other type of structure designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses and to serve as a navigational aid for maritime pilots at sea or on inland waterways . Lighthouses mark dangerous coastlines , hazardous shoals , reefs , rocks and safe entries to harbors ; they also assist in aerial navigation . Once widely used , the number of operational lighthouses has declined due to the expense of maintenance , and have become uneconomical since the advent of cheaper and often much more effective electronic navigational systems .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shoal', 'summary': 'In oceanography , geomorphology , and earth sciences , a shoal is a natural submerged ridge , bank , or bar that consists of , or is covered by , sand or other unconsolidated material , and rises from the bed of a body of water to near the surface . Often it refers to those submerged ridges , banks , or bars that rise near enough to the surface of a body of water as to constitute a danger to navigation . Shoals are also known as sandbanks , sandbars , or gravelbars . Two or more shoals that are either separated by shared troughs or interconnected by past or present sedimentary and hydrographic processes are referred to as a shoal complex . The term shoal is also used in a number of ways that can be either similar or quite different from how it is used in the geologic , geomorphic , and oceanographic literature . Sometimes , this term refers to either any relatively shallow place in a stream , lake , sea , or other body of water ; a rocky area on the sea floor within an area mapped for navigation purposes ; a growth of vegetation on the bottom of a deep lake that occurs at any depth ; and as a verb for the process of proceeding from a greater to a lesser depth of water .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peshtigo_River', 'summary': "The Peshtigo River is a 136-mile-long ( 219 km ) tributary of Green Bay in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . The Peshtigo Fire happened in the river 's vicinity , and some survivors used the river for refuge from the flames . A section of whitewater on the river called the Roaring Rapids is well known in the region . Further downstream there are two dams known as Caldron Falls Dam and High Falls Dam before collecting the Thunder River ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Daymark', 'summary': "A daymark or a day marker is the daytime identifier ( attached signboard ) of an aid to navigation ( ATON ) or daybeacon . Generally , the daymark conveys to the mariner during daylight hours the same significance as does the aid 's light or reflector at night ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lightvessel', 'summary': 'A lightvessel , or lightship , is a ship that acts as a lighthouse . They are used in waters that are too deep or otherwise unsuitable for lighthouse construction . Although some records exist of fire beacons being placed on ships in Roman times , the first modern lightvessel was off the Nore sandbank at the mouth of the River Thames in England , placed there by its inventor Robert Hamblin in 1734 . The type has become largely obsolete ; lighthouses replaced some stations as the construction techniques for lighthouses advanced , while large , automated buoys replaced others .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Marinette_County,_Wisconsin_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Marinette County, Wisconsin. It is intended to provide a comprehensive listing of entries in the National Register of Historic Places that are located in Marinette County, Wisconsin. The locations of National Register properties for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below may be seen in a map. There are 12 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.'}	null	null	What historical place ( s ) are located in the town whose population was 3,502 at the 2010 census ?	Peshtigo Fire Cemetery
0788358285f4ba9a	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Major_League_Baseball_draft', 'title': '1975 Major League Baseball draft', 'header': ['Round', 'Pick', 'Player', 'Team', 'Position'], 'data': [{'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Smith_(baseball)', 'summary': "Lee Arthur Smith ( born December 4 , 1957 ) is an American former professional baseball pitcher , who played 18 years in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for eight teams . Smith served mostly as a relief pitcher during his career . One of the dominant closers in baseball history , he held the major league record for career saves from 1993 until 2006 , when San Diego Padres relief pitcher Trevor Hoffman passed his total of 478 . Smith was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame on December 9 , 2018 as part of the Today 's Game Era Committee vote . A native of Jamestown in Bienville Parish in north Louisiana , Smith was scouted by Buck O'Neil and drafted by the Cubs in the 1975 MLB Draft . Smith was an intimidating figure on the pitcher 's mound at 6 feet , 6 inches ( 1.98 m ) and 265 pounds ( 120 kg ) with a 95-mile per hour ( 150 km/h ) fastball . In 1991 , he set a National League ( NL ) record with 47 saves for the St. Louis Cardinals , and was runner-up for the league 's Cy Young Award ; it was the second of three times Smith led the NL in saves , and he later led the American League ( AL ) once while with the Baltimore Orioles in 1994 . Smith also set the major league career record for games finished ( 802 ) , and his 1,022 career games pitched were the third-most in history when he retired ; Smith still holds the team records for career saves for the Cubs ( 180 ) , and he also held the Cardinals record ( 160 ) until 2006 . After the end of Smiths major league career , he spent time working as a pitching instructor at the minor-league level with the San Francisco Giants . Smith then served as the pitching coach for the South Africa national baseball team in the 2006 World Baseball Classic and 2009 World Baseball Classic . He is a minor-league roving pitching instructor for the Giants ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Cubs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Cubs', 'summary': "The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . The team plays its home games at Wrigley Field , located on the city 's North Side . The Cubs are one of two major league teams in Chicago ; the other , the Chicago White Sox , is a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The Cubs , first known as the White Stockings , were a founding member of the NL in 1876 , becoming the Chicago Cubs in 1903 . The Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series . The 1906 Cubs won 116 games , finishing 116-36 and posting a modern-era record winning percentage of .763 , before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox ( The Hitless Wonders ) by four games to two . The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908 , becoming the first major league team to play in three consecutive World Series , and the first to win it twice . Most recently , the Cubs won the 2016 National League Championship Series and 2016 World Series , which ended a 71-year National League pennant drought and a 108-year World Series championship drought , both of which are record droughts in Major League Baseball . The 108-year drought was also the longest such occurrence in all major North American sports . Since the start of divisional play in 1969 , the Cubs have appeared in the postseason ten times through the 2019 season . The Cubs are known as the North Siders , a reference to the location of Wrigley Field within the city of Chicago , and in contrast to the White Sox , whose home field ( Guaranteed Rate Field ) is located on the South Side ."}]}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '49', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carney Lansford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carney_Lansford', 'summary': 'Carney Ray Lansford ( born February 7 , 1957 ) is a former third baseman in Major League Baseball and former hitting coach of the Colorado Rockies . Lansford , who played for the California Angels ( 1978-80 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 1981-82 ) and Oakland Athletics ( 1983-92 ) , batted and threw right-handed .'}]}, {'value': 'California Angels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Angels', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Angels are an American professional baseball team based in the city of Anaheim , California , part of Orange County and the Los Angeles metropolitan area . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . The Angels have played home games at Angel Stadium since 1966 . The current MLB franchise was established as one of the league 's first two expansion teams in 1961 by Gene Autry , the team 's first owner . Autry was a famous singing cowboy actor in a series of films in the 1930s to 1950s , and later was the subject of the Gene Autry Western Heritage Museum . The Angels name was taken by Autry in tribute to the previous original Los Angeles Angels , a Minor League franchise in the Pacific Coast League ( PCL ) , which played in South Central Los Angeles from 1903 to 1957 . He bought the rights to the Angels name from Walter O'Malley , the then-Los Angeles Dodgers owner , who acquired the PCL franchise from Philip K. Wrigley , also the owner of the parent Chicago Cubs at the time , as part of the Dodgers ' move to Southern California ."}]}, {'value': 'Shortstop', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '68', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Don Robinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Robinson_(baseball)', 'summary': "Don Allen Donnie Robinson ( born June 8 , 1957 ) , is a former Major League Baseball pitcher for the Pittsburgh Pirates , San Francisco Giants , California Angels , and Philadelphia Phillies from 1978 through 1992 . Nicknamed The Caveman , Robinson 's career record was 109-106 with a 3.79 ERA . In 1978 , as a 21-year-old rookie , Robinson was 14-6 with a 3.47 ERA . His won-loss percentage was second to NL Cy Young Award winner Gaylord Perry . Robinson was named The Sporting News NL Rookie Pitcher of the Year and was third in overall NL Rookie of the Year . He finished eighth in the Cy Young Award contest . The next year , he went 8-8 with a 3.87 ERA . He also pitched in six postseason games , winning two and helping the Pirates to the 1979 World Series championship . Robinson was regarded as one of the best-hitting pitchers during his time , winning three Silver Slugger Awards in 1982 , 1989 , and 1990 . In 1990 , Robinson became the first pitcher to hit a pinch-hit home run since 1971 against the San Diego Padres . He hit 13 home runs in his career . He compiled a .231 batting average ( 146-631 ) with 47 runs and 69 RBI ."}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Pirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates', 'summary': 'The Pittsburgh Pirates are an American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Founded in 1881 under the name Pittsburgh Allegheny , the franchise has won five World Series championships . The Pirates are also often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos ( derived from buccaneer , a synonym for pirate ) . The team plays its home games at PNC Park , its home since 2001 . The Pirates previously played at Forbes Field from 1909-1970 and at Three Rivers Stadium , so named because of its location near the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers , from 1970-2000 . The franchise joined the NL in its eighth season in 1887 and was competitive from its early years , winning three NL titles from 1901 to 1903 , playing in the inaugural World Series in 1903 and winning their first World Series in 1909 behind Honus Wagner . The Pirates have had many ups and downs during their long history , most famously winning the 1960 World Series against the New York Yankees on a series-winning walk-off home run by Bill Mazeroski , the only time that Game 7 of the World Series has ever ended with a home run . They also won the 1971 World Series , led by the talent of Roberto Clemente , and the 1979 World Series under the slogan We Are Family , led by Pops Willie Stargell . After a run of regular-season success in the early 1990s ( winning three straight NL East Division titles ) , the Pirates struggled mightily over the following 20 years , with 20 consecutive losing seasons from 1993 to 2012 - the longest such streak in American professional sports history - before posting a winning record in 2013 of 94-68 , qualifying them for the NL Wild Card . They advanced to the NL Division Series round , where they lost in 5 games to the St. Louis Cardinals . The Pirates made the playoffs in both 2014 and 2015 , losing in the Wild Card Game both times .'}]}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '75', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jason Thompson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Thompson_(first_baseman,_born_1954)', 'summary': 'Jason Dolph Thompson ( born July 6 , 1954 ) is a former Major League Baseball first baseman , and the current owner and operator of Jason Thompson Baseball , which offers baseball instruction in Auburn Hills , Michigan . He threw and batted left-handed .'}]}, {'value': 'Detroit Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Pitcher-First Baseman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '84', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dickie Noles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dickie_Noles', 'summary': "Dickie Ray Noles ( born November 19 , 1956 ) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher with the Philadelphia Phillies , Chicago Cubs , Texas Rangers , Cleveland Indians , Detroit Tigers and the Baltimore Orioles between 1979 and 1990 . He batted and threw right-handed . Today Noles is a born-again Christian and works for the Philadelphia Phillies . Noles was an effective relief pitcher for the Phillies ' 1980 World Series championship team . In Game 4 of that series , Noles came on in relief of Larry Christenson in the first inning with only one out and the Phillies down 4-0 to the Kansas City Royals . Noles pitched the next 4\u200b2⁄3 innings and gave up another run , but is most remembered for throwing a fastball under George Brett 's chin in the fourth inning that prompted a warning by the umpires to both teams . Brett struck out in the at-bat and had only three singles and one RBI the remainder of the series . The brushback incident is looked upon as the turning point in that series for the Phillies . Before the 1982 season , Noles was traded along with Keith Moreland to the Chicago Cubs for pitcher Mike Krukow and cash . Noles had an effective season as a starter in 1982 , going 10-13 . In early 1983 , however , Noles ' alcohol problems began to surface . He and a Cubs teammate drunkenly assaulted a police officer after a game and Noles severely injured his left knee ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Phillies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Phillies are an American professional baseball team based in Philadelphia . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . Since 2004 , the team 's home stadium has been Citizens Bank Park , located in South Philadelphia . The Phillies are the oldest , continuous , one-name , one-city franchise in American professional sports . The Phillies have won two World Series championships ( against the Kansas City Royals in 1980 and the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ) and seven National League pennants , the first of which came in 1915 . Since the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons ( and 97 seasons from the club 's establishment ) before they won their first World Series - longer than any of the other 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century . They are one of the more successful franchises since the start of the Divisional Era in Major League Baseball . The Phillies have won 11 division titles , including five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011 ; these are ranked sixth among all teams and fourth in the National League . The franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883 , replacing the team from Worcester , Massachusetts , in the National League . The team has played at several stadiums in the city , beginning with Recreation Park and continuing at Baker Bowl ; Shibe Park , which was later renamed Connie Mack Stadium in honor of the longtime Philadelphia Athletics manager ; Veterans Stadium , and now Citizens Bank Park . The team 's spring training facilities are located in Clearwater , Florida , where its Class-A minor league affiliate Clearwater Threshers plays at Spectrum Field . Other Class-A affiliates are the Lakewood BlueClaws , who play in Lakewood , New Jersey , and the Williamsport Crosscutters , who play in Williamsport , Pennsylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '99', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lou Whitaker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lou_Whitaker', 'summary': 'Louis Rodman Whitaker Jr. ( born May 12 , 1957 ) , nicknamed Sweet Lou , is an American professional baseball second baseman who played for the Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from 1977 to 1995 . He won the American League Rookie of the Year Award in 1978 , and was a five-time MLB All-Star in his career . He won four Silver Slugger Awards and three Gold Glove Awards . Along with teammate Alan Trammell , Whitaker was part of the longest running double play combination in MLB history .'}]}, {'value': 'Detroit Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Third Baseman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '156', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keith Moreland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keith_Moreland', 'summary': "Bobby Keith Zonk Moreland ( born May 2 , 1954 in Dallas , Texas ) is a former outfielder , catcher and infielder in Major League Baseball who played for the Philadelphia Phillies , Chicago Cubs , and San Diego Padres . In 1989 , the final year of his career , he played for the Detroit Tigers , then the Baltimore Orioles . On February 16 , 2011 , he was named the Cubs ' color analyst on WGN-AM and the Cubs Radio Network , replacing Ron Santo . On November 6 , 2013 , he announced that he was stepping down from his position at WGN Radio to spend more time with his family ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Phillies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Phillies are an American professional baseball team based in Philadelphia . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . Since 2004 , the team 's home stadium has been Citizens Bank Park , located in South Philadelphia . The Phillies are the oldest , continuous , one-name , one-city franchise in American professional sports . The Phillies have won two World Series championships ( against the Kansas City Royals in 1980 and the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ) and seven National League pennants , the first of which came in 1915 . Since the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons ( and 97 seasons from the club 's establishment ) before they won their first World Series - longer than any of the other 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century . They are one of the more successful franchises since the start of the Divisional Era in Major League Baseball . The Phillies have won 11 division titles , including five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011 ; these are ranked sixth among all teams and fourth in the National League . The franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883 , replacing the team from Worcester , Massachusetts , in the National League . The team has played at several stadiums in the city , beginning with Recreation Park and continuing at Baker Bowl ; Shibe Park , which was later renamed Connie Mack Stadium in honor of the longtime Philadelphia Athletics manager ; Veterans Stadium , and now Citizens Bank Park . The team 's spring training facilities are located in Clearwater , Florida , where its Class-A minor league affiliate Clearwater Threshers plays at Spectrum Field . Other Class-A affiliates are the Lakewood BlueClaws , who play in Lakewood , New Jersey , and the Williamsport Crosscutters , who play in Williamsport , Pennsylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Third Baseman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '250', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andre Dawson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andre_Dawson', 'summary': "Andre Nolan Dawson ( born July 10 , 1954 ) , nicknamed The Hawk and Awesome Dawson , is an American former professional baseball player and inductee into the Baseball Hall of Fame . During a 21-year baseball career , he played for four different teams as a center and right fielder , spending most of his career with the Montreal Expos ( 1976-1986 ) and Chicago Cubs ( 1987-1992 ) . An 8-time National League ( NL ) All-Star , he was named the league 's Rookie of the Year in 1977 after batting .282 with 19 home runs and 65 runs batted in ( RBI ) , and won the Most Valuable Player Award in 1987 after leading the league with 49 homers and 137 RBI ; he had been runner-up for the award in both 1981 and 1983 . He batted .300 five times , drove in 100 runs four times and had 13 seasons of 20 home runs . A strong baserunner early in his career , he also stole 30 bases three times . He is one of eight MLB players with at least 300 home runs and 300 stolen bases during his career . Dawson was a center fielder until knee problems - worsened by the artificial surface at Olympic Stadium - forced his shift to right field , followed by his move to a team which played on grass . He led the NL in outfield putouts three consecutive years ( 1981-1983 ) , and won eight Gold Glove Awards for fielding excellence . Dawson was known for his incredible work ethic and study of the game . He was often seen in the dugout with a clipboard in-hand documenting pitches and pitcher tendencies . This was long before such practices were common-place and such information was readily available . Upon his retirement , his NL totals of 409 home runs and 962 extra base hits both ranked tenth in league history ; he also ranked seventh in NL history in games as an outfielder ( 2,303 ) , and sixth in both outfield putouts ( 5,116 ) and total chances ( 5,366 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Montreal Expos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Expos', 'summary': "The Montreal Expos ( French : Les Expos de Montréal ) were a Canadian professional baseball team based in Montreal , Quebec . The Expos were the first Major League Baseball ( MLB ) franchise located outside the United States . They played in the National League ( NL ) East division from 1969 until 2004 . Following the 2004 season , the franchise relocated to Washington , D.C. , and became the Washington Nationals . Immediately after the minor league Triple-A Montreal Royals folded in 1960 , political leaders in Montreal sought an MLB franchise , and when the National League evaluated expansion candidates for the 1969 season , it awarded a team to Montreal . Named after the Expo 67 World 's Fair , the Expos originally played at Jarry Park Stadium before moving to Olympic Stadium in 1977 . The Expos failed to post a winning record in any of their first ten seasons . The team won its only division title in the strike-shortened 1981 season , but lost the 1981 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) to the Los Angeles Dodgers . The team was sold in 1991 by its majority , founding owner , Charles Bronfman , to a consortium headed by Claude Brochu . Felipe Alou was promoted to the team 's field manager in 1992 , becoming MLB 's first Dominican-born manager . He led the team to four winning seasons , including 1994 , where the Expos had the best record in baseball before a players ' strike ended the season . Alou became the Expos leader in games managed ( 1,409 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '357', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Horner ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Horner', 'summary': 'James Robert Horner ( born August 6 , 1957 ) is an American former professional baseball player who played the majority of his Major League Baseball career with the Atlanta Braves . He played mostly as a third baseman who later transitioned into a first baseman as he was hampered by injuries for most of his playing career . Horner also played for one season in the Nippon Professional Baseball League as a member of the Tokyo Yakult Swallows . His baseball career was cut short by collusion by team owners to drive down salaries by agreeing to not make offers to veteran stars like Horner .'}]}, {'value': 'Oakland Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakland_Athletics', 'summary': "The Oakland Athletics , often referred to as the A 's , are an American professional baseball team based in Oakland , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . The team plays its home games at the Oakland Coliseum . They have won nine World Series championships . One of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the team was founded in Philadelphia in 1901 as the Philadelphia Athletics . They won three World Series championships from 1910 to 1913 and back-to-back titles in 1929 and 1930 . The team 's owner and manager for its first 50 years was Connie Mack and Hall of Fame players included Chief Bender , Frank Home Run Baker , Jimmie Foxx , and Lefty Grove . The team left Philadelphia for Kansas City in 1955 and became the Kansas City Athletics before moving to Oakland in 1968 . They won three consecutive World Championships between 1972 and 1974 , led by players including Vida Blue , Catfish Hunter , Reggie Jackson , ace reliever Rollie Fingers , and colorful owner Charlie O. Finley . After being sold by Finley to Walter A. Haas Jr. , the team won three consecutive pennants and the 1989 World Series behind the Bash Brothers , Jose Canseco and Mark McGwire , as well as Hall of Famers Dennis Eckersley , Rickey Henderson and manager Tony La Russa . From 1901 to 2019 , the Athletics ' overall win-loss record is 9,028-9,452 ( .489 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Shortstop', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '384', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dave Stewart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Stewart_(baseball)', 'summary': "David Keith Stewart ( born February 19 , 1957 ) , nicknamed Smoke , is an American professional baseball executive , pitching coach , sports agent , and retired starting pitcher . The Los Angeles Dodgers ' 16th-round selection in the 1975 MLB draft , Stewart 's MLB playing career spanned from 1978 through 1995 , winning three World Series championships while compiling a career 3.95 earned run average ( ERA ) and a 168-129 won-lost record , including winning 20 games in four consecutive seasons . He pitched for the Dodgers , Texas Rangers , Philadelphia Phillies , Oakland Athletics , and Toronto Blue Jays . Stewart was an MLB All-Star and was known for his postseason performance - winning one World Series Most Valuable Player Award and two League Championship Series Most Valuable Player Awards - and for staring down batters when pitching to them . After his playing career , he served as a pitching coach for the San Diego Padres , Milwaukee Brewers , and Blue Jays and as an assistant GM . General managers he has worked under include : Sandy Alderson , Kevin Towers , Gord Ash , and Dean Taylor . He later became a sports agent based in San Diego until the Arizona Diamondbacks hired him as general manager at the end of the 2014 season . He was fired as the Diamondbacks ' GM in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Dodgers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers', 'summary': 'The Los Angeles Dodgers are an American professional baseball team based in Los Angeles , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Established in 1883 in Brooklyn , New York , the team moved to Los Angeles before the 1958 season . They played for four seasons at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving to their current home of Dodger Stadium in 1962 . The Dodgers have won six World Series championships and twenty three National League pennants . Eleven NL MVP award winners have played for the Dodgers , winning a total of thirteen MVP Awards ; eight Cy Young Award winners have also pitched for the Dodgers , winning a total of twelve Cy Young Awards . The team has eighteen Rookie of the Year Award winners , more than twice as many as the second place New York Yankees 8 . The Dodgers have had four consecutive Rookies of the Year from 1979 to 1982 and five in a row from 1992 to 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '473', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenn Hubbard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenn_Hubbard_(baseball)', 'summary': 'Glenn Dee Hubbard ( born September 25 , 1957 ) is a former first base coach for the Atlanta Braves and second baseman in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) who played from 1978 to 1989 . Hubbard played his first ten seasons with the Atlanta Braves and his last two with the Oakland Athletics .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta Braves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta_Braves', 'summary': "The Atlanta Braves are an American professional baseball team based in the Atlanta metropolitan area . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . The team played its home games at Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium from 1966 to 1996 , and at Turner Field from 1997 to 2016 . Since 2017 , their home stadium has been Truist Park ( formerly SunTrust Park ) , located 10 miles ( 16 km ) northwest of downtown Atlanta in Cobb County , Georgia . The Braves play spring training games at CoolToday Park in North Port , Florida . The name Braves , which was first used in 1912 , originates from a term for a Native American warrior . They are nicknamed the Bravos , and often referred to as America 's Team in reference to the team 's games being broadcast on the nationally available TBS from the 1970s until 2007 , giving the team a nationwide fan base . From 1991 to 2005 , the Braves were one of the most successful teams in baseball , winning division titles an unprecedented 14 consecutive times ( omitting the strike-shortened 1994 season in which there were no official division champions ) , and producing one of the greatest pitching rotations in the history of baseball . Most notably , this rotation consisted of pitchers Greg Maddux , John Smoltz , and Tom Glavine . Pitcher Steve Avery also was a significant contributor to the rotation during the period of 1991-1993 . The Braves won the National League West division from 1991 to 1993 , and after divisional realignment , the National League East division from 1995 to 2005 . They returned to the playoffs as the National League Wild Card in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Second Baseman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '484', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Tudor ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Tudor_(baseball)', 'summary': 'John Thomas Tudor ( born February 2 , 1954 ) is a former left-handed starting pitcher in Major League Baseball .'}]}, {'value': 'New York Mets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Mets', 'summary': "The New York Mets are a Major League Baseball team based in the New York City borough of Queens . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . They are one of two MLB teams based in New York City , the other being the New York Yankees of the American League ( AL ) . One of baseball 's first expansion teams , the Mets were founded in 1962 to replace New York 's departed NL teams , the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants . The team 's colors combine the Dodgers ' blue and the Giants ' orange . For the 1962 and 1963 seasons , the Mets played home games at the Polo Grounds . From 1964 to 2008 , their home ballpark was Shea Stadium . In 2009 , they moved into their current ballpark , Citi Field . In their inaugural season , the Mets posted a record of 40-120 , the worst regular season record since MLB went to a 162-game schedule . The team never finished better than second-to-last until the Miracle Mets beat the Baltimore Orioles in the 1969 World Series , one of the biggest upsets in World Series history . Since then , they have played in four World Series , including a dramatic run in 1973 that ended in a seven-game loss to the Oakland Athletics , a second championship in 1986 over the Boston Red Sox , a Subway Series loss against their cross-town rivals the New York Yankees in 2000 , and a five-game loss to the Kansas City Royals in 2015 . The Mets qualified to play in the MLB postseason in 1988 and 2006 , coming within one game of the World Series both years ."}]}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Other notable selections', 'section_text': '= All-Star = Baseball Hall of Famer [ 3 ]', 'uid': '1975_Major_League_Baseball_Draft_0', 'intro': 'The following are the first round picks in the 1975 Major League Baseball draft. Many baseball draft experts consider the 1975 draft to be the weakest in MLB history.'}	null	null	What award did the player picked by the Detroit Tigers in round 5 in the 1975 Major League Baseball draft win in 1978 ?	American League Rookie of the Year Award
07895d016543001f	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_K_League_Challenge', 'title': '2013 K League Challenge', 'header': ['Team', 'City', 'State', 'Home venue', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'FC Anyang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Anyang', 'summary': "Football Club Anyang ( Hangul : 안양시민프로축구단 ) is a South Korean professional football club based in the city of Anyang . Founded in 2013 . Their home stadium is at Anyang Stadium . They currently compete in the K League 2 , the second highest tier of Korean football league . The team 's motto is Esperanto : Civitano , Paradizo , Feliĉo meaning Citizen , Paradise , Happiness ( or Felicity ) and it is printed on the emblem ."}]}, {'value': 'Anyang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anyang,_Gyeonggi', 'summary': "Anyang ( Korean pronunciation : [ a.njaŋ ] ) is a city in Gyeonggi Province , South Korea . With a population of approximately 600,000 persons , it is the 20th largest city in South Korea . It is a satellite city of Seoul and located approximately 21 km ( 13 mi ) south of Seoul , and 19 km ( 12 mi ) north of Suwon . It is connected to Seoul via the Seoul Subway Line 1 and Line 4 . The City motto of Anyang is Livable city , Proud citizens . City symbols are 'Podong-i ' a grape mascot , Forsythia ( flower ) , Ginkgo ( tree ) , and Eagle . The 'Emblem of Anyang ' consists of several different meanings . The blue color represents peace and stable life of its citizens , the white color represents purity of the white clad folk , the white circle represents shining sun and citizen unity , the interweaving lines represent industrial and scientific development , famous mountains around the city and tourist resort . Together , the four different symbols mean modern development and cultural exchange . The current mayor of Anyang is Lee Phil Woon ."}]}, {'value': 'Gyeonggi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gyeonggi_Province', 'summary': "Gyeonggi Province ( Korean : 경기도 , Korean pronunciation : [ kjʌŋ.ɡi.do ] ) is the most populous province in South Korea . Its name , Gyeonggi , means the area surrounding the capital . Thus Gyeonggi-do can be translated as province surrounding Seoul . The provincial capital is Suwon . Seoul - South Korea 's largest city and national capital - is in the heart of the province but has been separately administered as a provincial-level special city since 1946 . Incheon - South Korea 's third-largest city - is on the coast of the province and has been similarly administered as a provincial-level metropolitan city since 1981 . The three jurisdictions are collectively referred to as Sudogwon and cover 11,730 km2 ( 4,530 sq mi ) , with a combined population of 25.5 million - amounting to over half of the entire population of South Korea ."}]}, {'value': 'Anyang Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anyang_Sports_Complex', 'summary': 'Anyang Sports Complex ( Korean : 안양종합운동장 ) is a group of sports facilities in Anyang , Gyeonggi , South Korea . The complex consists of the Anyang Stadium , Anyang Indoor Arena , swimming pool , ice rink , and tennis court .'}]}, {'value': '18,216', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bucheon FC 1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bucheon_FC_1995', 'summary': 'Bucheon FC 1995 is a South Korean professional football club located in the city of Bucheon , which is currently a member of the K League 2 . The club was founded by a group of former Bucheon SK supporters after the move of Bucheon SK to Jeju at the beginning of 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bucheon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bucheon', 'summary': 'Bucheon ( Korean pronunciation : [ pu.tɕʰʌn ] ) is a city in Gyeonggi Province , South Korea . Bucheon is a satellite city of Seoul , 25 kilometres ( 16 miles ) away . This city is located between Incheon and Seoul . Bucheon is the second most densely populated city in South Korea after Seoul , and as a result , administrative districts were abolished in July 2016 in favor of providing greater public service in community centers . Major manufacturing operations are located in the northern areas of the city , while the areas in the south where Seoul Subway Line 7 and Seoul Subway Line 1 pass are dense commercial and residential areas .'}]}, {'value': 'Gyeonggi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gyeonggi_Province', 'summary': "Gyeonggi Province ( Korean : 경기도 , Korean pronunciation : [ kjʌŋ.ɡi.do ] ) is the most populous province in South Korea . Its name , Gyeonggi , means the area surrounding the capital . Thus Gyeonggi-do can be translated as province surrounding Seoul . The provincial capital is Suwon . Seoul - South Korea 's largest city and national capital - is in the heart of the province but has been separately administered as a provincial-level special city since 1946 . Incheon - South Korea 's third-largest city - is on the coast of the province and has been similarly administered as a provincial-level metropolitan city since 1981 . The three jurisdictions are collectively referred to as Sudogwon and cover 11,730 km2 ( 4,530 sq mi ) , with a combined population of 25.5 million - amounting to over half of the entire population of South Korea ."}]}, {'value': 'Bucheon Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bucheon_Sports_Complex', 'summary': 'Bucheon Stadium ( Korean : 부천종합운동장 ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Bucheon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea . It is currently used mostly for football matches and has been the home stadium of Bucheon FC 1995 since 2008 . The stadium has a seating capacity for 34,456 spectators and was opened in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': '34,545', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chungju Hummel FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chungju_Hummel_FC', 'summary': 'Chungju Hummel was a South Korean professional football club based in Chungju of Chungcheongbuk-do province . The club was based in Icheon from 2006 to 2007 , and prior to that in Uijeongbu . Chungju Hummel played in the K League between 2013 and 2016 , but was dissolved after the 2016 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Chungju', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chungju', 'summary': 'Chungju ( Korean pronunciation : [ tɕʰuŋ.dʑu ] ) is a city in North Chungcheong province , South Korea . Uamsan is a mountain located within the outskirts of the city . The city is famous for the annual martial arts festival held in October . Also of note , former UN Secretary-General , Ban Ki-moon grew up here . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Chungbuk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Chungcheong_Province', 'summary': "North Chungcheong Province ( Korean : 충청북도 , Chungcheongbuk-do ; Korean pronunciation : [ tɕʰuŋ.tɕʰʌŋ.buk̚.t͈o ] ) , also known as Chungbuk , is a province of South Korea . North Chungcheong has a population of 1,578,934 ( 2014 ) and has a geographic area of 7,433 km2 ( 2,870 sq mi ) located in the Hoseo region in the south-center of the Korean Peninsula . North Chungcheong borders the provinces of Gyeonggi and Gangwon to the north , North Gyeongsang to the east , North Jeolla to the south , and South Chungcheong , Sejong Special Autonomous City , and Daejeon Metropolitan City to the west . Cheongju is the capital and largest city of North Chungcheong , with other major cities including Chungju and Jecheon . North Chungcheong was established in 1896 from the province of Chungcheong , one of the Eight Provinces of Korea , consisting of the northeastern half of the territory , and is South Korea 's only landlocked province . North Chungcheong was known as Chūsei-hoku Prefecture during the Japanese Colonial Period from 1910 and became part of South Korea following the division of Korea in 1945 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chungju Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chungju_Stadium', 'summary': 'Chungju Public Stadium ( Korean : 충주공설운동장 ) is a sports complex and training ground in Chungju , South Korea . The stadium opened in 1979 and holds around 15,000 people . It is used mostly for football matches and athletics . It was the home of K League Challenge side Chungju Hummel FC between 2010 and 2016 .'}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goyang Hi FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goyang_Hi_FC', 'summary': 'Goyang Zaicro FC was a South Korean professional football team based in Goyang . The club competed in the K League Challenge between 2013 and 2016 . They played their home games at Goyang Stadium . The club traces its origins to Immanuel FC , a Christian football club founded in 1983 . The team previously played in Iksan and Gimpo before moving to Ansan .'}]}, {'value': 'Goyang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goyang', 'summary': "Goyang ( Goyang-si ; Korean pronunciation : [ ko.jaŋ ] ) is a city in Gyeonggi Province in the north of South Korea . It is part of the Seoul Capital Area , making Goyang one of Seoul 's satellite cities . It is one of the largest cities in the Seoul Capital Area , with a population of just over 1 million . Ilsan , a planned city , is located in the Ilsandong-gu and Ilsanseo-gu districts of Goyang . It also includes Deogyang-gu which is closer to Seoul . Several institutions of higher learning are located in Goyang . These include Agricultural Cooperative College , Korea Aerospace University , and Transnational Law and Business University ."}]}, {'value': 'Gyeonggi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gyeonggi_Province', 'summary': "Gyeonggi Province ( Korean : 경기도 , Korean pronunciation : [ kjʌŋ.ɡi.do ] ) is the most populous province in South Korea . Its name , Gyeonggi , means the area surrounding the capital . Thus Gyeonggi-do can be translated as province surrounding Seoul . The provincial capital is Suwon . Seoul - South Korea 's largest city and national capital - is in the heart of the province but has been separately administered as a provincial-level special city since 1946 . Incheon - South Korea 's third-largest city - is on the coast of the province and has been similarly administered as a provincial-level metropolitan city since 1981 . The three jurisdictions are collectively referred to as Sudogwon and cover 11,730 km2 ( 4,530 sq mi ) , with a combined population of 25.5 million - amounting to over half of the entire population of South Korea ."}]}, {'value': 'Goyang Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goyang_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Goyang Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Goyang , South Korea . It is used mostly for football matches and was the home ground of Goyang Zaicro FC of the K League Challenge between 2013 and 2016 . The stadium holds 41,311 people and was built in 2003 . It is occasionally used for the South Korea national football team matches .'}]}, {'value': '41,311', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gwangju FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gwangju_FC', 'summary': 'Gwangju FC ( Korean : 광주 FC ) is a South Korean professional football club . Based in Gwangju of South Korea , Gwangju FC joined the K League as its 16th club for the 2011 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Gwangju', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gwangju', 'summary': "Gwangju [ a ] ( Korean pronunciation : [ kwaŋ.dʑu ] ) is the sixth-largest city in South Korea . It is a designated metropolitan city under the direct control of the central government 's Home Minister . The city was also the capital of South Jeolla Province until the provincial office moved to the southern village of Namak in Muan County in 2005 because Gwangju was promoted to a metropolitan city and was independent from South Jeolla province . Its name is composed of the words Gwang ( Korean : 광 ; Hanja : 光 ) meaning light and Ju ( 주 ; 州 ) meaning province . Gwangju was historically recorded as Muju ( 무주 ; 武州 ) , in which Silla merged all of the land to establish the provinces of Gwangju , Ungju , Jeonju , Muju and various counties , plus the southern boundary of Goguryeo and the ancient territories of Silla in the Samguk Sagi . In the heart of the agricultural Jeolla region , the city is also famous for its rich and diverse cuisine ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gwangju World Cup Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gwangju_World_Cup_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Gwangju World Cup Stadium is a football stadium in the South Korean city of Gwangju . It is managed by the Sports Support Division of the Culture & Sports Policy Office of the Gwangju Metropolitan city . Initially the stadium was named Gwangju World Cup Stadium to host some matches of the 2002 FIFA World Cup . To honour the South Korean national team coach Guus Hiddink , who helped the team advance to the semi-finals , for the first time in its history , by defeating Spain in this stadium , they have also named it the Guus Hiddink Stadium . It is the home stadium of Gwangju FC of the Korea Professional Football League ( K League ) and has a capacity of 40,245 . It was also the venue for the 3rd Asia Song Festival , organised by Korea Foundation for International Culture Exchange , in 2006 . It was also the main venue for 2015 Summer Universiade .'}]}, {'value': '44,118', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sangju Sangmu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sangju_Sangmu_FC', 'summary': "Sangju Sangmu FC ( Hangul : 상주 상무 프로축구단 ; Hanja : 尚州尚武 프로蹴球團 ) is a professional football club that competes in the K League 1 . The club is based in Sangju , South Korea . Sangmu ( 상무 , 尙武 ) means martialism and is the sports division of the Military of South Korea . The club officially removed the word Phoenix in its name in 2013 . Their mascot is the Bulsajo , which translates to Phoenix in English . The club 's hometown moved from Gwangju to Sangju , Gyeongsangbuk-do after the city of Gwangju founded the new professional club Gwangju FC in 2011 . Sangmu 's playing staff is made up of young South Korean professional footballers serving their compulsory two-year military duty . Fifteen players join up at the start of every season and spend two years with the side before returning to their previous professional club . Sangmu are not allowed to sign any foreign players because of their military status ."}]}, {'value': 'Sangju', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sangju', 'summary': 'Sangju lies on the northwestern border of North Gyeongsang province , touching on North Chungcheong province . Thus , to its west and north it adjoins the North Chungcheong counties of Boeun , Goesan , Okcheon , and Yeongdong . Within North Gyeongsang province , it touches Mungyeong on the north , Yecheon , Uiseong , and Gumi on the east , and Gimcheon to the south . The north and west extremes of the city are found in Hwabuk-myeon , at 127°47′55″E and 36°14′6″N , respectively . The southern limit lies in Gongseong-myeon at 36°14′06″N , on the border with Gimcheon city . The eastern edge of Sangju is found in Jungdong-myeon at 128°20′28″E . The city thus spans a total distance of about 49 km ( 30 mi ) from north to south , and about 43.3 km ( 26.9 mi ) from east to west . All of Sangju lies in the valley of the Nakdong River . Various tributaries flow into the Nakdong in Sangju , including the Yeong ( which rises in Mungyeong ) . The land slopes down from the Sobaek Mountains in the east to the river basin . The highest elevation in Sangju is found at the top of Songnisan , 1,058 m above sea level . Like most of South Korea , the terrain is generally hilly , with only a few flat areas along the rivers .'}]}, {'value': 'Gyeongbuk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Gyeongsang_Province', 'summary': "North Gyeongsang Province ( Korean : 경상북도 ; RR : Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Korean pronunciation : [ kjʌŋ.saŋ.buk̚.t͈o ] ) , also known as Gyeongbuk ( Korean pronunciation : [ kjʌŋ.buk̚ ] ) , is a province in eastern South Korea . The province was formed in 1896 from the northern half of the former Gyeongsang province , and remained a province of Korea until the country 's division in 1945 , then became part of South Korea . Daegu was the capital of North Gyeongsang Province between 1896 and 1981 , but has not been a part of the province since 1981 . In 2016 , the provincial capital moved from Daegu to Andong . The area of the province is 19,030 square kilometres ( 7,350 sq mi ) , 19.1% of the total area of South Korea ."}]}, {'value': 'Sangju Civic Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sangju_Civic_Stadium', 'summary': 'Sangju Civic Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Sangju , South Korea . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium holds 15,042 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '15,042', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suwon FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suwon_FC', 'summary': 'Suwon Football Club ( Korean : 수원 FC ) is a South Korean professional football club based in the city of Suwon . It plays in the K League Challenge . They play their home games at Suwon Sports Complex .'}]}, {'value': 'Suwon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suwon', 'summary': "Suwon [ a ] ( Korean : 수원 ; Hanja : 水原 , Korean pronunciation : [ su.wʌn ] ) is the capital and largest metropolis of Gyeonggi-do , South Korea 's most populous province which surrounds Seoul , the national capital . Suwon lies about 30 kilometres ( 19 miles ) south of Seoul . It is traditionally known as The City of Filial Piety . With a population close to 1.2 million , it is larger than Ulsan , although it is not governed as a metropolitan city . Suwon has existed in various forms throughout Korea 's history , growing from a small settlement to become a major industrial and cultural center . It is the only remaining completely walled city in South Korea . The city walls are one of the more popular tourist destinations in Gyeonggi Province . Samsung Electronics R & D center and headquarters are in Suwon . The city is served by two motorways , the national railway network , and the Seoul Metropolitan Subway . Suwon is a major educational center , home to 11 universities . Suwon is home to football club Suwon Samsung Bluewings , which have won the K League on four occasions and AFC Champions League twice . The KT Wiz of the Korea Baseball Organization also plays in Suwon ."}]}, {'value': 'Gyeonggi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gyeonggi_Province', 'summary': "Gyeonggi Province ( Korean : 경기도 , Korean pronunciation : [ kjʌŋ.ɡi.do ] ) is the most populous province in South Korea . Its name , Gyeonggi , means the area surrounding the capital . Thus Gyeonggi-do can be translated as province surrounding Seoul . The provincial capital is Suwon . Seoul - South Korea 's largest city and national capital - is in the heart of the province but has been separately administered as a provincial-level special city since 1946 . Incheon - South Korea 's third-largest city - is on the coast of the province and has been similarly administered as a provincial-level metropolitan city since 1981 . The three jurisdictions are collectively referred to as Sudogwon and cover 11,730 km2 ( 4,530 sq mi ) , with a combined population of 25.5 million - amounting to over half of the entire population of South Korea ."}]}, {'value': 'Suwon Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suwon_Sports_Complex', 'summary': 'Suwon Sports Complex ( Korean : 수원종합운동장 ; Hanja : 水原総合運動場振 ) is a group of sports facilities in Suwon , South Korea . The complex consists of the Suwon Stadium , Suwon Baseball Stadium , and Suwon Gymnasium .'}]}, {'value': '24,670', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams -- Stadiums and Locations', 'section_text': 'AnyangBucheonChungjuGoyangGwangjuSangjuSuwon Location of teams in 2013 K League Challenge', 'uid': '2013_K_League_Challenge_0', 'intro': 'The 2013 K League Challenge was the first season of the K League Challenge, the second top South Korean professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 2013. The 2013 fixtures were announced on 30 January 2013. The season began on 16 March.'}	null	null	The team based in the second most densely populated city in South Korea was founded after the city 's original team moved to where ?	Jeju
0789810bb547c1f2	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Payton_Award', 'title': 'Walter Payton Award', 'header': ['Year', 'Player', 'School', 'Position'], 'data': [{'value': '2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2019 NCAA Division I FCS football season , part of college football in the United States , was organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level . The FCS Championship Game was played on January 11 , 2020 , in Frisco , Texas . North Dakota State entered the season as the defending champion , and after completing the regular season undefeated , successfully defended their title and secured their eighth championship in nine seasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Trey Lance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trey_Lance', 'summary': 'Trey Lance is an American football quarterback for the North Dakota State Bison . As a redshirt freshman , Lance won the Walter Payton Award and the Jerry Rice Award . He became the first freshman to win the Payton Award . In January 2020 , Lance was named the Most Outstanding Player of the 2020 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game , as the Bison captured their eighth FCS championship in nine seasons .'}]}, {'value': 'North Dakota State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_North_Dakota_State_Bison_football_team', 'summary': 'The 2019 North Dakota State Bison football team represented North Dakota State University in the 2019 NCAA Division I FCS football season . They were led by first-year head coach Matt Entz . The team played in the Fargodome in Fargo , North Dakota , for the 27th season as members of the Missouri Valley Football Conference ( MVFC ) . They entered the season as defending national champions , having won seven of the prior eight FCS titles . In 2019 , the Bison finished the regular season 12-0 , the second consecutive undefeated Bison season , and won their ninth consecutive MVFC title . They received an automatic qualifying bid to the FCS playoff tournament and were seeded as the No . 1 team . The Bison then went 4-0 in the FCS playoffs to finish 16-0 as FCS champions , becoming the first team at any level of college football to finish a season 16-0 since Yale in 1894 . They also extended their FCS-record winning streak to 37 games .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2018 NCAA Division I FCS football season , part of college football in the United States , was organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level . The FCS Championship Game was played on January 5 , 2019 , in Frisco , Texas . North Dakota State claimed its second consecutive FCS title , and seventh in eight years .'}]}, {'value': 'Devlin Hodges', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Devlin_Hodges', 'summary': 'Devlin Duck Hodges ( born April 12 , 1996 ) is an American football quarterback for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Samford , after playing at Mortimer Jordan High School . He was signed by the Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Samford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Samford_Bulldogs_football_team', 'summary': 'The 2018 Samford Bulldogs football team represented Samford University in the 2018 NCAA Division I FCS football season . They were led by fourth-year head coach Chris Hatcher and played their home games at Seibert Stadium . They were a member of the Southern Conference ( SoCon ) . They finished the season 6-5 , 5-3 in SoCon play to finish in fourth place .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2017 NCAA Division I FCS football season , part of college football in the United States , was organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level . The FCS Championship Game was played on January 6 , 2018 , in Frisco , Texas . The North Dakota State Bison beat the James Madison Dukes , 17-13 , to capture their sixth title in seven years .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeremiah Briscoe ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeremiah_Briscoe', 'summary': 'Jeremiah Briscoe ( born August 15 , 1993 ) is an American football quarterback who is currently a member of the Edmonton Eskimos . He played college football at Sam Houston State .'}]}, {'value': 'Sam Houston State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Sam_Houston_State_Bearkats_football_team', 'summary': "The 2016 Sam Houston State Bearkats football team represented Sam Houston State University in the 2016 NCAA Division I FCS football season . The Bearkats were led by third-year head coach K. C. Keeler and played their home games at Bowers Stadium . They were a member of the Southland Conference . They finished the season 12-1 overall and 9-0 in Southland play to win the Southland Conference title . They went undefeated during the regular season with a record of 11-0 . They received the Southland 's automatic bid to the FCS Playoffs where they defeated Chattanooga the second round , only to lose in the quarterfinals to James Madison ."}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2016 NCAA Division I FCS football season , part of college football in the United States , was organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level . The FCS Championship Game was played on January 7 , 2017 , in Frisco , Texas . The James Madison Dukes defeated the Youngstown State Penguins , 28-14 , to capture their second National Championship in team history .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeremiah Briscoe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeremiah_Briscoe', 'summary': 'Jeremiah Briscoe ( born August 15 , 1993 ) is an American football quarterback who is currently a member of the Edmonton Eskimos . He played college football at Sam Houston State .'}]}, {'value': 'Sam Houston State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Sam_Houston_State_Bearkats_football_team', 'summary': "The 2016 Sam Houston State Bearkats football team represented Sam Houston State University in the 2016 NCAA Division I FCS football season . The Bearkats were led by third-year head coach K. C. Keeler and played their home games at Bowers Stadium . They were a member of the Southland Conference . They finished the season 12-1 overall and 9-0 in Southland play to win the Southland Conference title . They went undefeated during the regular season with a record of 11-0 . They received the Southland 's automatic bid to the FCS Playoffs where they defeated Chattanooga the second round , only to lose in the quarterfinals to James Madison ."}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2015 NCAA Division I FCS football season , part of college football in the United States , was organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level . The season began on August 29 , 2015 , and concluded with the 2016 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game played on January 9 , 2016 , at Toyota Stadium in Frisco , Texas .'}]}, {'value': 'Cooper Kupp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cooper_Kupp', 'summary': 'Cooper Douglas Kupp ( born June 15 , 1993 ) is an American football wide receiver for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Eastern Washington and received All-America honors . Kupp was drafted by the Rams in the third round of the 2017 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_Eastern_Washington_Eagles_football_team', 'summary': 'The 2015 Eastern Washington Eagles football team represented Eastern Washington University in the 2015 NCAA Division I FCS football season . The team was coached by Beau Baldwin , who was in his eighth season with Eastern Washington . The Eagles played their home games at Roos Field in Cheney , Washington and were a member of the Big Sky Conference . They finished the season 6-5 , 5-3 in Big Sky play to finish in a four way tie for fourth place . They failed to reach the FCS Playoffs for the first time since 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2014 NCAA Division I FCS football season , part of college football in the United States , was organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level . The season began on August 23 , 2014 , and concluded with the 2015 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game played on January 10 , 2015 , at Toyota Stadium in Frisco , Texas .'}]}, {'value': 'John Robertson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Robertson_(American_football)', 'summary': 'John Robertson ( born March 30 , 1993 ) is an American football quarterback who is a free agent . Robertson was selected as the 2012 winner of the Jerry Rice Award as the top freshman in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . He finished 9th in the 2013 Walter Payton Award voting . Robertson was selected as the 2014 winner of the Walter Payton Award . During the 2014 season , Robertson threw for 2,846 yards and 35 touchdowns . He also ran for 1,078 yards and 11 touchdowns . He suffered a concussion late in the season . Born and raised in Paramus , New Jersey , Robertson played high school football at Paramus High School .'}]}, {'value': 'Villanova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Villanova_Wildcats_football_team', 'summary': 'The 2014 Villanova Wildcats football team represented Villanova University in the 2014 NCAA Division I FCS football season . They were led by 30th-year head coach Andy Talley and played their home games at Villanova Stadium . They were a member of the Colonial Athletic Association . They finished the season 11-3 , 7-1 in CAA play to finish in second place . They received an at-large bid to the FCS Playoffs where they defeated Liberty in the second round before losing in the quarterfinals to Sam Houston State .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2013 NCAA Division I FCS football season , part of college football in the United States , was organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level . The season began on August 29 , 2013 , and concluded with the 2014 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game on January 4 , 2014 , at Toyota Stadium in Frisco , Texas .'}]}, {'value': 'Jimmy Garoppolo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Garoppolo', 'summary': "James Richard Garoppolo ( born November 2 , 1991 ) is an American football quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League ( NFL ) . A native of Illinois , he played college football at Eastern Illinois . As a senior in 2013 , Garoppolo broke Tony Romo 's school records for career passing touchdowns , career passing yards , and passing touchdowns in a season . That season , he also won the Walter Payton Award as the best offensive player in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . He was drafted in the second round of the 2014 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots . He was the backup to Tom Brady in two Super Bowls . Garoppolo saw light duty behind Brady during his time in New England . In October 2017 , Garoppolo was traded by the Patriots to the 49ers . He won his first five starts with his new team as quarterback , which , including his two victorious starts for New England , earned him a 7-0 record as a starter , a feat last accomplished by Ben Roethlisberger in 2004 . Garoppolo then signed a $ 137.5 million deal with the 49ers , at the time the largest contract in NFL history on an annual basis . His second season with San Francisco ended prematurely after he tore his ACL in Week 3 of the 2018 season . In his third season , Garoppolo came back to lead the 49ers to their first 8-0 start since 1990 and guarantee their first non-losing season since 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Eastern_Illinois_Panthers_football_team', 'summary': "The 2013 Eastern Illinois Panthers football team represented Eastern Illinois University in the 2013 NCAA Division I FCS football season . They were led by second-year head coach Dino Babers and played their home games at O'Brien Stadium . They were a member of the Ohio Valley Conference ( OVC ) . Eastern Illinois finished the season 12-2 overall and 8-0 in OVC play to win the conference championship . They received an automatic bid to the FCS playoffs where they defeated Tennessee State in the second round before losing to Towson in the quarterfinals . On December 18 , Babers resigned to become the head coach at Bowling Green ."}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2012 NCAA Division I FCS football season , part of college football in the United States , was organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level . The season began on August 30 , 2012 , and concluded with the 2013 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game on January 5 , 2013 , at FC Dallas Stadium in Frisco , Texas .'}]}, {'value': 'Taylor Heinicke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taylor_Heinicke', 'summary': 'Taylor Heinicke ( born March 15 , 1993 ) is an American football quarterback for the St. Louis BattleHawks of the XFL . He was previously a backup quarterback for the Minnesota Vikings , Houston Texans , and Carolina Panthers in the National Football League . He played college football at Old Dominion .'}]}, {'value': 'Old Dominion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Old_Dominion_Monarchs_football_team', 'summary': 'The 2012 Old Dominion Monarchs football team represented Old Dominion University in the 2012 NCAA Division I FCS football season . They were led by fourth-year head coach Bobby Wilder and played their home games at Foreman Field at S. B. Ballard Stadium . This was their final year as a member of the Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) . In 2013 , they began a two-year transition to the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , where they became a member of Conference USA . They finished the season 11-2 , 7-1 in CAA play to finish in first place . As a departing member from the CAA , they were ineligible for the CAA championship . They received an at-large bid to the FCS Playoffs , where they defeated Coastal Carolina in the second round before falling in the quarterfinals to Georgia Southern .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2011 NCAA Division I FCS football season , part of college football in the United States , was organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level . The season began on September 1 , 2011 , and concluded with the 2012 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game on January 7 , 2012 , at Pizza Hut Park in Frisco , Texas . North Dakota State won their first FCS championship , defeating Sam Houston State by a final score of 17-6 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bo Levi Mitchell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bo_Levi_Mitchell', 'summary': "Bo Levi Mitchell ( born March 3 , 1990 ) is a professional Canadian football quarterback for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . He signed with the Stampeders in 2012 and became the team 's starting quarterback for the 2014 season , setting a number of club and league records including best record for a first time starting quarterback in league history ( 12 wins , 1 loss ) . He won the 102nd Grey Cup in 2014 , the CFL 's Most Outstanding Player Award in 2016 and 2018 , and the 106th Grey Cup in 2018 . With his second Grey Cup win as starter , he became the first QB to start and win multiple Grey Cup games with the Stampeders organization ."}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Eastern_Washington_Eagles_football_team', 'summary': 'The 2011 Eastern Washington Eagles football team represented Eastern Washington University in the 2011 NCAA Division I FCS football season . The team was coached by Beau Baldwin , who was in his fourth season with Eastern Washington . The Eagles played their home games at Roos Field in Cheney , Washington and are a member of the Big Sky Conference . The Eagles entered the 2011 season as defending national champions . The Eagles finished the season 6-5 , 5-3 in Big Sky play to finish in a tie for third place .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2010 NCAA Division I FCS football season , the 2010 season of college football for teams in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , began in September 2010 and concluded with the 2011 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game on January 7 , 2011 . In the title game , Eastern Washington defeated Delaware , 20-19 , to claim their first Division I national title in any team sport . For the first time since 1997 , the final game was played at a new location - Pizza Hut Park in the Dallas suburb of Frisco , Texas . Every title game since 1997 had been held at Finley Stadium in Chattanooga , Tennessee , but the NCAA opened the hosting rights for the 2010-2012 championship games for bids during the 2009 season , as the hosting contract between the NCAA and the Chattanooga organizers was set to expire . In addition to Frisco and Chattanooga , three other cities submitted bids :'}]}, {'value': 'Jeremy Moses', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeremy_Moses', 'summary': 'Jeremy Moses ( born September 4 , 1988 ) is a former American football quarterback . He played college football for Stephen F. Austin . In his Stephen F. Austin career , Moses passed for 13,401 yards and 121 touchdowns ; his 1,184 completions are an FCS record . He is currently an assistant coach for Stephen F. Austin .'}]}, {'value': 'Stephen F. Austin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Stephen_F._Austin_Lumberjacks_football_team', 'summary': 'The 2010 Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football team represented Stephen F. Austin State University in the 2010 NCAA Division I FCS football season . The team was led by fourth-year head coach J. C. Harper and played its home games at Homer Bryce Stadium . It finished the regular season with a 9-3 record overall and a 6-1 record in the Southland Conference , making the team conference champions . The team qualified for the playoffs , in which it was eliminated in the second round by Villanova .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2009 NCAA Division I FCS football season , the 2009 season of college football for teams in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , began in August 2009 and concluded with the 2009 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game on December 18 , 2009 , in Chattanooga , Tennessee , won by Villanova 23-21 over Montana .'}]}, {'value': 'Armanti Edwards ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armanti_Edwards', 'summary': "Armanti Fredrico Edwards Sr. ( born March 8 , 1988 ) is an American gridiron football wide receiver who is currently a free agent . He most recently played for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . He was drafted by the Carolina Panthers in the third round of the 2010 NFL Draft . He was the starting quarterback for the Appalachian State Mountaineers football team from 2006-09 . As quarterback in 2007 , Edwards led Appalachian State to one of the biggest upsets in college football history , a 34-32 victory over then fifth-ranked Michigan . In addition to leading the Mountaineers to consecutive NCAA Division I Football Championships ( FCS ) in 2006 and 2007 , Edwards became the first quarterback in Southern Conference history to lead his team to four straight conference championships . He became the first quarterback in NCAA Division I history to throw for 9,000 and rush for 4,000 yards in a career , accomplishing the feat against Furman on October 31 , 2009 . Later in the season , he would become the first quarterback to pass for over 10,000 yards and rush for an additional 4,000 yards in a career . He is also the first back-to-back and two-time Walter Payton Award winner , given to the Football Championship Subdivision 's most outstanding offensive player , receiving the award in 2008 and 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Appalachian State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_Appalachian_State_Mountaineers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 2009 Appalachian State Mountaineers football team represented Appalachian State University in the 2009 NCAA Division I FCS football season . It was the 80th season of play for the Mountaineers . The team was led by Jerry Moore , the 2006 Eddie Robinson Award winner for Coach of the Year . Moore is in his 21st season as head coach . The Mountaineers played their home games at Kidd Brewer Stadium in Boone , North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2008 NCAA Division I FCS football season , the 2008 season of college football for teams in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , began on August 28 , 2008 , and concluded on December 19 , 2008 , in Chattanooga , Tennessee , at the 2008 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game , where the Richmond Spiders defeated the Montana Grizzlies to win the NCAA Division I Football Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Armanti Edwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armanti_Edwards', 'summary': "Armanti Fredrico Edwards Sr. ( born March 8 , 1988 ) is an American gridiron football wide receiver who is currently a free agent . He most recently played for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . He was drafted by the Carolina Panthers in the third round of the 2010 NFL Draft . He was the starting quarterback for the Appalachian State Mountaineers football team from 2006-09 . As quarterback in 2007 , Edwards led Appalachian State to one of the biggest upsets in college football history , a 34-32 victory over then fifth-ranked Michigan . In addition to leading the Mountaineers to consecutive NCAA Division I Football Championships ( FCS ) in 2006 and 2007 , Edwards became the first quarterback in Southern Conference history to lead his team to four straight conference championships . He became the first quarterback in NCAA Division I history to throw for 9,000 and rush for 4,000 yards in a career , accomplishing the feat against Furman on October 31 , 2009 . Later in the season , he would become the first quarterback to pass for over 10,000 yards and rush for an additional 4,000 yards in a career . He is also the first back-to-back and two-time Walter Payton Award winner , given to the Football Championship Subdivision 's most outstanding offensive player , receiving the award in 2008 and 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Appalachian State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Appalachian_State_Mountaineers_football_team', 'summary': "The 2008 Appalachian State Mountaineers football team represented Appalachian State University in the 2008 NCAA Division I FCS football season . It was the 79th season of play for the Mountaineers . The team was led by Jerry Moore , the 2006 Eddie Robinson Award winner for Coach of the Year . It was his 20th season as head coach . The Mountaineers played their home games at Kidd Brewer Stadium in Boone , North Carolina . Appalachian completed a perfect Southern Conference season at 8-0 , and became just the fourth football program in conference history to win four straight conference titles . A quarterfinal playoff loss to the Richmond Spiders ended Appalachian 's season , the quest for four consecutive national titles , and snapped the Mountaineers ' record string of consecutive playoff victories at 13 . Ending the season on a positive note was quarterback Armanti Edwards , who was honored with the Walter Payton Award , given annually to the Division I FCS most outstanding offensive player ."}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': "The 2007 NCAA Division I FCS football season , the 2007 season of college football for teams in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , began on August 25 , 2007 , and concluded on December 14 , 2007 , in Chattanooga , Tennessee , at the 2007 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game , where the Appalachian State Mountaineers defeated the Delaware Fightin ' Blue Hens to win the NCAA Division I Football Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Jayson Foster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jayson_Foster', 'summary': 'Jayson D. Foster ( born July 22 , 1985 ) is a former American football wide receiver . He was signed by the Miami Dolphins as an undrafted free agent in 2008 . He played college football at Georgia Southern . Foster was also a member of the Denver Broncos , Pittsburgh Steelers , Baltimore Ravens , Florida Tuskers , Sacramento Mountain Lions and Montreal Alouettes .'}]}, {'value': 'Georgia Southern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_Georgia_Southern_Eagles_football_team', 'summary': 'The 2007 Georgia Southern Eagles football team represented Georgia Southern University in the 2007 NCAA Division I FCS football season .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2006 NCAA Division I FCS football season , the 2006 season of college football for teams in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , began on August 26 , 2006 and concluded on December 15 , 2006 , in Chattanooga , Tennessee , at the 2006 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game where the Appalachian State Mountaineers defeated the UMass Minutemen , 28-17 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ricky Santos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Santos', 'summary': 'Ricky Santos ( born April 26 , 1984 ) is an American former gridiron football quarterback who is currently the interim head coach of the New Hampshire Wildcats football team . He played college football at New Hampshire , and was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs as an undrafted free agent in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'New Hampshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_New_Hampshire_Wildcats_football_team', 'summary': 'The 2006 New Hampshire Wildcats football team represented the University of New Hampshire in the 2006 NCAA Division I FCS football season . The Wildcats were led by eight-year head coach Sean McDonnell and played their home games at Cowell Stadium in Durham , New Hampshire . They were a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference and moved to the Colonial Athletic Association following the conclusion of the season . They finished the season 9-4 , 5-3 in A-10 play . They received an at-large bid into the FCS playoffs where they lost in the quarterfinals to UMass .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2005 NCAA Division I-AA football season , the 2005 season of college football for teams in Division I-AA , began on September 1 , 2005 , and concluded on December 16 , 2005 . In the 2005 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game , played in Chattanooga , Tennessee , the Appalachian State Mountaineers defeated the Northern Iowa Panthers .'}]}, {'value': 'Erik Meyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erik_Meyer', 'summary': 'Erik Meyer ( born December 28 , 1982 ) is a former professional American football quarterback . He was signed by the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent in 2006 . He played college football at Eastern Washington . He was also a member of the Cologne Centurions , Seattle Seahawks . Oakland Raiders , Utah Blaze , Hamilton Tiger-Cats , Spokane Shock , San Jose SaberCats and Washington Valor .'}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Washington_Eagles_football', 'summary': 'The Eastern Washington Eagles football team represents Eastern Washington University in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision . The Eastern Eagles are members of the Big Sky Conference and play at Roos Field , which is known for being the only stadium in college football with a red playing surface .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2004 NCAA Division I-AA football season , part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division I-AA level , began on August 28 , 2004 , and concluded with the 2004 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game on December 17 , 2004 , at Finley Stadium in Chattanooga , Tennessee . James Madison won their first I-AA championship , defeating Montana by a final score of 31−21 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lang Campbell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lang_Campbell', 'summary': 'Lang Campbell ( born September 25 , 1981 ) is a former American football quarterback who played in the Arena Football League . He was originally signed by the Cleveland Browns as an undrafted free agent in 2005 . He played college football at William & Mary .'}]}, {'value': 'William & Mary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_William_&_Mary_Tribe_football_team', 'summary': "The 2004 William & Mary Tribe football team represented the College of William & Mary , United States , in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I-AA ( now called Football Championship Subdivision [ FCS ] ) college football during the 2004 season . William & Mary competed as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference ( A-10 ) under head football coach Jimmye Laycock and played their home games at Zable Stadium . The 2004 Tribe football team is considered , within the William & Mary community , to be one of the two greatest teams ever assembled at the college ( the other being the 2009 team ) . For the first time William & Mary reached the NCAA Division I-AA Semifinals . They set a single season school record for wins ( 11 ) and were A-10 Conference Co-Champions after going 7-1 in conference play . Many Tribe players garnered postseason awards and accolades , highlighted by quarterback Lang Campbell 's selection as the 2004 Walter Payton Award winner , which is given annually to the most outstanding offensive player in the Division I FCS of college football as chosen by a nationwide panel of media and college sports information directors . William & Mary finished the 2004 season ranked # 3 nationally in the final Division I-AA polls . No team in school history had ever finished with a ranking that high , nor had any Tribe squad even reached # 3 at any point during any season ."}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season', 'summary': "The 2003 NCAA Division I-AA football season , part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division I-AA level , began in August 2003 , and concluded with the 2003 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game on December 19 , 2003 , at Finley Stadium in Chattanooga , Tennessee . The Delaware Fightin ' Blue Hens won their first I-AA championship , defeating the Colgate Raiders by a final score of 40−0 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jamaal Branch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamaal_Branch', 'summary': 'Jamaal Branch ( born January 30 , 1981 ) is a former American football running back . who played two seasons with the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League . He was originally signed by the Saints as an undrafted free agent in 2006 . He played college football at Colgate University .'}]}, {'value': 'Colgate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colgate_Raiders_football', 'summary': 'The Colgate Raiders football team represents Colgate University in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) college football competition as a member of the Patriot League .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2002 NCAA Division I-AA football season , part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I-AA level , began in August 2002 , and concluded with the 2002 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game on December 20 , 2002 , at Finley Stadium in Chattanooga , Tennessee . The Western Kentucky Hilltoppers won their first I-AA championship , defeating the McNeese State Cowboys by a final score of 34−14 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tony Romo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Romo', 'summary': "Antonio Ramiro Tony Romo ( born April 21 , 1980 ) is an American football television analyst and retired quarterback who played his entire 14-year career with the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football for Eastern Illinois University , where he won the Walter Payton Award in 2002 and led the Panthers to an Ohio Valley Conference championship in 2001 . Romo signed as an undrafted free agent with the Cowboys in 2003 . Beginning his career as a holder , Romo became the Cowboys ' starting quarterback during the 2006 season . Serving as the team 's primary starter from 2006 to 2015 , he guided the Cowboys to four postseason appearances and was named to the Pro Bowl four times . Romo retired after the 2016 season , following a preseason back injury that caused him to lose his starting position to Dak Prescott . Upon retiring , he was hired by CBS Sports to become the lead color analyst for their NFL telecasts , teaming with Jim Nantz in the broadcast booth . Romo holds several Cowboys team records , including passing touchdowns , passing yards , most games with at least 300 passing yards , and games with three or more touchdown passes . He also held a higher passer rating in the fourth quarter than any other NFL quarterback from 2006 to 2013 . However , Romo 's reputation was affected by a lack of postseason success , having won only two of the six playoff games he appeared in and never advancing beyond the divisional round . His 97.1 passer rating is the fourth highest of all time and the highest among quarterbacks not to reach the Super Bowl , as well as the highest among retired players ."}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_Eastern_Illinois_Panthers_football_team', 'summary': 'Tony Romo was 13-14 for 120 yards and a TD in the first quarter , but Kansas State grabbed control and cruised to the 50-point win .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2001 NCAA Division I-AA football season , part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I-AA level , began in August 2001 , and concluded with the 2001 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game on December 21 , 2001 , at Finley Stadium in Chattanooga , Tennessee . The Montana Grizzlies won their second I-AA championship , defeating the Furman Paladins by a final score of 13-6 .'}]}, {'value': 'Brian Westbrook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Westbrook', 'summary': 'Brian Collins Westbrook ( born September 2 , 1979 ) is a former American football running back who played for nine seasons in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the third round of the 2002 NFL Draft after playing college football for Villanova University . Following an eight-year career with the Eagles , in which he earned two Pro Bowl selections in 2004 and 2007 , Westbrook signed with the San Francisco 49ers , for whom he played in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Villanova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Villanova_Wildcats_football', 'summary': 'The Villanova Wildcats football program represents Villanova University in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS , known as Division I-AA until 2006 ) . The Wildcats currently compete in the Colonial Athletic Association for football only . They play on campus at Villanova Stadium with capacity of 12,000 , with some games at PPL Park in Chester with capacity of 18,000 . They are currently led by head coach Mark Ferrante . Former head coach Andy Talley was head coach of the program from its reinstatement in 1985 through 2016 and led the program to its first NCAA Division I FCS national championship in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_NCAA_Division_I-AA_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season , part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I-AA level , began in August 2000 , and concluded with the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game on December 16 , 2000 , at Finley Stadium in Chattanooga , Tennessee . The Georgia Southern Eagles won their sixth I-AA championship , defeating the Montana Grizzlies by a final score of 27-25 .'}]}, {'value': 'Louis Ivory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Ivory', 'summary': 'Louis Ivory ( born February 6 , 1980 ) is a former American college football running back . He played for Furman .'}]}, {'value': 'Furman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Furman_Paladins_football', 'summary': "The Furman Paladins football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the Furman University located in the state of South Carolina . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Southern Conference . The school 's first football team was fielded in 1889 . The team plays its home games at the 16,000 seat Paladin Stadium . They are coached by Clay Hendrix ."}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Winners', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Walter_Payton_Award_0', 'intro': 'The Walter Payton Award is awarded annually to the most outstanding offensive player in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision (formerly Division I-AA) of college football as chosen by a nationwide panel of media and college sports information directors. The honor was first given 33 years ago in 1987 to the outstanding player in the division, but in 1995, eligibility was restricted to offensive players, as the Buck Buchanan Award for defensive players was inaugurated. The award was named in honor of the late National Football League (NFL) legend Walter Payton, who starred at Jackson State University in the early 1970s. Among the many schools in the division, only nine have claimed more than one award, and only seven have had more than one player win the award. Eastern Washington and Villanova had three players win the award, and five have had two players win: Colgate, Georgia Southern, Idaho, New Hampshire, and Eastern Illinois. Two players have won the award twice, with both being the only players from their institutions to win. In 2009, Armanti Edwards from Appalachian State became the first to receive the award twice, followed in 2017 by Jeremiah Briscoe from Sam Houston State. The most recent winner, Trey Lance of North Dakota State in 2019, is the first freshman ever to receive the award.'}	null	null	Which conference did the university attended by John Robertson play their football games in ?	Colonial Athletic Association
078b409eacac4472	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Grand_Slam_of_Darts', 'title': '2010 Grand Slam of Darts', 'header': ['Player', 'Played', '3-dart Average'], 'data': [{'value': 'Phil Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Taylor_(darts_player)', 'summary': 'Philip Douglas Taylor ( born 13 August 1960 ) is a retired English professional darts player , nicknamed The Power . Taylor dominated darts for over two decades and won 214 professional tournaments , including a record 85 major titles and a record 16 World Championships . In 2015 , the BBC rated him among the ten greatest British sportsmen of the last 35 years . He is the richest and most successful darts player in history . Taylor won eight consecutive World Championships from 1995 to 2002 , reached 14 consecutive finals from 1994 to 2007 and reached 21 world finals overall , all of which are records . He held the world number one ranking for thirteen years in total , including eight in a row from 2006-2013 . He won 70 PDC Pro Tour events , which was a record until Michael van Gerwen passed it in February 2019 . Taylor hit a record 11 televised nine-dart finishes ( and 22 overall ) . He was also the first person to hit two nine-dart finishes in the same match . Taylor played in competitions organised by the British Darts Organisation ( BDO ) until 1993 . Amidst growing disenchantment with the BDO , he was among 16 top players who broke away to form their own organisation , the World Darts Council , now known as the Professional Darts Corporation ( PDC ) . He won the PDC Player of the Year award six times ( 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 ) and was twice nominated for the BBC Sports Personality of the Year , in 2006 and 2010 ; in the latter event he finished as runner-up , making him the only darts player ever to finish in the top two .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '99.05', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Phillips', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Phillips_(darts_player)', 'summary': 'Martin Phillips ( born 30 April 1960 in Dolgellau ) is a Welsh darts player who competes in the British Darts Organisation and is currently the captain of Wales and was the 2014 World Masters champion .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '98.46', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Tony O'Shea", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tony_O'Shea", 'summary': "Anthony O'Shea ( born 9 May 1961 from Stockport , Cheshire ) is an English professional darts player who plays in Professional Darts Corporation events . He was born in Stockport and is of Irish descent . His squat figure has resulted in the nickname Silverback . He has reached the finals of seven BDO major darts tournaments , but to date has never won one . He also acts as a regular commentator for televised BDO coverage ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '97.38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scott Waites', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Waites', 'summary': "Scott Waites ( born 17 February 1977 ) is an English professional darts player who plays in tournaments organised by the Professional Darts Corporation . Waites is a two-time BDO World Darts Champion having won the 2013 tournament and 2016 tournament . He is also a former Winmau World Masters champion , WDF World Cup singles ' champion , Zuiderduin Masters champion , and the only BDO representative to ever reach and win the final in the Professional Darts Corporation Grand Slam of Darts ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '96.81', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steve Beaton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Beaton', 'summary': 'Steve Beaton ( born 5 April 1964 ) is an English professional darts player for the Professional Darts Corporation ( PDC ) . He won the BDO World Darts Championship in 1996 and is a former World No . 1 .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '96.44', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gary Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Anderson_(darts_player)', 'summary': 'Gary Anderson ( born 22 December 1970 ) is a Scottish professional darts player , currently playing in the Professional Darts Corporation , and a former BDO and WDF world number one . He is a two-time PDC World Champion , having won the title in 2015 and 2016 . His nickname is The Flying Scotsman . Anderson is renowned for his heavy scoring in the game and having one of the smoothest throws . Anderson is a two-time back-to-back PDC World Champion after defeating Adrian Lewis 7-5 in the 2016 final following up his 7-6 win over Phil Taylor in 2015 , while he was also a finalist in 2011 and 2017 . His other career highlights include winning the International Darts League in 2007 , the World Darts Trophy in 2007 , the Zuiderduin Masters in 2007 and 2008 , the Premier League in 2011 and 2015 , the Players Championship Finals in 2014 , the UK Open in 2018 , World Matchplay in 2018 , the Champions League of Darts in 2018 and the 2019 PDC World Cup of Darts . He has also won 31 PDC Pro Tour events as of February 2020 , putting third on the all time list behind Michael van Gerwen on 75 and Phil Taylor on 70 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95.67', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ted Hankey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ted_Hankey', 'summary': 'Edward Ted Hankey ( born 20 February 1968 in Stoke-on-Trent , Staffordshire ) is a former English Professional Darts player who is a two-time World Professional Darts Champion . His nickname was The Count and his walk on music was the 2002 song Be On Your Way by DJ Zany . He plays for the British Darts Organisation .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '94.78', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arron Monk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arron_Monk', 'summary': 'Arron Monk ( born 15 April 1990 ) is an English professional darts player who competes in the Professional Darts Corporation events . He is the son of fellow former professional darts player and the 1996 Winmau World Masters winner Colin Monk .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '94.21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simon Whitlock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simon_Whitlock', 'summary': 'Simon Whitlock ( born 3 March 1969 ) is an Australian professional darts player who plays in Professional Darts Corporation tournaments , having also played in the British Darts Organisation between 2004-2009 . He uses the nickname The Wizard for his matches . His walk-on music is Down Under by Men At Work . His greatest achievement to date was winning his first major title at the 2012 European Championship . Whitlock has also finished runner-up at the 2008 BDO World Darts Championship and the 2010 PDC World Darts Championship . He claimed that the prize money gained from the latter tournament which included money for the highest checkout ( joint with Phil Taylor ) would allow him to move over to the UK from Australia and compete on the PDC Pro Tour . His defeat also made him the first , and so far only , player to have never won a World Championship after reaching both the BDO and PDC World Championship Final .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '94.20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co Stompé', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Co_Stompé', 'summary': 'Jacobus Wilhelmus Co Stompé ( born 10 September 1962 ) is a retired Dutch professional darts player . He was nicknamed The Matchstick because of his almost bald head and very thin appearance making him look like a matchstick . He was also one of very few professionals who play in long-sleeved shirts . [ citation needed ] Stompé was born in Amsterdam , where , before turning professional , he was among other things a tram driver on tram line 14 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '94.16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colin Lloyd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colin_Lloyd', 'summary': 'Colin Edward Lloyd ( born 7 August 1973 in Colchester , Essex ) , nicknamed Jaws , is a former English professional darts player . He is a former world number one ranked player and he has won two major television titles in the PDC - the 2004 World Grand Prix and the 2005 World Matchplay .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '93.67', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vincent van der Voort', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vincent_van_der_Voort', 'summary': 'Vincent van der Voort ( born 18 December 1975 in Purmerend ) is a Dutch professional darts player on the PDC circuit . As of the 2012 PDC World Darts Championship , his nickname is the Dutch Destroyer . He is best known for his quick throwing style , which is how he got his temporary nickname , The Fastest Player In The World . He reached the final of the 2007 UK Open , which helped him become a well known face in the world of darts .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '93.56', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dave Chisnall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Chisnall', 'summary': "David Chisnall ( born 12 September 1980 ) is an English professional darts player from St Helens who plays in Professional Darts Corporation ( PDC ) events . He began his career participating in the British Darts Organisation ( BDO ) and was the runner-up in their World Championship in 2010 . He switched to the PDC a year later . He has won 15 Pro Tour events . Since his switch to the PDC , Chisnall is probably best known for defeating Phil Taylor in the 2012 World Championship , for reaching the final of the 2013 World Grand Prix where he was beaten 6-0 by Taylor and for reaching the final of the 2014 Grand Slam of Darts , losing a much closer match 16-13 , again to Phil Taylor . He is yet to win a major title . He hit his only televised nine-dart finish in the 2015 Grand Slam of Darts against Peter Wright . He has won 15 PDC ranking events . Chisnall 's manager is Roger Schena , who often tours with him during tournaments ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '93.51', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Thornton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Thornton_(darts_player)', 'summary': 'Robert Thornton ( born 17 July 1967 ) is a Scottish professional darts player who competes in the Professional Darts Corporation . Thornton is a three-time major winner between the BDO and PDC , having won the World Masters in 2007 , UK Open in 2012 , and World Grand Prix in 2015 . He is also a former finalist at the Players Championship Finals in 2009 and Grand Slam of Darts in 2013 . In addition , Thornton has reached three World Championship quarter-finals across both organisations and was a participant in the Premier League in 2013 , 2014 and 2016 .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '93.27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adrian Lewis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adrian_Lewis', 'summary': 'Adrian Lewis ( born 21 January 1985 ) is an English professional darts player currently playing in the PDC . Lewis is a two-time PDC World Darts Champion , winning in 2011 and 2012 . He is nicknamed Jackpot , as he won a jackpot gambling in Las Vegas in 2005 , but he was unable to collect the money as he was 20 years old , below the US legal gambling age of 21 . During the early part of his career until 2007 , he was a protégé of 16-time world champion Phil Taylor , with whom he practised in their home city Stoke-on-Trent . He made his television debut in 2004 , aged 19 at the UK Open . In addition to his two world championships , Lewis has won two other PDC majors : the 2013 European Championship and the 2014 UK Open . He is also a four-time winner of the PDC World Cup of Darts , partnering Phil Taylor . On 2 February 2018 , Lewis was suspended by the PDC after an altercation following his win over Jose Justicia at the 2018 UK Open Qualifier 1 . Six days later Lewis issued a statement apologising for his actions and announced that he had been fined £3,000 and given a 3-month suspended ban .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '93.23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colin Osborne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colin_Osborne', 'summary': 'Colin Osborne ( born 19 June 1975 in Middlesbrough ) is an English professional darts player who plays in Professional Darts Corporation events . In 2009 , he won the Championship League and reached the final of the UK Open .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '92.89', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Webster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Webster_(darts_player)', 'summary': 'Mark Webster ( born 12 August 1983 in St Asaph ) is a former professional left-handed Welsh darts player who lives in Denbigh . Known as Webby , but nicknamed The Spider he played in Professional Darts Corporation events . Webster began his career on the British Darts Organisation ( BDO ) circuit , winning the BDO World Championship in 2008 . Webster became a full-time professional in 2009 , having previously been a fully qualified registered plumber .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '92.13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Nicholson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Nicholson_(darts_player)', 'summary': 'Paul Michael Nicholson ( born 10 May 1979 ) is a British professional darts player who played in the Professional Darts Corporation events . He won a major event , the 2010 Players Championship Finals , where he defeated Mervyn King in the final . He was also the runner up to Phil Taylor in the 2011 Championship League Darts , and part of the Australia team which lost a sudden death shoot-out to England in the 2012 PDC World Cup of Darts final . He also acts as a sports commentator , and TV and radio pundit .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '92.03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ronnie Baxter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronnie_Baxter', 'summary': 'Ronnie Baxter ( born 5 February 1961 in Blackpool , Lancashire ) is an English professional darts player who competes in Professional Darts Corporation tournaments . He used the nickname The Rocket for his matches . Baxter was known for his fast robotic throwing action . He currently resides in his hometown Blackpool . Baxter is widely regarded as one of the best players never to win a major tv title . He is still active on the exhibition circuit .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '91.98', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terry Jenkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terry_Jenkins', 'summary': 'Terrence Jenkins ( born 26 September 1963 in Ledbury , Herefordshire ) is a former English professional darts player who was nicknamed The Bull , having previously used the nickname Tucker for his matches . He reached number four in the world rankings and has been runner-up in nine major PDC televised finals ( the 2006 and 2007 World Grand Prix , 2007 Premier League , 2007 Las Vegas Desert Classic , 2007 and 2009 World Matchplay , 2008 Grand Slam of Darts , 2014 UK Open and 2014 European Championship ) .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '91.91', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Statistics', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2010_Grand_Slam_of_Darts_0', 'intro': 'The 2010 Daily Mirror Grand Slam of Darts was the fourth staging of the darts tournament, the Grand Slam of Darts organised by the Professional Darts Corporation. The event took place from 13-21 November 2010 at the Wolverhampton Civic Hall, Wolverhampton, England. Television coverage of the tournament was covered by ITV Sport, with live coverage on ITV4. Although 8-0 down at one stage, Scott Waites made a remarkable comeback to defeat James Wade 16-12 in the final, becoming the first, and as of 2019, only member of the British Darts Organisation to win this event.'}	null	null	What is the nickname of the player with the third most points ?	Silverback
078c402072b977f2	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_19)', 'title': 'Live with Regis and Kelly (season 19)', 'header': ['Date', 'Co-Hosts', 'Guests/Segments'], 'data': [{'value': 'August 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': "Anne Hathaway , Seth Rogen , Plain White T 's", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne_Hathaway', 'summary': "Anne Jacqueline Hathaway ( born November 12 , 1982 ) is an American actress . The recipient of multiple awards , including an Academy Award , a Primetime Emmy Award , and a Golden Globe , she was one of the highest-paid actresses in the world in 2015 . Her films have earned over $ 6.8 billion worldwide , and she appeared in the Forbes Celebrity 100 list in 2009 . Hathaway graduated from Millburn High School in New Jersey , where she acted in several plays . As a teenager , she was cast in the television series Get Real ( 1999-2000 ) and made her breakthrough as the protagonist in her debut film , the Disney comedy The Princess Diaries ( 2001 ) . Hathaway made a transition to adult roles with the 2005 dramas Havoc and Brokeback Mountain . The comedy film The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) , in which she played an assistant to a fashion magazine editor , was her biggest commercial success to that point . She played a recovering alcoholic in the drama Rachel Getting Married ( 2008 ) , which earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress . She followed this with roles in the commercially successful romantic films Bride Wars ( 2009 ) , Valentine 's Day ( 2010 ) , Love & Other Drugs ( 2010 ) , and the fantasy film Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) . In 2012 , Hathaway starred as Selina Kyle in her highest-grossing film The Dark Knight Rises , the final installment in The Dark Knight trilogy . That year , she also played Fantine , a prostitute dying of tuberculosis , in the musical romantic drama Les Misérables , for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . She went on to play a scientist in the science fiction film Interstellar ( 2014 ) , the owner of an online fashion site in the comedy The Intern ( 2015 ) , and a haughty actress in the heist film Ocean 's 8 ( 2018 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Seth_Rogen', 'summary': "Seth Aaron Rogen ( /ˈroʊɡən/ ; born April 15 , 1982 ) is a Canadian-American actor , comedian , writer , producer , and director . He began his career performing stand-up comedy during his teenage years . While still living in his hometown Vancouver , he landed a supporting role in Judd Apatow 's series Freaks and Geeks . Shortly after he moved to Los Angeles for his role , Freaks and Geeks was officially cancelled after one season due to low viewership . Rogen later got a part on sitcom Undeclared , which also hired him as a writer . After landing his job as a staff writer on the final season of Da Ali G Show , Apatow guided him toward a film career . As a staff writer , he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series . Rogen made his first movie appearance in Donnie Darko with a minor role in 2001 . Rogen was cast in a supporting role and credited as a co-producer in Apatow 's directorial debut , The 40-Year-Old Virgin . Universal Pictures subsequently cast him as the lead in Apatow 's films Knocked Up and Funny People . Rogen co-starred as Steve Wozniak in Universal 's Steve Jobs biopic in 2015 . In 2016 , he developed the AMC television series Preacher with his writing partner Evan Goldberg and Sam Catlin ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Plain_White_T's", 'summary': "Plain White T 's are an American rock band from Lombard , Illinois , formed in 1997 by high school friends Tom Higgenson , Dave Tirio , and Ken Fletcher . They were joined a short time later by Steve Mast . The group had a mostly underground following in Chicago basements , clubs , and bars in its early years . The band had a number-one hit song with Hey There Delilah , which achieved platinum status in 2007 and earned two Grammy nominations . Their songs 1234 and Rhythm of Love were certified platinum in 2009 and 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': "Chris O'Donnell , Clint Black , Ashley Tisdale", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Chris_O'Donnell", 'summary': "Christopher Eugene O'Donnell ( born June 26 , 1970 ) is an American actor and former model . He played Charlie Simms in Scent of a Woman , Chris Reece in School Ties , D'Artagnan in The Three Musketeers , Jack Foley in the drama film Circle of Friends , Dick Grayson/Robin in Batman Forever and Batman & Robin , Jason Brown in Robert Altman 's Cookie 's Fortune , Peter Garrett in Vertical Limit , and Wardell Pomeroy in Kinsey . O'Donnell currently stars as special Agent G. Callen on the CBS crime drama television series NCIS : Los Angeles , a spin-off of NCIS ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Clint_Black', 'summary': "Clint Patrick Black ( born February 4 , 1962 ) is an American country music singer , songwriter , musician , multi-instrumentalist , record producer and actor . Signed to RCA Records in 1989 , Black 's debut album Killin ' Time produced four straight number one singles on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts . Although his momentum gradually slowed throughout the 1990s , Black consistently charted hit songs into the 2000s . He has had more than 30 singles on the US Billboard country charts , twenty-two of which have reached number one , in addition to having released twelve studio albums and several compilation albums . In 2003 , Black founded his own record label , Equity Music Group . Black has also ventured into acting , having made appearances in a 1993 episode of the TV series Wings and in the 1994 film Maverick , as well as a starring role in 1998 's Still Holding On : The Legend of Cadillac Jack ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ashley_Tisdale', 'summary': "Ashley Michelle Tisdale ( born July 2 , 1985 ) is an American actress , singer , and producer . During her childhood , Tisdale was featured in over 100 advertisements and had minor roles in television and theatre . She achieved mainstream success as Maddie Fitzpatrick in the Disney Channel series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody . This success was heightened when she starred as Sharpay Evans in the High School Musical franchise . The film series proved to be a huge success for Disney and earned a large following . The success of the films led to Tisdale signing with Warner Bros. Records , releasing her debut album , Headstrong ( 2007 ) , through the label . The album was a commercial success , earning a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . She starred as Candace Flynn in the animated series Phineas & Ferb from 2007 to 2015 . Tisdale 's second studio album , Guilty Pleasure ( 2009 ) , was released to less commercial success than its predecessor . Tisdale would part ways with Warner Bros. Records following the release of the album . During this time , Tisdale began appearing in more films and returned to television with shows such as Hellcats ( 2010 ) . Tisdale 's production company Blondie Girl Productions , first formed in 2008 , signed a multi-year production deal with Relativity Media in 2010 ; Tisdale would produce shows such as Miss Advised ( 2012 ) as part of the deal ."}]}, {'value': 'August 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Jackie Chan , Andy Samberg , Grill Friday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackie_Chan', 'summary': 'Chan Kong-sang SBS MBE PMW ( Chinese : 陳港生 ; born 7 April 1954 ) , known professionally as Jackie Chan , is a Hong Kongese martial artist , actor , film director , producer , stuntman , and singer . He is known in the cinematic world for his acrobatic fighting style , comic timing , use of improvised weapons , and innovative stunts , which he typically performs himself . He has trained in Wushu or Kung Fu and Hapkido , and has been acting since the 1960s , appearing in over 150 films . Chan is one of the most recognisable and influential cinematic personalities in the world , gaining a widespread following in both the Eastern and Western hemispheres , and has received stars on the Hong Kong Avenue of Stars and the Hollywood Walk of Fame . He has been referenced in various pop songs , cartoons , and video games . He is an operatically trained vocalist and is also a Cantopop and Mandopop star , having released a number of albums and sung many of the theme songs for the films in which he has starred . He is also a globally known philanthropist and has been named as one of the top 10 most charitable celebrities by Forbes magazine . In 2004 , film scholar Andrew Willis stated that Chan was perhaps the most recognised star in the world . In 2015 , Forbes estimated his net worth to be $ 350 million , and as of 2016 [ update ] , he was the second-highest paid actor in the world .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andy_Samberg', 'summary': "David A. J. Andy Samberg ( born August 18 , 1978 ) is an American actor , comedian , writer , producer , and musician . He is a member of the comedy music group The Lonely Island and was a cast member on Saturday Night Live ( 2005-2012 ) , where he and his fellow group members have been credited with popularizing the SNL Digital Shorts . Samberg has been in several films , including Hot Rod ( 2007 ) , I Love You , Man ( 2009 ) , That 's My Boy ( 2012 ) , Celeste and Jesse Forever ( 2012 ) and Popstar : Never Stop Never Stopping ( 2016 ) . Samberg has had lead voice roles in the Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs franchise ( 2009-2013 ) , the Hotel Transylvania film series ( 2012-2018 ) and Storks ( 2016 ) . Since 2013 , he has starred as Jake Peralta on Fox , and later NBC , police sitcom Brooklyn Nine-Nine , for which he is also a producer . For his work on the show , he was awarded a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Carson Kressley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Carson_Kressley', 'summary': "Carson Lee Kressley ( born November 11 , 1969 ) is an American television personality , actor and designer . He was the fashion expert on the American television program Queer Eye , where he was one of the show 's Fab Five . He was also the motivational host of the TV show How to Look Good Naked and OWN 's Carson Nation , as well as a contestant on season 13 of Dancing with the Stars . Since 2015 , Kressley has been a judge on RuPaul 's Drag Race . Beginning in October , 2018 , he teamed up with his old Queer Eye alum Thom Filicia for a new series called Get a Room on Bravo . The series follows the two as Thom mentors Carson in the interior design business , and features two clients in each episode ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Tucker , Steve Buscemi , Guinness World Record Breaker Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Tucker', 'summary': "Christopher Tucker ( born August 31 , 1971 ) is an American actor and stand-up comedian . He is known for playing the role of Smokey in F. Gary Gray 's Friday and as Detective James Carter in Brett Ratner 's Rush Hour film series . He became a frequent stand up performer on Def Comedy Jam in the 1990s . He appeared in Luc Besson 's The Fifth Element , Quentin Tarantino 's Jackie Brown , David O. Russell 's Silver Linings Playbook , and Brett Ratner 's Money Talks ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Steve_Buscemi', 'summary': "Steven Vincent Buscemi ( /buːˈsɛmi/ boo-SEM-ee , [ Note 1 ] Italian : [ buʃˈʃɛːmi ] ; born December 13 , 1957 ) is an American actor , director , writer , and producer . He has starred in a number of successful movies , including Parting Glances ( 1986 ) , New York Stories ( 1989 ) , Mystery Train ( 1989 ) , Reservoir Dogs ( 1992 ) , Desperado ( 1995 ) , Con Air , Armageddon ( 1998 ) , The Grey Zone ( 2001 ) , Ghost World ( 2001 ) , Big Fish ( 2003 ) , and The Death of Stalin ( 2017 ) . Buscemi is also known for his supporting roles in the Coen brothers films such as Miller 's Crossing ( 1990 ) , Barton Fink ( 1991 ) , The Hudsucker Proxy ( 1994 ) , Fargo ( 1996 ) , and The Big Lebowski ( 1998 ) . Buscemi has had lead voiceover roles in films including Monster House ( 2006 ) , Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) , Igor ( 2008 ) and The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) . He portrayed the voice of Randall Boggs in the Monsters , Inc. film franchise Monsters , Inc. , and Wayne the Werewolf in the Hotel Transylvania film franchise . From 2010 to 2014 , Buscemi portrayed Enoch Nucky Thompson in the critically acclaimed series Boardwalk Empire , which earned him two Screen Actors Guild Awards , a Golden Globe and two nominations for an Emmy Award . He made his directorial film debut with Trees Lounge ( 1996 ) , in which he also starred . Other films he has directed include Animal Factory ( 2000 ) , Lonesome Jim ( 2005 ) , and Interview ( 2007 ) . Buscemi played the role of Pete Wittel in the tragicomedy web series Horace and Pete ( 2016 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinness_World_Record', 'summary': 'Guinness World Records , known from its inception in 1955 until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records , is a reference book published annually , listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world . The brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver , the book was co-founded by twin brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter in Fleet Street , London , in August 1954 . The book itself holds a world record , as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time . As of the 2019 edition , it is now in its 64th year of publication , published in 100 countries and 23 languages . The international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums . The popularity of the franchise has resulted in Guinness World Records becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records . The organisation employs official record adjudicators authorised to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records .'}]}, {'value': 'August 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Tori Spelling , Drew Carey , Guinness World Record Breaker Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tori_Spelling', 'summary': "Victoria Davey Spelling ( born May 16 , 1973 ) is an American actress , television personality , socialite and author . She is most widely known from her first major role , Donna Martin , on Beverly Hills , 90210 beginning in 1990 , produced by her father , Aaron . She has appeared in a string of made-for-television films , including A Friend to Die For ( 1994 ) , A Carol Christmas ( 2003 ) , The Mistle-Tones ( 2012 ) , both versions of Mother , May I Sleep with Danger ? ( 1996 , 2016 ) , and The Last Sharknado : It 's About Time ( 2018 ) . She has also starred in several independent films such as The House of Yes ( 1997 ) , Trick ( 1999 ) , Scary Movie 2 ( 2001 ) , Cthulhu ( 2007 ) , Kiss the Bride ( 2007 ) and Izzie 's Way Home ( 2016 ) . She reprised her role of Donna Martin in Beverly Hills , 90210 's spin-off , 90210 , in 2009 . Spelling 's autobiography , Stori Telling , debuted on top of the New York Times Best Seller list and was named the best celebrity autobiography of 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Drew_Carey', 'summary': "Drew Allison Carey ( born May 23 , 1958 ) is an American actor , comedian , voice actor , sports executive , and game show host . After serving in the U.S. Marine Corps and making a name for himself in stand-up comedy , he gained stardom in his own sitcom , The Drew Carey Show , and as host of the U.S. version of the improv comedy show Whose Line Is It Anyway ? , both of which aired on ABC . He then appeared in several films , television series , music videos , a made-for-television film , and a computer game . He has hosted the game show The Price Is Right since 2007 on CBS . Carey is interested in a variety of sports and has worked as a photographer at U.S. National Team soccer games . He is a minority owner of the Major League Soccer team Seattle Sounders FC , which won MLS Cup , first in 2016 and again in 2019 . He briefly participated in professional wrestling , most notably entering the 2001 Royal Rumble , and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2011 . Carey 's autobiography , Dirty Jokes and Beer : Stories of the Unrefined , details his early life and television career ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinness_World_Record', 'summary': 'Guinness World Records , known from its inception in 1955 until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records , is a reference book published annually , listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world . The brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver , the book was co-founded by twin brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter in Fleet Street , London , in August 1954 . The book itself holds a world record , as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time . As of the 2019 edition , it is now in its 64th year of publication , published in 100 countries and 23 languages . The international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums . The popularity of the franchise has resulted in Guinness World Records becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records . The organisation employs official record adjudicators authorised to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records .'}]}, {'value': 'August 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Michelle Pfeiffer , Guinness World Record Breaker Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michelle_Pfeiffer', 'summary': "Michelle Marie Pfeiffer ( /ˈfaɪfər/ ; born April 29 , 1958 ) is an American actress and producer . She has received many accolades , including a Golden Globe Award , and three nominations for Academy Award . Pfeiffer began to pursue an acting career in 1978 and had her first leading role in the musical film Grease 2 ( 1982 ) . Frustrated with being typecast as the token pretty girl , she actively pursued more serious material and had her breakthrough role as gangster moll Elvira Hancock in the crime film Scarface ( 1983 ) . Further success came with leading roles in the fantasy feature The Witches of Eastwick ( 1987 ) and the comedy Married to the Mob ( 1988 ) . Her roles in Dangerous Liaisons ( 1988 ) and The Fabulous Baker Boys ( 1989 ) garnered her two consecutive Academy Award nominations , for Best Supporting Actress and Best Actress , respectively ; her portrayal of lounge singer Susie Diamond in the latter is one of the most acclaimed of her career . Pfeiffer went on to star as Catwoman / Selina Kyle in Tim Burton 's superhero film Batman Returns ( 1992 ) , following which she won the Silver Bear for Best Actress and earned a third Academy Award nomination for playing a troubled housewife in Love Field ( 1992 ) . She continued to gain praise for her performances in the dramas The Age of Innocence ( 1993 ) and White Oleander ( 2002 ) , and the horror films Wolf ( 1994 ) and What Lies Beneath ( 2000 ) . During this time , she also produced a series of films under her production company Via Rosa Productions . After a hiatus from acting in 2002 , she returned with the musical Hairspray ( 2007 ) . She received her first Emmy Award nomination for portraying Ruth Madoff in the HBO television film The Wizard of Lies ( 2017 ) , she went on to feature in the ensemble films Murder on the Orient Express ( 2017 ) and debuted to the Marvel Cinematic Universe as Janet Van Dyne starting Ant-Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinness_World_Record', 'summary': 'Guinness World Records , known from its inception in 1955 until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records , is a reference book published annually , listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world . The brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver , the book was co-founded by twin brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter in Fleet Street , London , in August 1954 . The book itself holds a world record , as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time . As of the 2019 edition , it is now in its 64th year of publication , published in 100 countries and 23 languages . The international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums . The popularity of the franchise has resulted in Guinness World Records becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records . The organisation employs official record adjudicators authorised to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records .'}]}, {'value': 'August 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Cuba Gooding , Jr. , Guinness World Record Breaker Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba_Gooding,_Jr.', 'summary': "Cuba Mark Gooding Jr. ( born January 2 , 1968 ) is an American actor , writer , producer , and director . After his breakthrough role as Tre Styles in Boyz n the Hood ( 1991 ) , he appeared in A Few Good Men ( 1992 ) , The Tuskegee Airmen ( 1995 ) , Outbreak ( 1995 ) , and Jerry Maguire ( 1996 ) , for which he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor , and What Dreams May Come ( 1998 ) . He gained later attention for his roles in Men of Honor ( 2000 ) as Carl Brashear , and in Michael Bay 's World War II epic Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) as Doris Miller . His other notable films include As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) , the ensemble farce Rat Race ( 2001 ) , Radio ( 2003 ) , American Gangster ( 2007 ) , Lee Daniels ' The Butler ( 2013 ) , and Selma ( 2014 ) , playing civil rights attorney Fred Gray . In 2016 , he portrayed O.J . Simpson in the FX drama series The People v. O. J. Simpson : American Crime Story , and co-starred in the sixth season of the FX anthology series American Horror Story , subtitled Roanoke ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinness_World_Record', 'summary': 'Guinness World Records , known from its inception in 1955 until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records , is a reference book published annually , listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world . The brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver , the book was co-founded by twin brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter in Fleet Street , London , in August 1954 . The book itself holds a world record , as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time . As of the 2019 edition , it is now in its 64th year of publication , published in 100 countries and 23 languages . The international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums . The popularity of the franchise has resulted in Guinness World Records becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records . The organisation employs official record adjudicators authorised to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records .'}]}, {'value': 'August 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Lance Bass , Guinness World Record Breaker Week , Grill Friday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lance_Bass', 'summary': "James Lance Bass ( /bæs/ ; born May 4 , 1979 ) is an American singer , dancer , actor , film and television producer , and author . He grew up in Mississippi and rose to fame as the bass singer for the American pop boy band NSYNC . NSYNC 's success led Bass to work in film and television . He starred in the 2001 film On the Line , which his company , Bacon & Eggs , also produced . Bass later formed a second production company , Lance Bass Productions , as well as a now-defunct music management company , Free Lance Entertainment , a joint venture with Mercury Records . After completion of NSYNC 's PopOdyssey Tour , Bass moved to Star City , Russia , in a much publicized pursuit of a seat on a Soyuz space capsule . Bass was certified by both NASA and the Russian Space Program after several months of cosmonaut training , and planned to join the TMA-1 mission to the International Space Station . However , after his financial sponsors backed out , Bass was denied a seat on the mission . In July 2006 , Bass came out as gay in a cover story for People magazine . He was awarded the Human Rights Campaign Visibility Award in October 2006 , and released an autobiography , Out of Sync , in October 2007 , which debuted on the New York Times Best Seller list ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinness_World_Record', 'summary': 'Guinness World Records , known from its inception in 1955 until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records , is a reference book published annually , listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world . The brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver , the book was co-founded by twin brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter in Fleet Street , London , in August 1954 . The book itself holds a world record , as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time . As of the 2019 edition , it is now in its 64th year of publication , published in 100 countries and 23 languages . The international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums . The popularity of the franchise has resulted in Guinness World Records becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records . The organisation employs official record adjudicators authorised to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records .'}]}, {'value': 'August 13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Enrique Iglesias', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Enrique_Iglesias', 'summary': "Enrique Miguel Iglesias Preysler ( Spanish pronunciation : [ enˈrike miˈɣel iˈɣlesjas ˈpɾeizleɾ ] ; born 8 May 1975 ) is a Spanish-Filipino singer , songwriter , composer , actor , record producer and model who is widely regarded as the King of Latin Pop . Iglesias began his career during the mid-1990s on American Spanish-language record label Fonovisa Records under the stage name Enrique Martinez , before switching to his notable surname Iglesias . By the turn of the millennium , after becoming one of the biggest stars in Latin America and the Hispanic market in the United States , he made a successful crossover into the US mainstream market . He signed a multi-album deal with Universal Music Group for US $ 68 million with Universal Music Latino to release his Spanish albums and Interscope Records to release English albums . In 2010 , he parted with Interscope Records and signed with another Universal Music Group label , Republic Records , to release bilingual albums . In 2015 , Iglesias parted ways with Universal Music Group after being there for over a decade . He signed with Sony Music and his subsequent albums were to be released by Sony Music Latin in Spanish and RCA Records in English . He has sold over 70 million records ( albums and singles combined ) worldwide , making him one of the best-selling latin music artists . Iglesias has scored over 150 number-one songs across all of the Billboard charts . He has had five Billboard Hot 100 top five singles , including two number-ones , and holds the record for producing 27 number-one Spanish-language singles on the Billboard 's Hot Latin Tracks . He also holds the record for most number-one hits and the longest-running number-one hit on that chart . Iglesias also has 14 number-ones on Billboard 's Dance charts , more than any other male artist ."}]}, {'value': 'Lauren Conrad , Nick Cannon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lauren_Conrad', 'summary': "Lauren Katherine Tell ( née Conrad ; born February 1 , 1986 ) is an American television personality , fashion designer , and author . In September 2004 , an 18-year-old Conrad came to prominence after being cast in the reality television series Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County , which documented her and her friends ' lives in their hometown of Laguna Beach , California . Conrad later moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in the fashion industry , and received her own spin-off series The Hills in May 2006 . It followed the personal and professional lives of her and friends Heidi Montag , Audrina Patridge , and Whitney Port . As the series progressed , a widely publicized feud between Conrad , Montag , and Montag 's boyfriend Spencer Pratt became the central focus of the series , and was carried through each subsequent season in which Conrad was featured . During its production , she also attended the Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising and worked for Teen Vogue and Kelly Cutrone 's PR firm People 's Revolution . Conrad left The Hills after five seasons , and was replaced by former Laguna Beach co-star Kristin Cavallari in May 2009 . She filmed an alternate ending for the series finale in July 2010 , which was broadcast in August 2013 . Conrad is the founder of the fashion lines LC Lauren Conrad and Paper Crown , and the co-founder of the fair trade online store The Little Market . She has published nine books , including L.A. Candy and The Fame Game trilogies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nick_Cannon', 'summary': "Nicholas Scott Cannon ( born October 8 , 1980 ) is an American actor , comedian , rapper , director , writer , producer , and television host . On television , Cannon began as a teenager on All That before going on to host The Nick Cannon Show , Wild ' N Out , America 's Got Talent , Lip Sync Battle Shorties and The Masked Singer . He acted in the films Drumline , Love Do n't Cost a Thing and Roll Bounce . As a rapper he released his debut self-titled album in 2003 with the hit single Gigolo , a collaboration with singer R. Kelly . In 2007 he played the role of the fictional footballer TJ Harper in the film Goal II : Living the Dream . In 2006 , Cannon recorded the singles Dime Piece and My Wife for the planned album Stages , which was never released . Cannon married American singer Mariah Carey in 2008 . The pair separated and filed for divorce in December 2014 . The divorce was finalized in 2016 , and they co-parent their children ."}]}, {'value': 'August 14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Tony Shalhoub , Brad Paisley , Laura Linney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Shalhoub', 'summary': "Anthony Marcus Shalhoub ( /ʃəˈluːb/ shəl-OOB ; born October 9 , 1953 ) is a Lebanese-American actor . He is widely recognized for his work as a character actor , having won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy , two Screen Actors Guild Awards and four Primetime Emmy Awards . For his work on Broadway , he has four Tony nominations , winning a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical for his performance as Tewfiq Zakaria in The Band 's Visit . His television work includes Antonio Scarpacci in NBC sitcom Wings and detective Adrian Monk in the USA TV series Monk . Shalhoub currently plays Abe Weissman , the father of the title character , on Amazon 's The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel . He has also had a successful film career , with roles in films such as taxi driver in Quick Change ( 1990 ) , Barton Fink ( 1991 ) , Big Night ( 1996 ) , Men in Black ( 1997 ) , Paulie ( 1998 ) , The Siege ( 1998 ) , Galaxy Quest ( 1999 ) , Spy Kids , Thirteen Ghosts , The Man Who Was n't There ( all 2001 ) , Cars ( 2006 ) , 1408 ( 2007 ) , and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brad_Paisley', 'summary': "Brad Douglas Paisley ( born October 28 , 1972 ) is an American country music singer and songwriter . Starting with his 1999 debut album Who Needs Pictures , he has released eleven studio albums and a Christmas compilation on the Arista Nashville label , with all of his albums certified Gold or higher by the RIAA . He has scored 32 Top 10 singles on the US Billboard Country Airplay chart , 19 of which have reached number 1 . He set a new record in 2009 for the most consecutive singles ( 10 ) reaching the top spot on that chart . Paisley has sold over 11 million albums and has won three Grammy Awards , 14 Academy of Country Music Awards , 14 Country Music Association Awards , and two American Music Awards . He has also earned country music 's crowning achievement , becoming a member of the Grand Ole Opry . Paisley also wrote songs for Pixar 's Cars franchise ( Behind the Clouds , Find Yourself , Collision of Worlds ( along with Robbie Williams ) , Nobody 's Fool , etc . ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Laura_Linney', 'summary': "Laura Leggett Linney ( born February 5 , 1964 ) is an American actress and singer . She is the recipient of several awards , including two Golden Globe Awards and four Primetime Emmy Awards , and has been nominated for three Academy Awards and four Tony Awards . Linney made her Broadway debut in 1990 before going on to receive Tony Award nominations for the 2002 revival of The Crucible , the original Broadway productions of Sight Unseen ( 2004 ) and Time Stands Still ( 2010 ) , and the 2017 revival of The Little Foxes . On television , she won her first Emmy Award for the television film Wild Iris ( 2001 ) , and had subsequent wins for the sitcom Frasier ( 2003-04 ) and the miniseries John Adams ( 2008 ) . From 2010 to 2013 , she starred in the Showtime series The Big C , which won her a fourth Emmy in 2013 , and in 2017 she began starring in the Netflix crime series Ozark . Linney is also an established film actress . She made her film debut with a minor role in Lorenzo 's Oil ( 1992 ) and went on to receive Academy Award nominations for the dramas You Can Count On Me ( 2000 ) , Kinsey ( 2004 ) , and The Savages ( 2007 ) . Her other films include Primal Fear ( 1996 ) , The Truman Show ( 1998 ) , Mystic River and Love Actually ( both 2003 ) , The Squid and the Whale ( 2005 ) , The Nanny Diaries ( 2007 ) , Hyde Park on Hudson ( 2012 ) , Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) , Sully and Nocturnal Animals ( both 2016 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'August 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Aisha Tyler , Def Leppard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aisha_Tyler', 'summary': "Aisha Naomi Tyler ( born September 18 , 1970 ) is an American actress , comedian , director and talk show host . She is known for playing Andrea Marino in the first season of Ghost Whisperer , Dr. Tara Lewis in Criminal Minds , Mother Nature in the Santa Clause films and voicing Lana Kane in Archer as well as recurring roles on CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , Talk Soup and Friends . She is formerly the co-host of CBS 's The Talk , where she won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host and currently hosts Whose Line Is It Anyway ? . She also hosted Ubisoft 's E3 press conferences and has lent her voice to the video games Halo : Reach and Gears of War 3 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Def_Leppard', 'summary': "Def Leppard are an English rock band formed in 1977 in Sheffield as part of the new wave of British heavy metal movement . Since 1992 , the band has consisted of Joe Elliott ( lead vocals ) , Rick Savage ( bass , backing vocals ) , Rick Allen ( drums , backing vocals ) , Phil Collen ( guitars , backing vocals ) , and Vivian Campbell ( guitars , backing vocals ) , which has been the band 's longest running line-up . The band 's strongest commercial success came between the early 1980s and the early 1990s . Their 1981 album , High ' n ' Dry , was produced by Robert John Mutt Lange , who helped them begin to define their style , and the album 's main track Bringin ' On the Heartbreak became one of the first rock videos played on MTV in 1982 . The band 's next studio album , Pyromania , was released in January 1983 , with Photograph and Rock of Ages as the lead singles . In the U.S. , Pyromania was certified diamond ( 10× platinum ) , making Def Leppard among the most popular music groups at the time . In 2003 , the album ranked number 384 on Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . Def Leppard 's fourth album Hysteria , released in 1987 , topped the UK and U.S. album charts . As of 2009 , it has reached beyond the success of Pyromania , having been certified 12× platinum for sales of over 12 million in the U.S. and has gone on to sell over 25 million copies worldwide . The album spawned seven hit singles , including the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 number one Love Bites , alongside Pour Some Sugar on Me , Hysteria , Armageddon It , Animal , Rocket , and Women . Their next studio album , Adrenalize ( the first following the death of guitarist Steve Clark ) , reached number one in UK and U.S. charts in 1992 , and contained several hits , including Let 's Get Rocked and Have You Ever Needed Someone So Bad ."}]}, {'value': 'August 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Joy Philbin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joy_Philbin', 'summary': 'Bette Joy Philbin ( née Senese ; born February 1 , 1941 ) is an American television personality , and the wife of television personality Regis Philbin .'}]}, {'value': 'Vanessa Hudgens , Denis Leary , Good Charlotte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanessa_Hudgens', 'summary': "Vanessa Anne Hudgens ( born December 14 , 1988 ) is an American actress and singer . After making her feature film debut in Thirteen ( 2003 ) , Hudgens rose to fame portraying Gabriella Montez in the High School Musical film series ( 2006-2008 ) , which brought her significant mainstream success . The success of the first film led to Hudgens ' acquiring a recording contract with Hollywood Records , with whom she released two studio albums , V ( 2006 ) and Identified ( 2008 ) . Since the release of her studio albums and the High School Musical franchise , Hudgens has focused on her acting career . She has appeared in the films Bandslam ( 2009 ) , Beastly ( 2011 ) , Sucker Punch ( 2011 ) , Journey 2 : The Mysterious Island ( 2012 ) , Spring Breakers ( 2013 ) , The Princess Switch ( 2018 ) , Second Act ( 2018 ) , and Bad Boys for Life ( 2020 ) . She played the title role in the Broadway musical Gigi in 2015 , and had roles in two of Fox 's live musical productions : Rizzo in Grease : Live in 2016 , and Maureen Johnson in Rent : Live in 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Denis_Leary', 'summary': "Denis Colin Leary ( born August 18 , 1957 ) is an American actor , comedian , singer , writer and producer . Leary was the star and co-creator of Rescue Me . He has had starring roles in many films , including those of Captain George Stacy in Marc Webb 's , The Amazing Spider-Man and Cleveland Browns head coach Vince Penn in Ivan Reitman 's Draft Day . Leary also voiced the character of Francis in A Bug 's Life and that of Diego in the Ice Age franchise . He and wife Ann Leary are the inspiration behind Amazons series Modern Love Episode 4 : Rallying to Keep the Game Alive . From 2015 to 2016 , Leary wrote and starred in the comedy series Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll on FX ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Good_Charlotte', 'summary': "Good Charlotte is an American rock band from Waldorf , Maryland , that formed in 1996 . Since 1998 , the band 's constant members have been vocalist Joel Madden , guitarist and vocalist Benji Madden , bassist Paul Thomas , guitarist and keyboardist Billy Martin , while drummer Dean Butterworth has been a member of the band since 2005 . The band released their self-titled debut album in 2000 to mostly positive reviews . In 2002 , they achieved breakthrough success with their second album , The Young and the Hopeless . Featuring the hit singles Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous , The Anthem and Girls & Boys , The Young and the Hopeless sold 3.5 million copies in the US and was certified triple platinum by the RIAA , for a total of almost 5 million copies sold worldwide . The band followed that up with The Chronicles of Life and Death in 2004 ; a darker album , both musically and lyrically . Backed by the singles Predictable and I Just Wan na Live , The Chronicles of Life and Death continued the bands success , and the album was certified platinum by the RIAA , selling over one million copies in the US alone . In 2007 they released the dance-punk inspired album Good Morning Revival before going back to their punk-roots with the album Cardiology in 2010 . After a four-year-long hiatus , the band announced its comeback on November 3 , 2015 . The band released Youth Authority to positive reviews in 2016 , and in 2018 they released their latest album , Generation Rx . In addition to this , they have also released two compilations : Greatest Remixes in 2008 and Greatest Hits in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Joy Philbin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joy_Philbin', 'summary': 'Bette Joy Philbin ( née Senese ; born February 1 , 1941 ) is an American television personality , and the wife of television personality Regis Philbin .'}]}, {'value': 'Star Jones , Grill Friday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Star_Jones', 'summary': "Starlet Marie Jones ( born March 24 , 1962 ) is an American lawyer , journalist , television personality , fashion designer , author , and women 's and diversity advocate . She is best known as one of the original co-hosts on the ABC morning talk show The View , on which she appeared from 1997 to 2006 . She was also one of sixteen contestants of the fourth installment of The Celebrity Apprentice in 2011 , coming in fifth place ."}]}], 'section_title': 'August 2007', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_19)_11', 'intro': "This is a list of Live with Regis and Kelly episodes which were broadcast during the show's 19th season. The list is ordered by air date. Although the co-hosts may have read a couple of emails during the broadcast, it does not necessarily count as a Regis and Kelly Inbox segment."}	null	null	What was the date when one of the guests was an actress that has been nominated for three Academy Awards and four Tony Awards ?	August 14
078dc2ba67558521	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Belgian_Grand_Prix', 'title': '1952 Belgian Grand Prix', 'header': ['Pos', 'No', 'Driver', 'Constructor', 'Time', 'Gap'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alberto Ascari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberto_Ascari', 'summary': "Alberto Ascari ( Italian pronunciation : [ alˈbɛrto ˈaskari ] ; 13 July 1918 - 26 May 1955 ) was an Italian racing driver and twice Formula One World Champion . He was a multitalented racer who competed in motorcycle racing before switching to cars . Ascari won consecutive world titles in 1952 and 1953 for Scuderia Ferrari . He was the team 's first World Champion and the last Italian to date to win the title . This was sandwiched an appearance in the Indianapolis 500 in 1952 . Ascari also won the Mille Miglia in 1954 . Ascari was noted for the careful precision and finely-judged accuracy that made him one of the safest drivers in a most dangerous era . Ascari remains along with Michael Schumacher Ferrari 's only back-to-back World Champions , and he is also Ferrari 's sole Italian champion . As the first driver to win multiple World Championship titles , he held the record for most World Championship titles in 1952-54 , as a result he is one of 3 drivers to have held the record for most World Championship titles . Juan Manuel Fangio held the record in 1951-52 and 1954-2002 ( jointly with Ascari in 1952 and 1954 ) and Michael Schumacher has held the record since 2002 . When Alberto was a young child , his father , Antonio , who was also a famous racing driver , died in an accident at the 1925 French Grand Prix . Alberto once admitted that he warned his children not to become extremely close to him because of the risk involved in his profession ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '4:37.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nino Farina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_Farina', 'summary': 'Emilio Giuseppe Farina also known as Giuseppe Antonio Nino Farina ( Italian pronunciation : [ dʒuˈzɛppe ˈniːno faˈriːna ] ; 30 October 1906 - 30 June 1966 ) was an Italian racing driver and first official Formula One World Champion . He gained the title in 1950 . He was the Italian Champion in 1937 , 1938 and 1939 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '4:40.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 3.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piero Taruffi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piero_Taruffi', 'summary': 'Piero Taruffi ( 12 October 1906 , Albano Laziale - 12 January 1988 ) , was a racing driver from Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '4:46.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 9.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Manzon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Manzon', 'summary': 'Robert Manzon ( 12 April 1917 - 19 January 2015 ) was a French racing driver . He participated in 29 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix , debuting on 21 May 1950 . He achieved two podiums , and scored a total of 16 championship points . At the time of his death , Manzon was the last surviving driver to have taken part in the first Formula One World Championship in 1950 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gordini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gordini', 'summary': 'Gordini ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɡɔʁdini ] ) is a division of Renault Sport Technologies ( Renault Sport ) . In the past , it was a sports car manufacturer and performance tuner , established in 1946 by Amédée Gordini , nicknamed Le Sorcier ( The Sorcerer ) . Gordini became a division of Renault in 1968 and of Renault Sport in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '4:52.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 15.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean Behra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Behra', 'summary': 'Jean Marie Behra ( 16 February 1921 - 1 August 1959 ) was a Formula One driver who raced for the Gordini , Maserati , BRM , Ferrari and Porsche teams .'}]}, {'value': 'Gordini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gordini', 'summary': 'Gordini ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɡɔʁdini ] ) is a division of Renault Sport Technologies ( Renault Sport ) . In the past , it was a sports car manufacturer and performance tuner , established in 1946 by Amédée Gordini , nicknamed Le Sorcier ( The Sorcerer ) . Gordini became a division of Renault in 1968 and of Renault Sport in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '4:56.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 19.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Hawthorn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Hawthorn', 'summary': "John Michael Hawthorn ( 10 April 1929 - 22 January 1959 ) was a British racing driver . He became the United Kingdom 's first Formula One World Champion driver in 1958 , whereupon he announced his retirement , having been profoundly affected by the death of his teammate and friend Peter Collins two months earlier in the 1958 German Grand Prix . Hawthorn also won the 1955 24 Hours of Le Mans , but was haunted by his involvement in the disastrous crash that marred the race . Hawthorn died in a road accident three months after retiring ; he was allegedly suffering from a terminal illness at the time ."}]}, {'value': 'Cooper - Bristol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cooper_Car_Company', 'summary': "The Cooper Car Company is a British car manufacturer founded in December 1947 by Charles Cooper and his son John Cooper . Together with John 's boyhood friend , Eric Brandon , they began by building racing cars in Charles 's small garage in Surbiton , Surrey , England , in 1946 . Through the 1950s and early 1960s they reached motor racing 's highest levels as their rear-engined , single-seat cars competed in both Formula One and the Indianapolis 500 , and their Mini Cooper dominated rally racing . The Cooper name lives on in the Cooper versions of the Mini production cars that are built in England , but is now owned and marketed by BMW ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bristol_Cars', 'summary': 'Bristol Cars is a dormant manufacturer of hand-built luxury cars headquartered at Mychett Place , Surrey , England . After the Second World War , the car division of the Bristol Aeroplane Company was formed , later becoming Bristol Cars Limited . Bristol has only one sales showroom , on Kensington High Street in London . Nevertheless , the company maintains an enthusiastic and loyal clientele . Bristol has always been a low-volume manufacturer ; the most recent published official production figures were for 1982 , which stated that 104 cars were produced in that year . The company suspended manufacturing in March 2011 , when administrators were appointed , 22 staff were made redundant at the factory in Filton , Bristol and subsequently the company was dissolved . In April 2011 , a new company was formed by the administrator to sell the original assets to Kamkorp . Since 2011 , the company has been restoring and selling all models of the marque while a new model was being developed . The company had revealed a desire to return to automotive production in 2018 with an all-new model , called the Bullet , initially dubbed Project Pinnacle . The car was first revealed to the public on 26 July 2016 , and homologation was set to have begun some time in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '4:58.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 21.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ken Wharton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_Wharton', 'summary': "Frederick Charles Kenneth Wharton ( 21 March 1916 , Smethwick - 12 January 1957 , Ardmore , Auckland , New Zealand ) was a British racing driver from England . He competed in off-road trials , hillclimbs , and rallying , and also raced sports cars and single-seaters . He began racing in the new National 500cc Formula in his own special , and later acquired a Cooper . His World Championship Grand Prix debut was at the 1952 Swiss event , run to Formula 2 regulations , where he started from 13th position on the grid and finished 4th . He participated in a total of 15 World Championship Grands Prix , from which he scored 3 championship points . In 1951 he travelled abroad , with Peter Bell 's 2-litre E.R.A. , to finish 3rd overall in the Susa/Mont Cenis hill-climb and 4th overall in the Aosta/Grand Saint Bernard hill-climb . With a Cooper 500 he also competed in the German Freiburg hill-climb where he was runner-up in the 500 cc class to Stirling Moss . Wharton won the Freiburg event outright in the E.R.A . on 5 August , climbing the 7.4 miles of the Schauinsland Pass , in 8 minutes 5.33 seconds . On 19 August he was fastest at the Vue des Alpes hill-climb , with a time of 3 minutes 57.8 seconds . He won the British Hill Climb Championship every year from 1951 to 1954 , and remains the only driver to have won four successive BHCC titles . Other successes with ERA R4D included winning the Brighton Speed Trials in 1954 , 1955 and 1956 ."}]}, {'value': 'Frazer Nash - Bristol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frazer_Nash', 'summary': 'Frazer Nash was a brand of British sports car manufactured from 1922 first by Frazer Nash Limited founded by engineer Archibald Frazer-Nash . On its financial collapse in 1927 a new company , AFN Limited , was incorporated . Control of AFN passed to Harold John Aldington in 1929 . Until the Second World War AFN continued to produce a small number of sports cars badged Frazer Nash incorporating a unique multi-chain transmission . It continued after the war making another 85 sports cars before ending manufacture in 1957 . The post-war cars had conventional transmissions . UK agents for BMW they arranged coachwork and made modifications including badging the cars Frazer Nash BMW . Control of AFN Limited , UK agents for Porsche , passed from the Aldington family to Porsche in 1987 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bristol_Cars', 'summary': 'Bristol Cars is a dormant manufacturer of hand-built luxury cars headquartered at Mychett Place , Surrey , England . After the Second World War , the car division of the Bristol Aeroplane Company was formed , later becoming Bristol Cars Limited . Bristol has only one sales showroom , on Kensington High Street in London . Nevertheless , the company maintains an enthusiastic and loyal clientele . Bristol has always been a low-volume manufacturer ; the most recent published official production figures were for 1982 , which stated that 104 cars were produced in that year . The company suspended manufacturing in March 2011 , when administrators were appointed , 22 staff were made redundant at the factory in Filton , Bristol and subsequently the company was dissolved . In April 2011 , a new company was formed by the administrator to sell the original assets to Kamkorp . Since 2011 , the company has been restoring and selling all models of the marque while a new model was being developed . The company had revealed a desire to return to automotive production in 2018 with an all-new model , called the Bullet , initially dubbed Project Pinnacle . The car was first revealed to the public on 26 July 2016 , and homologation was set to have begun some time in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '5:01.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 24.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Frère', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Frère', 'summary': 'Paul Frère ( 30 January 1917 - 23 February 2008 ) was a racing driver and journalist from Belgium . He participated in eleven World Championship Formula One Grands Prix debuting on 22 June 1952 and achieving one podium finish with a total of eleven championship points . He drove in several non-Championship Formula One races . He also won the 1960 24 Hours of Le Mans , driving for Ferrari with fellow Belgian teammate Olivier Gendebien .'}]}, {'value': 'HWM - Alta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hersham_and_Walton_Motors', 'summary': "Hersham and Walton Motors ( HWM ) is the world 's longest established Aston Martin business ( having acquired the franchise in 1951 ) and is well known as a racing car constructor . As a constructor , it is best known for its involvement in Formula Two from 1950 to 1953 and Formula One in 1954 . When HWM owners George Abecassis and John Heath went racing together from 1946 and in 1948 they built a streamlined sports racing car on the chassis of a Sports Alta , and thus embarked upon the construction of racing cars and racing sports cars at their motor works in Walton-on-Thames , England . The 1948 car gave them encouraging results and so new car , this time called an HW-Alta , was constructed and raced in 1949 ; this car was sufficiently successful to convince the partners to embark upon building a full team of cars for the 1950 Formula Two season of British and continental events : these cars were known as HWMs . From 1950 to 1952 , HWM achieved remarkable success in Formula Two for a team that was run on very little money and yet which faced the might of continental marques in every race . By 1953 they were outclassed , but when the international Formula changed in 1954 , John Heath constructed a works car to compete in Formula One . HWM abandoned the new Formula One after two appearances as their car was seriously outclassed . Meanwhile , the first Jaguar-engined HWM sports racing car had appeared in 1953 , and this had some success with George Abecassis at the wheel . From then on until 1957 , the team was involved in sports car racing both in Britain and on the continent , sometimes beating their Jaguar and Aston Martin Works competitors . After John Heath was killed on the 1956 Mille Miglia in Italy in an HWM Works car , Abecassis did not wish to continue and the works racing programme continued for just a year . HWM is today owned by George Abecassis 's business partner Mike Harting ( ex . Aston Martin ) and his family ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alta_Car_and_Engineering_Company', 'summary': 'The Alta Car and Engineering Company was a British sports and racing car manufacturer , commonly known simply as Alta . Their cars contested five FIA World Championship races between 1950 and 1952 , as well as Grand Prix events prior to this . They also supplied engines to a small number of other constructors , most notably the Connaught and HWM teams .'}]}, {'value': '5:05.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 28.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alan Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alan_Brown_(racing_driver)', 'summary': 'Alan Everest Brown ( born in Malton , Yorkshire , 20 November 1919 - died in Guildford , Surrey , 20 January 2004 ) was a British racing driver from England . He took up motor racing in a Cooper , later forming the Ecurie Richmond team with Eric Brandon . He participated in 9 World Championship Formula One Grands Prix , debuting on 18 May 1952 and numerous non-Championship Formula One races . He scored two championship points . He was the first driver to score championship points for Cooper and also gave the first Vanwall its race debut .'}]}, {'value': 'Cooper - Bristol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cooper_Car_Company', 'summary': "The Cooper Car Company is a British car manufacturer founded in December 1947 by Charles Cooper and his son John Cooper . Together with John 's boyhood friend , Eric Brandon , they began by building racing cars in Charles 's small garage in Surbiton , Surrey , England , in 1946 . Through the 1950s and early 1960s they reached motor racing 's highest levels as their rear-engined , single-seat cars competed in both Formula One and the Indianapolis 500 , and their Mini Cooper dominated rally racing . The Cooper name lives on in the Cooper versions of the Mini production cars that are built in England , but is now owned and marketed by BMW ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bristol_Cars', 'summary': 'Bristol Cars is a dormant manufacturer of hand-built luxury cars headquartered at Mychett Place , Surrey , England . After the Second World War , the car division of the Bristol Aeroplane Company was formed , later becoming Bristol Cars Limited . Bristol has only one sales showroom , on Kensington High Street in London . Nevertheless , the company maintains an enthusiastic and loyal clientele . Bristol has always been a low-volume manufacturer ; the most recent published official production figures were for 1982 , which stated that 104 cars were produced in that year . The company suspended manufacturing in March 2011 , when administrators were appointed , 22 staff were made redundant at the factory in Filton , Bristol and subsequently the company was dissolved . In April 2011 , a new company was formed by the administrator to sell the original assets to Kamkorp . Since 2011 , the company has been restoring and selling all models of the marque while a new model was being developed . The company had revealed a desire to return to automotive production in 2018 with an all-new model , called the Bullet , initially dubbed Project Pinnacle . The car was first revealed to the public on 26 July 2016 , and homologation was set to have begun some time in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '5:07.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 30.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stirling Moss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stirling_Moss', 'summary': 'Sir Stirling Craufurd Moss , OBE ( born 17 September 1929 ) is a British former Formula One racing driver . An inductee into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame , he won 212 of the 529 races he entered across several categories of competition and has been described as the greatest driver never to win the World Championship . In a seven-year span between 1955 and 1961 Moss finished as championship runner-up four times and in third place the other three times .'}]}, {'value': 'ERA - Bristol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/English_Racing_Automobiles', 'summary': 'English Racing Automobiles ( ERA ) was a British racing car manufacturer active from 1933 to 1954 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bristol_Cars', 'summary': 'Bristol Cars is a dormant manufacturer of hand-built luxury cars headquartered at Mychett Place , Surrey , England . After the Second World War , the car division of the Bristol Aeroplane Company was formed , later becoming Bristol Cars Limited . Bristol has only one sales showroom , on Kensington High Street in London . Nevertheless , the company maintains an enthusiastic and loyal clientele . Bristol has always been a low-volume manufacturer ; the most recent published official production figures were for 1982 , which stated that 104 cars were produced in that year . The company suspended manufacturing in March 2011 , when administrators were appointed , 22 staff were made redundant at the factory in Filton , Bristol and subsequently the company was dissolved . In April 2011 , a new company was formed by the administrator to sell the original assets to Kamkorp . Since 2011 , the company has been restoring and selling all models of the marque while a new model was being developed . The company had revealed a desire to return to automotive production in 2018 with an all-new model , called the Bullet , initially dubbed Project Pinnacle . The car was first revealed to the public on 26 July 2016 , and homologation was set to have begun some time in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '5:07.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 30.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Collins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Collins_(racing_driver)', 'summary': 'Peter John Collins ( 6 November 1931 - 3 August 1958 ) was a British racing driver . He was killed in the 1958 German Grand Prix , just weeks after winning the RAC British Grand Prix . He started his career as a 17-year-old in 1949 , impressing in Formula 3 races , finishing third in the 1951 Autosport National Formula 3 Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'HWM - Alta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hersham_and_Walton_Motors', 'summary': "Hersham and Walton Motors ( HWM ) is the world 's longest established Aston Martin business ( having acquired the franchise in 1951 ) and is well known as a racing car constructor . As a constructor , it is best known for its involvement in Formula Two from 1950 to 1953 and Formula One in 1954 . When HWM owners George Abecassis and John Heath went racing together from 1946 and in 1948 they built a streamlined sports racing car on the chassis of a Sports Alta , and thus embarked upon the construction of racing cars and racing sports cars at their motor works in Walton-on-Thames , England . The 1948 car gave them encouraging results and so new car , this time called an HW-Alta , was constructed and raced in 1949 ; this car was sufficiently successful to convince the partners to embark upon building a full team of cars for the 1950 Formula Two season of British and continental events : these cars were known as HWMs . From 1950 to 1952 , HWM achieved remarkable success in Formula Two for a team that was run on very little money and yet which faced the might of continental marques in every race . By 1953 they were outclassed , but when the international Formula changed in 1954 , John Heath constructed a works car to compete in Formula One . HWM abandoned the new Formula One after two appearances as their car was seriously outclassed . Meanwhile , the first Jaguar-engined HWM sports racing car had appeared in 1953 , and this had some success with George Abecassis at the wheel . From then on until 1957 , the team was involved in sports car racing both in Britain and on the continent , sometimes beating their Jaguar and Aston Martin Works competitors . After John Heath was killed on the 1956 Mille Miglia in Italy in an HWM Works car , Abecassis did not wish to continue and the works racing programme continued for just a year . HWM is today owned by George Abecassis 's business partner Mike Harting ( ex . Aston Martin ) and his family ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alta_Car_and_Engineering_Company', 'summary': 'The Alta Car and Engineering Company was a British sports and racing car manufacturer , commonly known simply as Alta . Their cars contested five FIA World Championship races between 1950 and 1952 , as well as Grand Prix events prior to this . They also supplied engines to a small number of other constructors , most notably the Connaught and HWM teams .'}]}, {'value': '5:09.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 32.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric Brandon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Brandon', 'summary': "Eric Brandon ( 18 July 1920 in East Ham , Essex - 8 August 1982 in Gosport , Hampshire ) was a motor racing driver and businessman . He was closely associated with the Cooper Car Company , and was instrumental in the early development of the company . When he and his boyhood friend John Cooper were released from military service after World War II they built two cars to the new National 500 cc ( 30.5 cu in ) regulations . Brandon , whose family business was electrical goods , had access to BTH magnetos for the JAP engines , which Cooper 's father Charlie then acquired . Brandon entered his Cooper in numerous hillclimbs and sprints and in 1947 , at Gransden Lodge airfield , he won Britain 's first-ever 500 cc circuit race . He also won the first Formula Three title , in 1951 . Later in the 1950s Brandon entered five World Championship Grands Prix in larger , Formula Two Cooper-Bristols , but failed to score any Championship points . For much of his career Brandon raced for the Ecurie Richmond team , which he formed with Alan Brown . In 1955 he funded the construction of his own Halseylec sports car , named after his electrical supplies company . He continued to compete in cars until 1956 , but had become increasingly involved in hydroplane racing and by 1957 had devoted himself entirely to this outlet for his competitive spirit ."}]}, {'value': 'Cooper - Bristol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cooper_Car_Company', 'summary': "The Cooper Car Company is a British car manufacturer founded in December 1947 by Charles Cooper and his son John Cooper . Together with John 's boyhood friend , Eric Brandon , they began by building racing cars in Charles 's small garage in Surbiton , Surrey , England , in 1946 . Through the 1950s and early 1960s they reached motor racing 's highest levels as their rear-engined , single-seat cars competed in both Formula One and the Indianapolis 500 , and their Mini Cooper dominated rally racing . The Cooper name lives on in the Cooper versions of the Mini production cars that are built in England , but is now owned and marketed by BMW ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bristol_Cars', 'summary': 'Bristol Cars is a dormant manufacturer of hand-built luxury cars headquartered at Mychett Place , Surrey , England . After the Second World War , the car division of the Bristol Aeroplane Company was formed , later becoming Bristol Cars Limited . Bristol has only one sales showroom , on Kensington High Street in London . Nevertheless , the company maintains an enthusiastic and loyal clientele . Bristol has always been a low-volume manufacturer ; the most recent published official production figures were for 1982 , which stated that 104 cars were produced in that year . The company suspended manufacturing in March 2011 , when administrators were appointed , 22 staff were made redundant at the factory in Filton , Bristol and subsequently the company was dissolved . In April 2011 , a new company was formed by the administrator to sell the original assets to Kamkorp . Since 2011 , the company has been restoring and selling all models of the marque while a new model was being developed . The company had revealed a desire to return to automotive production in 2018 with an all-new model , called the Bullet , initially dubbed Project Pinnacle . The car was first revealed to the public on 26 July 2016 , and homologation was set to have begun some time in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '5:11.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 34.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles de Tornaco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_de_Tornaco', 'summary': 'Charles de Tornaco ( 7 June 1927 - 18 September 1953 ) was a racing driver from Belgium . He participated in 4 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix , debuting on 22 June 1952 . He scored no championship points . De Tornaco was the co-founder of Ecurie Belgique , which later became Ecurie Francorchamps , and most of his racing career was with this team , driving Ferraris . In practice for the Modena Grand Prix in 1953 , de Tornaco rolled his car and suffered serious head and neck injuries . There were no adequate medical facilities present , and he died on his way to hospital in a private saloon car .'}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '5:14.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 37.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lance Macklin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lance_Macklin', 'summary': 'Lance Noel Macklin ( 2 September 1919 - 29 August 2002 ) was a British racing driver from England . He participated in 15 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix , debuting on 18 May 1952 .'}]}, {'value': 'HWM - Alta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hersham_and_Walton_Motors', 'summary': "Hersham and Walton Motors ( HWM ) is the world 's longest established Aston Martin business ( having acquired the franchise in 1951 ) and is well known as a racing car constructor . As a constructor , it is best known for its involvement in Formula Two from 1950 to 1953 and Formula One in 1954 . When HWM owners George Abecassis and John Heath went racing together from 1946 and in 1948 they built a streamlined sports racing car on the chassis of a Sports Alta , and thus embarked upon the construction of racing cars and racing sports cars at their motor works in Walton-on-Thames , England . The 1948 car gave them encouraging results and so new car , this time called an HW-Alta , was constructed and raced in 1949 ; this car was sufficiently successful to convince the partners to embark upon building a full team of cars for the 1950 Formula Two season of British and continental events : these cars were known as HWMs . From 1950 to 1952 , HWM achieved remarkable success in Formula Two for a team that was run on very little money and yet which faced the might of continental marques in every race . By 1953 they were outclassed , but when the international Formula changed in 1954 , John Heath constructed a works car to compete in Formula One . HWM abandoned the new Formula One after two appearances as their car was seriously outclassed . Meanwhile , the first Jaguar-engined HWM sports racing car had appeared in 1953 , and this had some success with George Abecassis at the wheel . From then on until 1957 , the team was involved in sports car racing both in Britain and on the continent , sometimes beating their Jaguar and Aston Martin Works competitors . After John Heath was killed on the 1956 Mille Miglia in Italy in an HWM Works car , Abecassis did not wish to continue and the works racing programme continued for just a year . HWM is today owned by George Abecassis 's business partner Mike Harting ( ex . Aston Martin ) and his family ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alta_Car_and_Engineering_Company', 'summary': 'The Alta Car and Engineering Company was a British sports and racing car manufacturer , commonly known simply as Alta . Their cars contested five FIA World Championship races between 1950 and 1952 , as well as Grand Prix events prior to this . They also supplied engines to a small number of other constructors , most notably the Connaught and HWM teams .'}]}, {'value': '5:17.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 40.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robin Montgomerie-Charrington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robin_Montgomerie-Charrington', 'summary': "Robin Monty Montgomerie-Charrington ( born Robert Victor Campbell Montgomerie on 23 June 1915 in Mayfair , London - died 3 April 2007 ) was a British racing driver from England . He took up 500cc Formula 3 in 1950 , achieving modest results through '50 and '51 . He participated in one Formula One World Championship Grand Prix , the European Grand Prix at Spa , Belgium , on 22 June 1952 . He retired his Aston Butterworth with engine trouble after 17 laps and scored no World Championship points . He later emigrated to the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Aston Butterworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aston_Butterworth', 'summary': "Aston Butterworth was a Formula Two constructor from the United Kingdom , which competed in the seasons 1952-1953 when the World Drivers ' Championship was run to Formula Two regulations . The team participated in four World Championship Grands Prix . The project was instigated by Bill Aston , who decided to build a car for Formula Two . The chassis was a copy of a Formula Two Cooper , fitted with a flat-four engine devised by Archie Butterworth . The car made its debut in April 1952 in the Lavant Cup at Goodwood , finishing eighth with Aston at the wheel . In May , a second car was added , driven by Robin Montgomerie-Charrington , who achieved the team 's best finish , a third place at Chimay in June . This car was designated NB42 and as of May 2015 was in its original specification . Aston entered the car , fitted with Allard-Steyr cylinder heads and a new carburettor , in the 1952 German Grand Prix . He withdrew on lap two after losing oil pressure . Aston continued to appear in races throughout the 1953 season , but there was never enough money to develop the program properly . A major problem was the supply of fuel - the Aston Butterworth sometimes had fuel starvation , and sometimes caught on fire . When the new F1 regulations came in 1954 , Aston-Butterworth ceased participating ."}]}, {'value': '5:19.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 42.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tony Gaze', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Gaze', 'summary': 'Frederick Anthony Owen Tony Gaze , DFC & Two Bars , OAM ( 3 February 1920 - 29 July 2013 ) was an Australian fighter pilot and racing driver . He flew with the Royal Air Force in the Second World War , was a flying ace credited with 12.5 confirmed victories ( 11 and 3 shared ) , and later enjoyed a successful racing career in the UK , Europe and Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'HWM - Alta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hersham_and_Walton_Motors', 'summary': "Hersham and Walton Motors ( HWM ) is the world 's longest established Aston Martin business ( having acquired the franchise in 1951 ) and is well known as a racing car constructor . As a constructor , it is best known for its involvement in Formula Two from 1950 to 1953 and Formula One in 1954 . When HWM owners George Abecassis and John Heath went racing together from 1946 and in 1948 they built a streamlined sports racing car on the chassis of a Sports Alta , and thus embarked upon the construction of racing cars and racing sports cars at their motor works in Walton-on-Thames , England . The 1948 car gave them encouraging results and so new car , this time called an HW-Alta , was constructed and raced in 1949 ; this car was sufficiently successful to convince the partners to embark upon building a full team of cars for the 1950 Formula Two season of British and continental events : these cars were known as HWMs . From 1950 to 1952 , HWM achieved remarkable success in Formula Two for a team that was run on very little money and yet which faced the might of continental marques in every race . By 1953 they were outclassed , but when the international Formula changed in 1954 , John Heath constructed a works car to compete in Formula One . HWM abandoned the new Formula One after two appearances as their car was seriously outclassed . Meanwhile , the first Jaguar-engined HWM sports racing car had appeared in 1953 , and this had some success with George Abecassis at the wheel . From then on until 1957 , the team was involved in sports car racing both in Britain and on the continent , sometimes beating their Jaguar and Aston Martin Works competitors . After John Heath was killed on the 1956 Mille Miglia in Italy in an HWM Works car , Abecassis did not wish to continue and the works racing programme continued for just a year . HWM is today owned by George Abecassis 's business partner Mike Harting ( ex . Aston Martin ) and his family ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alta_Car_and_Engineering_Company', 'summary': 'The Alta Car and Engineering Company was a British sports and racing car manufacturer , commonly known simply as Alta . Their cars contested five FIA World Championship races between 1950 and 1952 , as well as Grand Prix events prior to this . They also supplied engines to a small number of other constructors , most notably the Connaught and HWM teams .'}]}, {'value': '5:22.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 45.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louis Rosier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Rosier', 'summary': 'Louis Rosier ( 5 November 1905 in Chapdes-Beaufort - 29 October 1956 in Neuilly-sur-Seine ) was a racing driver from France .'}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '5:25.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 48.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prince Bira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birabongse_Bhanudej', 'summary': "Prince Birabongse Bhanudej Bhanubandh ( Thai : พีรพงศ์ภาณุเดช ; RTGS : Phiraphong Phanudet ; 15 July 1914 - 23 December 1985 ) , better known as Prince Bira of Siam ( now Thailand ) or by his nom de course B. Bira , was a member of the Thai royal family , racing driver , sailor , and pilot . Birabongse raced in Formula One and Grand Prix races for the Maserati , Gordini , and Connaught teams . He was the only Southeast Asian driver to compete in Formula One until Malaysia 's Alex Yoong joined Minardi in 2001 , as well as the only Thai driver to compete in Formula One until Alexander Albon made his debut in 2019 . He also competed in sailing events at four Summer Olympic Games , and flew from London to Bangkok in his own twin-engine Miles Gemini aircraft in 1952 ."}]}, {'value': 'Simca-Gordini - Gordini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gordini', 'summary': 'Gordini ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɡɔʁdini ] ) is a division of Renault Sport Technologies ( Renault Sport ) . In the past , it was a sports car manufacturer and performance tuner , established in 1946 by Amédée Gordini , nicknamed Le Sorcier ( The Sorcerer ) . Gordini became a division of Renault in 1968 and of Renault Sport in 1976 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gordini', 'summary': 'Gordini ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɡɔʁdini ] ) is a division of Renault Sport Technologies ( Renault Sport ) . In the past , it was a sports car manufacturer and performance tuner , established in 1946 by Amédée Gordini , nicknamed Le Sorcier ( The Sorcerer ) . Gordini became a division of Renault in 1968 and of Renault Sport in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '5:28.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 51.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnny Claes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Claes', 'summary': 'Octave John Johnny Claes ( 11 August 1916 - 3 February 1956 ) was an English-born racing driver who competed for Belgium . Before his fame as a racing driver , Claes was also a jazz trumpeter and successful bandleader in Britain .'}]}, {'value': 'Gordini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gordini', 'summary': 'Gordini ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɡɔʁdini ] ) is a division of Renault Sport Technologies ( Renault Sport ) . In the past , it was a sports car manufacturer and performance tuner , established in 1946 by Amédée Gordini , nicknamed Le Sorcier ( The Sorcerer ) . Gordini became a division of Renault in 1968 and of Renault Sport in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '5:31.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 54.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roger Laurent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Laurent', 'summary': 'Roger Laurent ( 21 February 1913 - 6 February 1997 ) was a racing driver and motorcycle racer from Belgium . He was born in Liège and died in Uccle . Laurent competed aboard a Moto Guzzi in the 1949 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season , entering the Belgian Grand Prix . He also participated in two World Championship Formula One Grands Prix , debuting on 22 June 1952 . He scored no championship points .'}]}, {'value': 'HWM - Alta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hersham_and_Walton_Motors', 'summary': "Hersham and Walton Motors ( HWM ) is the world 's longest established Aston Martin business ( having acquired the franchise in 1951 ) and is well known as a racing car constructor . As a constructor , it is best known for its involvement in Formula Two from 1950 to 1953 and Formula One in 1954 . When HWM owners George Abecassis and John Heath went racing together from 1946 and in 1948 they built a streamlined sports racing car on the chassis of a Sports Alta , and thus embarked upon the construction of racing cars and racing sports cars at their motor works in Walton-on-Thames , England . The 1948 car gave them encouraging results and so new car , this time called an HW-Alta , was constructed and raced in 1949 ; this car was sufficiently successful to convince the partners to embark upon building a full team of cars for the 1950 Formula Two season of British and continental events : these cars were known as HWMs . From 1950 to 1952 , HWM achieved remarkable success in Formula Two for a team that was run on very little money and yet which faced the might of continental marques in every race . By 1953 they were outclassed , but when the international Formula changed in 1954 , John Heath constructed a works car to compete in Formula One . HWM abandoned the new Formula One after two appearances as their car was seriously outclassed . Meanwhile , the first Jaguar-engined HWM sports racing car had appeared in 1953 , and this had some success with George Abecassis at the wheel . From then on until 1957 , the team was involved in sports car racing both in Britain and on the continent , sometimes beating their Jaguar and Aston Martin Works competitors . After John Heath was killed on the 1956 Mille Miglia in Italy in an HWM Works car , Abecassis did not wish to continue and the works racing programme continued for just a year . HWM is today owned by George Abecassis 's business partner Mike Harting ( ex . Aston Martin ) and his family ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alta_Car_and_Engineering_Company', 'summary': 'The Alta Car and Engineering Company was a British sports and racing car manufacturer , commonly known simply as Alta . Their cars contested five FIA World Championship races between 1950 and 1952 , as well as Grand Prix events prior to this . They also supplied engines to a small number of other constructors , most notably the Connaught and HWM teams .'}]}, {'value': '5:37.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 60.9', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Classification -- Qualifying', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1952_Belgian_Grand_Prix_0', 'intro': 'The 1952 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula Two race held on 22 June 1952 at Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps. It was race 3 of 8 in the 1952 World Championship of Drivers, in which each Grand Prix was run to Formula Two rules rather than the Formula One regulations normally used.'}	null	null	What country was the driver with a time gap of +9.0 from ?	Italy
078f9503c04c1808	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_rough_diamonds', 'title': 'List of largest rough diamonds', 'header': ['Carats', 'Name', 'Country', 'Mine', 'Date', 'Current owner'], 'data': [{'value': '3167', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergio ( carbonado )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergio_(carbonado)', 'summary': 'Sergio ( Portuguese : Carbonado do Sérgio ) is the largest carbonado and the largest rough diamond ever found . It weighed 3,167 carats ( 633.4 g ; 20.36 ozt ) and was found above ground in Lençóis ( State of Bahia , Brazil ) in 1895 by Sérgio Borges de Carvalho . Like other carbonados it is believed to be of meteoritic origin . Sergio was first sold for $ 16,000 and later for $ 25,000 to Joalheria Kahn and Co. and shipped to G. Kahn in Paris , who sold it to I. K. Gulland of London in September 1895 for £6,400 . There , it was broken up into small 3-6-carat ( 0.60-1.20 g ; 0.021-0.042 oz ) pieces as industrial diamond drills .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Carbonado', 'summary': 'Carbonado , commonly known as black diamond , is the toughest form of natural diamond . It is an impure form of polycrystalline diamond consisting of diamond , graphite , and amorphous carbon . It is found primarily in alluvial deposits in the Central African Republic and in Brazil . Its natural colour is black or dark grey , and it is more porous than other diamonds .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil , possibly from outer space', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Outer_space', 'summary': "Outer space , or simply space , is the expanse that exists beyond the Earth and between celestial bodies . Outer space is not completely empty - it is a hard vacuum containing a low density of particles , predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium , as well as electromagnetic radiation , magnetic fields , neutrinos , dust , and cosmic rays . The baseline temperature of outer space , as set by the background radiation from the Big Bang , is 2.7 kelvins ( −270.45 °C ; −454.81 °F ) . The plasma between galaxies accounts for about half of the baryonic ( ordinary ) matter in the universe ; it has a number density of less than one hydrogen atom per cubic metre and a temperature of millions of kelvins . Local concentrations of matter have condensed into stars and galaxies . Studies indicate that 90% of the mass in most galaxies is in an unknown form , called dark matter , which interacts with other matter through gravitational but not electromagnetic forces . Observations suggest that the majority of the mass-energy in the observable universe is dark energy , a type of vacuum energy that is poorly understood . Intergalactic space takes up most of the volume of the universe , but even galaxies and star systems consist almost entirely of empty space . Outer space does not begin at a definite altitude above the Earth 's surface . However , the Kármán line , an altitude of 100 km ( 62 mi ) above sea level , is conventionally used as the start of outer space in space treaties and for aerospace records keeping . The framework for international space law was established by the Outer Space Treaty , which entered into force on 10 October 1967 . This treaty precludes any claims of national sovereignty and permits all states to freely explore outer space ."}]}, {'value': 'Found above ground in Lençóis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lençóis', 'summary': 'Lençóis is a municipality in the state of Bahia in Brazil . The population is 11,445 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 1277 km² . The town has a well-preserved colonial atmosphere and is the starting point for treks into Chapada Diamantina . The city is served by Horácio de Mattos Airport .'}]}, {'value': '1895', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eventually sold to I. K. Gulland of London , where it was broken up into small pieces as industrial diamond drills', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3106.75', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cullinan Diamond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cullinan_Diamond', 'summary': "The Cullinan Diamond was the largest gem-quality rough diamond ever found , weighing 3,106.75 carats ( 621.35 g ) , discovered at the Premier No.2 mine in Cullinan , South Africa , on 26 January 1905 . It was named after Thomas Cullinan , the mine 's chairman . In April 1905 , it was put on sale in London , but despite considerable interest , it was still unsold after two years . In 1907 , the Transvaal Colony government bought the Cullinan and then presented it to Edward VII , King of the United Kingdom , who had it cut by Asscher Brothers in Amsterdam . Cullinan produced stones of various cuts and sizes , the largest of which is named Cullinan I or the Great Star of Africa , and at 530.4 carats ( 106.08 g ) it is the largest clear cut diamond in the world . The stone is mounted in the head of the Sovereign 's Sceptre with Cross . The second-largest is Cullinan II or the Second Star of Africa , weighing 317.4 carats ( 63.48 g ) , mounted in the Imperial State Crown . Both are part of the Crown Jewels . Seven other major diamonds , weighing a total of 208.29 carats ( 41.66 g ) , are privately owned by Elizabeth II , who inherited them from her grandmother , Queen Mary , in 1953 . The Queen also owns minor brilliants and a set of unpolished fragments ."}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': 'Premier Mine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premier_Mine', 'summary': "The Premier Mine is an underground diamond mine owned by Petra Diamonds in the town of Cullinan , 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) east of Pretoria , Gauteng Province , South Africa . Established in 1902 , it was renamed the Cullinan Diamond Mine in November 2003 in celebration of its centenary . The mine rose to prominence in 1905 , when the Cullinan Diamond - the largest rough diamond of gem quality ever found - was discovered there . The mine has produced over 750 stones that are greater than 100 carats ( 20 g ) and more than a quarter of all the world 's diamonds that are greater than 400 carats ( 80 g ) . It is also the only significant source of blue diamonds in the world ."}]}, {'value': '1905', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British Crown ( I and II ) and Elizabeth II ( III-IX )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_Crown', 'summary': "The Crown is the state in all its aspects within the jurisprudence of the Commonwealth realms and their sub-divisions ( such as Crown dependencies , provinces , or states ) . Legally ill-defined , the term has different meanings depending on context . It is used to designate the monarch in either a personal capacity , as Head of the Commonwealth , or as the king or queen of his or her realms . It can also refer to the rule of law ; however , in common parlance 'The Crown ' refers to the functions of government and the civil service . A corporation sole , the Crown is the legal embodiment of executive , legislative , and judicial governance in the monarchy of each country . These monarchies are united by the personal union of their monarch , but they are independent states . The concept of the Crown developed first in England as a separation of the literal crown and property of the kingdom from the person and personal property of the monarch . It spread through English and later British colonisation and is now rooted in the legal lexicon of the United Kingdom , its Crown dependencies , and the other 15 independent realms . It is not to be confused with any physical crown , such as those of the British regalia . The term is also found in various expressions such as Crown land , which some countries refer to as public land or state land ; as well as in some offices , such as minister of the Crown , Crown attorney , and Crown prosecutor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Elizabeth_II', 'summary': "Elizabeth II ( Elizabeth Alexandra Mary ; born 21 April 1926 ) [ a ] is Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms . [ b ] Elizabeth was born in London as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York , later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth , and she was educated privately at home . Her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother King Edward VIII in 1936 , from which time she was the heir presumptive . She began to undertake public duties during the Second World War , serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service . In 1947 , she married Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , a former prince of Greece and Denmark , with whom she has four children : Charles , Prince of Wales ; Anne , Princess Royal ; Prince Andrew , Duke of York ; and Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex . When her father died in February 1952 , Elizabeth became head of the Commonwealth and queen regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries : the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , Pakistan , and Ceylon . She has reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political changes , such as devolution in the United Kingdom , Canadian patriation , and the decolonisation of Africa . Between 1956 and 1992 , the number of her realms varied as territories gained independence , and as realms , including South Africa , Pakistan , and Ceylon ( renamed Sri Lanka ) , became republics . Her many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and visits to or from five popes . Significant events have included her coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver , Golden , and Diamond Jubilees in 1977 , 2002 , and 2012 , respectively . In 2017 , she became the first British monarch to reach a Sapphire Jubilee . She is the longest-lived and longest-reigning British monarch , as well as the world 's longest-serving female head of state , oldest living monarch , longest-reigning current monarch , and the oldest and longest-serving current head of state ."}]}, {'value': '1758', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sewelô', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sewelô', 'summary': "The Sewelô diamond is the second largest rough diamond ever found . The diamond was recovered in April 2019 by the Lucara Diamond Corp in its Karowe mine in Botswana . The diamond is 1,758 carats and weighs 352 grams . The gem was named through a competition held by Lucara . Out of 22,000 submissions the name Sewelô was chosen , which translates to 'rare find ' in Setswana . In January 2020 it was announced that Louis Vuitton had purchased the diamond for an undisclosed sum . Louis Vuitton will work with the HB Company in Antwerp to polish the diamond and cut it into smaller stones ."}]}, {'value': 'Botswana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Botswana', 'summary': "Botswana ( /bɒtˈswɑːnə/ ( listen ) , also UK : /bʊt- , bʊˈtʃw-/ ) , officially the Republic of Botswana ( Setswana : Lefatshe la Botswana ) , is a landlocked country in Southern Africa . Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland , Botswana adopted its name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966 . Since then , it has been a representative republic , with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic elections and the lowest perceived corruption ranking in Africa since at least 1998 . It is currently Africa 's oldest continuous democracy. , Botswana is topographically flat , with up to 70 percent of its territory being the Kalahari Desert . It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast , Namibia to the west and north , and Zimbabwe to the northeast . Its border with Zambia to the north near Kazungula is poorly defined but is , at most , a few hundred metres long . A mid-sized country of just over 2.3 million people , Botswana is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world . Around 10 percent of the population lives in the capital and largest city , Gaborone . Formerly one of the poorest countries in the world - with a GDP per capita of about US $ 70 per year in the late 1960s - Botswana has since transformed itself into one of the world 's fastest-growing economies . The economy is dominated by mining , cattle , and tourism . Botswana boasts a GDP ( purchasing power parity ) per capita of about $ 18,825 per year as of 2015 [ update ] , which is one of the highest in Africa . Its high gross national income ( by some estimates the fourth-largest in Africa ) gives the country a relatively high standard of living and one of the highest Human Development Index of continental Sub-Saharan Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Karowe Mine', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louis Vuitton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Vuitton', 'summary': "Louis Vuitton Malletier , commonly referred to as Louis Vuitton or shortened to LV , is a French fashion house and luxury retail company founded in 1854 by Louis Vuitton . The label 's LV monogram appears on most of its products , ranging from luxury trunks and leather goods to ready-to-wear , shoes , watches , jewelry , accessories , sunglasses and books . Louis Vuitton is one of the world 's leading international fashion houses ; it sells its products through standalone boutiques , lease departments in high-end department stores , and through the e-commerce section of its website . For six consecutive years ( 2006-2012 ) , Louis Vuitton was named the world 's most valuable luxury brand . Its 2012 valuation was US $ 25.9 billion . The 2013 valuation of the brand was US $ 28.4 billion with revenue of US $ 9.4 billion . The company operates in 50 countries with more than 460 stores worldwide ."}]}, {'value': '1109', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lesedi La Rona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lesedi_La_Rona', 'summary': 'Lesedi La Rona , formerly known in media as Karowe AK6 or as Quad 1 by the personnel at the mine , [ citation needed ] is the fourth-largest diamond ever found , and the second-largest of gem quality . Only the non-gem black Sergio and the gem-quality Cullinan were larger . It was found in the Karowe mine , ( formerly called AK6 ) in Botswana on 16 November 2015 . British jeweller Graff bought the rough diamond for $ 53 million in 2017 . By April 2019 , Graff had cut it into one large emerald cut diamond , the Graff Lesedi La Rona , weighing 302.37 carats ( 60.47 g ; 2.13 oz ) and 66 smaller stones .'}]}, {'value': 'Botswana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Botswana', 'summary': "Botswana ( /bɒtˈswɑːnə/ ( listen ) , also UK : /bʊt- , bʊˈtʃw-/ ) , officially the Republic of Botswana ( Setswana : Lefatshe la Botswana ) , is a landlocked country in Southern Africa . Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland , Botswana adopted its name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966 . Since then , it has been a representative republic , with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic elections and the lowest perceived corruption ranking in Africa since at least 1998 . It is currently Africa 's oldest continuous democracy. , Botswana is topographically flat , with up to 70 percent of its territory being the Kalahari Desert . It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast , Namibia to the west and north , and Zimbabwe to the northeast . Its border with Zambia to the north near Kazungula is poorly defined but is , at most , a few hundred metres long . A mid-sized country of just over 2.3 million people , Botswana is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world . Around 10 percent of the population lives in the capital and largest city , Gaborone . Formerly one of the poorest countries in the world - with a GDP per capita of about US $ 70 per year in the late 1960s - Botswana has since transformed itself into one of the world 's fastest-growing economies . The economy is dominated by mining , cattle , and tourism . Botswana boasts a GDP ( purchasing power parity ) per capita of about $ 18,825 per year as of 2015 [ update ] , which is one of the highest in Africa . Its high gross national income ( by some estimates the fourth-largest in Africa ) gives the country a relatively high standard of living and one of the highest Human Development Index of continental Sub-Saharan Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Karowe Mine', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Graff Diamonds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Graff_Diamonds', 'summary': 'Graff is a British multinational jeweller based in London . It was founded by British jeweller Laurence Graff in 1960 . A vertically integrated company , Graff operations comprise the design , manufacture and retail distribution of jewellery and watches .'}]}, {'value': '995.20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Excelsior Diamond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Excelsior_Diamond', 'summary': 'The Excelsior Diamond is a gem-quality diamond , and was the largest known diamond in the world from the time of its discovery in 1893 until 1905 , when the larger Cullinan Diamond was found . It was found on June 30 , 1893 at the Jagersfontein Mine in South Africa , 130 kilometres ( 81 miles ) south east of Kimberley whose fame as a diamond mining center always overshadowed that of Jagersfontein . It had a blue-white tint and weighed 971 old carats or 995.2 metric carats ( or 194 g ) . The Excelsior rates as the third largest rough diamond of gem quality ever found . It was ultimately cut into ten stones weighing from 13 to 68 carats . ( 2.6 to 13.6 g ) .'}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': 'Jagersfontein Mine', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1893', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Mouawad', 'urls': []}, {'value': '969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Star of Sierra Leone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Star_of_Sierra_Leone', 'summary': "The 968.9-carat ( 193.78 g ) Star of Sierra Leone diamond was discovered by miners on February 14 , 1972 , in the Diminco alluvial mines in the Koidu area of Sierra Leone . It ranks as the fourth-largest gem-quality diamond and the largest alluvial diamond ever discovered . On October 3 , 1972 , Sierra Leone 's then-President , Siaka Stevens , announced that Harry Winston , the New York City jeweller , had purchased the Star of Sierra Leone for under $ 2.5 million . The stone was initially cut into an emerald shaped stone weighing 143.2 carats ( 28.64 g ) but was later re-cut due to an internal flaw , eventually resulting in 17 separate finished diamonds , of which 13 were deemed to be flawless . The largest single finished gem was a flawless pear-shaped diamond of 53.96 carats ( 10.792 g ) . Six of the diamonds cut from the original rough were later set by Harry Winston into the Star of Sierra Leone brooch . A rare characteristic of the stone is its perfect chemical purity : it is ranked as a type IIa diamond , a category which includes less than 1% of all diamonds ."}]}, {'value': 'Sierra Leone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sierra_Leone', 'summary': "Sierra Leone ( /siˌɛrə liˈoʊn ( i ) / ( listen ) , also UK : /siˌɛərə -/ , US : /ˌsɪərə -/ ) , officially the Republic of Sierra Leone , informally Salone , is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa . It is bordered by Liberia to the southeast and Guinea to the northeast . Sierra Leone has a tropical climate , with a diverse environment ranging from savanna to rainforests , and a total area of 71,740 km2 ( 27,699 sq mi ) and a population of 7,075,641 as of the 2015 census . The capital and largest city is Freetown . Sierra Leone is divided into five administrative regions , which are further subdivided into sixteen districts . Sierra Leone was a British Crown Colony from 1808 to April 27 , 1961 , when it achieved independence from Britain as Milton Margai became the country 's first Prime Minister . Milton Margai 's political party , the Sierra Leone People 's Party ( SLPP ) , under the leadership of Albert Margai , narrowly lost the 1967 Sierra Leone parliamentary elections to the main opposition party , the All People 's Congress ( APC ) , led by Siaka Stevens . Stevens , a political strongman , ruled Sierra Leone from 1967 to 1985 when he retired from politics due to poor health . On 19 April 1971 , Stevens ' government abolished Sierra Leone 's parliamentary government system and declared Sierra Leone a presidential republic . From 1978 to 1985 , president Stevens APC party was the only legal political party in Sierra Leone . The current multiparty democratic constitution of Sierra Leone was adopted in 1991 by the government of President Joseph Saidu Momoh , Stevens ' hand picked successor , just as the rebel group Revolutionary United Front , led by former imprisoned Sierra Leone army officer Foday Sankoh , launched a brutal civil war in the country . On 29 April 1992 , a group of Junior soldiers in the Sierra Leone Army led by a 25 year old Captain Valentine Strasser overthrew President Momoh , and Sierra Leone was under Military rule from 1992 to 1996 during the civil war ."}]}, {'value': 'Diminco Mine', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harry Winston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Winston', 'summary': 'Harry Winston ( March 1 , 1896 - December 8 , 1978 ) was an American jeweler . He donated the Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian Institution in 1958 after owning it for a decade . He also traded the Portuguese Diamond to the Smithsonian in 1963 . Winston founded the Harry Winston Inc. in New York City in 1932 . He had been called by many as the King of Diamonds .'}]}, {'value': '910', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lesotho Legend', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lesotho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lesotho', 'summary': "Lesotho ( /ləˈsuːtuː/ ( listen ) , Sotho pronunciation : [ lɪˈsʊːtʰʊ ] ) , officially the Kingdom of Lesotho ( Sotho : 'Muso oa Lesotho ) , is an enclaved country within the border of South Africa . Along with the Vatican City and San Marino , it is one of only three independent states completely surrounded by the territory of another country , and the only one outside of the Italian peninsula . Lesotho is just over 30,000 km2 ( 11,583 sq mi ) in size and has a population of around 2 million . Its capital and largest city is Maseru . Lesotho was previously the British Crown Colony of Basutoland , but it declared independence from the United Kingdom on 4 October 1966 . It is now a fully sovereign state that is a member of the United Nations , the Commonwealth of Nations , and the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) . The name Lesotho roughly translates to the land of the brown-skinned people ."}]}, {'value': 'Letseng Mine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Letseng_Mine', 'summary': "The Letšeng diamond mine , found in the landlocked Southern African kingdom of Lesotho , is owned by Gem Diamonds , Ltd. and the government of Lesotho , and at an elevation of 3,100 m ( 10,000 ft ) it is the world 's highest diamond mine ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samir Gems and Taché Diamonds', 'urls': []}, {'value': '890', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Incomparable Diamond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Incomparable_Diamond', 'summary': 'Brown diamonds are the most common color variety of natural diamonds . In most mines , brown diamonds account for 15% of production . The brown color makes them less attractive as gemstones because of the reduced glimmer , and most are used for industrial purposes . However , improved marketing programs , especially in Australia and the United States , have resulted in brown diamonds becoming valued as gemstones and even referred to as chocolate diamonds . A significant portion of the output of Australian diamond mines is brown stones . There are several causes for the brown color , including irradiation treatment , nickel impurities and lattice defects associated with plastic deformation ; the last is the predominant cause , especially in pure diamonds . A high-pressure high-temperature treatment can heal lattice defects and convert brown diamonds into yellow or even colorless stones .'}]}, {'value': 'Democratic Republic of the Congo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo', 'summary': 'The Democratic Republic of the Congo ( pronunciation ( help·info ) French : République démocratique du Congo [ kɔ̃ɡo ] ) , also known as DR Congo , the DRC , DROC , Congo-Kinshasa , or simply the Congo , is a country located in Central Africa . It was formerly called Zaire ( 1971-1997 ) . It is , by area , the largest country in sub-Saharan Africa , the second-largest in all of Africa ( after Algeria ) , and the 11th-largest in the world . With a population of over 84 million , the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populous officially Francophone country , the fourth-most-populous country in Africa , and the 16th-most-populous country in the world . Eastern DR Congo has been the scene of ongoing military conflict in Kivu , since 2015 . Centred on the Congo Basin , the territory of the DRC was first inhabited by Central African foragers around 90,000 years ago and was reached by the Bantu expansion about 3,000 years ago . In the west , the Kingdom of Kongo ruled around the mouth of the Congo River from the 14th to 19th centuries . In the centre and east , the kingdoms of Luba and Lunda ruled from the 16th and 17th centuries to the 19th century . In the 1870s , just before the onset of the Scramble for Africa , European exploration of the Congo Basin was carried out , first led by Henry Morton Stanley under the sponsorship of Leopold II of Belgium . Leopold formally acquired rights to the Congo territory at the Berlin Conference in 1885 and made the land his private property , naming it the Congo Free State . During the Free State , his colonial military unit , the Force Publique , forced the local population to produce rubber . From 1885 to 1908 , millions of the Kongo people died as a consequence of disease and exploitation .'}]}, {'value': 'Societé Minière de Bakwanga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Societé_Minière_de_Bakwanga', 'summary': "Societé minière de Bakwanga ( abbreviated MIBA ) is a diamond mining company based in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . MIBA operate near Mbuji Mayi , in Kasai-Oriental Province in south central DRC . Approximately 80% of MIBA 's stock is owned by the Congolese government , with 20% owned by former Umicore subsidiary Sibeka , which in turn is owned by Mwana Africa plc , which operates the mines . The MIBA employees went on strike several times for not being paid for approximately 2 years . The majority of the population in Congo believe that the company 's money is being embezzled by the head of the Congolese government Joseph Kabila and his collaborators . This is the reason why employees suffer and have n't been paid for two years . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louis Glick', 'urls': []}, {'value': '813', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Constellation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Botswana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Botswana', 'summary': "Botswana ( /bɒtˈswɑːnə/ ( listen ) , also UK : /bʊt- , bʊˈtʃw-/ ) , officially the Republic of Botswana ( Setswana : Lefatshe la Botswana ) , is a landlocked country in Southern Africa . Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland , Botswana adopted its name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966 . Since then , it has been a representative republic , with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic elections and the lowest perceived corruption ranking in Africa since at least 1998 . It is currently Africa 's oldest continuous democracy. , Botswana is topographically flat , with up to 70 percent of its territory being the Kalahari Desert . It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast , Namibia to the west and north , and Zimbabwe to the northeast . Its border with Zambia to the north near Kazungula is poorly defined but is , at most , a few hundred metres long . A mid-sized country of just over 2.3 million people , Botswana is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world . Around 10 percent of the population lives in the capital and largest city , Gaborone . Formerly one of the poorest countries in the world - with a GDP per capita of about US $ 70 per year in the late 1960s - Botswana has since transformed itself into one of the world 's fastest-growing economies . The economy is dominated by mining , cattle , and tourism . Botswana boasts a GDP ( purchasing power parity ) per capita of about $ 18,825 per year as of 2015 [ update ] , which is one of the highest in Africa . Its high gross national income ( by some estimates the fourth-largest in Africa ) gives the country a relatively high standard of living and one of the highest Human Development Index of continental Sub-Saharan Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Karowe Mine', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nemesis International DMCC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '793', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Koh-i-Noor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koh-i-Noor', 'summary': 'The Koh-i-Noor ( /ˌkoʊɪˈnʊər/ ; lit . Mountain of light ) , also spelt Kohinoor and Koh-i-Nur , is one of the largest cut diamonds in the world , weighing 105.6 carats ( 21.12 g ) . [ a ] It is part of the British Crown Jewels . Probably mined in Kollur Mine , in India , during the period of the Delhi Sultanate , there is no record of its original weight - but the earliest well-attested weight is 186 old carats ( 191 metric carats or 38.2 g ) . The diamond was part of the Mughal Peacock Throne . It changed hands between various factions in south and west Asia , until being ceded to Queen Victoria after the British annexation of the Punjab in 1849 . Originally , the stone was of a similar cut to other Mughal-era diamonds , like the Darya-i-Noor , which are now in the Iranian Crown Jewels . In 1851 , it went on display at the Great Exhibition in London , but the lacklustre cut failed to impress viewers . Prince Albert , husband of Queen Victoria , ordered it to be re-cut as an oval brilliant by Coster Diamonds . By modern standards , the culet is unusually broad , giving the impression of a black hole when the stone is viewed head-on ; it is nevertheless regarded by gemologists as full of life . Because its history involves a great deal of fighting between men , the Koh-i-Noor acquired a reputation within the British royal family for bringing bad luck to any man who wears it . Since arriving in the UK , it has only been worn by female members of the family .'}]}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': 'Kollur Mine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kollur_Mine', 'summary': 'Kollur Mine ( Persian : Gani Coulour ) was a series of gravel-clay pits on the south bank of the River Krishna in the Golconda ( present-day Andhra Pradesh ) , India . It is thought to have produced many large diamonds , known as Golconda Diamonds , several of which are or have been a part of crown jewels . The mine was established in the 16th century and operated until the 19th century .'}]}, {'value': '13th Century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British Crown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_Crown', 'summary': "The Crown is the state in all its aspects within the jurisprudence of the Commonwealth realms and their sub-divisions ( such as Crown dependencies , provinces , or states ) . Legally ill-defined , the term has different meanings depending on context . It is used to designate the monarch in either a personal capacity , as Head of the Commonwealth , or as the king or queen of his or her realms . It can also refer to the rule of law ; however , in common parlance 'The Crown ' refers to the functions of government and the civil service . A corporation sole , the Crown is the legal embodiment of executive , legislative , and judicial governance in the monarchy of each country . These monarchies are united by the personal union of their monarch , but they are independent states . The concept of the Crown developed first in England as a separation of the literal crown and property of the kingdom from the person and personal property of the monarch . It spread through English and later British colonisation and is now rooted in the legal lexicon of the United Kingdom , its Crown dependencies , and the other 15 independent realms . It is not to be confused with any physical crown , such as those of the British regalia . The term is also found in various expressions such as Crown land , which some countries refer to as public land or state land ; as well as in some offices , such as minister of the Crown , Crown attorney , and Crown prosecutor ."}]}, {'value': '777', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Millennium Star', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Millennium_Star', 'summary': "The Millennium Star is a diamond owned by De Beers . At 203.04 carats ( 40.608 g ) , it is the world 's second largest known top-color ( grade D , i.e . colourless ) , internally and externally flawless , pear-shaped diamond . The diamond was discovered in the Mbuji-Mayi district of Zaire in 1990 in alluvial deposits ; uncut , it was 777 carats ( 155.4 g ) . It was purchased by De Beers during the height of the country 's Civil War that took place in the early to mid-nineties . It took over three years for workers of the Steinmetz Diamond Group to produce the classic pear form . The actual cutting was done using lasers . It was first displayed in October 1999 as the centerpiece of the De Beers Millennium diamond collection . The collection also includes eleven blue diamonds totaling 118 carats ( 23.6 g ) and The Heart of Eternity . They were displayed at Londons Millennium Dome over 2000 . There was an attempt on 7 November 2000 to steal the collection ( see Millennium Dome raid ) , but the Metropolitan Police discovered the plot and arrested the robbers before their escape . Crime journalist Kris Hollington wrote a book called Diamond Geezers no-repeat ; background-position : right .1em center } ."}]}, {'value': 'Democratic Republic of the Congo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo', 'summary': 'The Democratic Republic of the Congo ( pronunciation ( help·info ) French : République démocratique du Congo [ kɔ̃ɡo ] ) , also known as DR Congo , the DRC , DROC , Congo-Kinshasa , or simply the Congo , is a country located in Central Africa . It was formerly called Zaire ( 1971-1997 ) . It is , by area , the largest country in sub-Saharan Africa , the second-largest in all of Africa ( after Algeria ) , and the 11th-largest in the world . With a population of over 84 million , the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populous officially Francophone country , the fourth-most-populous country in Africa , and the 16th-most-populous country in the world . Eastern DR Congo has been the scene of ongoing military conflict in Kivu , since 2015 . Centred on the Congo Basin , the territory of the DRC was first inhabited by Central African foragers around 90,000 years ago and was reached by the Bantu expansion about 3,000 years ago . In the west , the Kingdom of Kongo ruled around the mouth of the Congo River from the 14th to 19th centuries . In the centre and east , the kingdoms of Luba and Lunda ruled from the 16th and 17th centuries to the 19th century . In the 1870s , just before the onset of the Scramble for Africa , European exploration of the Congo Basin was carried out , first led by Henry Morton Stanley under the sponsorship of Leopold II of Belgium . Leopold formally acquired rights to the Congo territory at the Berlin Conference in 1885 and made the land his private property , naming it the Congo Free State . During the Free State , his colonial military unit , the Force Publique , forced the local population to produce rubber . From 1885 to 1908 , millions of the Kongo people died as a consequence of disease and exploitation .'}]}, {'value': 'Mbuji-Mayi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mbuji-Mayi', 'summary': "Mbuji-Mayi ( formerly Bakwanga ) serves as the capital city of Kasai-Oriental Province in the south-central Democratic Republic of Congo . It is the third largest city in the country , following the capital Kinshasa and second largest city Lubumbashi but ahead of Kisangani and Kananga , though the exact population is not known . Estimates ranged from a 2010 CIA World Factbook estimated population of 1,480,000 to as many as 3,500,000 estimated by the United Nations in 2008 . Mbuji-Mayi lies in Luba country on the Sankuru River . The name Mbuji-Mayi comes from the local language , Tshiluba , and translates as Goat-Water , a name deriving from the great number of goats in the region and the city 's location on the Sankuru , making it a prime watering spot . Despite its large population , the city remains remote , having little connection to surrounding provinces or to Kinshasa and Lubumbashi . Air travel is provided through the Mbuji Mayi Airport ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'De Beers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/De_Beers', 'summary': "De Beers Group is an international corporation that specialises in diamond exploration , diamond mining , diamond retail , diamond trading and industrial diamond manufacturing sectors . The company is currently active in open-pit , large-scale alluvial , coastal and deep sea mining . It operates in 35 countries and mining takes place in Botswana , Namibia , South Africa , Canada and Australia . From its inception in 1888 until the start of the 21st century , De Beers controlled 80% to 85% of rough diamond distribution and was accused of being a monopoly . Competition has since dismantled the complete monopoly , though the De Beers Group still sells approximately 35% of the world 's rough diamond production through its global sightholder and auction sales businesses . The company was founded in 1888 by British businessman Cecil Rhodes , who was financed by the South African diamond magnate Alfred Beit and the London-based N M Rothschild & Sons bank . In 1926 , Ernest Oppenheimer , an immigrant to Britain and later South Africa who had earlier founded mining company Anglo American plc with American financier J.P. Morgan , was elected to the board of De Beers . He built and consolidated the company 's global monopoly over the diamond industry until his death in 1957 . During this time , he was involved in a number of controversies , including price fixing and trust behaviour , and was accused of not releasing industrial diamonds for the U.S. war effort during World War II . In 2011 , Anglo American took control of De Beers after buying the Oppenheimer 's family stake of 40 percent for US $ 5.1 billion ( £3.2 billion ) and increasing its stake to 85 percent , ending the 80-year Oppenheimer control of the company . In 2018 , De Beers became the first diamond company to announce that it would track its diamonds using blockchain technology , though this technology has not yet been rolled out ."}]}, {'value': '770', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Woyie River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woyie_River_(Diamond)', 'summary': 'The Woyie River Diamond was recovered on 6 January 1945 from the Woyie River near Koidu in eastern Sierra Leone . The uncut stone weighed 770 carats ( 154 g ) , and at that time it was the largest alluvial diamond ever found , and the third largest diamond discovered in Africa , after the Cullinan Diamond and the Excelsior Diamond . The alluvial Star of Sierra Leone , discovered at the Diminco mine in Sierra Leone in 1970 , is larger at 968.9 carats ( 193.78 g ) uncut . The uncut Woyie River Diamond had a broadly lozenge shape , measuring 71 × 53 × 32 millimetres ( 2.8 × 2.1 × 1.3 in ) , with one unusually flat cleavage plane . The rough diamond was brought to London , where it was viewed by Queen Mary in October 1947 and then exhibited at the British Industries Fair in May 1949 . The stone was cut by diamond cutters Briefel and Lemer in London ( who also cut the Williamson pink diamond ) into 30 gems weighing 282.36 carats ( 56.472 g ) in total , including 10 of over 20 carats ( 4.0 g ) each . The largest of the gems is the Victory Diamond which is weighs 31.35 carats ( 6.270 g ) and is Emerald cut ( occasionally described as step cut ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Sierra Leone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sierra_Leone', 'summary': "Sierra Leone ( /siˌɛrə liˈoʊn ( i ) / ( listen ) , also UK : /siˌɛərə -/ , US : /ˌsɪərə -/ ) , officially the Republic of Sierra Leone , informally Salone , is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa . It is bordered by Liberia to the southeast and Guinea to the northeast . Sierra Leone has a tropical climate , with a diverse environment ranging from savanna to rainforests , and a total area of 71,740 km2 ( 27,699 sq mi ) and a population of 7,075,641 as of the 2015 census . The capital and largest city is Freetown . Sierra Leone is divided into five administrative regions , which are further subdivided into sixteen districts . Sierra Leone was a British Crown Colony from 1808 to April 27 , 1961 , when it achieved independence from Britain as Milton Margai became the country 's first Prime Minister . Milton Margai 's political party , the Sierra Leone People 's Party ( SLPP ) , under the leadership of Albert Margai , narrowly lost the 1967 Sierra Leone parliamentary elections to the main opposition party , the All People 's Congress ( APC ) , led by Siaka Stevens . Stevens , a political strongman , ruled Sierra Leone from 1967 to 1985 when he retired from politics due to poor health . On 19 April 1971 , Stevens ' government abolished Sierra Leone 's parliamentary government system and declared Sierra Leone a presidential republic . From 1978 to 1985 , president Stevens APC party was the only legal political party in Sierra Leone . The current multiparty democratic constitution of Sierra Leone was adopted in 1991 by the government of President Joseph Saidu Momoh , Stevens ' hand picked successor , just as the rebel group Revolutionary United Front , led by former imprisoned Sierra Leone army officer Foday Sankoh , launched a brutal civil war in the country . On 29 April 1992 , a group of Junior soldiers in the Sierra Leone Army led by a 25 year old Captain Valentine Strasser overthrew President Momoh , and Sierra Leone was under Military rule from 1992 to 1996 during the civil war ."}]}, {'value': 'Woyie River', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '755', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Golden Jubilee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_Diamond', 'summary': 'The Golden Jubilee Diamond , a 545.67 carat ( 109.13 g ) brown diamond , is the largest cut and faceted diamond in the world . It outweighs the Cullinan I by 15.37 carats ( 3.07 g ) . The Golden Jubilee Diamond was discovered in the Premier Mine , which is also the origin of the Cullinan diamond ( 1905 ) and other notables such as the Taylor-Burton ( 1966 ) and the Centenary ( 1986 ) . Cullinan I , also known as the Great Star of Africa , had held the title of the largest cut and faceted diamond since 1908 .'}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': 'Premier Mine', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Government of Thailand', 'urls': []}, {'value': '726.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Vargas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vargas_diamond', 'summary': 'The Vargas Diamond , discovered in Brazil on August 13 , 1938 by Joaquim Venancio Tiago and Manoel Miguel Domingues , was 726.6 carats ( 145.32 g ) when pulled out of the ground . Twenty-nine smaller diamonds were carved from the larger rough Vargas Diamond including the 48.26-carat ( 9.652 g ) emerald cut diamond named President Vargas , after the former Brazilian President , Getúlio Vargas . The diamond has been in the possession of Harry Winston , a jeweler from New York .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'San Antonio River', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '726', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Jonker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Jonker', 'summary': 'The Jonker diamond was found at the Elandsfontein mine in South Africa by Johannes Jacobus Jonker on 17 January 1934 . The diamond was 726 carats , which at the time was the fourth largest uncut gem ever found . The diamond was found 5 km away from the largest diamond ever found , the Cullinan Diamond . There is speculation that the Jonker may have originally been part of the Cullinan crystal , as both crystals had cleaved faces which seemed to match up perfectly .'}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': 'Elandsfontein', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '709', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peace Diamond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sierra_Leone_diamond_(Kono_region)', 'summary': 'The Sierra Leone Diamond is a 709-carat , alluvial diamond found in 2017 by workers hired by Pastor Emmanuel Momoh in river sediment in Koidu village , Kono district , Sierra Leone . It has since been renamed The Peace Diamond .'}]}, {'value': 'Sierra Leone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sierra_Leone', 'summary': "Sierra Leone ( /siˌɛrə liˈoʊn ( i ) / ( listen ) , also UK : /siˌɛərə -/ , US : /ˌsɪərə -/ ) , officially the Republic of Sierra Leone , informally Salone , is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa . It is bordered by Liberia to the southeast and Guinea to the northeast . Sierra Leone has a tropical climate , with a diverse environment ranging from savanna to rainforests , and a total area of 71,740 km2 ( 27,699 sq mi ) and a population of 7,075,641 as of the 2015 census . The capital and largest city is Freetown . Sierra Leone is divided into five administrative regions , which are further subdivided into sixteen districts . Sierra Leone was a British Crown Colony from 1808 to April 27 , 1961 , when it achieved independence from Britain as Milton Margai became the country 's first Prime Minister . Milton Margai 's political party , the Sierra Leone People 's Party ( SLPP ) , under the leadership of Albert Margai , narrowly lost the 1967 Sierra Leone parliamentary elections to the main opposition party , the All People 's Congress ( APC ) , led by Siaka Stevens . Stevens , a political strongman , ruled Sierra Leone from 1967 to 1985 when he retired from politics due to poor health . On 19 April 1971 , Stevens ' government abolished Sierra Leone 's parliamentary government system and declared Sierra Leone a presidential republic . From 1978 to 1985 , president Stevens APC party was the only legal political party in Sierra Leone . The current multiparty democratic constitution of Sierra Leone was adopted in 1991 by the government of President Joseph Saidu Momoh , Stevens ' hand picked successor , just as the rebel group Revolutionary United Front , led by former imprisoned Sierra Leone army officer Foday Sankoh , launched a brutal civil war in the country . On 29 April 1992 , a group of Junior soldiers in the Sierra Leone Army led by a 25 year old Captain Valentine Strasser overthrew President Momoh , and Sierra Leone was under Military rule from 1992 to 1996 during the civil war ."}]}, {'value': 'Artisanal mine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Artisanal_mine', 'summary': 'An artisanal miner or small-scale miner ( ASM ) is a subsistence miner who is not officially employed by a mining company , but works independently , mining various minerals or panning for gold using their own resources . Small-scale mining includes enterprises or individuals that employ workers for mining , but generally using manually-intensive methods , working with hand tools .'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Graff Diamonds ( bought for US $ 6.5m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '650.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Jubilee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jubilee_Diamond', 'summary': 'The Jubilee Diamond , originally known as the Reitz Diamond is a colourless , cushion-shaped diamond weighing 245.35 carats ( 49.07 grams ) , making it the sixth largest diamond in the world . It was originally named after Francis William Reitz , the then president of the Orange Free State where the stone was discovered , before being renamed to honour the 60th anniversary of the coronation of Queen Victoria in 1897 . The original stone , a rough octahedron weighing 650.80 carats ( 130.16 g ) , was discovered in 1895 at the Jagersfontein Mine in South Africa . A consortium of diamond merchants from London purchased it along with its even larger sister , the Excelsior , in 1896 , and sent it to Amsterdam where it was polished by M.B . Barends . A 40 carat ( 8 g ) chunk was removed , which itself yielded a 13.34 carat ( 2.668 g ) pear-shaped gem eventually purchased by Carlos I of Portugal . Dorabji Tata acquired it around 1900 and gave it to his wife Meherbai . She used to wear it during her visits to the royal courts and public functions . The Jubilee Diamond was the largest in the world until 1905 when a bigger diamond was exhibited . It was sold only after his death in 1932 and the money went to the formation of the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust .'}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': 'Jagersfontein Mine', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1895', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Mouawad', 'urls': []}, {'value': '620', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Sefadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Sefadu', 'summary': 'The Sefadu diamond was found in the town of Sefadu in Sierra Leone in 1970 . The diamond is 620 carats making it the seventh largest diamond ever found and the largest still uncut diamond in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Sierra Leone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sierra_Leone', 'summary': "Sierra Leone ( /siˌɛrə liˈoʊn ( i ) / ( listen ) , also UK : /siˌɛərə -/ , US : /ˌsɪərə -/ ) , officially the Republic of Sierra Leone , informally Salone , is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa . It is bordered by Liberia to the southeast and Guinea to the northeast . Sierra Leone has a tropical climate , with a diverse environment ranging from savanna to rainforests , and a total area of 71,740 km2 ( 27,699 sq mi ) and a population of 7,075,641 as of the 2015 census . The capital and largest city is Freetown . Sierra Leone is divided into five administrative regions , which are further subdivided into sixteen districts . Sierra Leone was a British Crown Colony from 1808 to April 27 , 1961 , when it achieved independence from Britain as Milton Margai became the country 's first Prime Minister . Milton Margai 's political party , the Sierra Leone People 's Party ( SLPP ) , under the leadership of Albert Margai , narrowly lost the 1967 Sierra Leone parliamentary elections to the main opposition party , the All People 's Congress ( APC ) , led by Siaka Stevens . Stevens , a political strongman , ruled Sierra Leone from 1967 to 1985 when he retired from politics due to poor health . On 19 April 1971 , Stevens ' government abolished Sierra Leone 's parliamentary government system and declared Sierra Leone a presidential republic . From 1978 to 1985 , president Stevens APC party was the only legal political party in Sierra Leone . The current multiparty democratic constitution of Sierra Leone was adopted in 1991 by the government of President Joseph Saidu Momoh , Stevens ' hand picked successor , just as the rebel group Revolutionary United Front , led by former imprisoned Sierra Leone army officer Foday Sankoh , launched a brutal civil war in the country . On 29 April 1992 , a group of Junior soldiers in the Sierra Leone Army led by a 25 year old Captain Valentine Strasser overthrew President Momoh , and Sierra Leone was under Military rule from 1992 to 1996 during the civil war ."}]}, {'value': 'Diminco Mine', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lazare Kaplan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '616', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Kimberley Octahedron', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': 'Dutoitspan Mine', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'De Beers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/De_Beers', 'summary': "De Beers Group is an international corporation that specialises in diamond exploration , diamond mining , diamond retail , diamond trading and industrial diamond manufacturing sectors . The company is currently active in open-pit , large-scale alluvial , coastal and deep sea mining . It operates in 35 countries and mining takes place in Botswana , Namibia , South Africa , Canada and Australia . From its inception in 1888 until the start of the 21st century , De Beers controlled 80% to 85% of rough diamond distribution and was accused of being a monopoly . Competition has since dismantled the complete monopoly , though the De Beers Group still sells approximately 35% of the world 's rough diamond production through its global sightholder and auction sales businesses . The company was founded in 1888 by British businessman Cecil Rhodes , who was financed by the South African diamond magnate Alfred Beit and the London-based N M Rothschild & Sons bank . In 1926 , Ernest Oppenheimer , an immigrant to Britain and later South Africa who had earlier founded mining company Anglo American plc with American financier J.P. Morgan , was elected to the board of De Beers . He built and consolidated the company 's global monopoly over the diamond industry until his death in 1957 . During this time , he was involved in a number of controversies , including price fixing and trust behaviour , and was accused of not releasing industrial diamonds for the U.S. war effort during World War II . In 2011 , Anglo American took control of De Beers after buying the Oppenheimer 's family stake of 40 percent for US $ 5.1 billion ( £3.2 billion ) and increasing its stake to 85 percent , ending the 80-year Oppenheimer control of the company . In 2018 , De Beers became the first diamond company to announce that it would track its diamonds using blockchain technology , though this technology has not yet been rolled out ."}]}, {'value': '603', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lesotho Promise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lesotho_Promise', 'summary': "The Lesotho Promise , a 603 carat ( 121 g ) diamond stone of exceptional colour was unearthed on 22 August 2006 at the Letseng diamond mine in the mountain kingdom of Lesotho . Announced on 4 October 2006 , it was the largest reported find this century and the 15th largest diamond ever found . The stone is rated 'D ' , the top colour band for diamonds . The diamond was sold at an auction on 9 October 2006 in Antwerp , Belgium , for US $ 12.4 million . The buyer , The South African Diamond Corporation ( SAFDICO ) , expected to sell the diamond for more than US $ 20 million after cutting . In July 2007 the finished stones were unveiled . The largest gem cut from the crystal is a 75 carats ( 15.0 g ) pear-shaped diamond , and the smallest is a 0.55 carats ( 0.110 g ) round brilliant . In all , twenty-six stones were fashioned from the rough gem , figuring as seven pear shapes , four emerald cuts , thirteen round brilliants and one heart shape . The finished gems total 224 carats ( 44.8 g ) . The Lesotho Brown ( usually simply called the Lesotho ) at 601 carats ( 120 g ) was the largest diamond previously found at the mine ."}]}, {'value': 'Lesotho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lesotho', 'summary': "Lesotho ( /ləˈsuːtuː/ ( listen ) , Sotho pronunciation : [ lɪˈsʊːtʰʊ ] ) , officially the Kingdom of Lesotho ( Sotho : 'Muso oa Lesotho ) , is an enclaved country within the border of South Africa . Along with the Vatican City and San Marino , it is one of only three independent states completely surrounded by the territory of another country , and the only one outside of the Italian peninsula . Lesotho is just over 30,000 km2 ( 11,583 sq mi ) in size and has a population of around 2 million . Its capital and largest city is Maseru . Lesotho was previously the British Crown Colony of Basutoland , but it declared independence from the United Kingdom on 4 October 1966 . It is now a fully sovereign state that is a member of the United Nations , the Commonwealth of Nations , and the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) . The name Lesotho roughly translates to the land of the brown-skinned people ."}]}, {'value': 'Letseng Mine', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Graff Diamonds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Graff_Diamonds', 'summary': 'Graff is a British multinational jeweller based in London . It was founded by British jeweller Laurence Graff in 1960 . A vertically integrated company , Graff operations comprise the design , manufacture and retail distribution of jewellery and watches .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'This is a partial list of the largest non-synthetic diamonds with a rough stone ( uncut ) weight of over 200 carats ( 40 grams ) . [ 1 ] The list is not intended to be complete – e.g. , the Cullinan ( formerly Premier ) mine alone has produced 135 diamonds larger than 200 carats since mining commenced . [ 2 ] [ citation needed ] . De Beers generally does not publish information relating to large diamond discoveries .', 'uid': 'List_of_largest_rough_diamonds_0', 'intro': 'This is a partial list of the largest non-synthetic diamonds with a rough stone (uncut) weight of over 200 carats (40 grams). The list is not intended to be complete - e.g., the Cullinan (formerly Premier) mine alone has produced 135 diamonds larger than 200 carats since mining commenced. [citation needed]. De Beers generally does not publish information relating to large diamond discoveries.'}	null	null	How many official languages are there in the country that is the location of the discovery of the largest cut and faceted diamond in the world ?	11
078f95fa8c033756	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Union)', 'title': 'List of American Civil War generals (Union)', 'header': ['Name', 'Substantive Rank', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Hackleman , Pleasant Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pleasant_A._Hackleman', 'summary': "Pleasant Adams Hackleman ( November 15 , 1814 - October 3 , 1862 ) was a lawyer , politician and Union general who was killed during the American Civil War . Hackleman was born in Franklin County , in 1814 . He married Sarah Bradburn in 1833 and began his life as a farmer . He studied law and eventually passed the bar and began practicing law . From 1837-1841 he served as probate judge of Rush County , Indiana . In 1840 he became editor of the Rushville Republican until the war . In 1841 he was elected to the Indiana State Legislature and served as a delegate to the National Republican Convention in Chicago which elected Abraham Lincoln as the Republican presidential candidate . On May 20 , 1861 , when the Civil War began , Indiana Governor Oliver P. Morton appointed Hackleman colonel of the 16th Indiana Volunteer Infantry of one-year volunteers . Hackleman and the 16th Indiana were sent to the Eastern Theater where they were engaged at the Battle of Ball 's Bluff . On April 28 , 1862 he was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers and ordered to report to Ulysses S. Grant in the Western Theater . Hackleman was assigned to command the 1st Brigade in the 2nd Division of the Army of the Tennessee . The 2nd Division , led by Thomas A. Davies , was temporarily attached to William S. Rosecrans ' Army of the Mississippi stationed around Corinth , Mississippi ."}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( April 20 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KIA , Battle of Corinth ( October 3 , 1862 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Corinth_I', 'summary': "The siege of Corinth ( also known as the first Battle of Corinth ) was an American Civil War engagement lasting from April 29 to May 30 , 1862 , in Corinth , Mississippi . A collection of Union forces under the overall command of Major General Henry Halleck engaged in a month-long siege of the city , whose Confederate occupants were commanded by General P.G.T . Beauregard . The siege resulted in the capture of the town by Federal forces . The town was a strategic point at the junction of two vital railroad lines , the Mobile and Ohio Railroad and the Memphis and Charleston Railroad . Former Confederate Secretary of War LeRoy Pope Walker called this intersection the vertebrae of the Confederacy . General Halleck argued : Richmond and Corinth are now the great strategic points of the war , and our success at these points should be insured at all hazards . Another reason for the town 's importance was that , if captured by Union forces , it would threaten the security of Chattanooga and render Southern control of the track west of that East Tennessee bastion meaningless . The siege ended when the outnumbered Confederates withdrew on May 29 . This effectively cut off the prospect of further Confederate attempts to regain western Tennessee . The Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant took control and made it the base for Grant 's operations to seize control of the Mississippi River Valley , and especially the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg , Mississippi . Grant later within his memoirs would recall the importance Corinth held in the cause to a Union victory in the region : Corinth was a valuable strategic point for the enemy to hold , and consequently a valuable one for us to possess ourselves of ."}]}, {'value': 'Halleck , Henry Wager', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Wager_Halleck', 'summary': "Henry Wager Halleck ( January 16 , 1815 - January 9 , 1872 ) was a United States Army officer , scholar , and lawyer . A noted expert in military studies , he was known by a nickname that became derogatory : Old Brains . He was an important participant in the admission of California as a state and became a successful lawyer and land developer . Halleck served as General-in-Chief of all Union armies during the American Civil War . Early in the Civil War , Halleck was a senior Union Army commander in the Western Theater . He commanded operations in the Western Theater from 1861 until 1862 , during which time , while the Union armies in the east were defeated and held back , the troops under Halleck 's command won many important victories . However , Halleck was not present at the battles , and his subordinates earned most of the recognition . The only operation in which Halleck exercised field command was the Siege of Corinth in the spring of 1862 , a Union victory which he conducted with extreme caution . Halleck also developed rivalries with many of his subordinate generals , such as Ulysses S. Grant and Don Carlos Buell . In July 1862 , following Major General George B. McClellan 's failed Peninsula Campaign in the Eastern Theater , Halleck was promoted to general-in-chief of all U.S. armies . Halleck served in this capacity for about a year and a half . Halleck was a cautious general who believed strongly in thorough preparations for battle and in the value of defensive fortifications over quick , aggressive action ."}]}, {'value': 'Major general , USA ( August 19 , 1861 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1839 General-in-Chief , U.S. Army ( July 23 , 1862 - March 12 , 1864 ) Chief of staff , U.S. Army ( March 12 , 1864-May , 1865 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army', 'summary': 'Prior to the institution of the Chief of Staff of the Army in 1903 , there was generally recognized to be a single senior-most officer in the United States Army ( and its predecessor the Continental Army ) , even though there was not a statutory office as such . During the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) , the title was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army . In 1783 , the title was simplified to Senior Officer of the United States Army . In 1821 , the title was changed to Commanding General of the United States Army . The office was often referred to by various other titles , such as Major General Commanding the Army or General-in-Chief . From 1789 until its abolition in 1903 , the position of Commanding General was legally subordinate to the Secretary of War . The position was abolished with the creation of the statutory Chief of Staff of the Army in 1903 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chief_of_staff_(military)', 'summary': "The title chief of staff ( or head of staff ) identifies the leader of a complex organization such as the Armed Forces , institution , or body of persons and it also may identify a principal staff officer ( PSO ) , who is the coordinator of the supporting staff or a primary aide-de-camp to an important individual , such as a president , or a senior military officer , or leader of a large organization . In general , a chief of staff provides a buffer between a chief executive and that executive 's direct-reporting team . The chief of staff generally works behind the scenes to solve problems , mediate disputes , and deal with issues before they are brought to the chief executive . Often chiefs of staff act as a confidante and advisor to the chief executive , acting as a sounding board for ideas . Ultimately the actual duties depend on the position and the people involved ."}]}, {'value': 'Hamblin , Joseph Eldridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Eldridge_Hamblin', 'summary': 'Joseph Eldridge Hamblin ( January 13 , 1828 - July 3 , 1870 ) was an American officer during the Civil War , who led a regiment and then a brigade in the Army of the Potomac .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( May 19 , 1865 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamilton , Andrew J', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_J._Hamilton', 'summary': 'Andrew Jackson Hamilton ( January 28 , 1815 - April 11 , 1875 ) was a United States politician during the third quarter of the 19th century . He was a lawyer , state representative , military governor of Texas , as well as the 11th Governor of Texas during Reconstruction .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( September 18 , 1863 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appointment as brigadier general ( November 14 , 1862 ) never ratified Reconstruction Governor of Texas ( June , 1865-August , 1866 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reconstruction_Era_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "The Reconstruction era was the period in American history which lasted from 1863 to 1877 . It was a significant chapter in the history of American civil rights . The term has two applications : the first applies to the complete history of the entire country from 1865 to 1877 following the American Civil War ; the second , to the attempted transformation of the 11 former Confederate states from 1863 to 1877 , as directed by Congress , and the role of the Union states in that transformation . Reconstruction ended the remnants of Confederate secession and abolished slavery , making the newly freed slaves citizens with civil rights ostensibly guaranteed by three new constitutional amendments . Three visions of Civil War memory appeared during Reconstruction : the reconciliationist vision , which was rooted in coping with the death and devastation the war had brought ; the white supremacist vision , which included segregation and the preservation of the traditional cultural standards of the South ; and the emancipationist vision , which sought full freedom , citizenship , and constitutional equality for African Americans . When President Abraham Lincoln , a Republican , was assassinated at the end of the Civil War , Vice President Andrew Johnson , a Democrat from Tennessee and former slave holder , became president . Johnson favored rapid measures to bring the South back into the Union , allowing the Southern states to determine the rights of former slaves . Radical Republicans in Congress sought stronger , federal measures to upgrade the rights of African Americans , including the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , while curtailing the rights of former Confederates , such as through the provisions of the Wade-Davis Bill . Johnson , the most prominent Southerner to oppose the Confederacy , followed a lenient policy toward ex-Confederates . Lincoln 's last speeches show that he was leaning toward supporting the suffrage of all freedmen , whereas Johnson and the Democratic Party were strongly opposed to this . Johnson 's weak Reconstruction policies prevailed until the congressional elections of 1866 . Those elections followed outbreaks of violence against blacks in the former rebel states , including the Memphis riots of 1866 and the New Orleans massacre of 1866 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Texas', 'summary': "The governor of Texas is the head of the executive branch of Texas 's government and the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The governor has the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Texas Legislature , and to convene the legislature . The governor may grant pardons in cases other than impeachment ( but only when recommended by the Board of Pardons and Paroles ) or in the case of treason , with permission by the legislature . The current governor is Greg Abbott ."}]}, {'value': 'Hamilton , Charles Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Smith_Hamilton', 'summary': 'Charles Smith Hamilton ( November 16 , 1822 - April 17 , 1891 ) was a career United States Army officer who fought with distinction during the Mexican-American War . He also served as a Union Army general during the early part of the American Civil War . After the war Hamilton entered law enforcement and engaged in manufacturing .'}]}, {'value': 'Major general , USV ( September 19 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1843 Resigned , April 13 , 1863', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamilton , Schuyler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schuyler_Hamilton', 'summary': 'Schuyler Hamilton ( July 22 , 1822 - March 18 , 1903 ) was an American soldier , farmer , engineer , and a grandson of Alexander Hamilton .'}]}, {'value': 'Colonel , USA Brigadier general , USV ( November 12 , 1861 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1841 Grandson of Alexander Hamilton Brother-in-law of Henry W. Halleck ; later brother-in-law to George Washington Cullum Nominated major general , USV ( September 17 , 1862 ) , never confirmed due to illness Resigned February 27 , 1863', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton', 'summary': "Alexander Hamilton ( January 11 , 1755 or 1757 - July 12 , 1804 ) was an American statesman , politician , legal scholar , military commander , lawyer , banker , and economist . He was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States . He was an influential interpreter and promoter of the U.S. Constitution , as well as the founder of the nation 's financial system , the Federalist Party , the United States Coast Guard , and the New York Post newspaper . As the first Secretary of the Treasury , Hamilton was the main author of the economic policies of George Washington 's administration . He took the lead in the Federal government 's funding of the states ' debts , as well as establishing a national bank , a system of tariffs , and friendly trade relations with Britain . His vision included a strong central government led by a vigorous executive branch , a strong commercial economy , a national bank and support for manufacturing , and a strong military . Hamilton was born out of wedlock in Charlestown , Nevis . He was orphaned as a child and taken in by a prosperous merchant . When he reached his teens , he was sent to New York to pursue his education . He took an early role in the militia as the American Revolutionary War began . In 1777 , he became a senior aide to General Washington in running the new Continental Army . After the war , he was elected as a representative from New York to the Congress of the Confederation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Henry_Wager_Halleck', 'summary': "Henry Wager Halleck ( January 16 , 1815 - January 9 , 1872 ) was a United States Army officer , scholar , and lawyer . A noted expert in military studies , he was known by a nickname that became derogatory : Old Brains . He was an important participant in the admission of California as a state and became a successful lawyer and land developer . Halleck served as General-in-Chief of all Union armies during the American Civil War . Early in the Civil War , Halleck was a senior Union Army commander in the Western Theater . He commanded operations in the Western Theater from 1861 until 1862 , during which time , while the Union armies in the east were defeated and held back , the troops under Halleck 's command won many important victories . However , Halleck was not present at the battles , and his subordinates earned most of the recognition . The only operation in which Halleck exercised field command was the Siege of Corinth in the spring of 1862 , a Union victory which he conducted with extreme caution . Halleck also developed rivalries with many of his subordinate generals , such as Ulysses S. Grant and Don Carlos Buell . In July 1862 , following Major General George B. McClellan 's failed Peninsula Campaign in the Eastern Theater , Halleck was promoted to general-in-chief of all U.S. armies . Halleck served in this capacity for about a year and a half . Halleck was a cautious general who believed strongly in thorough preparations for battle and in the value of defensive fortifications over quick , aggressive action ."}, {'url': '/wiki/George_Washington_Cullum', 'summary': 'George Washington Cullum ( 25 February 1809 - 28 February 1892 ) was an American soldier , engineer and writer . He worked as the supervising engineer on the building and repair of many fortifications across the country . Cullum served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War , primarily in the Western Theater and served as the 16th Superintendent of the United States Military Academy . Following his retirement from the Army , he became a prominent figure in New York society , serving in many societies , and as vice president of the American Geographical Society . The society named the Cullum Geographical Medal after him .'}]}, {'value': 'Hamlin , Cyrus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyrus_Hamlin_(general)', 'summary': 'Cyrus Hamlin ( April 26 , 1839 - August 28 , 1867 ) was an attorney , politician , and a general from Bangor , Maine , who served in the Union Army during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'Colonel , USA ( February 12 , 1863 ) Brigadier general , USV ( December 13 , 1864 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Son of Vice President Hannibal Hamlin Brother of Charles Hamlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "The vice president of the United States is the second-highest officer in the executive branch of the U.S. federal government , after the president of the United States , and ranks first in the presidential line of succession . The vice president is also an officer in the legislative branch , as president of the Senate . In this capacity , the vice president is empowered to preside over Senate deliberations , but may not vote except to cast a tie-breaking vote . The vice president also presides over joint sessions of Congress . The vice president is indirectly elected together with the president to a four-year term of office by the people of the United States through the Electoral College . Section 2 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment , ratified in 1967 , created a mechanism for intra-term vice presidential succession , establishing that vice presidential vacancies will be filled by the president and confirmed by both houses of Congress . Prior to 1967 , in the event a vice president succeeded to the presidency , died , or resigned from office , the vice presidency remained vacant until the next presidential and vice presidential terms began . The vice president is also a statutory member of the National Security Council , and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution . The Office of the Vice President assists and organises the vice president 's official functions . The role of the vice presidency has changed dramatically since the office was created during the 1787 constitutional Convention . Especially over the past 100 years , the vice presidency has evolved into a position of domestic and foreign policy political power , and is now widely seen as an integral part of a president 's administration . As the vice president 's role within the executive branch has expanded , his role within the legislative branch has contracted ; for example , he presides over the Senate only infrequently ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin', 'summary': "Hannibal Hamlin ( August 27 , 1809 - July 4 , 1891 ) was an American attorney and politician from the state of Maine . In a public service career that spanned over 50 years , he served as the 15th vice president of the United States . The first Republican to hold the office , Hamlin served from 1861 to 1865 . He is considered among the most influential politicians to have come from Maine . A native of Paris , Maine ( part of Massachusetts until 1820 ) , Hamlin managed his father 's farm before becoming a newspaper editor . He studied law , was admitted to the bar in 1833 , and began to practice in Hampden , Maine . Originally a Democrat , Hamlin began his political career with election to the Maine House of Representatives in 1835 and an appointment to the military staff of the Governor of Maine . As an officer in the militia , he took part in the 1839 negotiations that helped end the Aroostook War . In the 1840s Hamlin was elected and served in the United States House of Representatives . In 1848 the state house elected him to the United States Senate , where he served until January 1857 . He served temporarily as governor for six weeks in the beginning of 1857 , after which he returned to the Senate . Hamlin was an active opponent of slavery ; he supported the Wilmot Proviso and opposed the Compromise Measures of 1850 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Charles_Hamlin_(general)', 'summary': 'Charles Hamlin ( September 13 , 1837 - May 15 , 1911 ) , from Bangor , Maine , was an attorney and a Union Army officer during the American Civil War , attaining the rank of major . He was nominated for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers by President Andrew Johnson on January 13 , 1866 , to rank from March 13 , 1865 , and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12 , 1866 . He was one of the sons of Vice President Hannibal Hamlin and a brother to Cyrus Hamlin , a Union Army brigadier general .'}]}, {'value': 'Hammond , William Alexander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Alexander_Hammond', 'summary': 'William Alexander Hammond ( 28 August 1828 - 5 January 1900 ) was an American military physician and neurologist . During the American Civil War he was the eleventh Surgeon General of the United States Army ( 1862-1864 ) and the founder of the Army Medical Museum ( now the National Museum of Health and Medicine ) . He was the first American physician to devote himself entirely to neurology , the author of the first American treatise about neurology , and one of the founders of the American Neurological Association .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USA ( April 25 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Surgeon General ( 1862-1864 ) Dismissed from service , August 18 , 1864', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States_Army', 'summary': "The Surgeon General of the United States Army is the senior-most officer of the U.S. Army Medical Department ( AMEDD ) . By policy , the Surgeon General ( TSG ) serves as Commanding General , U.S. Army Medical Command ( MEDCOM ) as well as head of the AMEDD . The surgeon general 's office and staff are known as the Office of the Surgeon General ( OTSG ) and are located in Falls Church , Virginia . Since 1959 , TSG has been appointed in the grade of lieutenant general . By law , TSG may be appointed from any of the six officer branches of the AMEDD . However , prior to the 43rd Surgeon General , Lt. Gen. Patricia Horoho - an Army Nurse Corps officer - all appointed and confirmed surgeons general have been Medical Corps officers - military physicians . The incumbent Surgeon General is medical administrator Lieutenant General R. Scott Dingle , a Medical Service Corps officer . The 44th Army Surgeon LTG Nadja West retired on July 19 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Hancock , Winfield Scott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock', 'summary': "Winfield Scott Hancock ( February 14 , 1824 - February 9 , 1886 ) was a United States Army officer and the Democratic nominee for President of the United States in 1880 . He served with distinction in the Army for four decades , including service in the Mexican-American War and as a Union general in the American Civil War . Known to his Army colleagues as Hancock the Superb , he was noted in particular for his personal leadership at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863 . His military service continued after the Civil War , as Hancock participated in the military Reconstruction of the South and the Army 's presence at the Western frontier . Hancock 's reputation as a war hero at Gettysburg , combined with his status as a Unionist and supporter of states ' rights , made him a potential presidential candidate . When the Democrats nominated him for President in 1880 , he ran a strong campaign , but was narrowly defeated by Republican James A. Garfield . Hancock 's last public service involved the oversight of General Ulysses S. Grant 's funeral procession in 1885 ."}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USA ( August 12 , 1864 ) Major general , USV ( November 29 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1844 Received the Thanks of Congress ( April 21 , 1866 ) Commander-in-chief , MOLLUS ( 1879-1886 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thanks_of_Congress', 'summary': "The Thanks of Congress is a series of formal resolutions passed by the United States Congress originally to extend the government 's formal thanks for significant victories or impressive actions by American military commanders and their troops . Although it began during the American Revolutionary War , the practice peaked during the American Civil War . Similarly , the Confederate Congress also passed resolutions honoring extraordinary performance to individuals or military units ."}]}, {'value': 'Hardie , James Allen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Allen_Hardie', 'summary': 'James Allen Hardie ( May 5 , 1823 - December 14 , 1876 ) was an American soldier , serving in a number of important administrative positions in the Union Army during the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'Colonel , USA ( March , 1864 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1843 Appointed brigadier general , USV ( November 29 , 1862 ) , appointment revoked January 22 , 1863', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hardin , Martin Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Davis_Hardin', 'summary': 'Martin Davis Hardin ( June 26 , 1837 - December 12 , 1923 ) was a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War . He was appointed a brigadier general on July 6 , 1864 , to rank from July 2 , 1864 , the date of U.S. Senate confirmation of his promotion .'}]}, {'value': 'Major , USA Brigadier general , USV ( July 2 , 1864 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1859', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harding , Abner Clark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abner_Clark_Harding', 'summary': 'Abner Clark Harding ( February 10 , 1807 - July 19 , 1874 ) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( March 13 , 1863 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Resigned June , 1863 U.S . Congressman from Illinois ( 1865-1869 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}]}, {'value': 'Harker , Charles Garrison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Garrison_Harker', 'summary': 'Charles Garrison Harker ( December 2 , 1837 - June 27 , 1864 ) was a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War . He was killed in action at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain in northern Georgia during the Atlanta Campaign . Fort Harker in Kansas , an active garrison of the United States Army from 1866 to 1872 , was named in his honor .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( April 10 , 1864 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1858 KIA , Battle of Kennesaw Mountain ( June 26 , 1864 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Kennesaw_Mountain', 'summary': "The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain was fought on June 27 , 1864 , during the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War . It was the most significant frontal assault launched by Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman against the Confederate Army of Tennessee under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston , ending in a tactical defeat for the Union forces . Strategically , however , the battle failed to deliver the result that the Confederacy desperately needed - namely a halt to Sherman 's advance on Atlanta . Sherman 's 1864 campaign against Atlanta , Georgia , was initially characterized by a series of flanking maneuvers against Johnston , each of which compelled the Confederate army to withdraw from heavily fortified positions with minimal casualties on either side . After two months and 70 miles ( 110 km ) of such maneuvering , Sherman 's path was blocked by imposing fortifications on Kennesaw Mountain , near Marietta , Georgia , and the Union general chose to change his tactics and ordered a large-scale frontal assault on June 27 , 1864 . Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson feinted against the northern end of Kennesaw Mountain , while his corps under Maj. Gen. John A. Logan assaulted Pigeon Hill on its southwest corner . At the same time , Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas launched strong attacks against Cheatham Hill at the center of the Confederate line . Both attacks were repulsed with heavy losses , but a demonstration by Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield achieved a strategic success by threatening the Confederate army 's left flank , prompting yet another Confederate withdrawal toward Atlanta and the removal of General Johnston from command of the army ."}]}, {'value': 'Harland , Edward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Harland_(general)', 'summary': 'Edward Harland ( June 24 , 1832 - March 9 , 1915 ) was a Union general during the American Civil War . He was associated with early battles of the IX Corps as well as Union involvement in North Carolina and the Tidewater region of Virginia .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( November 29 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harney , William Selby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_S._Harney', 'summary': 'William Selby Harney ( August 22 , 1800 - May 9 , 1889 ) was a Tennessee-born cavalry officer in the U.S. Army , who became known ( and controversial ) during the Indian Wars and the Mexican-American War . One of four general officers in the U.S. Army at the beginning of the Civil War , he was removed from overseeing the Department of the West due to his Confederate sympathies early in the war ( although he did keep Missouri from joining the Confederacy ) . Under President Andrew Johnson , he served with on the Indian Peace Commission , negotiating several treaties , before spending his retirement partly in St. Louis and partly trading reminiscences with Jefferson Davis in Mississippi .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USA ( June 14 , 1858 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harris , Thomas Maley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Maley_Harris', 'summary': 'Thomas Maley Harris ( 1817-1906 ) was a physician and Union general during the American Civil War . Born and raised in Harrisville , Virginia ( now part of West Virginia ) , Harris originally set out to be a teacher , but changed career paths to study medicine . He received his medical degree from Louisville Medical College in 1843 and returned to Virginia to practice medicine until 1861 , when he closed his practice when the Civil War began .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( March 29 , 1865 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commissioner on Lincoln assassination trial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_assassination', 'summary': "Abraham Lincoln , the 16th President of the United States , was assassinated by well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth on April 14 , 1865 , while attending the play Our American Cousin at Ford 's Theatre in Washington , D.C . Shot in the head as he watched the play , Lincoln died the following day at 7:22 am , in the Petersen House opposite the theater . He was the first U.S. president to be assassinated , with his funeral and burial marking an extended period of national mourning . Occurring near the end of the American Civil War , the assassination was part of a larger conspiracy intended by Booth to revive the Confederate cause by eliminating the three most important officials of the United States government . Conspirators Lewis Powell and David Herold were assigned to kill Secretary of State William H. Seward , and George Atzerodt was tasked with killing Vice President Andrew Johnson . Beyond Lincoln 's death , the plot failed : Seward was only wounded and Johnson 's would-be attacker lost his nerve . After a dramatic initial escape , Booth was killed at the climax of a 12-day manhunt . Powell , Herold , Atzerodt and Mary Surratt were later hanged for their roles in the conspiracy ."}]}, {'value': 'Harrison , Benjamin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison', 'summary': "Benjamin Harrison ( August 20 , 1833 - March 13 , 1901 ) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 23rd president of the United States from 1889 to 1893 . He was a grandson of the ninth president , William Henry Harrison , creating the only grandfather-grandson duo to have held the office . He was also a great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison V , a founding father who signed the United States Declaration of Independence . Harrison was born on a farm by the Ohio River and studied law at the University of Cincinnati . After moving to Indianapolis , Harrison established himself as a prominent local attorney , Presbyterian church leader , and politician in Indiana . During the American Civil War , he served in the Union Army as a colonel , and was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as a brevet brigadier general of volunteers in 1865 . Harrison unsuccessfully ran for governor of Indiana in 1876 . The Indiana General Assembly elected Harrison to a six-year term in the U.S. Senate , where he served from 1881 to 1887 . A Republican , Harrison was elected to the presidency in 1888 , defeating the Democratic incumbent , Grover Cleveland . Hallmarks of Harrison 's administration included unprecedented economic legislation , including the McKinley Tariff , which imposed historic protective trade rates , and the Sherman Antitrust Act . Harrison also facilitated the creation of the national forest reserves through an amendment to the Land Revision Act of 1891 . During his administration six western states were admitted to the Union ."}]}, {'value': 'Colonel , USV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S . Senator from Indiana ( 1881-1887 ) 23rd President of the United States ( 1889-1893 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana', 'summary': "Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/President_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "The president of the United States ( POTUS ) [ B ] is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces . In contemporary times , the president is looked upon as one of the world 's most powerful political figures as the leader of the only remaining global superpower . The role includes responsibility for the world 's most expensive military , which has the second largest nuclear arsenal . The president also leads the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP . The president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power . Article II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government . It vests the executive power of the United States in the president . The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the Senate . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president directs the foreign and domestic policies of the United States , and takes an active role in promoting his policy priorities to members of Congress . In addition , as part of the system of checks and balances , Article I , Section 7 of the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation ."}]}, {'value': 'Harrow , William', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Harrow', 'summary': 'William Harrow ( November 14 , 1822 - September 27 , 1872 ) was a lawyer in Indiana , United States of America , and a controversial Union general in the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( November 29 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Relieved , September 1864 Resigned , April 7 , 1865', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hartranft , John F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_F._Hartranft', 'summary': 'John Frederick Hartranft ( December 16 , 1830 - October 17 , 1889 ) was the United States military officer who read the death warrant to the individuals who were executed on July 7 , 1865 for conspiring to assassinate American President Abraham Lincoln . Previously having achieved the rank of major general of the Union Army during the American Civil War , he had also been awarded the U.S. Medal of Honor for his actions in the First Battle of Bull Run . Post-war , he served as the 17th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1873 to 1879 .'}]}, {'value': 'Brigadier general , USV ( May 12 , 1864 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MOH , First Battle of Bull Run Provost Marshal , Lincoln Assassination trial Commander-in-chief , GAR ( 1875-1877 ) Governor of Pennsylvania ( 1873-1879 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run', 'summary': "The First Battle of Bull Run ( the name used by Union forces ) , also known as the First Battle of Manassas ( the name used by Confederate forces ) , was the first major battle of the American Civil War and was a Confederate victory . The battle was fought on July 21 , 1861 in Prince William County , Virginia , just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west-southwest of Washington , D.C . The Union 's forces were slow in positioning themselves , allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail . Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle . It was a Confederate victory , followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces . Just months after the start of the war at Fort Sumter , the Northern public clamored for a march against the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia , which was expected to bring an early end to the Confederacy . Yielding to political pressure , Brig . Gen. Irvin McDowell led his unseasoned Union Army across Bull Run against the equally inexperienced Confederate Army of Brig . Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard camped near Manassas Junction . McDowell 's ambitious plan for a surprise flank attack on the Confederate left was poorly executed ; nevertheless , the Confederates , who had been planning to attack the Union left flank , found themselves at an initial disadvantage . Confederate reinforcements under Brig . Gen. Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the Shenandoah Valley by railroad , and the course of the battle quickly changed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Provost_Marshal', 'summary': 'Provost marshal is a title given to a person in charge of a group of military police ( MP ) . The title originated with an older term for military police , provosts . While a provost marshal is now usually a senior commissioned officer , he/she may be a person of any rank , who commands any number of MPs ; historically , the title was sometimes applied to civilian officials , especially under conditions of martial law , or when a military force had day-to-day responsibility for some or all aspects of civilian law enforcement ( such as some British colonies ) . A provost marshal may also oversee security services , imprisonment , fire/emergency services and ambulances .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "The Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is the head of the executive branch of Pennsylvania 's state government and serves as the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The governor has a duty to enforce state laws , and the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Pennsylvania Legislature and to convene the legislature . The governor may grant pardons except in cases of impeachment , but only when recommended by the Board of Pardons . There have been seven presidents and 46 governors of Pennsylvania , with two governors serving non-consecutive terms , totaling 55 terms in both offices . The longest term was that of the first governor , Thomas Mifflin , who served three full terms as governor in addition to two years as president . The shortest term belonged to John Bell , who served only 19 days as acting governor after his predecessor , Edward Martin resigned . The current governor is Democrat Tom Wolf , whose term began on January 20 , 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Hartsuff , George Lucas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_L._Hartsuff', 'summary': 'George Lucas Hartsuff ( May 28 , 1830 - May 16 , 1874 ) was an American soldier , born at Tyre , New York . He graduated at West Point in 1852 , graduating 19th out of 43 in his class . He served on the frontier and in Florida , where , during a fight with the Seminole Indians near Fort Myers in December 1855 , he received a wound which eventually caused his death . Hartsuff survived the wreck of the steamer Lady Elgin on Lake Michigan on September 8 , 1860 . On March 22 , 1861 , Hartsuff was appointed assistant adjutant general with the brevet rank of captain and was assigned to duty under Rosecrans in West Virginia . He held under staff positions , eventually serving briefly as chief of staff of the Mountain Department . Hartsuff became a brigadier general on April 15 , 1862 . He served in third corps Army of Virginia and then in the Army of the Potomac . Hartsuff was severely wounded in the hip at Antietam while leading a brigade in second division I Corps . Immediately after the battle he was made a brevet colonel in the regular army for gallant and meritorious services . Hartsuff was promoted to the rank of major general on November 29 , 1863 . Returning to active duty , he commanded XXIII Corps in the Army of the Ohio from May 28 , 1863 to September 24 , of the same year .'}]}, {'value': 'Lieutenant colonel , USA Major general , USV ( November 19 , 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USMA , 1852', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Union generals -- H', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_American_Civil_War_Generals_(Union)_7', 'intro': 'The following lists show the names, substantive ranks, and brevet ranks (if applicable) of all general officers who served in the United States Army during the Civil War, in addition to a small selection of lower-ranked officers who received brevets as general officers; while some 1,600 officers received or were nominated for brevets as general officers in the course of the war (or immediately following it for service during the war), only a small selection is listed here; only those who were killed in action, served as department heads within the army, had revoked or incomplete appointments or became U.S. President are listed here. In addition to their names and ranks, there is a small set of notes after every entry listing Medal of Honor or Thanks of Congress citations, West Point graduation dates, important political or Army offices held, retirements or deaths during the war (whether in action or other means), notable relations, rejections or expiration of appointments, or unique facts pertaining to this article (i.e. youngest general, last surviving general, etc. ); for all other information on their lives and accomplishments, please refer to their individual entries. If available, ranks are followed by the to rank from dates (i.e. the date on which the commission is effective) rather than the date of appointment or confirmation, which were generally months if not years later; this is particularly true in the case of brevets, most of which were granted after the war between 1866 and 1869. Note on abbreviations:'}	null	null	How many officer branches of the AMEDD may a position be appointed from which the position is notable for a General who was the founder of the Army Medical Museum ?	six
07917f03be0da3f9	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_in_the_Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest', 'title': 'Russia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest', 'header': ['Year', 'Artist', 'Song', 'Language', 'Place', 'Points'], 'data': [{'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2005', 'summary': "The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005 was the third edition of the annual Junior Eurovision Song Contest for young singers aged 8 to 15 . On 26 November 2005 , the contest was broadcast live from the Ethias Arena in Hasselt , Belgium , in a joint effort by the national broadcasters Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroep ( VRT ) and Radio télévision belge de la communauté française ( RTBF ) , in co-operation with the European Broadcasting Union . Marcel Vanthilt and Maureen Louys hosted the event . The show was not only broadcast live in the competing countries , it was also available on satellite worldwide and the Australian television channel SBS who acquired the rights to broadcast the show one month later . The theme of the show was Let 's Get Loud , standing for the new generation on the stage . The show was watched by 8,500 people in the arena , including the Belgian Prince Laurent and 20-25 million people around Europe . Belarus was the winner of this edition , with 10-year-old Ksenia Sitnik singing her song My vmeste . Last year 's winner Spain finished in second place , with 2004 hosts Norway coming third ."}]}, {'value': 'Vladislav Krutskikh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doroga k solntsu ( Дорога к солнцу )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russian_language', 'summary': 'Russian ( русский язык , tr . rússky yazýk ) is an East Slavic language , which is an official language in Russia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan , as well as being widely used throughout Eastern Europe , the Baltic states , the Caucasus and Central Asia . It was the de facto language of the Soviet Union until its dissolution on 25 December 1991 . Although nearly three decades have passed since the breakup of the Soviet Union , Russian is used in official capacity or in public life in all the post-Soviet nation-states , as well as in Israel and Mongolia . Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages , one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages , and part of the larger Balto-Slavic branch . Written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century onward . Russian is the largest native language in Europe and the most geographically widespread language in Eurasia . It is the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages , with 144 million speakers in Russia , Ukraine and Belarus . Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers and the seventh by total number of speakers . The language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations . Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet , after English . Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without , the so-called soft and hard sounds .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2006', 'summary': "The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006 was the fourth edition of the annual Junior Eurovision Song Contest for young singers aged 8 to 15 . On 2 December 2006 , the contest was broadcast live from Bucharest , Romania making it the second time the contest had been held in a capital city . It was organised by the Romanian national broadcaster , Romanian Television ( TVR ) , in co-operation with the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) . The show was broadcast live in the competing countries , as well as Andorra , Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Australian television channel Special Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) that acquired the rights for broadcasting the show , which was broadcast on 1 January 2007 . This was Serbia 's first Eurovision event as an Independent nation . The contest was won by The Tolmachevy Twins from Russia with the song Vesenniy Jazz ."}]}, {'value': 'Tolmachevy Twins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tolmachevy_Sisters', 'summary': 'Anastasiya and Maria Andreyevna Tolmachevy ( Анастасия и Мария Андреевна Толмачёвы , born 14 January 1997 ) are identical twin singers , actresses , and former child singers from the Russian city of Kursk . Aged nine , they won the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in Bucharest , Romania , with their song Vesenniy Jazz ( Literal : Spring Jazz , Cyrillic : Весенний Джаз ) . Eight years later , they represented Russia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 , placing seventh with the song Shine . The twins released an album called Polovinki in 2007 , and have appeared in a made-for-TV movie in Russia .'}]}, {'value': 'Vesenniy jazz ( Весенний джаз )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russian', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '154', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2007', 'summary': "The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007 was the fifth edition of the annual Junior Eurovision Song Contest . It was held in the Ahoy indoor sporting arena in Rotterdam , the Netherlands on 8 December . The host country was chosen by the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) on 13 July 2006 . The host city was announced on 11 September 2006 . AVRO won the rights to host the show over Hrvatska radiotelevizija ( HRT ) of Croatia ( who did n't actually participate in this contest ) and the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation ( CyBC ) of Cyprus . The budget for the contest was stated to be more than €2,000,000 . Belarus won the Contest by a single point over Armenia . The winning performer was Alexey Zhigalkovich , singing S druz'yami ( With friends ) . This was Belarus ' second win ; they won for the first time in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'Alexandra Golovchenko', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otlichnitsa ( Отличница )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russian', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '105', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2008', 'summary': "The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2008 was the sixth edition of the annual Junior Eurovision Song Contest , which is the world 's largest song contest for children . It was held at the Spyros Kyprianou Athletic Centre in Lemesos , Cyprus and hosted by Alex Michael and Sophia Paraskeva . It was won by the Georgian trio Bzikebi , with the song Bzz . This is the first song to win any Eurovision Song Contest in an imaginary language . Ukraine took 2nd place and Lithuania finished 3rd . Bzikebi also became the first group act to win Junior Eurovision . The theme of the event was Fun in the Sun , despite the fact that there were thunderstorms in Lemesos the day of the contest . The stage , which was designed by George Papadopoulos , was nominated for the prestigious international Live Design Excellence Awards . The design is an abstract composition and consists of a round stage representing the island of Cyprus , real water along the front of the stage , two jetties , the waves breaking and moving away from the island and five sailing boats with oars . For the contest , various changes to the rules were made . One was that adults could assist children to write the songs submitted to their national broadcaster ; previously only children could write the songs , with no assistance from adults . Another change was only six people could be on stage during a performance , instead of eight ."}]}, {'value': 'Mikhail Puntov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikhail_Puntov', 'summary': 'Russia participated in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2008 in Lemesos , Cyprus . The Russian entry was selected through a national final , organised by Russian broadcaster All-Russia State Television and Radio Company ( VGTRK ) . The final was held on 1 June 2008 . Mikhail Puntov and his song Spit angel won the national final , getting 10.81% of votes .'}]}, {'value': 'Spit angel ( Спит ангел )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russian', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '73', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2009', 'summary': "The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009 was the seventh edition of the annual Junior Eurovision Song Contest and took place in Kiev , Ukraine . It was scheduled for 21 November . 13 countries were confirmed by the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) to compete in the Contest . The contest was won by Ralf Mackenbach for the Netherlands with the song Click Clack . At the age of 14 , he is the oldest person to win the Junior Eurovision Song Contest in its seven-year history . He was joined by Italy 's Vincenzo Cantiello who won the 2014 contest also at the age of 14 . Luara Hayrapetyan achieved Armenia another second place . Ekaterina Ryabova also took second place for Russia . Both Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko and President of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko were present during the final ; Tymoshenko was also present and speeched during the opening ceremony on 16 November 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ekaterina Ryabova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekaterina_Ryabova', 'summary': 'Ekaterina Dmitrievna Katya Ryabova ( Russian : Екатерина Дмитриевна Катя Рябова , born 4 August 1997 ) is a Russian singer . She is from Shchyolkovo , but now resides in Yubileyny .'}]}, {'value': 'Malenkiy prints ( Маленький принц )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russian', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '116', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2010', 'summary': 'The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2010 was the eighth edition of the annual Junior Eurovision Song Contest and took place in Minsk , Belarus . It was held on 20 November 2010 . The contest was won by Vladimir Arzumanyan from Armenia with the song Mama . This gave Armenia its first Junior Eurovision victory and its first victory in any Eurovision contest .'}]}, {'value': 'Liza Drozd & Sasha Lazin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boy and Girl', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russian , English', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/English_language', 'summary': 'English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and eventually became a global lingua franca . It is named after the Angles , one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to the area of Great Britain that later took their name , as England . Both names derive from Anglia , a peninsula in the Baltic Sea . The language is closely related to Frisian and Low Saxon , and its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages , particularly Norse ( a North Germanic language ) , and to a greater extent by Latin and French . English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years . The earliest forms of English , a group of West Germanic ( Ingvaeonic ) dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the 5th century , are collectively called Old English . Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England ; this was a period in which the language was influenced by French . Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London , the printing of the King James Bible and the start of the Great Vowel Shift . Modern English has been spreading around the world since the 17th century by the worldwide influence of the British Empire and the United States . Through all types of printed and electronic media of these countries , English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and professional contexts such as science , navigation and law . English is the largest language by number of speakers , and the third most-spoken native language in the world , after Standard Chinese and Spanish . It is the most widely learned second language and is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '119', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2011', 'summary': "The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2011 was the ninth edition of the annual Junior Eurovision Song Contest , and took place in Yerevan , Armenia at the Karen Demirchyan Sports and Concerts Complex . It was the first time in history of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest that the contest was held in the previous year 's winning country . Public Television of Armenia ARMTV was the main organizer of the show , being provided financial aid from the European Broadcasting Union made of entrance fees from the participating broadcasters , while Swedish company HD Resources assisted with the technical side of the production . Thirteen countries participated , with Malta and Serbia withdrawing and Bulgaria returning . The winner was the group Candy from Georgia with the song Candy Music . Netherlands and Belarus finished in second and third place , respectively . This was Georgia 's second victory in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest following a previous victory in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ekaterina Ryabova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekaterina_Ryabova', 'summary': 'Ekaterina Dmitrievna Katya Ryabova ( Russian : Екатерина Дмитриевна Катя Рябова , born 4 August 1997 ) is a Russian singer . She is from Shchyolkovo , but now resides in Yubileyny .'}]}, {'value': 'Romeo and Juliet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russian', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '99', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2012', 'summary': 'The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2012 was the tenth edition of the annual Junior Eurovision Song Contest . It took place at the Heineken Music Hall in Amsterdam , Netherlands on 1 December 2012 . Dutch broadcaster AVRO was the host broadcaster for the event . For the second time the Netherlands hosted the contest , after hosting the contest in 2007 in Rotterdam . The motto for the contest was Break The Ice . The show was hosted by Ewout Genemans and Kim-Lian van der Meij . The show was opened with the song Euphoria from Loreen performed by Rachel . The song Break the Ice by Kim-Lian van der Meij which was specially written for this contest and the 2009 winner Ralf Mackenbach performed also . Twelve countries took part in the contest , making it the smallest number of countries participating in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest history , and equalling the number of countries participated in the 1970 Eurovision Song Contest held at RAI Congrescentrum . Israel , Albania and Azerbaijan made their debuts at the Junior Contest . Whilst nine countries from the previous edition continued their participation in the contest , four countries withdrew : Lithuania , Bulgaria , Latvia and Macedonia . The contest was won by Anastasiya Petryk for Ukraine with the song Nebo .'}]}, {'value': 'Lerika', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lerika', 'summary': 'Valeriya Andreyevna Engalycheva ( Russian : Валерия Андреевна Енгалычева ; born 7 April 1999 ) , known professionally as Lerika ( Russian : Лерика ) , is a Moldovan-Russian singer and songwriter . She represented Moldova in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2011 with the song No-No , and Russia in the 2012 contest with Sensatsiya . This made her the second Junior Eurovision Song Contest entrant to compete twice ( The first being Russia in 2009 and 2011 with Ekaterina Ryabova ) , and the first to represent two different countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Sensation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russian , English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '88', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2013', 'summary': "The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2013 was the 11th edition of the annual Junior Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Kiev , Ukraine on 30 November 2013 . The venue for the contest was announced on 10 April 2013 , as the Palace Ukraine . Ukrainian broadcaster National Television Company of Ukraine ( NTU ) was the host broadcaster for the event . It was the second time the contest was held in Kiev , the first being the 2009 contest . It was also the second time in the history of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest that the event took place in last year 's winning country , as well as the first time that the event was held in the same city twice . A total of twelve countries participated , with Macedonia and Malta making a return , and Albania , Belgium and Israel choosing to withdraw . San Marino made their debut in the contest . Cyprus was originally the thirteenth country to take part but pulled out the last minute . On the evening of the contest Ruslana withdrew from appearing in the contest because of the violence shown by the Ukrainian authorities against those who were peacefully protesting in the country 's capital . Gaia Cauchi representing Malta won the contest with the song The Start . This was Malta 's first Junior Eurovision victory as well as their first victory in any Eurovision Contest ."}]}, {'value': 'Dayana Kirillova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dayana_Kirillova', 'summary': "Dayana Jurjevna Kirillova ( Russian : Дая́на Юрьевна Кири́ллова , IPA : [ dɐˈjanə kʲɪˈrʲiləvə ] ; born 16 April 2002 ) is a Russian singer . She is a multiple laureate of Russian and international song contests , the Russian representative at the 2013 Slavianski Bazaar ( children 's competition ) , and the Russian representative at the 2013 Junior Eurovision which took place on 30 November in Kiev ."}]}, {'value': 'Dream On', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russian', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '106', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2014', 'summary': "The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014 was the 12th edition of the annual Junior Eurovision Song Contest , and took place , for the first time , in Malta . This was the third time that the contest was hosted by the previous year 's winning country . Maltese national broadcaster PBS was the host broadcaster for the event . The final took place on 15 November 2014 and was in the Malta Shipbuilding in Marsa , near Valletta . Moira Delia , a Maltese television personality , hosted the show , marking the first time in Junior Eurovision history that there was only one presenter of the show . A total of sixteen countries participated , with Italy , Montenegro and Slovenia making their debuts . The winner of the contest was Vincenzo Cantiello , who represented Italy with the song Tu primo grande amore . Bulgaria and Armenia finished in second and third place , respectively . This was Italy 's first victory in a Eurovision competition since the last edition of Jeux Sans Frontières in 1990 , and also marked the first time since the inaugural 2003 contest that a country had won in its débutante year ."}]}, {'value': 'Alisa Kozhikina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alisa_Kozhikina', 'summary': 'Alisa Alekseyevna Kozhikina ( Russian : Алиса Алексеевна Кожикина , born 22 June 2003 ) is a Russian child singer , who in 2014 won the first season of TV singing contest The Voice Kids Russia . Later that year she represented Russia at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014 in Malta with her song Dreamer .'}]}, {'value': 'Dreamer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dreamer_(Alisa_Kozhikina_song)', 'summary': 'Dreamer ( Russian : Белые ангелы , romanized : Belyye angely ) is a song by Russian child singer Alisa Kozhikina , who won the first season of The Voice Kids of Russia . It represented Russia at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014 in Marsa , Malta , placing 5th with 96 points . The song is a ballad where Alisa sings about being free like a bird and she dreams away during the music video .'}]}, {'value': 'Russian , English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '96', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2015', 'summary': "The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015 was the thirteenth edition of the annual Junior Eurovision Song Contest , and took place , for the first time , in Bulgaria . The Bulgarian national broadcaster BNT was the host broadcaster for the event . The final took place on 21 November 2015 and was held at the Arena Armeec in Sofia . Poli Genova , a Bulgarian singer and former representative of Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 and the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 , hosted the show . A total of seventeen countries participated , with Australia and Ireland making their debuts . Albania and Macedonia returned after being absent since the 2012 and 2013 contests , respectively . Croatia and Cyprus withdrew after returning in the 2014 edition , while Sweden withdrew for the first time since 2008 . The winner of the contest was Destiny Chukunyere , who represented Malta with the song Not My Soul . Armenia and Slovenia finished in second and third place , respectively . This was Malta 's second victory in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest , having won previously in 2013 . This contest marked the second time a country won twice in a three-year period ( following Belarus winning twice in a period of three years between 2005 and 2007 ) . Malta 's 185-point victory also achieved the highest number of points received by any entry in the history of the contest , beating Spain 's record of 171 points set during the 2004 edition ."}]}, {'value': 'Mikhail Smirnov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikhail_Smirnov_(singer)', 'summary': 'Mikhail Alekseevich Smirnov , who is better known by his stage name Misha Smirnov ( Russian : Михаил Алексеевич Смирнов ; born 30 April 2003 ) is a Russian child singer , songwriter and actor . He represented Russia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015 with the song Mechta ( Russian : Мечта , English : Dream ) , where he placed sixth . Mikhail is a finalist of the 2nd season Voice . Kids in Russia , an actor of musical theatre Ivanhoe , a multiple Grand-prizer of many Russian and international vocal competitions .'}]}, {'value': 'Mechta ( Dream ) ( Мечта )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia_in_the_Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2015', 'summary': 'Russia participated in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015 which took place on 21 November 2015 , in Sofia , Bulgaria . It was confirmed on 29 July that Russia will select their entry through a national final . Mikhail Smirnov won it and will represent Russia with his song Mechta ( Dream ) . Smirnov finished 6th in the final of the contest with 80 points .'}]}, {'value': 'Russian , English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '80', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2016', 'summary': 'The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2016 was the fourteenth edition of the annual Junior Eurovision Song Contest , which took place at the Mediterranean Conference Centre , in Valletta , Malta . This was the second time that Malta have hosted the Junior Eurovision Song Contest , their first being in 2014 . Jon Ola Sand was appointed as the Executive Supervisor for the 2016 Junior Eurovision Song Contest , following the dismissal of the former supervisor , Vladislav Yakovlev . Seventeen countries participated in the contest with Montenegro and Slovenia both withdrawing from the competition after two contests , and San Marino withdrawing after three , whilst Cyprus returned after a one-year break , Israel returned after a three-year break and Poland returned to the contest after a record eleven-year break . For the first time since the inauguration of the contest the voting procedure did not include a public televote . The overall results were determined by combination of professional and young jurors . The winner of the contest was Mariam Mamadashvili , who represented Georgia with the song Mzeo , marking the third time Georgia has won the Junior Eurovision Song Contest ( following 2008 and 2011 respectively ) , making Georgia the first country to win the competition three times . Armenia and Italy finished in second and third place , respectively .'}]}, {'value': 'Water of Life Project', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia_in_the_Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2016', 'summary': 'Russia participated in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2016 which took place on 20 November 2016 , in Valletta , Malta . The Russian broadcaster Russia-1 , owned by the All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company ( VGTRK ) was responsible for organising their entry for the contest . Sofia Fisenko won the national final on 16 August 2016 with the song Zhivaya voda ( Russian : Живая Вода ) . On 6 October , the Russian organisation team opted to change the name of the entrant to Water of Life Project , with the song also changing to Water of Life .'}]}, {'value': 'Water of Life', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia_in_the_Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2016', 'summary': 'Russia participated in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2016 which took place on 20 November 2016 , in Valletta , Malta . The Russian broadcaster Russia-1 , owned by the All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company ( VGTRK ) was responsible for organising their entry for the contest . Sofia Fisenko won the national final on 16 August 2016 with the song Zhivaya voda ( Russian : Живая Вода ) . On 6 October , the Russian organisation team opted to change the name of the entrant to Water of Life Project , with the song also changing to Water of Life .'}]}, {'value': 'Russian , English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '202', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2017', 'summary': "The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2017 was the fifteenth edition of the annual Junior Eurovision Song Contest , organised by the Georgian Public Broadcaster ( GPB ) and the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) . It took place on 26 November 2017 at the Olympic Palace , in the Georgian capital , Tbilisi . This was the fifth time that the contest was hosted by the previous year 's winning country . The visual design and contest slogan , Shine Bright , were revealed in May 2017 . Sixteen countries participated in the contest , which saw the return of Portugal for the first time since 2007 and the withdrawals of Bulgaria and Israel . The winner was Polina Bogusevich , who represented Russia with the song Wings , marking the second time that Russia has won the Junior Eurovision Song Contest , and the first time since The Tolmachevy Twins in 2006 , and the third overall victory for the country in any Eurovision-related events . The last victory in any Eurovision event for Russia was when Dima Bilan won the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 in Belgrade . Georgia and Australia finished in second and third place , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Polina Bogusevich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polina_Bogusevich', 'summary': 'Polina Sergeyevna Bogusevich ( Russian : Полина Сергеевна Богусевич ; born 4 July 2003 ) is a Russian singer . She represented Russia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2017 with the song Wings , and went on to win the competition . She is the second Russian entrant to win the Junior Eurovision Song Contest . She previously competed in season onе of The Voice Kids Russia , where she progressed to the battle rounds .'}]}, {'value': 'Wings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wings_(Polina_Bogusevich_song)', 'summary': 'Wings ( Russian : Крылья , Krylya ) is a song by Russian child singer Polina Bogusevich . It represented Russia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2017 , where it won the competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Russian , English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '188', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2018', 'summary': "The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2018 was the sixteenth edition of the annual Junior Eurovision Song Contest , organised by the Belarusian Television and Radio Company ( BTRC ) and the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) . It took place in the Belarusian capital city , Minsk on 25 November 2018 at the Minsk-Arena . It was the second time that the contest was held in Belarus , after it staged the 2010 edition at the same venue . A record twenty countries took part in the contest , with Kazakhstan and Wales participating for the first time . France returned for the first time since 2004 , alongside Azerbaijan for the first time since 2013 and Israel after missing the 2017 edition . Cyprus withdrew from the contest . The winner was Roksana Węgiel , who represented Poland with the song Anyone I Want to Be . Poland won the Junior Eurovision Song Contest for the first time . Returning country France came second , their best result at the contest , while Australia placed third for the second year in a row . Kazakhstan was the third best performing debuting nation , after Croatia and Italy 's victories in 2003 and 2014 respectively , and Armenia 's second place in 2007 , finishing sixth , whilst Wales came last ."}]}, {'value': 'Anna Filipchuk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia_in_the_Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2018', 'summary': 'Russia participated in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2018 which took place on 25 November 2018 in Minsk , Belarus .'}]}, {'value': 'Unbreakable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia_in_the_Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2018', 'summary': 'Russia participated in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2018 which took place on 25 November 2018 in Minsk , Belarus .'}]}, {'value': 'Russian , English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '122', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2019', 'summary': "The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2019 was the seventeenth edition of the annual Junior Eurovision Song Contest , organised by Telewizja Polska ( TVP ) and the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) . It was held on 24 November 2019 , at the Gliwice Arena in Gliwice , Poland , following the country 's victory at the 2018 contest in Minsk , Belarus with the song Anyone I Want to Be , performed by Roksana Węgiel . It was the first time Poland had hosted the contest , as well as the first Eurovision event to be held in the country since the Eurovision Young Dancers 2013 . Nineteen countries participated in the contest , with Spain taking part for the first time since 2006 , while Azerbaijan and Israel have withdrawn from the contest . Poland 's Viki Gabor with the song Superhero was the winner of the contest , which makes Poland the first country to win the Junior Eurovision Song Contest two years in a row and the first country to win on home soil . Kazakhstan , which debuted in 2018 , placed second , their best result to date . Returning country Spain placed third . The Netherlands and France rounded off the top five whilst Russia , Georgia and Malta earned their worst placements to date , respectively at thirteenth , fourteenth and nineteenth ( last ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Tatyana Mezhentseva and Denberel Oorzhak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia_in_the_Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2019', 'summary': 'Russia participated in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2019 which took place on 24 November 2019 in Gliwice , Poland .'}]}, {'value': 'A Time for Us', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia_in_the_Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2019', 'summary': 'Russia participated in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2019 which took place on 24 November 2019 in Gliwice , Poland .'}]}, {'value': 'Russian , English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '72', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Contestants', 'section_text': 'Here is a list of all and songs and their respective performers that have represented Russia in the contest : [ 2 ] Table key Winner Second place Third place Last place', 'uid': 'Russia_in_the_Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_0', 'intro': 'Russia first competed in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest in 2005. Their first win came in 2006, when the Tomachevy Twins won for Russia with Vesenniy Jazz. Their second win came in 2017, when Polina Bogusevich won for Russia with Wings. Their worst result as of date has been achieved by Tatyana Mezhentseva and Denberel Oorzhak with the song A Time for Us in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2019 where they placed 13th. RTR has represented Russia at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest. The broadcaster has selected Ekaterina Ryabova to represent Russia at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009 in Kiev with the song Malenkiy prints. Ekaterina Ryabova represented Russia once again in 2011 with the song Kak Romeo i Dzhulyetta. She was also the first returning artist in the history of the Junior Eurovision.'}	null	null	How many points did song by the winner of the first season of The Voice Kids of Russia score ?	96
0791a572d6e67fbc	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(Greek_season_4)', 'title': 'Dancing with the Stars (Greek season 4)', 'header': ['Dance', 'Best Dancer', 'Best Score', 'Worst Dancer', 'Worst Score'], 'data': [{'value': 'Cha-Cha-Cha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cha-cha-cha_(dance)', 'summary': "The Cha Cha Cha ( sometimes called cha-cha ) , is a dance of Cuban origin . It is danced to the music of the same name introduced by Cuban composer and violinist Enrique Jorrin in the early 1950s . This rhythm was developed from the danzón-mambo . The name of the dance is an onomatopoeia derived from the shuffling sound of the dancers ' feet when they dance two consecutive quick steps ( correctly , on the fourth count of each measure ) that characterize the dance . In the early 1950s , Enrique Jorrín worked as a violinist and composer with the charanga group Orquesta América . The group performed at dance halls in Havana where they played danzón , danzonete , and danzon-mambo for dance-oriented crowds . Jorrín noticed that many of the dancers at these gigs had difficulty with the syncopated rhythms of the danzón-mambo . To make his music more appealing to dancers , Jorrín began composing songs where the melody was marked strongly on the first downbeat and the rhythm was less syncopated . When Orquesta América performed these new compositions at the Silver Star Club in Havana , it was noticed that the dancers had improvised a triple step in their footwork producing the sound cha-cha-cha . Thus , the new style came to be known as cha-cha-chá and became associated with a dance where dancers perform a triple step . The basic footwork pattern of cha-cha-chá ( one , two , three , cha-cha ) is also found in several Afro-Cuban dances from the Santería religion . For example , one of the steps used in the dance for the orisha Ogun uses an identical footwork pattern ."}]}, {'value': 'Klelia Pantazi Katerina Stikoudi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charikleia_Pantazi', 'summary': 'Charikleia Pantazi ( Greek : Χαρικλέια Πανταζή ; born 18 March 1985 in Athens ) is a Greek rhythmic gymnast . She won a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Katerina_Stikoudi', 'summary': "Katerina Stikoudi ( Greek : Κατερίνα Στικούδη ; 16 April 1985 ) is a Greek singer , model , actress , television host and ex-athlete on swimming . Stikoudi first gained media attention , in 2005 , when she took part on Miss Star Hellas beauty contest and she won the title Miss Hellas '05 and had the chance to represent Greece at the Miss World pageant . Aside from beauty pageants and modeling , Katerina was a children 's swimming instructor and a student at the TEI of Larissa in Larissa . Αlongside her modeling career Stikoudi made her acting debut in a successful Greek soap opera , named Erotas in 2006 . At the same period she hosted the morning talk show La Sousourela on Star Channel . She gained more fame on 2008 , when she signed with Mega Channel to host the most successful Greek music TV show Mega Star for three seasons . In 2009 , Stikoudi cooperated with dj-LAVA , as a singer , in his single Tora . After then she started her solo career as a pop and rap singer . In 2011 she released her first music album I Mousiki mou . The next ten years she released other three albums I yefsi tis zois mou ( 2013 ) , Cliche ( 2015 ) and Soundtrack ( 2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eleni Chatzidou , Konstantina Gogo Mastrokosta , Katerina Stikoudi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katerina_Stikoudi', 'summary': "Katerina Stikoudi ( Greek : Κατερίνα Στικούδη ; 16 April 1985 ) is a Greek singer , model , actress , television host and ex-athlete on swimming . Stikoudi first gained media attention , in 2005 , when she took part on Miss Star Hellas beauty contest and she won the title Miss Hellas '05 and had the chance to represent Greece at the Miss World pageant . Aside from beauty pageants and modeling , Katerina was a children 's swimming instructor and a student at the TEI of Larissa in Larissa . Αlongside her modeling career Stikoudi made her acting debut in a successful Greek soap opera , named Erotas in 2006 . At the same period she hosted the morning talk show La Sousourela on Star Channel . She gained more fame on 2008 , when she signed with Mega Channel to host the most successful Greek music TV show Mega Star for three seasons . In 2009 , Stikoudi cooperated with dj-LAVA , as a singer , in his single Tora . After then she started her solo career as a pop and rap singer . In 2011 she released her first music album I Mousiki mou . The next ten years she released other three albums I yefsi tis zois mou ( 2013 ) , Cliche ( 2015 ) and Soundtrack ( 2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tango', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tango_(ballroom)', 'summary': 'Ballroom tango is a ballroom dance that branched away from its original Argentine roots by allowing European , American , Hollywood , and competitive influences into the style and execution of the dance . The present day ballroom tango is divided into two disciplines : American Style and International Style . Both styles may be found in social and competitive dances , but the International version is more globally accepted as a competitive style . Both styles share a closed dance position , but the American style allows its practitioners to separate from closed position to execute open moves , like underarm turns , alternate hand holds , dancing apart , and side-by-side choreography .'}]}, {'value': 'Michalis Mouroutsos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michalis_Mouroutsos', 'summary': "Michael ( Michalis ) Mouroutsos ( born February 29 , 1980 in Athens , Greece ) is an Olympic taekwondo gold medalist from Greece . He became the inaugural Olympic champion in the men 's -58 kg division at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney ."}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lakis Gavalas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viennese Waltz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viennese_Waltz', 'summary': "Viennese waltz ( German : Wiener Walzer ) is a genre of ballroom dance . At least four different meanings are recognized . In the historically first sense , the name may refer to several versions of the waltz , including the earliest waltzes done in ballroom dancing , danced to the music of Viennese waltz . What is now called the Viennese waltz is the original form of the waltz . It was the first ballroom dance performed in the closed hold or waltz position . The dance that is popularly known as the waltz is actually the English or slow waltz , danced at approximately 90 beats per minute with 3 beats to the bar ( the international standard of 30 measures per minute ) , while the Viennese waltz is danced at about 180 beats ( 58-60 measures ) per minute . To this day however , in Germany , Austria , Scandinavia , and France , the words Walzer ( German ) , vals ( Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish ) , and valse ( French ) still implicitly refer to the original dance and not the slow waltz . The Viennese waltz is a rotary dance where the dancers are constantly turning either toward the leader 's right ( natural ) or toward the leader 's left ( reverse ) , interspersed with non-rotating change steps to switch between the direction of rotation . As the waltz evolved , some of the versions that were done at about the original fast tempo came to be called specifically Viennese waltz to distinguish them from the slower waltzes . In the modern ballroom dance , two versions of Viennese waltz are recognized : International Style and American Style . Today the Viennese waltz is a ballroom and partner dance that is part of the International Standard division of contemporary ballroom dance ."}]}, {'value': 'Katerina Stikoudi Isaias Matiamba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katerina_Stikoudi', 'summary': "Katerina Stikoudi ( Greek : Κατερίνα Στικούδη ; 16 April 1985 ) is a Greek singer , model , actress , television host and ex-athlete on swimming . Stikoudi first gained media attention , in 2005 , when she took part on Miss Star Hellas beauty contest and she won the title Miss Hellas '05 and had the chance to represent Greece at the Miss World pageant . Aside from beauty pageants and modeling , Katerina was a children 's swimming instructor and a student at the TEI of Larissa in Larissa . Αlongside her modeling career Stikoudi made her acting debut in a successful Greek soap opera , named Erotas in 2006 . At the same period she hosted the morning talk show La Sousourela on Star Channel . She gained more fame on 2008 , when she signed with Mega Channel to host the most successful Greek music TV show Mega Star for three seasons . In 2009 , Stikoudi cooperated with dj-LAVA , as a singer , in his single Tora . After then she started her solo career as a pop and rap singer . In 2011 she released her first music album I Mousiki mou . The next ten years she released other three albums I yefsi tis zois mou ( 2013 ) , Cliche ( 2015 ) and Soundtrack ( 2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chrispa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chrispa', 'summary': 'Chrispa ( Greek : Χρύσπα , born Chrisanthi-Pagona Pitiropoulou on 7 December 1982 ) is a Greek singer . She has released five studio albums .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jive_(dance)', 'summary': 'In latin dancing , the jive is a dance style that originated in the United States from African-Americans in the early 1930s . It was popularized in 1934 by Cab Calloway . It is a lively and uninhibited variation of the Jitterbug , a form of Swing dance .'}]}, {'value': 'Isaias Matiamba', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sakis Arseniou', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samba', 'summary': 'Samba ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈsɐ̃bɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a Brazilian music genre and dance style , with its roots in Africa via the West African slave trade and African religious traditions , particularly of Angola and the Congo , through the samba de roda genre of the northeastern Brazilian state of Bahia , from which it derived . Although there were various forms of samba in Brazil with popular rhythms originated from African drumming and the African structures of polyrhythm of Beat and Off-Beat , Time-Line-Pattern and the elementary pulse , that are performed by different instruments of the bateria of the samba schools of the famous Samba-Enredo , that has its origins in Rio de Janeiro . Samba is recognized around the world as a symbol of Brazil and the Brazilian Carnival . Considered one of the most popular Brazilian cultural expressions , the samba has become an icon of Brazilian national identity . The Bahian Samba de Roda ( dance circle ) , was added to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List in 2005 . It is the main root of the samba carioca , the samba that is played and danced in Rio de Janeiro .'}]}, {'value': 'Katerina Stikoudi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katerina_Stikoudi', 'summary': "Katerina Stikoudi ( Greek : Κατερίνα Στικούδη ; 16 April 1985 ) is a Greek singer , model , actress , television host and ex-athlete on swimming . Stikoudi first gained media attention , in 2005 , when she took part on Miss Star Hellas beauty contest and she won the title Miss Hellas '05 and had the chance to represent Greece at the Miss World pageant . Aside from beauty pageants and modeling , Katerina was a children 's swimming instructor and a student at the TEI of Larissa in Larissa . Αlongside her modeling career Stikoudi made her acting debut in a successful Greek soap opera , named Erotas in 2006 . At the same period she hosted the morning talk show La Sousourela on Star Channel . She gained more fame on 2008 , when she signed with Mega Channel to host the most successful Greek music TV show Mega Star for three seasons . In 2009 , Stikoudi cooperated with dj-LAVA , as a singer , in his single Tora . After then she started her solo career as a pop and rap singer . In 2011 she released her first music album I Mousiki mou . The next ten years she released other three albums I yefsi tis zois mou ( 2013 ) , Cliche ( 2015 ) and Soundtrack ( 2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eleni Chatzidou', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paso Doble', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paso_Doble', 'summary': 'Pasodoble ( Spanish : double step ) is a fast-paced Spanish military march used by infantry troops . Its speed allowed troops to give 120 steps per minute ( double the average of a regular unit , hence its name ) . This march gave rise to a traditional Spanish dance , a musical genre including both voice and instruments , and a genre of instrumental music often played during bullfight . Both the dance and the non martial compositions are also called pasodoble .'}]}, {'value': 'Katerina Stikoudi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katerina_Stikoudi', 'summary': "Katerina Stikoudi ( Greek : Κατερίνα Στικούδη ; 16 April 1985 ) is a Greek singer , model , actress , television host and ex-athlete on swimming . Stikoudi first gained media attention , in 2005 , when she took part on Miss Star Hellas beauty contest and she won the title Miss Hellas '05 and had the chance to represent Greece at the Miss World pageant . Aside from beauty pageants and modeling , Katerina was a children 's swimming instructor and a student at the TEI of Larissa in Larissa . Αlongside her modeling career Stikoudi made her acting debut in a successful Greek soap opera , named Erotas in 2006 . At the same period she hosted the morning talk show La Sousourela on Star Channel . She gained more fame on 2008 , when she signed with Mega Channel to host the most successful Greek music TV show Mega Star for three seasons . In 2009 , Stikoudi cooperated with dj-LAVA , as a singer , in his single Tora . After then she started her solo career as a pop and rap singer . In 2011 she released her first music album I Mousiki mou . The next ten years she released other three albums I yefsi tis zois mou ( 2013 ) , Cliche ( 2015 ) and Soundtrack ( 2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thanos Kallioras', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freestyle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Street_dance', 'summary': 'A street dance is a dance style that evolved outside dance studios in any available open space such as streets , dance parties , block parties , parks , school yards , raves , and nightclubs . A street dance is a vernacular dance in an urban context . Vernacular dances are often improvisational and social in nature , encouraging interaction and contact with spectators and other dancers . These dances are a part of the vernacular culture of the geographical area that they come from . Examples of street dance include b-boying ( or breakdancing ) , which originated in New York City . Clogging is a very early form of street dance , since it evolved in the streets and factories of Northern England in the mid-19th century . Various street dances have lent themselves to the style of urban dance , which arose from the collegiate dance scene . Urban dance is choreography-oriented but is inspired by different street dance styles and fundamental moves , such as house , locking , and popping . Urban dance should not be mistaken with hip hop , the culture and art movement that began in the Bronx in New York City during the late 1970s .'}]}, {'value': 'Katerina Stikoudi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katerina_Stikoudi', 'summary': "Katerina Stikoudi ( Greek : Κατερίνα Στικούδη ; 16 April 1985 ) is a Greek singer , model , actress , television host and ex-athlete on swimming . Stikoudi first gained media attention , in 2005 , when she took part on Miss Star Hellas beauty contest and she won the title Miss Hellas '05 and had the chance to represent Greece at the Miss World pageant . Aside from beauty pageants and modeling , Katerina was a children 's swimming instructor and a student at the TEI of Larissa in Larissa . Αlongside her modeling career Stikoudi made her acting debut in a successful Greek soap opera , named Erotas in 2006 . At the same period she hosted the morning talk show La Sousourela on Star Channel . She gained more fame on 2008 , when she signed with Mega Channel to host the most successful Greek music TV show Mega Star for three seasons . In 2009 , Stikoudi cooperated with dj-LAVA , as a singer , in his single Tora . After then she started her solo career as a pop and rap singer . In 2011 she released her first music album I Mousiki mou . The next ten years she released other three albums I yefsi tis zois mou ( 2013 ) , Cliche ( 2015 ) and Soundtrack ( 2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chrispa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chrispa', 'summary': 'Chrispa ( Greek : Χρύσπα , born Chrisanthi-Pagona Pitiropoulou on 7 December 1982 ) is a Greek singer . She has released five studio albums .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rumba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhumba', 'summary': 'Rhumba , also known as ballroom rumba , is a genre of ballroom music and dance that appeared in the East Coast of the United States during the 1930s . It combined American big band music with Afro-Cuban rhythms , primarily the son cubano , but also conga and rumba . Although taking its name from the latter , ballroom rumba differs completely from Cuban rumba in both its music and its dance . Hence , authors prefer the Americanized spelling of the word ( rhumba ) to distinguish between them .'}]}, {'value': 'Katerina Stikoudi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katerina_Stikoudi', 'summary': "Katerina Stikoudi ( Greek : Κατερίνα Στικούδη ; 16 April 1985 ) is a Greek singer , model , actress , television host and ex-athlete on swimming . Stikoudi first gained media attention , in 2005 , when she took part on Miss Star Hellas beauty contest and she won the title Miss Hellas '05 and had the chance to represent Greece at the Miss World pageant . Aside from beauty pageants and modeling , Katerina was a children 's swimming instructor and a student at the TEI of Larissa in Larissa . Αlongside her modeling career Stikoudi made her acting debut in a successful Greek soap opera , named Erotas in 2006 . At the same period she hosted the morning talk show La Sousourela on Star Channel . She gained more fame on 2008 , when she signed with Mega Channel to host the most successful Greek music TV show Mega Star for three seasons . In 2009 , Stikoudi cooperated with dj-LAVA , as a singer , in his single Tora . After then she started her solo career as a pop and rap singer . In 2011 she released her first music album I Mousiki mou . The next ten years she released other three albums I yefsi tis zois mou ( 2013 ) , Cliche ( 2015 ) and Soundtrack ( 2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gogo Mastrokosta', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bachata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachata_(dance)', 'summary': 'Bachata is a style of social dance from the Dominican Republic which is now danced all over the world . It is connected with bachata music .'}]}, {'value': 'Lakis Gavalas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michalis Mouroutsos Lakis Gavalas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michalis_Mouroutsos', 'summary': "Michael ( Michalis ) Mouroutsos ( born February 29 , 1980 in Athens , Greece ) is an Olympic taekwondo gold medalist from Greece . He became the inaugural Olympic champion in the men 's -58 kg division at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argentine Tango', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentine_Tango', 'summary': "Argentine tango is a musical genre and accompanying social dance originating at the end of the 19th century in the suburbs of Buenos Aires and Montevideo . It typically has a 24 or 44 rhythmic time signature , and two or three parts repeating in patterns such as ABAB or ABCAC . Its lyrics are marked by nostalgia , sadness , and laments for lost love . The typical orchestra has several melodic instruments and is given a distinctive air by the small button accordion called the bandoneon . It has continued to grow in popularity and spread internationally , adding modern elements without replacing the older ones . Among its leading figures are the singer and songwriter Carlos Gardel and composers/performers Francisco Canaro , Juan D'Arienzo , Carlos Di Sarli , Osvaldo Pugliese , and Ástor Piazzolla ."}]}, {'value': 'Klelia Pantazi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charikleia_Pantazi', 'summary': 'Charikleia Pantazi ( Greek : Χαρικλέια Πανταζή ; born 18 March 1985 in Athens ) is a Greek rhythmic gymnast . She won a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chrispa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chrispa', 'summary': 'Chrispa ( Greek : Χρύσπα , born Chrisanthi-Pagona Pitiropoulou on 7 December 1982 ) is a Greek singer . She has released five studio albums .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mambo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mambo_(dance)', 'summary': 'Mambo is a Latin dance of Cuba which was developed in the 1940s when the music genre of the same name became popular throughout Latin America . The original ballroom dance which emerged in Cuba and Mexico was related to the danzón , albeit faster and less rigid . In the United States , it replaced rhumba as the most fashionable Latin dance . Later on , with the advent of salsa and its more sophisticated dance , a new type of mambo dance including breaking steps was popularized in New York . This form received the name of salsa on 2 , mambo on 2 or modern mambo .'}]}, {'value': 'Isaias Matiamba', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alex Kavdas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quickstep', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quickstep', 'summary': 'The quickstep is a light-hearted dance of the standard ballroom dances . The movement of the dance is fast and powerfully flowing and sprinkled with syncopations . The upbeat melodies that quickstep is danced to make it suitable for both formal and informal events . Quickstep was developed in the 1920s in New York City and was first danced by Caribbean and African dancers . Its origins are in combination of slow foxtrot combined with the Charleston , a dance which was one of the precursors to what today is called swing dancing .'}]}, {'value': 'Mary Synatsaki Katerina Stikoudi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katerina_Stikoudi', 'summary': "Katerina Stikoudi ( Greek : Κατερίνα Στικούδη ; 16 April 1985 ) is a Greek singer , model , actress , television host and ex-athlete on swimming . Stikoudi first gained media attention , in 2005 , when she took part on Miss Star Hellas beauty contest and she won the title Miss Hellas '05 and had the chance to represent Greece at the Miss World pageant . Aside from beauty pageants and modeling , Katerina was a children 's swimming instructor and a student at the TEI of Larissa in Larissa . Αlongside her modeling career Stikoudi made her acting debut in a successful Greek soap opera , named Erotas in 2006 . At the same period she hosted the morning talk show La Sousourela on Star Channel . She gained more fame on 2008 , when she signed with Mega Channel to host the most successful Greek music TV show Mega Star for three seasons . In 2009 , Stikoudi cooperated with dj-LAVA , as a singer , in his single Tora . After then she started her solo career as a pop and rap singer . In 2011 she released her first music album I Mousiki mou . The next ten years she released other three albums I yefsi tis zois mou ( 2013 ) , Cliche ( 2015 ) and Soundtrack ( 2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lakis Gavalas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salsa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salsa_(dance)', 'summary': 'Salsa is a Latin dance associated with the music genre of the same name which originated in the 1960s in New York City . Salsa is an amalgamation of Cuban dances that were popular in the ballrooms and nightclubs of Havana by the end of the 1950s ( e.g . casino , mambo and pachanga ) , as well as American jazz dances . It was primarily developed by Puerto Ricans living in New York ( Nuyoricans ) in the late 1960s and early 1970s . Different regions of Latin America and the United States have distinct salsa styles of their own , such as Cuban , Puerto Rican , Cali Colombia , L.A. and New York styles . Salsa dance socials are commonly held in nightclubs , bars , ballrooms , restaurants , and outside , especially when part of an outdoor festival . In many styles of salsa dancing , as a dancer shifts their weight by stepping , the upper body remains level and nearly unaffected by the weight changes . Weight shifts cause the hips to move . Arm and shoulder movements are also incorporated . Salsa generally uses music ranging from about 150 bpm ( beats per minute ) to around 250 bpm , although most dancing is done to music somewhere between 160-220 bpm . The basic Salsa dance rhythm consists of taking three steps for every four beats of music . The odd number of steps creates the syncopation inherent to Salsa dancing and ensures that it takes 8 beats of music to loop back to a new sequence of steps .'}]}, {'value': 'Klelia Pantazi Katerina Stikoudi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charikleia_Pantazi', 'summary': 'Charikleia Pantazi ( Greek : Χαρικλέια Πανταζή ; born 18 March 1985 in Athens ) is a Greek rhythmic gymnast . She won a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Katerina_Stikoudi', 'summary': "Katerina Stikoudi ( Greek : Κατερίνα Στικούδη ; 16 April 1985 ) is a Greek singer , model , actress , television host and ex-athlete on swimming . Stikoudi first gained media attention , in 2005 , when she took part on Miss Star Hellas beauty contest and she won the title Miss Hellas '05 and had the chance to represent Greece at the Miss World pageant . Aside from beauty pageants and modeling , Katerina was a children 's swimming instructor and a student at the TEI of Larissa in Larissa . Αlongside her modeling career Stikoudi made her acting debut in a successful Greek soap opera , named Erotas in 2006 . At the same period she hosted the morning talk show La Sousourela on Star Channel . She gained more fame on 2008 , when she signed with Mega Channel to host the most successful Greek music TV show Mega Star for three seasons . In 2009 , Stikoudi cooperated with dj-LAVA , as a singer , in his single Tora . After then she started her solo career as a pop and rap singer . In 2011 she released her first music album I Mousiki mou . The next ten years she released other three albums I yefsi tis zois mou ( 2013 ) , Cliche ( 2015 ) and Soundtrack ( 2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mary Synatsaki', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foxtrot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foxtrot', 'summary': 'The foxtrot is a smooth , progressive dance characterized by long , continuous flowing movements across the dance floor . It is danced to big band ( usually vocal ) music . The dance is similar in its look to waltz , although the rhythm is in a 44 time signature instead of 34 . Developed in the 1910s , the foxtrot reached its height of popularity in the 1930s and remains practiced today .'}]}, {'value': 'Isaias Matiamba', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Klelia Pantazi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charikleia_Pantazi', 'summary': 'Charikleia Pantazi ( Greek : Χαρικλέια Πανταζή ; born 18 March 1985 in Athens ) is a Greek rhythmic gymnast . She won a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fusion dance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michalis Mouroutsos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michalis_Mouroutsos', 'summary': "Michael ( Michalis ) Mouroutsos ( born February 29 , 1980 in Athens , Greece ) is an Olympic taekwondo gold medalist from Greece . He became the inaugural Olympic champion in the men 's -58 kg division at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney ."}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lakis Gavalas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Solo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isaias Matiamba', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Klelia Pantazi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charikleia_Pantazi', 'summary': 'Charikleia Pantazi ( Greek : Χαρικλέια Πανταζή ; born 18 March 1985 in Athens ) is a Greek rhythmic gymnast . She won a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Highest and lowest scoring performances', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Dancing_with_the_Stars_(Greece_season_4)_3', 'intro': "The Greek reality show version of Dancing with the stars returned for its fourth season on October 20, 2013 from ANT1 TV channel. The show is based on the United Kingdom BBC Television series Strictly Come Dancing and is part of BBC Worldwide's Dancing with the Stars franchise. The theme song is It's personal performed by Swedish indie pop band The Radio Dept. The host of this season was Doukissa Nomikou while on the backstage was the season three winner, Ntoretta Papadimitriou. Giannis Latsios, Alexis Kostalas, Galena Velikova and Katia Dandoulaki returned as the judges of the show. The celebrities who were competed this season were 8 women and 6 men; Chrispa, Katerina Stikoudi, Klelia Pantazi, Konstantina, Mary Synatsaki, Gogo Mastrokosta, Evagelia Aravani, Eleni Chatzidou, Lakis Gavalas, Michalis Mouroutsos, Thanos Kallioras, Sakis Arseniou, Isaias Matiamba and Alex Kavdas. The professional partners were revealed on October 17, 2013. On November 16, 2013, it was announced that on week 4, Giorgos Liagkas would make a guest appearance on the show and will be the fifth judge for the night. On week 8 Eugenia Manolidou, who competed in the first season of the show and got the third place, was the second guest judge of the season. On week 9 the show had its third guest judge, Themos Anastasiadis. The three guests gave a score to the contestants but their score was symbolic and didn't count for the final result of that week. On week 7 the couples were free to choose a favorite song of theirs to dance to and the routine was Freestyle."}	null	null	What dance did the dancer who won the title Miss Hellas '05 get her best score in ?	Samba
0791b757cca50c29	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Belgian_football_transfers_summer_2009', 'title': 'List of Belgian football transfers summer 2009', 'header': ['Date', 'Name', 'Moving from', 'Moving to', 'Fee'], 'data': [{'value': 'May 2 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Franck Defays', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charleroi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R._Charleroi_S.C.', 'summary': 'Royal Charleroi Sporting Club , often simply known as Charleroi or Sporting Charleroi , is a Belgian football club based in the city of Charleroi , in the province of Hainaut . Charleroi plays in the Belgian Pro League and their current spell at the highest level in Belgian football has started in the 2012-13 season . Charleroi was founded in 1904 and they first reached the first division in 1947-48 . Their highest finish was runner-up in the 1968-69 season . They have also twice reached the Belgian Cup final , losing in 1977-78 to Beveren and in 1992-93 to Standard Liège . Sporting Charleroi have a long-standing rivalry with their crosstown rival ROC de Charleroi-Marchienne , currently playing in the third division . Charleroi play their home matches at the Stade du Pays de Charleroi , which was refurbished for the UEFA Euro 2000 . The stadium hosted 3 group stage games in the Euro 2000 among which the 1-0 victory of England against Germany . Charleroi have been recruiting several French players in recent years , including Michaël Ciani , Cyril Théréau and goalkeeper Bertrand Laquait .'}]}, {'value': 'F91 Dudelange', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F91_Dudelange', 'summary': 'F91 Dudelange , or F91 Diddeleng , ( French : [ ɛf katʁəvɛ̃.ɔ̃z dydlɑ̃ʒ ] ) is a Luxembourgish professional football club based in Dudelange which plays in the Luxembourg National Division . It was formed in 1991 as a merger between three teams in the city - Alliance Dudelange , Stade Dudelange and US Dudelange . Domestically , it has since won the National Division on 15 occasions and the Luxembourg Cup eight times . F91 Dudelange qualified for the 2018-19 UEFA Europa League , becoming the first club from the country to reach the group stage of a European competition . Dudelange also made the 2019-20 UEFA Europa League group stage where they became the first team from Luxembourg to win a game in the group stage after a shock 4-3 victory over APOEL of Cyprus .'}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 2 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christophe Grégoire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christophe_Grégoire', 'summary': 'Christophe Grégoire ( born 20 April 1980 in Liège ) is a retired Belgian footballer and current manager of RFC Seraing .'}]}, {'value': 'Charleroi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R._Charleroi_S.C.', 'summary': 'Royal Charleroi Sporting Club , often simply known as Charleroi or Sporting Charleroi , is a Belgian football club based in the city of Charleroi , in the province of Hainaut . Charleroi plays in the Belgian Pro League and their current spell at the highest level in Belgian football has started in the 2012-13 season . Charleroi was founded in 1904 and they first reached the first division in 1947-48 . Their highest finish was runner-up in the 1968-69 season . They have also twice reached the Belgian Cup final , losing in 1977-78 to Beveren and in 1992-93 to Standard Liège . Sporting Charleroi have a long-standing rivalry with their crosstown rival ROC de Charleroi-Marchienne , currently playing in the third division . Charleroi play their home matches at the Stade du Pays de Charleroi , which was refurbished for the UEFA Euro 2000 . The stadium hosted 3 group stage games in the Euro 2000 among which the 1-0 victory of England against Germany . Charleroi have been recruiting several French players in recent years , including Michaël Ciani , Cyril Théréau and goalkeeper Bertrand Laquait .'}]}, {'value': 'Willem II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willem_II_(football_club)', 'summary': "Willem II ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈʋɪləm ˈtʋeː ] ) , also known as Willem II Tilburg , is a Dutch football club based in Tilburg , Netherlands , that plays in the Eredivisie , the top tier in Dutch football . The team was founded on 12 August 1896 as Tilburgia . On 12 January 1898 , the club was renamed Willem II , after Dutch king William II of the Netherlands , who , as Prince of Orange and commander of the Dutch army , had his military headquarters in Tilburg during the Belgian uprising of 1830 and also spent a lot of time in the city after becoming king and would die while there . Notable former players for the club include Dutch internationals Jan van Roessel , Joris Mathijsen , Jaap Stam , Frenkie de Jong and Marc Overmars and Finland 's Sami Hyypiä . The club 's shirt consists of red-white-blue vertical stripes , inspired by the colours of the flag of the Netherlands . Willem II plays its home matches in the Koning Willem II Stadion , also named after the King . The stadium , opened on 31 May 1995 , has a capacity of 14,700 spectators . The average attendance in 2004-05 was 12,500 people . The club has won the Eredivisie and the Eerste divisie a total of three times in both respects all in all ."}]}, {'value': 'Loan Return', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 4 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steven de Petter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steven_de_Petter', 'summary': 'Steven De Petter ( born 22 November 1985 ) is a Belgian football player currently playing for Sint-Truidense V.V . He was born in Aalst , Belgium .'}]}, {'value': 'Dender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F.C._Verbroedering_Dender_E.H.', 'summary': 'Football Club Verbroedering Dender Eendracht Hekelgem , also simply known as Dender or Verbroedering Dender , is a Belgian association football club based in Denderleeuw . The club is named after former clubs KFC Denderleeuw Eendracht Hekelgem and Verbroedering Denderhoutem , which merged at the end of the 2004-05 season , and after the river Dender , which crosses the town of Denderleeuw . The home stadium of the club is Florent Beeckmanstadion , located in Denderleeuw . Their best league ranking was the 15th place in the first division ( in 2007-08 and 2008-09 ) . The club colours are blue and black .'}]}, {'value': 'Westerlo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.V.C._Westerlo', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Voetbal Club Westerlo ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈvudbɑl ˌklɵp ˈʋɛstərloː ] ; often simply called Westerlo ) is a Belgian professional football club located in the municipality of Westerlo in the province of Antwerp . Since 1997-98 , Westerlo has been mostly playing in the Belgian Pro League , save for a short stint in the Belgian Second Division between 2012 and 2014 . Their highest finish is a 6th place in 1999-00 , 2003-04 and 2008-09 . They have won one Belgian Cup . The only player who has ever been called up for the Belgium national football team while at Westerlo is Toni Brogno ( 7 caps , all of them while at Westerlo ) . The club was founded in 1933 , receiving the matricule number 2024 . Their colours are yellow and blue . They play their home matches at the Het Kuipje .'}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 4 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sherjill MacDonald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sherjill_MacDonald', 'summary': 'Sherjill MacDonald ( born 20 November 1984 ) is a Dutch footballer who currently plays as a forward for KFC Lille in Belgium .'}]}, {'value': 'West Bromwich Albion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C.', 'summary': "West Bromwich Albion Football Club ( /ˈbrɒmɪdʒ , -ɪtʃ/ ) is an English professional football club based in West Bromwich , West Midlands , England . They currently play in the Championship , the second tier of English football . The club was formed in 1878 and has played at its home ground , The Hawthorns , since 1900 . Albion were one of the founding members of the Football League in 1888 , the first professional football league in the world , and have spent the majority of their existence in the top tier of English football . They have been champions of England once , in 1919-20 , and have been runners-up twice . Albion have reached ten FA Cup finals , winning the Cup on five occasions . The first win came in 1888 , the year the league was founded , and the most recent in 1968 , their last major trophy . They also won the Football League Cup at the first attempt in 1966 . The club 's longest continuous period in the top division spanned 24 years between 1949 and 1973 , and from 1986 to 2002 they spent their longest ever spell out of the top division . The team has played in navy blue and white stripes for most of the club 's history ; and the club badge features a throstle perched on a hawthorn branch . Albion have a number of long-standing rivalries with other West Midlands clubs ; their traditional rivals being Aston Villa and Wolverhampton Wanderers . Albion contest the Black Country Derby with the latter ."}]}, {'value': 'Germinal Beerschot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.F.C._Germinal_Beerschot', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Beerschot Antwerpen Club ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈbeːrsxɔt ˈɑntʋɛrpə ( n ) ˈklɵp ] ) , simply known as Beerschot AC , was a Belgian football club based in southern Antwerp . Beerschot played in the Belgian Pro League from 1999-2000 ( as Germinal Beerschot ) until 2012-13 , when they were relegated not only through their league position , but also lost their professional license through financial issues , being officially declared bankrupt on 21 May 2013 - one week after the season had ended . The club was established in 1999 as the result of the merger between K Beerschot VAC and KFC Germinal Ekeren , from which they took over the matricule number and history . Prior to the merger , Germinal Ekeren had been a first division club for 10 years , while 7 times Belgian champion Beerschot was struggling with financial problems in the third division . The club won 2 Belgian Cups , one as Germinal Ekeren in 1997 , the other as Germinal Beerschot in 2005 . Their best league ranking was a 3rd place in 1995-96 and in 1997-98 .'}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 13 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mathieu Cornet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mathieu_Cornet', 'summary': 'Mathieu Cornet ( born 8 August 1990 ) is a Belgian footballer who currently plays as a striker for RWDM47 on loan from Mechelen .'}]}, {'value': 'Standard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Standard_Liège', 'summary': "Royal Standard de Liège , commonly referred to as Standard Liège ( French : [ stɑ̃daʁ ljɛʒ ] ; Dutch : Standard Luik [ ˈstɑndɑrt ˈlœyk ] ; German : Standard Lüttich [ ˈstandaɐ̯t ˈlʏtɪç , ˈʃtan- ] ) , is a Belgian football club from the city of Liège . They are one of the most successful clubs in Belgium , having won the Belgian league on ten occasions , most recently in 2007-08 and 2008-09 . They have been in the top flight without interruption since 1921 , longer than any other Belgian side . They have also won eight Belgian Cups , and in 1981-82 they reached the final of the European Cup Winners ' Cup , which they lost 2-1 against Barcelona . Standard players are nicknamed les Rouches [ le ʁuʃ ] because of their red jerseys . The French word for red , rouge , when pronounced with a Liège accent , sounds like rouche ."}]}, {'value': 'Germinal Beerschot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.F.C._Germinal_Beerschot', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Beerschot Antwerpen Club ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈbeːrsxɔt ˈɑntʋɛrpə ( n ) ˈklɵp ] ) , simply known as Beerschot AC , was a Belgian football club based in southern Antwerp . Beerschot played in the Belgian Pro League from 1999-2000 ( as Germinal Beerschot ) until 2012-13 , when they were relegated not only through their league position , but also lost their professional license through financial issues , being officially declared bankrupt on 21 May 2013 - one week after the season had ended . The club was established in 1999 as the result of the merger between K Beerschot VAC and KFC Germinal Ekeren , from which they took over the matricule number and history . Prior to the merger , Germinal Ekeren had been a first division club for 10 years , while 7 times Belgian champion Beerschot was struggling with financial problems in the third division . The club won 2 Belgian Cups , one as Germinal Ekeren in 1997 , the other as Germinal Beerschot in 2005 . Their best league ranking was a 3rd place in 1995-96 and in 1997-98 .'}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 16 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nana Asare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nana_Akwasi_Asare', 'summary': 'Nana Akwasi Asare ( born 11 July 1986 ) is a Ghanaian international footballer who plays professionally for Belgian club Gent as an attacking midfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'Mechelen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KV_Mechelen', 'summary': "Yellow Red Koninklijke Voetbalclub Mechelen ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˌjɛloː ˈrɛt ˌkoːnɪŋkləkə ˌvudbɑlklʏp ˈmɛxələ ( n ) ] ) , often simply called KV Mechelen ( Dutch pronunciation : [ kaːˌveː ˈmɛxələ ( n ) ] ) or KVM , or by their former French name FC Malinois , is a Belgian professional football club based in Mechelen in the Antwerp province . KV Mechelen plays in the Belgian First Division A . They have won four Belgian championships and twice the Belgian Cup , as well as the 1987-88 European Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1988 European Super Cup . They collected most of their honours in the 1940s and in the 1980s . KV Mechelen was founded in 1904 and , in 1921-22 , promoted to the first division . After two successive relegation and promotion , they were back for good between 1928-29 and 1955-56 . In the 1960s and 1970s , the club had several promotions and relegations between the first and second division . From 1983-84 to 1996-97 , they had a successful first division spell , with a title and several second- and third-place finishes . During that period , they also won a European Cup Winners ' Cup and they reached the same competition semi-finals as well as the European Cup quarter-finals . KV Mechelen declined in the late 1990s though they had two more spells at the highest level from 1999-2000 to 2000-01 and in 2002-03 . At the end of that season , the club did not receive their Belgian professional football license . They were therefore relegated to the third division with a nine-point penalty ."}]}, {'value': 'FC Utrecht', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Utrecht', 'summary': "Football Club Utrecht ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ɛfˈseː ˈytrɛxt ] ) is a Dutch football club founded on 1 July 1970 and based in the city of Utrecht . The club 's colours are red and white ."}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 22 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dario Smoje', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dario_Smoje', 'summary': 'Dario Smoje ( born 19 September 1978 in Rijeka , Croatia ) is a former Croatian footballer . He started his senior career at NK Rijeka , before spending four years in Italy . He spent the next three years back in Croatia before moving to Belgium for five years and finishing his career with short stints in Greece and back in Croatia .'}]}, {'value': 'Gent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.A.A._Gent', 'summary': "Koninklijke Atletiek Associatie Gent ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˌʔɑtləˈtik ˌɑsoːˈʃaː ( t ) si ˈɣɛnt ] , English : Royal Athletic Association Ghent ) , often simply known as Ghent or by their nickname De Buffalo 's ( English : The Buffalos ) , is a Belgian sports club , based in the city of Ghent , East Flanders . Their football team is the best-known section within the club , who have been playing in the Belgian Pro League since the 1989-90 season . They won the national league once , in 2014-15 , in addition to three Belgian Cup victories . Ghent played their home matches in the Jules Ottenstadion in Gentbrugge from 1920 until 2013 , when they moved to the Ghelamco Arena . Their team colours are blue and white . The principal sponsor is the financial institution VDK NV . The field hockey and track and field divisions were founded in 1864 , making it one of the oldest sports clubs in Belgium . The club was then known under its French name La Gantoise ( and it is still referred to as such in the French-speaking part of Belgium ) . They changed their name to the current Dutch version in 1971 . The football division opened in 1900 . The nickname of the club is De Buffalo 's , a term coined after a visit of the original Buffalo Bill and his Wild West circus to the city in the early 20th century . Gent enjoyed its first spell at the highest level in Belgian football between 1913-14 and 1928-29 , and a second one from 1936-37 to 1966-67 ."}]}, {'value': 'Panionios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panionios_F.C.', 'summary': "Panionios G.S.S . Football Club ( Greek : ΠΑΕ Πανιώνιος Γ.Σ.Σ . ( Πανιώνιος Γυμναστικός Σύλλογος Σμύρνης , Panionios Gymnastikos Syllogos Smyrnis ) , the Pan-Ionian Gymnastics Club of Smyrna , more commonly known as Panionios F.C . or simply Panionios , is a Greek professional football club based in Nea Smyrni , Athens , Greece . Part of Panionios G.S.S . ( founded in 1890 in Smyrna , Ottoman Empire ) , Panionios F.C . is the oldest Greek football club . In the wake of the Greco-Turkish War ( 1919-22 ) and the population exchange between Greece and Turkey , the multi-sport club Panionios G.S.S . was transferred to Athens . They have won two Greek Cups ( in 1979 and 1998 ) , while they were runners-up in the Greek Championship during the 1950-51 and 1970-71 seasons . They have won also the 1971 Balkans Cup and reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1998-99 season . The team currently competes in the Super League Greece ."}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 25 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elimane Coulibaly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elimane_Coulibaly', 'summary': 'Elimane Coulibaly ( born 15 March 1980 in Dakar ) is a Senegal football striker who currently plays for KVK Westhoek .'}]}, {'value': 'Kortrijk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.V._Kortrijk', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Voetbalclub Kortrijk ( often simply called KV Kortrijk or KVK ) is a Belgian professional football club based in Kortrijk , West Flanders . They play in the Belgian First Division , and they achieved their best ranking ever during the 2009-10 season , finishing fourth after the play-offs . KV Kortrijk was founded in 1971 , though their roots can be traced to 1901 . They are registered to the Royal Belgian Football Association with matricule number 19 . The club colours are red and white . They play their home matches at the Guldensporenstadion , named after the Battle of the Golden Spurs which took place in Kortrijk in 1302 . KV Kortrijk first entered the first division in the early 20th century , between 1906-07 and 1910-11 . They eventually had to wait 65 years to return at the highest level , when they spent 15 seasons at the top flight , interrupted by a season in the second division ( between 1976-77 and 1978-79 and between 1980-81 and 1991-92 ) . KV Kortrijk also played the 1998-99 season in the first division before they returned to the Belgian Pro League in the 2008-09 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Gent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.A.A._Gent', 'summary': "Koninklijke Atletiek Associatie Gent ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˌʔɑtləˈtik ˌɑsoːˈʃaː ( t ) si ˈɣɛnt ] , English : Royal Athletic Association Ghent ) , often simply known as Ghent or by their nickname De Buffalo 's ( English : The Buffalos ) , is a Belgian sports club , based in the city of Ghent , East Flanders . Their football team is the best-known section within the club , who have been playing in the Belgian Pro League since the 1989-90 season . They won the national league once , in 2014-15 , in addition to three Belgian Cup victories . Ghent played their home matches in the Jules Ottenstadion in Gentbrugge from 1920 until 2013 , when they moved to the Ghelamco Arena . Their team colours are blue and white . The principal sponsor is the financial institution VDK NV . The field hockey and track and field divisions were founded in 1864 , making it one of the oldest sports clubs in Belgium . The club was then known under its French name La Gantoise ( and it is still referred to as such in the French-speaking part of Belgium ) . They changed their name to the current Dutch version in 1971 . The football division opened in 1900 . The nickname of the club is De Buffalo 's , a term coined after a visit of the original Buffalo Bill and his Wild West circus to the city in the early 20th century . Gent enjoyed its first spell at the highest level in Belgian football between 1913-14 and 1928-29 , and a second one from 1936-37 to 1966-67 ."}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 25 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jonas De Roeck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonas_De_Roeck', 'summary': 'Jonas De Roeck ( born 20 December 1979 ) is a Belgian former footballer and manager . De Roeck started his professional career with Antwerp in 1999 and spent several seasons with other Belgian clubs such as Lierse , Germinal Beerschot and Gent before moving to Germany with FC Augsburg . He returned in the summer of 2012 when he signed with Oud-Heverlee Leuven , where he stayed for one season before moving back to Antwerp .'}]}, {'value': 'Gent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.A.A._Gent', 'summary': "Koninklijke Atletiek Associatie Gent ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˌʔɑtləˈtik ˌɑsoːˈʃaː ( t ) si ˈɣɛnt ] , English : Royal Athletic Association Ghent ) , often simply known as Ghent or by their nickname De Buffalo 's ( English : The Buffalos ) , is a Belgian sports club , based in the city of Ghent , East Flanders . Their football team is the best-known section within the club , who have been playing in the Belgian Pro League since the 1989-90 season . They won the national league once , in 2014-15 , in addition to three Belgian Cup victories . Ghent played their home matches in the Jules Ottenstadion in Gentbrugge from 1920 until 2013 , when they moved to the Ghelamco Arena . Their team colours are blue and white . The principal sponsor is the financial institution VDK NV . The field hockey and track and field divisions were founded in 1864 , making it one of the oldest sports clubs in Belgium . The club was then known under its French name La Gantoise ( and it is still referred to as such in the French-speaking part of Belgium ) . They changed their name to the current Dutch version in 1971 . The football division opened in 1900 . The nickname of the club is De Buffalo 's , a term coined after a visit of the original Buffalo Bill and his Wild West circus to the city in the early 20th century . Gent enjoyed its first spell at the highest level in Belgian football between 1913-14 and 1928-29 , and a second one from 1936-37 to 1966-67 ."}]}, {'value': 'Augsburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Augsburg', 'summary': "Fußball-Club Augsburg 1907 e. V. , commonly known as FC Augsburg ( German pronunciation : [ ʔɛf t͡seː ˈʔaʊ̯ksbʊʁk ] ) or Augsburg , is a German football club based in Augsburg , Bavaria . FC Augsburg play in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system . The team was founded as Fußball-Klub Alemania Augsburg in 1907 and played as BC Augsburg from 1921 to 1969 . With over 17,400 members , it is the largest football club in Swabian Bavaria . FC Augsburg , which has long fluctuated between the second and third division , experienced a difficult time in the early 2000s , suffering relegation to the fourth division for two seasons . FCA recovered from this , returning to professional football in 2006 . At the end of the 2010-11 season , Augsburg were promoted to the Bundesliga for the first time . Since 2009 , FC Augsburg 's stadium has been the WWK ARENA ."}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 26 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yoni Buyens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yoni_Buyens', 'summary': 'Yoni Buyens ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈjoːni ˈbœyə ( n ) s ] ; born 10 March 1988 ) is a Belgian football midfielder who plays for Lierse Kempenzonen in the Belgian First Amateur Division . On 21 June 2014 , it was announced he had signed a one-year loan deal with Charlton Athletic On 30 June 2015 , Buyens signed with Genk on a three-year deal'}]}, {'value': 'Lierse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lierse_S.K.', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Lierse Sportkring ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈliːrsə ˈspɔrtkrɪŋ ] ) , often simply known as Lierse , was a Belgian professional football club from the city of Lier in the Antwerp province . Lierse have won four championship titles and two Belgian Cups . Lierse was one of the six Belgian clubs to have played in the UEFA Champions League group stage , the other being Anderlecht , Club Brugge , Genk , Standard Liège and KAA Gent . The club was founded in 1906 and they first promoted to the first division in 1927-28 . Lierse was successful in the first division until the end of World War II , winning two titles and finishing only four times outside the top five . At the end of the 1947-48 season , they were relegated to the second division . Lierse enjoyed two more spells at the highest level , each time with a championship win ( between 1953-54 and 1985-86 and between 1988-89 and 2006-07 ) . Lierse spent five more years in first division between 2010-11 and 2014-15 , but since then played in the second division . Lierse played their home matches at the Herman Vanderpoortenstadion in Lier , which is also known as Het Lisp , because the stadium is located in a neighbourhood named Lisp . They had yellow and black colours . The club was bought by Egyptian businessman Maged Samy , who also owns KV Turnhout and Wadi Degla in Egypt . The most capped player at the club is Bernard Voorhoof with 61 caps for Belgium , all when he was at Lierse .'}]}, {'value': 'Mechelen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KV_Mechelen', 'summary': "Yellow Red Koninklijke Voetbalclub Mechelen ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˌjɛloː ˈrɛt ˌkoːnɪŋkləkə ˌvudbɑlklʏp ˈmɛxələ ( n ) ] ) , often simply called KV Mechelen ( Dutch pronunciation : [ kaːˌveː ˈmɛxələ ( n ) ] ) or KVM , or by their former French name FC Malinois , is a Belgian professional football club based in Mechelen in the Antwerp province . KV Mechelen plays in the Belgian First Division A . They have won four Belgian championships and twice the Belgian Cup , as well as the 1987-88 European Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1988 European Super Cup . They collected most of their honours in the 1940s and in the 1980s . KV Mechelen was founded in 1904 and , in 1921-22 , promoted to the first division . After two successive relegation and promotion , they were back for good between 1928-29 and 1955-56 . In the 1960s and 1970s , the club had several promotions and relegations between the first and second division . From 1983-84 to 1996-97 , they had a successful first division spell , with a title and several second- and third-place finishes . During that period , they also won a European Cup Winners ' Cup and they reached the same competition semi-finals as well as the European Cup quarter-finals . KV Mechelen declined in the late 1990s though they had two more spells at the highest level from 1999-2000 to 2000-01 and in 2002-03 . At the end of that season , the club did not receive their Belgian professional football license . They were therefore relegated to the third division with a nine-point penalty ."}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 26 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aymar Moro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aymard_Moro_Mvé', 'summary': 'Aymard Fabrice Moro-Mvé ( born 1 June 1987 in Libreville ) is a Gabonese footballer is currently playing for SC Feignies .'}]}, {'value': 'Lille', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lille_OSC', 'summary': "Lille Olympique Sporting Club ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ lil ɔlɛ̃pik spɔːʳtɪŋ klœb ] ) , commonly called LOSC , also referred to as LOSC Lille , Lille OSC or simply Lille , is a French professional association football club based in Lille in Hauts-de-France , The club was founded in 1944 as a result of a merger and plays in Ligue 1 , the first division of French football . Lille has played it 's home matches since 2012 at Stade Pierre-Mauroy in nearby Villeneuve d'Ascq , which replaced the club 's previous home of Stade Lille-Metropole in the same community . Lille was founded as a result of a merger between Olympique Lillois and SC Fives . Both clubs were founding members of the French Division 1 and Lillois was the league 's inaugural champions . Under the Lille emblem , the club has won three league titles ( in 1946 , 1954 , and 2011 ) and six Coupe de France titles . Lille 's most successful period was the decade from 1946 to 1956 when the team was led by managers George Berry and André Cheuva . Lille has a long-standing rivalry with its neighbours RC Lens . The two clubs regularly contest the Derby du Nord . Lille is owned and presided over by Gérard Lopez , an entrepreneur-investor and an active Luxembourgish-Spanish businessman who invests in the sports industry ."}]}, {'value': 'Mechelen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KV_Mechelen', 'summary': "Yellow Red Koninklijke Voetbalclub Mechelen ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˌjɛloː ˈrɛt ˌkoːnɪŋkləkə ˌvudbɑlklʏp ˈmɛxələ ( n ) ] ) , often simply called KV Mechelen ( Dutch pronunciation : [ kaːˌveː ˈmɛxələ ( n ) ] ) or KVM , or by their former French name FC Malinois , is a Belgian professional football club based in Mechelen in the Antwerp province . KV Mechelen plays in the Belgian First Division A . They have won four Belgian championships and twice the Belgian Cup , as well as the 1987-88 European Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1988 European Super Cup . They collected most of their honours in the 1940s and in the 1980s . KV Mechelen was founded in 1904 and , in 1921-22 , promoted to the first division . After two successive relegation and promotion , they were back for good between 1928-29 and 1955-56 . In the 1960s and 1970s , the club had several promotions and relegations between the first and second division . From 1983-84 to 1996-97 , they had a successful first division spell , with a title and several second- and third-place finishes . During that period , they also won a European Cup Winners ' Cup and they reached the same competition semi-finals as well as the European Cup quarter-finals . KV Mechelen declined in the late 1990s though they had two more spells at the highest level from 1999-2000 to 2000-01 and in 2002-03 . At the end of that season , the club did not receive their Belgian professional football license . They were therefore relegated to the third division with a nine-point penalty ."}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 28 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marc Hendrikx', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marc_Hendrikx', 'summary': 'Marc Hendrikx ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈmɑrk ˈɦɛn.ˌdrɪks ] ; born 2 July 1974 in Hamont , Belgium ) is a former professional football ( soccer ) midfielder . He started his career with KFC Lommelse SK , then moved on to Racing Genk and , in 2001 he got the opportunity to play in the top flight and the Champions League after moving to Anderlecht . In 2004 , he spent a single season with Lokeren , before moving to Germinal Beerschot and then Sint-Truiden , where he played until 2009 . Hendrikx last played for Eupen .'}]}, {'value': 'Sint-Truiden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K._Sint-Truidense_V.V.', 'summary': "Koninklijke Sint-Truidense Voetbalvereniging ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈsɪnt ˈtrœy̯də ( n ) sə ˈvudbɑlvərˌeːnəɣɪŋ ] ) , commonly known as Sint-Truiden or STVV ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈɛs ˈteː ˈveː ˈveː ] ) or by their nickname De Kanaries ( Dutch pronunciation : [ də kaːˈnaːris ] , is a Belgian professional football club located in the city of Sint-Truiden in Limburg . Sint-Truiden plays in the Belgian Pro League . Their best ranking was a second place in 1965-66 . They also reached the final of the Belgian Cup twice . The club was founded in 1924 . They are matricule number 373 . The club colours are yellow and blue , hence their nickname De Kanaries , meaning 'The Canaries ' . They play their home games at the Stayen since 1927 ."}]}, {'value': 'Eupen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.A.S._Eupen', 'summary': 'Königliche Allgemeine Sportvereinigung Eupen ( often simply known as Eupen ) is a Belgian association football club based in the city of Eupen in the German-speaking Community of Belgium , in the province of Liège . They currently compete in the Belgian First Division A , and play their home matches at the Kehrwegstadion .'}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Sorted by date -- May 2009', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Belgian_football_transfers_summer_2009_4', 'intro': 'This is a list of Belgian football transfers for the 2009 summer transfer window. Only transfers involving a team from the Jupiler League are listed. The summer transfer window opened on 1 July 2009, although some transfers took place prior to that date; The first non-free non-loan move was completed on 3 January 2009. Players without a club may join one at any time, regardless if during or between transfer windows. The transfer window ended on 31 August 2009, although a few completed transfers were only announced a few days later.'}	null	null	What are the colours of the team that the Ghanaian international footballer moved to ?	red and white
079430d0a6297398	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Naval_Academy_alumni', 'title': 'List of United States Naval Academy alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Edward David Taussig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_David_Taussig', 'summary': 'Edward David Taussig ( November 20 , 1847 - January 29 , 1921 ) was a decorated Rear Admiral in the United States Navy . He is best remembered for being the officer to claim Wake Island after the Spanish-American War , as well as accepting the physical relinquishment of Guam by its indigenous governor following the Treaty of Paris in which Spain ceded Guam to the U.S. following nearly 300 years of colonial rule . Taussig briefly served as Governor of Guam . He was the first of a four-generational family of United States Naval Academy graduates including his son , Vice Admiral Joseph K. Taussig ( 1877-1947 ) , grandson Captain Joseph K. Taussig Jr. ( 1920-1999 ) , and great-grandson , Captain Joseph K. Taussig USMC ( 1945- ) .'}]}, {'value': '1867', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st Naval Governor of Guam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Governor_of_Guam', 'summary': "The Governor of Guam ( Chamorro : I Maga'låhen/Maga'håga Guåhan ) is the chief executive of the Government of Guam and the commander-in-chief of the Guam National Guard , whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Island ( formerly the State of the Territory ) addresses to the Guam Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that Guam 's public laws are enforced . The position was created in 1968 , through the passage of the Guam Elected Governors Act which took effect in 1970 . Guam elected its first civilian governor in 1970 with the inauguration of former governor Carlos Camacho . The current governor is Lou Leon Guerrero , a Democrat who was inaugurated on January 7 , 2019 following her election in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'William Elbridge Sewell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Elbridge_Sewell', 'summary': 'William Elbridge Sewell ( November 16 , 1851 - March 18 , 1904 ) was a United States Navy Lieutenant Commander and the 6th Naval Governor of Guam from February 9 , 1903 until he returned to the mainland United States for medical treatment on January 11 , 1904 . He was born in Colchester , New York and appointed to the United States Naval Academy from that state in 1867 . He served on numerous ships before becoming an ensign , and eventually became executive officer or commanding officer of a series of ships and installations . He then became commanding officer of the Guam flagship , and soon after , governor of Guam . As governor , he initiated a series of tax and legal reforms , including many that restored the rights of the native population to practice their culture more freely . He legalized and taxed alcohol , and set up a court system that lasted 30 years . In March 1904 , he fell ill from intestinal troubles and was transported to California for treatment , where he died while still in office .'}]}, {'value': '1871', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6th Naval Governor of Guam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Governor_of_Guam', 'summary': "The Governor of Guam ( Chamorro : I Maga'låhen/Maga'håga Guåhan ) is the chief executive of the Government of Guam and the commander-in-chief of the Guam National Guard , whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Island ( formerly the State of the Territory ) addresses to the Guam Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that Guam 's public laws are enforced . The position was created in 1968 , through the passage of the Guam Elected Governors Act which took effect in 1970 . Guam elected its first civilian governor in 1970 with the inauguration of former governor Carlos Camacho . The current governor is Lou Leon Guerrero , a Democrat who was inaugurated on January 7 , 2019 following her election in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Templin Potts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Templin_Potts', 'summary': 'Templin Morris Potts ( November 1 , 1855 - March 22 , 1927 ) was a United States Navy Captain and the 11th Naval Governor of Guam . He held many important posts during his time in the Navy , including Director of the Office of Naval Intelligence , Naval attaché to Kaiser Wilhelm II , and aid for naval personnel . During the Spanish-American War , he participated in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba , after which he commanded a number of ships . In 1913 , he was forced into retirement after not having spent a large enough portion of his service at sea . This forced retirement sparked outrage from many , and led to letters and marches of protest . A United States Senator even introduced a bill in Congress to have him re-instated . Though these efforts all ultimately failed , they led to greater scrutiny of the retirement board . As governor , he forbade the men under his command to marry native Chamorro women and increased funding to fight disease on Guam .'}]}, {'value': '1876', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11th Naval Governor of Guam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Governor_of_Guam', 'summary': "The Governor of Guam ( Chamorro : I Maga'låhen/Maga'håga Guåhan ) is the chief executive of the Government of Guam and the commander-in-chief of the Guam National Guard , whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Island ( formerly the State of the Territory ) addresses to the Guam Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that Guam 's public laws are enforced . The position was created in 1968 , through the passage of the Guam Elected Governors Act which took effect in 1970 . Guam elected its first civilian governor in 1970 with the inauguration of former governor Carlos Camacho . The current governor is Lou Leon Guerrero , a Democrat who was inaugurated on January 7 , 2019 following her election in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'George Salisbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Salisbury_(governor)', 'summary': 'George Robert Salisbury was a United States Navy Commodore who served as the 15th Naval Governor of Guam . Though he originally served as an Engineering Duty Officer , he eventually stopped being a Restricted Line Officer , and retired from the Navy as a Commodore . As governor , he rolled back a number of educational reforms and encouraged a new ranch system . He also took drastic measures to control the leprosy epidemic on the island , removing the infected to Philippines . He was briefly called into service during World War I before retiring .'}]}, {'value': '1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15th Naval Governor of Guam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Governor_of_Guam', 'summary': "The Governor of Guam ( Chamorro : I Maga'låhen/Maga'håga Guåhan ) is the chief executive of the Government of Guam and the commander-in-chief of the Guam National Guard , whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Island ( formerly the State of the Territory ) addresses to the Guam Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that Guam 's public laws are enforced . The position was created in 1968 , through the passage of the Guam Elected Governors Act which took effect in 1970 . Guam elected its first civilian governor in 1970 with the inauguration of former governor Carlos Camacho . The current governor is Lou Leon Guerrero , a Democrat who was inaugurated on January 7 , 2019 following her election in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'William John Maxwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_John_Maxwell', 'summary': 'William John Maxwell was a United States Navy officer who served as the 18th Naval Governor of Guam . He entered the United States Naval Academy in 1874 , but was not commissioned as an ensign until 1883 . He served aboard many ships before becoming one of the inaugural members of the General Board of the United States Navy . Afterward , he commanded both USS Mississippi and USS Florida . After becoming governor in 1914 , Maxwell instituted a number of reforms , including establishing the Bank of Guam and the Guam Insular Patrol Force . He also reorganized the tax system and stressed the building and improvement of new roads . His plans to give Guamanians United States citizenship was rejected by then-Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin Delano Roosevelt . Guam became the center an international relations incident when the German SMS Cormoran made port there asking for coal at a time when the United States remained neutral in World War I. Maxwell refused to break neutrality by providing fuel and supplies , forcing the ship to stay in port for the next two years . Maxwell attracted controversy during his term , particularly when he approved the first execution on the island since the US takeover . Eventually , a lower-ranking officer , William P. Cronan , placed Maxwell on the sick list , despite his protest , and removed him from power , taking the office himself . The Navy launched an inquiry into the appropriateness and motives of the dismissal , but nonetheless , Maxwell , declared perfectly healthy by mainland doctors , was reassigned to the Naval War College .'}]}, {'value': '1880', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18th Naval Governor of Guam ( 1914-1916 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Governor_of_Guam', 'summary': "The Governor of Guam ( Chamorro : I Maga'låhen/Maga'håga Guåhan ) is the chief executive of the Government of Guam and the commander-in-chief of the Guam National Guard , whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Island ( formerly the State of the Territory ) addresses to the Guam Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that Guam 's public laws are enforced . The position was created in 1968 , through the passage of the Guam Elected Governors Act which took effect in 1970 . Guam elected its first civilian governor in 1970 with the inauguration of former governor Carlos Camacho . The current governor is Lou Leon Guerrero , a Democrat who was inaugurated on January 7 , 2019 following her election in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'John Martin Poyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Martin_Poyer', 'summary': 'John Martin Poyer ( 1861 - May 12 , 1922 ) was the twelfth Naval Governor of American Samoa , from March 1 , 1915 to June 10 , 1919 . He held the longest term of any American governor appointed over the territory by the United States Government . A Naval Academy graduate , Poyer served in numerous positions and retired in 1906 on account of failing health ; however , the navy recalled him to service in 1915 to serve as governor . During the 1918 flu pandemic , Poyer quarantined the territory to stop the spread of the pandemic to American Samoa . Because of his actions , no deaths occurred in American Samoa , and he received the Navy Cross . Upon his final retirement , Poyer had reached the rank of commander .'}]}, {'value': '1884', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12th Governor of American Samoa ( 1915-1919 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_American_Samoa', 'summary': 'This is a list of governors , etc . of the part of the Samoan Islands ( now comprising American Samoa ) under United States administration since 1900 . From 1900 to 1977 governors were appointed by the Federal government of the United States . Since that time they have been elected for 4-year terms by the people of American Samoa .'}]}, {'value': 'Robert Coontz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Coontz', 'summary': 'Robert Edward Coontz ( June 11 , 1864 - January 26 , 1935 ) was an admiral in the United States Navy , who sailed with the Great White Fleet and served as the second Chief of Naval Operations .'}]}, {'value': '1885', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Admiral ; Chief of Naval Operations ( 1919-1923 ) ; governor of Guam ( 1912-1914 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guam', 'summary': 'Guam ( /ˈɡwɑːm/ ( listen ) ; Chamorro : Guåhån [ ˈɡʷɑhɑn ] ) is an organized territory of the United States in Micronesia in the western Pacific Ocean . It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States , along with the Northern Mariana Islands . The capital city of Guam is Hagåtña and the most populous city is Dededo . Guam has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983 . The inhabitants of Guam are called Guamanians , and they are American citizens by birth . The indigenous Guamanians are the Chamorros , who are related to other Austronesian natives of Eastern Indonesia , the Philippines , and Taiwan . In 2016 , 162,742 people resided on Guam . Guam has an area of 210 square miles ( 540 km2 ; 130,000 acres ) and a population density of 775 per square mile ( 299/km2 ) . In Oceania , it is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands and the largest island in Micronesia . Among its municipalities , Mongmong-Toto-Maite has the highest population density at 3,691 per square mile ( 1,425/km2 ) , whereas Inarajan and Umatac have the lowest density at 119 per square mile ( 46/km2 ) . The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 1,332 feet ( 406 m ) above sea level . Since the 1960s , the economy has been supported by two industries : tourism and the United States Armed Forces .'}]}, {'value': 'William Gilmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Gilmer', 'summary': "William Wirt Gilmer ( May 21 , 1863 - January 8 , 1955 ) was a United States Navy Captain who served as both the 22nd and 24th Naval Governor of Guam . A graduate of the United States Naval Academy , he commanded the USS South Carolina during World War I , for which he received the Navy Cross . During his two terms as governor , he proved one of the most contentious leaders in Guam 's history . He exercised a large amount of control over islanders ' daily lives , including banning whistling and smoking and setting up a curfew . He came into conflict with prominent Americans and Washington Naval leaders when he outlawed marriage between whites and non-whites on the island , believing the Chamorro people inferior . Eventually , concerned islanders gained the attention of Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels , who had Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt personally order the rescinding of the act . Gilmer was removed for a short time before serving a second term . During his second term , he continued making numerous edicts , eventually equaling 50 separate orders . He required all men over sixteen to carry identification cards , partially in an effort to wipe out the Spanish naming customs of adopting both the mother 's and father 's name . Seen as autocratic and abusive of his power , the Navy ultimately removed him from the post in 1920 . A number of geographical features in Alaska , as well as a school in North Carolina , are named after him , largely during an expedition that he took part in to explore parts of the Alaskan islands ."}]}, {'value': '1885', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain ; Governor of Guam ( 1918-19 ) and ( 1919-20 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Hughes Hough', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Hughes_Hough', 'summary': 'Henry Hughes Hough ( January 8 , 1871 - September 9 , 1943 ) was a Rear Admiral of the United States Navy and one-time military Governor of the United States Virgin Islands . In 1923 he was the director of the Office of Naval Intelligence . He commanded the Yangtze Patrol from 1925 to 1927 .'}]}, {'value': '1891', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Admiral ; Governor of the United States Virgin Islands , a role that he only acted in for a year . He was the first non-acting military governor to govern as a Captain , rather than a Rear Admiral , and the first not to be born in the United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands', 'summary': 'The governor of the United States Virgin Islands is the chief executive of the Government of the Virgin Islands whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Territory addresses to the Virgin Islands Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that territory public laws are enforced . The position was created through the passage of the Elective Governor Acts of 1968 which took effect in 1970 . Melvin Evans was the first elected governor . The following is a list of governors of the United States Virgin Islands . For governors of the territory that is now the U.S. Virgin Islands prior to United States administration ( while it was ruled by Denmark as the Danish West Indies ) , see List of Governors of the Danish West Indies .'}]}, {'value': 'Henry Francis Bryan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Francis_Bryan', 'summary': 'Henry Francis Bryan ( May 3 , 1865 - 1944 ) was a United States Navy Rear Admiral and the 17th Governor of American Samoa . He served as governor from March 17 , 1925 to September 9 , 1927 . Bryan was one of only three naval governors of the territory who had retired from naval service before serving as governor , the others being John Martin Poyer and his immediate predecessor , Edward Stanley Kellogg . In the Navy , he had numerous commands , and served in the Spanish-American War . His largest command was the Special Service Squadron .'}]}, {'value': '1887', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rear Admiral ; 17th Governor of American Samoa ( 1925-1927 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_American_Samoa', 'summary': 'This is a list of governors , etc . of the part of the Samoan Islands ( now comprising American Samoa ) under United States administration since 1900 . From 1900 to 1977 governors were appointed by the Federal government of the United States . Since that time they have been elected for 4-year terms by the people of American Samoa .'}]}, {'value': 'William Michael Crose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Michael_Crose', 'summary': 'William Michael Crose ( February 8 , 1867 - April 4 , 1929 ) was a United States Navy Captain and the seventh Naval Governor of American Samoa , from November 10 , 1910 to March 14 , 1913 . He was the first person designated Governor of American Samoa , rather than the previous Governor of Tutuila .'}]}, {'value': '1888', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commander ; 7th Governor of American Samoa ( 1910-1913 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_American_Samoa', 'summary': 'This is a list of governors , etc . of the part of the Samoan Islands ( now comprising American Samoa ) under United States administration since 1900 . From 1900 to 1977 governors were appointed by the Federal government of the United States . Since that time they have been elected for 4-year terms by the people of American Samoa .'}]}, {'value': 'Adelbert Althouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adelbert_Althouse', 'summary': "Adelbert Althouse ( May 23 , 1869 - May 17 , 1954 ) was a United States Navy Captain who served as the 27th and 29th Naval Governor of Guam . Prior to his Governorship , he served on ships in the Navy and participated in both the Spanish-American War and World War I . He earned the Navy Cross for his actions commanding USS Brooklyn and serving as Chief of Staff for the Commander and Chief of the United States Asiatic Fleet during the World War . As Governor , he focused on reforming the island 's education system . He modeled a new system after that of co-educational California but also outlawed the speaking of the Chamorro language at schools in an effort to improve the English language skills of the local children . Most of his education reform took place in his first term ."}]}, {'value': '1891', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain ; 27th and 29th Naval Governor of Guam ( 1922-1923 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Governor_of_Guam', 'summary': "The Governor of Guam ( Chamorro : I Maga'låhen/Maga'håga Guåhan ) is the chief executive of the Government of Guam and the commander-in-chief of the Guam National Guard , whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Island ( formerly the State of the Territory ) addresses to the Guam Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that Guam 's public laws are enforced . The position was created in 1968 , through the passage of the Guam Elected Governors Act which took effect in 1970 . Guam elected its first civilian governor in 1970 with the inauguration of former governor Carlos Camacho . The current governor is Lou Leon Guerrero , a Democrat who was inaugurated on January 7 , 2019 following her election in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Luke McNamee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luke_McNamee', 'summary': 'Luke McNamee ( April 4 , 1871 - December 30 , 1952 ) was a United States Navy Admiral , businessman , and the 10th and 12th Naval Governor of Guam . He served in the Navy for 42 years , during which time he held multiple commands . During the Spanish-American War , he earned the Navy Cross , and later the Legion of Honour . Earlier on his career , he served as governor , and expanded funding for fighting the infectious diseases running through the native population . He represented the U.S. Navy as a delegate to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 . He later became Director of the Office of Naval Intelligence . He was promoted to full admiral after being placed in charge of the Battle Fleet . After this command , he served as President of the Naval War College before retiring in 1934 . After leaving the Navy , he became President and Chairman of the Mackay Radio and Telegraph Company , where he aggressively expanded telegraph and radio service overseas .'}]}, {'value': '1892', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10th and 12th Naval Governor of Guam ; Admiral in charge of the Battle Fleet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Governor_of_Guam', 'summary': "The Governor of Guam ( Chamorro : I Maga'låhen/Maga'håga Guåhan ) is the chief executive of the Government of Guam and the commander-in-chief of the Guam National Guard , whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Island ( formerly the State of the Territory ) addresses to the Guam Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that Guam 's public laws are enforced . The position was created in 1968 , through the passage of the Guam Elected Governors Act which took effect in 1970 . Guam elected its first civilian governor in 1970 with the inauguration of former governor Carlos Camacho . The current governor is Lou Leon Guerrero , a Democrat who was inaugurated on January 7 , 2019 following her election in 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Battle_Fleet', 'summary': 'The United States Battle Fleet or Battle Force was part of the organization of the United States Navy from 1922 to 1941 . The General Order of 6 December 1922 organized the United States Fleet , with the Battle Fleet as the Pacific presence . This fleet comprised the main body of ships in the Navy , with the smaller Scouting Fleet as the Atlantic presence . The battleships , including most of the modern ones , and new aircraft carriers were assigned to this fleet .'}]}, {'value': 'Edward Stanley Kellogg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Stanley_Kellogg', 'summary': "Edward Stanley Kellogg ( August 20 , 1870 - January 8 , 1948 ) was a United States Navy Captain who served as the 16th Governor of American Samoa . Kellogg graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1892 and joined the Naval Engineer Corps . He served as an assistant engineer on numerous ships and participated in the Spanish-American War . He retired in 1920 , and became governor three years later , making him only one of two Naval Governors of American Samoa to hold the office following retirement from the service . As Governor , Kellogg asserted the authority of the United States over the tribal chiefs of the islands . He removed the title of Tu ' i Manu ' a from Chris Young , claiming it implied king-like authority over the people of American Samoa . He also removed Chief Tui Manu ' a from power , resulting in widespread protest among the islands ' people . Kellogg died at the National Naval Medical Center in Maryland and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery ."}]}, {'value': '1892', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain ; 16th Governor of American Samoa ( 1923-1925 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_American_Samoa', 'summary': 'This is a list of governors , etc . of the part of the Samoan Islands ( now comprising American Samoa ) under United States administration since 1900 . From 1900 to 1977 governors were appointed by the Federal government of the United States . Since that time they have been elected for 4-year terms by the people of American Samoa .'}]}, {'value': 'Alfred Walton Hinds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_Walton_Hinds', 'summary': "Alfred Walton Hinds ( July 25 , 1874 - December 25 , 1957 ) was a United States Navy captain who served as the 17th Naval Governor of Guam . His early naval service included serving as Assistant Engineer aboard USS Texas , the United States Navy 's first battleship , where he was reprimanded for an accident aboard in 1896 . In 1911 , Hinds joined the staff of the United States Naval Academy , heading the Department of Marine Engineering and Naval Construction , writing a textbook on the subject while there . From September 23 , 1913 , to March 28 , 1914 , Hinds served as acting Governor of Guam . Having already helped form the policies of the previous governor , Hinds continued much of the practices of the earlier administration . He successfully drew new import and export businesses to the island , though he failed in his attempts to further development of Guam as a key naval outpost . Following his governorship , Hinds commanded various ships and eventually became marine superintendent of the Panama Canal in 1924 , serving in that office until early 1925 ."}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain ; 17th Naval Governor of Guam ( 1913-1914 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Governor_of_Guam', 'summary': "The Governor of Guam ( Chamorro : I Maga'låhen/Maga'håga Guåhan ) is the chief executive of the Government of Guam and the commander-in-chief of the Guam National Guard , whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Island ( formerly the State of the Territory ) addresses to the Guam Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that Guam 's public laws are enforced . The position was created in 1968 , through the passage of the Guam Elected Governors Act which took effect in 1970 . Guam elected its first civilian governor in 1970 with the inauguration of former governor Carlos Camacho . The current governor is Lou Leon Guerrero , a Democrat who was inaugurated on January 7 , 2019 following her election in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Henry Bertram Price', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Bertram_Price', 'summary': 'Henry Bertrand Price ( June 29 , 1869 - September 23 , 1941 ) was a United States Navy Captain who served as the 30th Naval Governor of Guam . As a naval officer , he served on many assignments , including with the Bureau of Ordnance . In 1913 , he became executive officer of USS Delaware , and two years later commanding officer of USS Melville . Becoming governor in 1923 , Price focused on agricultural development , particularly in the region of Mangilao , Guam . He also ordered increased road building and the establishment of the Guam Department of Agriculture .'}]}, {'value': '1895', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain ; 30th Naval Governor of Guam ( 1923-1924 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Governor_of_Guam', 'summary': "The Governor of Guam ( Chamorro : I Maga'låhen/Maga'håga Guåhan ) is the chief executive of the Government of Guam and the commander-in-chief of the Guam National Guard , whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Island ( formerly the State of the Territory ) addresses to the Guam Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that Guam 's public laws are enforced . The position was created in 1968 , through the passage of the Guam Elected Governors Act which took effect in 1970 . Guam elected its first civilian governor in 1970 with the inauguration of former governor Carlos Camacho . The current governor is Lou Leon Guerrero , a Democrat who was inaugurated on January 7 , 2019 following her election in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Stephen Victor Graham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Victor_Graham', 'summary': 'Stephen Victor Graham ( March 4 , 1874 - September 2 , 1955 ) was a United States Naval Rear Admiral and the 18th Governor of American Samoa from September 9 , 1927 , to August 2 , 1929 . Graham attended the United States Naval Academy and served on numerous ships before being posted to the governorship . As governor , he established a strong charter for the former Bank of American Samoa and reworked Samoan fiscal law . After his governorship , he worked at the Naval Academy as the head of the Modern Languages department .'}]}, {'value': '1896', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rear Admiral ; 18th Governor of American Samoa ( 1927-1929 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_American_Samoa', 'summary': 'This is a list of governors , etc . of the part of the Samoan Islands ( now comprising American Samoa ) under United States administration since 1900 . From 1900 to 1977 governors were appointed by the Federal government of the United States . Since that time they have been elected for 4-year terms by the people of American Samoa .'}]}, {'value': 'Gatewood Lincoln', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gatewood_Lincoln', 'summary': 'Gatewood Sanders Lincoln ( August 5 , 1875 - October 15 , 1957 ) was a United States Navy officer who served as the 19th and 22nd Governor of American Samoa . With Nathan Woodworth Post , Lincoln was one of only two American Samoan governors to serve non-consecutive terms . He commanded a supply ship during World War I , and was an instructor at the United States Naval Academy , serving as Department Head of the College of Electrical Engineering and Physics .'}]}, {'value': '1896', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain ; 22nd Governor of American Samoa ( 1931-1932 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_American_Samoa', 'summary': 'This is a list of governors , etc . of the part of the Samoan Islands ( now comprising American Samoa ) under United States administration since 1900 . From 1900 to 1977 governors were appointed by the Federal government of the United States . Since that time they have been elected for 4-year terms by the people of American Samoa .'}]}, {'value': 'Ivan Wettengel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivan_Wettengel', 'summary': 'Ivan Cyrus Wettengel ( 1876 - February 19 , 1935 ) was a United States Navy Captain who served as the 25th Naval Governor of Guam . A graduate of the United States Naval Academy , Wettengel commanded a number of ships . He received the Navy Cross for his command of USS Wisconsin during World War I . He also commanded USS Texas and the Naval Training Station Hampton Roads . During his tenure as governor , he overturned many of the unpopular policies of William Gilmer . He also attempted to assemble a bull-mounted Guam Cavalry , but the initiative failed . A number of locations in Guam are named in his honor .'}]}, {'value': '1896', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain ; 25th Naval Governor of Guam ( 1920-21 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Governor_of_Guam', 'summary': "The Governor of Guam ( Chamorro : I Maga'låhen/Maga'håga Guåhan ) is the chief executive of the Government of Guam and the commander-in-chief of the Guam National Guard , whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Island ( formerly the State of the Territory ) addresses to the Guam Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that Guam 's public laws are enforced . The position was created in 1968 , through the passage of the Guam Elected Governors Act which took effect in 1970 . Guam elected its first civilian governor in 1970 with the inauguration of former governor Carlos Camacho . The current governor is Lou Leon Guerrero , a Democrat who was inaugurated on January 7 , 2019 following her election in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'William D. Leahy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_D._Leahy', 'summary': "Fleet Admiral William Daniel Leahy ( May 6 , 1875 - July 20 , 1959 ) was an American naval officer who served as the senior-most United States military officer on active duty during World War II . He held multiple titles and was at the center of all major military decisions the United States made in World War II . As Chief of Naval Operations from 1937 to 1939 , he was the senior officer in the navy , overseeing the preparations for war . After retiring from the navy , he was appointed in 1939 by his close friend President Franklin D. Roosevelt as Governor of Puerto Rico . In his most controversial role , he served as the United States Ambassador to France 1940-42 , but had limited success in keeping the Vichy government free of German control . Leahy was recalled to active duty as the personal Chief of Staff to President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942 and served in that position throughout World War II . He chaired the Chiefs of Staff and was a major decision-maker during the war . He continued under President Harry S. Truman until finally retiring in 1949 . From 1942 until his retirement in 1949 , he was the highest-ranking active duty member of the U.S. military , reporting only to the President . He was the United States ' first de facto Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( not his official title ) and he also presided over the American delegation to the Combined Chiefs of Staff , when the American and British staffs worked together . As fleet admiral , Leahy was the first U.S. naval officer ever to hold a five-star rank in the U.S. Armed Forces . USS Leahy ( DLG-16 ) was named in his honor ."}]}, {'value': '1897', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chief of Naval Operations ( 1937-1939 ) ; became the first fleet admiral during World War II and crafted future thought leadership ; served as Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief , which was the role model for the first Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ; Governor of Puerto Rico ( 1939-1940 ) ; ambassador to the Vichy French', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_United_States_Naval_Academy_alumni_15', 'intro': 'The United States Naval Academy (USNA) is an undergraduate college in Annapolis, Maryland with the mission of educating and commissioning officers for the United States Navy and Marine Corps. The Academy was founded in 1845 and graduated its first class in 1846. The Academy is often referred to as Annapolis, while sports media refer to the Academy as Navy and the students as Midshipmen; this usage is officially endorsed. During the latter half of the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th, the United States Naval Academy was the primary source of U.S. Navy and Marine Corps officers, with the Class of 1881 being the first to provide officers to the Marine Corps. Graduates of the Academy are also given the option of entering the United States Army or United States Air Force. Most Midshipmen are admitted through the congressional appointment system. The curriculum emphasizes various fields of engineering. The list is drawn from graduates, non-graduate former Midshipmen, current Midshipmen, and faculty of the Naval Academy. Over 50 U.S. astronauts have graduated from the Naval Academy, more than from any other undergraduate institution. [a] Over 990 noted scholars from a variety of academic fields are Academy graduates, including 45 Rhodes Scholars and 16 Marshall Scholars. Additional notable graduates include 1 President of the United States, 2 Nobel Prize recipients, and 73 Medal of Honor recipients. [b]'}	null	null	What is the class year of the alumnus who was born in Colchester , New York and appointed to the United States Naval Academy from that state in 1867 ?	1871
079441385a930b43	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Fonograma', 'title': 'Club Fonograma', 'header': ['Order', 'Artist', 'Song', 'Country'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Javiera Mena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Javiera_Mena', 'summary': 'Javiera Alejandra Mena Carrasco ( born June 3 , 1983 in Santiago ) is a Chilean indie electropop musician . She started her musical career in the Chilean indie music scene in 2001 , and achieved wider success after the release of her first studio album in 2006 . Her musical style tends to be synthesized electronic sound , although prior to her official debut she made acoustic-oriented songs accompanied solely by guitar .'}]}, {'value': 'Al Siguiente Nivel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chile', 'summary': 'Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calle 13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calle_13_(band)', 'summary': 'Calle 13 is a Puerto Rican band formed by stepbrothers René Pérez Joglar ( born February 23 , 1978 in Hato Rey ) who calls himself Residente ( lead singer , songwriter ) and Eduardo José Cabra Martínez ( born September 10 , 1978 in Santurce ) , who calls himself Visitante ( multi-instrumentalist , vocalist , beat producer ) and their half-sister Ileana Cabra Joglar aka PG-13 or recently ILE ( backing vocals ) . Stepbrothers Pérez and Cabra first were discovered by Elias De Leon . They were subsequently given a record deal with White Lion Records after leaving a demo with A & R Director Carlos Karly Rosario . After the controversial song Querido F.B.I . was released , the group gained notoriety in Puerto Rico . In 2005 , Calle 13 released its eponymously titled debut album , which became very popular due to the singles Se Vale Tó-Tó and ¡Atrévete-te-te ! . In 2007 , the group released its second album , Residente o Visitante , which was also very successful and experimented with a wide variety of genres . The album helped the group gain success throughout Latin America and win three Latin Grammys . The group released its third album , Los de Atrás Vienen Conmigo , in 2008 , which won Album of the Year at the 2009 Latin Grammy Awards . Calle 13 released Entren Los Que Quieran in November 2010 and its latest album , Multi Viral , on March 1 , 2014 . Calle 13 is noted for its eclectic musical style , often using unconventional instrumentation in its music , which distances the group from the reggaeton genre . The band is also known for its satirical lyrics as well as social commentary about Latin American issues and culture .'}]}, {'value': 'Atrevete-te-te !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atrevete-te-te!', 'summary': "Atrévete-te-te ( English : Dare Yourself-self-self ) is a Grammy-nominated reggaeton song by Puerto Rican urban duo Calle 13 from their eponymous debut album Calle 13 , released in February 2006 , by White Lion Records . It is one of the duo 's best known songs . It was a hit single in many Latin American countries . The video for this single won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2006 . This song is featured in the soundtrack of Grand Theft Auto IV . The song was later named the second best single of the decade by Latin music website Club Fonograma ."}]}, {'value': 'Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triángulo de Amor Bizarro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triángulo_de_Amor_Bizarro', 'summary': 'Triángulo de Amor Bizarro is a Galician post-punk/indie rock band formed in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'El Fantasma de la Transición', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hello Seahorse !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hello_Seahorse!', 'summary': "Hello Seahorse ! is a Mexican alternative rock band formed in 2005 in Mexico City . The band gained quick recognition as one of the leading acts in Mexican rock alternativo y indie , placing their first commercial single Bestia on regular radio airplay by November 2008 . Early releases such as the EP Hoy a las Ocho featured lyrics in both English and Spanish , though latest tracks are solely in the latter ; these however deal about nonsense or surrealistic themes . The band 's second album Bestia was released on May 19 , 2009 . The track Bestia from that album won the song of the year award at Mexico 's 2009 Indie-O Music Awards ceremony . At the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards Latinoamérica , they were nominated for and won the La Zona award . Also in 2009 , they were nominated for best alternative song at the Latin Grammy Awards , but they lost to Calle 13 , and the next year they were nominated in the same category with the song Criminal . Hello Seahorse ! has shared stage with bands such as Beastie Boys , Jarvis Cocker , Clinic and The Killers ."}]}, {'value': 'Bestia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julieta Venegas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julieta_Venegas', 'summary': 'Julieta Venegas Percevault ( Spanish pronunciation : [ xuˈljeta βeˈneɣas ] ; [ a ] born November 24 , 1970 in Long Beach , California ) is an American-born Mexican singer , songwriter , instrumentalist and producer who sings pop-rock in Spanish . She speaks English , Portuguese , and Spanish fluently . She has a twin sister , Yvonne , who is a photographer . Venegas grew up in Tijuana and began studying music at age eight . She went on to join several bands including Mexican ska band Tijuana No ! . Venegas plays several instruments including acoustic guitar , accordion , and keyboard . She has won five Latin Grammys and one Grammy Award among other awards . She has composed music for theater and performed in soundtracks for two movies . In 1997 , she released her debut album Aquí to favorable reviews in Mexico by the rock audience . In later years , she positioned herself as one of the most prominent songwriters in Latin pop by achieving fame in 2003 in Latin America and Spain with the album Sí and singles Andar Conmigo and Algo está cambiando which were positioned at the top of Latin Billboard . In 2006 , she released her most successful album Limón y Sal which is her best-selling album to date . Limón y Sal achieved Platinum status in several countries , including the worldwide hit Me Voy .'}]}, {'value': 'Lento', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lento_(Julieta_Venegas_song)', 'summary': 'Lento ( English : Slow ) is the second single from the third album by Mexican singer Julieta Venegas , called Sí . The song was named the 5th best song of the 2000s decade by Latin music website Club Fonograma .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Café Tacuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Café_Tacuba', 'summary': 'Café Tacuba ( stylized Café Tacvba ) is a band from Ciudad Satélite , Mexico . The group gained popularity in the early 1990s . They were founded in 1989 , before they had the current lineup of Rubén Isaac Albarrán Ortega ( lead vocals , rhythm guitar ) , Emmanuel del Real Díaz ( keyboards , piano , programming , rhythm guitar , melodica , vocals ) , José Alfredo Joselo Rangel Arroyo ( lead guitar , vocals ) , and Enrique Quique Rangel Arroyo : ( bass guitar , electric upright bass , vocals ) , their friend Roberto Silva played the keyboards for a short period of time . Mexican folk music player Alejandro Flores was for a time considered the 5th tacubo , as he played the violin in almost every Café Tacvba concert for many years . Since the Cuatro Caminos World Tour , Luis El Children Ledezma has played the drums in every concert but is not considered an official member of the band .'}]}, {'value': 'Eres', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celso Piña ft. Control Machete & Blanquito Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Celso_Piña', 'summary': 'Celso Piña Arvizu ( April 6 , 1953 - August 21 , 2019 ) was a Mexican singer , composer , arranger , and accordionist , mainly in the genre of Cumbia , being one of the most important musicians in the style of Cumbia rebajada . Piña was a pioneer in the mixture and fusion of tropical sounds with many of his works having elements of cumbia , regional mexicano , cumbia sonidera , ska , reggae , rap/hip-hop , R & B , etc . Piña is also known as El Rebelde del acordeón or the Cacique de la Campana .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Control_Machete', 'summary': 'Control Machete was a Mexican hip hop group from Monterrey , Nuevo León , Mexico . Its members were Fermín IV ( listed as Fermin IV Caballero Elizondo in credits ) , Patricio Pato Machete Chapa Elizalde , and Toy Kenobi ( Antonio Toy Hernández ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Cumbia Sobre el Río', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Porter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Porter_(band)', 'summary': "Porter is a Mexican indie rock band based in Guadalajara , Mexico . Despite their uncommon sound the band got decent radio airplay on important broadcasting stations , their videos : Espiral , Daphne and Host of a Ghost had a good reception in music video channels . Daphne was placed in the Telehit 's Top Ten videos and , more recently , Host of a Ghost . ( October 2007 ) . The band has overall acceptance among critics & the audience , which often labels their sound as weird , interesting and vanguardish ."}]}, {'value': 'Cuervos', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rita Indiana y los Misterios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rita_Indiana_y_los_Misterios', 'summary': 'Rita Indiana y los Misterios is an alternative merengue band based in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic . The band is led by the vocalist Rita Indiana . Since late 2008 the band enjoyed great popularity for creating music using the sounds of traditional merengue and incorporating tastes of alternative rock and electronic music . Rita Indiana y los Misterios has performed in numerous locations of Santo Domingo including the Hard Rock Cafe . Some popular songs of the group are Jardinera , El Blu del Ping Pong , La Hora de Volve , Equeibol . Rita Indiana has been very successful in the Santo Domingo alternative scene constantly playing in Casa de Teatro , Hard Rock Cafe , and other small venues . They have been featured extensively in many prominent music magazines and websites like NPR Music , FADER and Club Fonograma for their new , experimental sound .'}]}, {'value': 'La Hora de Volvé', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natalia Lafourcade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natalia_Lafourcade', 'summary': "María Natalia Lafourcade Silva ( Spanish pronunciation : [ maˈɾi.a naˈtalja lafouɾˈkaðe ˈsilβa ] ; born 26 February 1984 ) is a Mexican pop-rock singer and songwriter who since her debut in 2003 has been one of the most successful singers in the pop rock scene in Latin America . Lafourcade 's voice has been categorized as a lyric soprano ."}]}, {'value': 'Azul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hu_Hu_Hu', 'summary': 'Hu Hu Hu is the third album by Mexican singer-songwriter Natalia Lafourcade , released in May 2009 after an almost four years hiatus from popular music . ( She had released a classical EP , Las 4 Estaciones Del Amor in 2008 . ) Lafourcade decided to name the album Hu Hu Hu because she perceived the phrase to be an expression of joy . The album was produced by Emmanuel del Real ( who produced Casa in 2005 ) , Marco Moreno and Ernesto García . The album was nominated for Best female Pop Vocal Album at the 2009 Latin Grammy Awards ( won by Laura Pausini ) and Best Latin Pop album at the 2010 Grammy Awards ( won by La Quinta Estación ) . Club Fonograma also named the album the 2nd best of 2009 , and the 7th best of the decade .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Club Fonograma Top 10 Songs of the Decade ( 2000-2009 )', 'section_text': '[ 12 ]', 'uid': 'Club_Fonograma_1', 'intro': 'Club Fonograma was a United States-based daily Internet publication established in 2008 that was devoted to music criticism and commentary, music news, mixtapes, podcasts, and artist interviews. Its focus is on global pop and independent music from artists of Spanish, Caribbean, and Latin American origin or background. It was notable for its eclectic and idiosyncratic English-language coverage of mostly Spanish-language music. It was praised as the Pitchfork of Latin Music and as hands down the best go-to music site for indie music out of America and Spain. Club Fonograma was created in Phoenix, Arizona in 2008 by Carlos Reyes, while attending college in Phoenix. During its run, the site has expanded from a simple music review site and now also covers events such as South by Southwest, the Latin American Music Conference, Vive Latino, and Festival NRMAL. Their coverage has also been praised by American music outlets such as Pitchfork and NPR. The site also won a 2012 IMAS award for Best Music Website. From 2008 through 2011, the site curated a mixtape series called Fonogramaticos. These albums contained a mix of unreleased songs from both prominent major-label acts and unsigned or independent artists, and are free for readers to download. A total of fourteen volumes were created in the series. Since then, the site has released annual compilations outside the Fonogramaticos series.'}	null	null	Who is the only artist here that won a Grammy ?	Julieta Venegas
0795f88b3396a255	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Manitoba_Legislature', 'title': '10th Manitoba Legislature', 'header': ['Electoral district', 'Member elected', 'Affiliation', 'Election date', 'Reason'], 'data': [{'value': 'Emerson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emerson_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "Emerson is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba . It has existed since 1879 , when it was created by redistribution . It is located in the southeastern corner of the province . It is bordered to the north by Carman , Morris , Steinbach and La Verendrye , to the west by Pembina , to the east by the province of Ontario and to the south by the American state of North Dakota . The riding includes the communities/municipalities of Emerson , Altona , Dominion City , Rhineland , Gretna , Woodridge and St. Jean Baptiste . The riding 's population in 2008 was 20,370 . In 2011 , the average family income was $ 61,951 , and the unemployment rate was 2.9% . Agriculture accounts for 24% of the riding 's industry , followed by manufacturing at 16% . Over 27% of Emerson 's residents have less than a Grade Nine education . Emerson is an ethnically diverse riding , with only 51% of its residents listing English as their mother tongue . 26% of the riding 's residents list themselves as either German , French , Ukrainian , Polish or Mennonite , while a further 5% are aboriginal . The riding has generally been safe for the Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba since 1969 , although the New Democratic Party of Manitoba ( NDP ) won it in 1973 ."}]}, {'value': 'David Henry McFadden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Henry_McFadden', 'summary': 'David Henry McFadden ( February 17 , 1856 - 1935 ) was a politician in Manitoba , Canada . He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1892 to 1907 , and again from 1910 to 1915 . McFadden was a Conservative , and served as a cabinet minister in the governments of Hugh John Macdonald and Rodmond Roblin . McFadden was born in Peterborough , Canada West ( now Ontario ) , and educated in Bruce , Ontario . He received certification from the Ontario Veterinary College and practised as a veterinary surgeon . He also served as manager of the Alexandra Realty Co. in Emerson , Manitoba , and was active in municipal politics . In religion , McFadden was a Methodist . He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1892 provincial election , defeating Liberal incumbent James Thomson by fourteen votes in the Emerson constituency . The Liberals won a majority government in this election , and McFadden served as an opposition member . He was one of only six Conservatives returned in the 1896 election , defeating candidates of the Liberals and the Patrons of Industry . McFadden was returned again for Emerson by an increased majority in the 1899 election . At the provincial level , the Conservatives won a majority government under the leadership of Hugh John Macdonald .'}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'January 30 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D. H. McFadden ran for reelection upon appointment as Provincial Secretary and Minister of Public Works', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winnipeg South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg_South_(provincial_electoral_district)', 'summary': 'Winnipeg South was a provincial electoral division in Manitoba , Canada , which existed on two separate occasions . It was initially created for the 1883 provincial election , and abolished with the 1920 election when Winnipeg became a single ten-member constituency . It was re-established for the elections of 1949 and 1953 as a four-member constituency , and was divided into several single-member constituencies in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hugh John Macdonald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugh_John_Macdonald', 'summary': 'Sir Hugh John Macdonald , PC ( March 13 , 1850 - March 29 , 1929 ) was the only surviving son of the first Prime Minister of Canada , Sir John A. Macdonald . He too was a politician , serving as a member of the House of Commons of Canada and a federal cabinet minister , and briefly as the eighth Premier of Manitoba .'}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'January 30 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HJ Macdonald ran for reelection upon becoming Premier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beautiful Plains', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Andrew Davidson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Andrew_Davidson', 'summary': "John Andrew Davidson ( August 19 , 1852 - November 14 , 1903 ) was a Manitoba politician . He was briefly the leader of Manitoba 's Conservative parliamentary caucus in 1894 , and later served as a cabinet minister in the governments of Hugh John Macdonald and Rodmond Roblin . Davidson was born in Thamesford , Canada West ( now Ontario ) . He moved to Manitoba in 1871 , and became a mill owner and general merchant , also serving on the Protestant school board . Manitoba 's boundaries were expanded in 1881 , and Davidson was elected to the provincial legislature in a by-election as the first member for Dauphin . A Liberal , he defeated his sole opponent , P.S . St. Clair McGregor , 148 votes to 17 . Party affiliations were fluid in Manitoba in this period , and by the general election of 1883 Davidson was identifying himself as a Liberal-Conservative , and a supporter of Premier John Norquay . He was re-elected in Dauphin without opposition . Following redistribution , Davidson campaigned in the Beautiful Plains constituency for the provincial election of 1886 . The Liberals saw their support rise in this campaign , and Davidson ( now a Conservative ) lost to Liberal John Crawford by thirty votes . Crawford again defeated Davidson in the 1888 election , this time by twenty-four votes ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'March 10 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RC Ennis resigned seat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morris_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "Morris is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba . It was created by redistribution in 1879 , and has existed continuously since that time . The constituency is named after Alexander Morris , who served as Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba from 1872 to 1877 . Morris is a rural riding located in the Red River Valley in the south of the province . In is bordered to the south by Emerson , to the north by Lakeside , to the west by Midland and Portage la Prairie , and to the east by Steinbach , Dawson Trail , Assiniboia , Kirkfield Park and Charleswood . The largest communities in the riding are Morris , Niverville and La Salle . Other communities include Elie , Oak Bluff , Sanford , Starbuck , Ste . Agathe , St. Eustache and St. Francois Xavier . In 1999 , the average family income was $ 53,719 , and the unemployment rate was 3.90% . Agriculture accounts for 23% of the riding 's industry , followed by the retail trade at 10% . Eighteen per cent of Morris 's residents are of German background , and a further 17% are French . The riding has the third-highest percentage of francophones in Manitoba ."}]}, {'value': 'Colin H. Campbell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colin_H._Campbell', 'summary': "Colin H. Campbell ( 25 December 1859 - October 24 , 1914 ) was a politician in Manitoba , Canada . He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Conservative from 1899 to 1914 , and was a cabinet minister in the governments of Hugh John Macdonald and Rodmond Roblin . Campbell was a barrister , and ran a practice in Winnipeg . He first ran for the Manitoba legislature in the 1892 provincial election , and lost to Liberal Peter McIntyre by 280 votes in Winnipeg North . He sought election to the House of Commons of Canada in November 1893 , as a candidate of the Conservative Party of Canada . Campbell stood in by-election for the riding of Winnipeg , after Hugh John Macdonald 's resignation from the house . He lost to Liberal candidate Joseph Martin . Campbell was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1899 election , defeating Liberal incumbent Stewart Mulvey by 188 votes in the constituency of Morris . The Conservatives won the election , and Campbell was named as a minister without portfolio in Macdonald 's government on January 10 , 1900 . He was promoted to Attorney General on October 9 of the same year . In this period of Canadian history , newly appointed ministers were required to resign their legislative seats to seek a new mandate from their electors . These by-elections were usually mere formalities , and many ministers were returned without opposition ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'October 29 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C. H. Campbell ran for reelection upon appointment as Attorney-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winnipeg Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg_Centre_(provincial_electoral_division)', 'summary': 'Winnipeg Centre was a provincial electoral division in Manitoba , Canada . It existed on three separate occasions . It was initially created for the 1888 provincial election , and was abolished in the 1920 election when Winnipeg was made into a single ten-member constituency . It was then re-established for the elections of 1949 and 1953 , as a four-member constituency . This constituency was eliminated in 1958 and divided into several single-member constituencies , one of which was also called Winnipeg Centre . This single-member constituency lasted until 1981 , when it too was eliminated through redistribution .'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas William Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_William_Taylor', 'summary': "Thomas William Taylor ( September 6 , 1852 - February 24 , 1924 ) was a politician in Manitoba , Canada . He served as the 13th Mayor of Winnipeg , and was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1900 to 1914 . Taylor was a member of the Conservative Party . Taylor was born in Portsmouth , England , and was educated in London , Ontario . He came to Winnipeg in 1877 and set up a bookbinding business two years letter . Taylor served as a Winnipeg alderman in 1892 , was elected mayor 1893 , and was re-elected without opposition in 1894 . He was also the president of the Manitoba Rifle Association , and of the St. Andrew 's Society . In religion , he was a member of the Church of England . Taylor first ran for the Manitoba legislature in the 1896 provincial election , and lost to Liberal Peter McIntyre by 238 votes in Winnipeg North . He was first elected to the legislature in a by-election , held for Winnipeg Centre on November 1 , 1900 . Taylor defeated Liberal candidate Robert Muir by 157 votes , and served in the legislature as a backbench supporter of Rodmond Roblin 's administration . He was re-elected in the riding of Winnipeg Centre over the Liberal candidate , J.A ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'November 1 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DH McMillan named lieutenant-governor for Manitoba', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Woodlands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rodmond Roblin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodmond_Roblin', 'summary': "Sir Rodmond Palen Roblin KCMG ( February 15 , 1853 - February 16 , 1937 ) was a businessman and politician in Manitoba , Canada . Roblin was born in Sophiasburgh , in Prince Edward County , Canada West ( later Ontario ) . The Roblin family was established in Sophiasburgh by Loyalist farmers Philip and Elizabeth Roblin from Smith 's Clove ( now known as Monroe ) in Orange County , New York . He was educated at Albert College in Belleville , arrived in Winnipeg in 1877 , and worked as a grain merchant . Roblin served as reeve of Dufferin for five years and as warden for two , and was also a school trustee in the community . He entered provincial politics in the 1886 Manitoba election , running as a Liberal Party candidate against Conservative cabinet minister David H. Wilson in the constituency of Dufferin North . He lost this race by five votes , but won a subsequent by-election held on May 12 , 1888 . The by-election took place shortly after Thomas Greenway was inaugurated as Manitoba 's first Liberal premier . Roblin was a supporter of Greenway in this period , and was re-elected by acclamation when the new premier called another provincial election for July 1888 . Although Greenway 's Liberals won this election with a landslide majority , the new premier was unable to fulfill a campaign promise for the development of local railways . The Canadian Pacific Railway had lost its formal monopoly in the region , but it was still the dominant line and transportation costs remained high . Confronted with Greenway 's failure , Roblin abandoned the government in 1889 and caucused with the small Conservative opposition ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'November 8 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R Roblin ran for reelection upon appointment as Premier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rhineland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhineland_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "Rhineland is a former provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba . It was created by redistribution in 1892 , and eliminated in 1914 , when it merged into the new riding of Morden and Rhineland . It was re-established in 1949 , and eliminated again in 1989 . As its name implies , Rhineland was home to several German settlers , many of whom were Mennonites . It is named after the Rhineland region of Germany . Jacob Froese , the last Social Credit MLA in Manitoba history , represented this riding from 1959 until 1973 . Rhineland 's territory was integrated into the riding of Emerson in 1989 ."}]}, {'value': 'Valentine Winkler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valentine_Winkler', 'summary': "Valentine Winkler ( March 18 , 1864 - June 7 , 1920 ) was a politician in Manitoba , Canada . He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal for Rhineland from 1892 to 1900 , and again from 1900 to 1920 . Winkler was a cabinet minister in the government of Tobias Norris . His brother , Enoch Winkler , was also a member of the provincial legislature from 1888 to 1899 . Winkler was born in Neustadt , Grey County , Canada West ( now Ontario ) , and educated at public schools in the area . He moved to Manitoba in 1879 after the death of his father , and worked in his brother Enoch Winkler 's lumberyard . In 1883 , he began his own grain and lumber business in Morden . He began farming in 1888 . After the incorporation of the Municipality of Stanley in 1890 , Winkler was chosen as the community 's first reeve . He served in this position until 1892 . In the same year , the village of Winkler was established in Manitoba , named after him . He ran a grain elevator and lumber business in the community ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party', 'summary': "The Manitoba Liberal Party ( French : Parti libéral du Manitoba ) is a political party in Manitoba , Canada . Its roots can be traced to the late nineteenth-century , following the province 's creation in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 19 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'V Minkler ran for federal seat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Boniface', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Boniface_(provincial_electoral_district)', 'summary': "St. Boniface ( French : Saint-Boniface ) is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba . It should not be confused with the federal electoral division of the same name , which includes most of the provincial riding 's territory but has expanded boundaries and a larger population base . The riding has existed , in one form or another , since the province 's creation . In Manitoba 's first general election ( 1870 ) , the riding was divided into St. Boniface East and St. Boniface West . It became a single constituency in 1874 , and has existed continuously since then . The riding elected two members by preferential balloting in 1949 and 1953 . On all other occasions , it has been a single-member constituency . St. Boniface is located in the central-eastern Winnipeg . Its boundaries roughly correspond with the historical community of Saint Boniface , Manitoba , which was a distinct civic jurisdiction before being amalgamated with the City of Winnipeg in 1971 . The riding 's population in 1996 was 19,646 . The average family income in 1999 was $ 45,193 , with an unemployment rate of 10.50% . The service sector accounts for 18% of the riding 's industry , with a further 15% in health and social services ."}]}, {'value': 'Joseph Bernier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Bernier', 'summary': "Joseph Bernier ( August 16 , 1874 - June 8 , 1951 ) was a politician in Manitoba , Canada . He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba on four occasions between 1900 and 1932 . Bernier was a member of the Conservative Party , and served as a cabinet minister in the government of Rodmond Roblin . His father , Thomas A. Bernier , was a member of the Senate of Canada . Bernier was born in St. Jean d'Iberville , Québec , and educated at St. Boniface College and the Manitoba University . He received a Master of Arts degree . Bernier was called to the Manitoba bar in 1896 and began practising as a barrister-at-law in Winnipeg in 1897 . He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in a by-election held on November 24 , 1900 , defeating Victor Mager by 154 votes in the St. Boniface constituency . He lost his seat in the 1903 provincial election , losing to Liberal Horace Chevrier by a single vote . Bernier was re-elected to the legislature in the 1907 election , defeating Chevrier by 71 votes . Returned without difficulty in the 1910 campaign , he was appointed to cabinet on May 22 , 1913 as Provincial Secretary . Bernier was again re-elected in the 1914 provincial election ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'November 24 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SAD Bertrand ran for federal seat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manitou', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Rogers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Rogers_(Manitoba_politician)', 'summary': "Robert Rogers , PC ( March 2 , 1864 - July 21 , 1936 ) was a Canadian merchant and politician . He served as a cabinet minister at the federal and provincial levels . Rogers was born in Lakefield , Canada East ( now Quebec ) , the son of Lieutenant-Colonel George Rogers . He was educated in Lachute , Berthier and Montreal , and later moved to Winnipeg , Manitoba to become director of the Monarch Life Assurance Company . In religion , he was a member of the Church of England . He contested Lisgar in the 1896 federal election as a candidate of the federal Conservative Party , and lost to Liberal Robert Lorne Richardson by fifty-four votes . Rogers was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba in the 1899 provincial election as a Conservative candidate , defeating Liberal candidate J.L . Brown by twenty-eight votes in Manitou . The Conservatives won this election , and Rogers sat in the legislature as a backbench supporter of Hugh John Macdonald 's administration . When Rodmond Roblin succeeded Macdonald as premier on October 29 , 1900 , he appointed Rogers as a minister without portfolio . On December 20 , 1900 , Rogers was promoted to the powerful position of Minister of Public Works . He remained in this position for eleven years , and was often regarded as the second most powerful figure in Roblin 's cabinet , helping the premier construct an effective patronage network ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'December 31 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R Rogers ran for reelection upon appointment as Minister of Public Works', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winnipeg South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg_South_(provincial_electoral_district)', 'summary': 'Winnipeg South was a provincial electoral division in Manitoba , Canada , which existed on two separate occasions . It was initially created for the 1883 provincial election , and abolished with the 1920 election when Winnipeg became a single ten-member constituency . It was re-established for the elections of 1949 and 1953 as a four-member constituency , and was divided into several single-member constituencies in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'James Thomas Gordon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Thomas_Gordon', 'summary': "James Thomas Gordon ( December 24 , 1859 - December 21 , 1919 ) was a politician in Manitoba , Canada . He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1901 to 1910 , as a member of the Conservative Party . Gordon was born in Tweed , Hastings County , Canada West ( now Ontario ) , the son of John Gordon , and was educated at common schools in Tweed . He farmed in Ontario and then moved to Manitoba in 1879 , where he was employed in the lumber trade and then dealt in lumber , cattle and wheat . Gordon married Mearle Baldwin in 1885 . In 1893 , he established the firm of Gordon & Ironsides , which had branches in Fort William , Port Arthur , Kenora , Rainy River , Sudbury , Montreal , Sault Ste . Marie , Regina , Moose Jaw and Saskatoon . Gordon was also president of the Monarch Life Insurance Company , of A. Carruthers & Company , of the Standard Trust Company and of the Royal Securities Company . Gordon challenged Liberal Premier Thomas Greenway for the Mountain constituency in the 1899 provincial election , and lost by 128 votes . Less than two years later , on December 24 , 1901 , he was elected to the legislature without opposition in a by-election for Winnipeg South . The Conservatives had won a majority government in the 1899 election , and Gordon served as a backbench supporter of Rodmond Roblin 's government . In 1902 , he was given the honour of moving the address in reply to the Speech from the Throne ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'January 24 , 1901', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HJ Macdonald ran for federal seat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portage la Prairie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portage_la_Prairie_(provincial_electoral_district)', 'summary': "Portage la Prairie is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba . It has existed since the province 's creation in 1870 . Portage la Prairie is located in southern Manitoba . It is bordered to the north by Lake Manitoba , to the south by Carman , to the west by Turtle Mountain , and to the east by Lakeside and Morris . Portage la Prairie itself is in the central part of the riding . Other communities in the riding include Oakville , Newton , St. Marks , and Dakota Plains Wahpeton First Nation . The riding 's population in 1996 was 18,785 . In 1999 , the average family income was $ 45,302 , and the unemployment rate was 7.00% . The health and service sector accounts for 18% of the riding 's industry , followed by agriculture at 13% . Thirteen per cent of Portage la Prairie 's residents are aboriginal , while a further 6% are German . Portage la Prairie has been held since by the Progressive Conservative Party for most of its history , although the New Democratic Party has increased its standing in the riding in recent years ."}]}, {'value': 'Hugh Armstrong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugh_Armstrong', 'summary': 'Hugh Armstrong ( August 5 , 1858 - March 4 , 1926 ) was a politician in Manitoba , Canada . He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1892 to 1896 and from 1902 to 1915 , and was a senior cabinet minister in the government of Rodmond Roblin . Armstrong was a member of the Conservative Party .'}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'February 6 , 1902', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W Garland died November 11 , 1901', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'By-elections', 'section_text': 'By-elections were held to replace members for various reasons :', 'uid': '10th_Legislative_Assembly_of_Manitoba_1', 'intro': 'The members of the 10th Manitoba Legislature were elected in the Manitoba general election held in December 1899. The legislature sat from March 29, 1900, to June 25, 1903. The Conservatives led by Hugh John Macdonald formed the government. After Macdonald resigned in 1900 to run for a federal seat, Rodmond Roblin became party leader and premier. Thomas Greenway of the Liberal Party was Leader of the Opposition. William Hespeler served as speaker for the assembly. There were four sessions of the 10th Legislature:'}	null	null	What was the original nationality of the founding settlers of an electoral district that once elected a member began his own grain and lumber business in Morden in his prior years to cabinet membership ?	German
079609ba8297fb47	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings_draft_history', 'title': 'Minnesota Vikings draft history', 'header': ['Round', 'Pick #', 'Overall', 'Name', 'Position', 'College'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian Ponder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Ponder', 'summary': 'Christian Andrew Ponder ( born February 25 , 1988 ) is a former American football quarterback . He played for the Minnesota Vikings , Denver Broncos and San Francisco 49ers . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings with the 12th overall pick in the 2011 NFL Draft and started the majority of games for them from 2011 to 2013 . He played college football at Florida State University and was the Seminoles starting quarterback from 2008 to 2010 . Since December 2012 , Ponder has been married to ESPN personality Samantha Ponder .'}]}, {'value': 'Quarterback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_football', 'summary': "The Florida State Seminoles football team represents Florida State University ( variously Florida State or FSU ) in the sport of American football . The Seminoles compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Atlantic Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . The team is known for its storied history , distinctive helmet , fight song and colors as well as the many traditions associated with the school . Florida State has won three national championships , eighteen conference titles and six division titles along with a playoff appearance . The Seminoles have achieved three undefeated seasons , finished ranked in the top four of the AP Poll for 14 straight years from 1987 through 2000 and completed 41 straight winning seasons from 1977 through 2017 ; from 2012 through 2014 , the team won 29 consecutive games , tied for the twelfth-longest winning streak in college football and tied for the longest winning streak in ACC history . The 1999 team received votes from ESPN as one of the top teams in college football history . The team has produced three Heisman Trophy winners : quarterbacks Charlie Ward in 1993 , Chris Weinke in 2000 and Jameis Winston in 2013 . The Biletnikoff Award , presented annually to the top receiver in college football , is named for Florida State hall of famer Fred Biletnikoff . Other awards won by Florida State players include the Walter Camp Award , the Maxwell Award , the Davey O'Brien Award , the Lombardi Award , the Dick Butkus Award , the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award , the Lou Groza Award , the Dave Rimington Trophy and the Bobby Bowden Award . Florida State coaches have been honored with the Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award , the Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award , the Home Depot Coach of the Year Award , the Broyles Award , and the Paul Bear Bryant Award . Many former Seminoles have gone on to have successful careers in the NFL . The program has produced 219 All-Americans ( 45 consensus and 15 unanimous ) and 250 professional players ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kyle Rudolph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Rudolph', 'summary': 'Kyle Daniel Rudolph ( born November 9 , 1989 ) is an American football tight end for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Rudolph played college football for the University of Notre Dame . He was drafted by the Vikings in the second round , 43rd overall of the 2011 NFL Draft . He was selected for the Pro Bowl following the 2012 NFL season .'}]}, {'value': 'Tight end', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': 'Notre Dame', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football', 'summary': "The Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team is the intercollegiate football team representing the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame , Indiana . The team is currently coached by Brian Kelly and plays its home games at the campus 's Notre Dame Stadium , which has a capacity of 77,622 . Notre Dame is one of six schools that competes as an Independent at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision level ; however , they play five games a year against opponents from the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) , of which Notre Dame is a member in all other sports except ice hockey . The school claims 11 national championships , but the NCAA recognizes the school with 13 . Moreover , Notre Dame has 21 national championships recognized by all major selectors ; this is tied with Alabama for the most in the FBS . Notre Dame , Oklahoma and Ohio State share the record of seven Heisman Trophy winners . Notre Dame has produced 101 consensus All-Americans , 34 unanimous All-Americans , 52 members of the College Football Hall of Fame , and 13 members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame , all NCAA records . [ not verified in body ] Notre Dame has had 495 players selected in the NFL Draft , second only to USC . All Notre Dame home games have been televised by NBC since 1991 , and Notre Dame is the only school to have such a contract . It was the only independent program to be part of the Bowl Championship Series coalition and its guaranteed payout , and it has one of the largest , most widespread fan bases in college football . These factors help make Notre Dame one of the most financially valuable football programs in the country , which allows the school to remain an independent ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '106', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian Ballard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Ballard', 'summary': 'Christian Ballard ( born January 3 , 1989 ) is a former American football defensive tackle . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the fourth round ( 106th overall ) of the 2011 NFL Draft . He played college football at Iowa .'}]}, {'value': 'Defensive tackle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_tackle', 'summary': "A defensive tackle ( DT ) is typically the largest and strongest of the defensive players in American football . The defensive tackle typically lines up opposite one of the offensive guards . Depending on a team 's individual defensive scheme , a defensive tackle may be called upon to fill several different roles . These roles may include merely holding the point of attack by refusing to be moved or penetrating a certain gap between offensive linemen to break up a play in the opponent 's backfield . If a defensive tackle reads a pass play , his primary responsibility is to pursue the quarterback , or simply knock the pass down at the line if it is within arm 's reach . Other responsibilities of the defensive tackle may be to pursue the screen pass or drop into coverage in a zone blitz scheme . In a traditional 4-3 defense , there is no nose tackle . Instead there is a left and right defensive tackle . Some teams , especially in the National Football League ( NFL ) , do have a nose tackle in this scheme , but most of them do not ."}]}, {'value': 'Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iowa_Hawkeyes_football', 'summary': 'The Iowa Hawkeyes football team represents the University of Iowa in college football . The Hawkeyes compete in the West division of the Big Ten Conference . Iowa joined the Conference ( then known as the Western Conference or Big Nine ) in 1899 and played their first Conference football season in 1900 . They are currently a Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) member of the NCAA . The Hawkeyes play their home games in Iowa City , Iowa at Kinnick Stadium , with a capacity of 69,250 . The Hawkeyes are currently coached by Kirk Ferentz , who is in his 21st season as the head coach and is the longest current tenured head coach in NCAA Division I FBS .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '139', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brandon Burton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandon_Burton', 'summary': 'Brandon Burton ( born July 31 , 1989 ) is an American football coach and former cornerback . Burton was selected with the 139th pick in the fifth round of the 2011 NFL Draft by the Minnesota Vikings . As a coach , he was the defensive backs coach for the Arizona Hotshots of the Alliance of American Football ( AAF ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Cornerback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah_Utes_football', 'summary': "The Utah Utes football program is a college football team that competes in the Pac-12 Conference ( Pac-12 ) of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of NCAA Division I and represents the University of Utah . The Utah college football program began in 1892 and has played home games at the current site of Rice-Eccles Stadium since 1927 . They have won twenty-four conference championships in five conferences during their history , and , as of the end of the 2018 season , they have a cumulative record of 677 wins , 464 losses , and 31 ties ( .591 ) . The Utes have a record of 17-5 ( .773 ) in bowl games . Among Utah 's bowl appearances are two games from the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) : the Fiesta Bowl and the Sugar Bowl . In the 2005 Fiesta Bowl , Utah defeated the Pittsburgh Panthers 35-7 , and in the 2009 Sugar Bowl , they defeated the Alabama Crimson Tide 31-17 . During those seasons , Utah was a member of the Mountain West Conference , whose champion does not receive an automatic invitation to a BCS bowl . The Utes were the first team from a conference without an automatic bid to play in a BCS bowl game - colloquially known as being a BCS Buster - and the first BCS Buster to play in a second BCS Bowl ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '168', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DeMarcus Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DeMarcus_Love', 'summary': 'Demarcus Love ( born March 7 , 1988 ) is an American football offensive tackle who is currently a free agent . He played college football at the University of Arkansas . Love was selected with the 168th overall pick in the 2011 NFL Draft by the Minnesota Vikings .'}]}, {'value': 'Offensive tackle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_football', 'summary': 'The Arkansas Razorbacks football program represents the University of Arkansas , located in Fayetteville , Arkansas , in the sport of American football . The Razorbacks compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The program has 1 national championship awarded by the Football Writers Association of America ( FWAA ) and Helms Athletic Foundation ( HAF ) in 1964 , 1 national championship awarded by the Foundation for the Analysis of Competitions and Tournaments ( FACT ) in 1977 , 13 conference championships , 45 All-Americans , and an all-time record of 716-504-40 . Home games are played at locations on or near the two largest campuses of the University of Arkansas System : Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium in Fayetteville , and War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '170', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mistral Raymond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mistral_Raymond', 'summary': 'Mistral Raymond ( born September 7 , 1987 ) is a former American football safety . He was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the 6th round ( 170th overall pick ) of the 2011 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Safety', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'South Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Florida_Bulls_football', 'summary': 'The South Florida Bulls football team represents the University of South Florida . The Bulls began playing in 1997 and currently compete in the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) within the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . The team plays its home games at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa , Florida .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '172', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brandon Fusco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandon_Fusco', 'summary': 'Brandon Fusco ( born July 26 , 1988 ) is an American football guard who is currently a free agent . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings with the 172nd overall pick in the sixth round of the 2011 NFL Draft . He played college football at Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(American_football)', 'summary': "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ."}]}, {'value': 'Slippery Rock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slippery_Rock_University_of_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania ( The Rock or SRU ) is a public university in Slippery Rock , Pennsylvania . SRU is a member of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education ( PASSHE ) . The university has been coeducational since its founding in 1889 . It has one of the largest campuses in western Pennsylvania , occupying 611 acres ( 2.4 km² ) .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ross Homan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ross_Homan', 'summary': 'Ross Homan ( born March 5 , 1987 ) is a former American football linebacker . After playing college football for Ohio State , he was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the sixth round of the 2011 NFL Draft . He was also a member of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers .'}]}, {'value': 'Linebacker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Ohio State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football', 'summary': "The Ohio State Buckeyes football team competes as part of the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision , representing Ohio State University in the East Division of the Big Ten Conference . Ohio State has played their home games at Ohio Stadium in Columbus , Ohio since 1922 . The Buckeyes are recognized by the university and NCAA as having won eight national championships along with 40 conference championships ( including 38 Big Ten titles ) , eight division championships , 10 undefeated seasons , and six perfect seasons ( no losses or ties ) . As of 2017 , the football program is valued at $ 1.5 billion , the highest valuation of any such program in the country . The first Ohio State game was a 20-14 victory over Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware , Ohio , on May 3 , 1890 . The team was a football independent from 1890 to 1901 before joining the Ohio Athletic Conference ( OAC ) as a charter member in 1902 . The Buckeyes won two conference championships while members of the OAC and in 1912 became members of the Big Ten Conference . Ohio State won their first national championship in 1942 under head coach Paul Brown . Following World War II , Ohio State saw sparse success on the football field with three separate coaches and in 1951 hired Woody Hayes to coach the team . Under Hayes , Ohio State won over 200 games , 13 Big Ten championships and five national championships ( 1954 , 1957 , 1961 , 1968 , and 1970 ) , and had four Rose Bowl wins in eight appearances . Following Hayes ' dismissal in 1978 , Earle Bruce and later John Cooper coached the team to a combined seven conference championships between them . Jim Tressel was hired as head coach in 2001 and led Ohio State to its seventh national championship in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '215', 'urls': []}, {'value': "D'Aundre Reed", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/D'Aundre_Reed", 'summary': "D'Aundre Reed ( born January 1 , 1988 ) is an American football defensive end who is a free agent . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings with the 215th overall pick in the seventh round of the 2011 NFL Draft . He has also been a member of the Minnesota Vikings , San Francisco 49ers , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Los Angeles Kiss ."}]}, {'value': 'Defensive end', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}]}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats_football', 'summary': "The Arizona Wildcats football program represents the University of Arizona in the sport of American college football . Arizona competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the South Division of the Pac-12 Conference ( Pac-12 ) . Arizona officially began competing in intercollegiate football in 1889 . The school joined the Pac-10 Conference in 1978 alongside rival Arizona State , and became a member of the Pac-12 South Division when the conference realigned in 2011 . Arizona has won six conference championships , including the 1993 Pac-10 title , and have appeared in 21 bowl games . Arizona 's home stadium is Arizona Stadium , which opened in 1939 and has a capacity of 50,782 . Arizona 's archrival is in-state foe Arizona State Sun Devils . The Wildcats and Sun Devils meet annually in the Territorial Cup . As heading into the 2019 season , Arizona 's all-time record is 618-452-33 ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '236', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephen Burton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Burton_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Stephen Burton ( born December 11 , 1989 ) is a former American football wide receiver . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the seventh round of the 2011 NFL Draft . He played college football at West Texas A & M . On April 23 , 2014 , Burton had retired due to concussion concern .'}]}, {'value': 'Wide receiver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'West Texas A & M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Texas_A&M_University', 'summary': "West Texas A & M University , also known as WTAMU , WT , and formerly West Texas State , part of the Texas A & M University System , is a public university located in Canyon , Texas , a city of 13,303 about 13 miles south of Amarillo , a city of 190,695 . The university is part of the Amarillo metropolitan area with a population of 268,893 . West Texas A & M University was established on September 20 , 1910 , and was originally known as West Texas State Normal College . The university started out as one of the seven state-funded teachers ' colleges in Texas ."}]}], 'section_title': '2011 NFL Draft', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Minnesota_Vikings_draft_history_50', 'intro': 'This page is a list of the Minnesota Vikings NFL Draft selections. The first draft the Vikings participated in was the 1961 NFL Draft, in which they made Tommy Mason of Tulane their first ever selection.'}	null	null	What is the nicknmame of the school attended by the draft pick who played for Minnesota Vikings , San Francisco 49ers , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Los Angeles Kiss ?	Wildcats
07968e4d68e863cc	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Basketball_League', 'title': 'Korean Basketball League', 'header': ['Year', 'Player', 'Team', 'Points per game'], 'data': [{'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carl Ray Harris', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wonju Naray Blue Bird', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wonju_Dongbu_Promy', 'summary': 'The Wonju DB Promy is a professional basketball club in the Korean Basketball League .'}]}, {'value': '32.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997-98', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larry Davis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anyang SBS Stars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anyang_KGC', 'summary': 'The Anyang Korea Ginseng Corporation , or Anyang KGC , is a professional basketball club in the Korean Basketball League . They are based at Anyang Arena in the city of Anyang . Anyang KGC have won two KBL championship titles , in the 2011-12 and 2016-17 seasons .'}]}, {'value': '30.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998-99', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bernard Blunt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Changwon LG Sakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Changwon_LG_Sakers', 'summary': "Changwon LG Sakers are a basketball team located in the city of Changwon in South Gyeongsang Province , South Korea . The team 's main sponsor is LG Electronics which has its offices in Changwon . The professional team was established in the second season of the KBL in 1997 and was named Gyeongnam LG Sakers . The name was changed to the Changwon LG Sakers after the first season . The team plays at the Changwon Gymnasium which has a capacity of approximately 6,000 people . It has led the attendance rankings for the KBL eight seasons out of ten and is the most well-supported team in the country . LG Sakers has yet to win a KBL championship . The closest they came was in the 2000-01 season , when they finished as runners-up , losing to Suwon Samsung Thunders in the finals ."}]}, {'value': '29.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999-2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric Eberz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gwangju Goldbank Clickers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busan_KT_Sonicboom', 'summary': 'Busan kt Sonicboom is a professional basketball team based in Busan , South Korea . The team is a member of the Korean Basketball League . They play at the Sajik Arena . Their biggest rivals are the LG Sakers from neighbouring city of Changwon , and matches between these two are always fiercely fought affairs .'}]}, {'value': '27.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000-01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dennis Edwards', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anyang SBS Stars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anyang_KGC', 'summary': 'The Anyang Korea Ginseng Corporation , or Anyang KGC , is a professional basketball club in the Korean Basketball League . They are based at Anyang Arena in the city of Anyang . Anyang KGC have won two KBL championship titles , in the 2011-12 and 2016-17 seasons .'}]}, {'value': '33.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001-02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric Eberz ( 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yeosu Korea Tender Prumi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busan_KT_Sonicboom', 'summary': 'Busan kt Sonicboom is a professional basketball team based in Busan , South Korea . The team is a member of the Korean Basketball League . They play at the Sajik Arena . Their biggest rivals are the LG Sakers from neighbouring city of Changwon , and matches between these two are always fiercely fought affairs .'}]}, {'value': '28.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002-03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leon Trimmingham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seoul SK Knights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul_SK_Knights', 'summary': 'The Seoul SK Knights ( Korean : 서울 SK 나이츠 ) is a professional basketball club in the Korean Basketball League . Founded in 1997 as Cheongju SK Knights , the club currently plays in the Korean Basketball League ( KBL ) . The club is owned and sponsored by SK Telecom .'}]}, {'value': '27.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Minlend', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Minlend', 'summary': "Charles Arnaud Minlend ( born May 15 , 1973 ) is a Cameroonian-Canadian former professional basketball player . A 6-foot-6 forward , he played his four years of college basketball at St. John 's over 5 seasons ( he redshirted one year ) . After going undrafted in the 1997 NBA draft he started his professional career in France where he played in the LNB Pro B with Poissy-Chatou and then moved to the LNB Pro A where he spent two seasons . He then played three seasons in Israel with Maccabi Givat Shmuel , and was named the league MVP and top scorer in 2003 ( 25.3 points per game ) . After leaving Israel he moved to South Korea , where he played four seasons and won another scoring title in 2004 . He retired in 2008 after playing one season in Ukraine ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeonju KCC Egis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeonju_KCC_Egis', 'summary': 'The Jeonju KCC Egis is a professional basketball club in the Korean Basketball League .'}]}, {'value': '27.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004-05', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nate Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nate_Johnson', 'summary': 'Nathanel Nate Johnson ( born September 8 , 1977 ) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Al-Ahli Jeddah in Saudi Arabia . He previously played for Al Riyadi Beirut and Hekmeh ( Sagesse ) in the Lebanese Basketball League .'}]}, {'value': 'Daegu Orions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goyang_Orions', 'summary': 'The Goyang Orion Orions is a professional basketball club in the Korean Basketball League .'}]}, {'value': '28.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005-06', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Dontae ' Jones", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Dontae'_Jones", 'summary': "Dontae ' Antijuaine Jones ( born June 2 , 1975 ) is an American professional basketball player , formerly of the Boston Celtics of the NBA . Jones played college basketball at Northeast Mississippi Community College where he is the Tigers ' all-time leading scorer , rebounder , and shot blocker . His # 32 jersey has been retired by the school . After playing two seasons for the Tigers he transferred to Mississippi State University to finish his college career . He was named Most Valuable Player of the 1996 SEC Men 's Basketball Tournament after leading Mississippi State to their first SEC Tournament championship by virtue of a win over top-ranked University of Kentucky in the SEC tournament championship game . That same season he led Mississippi State to the NCAA Men 's Basketball Final Four , picking up a Regional MVP honor along the way . Jones , along with his 1995-96 Bulldog teammates , was inducted into the Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame in 2016 . He was selected out of Mississippi State University as the 21st pick by the New York Knicks in the 1996 NBA Draft but was traded , along with Walter McCarty , John Thomas and Scott Brooks , to the Celtics in exchange for Chris Mills shortly before the 1997-98 NBA season began ( he had previously taken part in no games in 1996-97 with the Knicks due to a foot injury ) . After his NBA season , Jones played for the Memphis Houn'Dawgs in the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) , and in Greece , Turkey , Italy , Korea and China . An apostrophe was intentionally placed on the end of his first name by his mother for distinctiveness . As of November 2012 he has been working as the program director at the Nashville Youth Basketball Association ( NYBA ) , which is designed to help all middle Tennessee-area and Nashville city youth in metro Nashville improve their basketball skills ."}]}, {'value': 'Anyang KT & G Kites', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anyang_KGC', 'summary': 'The Anyang Korea Ginseng Corporation , or Anyang KGC , is a professional basketball club in the Korean Basketball League . They are based at Anyang Arena in the city of Anyang . Anyang KGC have won two KBL championship titles , in the 2011-12 and 2016-17 seasons .'}]}, {'value': '29.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006-07', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pete Mickeal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pete_Mickeal', 'summary': 'Fenton Pete Mickeal ( born February 22 , 1978 ) is an American former professional basketball player , currently serving as an NBA scout for the Minnesota Timberwolves . He was selected by the Dallas Mavericks in the second round , with the 58th pick of the 2000 NBA draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Daegu Orions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goyang_Orions', 'summary': 'The Goyang Orion Orions is a professional basketball club in the Korean Basketball League .'}]}, {'value': '35.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007-08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terrence Shannon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Incheon ET Land Black Slamer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Incheon_ET_Land_Elephants', 'summary': 'The Incheon Electroland Elephants ( in Korean : 인천 전자랜드 엘리펀츠 ) , also known as the Incheon ET Land Elephants for sponsorship reasons , are a professional basketball club in the Korean Basketball League ( KBL ) . Established in 1994 , it plays in the KBL since its existence . Home games are played at the Samsan World Gymnasium which has a capacity of 7,500 people .'}]}, {'value': '27.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008-09', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terrence Leather', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seoul Samsung Thunders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul_Samsung_Thunders', 'summary': "Seoul Samsung Thunders ( Korean : 서울 삼성 썬더스 ) have been in the KBL ( Korean Basketball League ) since its inception 23 years ago . The Seoul Samsung Thunders received their name from Samsung Electronics . Originally based in Suwon , they are now located in the heart of South Korea 's capital , Seoul , and play at Jamsil Arena ."}]}, {'value': '27.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greg Stevenson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Changwon LG Sakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Changwon_LG_Sakers', 'summary': "Changwon LG Sakers are a basketball team located in the city of Changwon in South Gyeongsang Province , South Korea . The team 's main sponsor is LG Electronics which has its offices in Changwon . The professional team was established in the second season of the KBL in 1997 and was named Gyeongnam LG Sakers . The name was changed to the Changwon LG Sakers after the first season . The team plays at the Changwon Gymnasium which has a capacity of approximately 6,000 people . It has led the attendance rankings for the KBL eight seasons out of ten and is the most well-supported team in the country . LG Sakers has yet to win a KBL championship . The closest they came was in the 2000-01 season , when they finished as runners-up , losing to Suwon Samsung Thunders in the finals ."}]}, {'value': '21.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aaron Haynes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seoul Samsung Thunders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul_Samsung_Thunders', 'summary': "Seoul Samsung Thunders ( Korean : 서울 삼성 썬더스 ) have been in the KBL ( Korean Basketball League ) since its inception 23 years ago . The Seoul Samsung Thunders received their name from Samsung Electronics . Originally based in Suwon , they are now located in the heart of South Korea 's capital , Seoul , and play at Jamsil Arena ."}]}, {'value': '23.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aaron Haynes ( 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Changwon LG Sakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Changwon_LG_Sakers', 'summary': "Changwon LG Sakers are a basketball team located in the city of Changwon in South Gyeongsang Province , South Korea . The team 's main sponsor is LG Electronics which has its offices in Changwon . The professional team was established in the second season of the KBL in 1997 and was named Gyeongnam LG Sakers . The name was changed to the Changwon LG Sakers after the first season . The team plays at the Changwon Gymnasium which has a capacity of approximately 6,000 people . It has led the attendance rankings for the KBL eight seasons out of ten and is the most well-supported team in the country . LG Sakers has yet to win a KBL championship . The closest they came was in the 2000-01 season , when they finished as runners-up , losing to Suwon Samsung Thunders in the finals ."}]}, {'value': '27.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012-13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jasper Johnson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Busan KT Sonicboom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busan_KT_Sonicboom', 'summary': 'Busan kt Sonicboom is a professional basketball team based in Busan , South Korea . The team is a member of the Korean Basketball League . They play at the Sajik Arena . Their biggest rivals are the LG Sakers from neighbouring city of Changwon , and matches between these two are always fiercely fought affairs .'}]}, {'value': '19.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013-14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tyler Wilkerson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyler_Wilkerson', 'summary': 'Tyler Wilkerson ( born July 25 , 1988 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Al Sharjah of the UAE National Basketball League . He played college basketball at Marshall University .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeonju KCC Egis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeonju_KCC_Egis', 'summary': 'The Jeonju KCC Egis is a professional basketball club in the Korean Basketball League .'}]}, {'value': '21.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014-15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Davon Jefferson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davon_Jefferson', 'summary': 'Davon Jefferson ( born November 3 , 1986 ) is an American professional basketball player for Virtus Roma of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A ( LBA ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Changwon LG Sakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Changwon_LG_Sakers', 'summary': "Changwon LG Sakers are a basketball team located in the city of Changwon in South Gyeongsang Province , South Korea . The team 's main sponsor is LG Electronics which has its offices in Changwon . The professional team was established in the second season of the KBL in 1997 and was named Gyeongnam LG Sakers . The name was changed to the Changwon LG Sakers after the first season . The team plays at the Changwon Gymnasium which has a capacity of approximately 6,000 people . It has led the attendance rankings for the KBL eight seasons out of ten and is the most well-supported team in the country . LG Sakers has yet to win a KBL championship . The closest they came was in the 2000-01 season , when they finished as runners-up , losing to Suwon Samsung Thunders in the finals ."}]}, {'value': '21.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015-16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andre Emmett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andre_Emmett', 'summary': 'Andre Emmett ( August 27 , 1982 - September 23 , 2019 ) was an American professional basketball player . He played college basketball for the Texas Tech Red Raiders , and was named a consensus All-American as a senior in 2004 . He had brief stints in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) with the Memphis Grizzlies and the New Jersey Nets after being selected in the second round of the 2004 NBA draft . Emmett was shot to death on September 23 , 2019 in Dallas .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeonju KCC Egis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeonju_KCC_Egis', 'summary': 'The Jeonju KCC Egis is a professional basketball club in the Korean Basketball League .'}]}, {'value': '26.2', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Top scorers', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Korean_Basketball_League_0', 'intro': "The Korean Basketball League (Korean: 한국프로농구), often abbreviated as KBL, is the pre-eminent professional men's basketball league in South Korea. Its inaugural season was in 1997. The season starts in October and ends in April the following year. The KBL consists of ten teams. Each team plays 54 games (27 home games and 27 away games). Each team is allowed to have two foreign players. Foreign players in the league are almost always either a forward or center."}	null	null	Which country did the player who played on the Daegu Orions from 2004-05 most recently play in ?	Saudi Arabia
0796e6c0dc0ec2d3	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Delta_Sigma_Theta_chapters', 'title': 'List of Delta Sigma Theta chapters', 'header': ['Name', 'Chartered', 'Institution', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Lambda Alpha', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Wisconsin-Whitewater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin-Whitewater', 'summary': 'The University of Wisconsin-Whitewater ( UW-Whitewater ) is a public university in Whitewater , Wisconsin . It is part of the University of Wisconsin System . Student enrollment in the 2014-2015 academic year was more than 12,000 . The university offers 47 undergraduate majors and 13 graduate programs . Approximately 1,400 faculty and staff are employed by the university , and the student body consists of individuals from about 40 states and 30 countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Whitewater , Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whitewater,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Whitewater is a city in Walworth ( mostly ) and Jefferson counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . Located near the southern portion of the Kettle Moraine State Forest , Whitewater is the home of the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater . As of the 2010 census , the city 's population was 14,390 . Of this , 11,150 were in Walworth County , and 3,240 were in Jefferson County ."}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Beta', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clarion University of Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarion_University_of_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Clarion University of Pennsylvania is a public university in Clarion , Pennsylvania . It is one of 14 universities that are part of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education ( PASSHE ) . The school was founded in 1867 and offers associate , bachelor 's , and master 's degrees , post master 's certificates and a Doctorate degree ."}]}, {'value': 'Clarion , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarion,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Clarion is a borough in and the county seat of Clarion County , Pennsylvania , United States . It is located 77 miles ( 124 km ) north-northeast of Pittsburgh and is part of the Pittsburgh DMA . Clarion was settled in 1839 and incorporated in 1841 . In the past , the surrounding area produced natural gas , oil , lumber and coal . The population was 2,004 in 1900 , 2,864 in 1910 , and 5,276 at the 2010 census . It is home to the annual Autumn Leaf Festival and Clarion University of Pennsylvania . The county courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Gamma', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Millersville University of Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Millersville_University_of_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Millersville University of Pennsylvania ( commonly known as Millersville University , The Ville , or MU ) is a public university in Millersville , Pennsylvania . It is one of the fourteen schools that comprise the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education ( PASSHE ) . Founded in 1855 as the first Normal School in Pennsylvania , Millersville is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools and the Pennsylvania Department of Education . First established in 1854 as the Millersville Academy out of the since-demolished Old Main , the Academy specialized in a series of workshop-style teacher institutes in response to the 1834 Free School Act of Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': 'Millersville , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Millersville,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Millersville is a borough in Lancaster County , Pennsylvania , United States . At the 2010 census the population was 8,168 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Delta', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Idaho State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idaho_State_University', 'summary': "Idaho State University ( ISU ) is a public research university in Pocatello , Idaho . Founded 119 years ago in 1901 as the Academy of Idaho , ISU offers more than 280 programs at its main campus and at locations in Meridian , Idaho Falls , and Twin Falls . It is the state 's designated lead institution in health professions and medical education . [ citation needed ] There are 48 U.S. states and 59 countries represented at ISU and 285 programs , including Master 's and Doctorate programs . The student-teacher ratio is 17:1 , gender of students is 44 percent male , 56 percent female , and ISU has more than 160 clubs and organizations . Enrollment for the fall semester in 2012 stood at 14,209 , including 12,143 undergraduate students and 2,066 graduate students ."}]}, {'value': 'Pocatello , Idaho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pocatello,_Idaho', 'summary': 'Pocatello ( /ˈpoʊkəˈtɛloʊ/ ( listen ) ) is the county seat and largest city of Bannock County , with a small portion on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation in neighboring Power County , in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Idaho . It is the principal city of the Pocatello metropolitan area , which encompasses all of Bannock County . As of the 2010 census the population of Pocatello was 54,255 . Pocatello is the fifth-largest city in the state , just behind Idaho Falls ( population of 56,813 ) . In 2007 , Pocatello was ranked twentieth on Forbes list of Best Small Places for Business and Careers . Pocatello is the home of Idaho State University and the manufacturing facility of ON Semiconductor . The city is at an elevation of 4,462 feet ( 1,360 m ) above sea level and is served by the Pocatello Regional Airport .'}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Epsilon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City-Wide', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas City , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri', 'summary': "Kansas City ( abbreviated KC or KCMO ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri by population and area . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had an estimated population of 491,918 in 2018 , making it the 38th most-populous city in the United States . It is the most populated municipality and historic core city of the Kansas City metropolitan area , which straddles the Kansas-Missouri state line and has a CSA population of 2,487,053 . Most of the city lies within Jackson County , but portions spill into Clay , Cass , and Platte counties . The city borders Johnson County and Kansas City , Kansas , ( KCK/Wyandotte County ) in Kansas . Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west . On June 1 , 1850 , the town of Kansas was incorporated ; shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory . Confusion between the two ensued , and the name Kansas City was assigned to distinguish them soon after . In 2017 , the city had the fifth-highest per capita murder rate in the nation with 2019 homicide rates nearing a record high . Sitting on Missouri 's western boundary with Kansas , with Downtown near the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers , the city encompasses some 319.03 square miles ( 826.3 km2 ) , making it the 23rd largest city by total area in the United States . Along with Independence , one of its major suburbs , it serves as one of the two county seats of Jackson County . Other major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Blue Springs and Lee 's Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park , Olathe , and Kansas City ."}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Zeta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 23 , 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Alabama', 'summary': "The University of Alabama ( Alabama or UA ) is a public research university in Tuscaloosa , Alabama . Established in 1820 , the University of Alabama is the oldest and largest of the public universities in Alabama as well as the flagship of the University of Alabama System . The university offers programs of study in 13 academic divisions leading to bachelor 's , master 's , education specialist , and doctoral degrees . The only publicly supported law school in the state is at UA . Other academic programs unavailable elsewhere in Alabama include doctoral programs in anthropology , communication and information sciences , metallurgical engineering , music , Romance languages , and social work . As one of the first public universities established in the early 19th century southwestern frontier of the United States , the University of Alabama has left a cultural imprint on the state , region and nation over the past two centuries . The school was a center of activity during the American Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement . The University of Alabama varsity football program ( nicknamed the Crimson Tide ) , which was inaugurated in 1892 , ranks as one of the ten most winningest programs in US history . In a 1913 speech then-president George H. Denny extolled the university as the capstone of the public school system in the state [ of Alabama ] , lending the university its current nickname , The Capstone . In addition , The University of Alabama has produced a total of 56 Goldwater Scholars , 15 Rhodes Scholars , 16 Truman Scholars , 33 Hollings Scholars and 11 Boren Scholars ."}]}, {'value': 'Tuscaloosa , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama', 'summary': "Tuscaloosa ( /tʌskəˈluːsə/ TUS-kə-LOO-sə ) is a city in and the seat of Tuscaloosa County in west central Alabama ( in the southeastern United States ) . Located on the Black Warrior River at the Atlantic Seaboard fall line of the Piedmont , it is the fifth-largest city in Alabama , with an estimated population of 100,287 in 2017 . The city was originally known as Tuskaloosa until the early 20th century . Incorporated as a town on December 13 , 1819 , it was named after Tuskaloosa , the chief of a band of Muskogean-speaking people . They battled and were defeated by forces of Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto in 1540 in the Battle of Mabila , thought to have been located in what is now central Alabama . Tuscaloosa served as Alabama 's capital city from 1826 to 1846 . Tuscaloosa is the regional center of industry , commerce , healthcare , and education for the area of west-central Alabama known as West Alabama . It is the principal city of the Tuscaloosa Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Tuscaloosa , Hale and Pickens counties . In 2013 its estimated metro population was 235,628 . Tuscaloosa is also the home of The University of Alabama , Stillman College and Shelton State Community College . While the city attracted international attention when Mercedes-Benz announced it would build its first automotive assembly plant in North America in Tuscaloosa County , the University of Alabama remains the dominant economic and cultural engine in the city , making it a college town . Tuscaloosa has been traditionally known as the Druid City because of the numerous water oaks planted in its downtown streets since the 1840s ."}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Eta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 17 , 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Dominion University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Dominion_University', 'summary': "Old Dominion University ( ODU ) is a public research university in Norfolk , Virginia . It was established in 1930 as the Norfolk Division of the College of William & Mary and is now one of the largest universities in Virginia with an enrollment of 24,176 students for the 2019 academic year . Old Dominion University is also home to over 700 international students from 89 different countries . Its main campus covers over 251 acres ( 1.02 km2 ) straddling the city neighborhoods of Larchmont , Highland Park , and Lambert 's Point , approximately five miles ( 8.0 km ) from Downtown Norfolk . Old Dominion University is classified among Doctoral Universities : Higher Research Activity and provides nearly $ 2 billion annually to the regional economy . The university offers 168 undergraduate and graduate degree programs to over 24,000 students and is one of the nation 's largest providers of online distance learning courses . Old Dominion University has approximately 124,000 alumni in all 50 states and 67 countries . Old Dominion University derives its name from one of Virginia 's state nicknames , The Old Dominion , given to the state by King Charles II of England for remaining loyal to the crown during the English Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'Norfolk , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia', 'summary': "Norfolk ( /ˈnɔːrfʊk/ ( listen ) NOR-fuuk ) is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . At the 2010 census , the population was 242,803 ; in 2018 , the population was estimated to be 244,076 making it the second-most populous city in Virginia after neighboring Virginia Beach and the 91st largest city in the nation . Norfolk is located at the core of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area , named for the large natural harbor of the same name located at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay . It is one of nine cities and seven counties that constitute the Hampton Roads metro area , officially known as the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News , VA-NC MSA . The city is bordered to the west by the Elizabeth River and to the north by the Chesapeake Bay . It also shares land borders with the independent cities of Chesapeake to its south and Virginia Beach to its east . Norfolk is one of the oldest cities in Hampton Roads , and is considered to be the historic , urban , financial , and cultural center of the region . The city has a long history as a strategic military and transportation point . The largest naval base in the world , Naval Station Norfolk , is located in Norfolk along with one of NATO 's two Strategic Command headquarters . The city also has the corporate headquarters of Norfolk Southern Railway , one of North America 's principal Class I railroads , however the company is currently in the process of relocating their headquarters to Atlanta , Georgia . Norfolk is also home to Maersk Line , Limited , which manages the world 's largest fleet of US-flag vessels . As the city is bordered by multiple bodies of water , Norfolk has many miles of riverfront and bayfront property , including beaches on the Chesapeake Bay ."}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Theta', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Arkansas', 'summary': "The University of Arkansas ( U of A , UArk , or UA ) is a public land-grant , research university in Fayetteville , Arkansas . It is the flagship campus of the University of Arkansas System and the largest , best-known university in the state . Founded as Arkansas Industrial University in 1871 , its present name was adopted in 1899 and classes were first held on January 22 , 1872 . It is noted for its strong architecture , agriculture ( particularly animal science and poultry science ) , business , communication disorders , creative writing , history , law , and Middle Eastern studies programs . Enrollment for the fall semester of 2018 was 27,778 . The university campus consists of 378 buildings spread across 512 acres ( 2.07 km2 ) of land in Fayetteville , Arkansas . Some well known architecture on campus includes Old Main , the first permanent academic building erected . Academic programs are in excess of 200 . The ratio of students to faculty is approximately 19:1 . The university also received a combined total of $ 103.2 million in research awards for the 2017 fiscal year . UA 's athletic teams , the Arkansas Razorbacks , compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) with eight men 's teams and eleven women 's teams in thirteen sports . The University is known for its traditions , including Calling the Hogs at sports events , and Senior Walk , more than 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) of campus sidewalk etched with the names of all UA graduates since 1871 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fayetteville , Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fayetteville,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Fayetteville is the third-largest city in Arkansas and county seat of Washington County . The city is centrally located within the county and has been home of the University of Arkansas since the institution 's founding in 1871 . Fayetteville is on the outskirts of the Boston Mountains , deep within the Ozarks . Known as Washington until 1829 , the city was named after Fayetteville , Tennessee , from which many of the settlers had come . It was incorporated on November 3 , 1836 and was rechartered in 1867 . The four-county Northwest Arkansas Metropolitan Statistical Area is ranked 105th in terms of population in the United States with 463,204 in 2010 according to the United States Census Bureau . The city had a population of 73,580 at the 2010 Census . Fayetteville is home to the University of Arkansas , the state 's largest university . When classes are in session , thousands of students on campus dramatically change the city 's demographics . Thousands of Arkansas Razorbacks alumni and fans travel to Fayetteville to attend football , basketball , and baseball games . The University 's men 's track and field program has won 41 national championships to date . Fayetteville was named the third best place to live in the United States in the 2016 U.S. News Best Places To Live Rankings , and one of the best places to retire in the South ."}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Iota', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 30 , 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brown University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brown_University', 'summary': "Brown University is a private Ivy League research university in Providence , Rhode Island . Founded in 1764 as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , it is the seventh-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . At its foundation , Brown was the first college in the U.S. to accept students regardless of their religious affiliation . Its engineering program was established in 1847 . It was one of the early doctoral-granting U.S. institutions in the late 19th century , adding masters and doctoral studies in 1887 . In 1969 , Brown adopted a New Curriculum sometimes referred to as the Brown Curriculum after a period of student lobbying . The New Curriculum eliminated mandatory general education distribution requirements , made students the architects of their own syllabus and allowed them to take any course for a grade of satisfactory or unrecorded no-credit . In 1971 , Brown 's coordinate women 's institution , Pembroke College , was fully merged into the university ; Pembroke Campus now includes dormitories and classrooms used by all of Brown . Undergraduate admissions is highly selective , with an acceptance rate of 6.6 percent for the class of 2023 . The university comprises the College , the Graduate School , Alpert Medical School , the School of Engineering , the School of Public Health and the School of Professional Studies ( which includes the IE Brown Executive MBA program ) . Brown 's international programs are organized through the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs , and the university is academically affiliated with the Marine Biological Laboratory and the Rhode Island School of Design . The Brown/RISD Dual Degree Program , offered in conjunction with the Rhode Island School of Design , is a five-year course that awards degrees from both institutions ."}]}, {'value': 'Providence , Rhode Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island', 'summary': "Providence is the capital and most populous city of the state of Rhode Island and is one of the oldest cities in the United States . It was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams , a Reformed Baptist theologian and religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony . He named the area in honor of God 's merciful Providence which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him and his followers . The city is situated at the mouth of the Providence River at the head of Narragansett Bay . Providence was one of the first cities in the country to industrialize and became noted for its textile manufacturing and subsequent machine tool , jewelry , and silverware industries . Today , the city of Providence is home to eight hospitals and seven institutions of higher learning which have shifted the city 's economy into service industries , though it still retains some manufacturing activity . The city is the third most populous city in New England after Boston and Worcester , Massachusetts ."}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Kappa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Maryland Baltimore County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Baltimore_County', 'summary': 'The University of Maryland , Baltimore County ( often referred to as UMBC ) is a public research university in Baltimore County , Maryland . It has a fall 2018 enrollment of 13,767 students , 48 undergraduate majors , over 60 graduate programs ( 36 master , 24 doctoral , and 17 graduate certificate programs ) and the first university research park in Maryland . Established as a part of the University of Maryland System in 1966 , the university became the first public college or university in Maryland to be inclusive of all races . UMBC has the fourth highest enrollment of the University System of Maryland , specializing in natural sciences and engineering , as well as programs in the liberal arts and social sciences . Athletically , the UMBC Retrievers have 17 NCAA Division I teams that participate in the America East Conference .'}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore , Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland', 'summary': "Baltimore ( /ˈbɔːltɪmɔːr/ BAWL-tim-or , locally : /ˈbɔːlmər/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland , as well as the 30th most populous city in the United States , with a population of 602,495 in 2018 and also the largest such independent city in the country . Baltimore was established by the Constitution of Maryland as an independent city in 1729 . As of 2017 , the population of the Baltimore metropolitan area was estimated to be just under 2.802 million , making it the 21st largest metropolitan area in the country . Baltimore is located about 40 miles ( 64 km ) northeast of Washington , D.C. , making it a principal city in the Washington-Baltimore combined statistical area ( CSA ) , the fourth-largest CSA in the nation , with a calculated 2018 population of 9,797,063 . The city 's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States . In addition , Baltimore was a major manufacturing center . After a decline in major manufacturing , heavy industry , and restructuring of the rail industry , Baltimore has shifted to a service-oriented economy . Johns Hopkins Hospital ( founded 1889 ) and Johns Hopkins University ( founded 1876 ) are the city 's top two employers . With hundreds of identified districts , Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods . Famous residents have included writers Edgar Allan Poe , Edith Hamilton , Frederick Douglass , W.E.B . Du Bois , Ogden Nash , Gertrude Stein , F. Scott Fitzgerald , Dashiell Hammett , Upton Sinclair , Tom Clancy , Ta-Nehisi Coates , and H. L. Mencken ; musicians James Eubie Blake , Billie Holiday , Cab Calloway , Tori Amos , Frank Zappa , Tupac Shakur , Dan Deacon , Robbie Basho , Bill Frisell , Philip Glass , Cass Elliot , and Ric Ocasek ; actors and filmmakers John Waters , Barry Levinson , Divine , David Hasselhoff , Don Messick , John Kassir , Jada Pinkett Smith , and Mo'Nique ; artist Jeff Koons ; baseball player Babe Ruth ; swimmer Michael Phelps ; radio host Ira Glass ; television host Mike Rowe ; Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall ; Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi ; and United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson . During the War of 1812 , Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner in Baltimore after the bombardment of Fort McHenry ."}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Lambda', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashland College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashland_College', 'summary': "Ashland University is a private university in Ashland , Ohio . The university consists of a 135-acre ( 55 ha ) main campus and several off-campus centers throughout central and northern Ohio . Ashland was founded in 1878 as Ashland College . The school [ a ] ffirms Christian values as a core element of the Universitys institutional identity , and is affiliated with the Brethren Church . In addition to a graduate school , the university consists of four colleges : the College of Arts and Sciences , the Schar College of Education , the Dauch College of Business and Economics , and the Schar College of Nursing and Health Sciences . Ashland Theological Seminary , a division of Ashland University , offers a doctor of ministry degree as well as a number of master 's degrees . Ashland is classified by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education as a master 's university , with most graduate research being in a professional field ."}]}, {'value': 'Ashland , OH', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashland,_OH', 'summary': 'Ashland is a city in and the county seat of Ashland County , Ohio , United States , 66 miles southwest of Cleveland and 82 miles northeast of Columbus . The population was 20,362 at the 2010 census . It is the center of the Ashland Micropolitan Statistical Area ( as defined by the United States Census Bureau in 2003 ) . Ashland is well known in the state for its welcome sign that proclaims the city to be The World Headquarters of Nice People . Ashland was designated a Tree City USA by the National Arbor Day Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Mu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Arkansas University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Arkansas_University', 'summary': 'Southern Arkansas University ( SAU ) is a public university in Magnolia , Arkansas .'}]}, {'value': 'Magnolia , Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnolia,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Magnolia is a city in Columbia County , Arkansas , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 11,577 . The city is the county seat of Columbia County . Magnolia is home to the World 's Largest Charcoal Grill and the World Championship Steak Cookoff , part of the Magnolia Blossom Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Nu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Quinn College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Quinn_College', 'summary': "Paul Quinn College ( PQC ) is a private historically black Methodist college in Dallas , Texas . The college is affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( AME ) . It is the oldest historically black college west of the Mississippi River and the nation 's first urban work college . Paul Quinn is also home to the WE over ME Farm , which was created through a partnership with PepsiCo to bring healthy food to the food desert of Dallas ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas,_Texas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Xi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of California , Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis', 'summary': 'The University of California , Davis ( UC Davis ) , is a public research university and land-grant university adjacent to Davis , California . It is part of the University of California system and has the third-largest enrollment in the system after UCLA and UC Berkeley . The institution was founded as a branch in 1905 and became its own separate entity in 1959 . It has been labeled one of the Public Ivies , a publicly funded university considered to provide a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League . The university is classified as a comprehensive doctoral research university with a medical program , and very high research activity . The UC Davis faculty includes 23 members of the National Academy of Sciences , 30 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , 17 members of the American Law Institute , 14 members of the Institute of Medicine , and 14 members of the National Academy of Engineering . Among other honors , university faculty , alumni , and researchers have won the Nobel Peace Prize , Presidential Medal of Freedom , Pulitzer Prize , MacArthur Fellowship , National Medal of Science , Blue Planet Prize , Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers , and World Food Prize . Founded as primarily an agricultural campus , the university has expanded over the past century to include graduate and professional programs in medicine ( which includes the UC Davis Medical Center ) , law , veterinary medicine , education , nursing , and business management , in addition to 90 research programs offered by UC Davis Graduate Studies . The UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine is the largest in the United States and has been ranked first in the world for five consecutive years ( 2015-19 ) . UC Davis offers certificates and courses , including online classes , for adults and non-traditional learners through its Division of Continuing and Professional Education . The UC Davis Aggies athletic teams compete in the NCAA Division I level , primarily in the Big West Conference as well as the Big Sky Conference ( football only ) and the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation . In its first year of full Division I status , 11 UC Davis teams qualified for NCAA post-season competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Davis , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davis,_California', 'summary': "Davis , known prior to 1907 as Davisville , is a city in the U.S. state of California and the most populous city in Yolo County . It had a population of 65,622 in 2010 , not including the on-campus population of the University of California , Davis , which was over 9,400 ( not including students ' families ) in 2016 . As of 2016 , there were 35,186 students enrolled at the university ."}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Omicron', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 25 , 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'College of Charleston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/College_of_Charleston', 'summary': 'The College of Charleston ( also known as CofC , The College , or Charleston ) is a public liberal arts college in Charleston , South Carolina . Founded in 1770 and chartered in 1785 , it is the oldest college in South Carolina , the 13th oldest institution of higher learning in the United States , and the oldest municipal college in the country . The founders of the college include three future signers of the Declaration of Independence ( Edward Rutledge , Arthur Middleton , and Thomas Heyward ) and three future signers of the United States Constitution ( John Rutledge , Charles Pinckney , and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney ) . Founded to encourage and institute youth in the several branches of liberal education , it is one of the oldest universities in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Charleston , South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina', 'summary': "Charleston is the oldest and largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina . The city is the county seat of Charleston County , and the principal city in the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina 's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor , an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley , Cooper , and Wando rivers . Charleston had an estimated population of 136,208 in 2018 . The estimated population of the Charleston metropolitan area , comprising Berkeley , Charleston , and Dorchester counties , was 787,643 residents as of 2018 , the third-largest in the state and the 78th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States . Charleston was founded in 1670 as Charles Town , honoring King Charles II of England . Its initial location at Albemarle Point on the west bank of the Ashley River ( now Charles Towne Landing ) was abandoned in 1680 for its present site , which became the fifth-largest city in North America within ten years . One of the key cities in the British colonization of the Americas , Charles Town played a major role in the slave trade , which laid the foundation for the city 's size and wealth , and was dominated by a slavocracy of plantation owners and slave traders . Independent Charleston slave traders like Joseph Wragg were the first to break through the monopoly of the Royal African Company , pioneering the large-scale slave trade of the 18th century . Historians estimate that nearly half of all Africans brought to America arrived in Charleston , most at Gadsden 's Wharf . Despite its size , it remained unincorporated throughout the colonial period ; its government was handled directly by a colonial legislature and a governor sent by London , England . Election districts were organized according to Anglican parishes , and some social services were managed by Anglican wardens and vestries ."}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Pi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Valley State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Valley_State_University', 'summary': "Grand Valley State University ( GVSU , GV , or Grand Valley ) is a public liberal arts university in Allendale , Michigan . It was established in 1960 and its main campus is situated on 1,322 acres ( 5.35 km2 ) approximately 12 miles ( 19 km ) west of Grand Rapids . The university also offers classes at a campus in downtown Grand Rapids , its international campus in Holland , and through Traverse City established in cooperation with local community colleges . GVSU is a comprehensive coeducational university serving nearly 25,000 students as of fall 2018 , from all 83 Michigan counties and dozens of other states and foreign countries . It is one of America 's 100 largest universities , and employs more than 3,000 people with about 1,780 academic faculty and 1,991 support staff . The university has alumni in all 50 U.S. states , Canada , and 25 countries . GVSU 's NCAA Division II sports teams are called the Lakers , and compete in the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( GLIAC ) in all 19 intercollegiate varsity sports . They have won 20 NCAA Division II National Championships since 2002 in seven different sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Allendale , Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allendale,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Allendale is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Ottawa County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 17,579 at the 2010 census . It is located within Allendale Charter Township , occupying approximately the northern two-thirds of the township , from the eastern boundary with the Grand River west along Pierce St. , north along 75th Ave. , then west along Lake Michigan Drive ( M-45 ) to the western boundary of the township . It is a part of the Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland , Michigan combined statistical area , and is an exurb of Grand Rapids , due to its major commuter routes into the city ( M-45 and I-96 ) . The ZIP code 49401 serves all of Allendale and many of the remnant portions of the township , as well as portions of Blendon Township to the south and Georgetown Township to the southeast . Allendale is named for the township . The name Isaac was initially chosen as the name for the township , however when the township was organized in 1849 , state senator Pennoyer changed the name to Allendale , after Agnes Allen , the first person on the tax roll in the area and the widow of Hannibal Allen , who was the son of Revolutionary War hero Ethan Allen . Allendale is home to the main campus of Grand Valley State University .'}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Rho', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Louisiana at Monroe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Louisiana_at_Monroe', 'summary': 'The University of Louisiana at Monroe ( ULM ) is a public university in Monroe , Louisiana . It is part of the University of Louisiana System .'}]}, {'value': 'Monroe , Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monroe,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Monroe ( historically French : Poste-du-Ouachita ) is the eighth-largest city in the U.S. state of Louisiana . It is the parish seat of Ouachita Parish . In the official 2010 census , Monroe had a population of 48,815 . The municipal population declined by 8.1 percent over the past decade ; it was 53,107 in the 2000 census . After a recheck in 2018 , the Census Bureau changed the 2010 population from 48,815 to 47,877 . Mayor Jamie Mayo , however , maintains that the Monroe population is more than 50,000 and indicated that he will pursue a continued challenge to the count .'}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Sigma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 14 , 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Mississippi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Mississippi', 'summary': "The University of Mississippi ( colloquially known as Ole Miss ) is a public research university in Oxford , Mississippi . Including the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson , it is the state 's largest university by enrollment and is the states flagship university . The university was chartered by the Mississippi Legislature on February 24 , 1844 , and four years later admitted its first enrollment of 80 students . The university is classified as an R1 : Doctoral University - Very High Research Activity by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education and has an annual research and development budget of $ 121.6 million . Across all its campuses , the university comprises some 23,258 students . In addition to the main campus in Oxford and the medical school in Jackson , the university also has campuses in Tupelo , Booneville , Grenada , and Southaven , as well as an accredited online high school . About 55 percent of its undergraduates and 60 percent overall come from Mississippi , and 23 percent are minorities ; international students respectively represent 90 different nations . It is one of the 33 colleges and universities participating in the National Sea Grant Program and a participant in the National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program . Ole Miss was a center of activity during the American civil rights movement when a race riot erupted in 1962 following the attempted admission of James Meredith , an African-American , to the segregated campus . While the university was integrated that year , the use of Confederate symbols and motifs has remained a controversial aspect of the school 's identity and culture . In response the university has taken measures to rebrand its image , including effectively banning the display of Confederate flags in Vaught-Hemingway Stadium in 1997 , officially abandoning the Colonel Reb mascot in 2003 , and removing Dixie from the Pride of the South marching band 's repertoire in 2016 . In 2018 , following a racially charged rant on social media by an alumnus and academic building namesake , former Chancellor Jeffrey Vitter reaffirmed the university 's commitment to honest and open dialogue about its history , and in making its campuses more welcoming and inclusive ."}]}, {'value': 'Oxford , Mississippi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oxford,_Mississippi', 'summary': "Oxford is a city in , and the county seat of , Lafayette County , Mississippi , United States . Founded in 1837 , it was named after the British university city of Oxford in hopes of having the state university located there , which it did successfully attract . As of the 2010 US Census , the population is 18,916 ; the Census Bureau estimates the city 's 2017 population at 23,639 . Oxford is the home of the University of Mississippi , founded in 1848 , also commonly known as Ole Miss ."}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Tau', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of the Pacific', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_Pacific_(United_States)', 'summary': 'University of the Pacific ( Pacific or UOP ) is a private Methodist-affiliated university with campuses in Sacramento , San Francisco , and Stockton , California . It is the oldest chartered university in California , the first independent coeducational campus in California , and both the first conservatory of music and first medical school on the West Coast . UOP was first chartered on July 10 , 1851 , in Santa Clara , California , under the name California Wesleyan College . The school moved to San Jose in 1871 and then to Stockton 97 years ago in 1923 . Pacific is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges ( WASC ) . In addition to its liberal arts college and graduate school , Pacific has schools of business , dentistry , education , engineering , international studies , law , music , and pharmacy and health sciences . It has extensive collections pertaining to jazz musician and alumnus Dave Brubeck , who in 1953 released the live album Jazz at the College of the Pacific . It is also home to the papers of environmental pioneer John Muir .'}]}, {'value': 'Stockton , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockton,_California', 'summary': "Stockton is the county seat of San Joaquin County in the Central Valley of the U.S. state of California . Stockton was founded by Captain Charles Maria Weber in 1849 after he acquired Rancho Campo de los Franceses . The city is named after Robert F. Stockton , and it was the first community in California to have a name not of Spanish or Native American origin . The city is located on the San Joaquin River in the northern San Joaquin Valley and had an estimated population of 311,178 by the California Department of Finance for 2018 . Stockton is the 13th largest city in California and the 63rd largest city in the United States . It was named an All-America City in 1999 , 2004 , 2015 and again in 2017 . Built during the California Gold Rush , Stockton 's seaport serves as a gateway to the Central Valley and beyond . It provided easy access for trade and transportation to the southern gold mines . The University of the Pacific ( UOP ) , chartered in 1851 , is the oldest university in California , and has been located in Stockton since 1923 . In 2012 Stockton filed for what was then the largest municipal bankruptcy in US history , which had multiple causes including financial mismanagement in the 1990s , generous fringe benefits to unionized city employees , and the 2008 financial crisis . Stockton successfully exited bankruptcy in February 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Upsilon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 13 , 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Central Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Central_Arkansas', 'summary': "The University of Central Arkansas ( Central Arkansas or UCA ) is a public university in Conway , Arkansas . Founded in 1907 as the Arkansas State Normal School , the university is one of the oldest in the U.S. state of Arkansas . As the state 's only normal school at the time , UCA has historically been the primary source of teachers in Arkansas . UCA is noted for programs in nursing , education , physical therapy , business , performing arts , and psychology . The university comprises six colleges : the College of Fine Arts and Communication , the College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics , the College of Business , the College of Health and Behavioral Sciences , the College of Liberal Arts , and the College of Education . In addition to this UCA is home to five residential colleges and one commuter college , those being the HPaW Residential College , EDGE Residential College , The Stars Residential College , STEM Residential College , EPIC Residential College , and the Minton Commuter College . UCA has about 12,000 graduate and undergraduate students , making it one of the largest universities in the state . The university maintains a student-to-faculty ratio of approximately 17 to 1 . Over 150 undergraduate , graduate , and professional programs are offered at the university . UCA occupies over 120 buildings within its 356 acres ( 1.44 km2 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Conway , Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conway,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Conway is a city in the U.S. state of Arkansas and the county seat of Faulkner County , located in the state 's most populous Metropolitan Statistical Area , Central Arkansas . Conway is unusual in that the majority of its residents do not commute out of the city to work . The city also serves as a regional shopping , educational , work , healthcare , sports , and cultural hub for Faulkner County and surrounding areas . Conway 's growth can be attributed to its jobs in technology and higher education with its largest employers being Acxiom , the University of Central Arkansas , Hewlett Packard , Hendrix College , Insight Enterprises , and many technology start up companies . Conway is home to three post-secondary educational institutions , earning it the nickname The City of Colleges . As of the 2017 Census Estimate , the city proper had a total population of 65,782 , making Conway the eighth-largest city in Arkansas . Central Arkansas , the Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway , AR Metropolitan Statistical Area , is ranked 75th largest in the United States with 734,622 people in 2016 . Conway is part of the larger Little Rock-North Little Rock , AR Combined Statistical Area , which in 2016 had a population of 905,847 , and ranked the country 's 60th largest CSA ."}]}], 'section_title': "Chapters Beginning With `` Lambda ''", 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Delta_Sigma_Theta_chapters_11', 'intro': "Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. was founded on January 13, 1913 at Howard University, and began to expand its membership early on when it chartered Beta Chapter at Wilberforce University in 1914, Gamma Chapter at the University of Pennsylvania in 1918 and Delta Chapter at the University of Iowa in 1919. Delta Sigma Theta continues to Charter new chapters at both the Collegiate and Alumnae level. Individual Chapters are Chartered, not Founded, as only the Perpetual body was founded, and the founding occurred in 1913. Delta Sigma Theta has more than 940 Chapters located in the United States, England, Japan (Tokyo and Okinawa), Germany, the Virgin Islands, Liberia, Bermuda, Jamaica, The Bahamas, South Korea and Nigeria. The sorority's chapters are organized into seven regions and further sub-divided by state. While initially Alumnae / Graduate Chapters were named using the Greek Alphabet, the perpetual body of Delta Sigma Theta voted at the Twenty-Fourth National Convention, held in Detroit, Michigan on December 26-30, 1956, to abandon this practice. Following the vote, the Greek Letter names for the Alumnae Chapters are no longer in use or recognized by the Grand Chapter. Alumnae Chapters are instead named using their Geographic Location. This list includes Active, Inactive, Reassigned, and Retired undergraduate Chapters."}	null	null	Who served as the president of this public research university in the fifth-largest city in Alabama in 1913 ?	George H. Denny
07973d2c4eab68fc	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Santos_FC_season', 'title': '2011 Santos FC season', 'header': ['P', 'Name', 'Age', 'Moving from', 'Type', 'Source'], 'data': [{'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Elano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elano', 'summary': 'Elano Blumer ( born 14 June 1981 ) , simply known as Elano , is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as an attacking midfielder , and is the manager of Inter de Limeira . Known for his accurate passing and precise set pieces , Elano started his career at Santos , and spent six years in Europe in the service of Shakhtar Donetsk , Manchester City and Galatasaray . He returned to Santos in 2011 , and later joined fellow league teams Grêmio and Flamengo , before signing for Chennaiyin of the Indian Super League as their marquee player . In 2015 , after finishing the season as league top scorer , Elano rejoined Santos for a third spell . Elano earned 50 caps for the Brazil national team between 2004 and 2011 , scoring nine goals . He represented the nation at their triumphs in the 2007 Copa América and the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup , and also played at the 2010 FIFA World Cup and the 2011 Copa América .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Galatasaray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K._(football)', 'summary': "Galatasaray Spor Kulübü ( Turkish pronunciation : [ ɡaɫatasaˈɾaj ˈspoɾ kulyˈby ] , Galatasaray Sports Club ) , is a Turkish professional football club based on the European side of the city of Istanbul in Turkey . It is the association football branch of the larger Galatasaray Sports Club of the same name , itself a part of the Galatasaray Community Cooperation Committee which includes Galatasaray High School where the football club was founded in October 1905 consisting entirely of student members . Galatasaray is the most successful Turkish football club ; domestically , they have won 22 Süper Lig titles , 18 Turkish Cups and 16 Turkish Super Cups . Galatasaray won a total of 72 domestic trophies , more than any other Turkish football club . Galatasaray is one of three teams to have participated in all seasons of the Süper Lig since 1959 , following the dissolution of the Istanbul Football League . Internationally , Galatasaray has won the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup in 2000 , becoming the first and only Turkish team to win a major UEFA competition . In the 1999-2000 season , the club achieved the rare feat of completing a quadruple by winning the Süper Lig , the Turkish Cup , the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Super Cup in a single season . Galatasaray is also the only Turkish club to have been ranked first on the IFFHS World Rankings . Since 2011 , the club 's stadium is the 52,332-capacity Türk Telekom Stadium in Seyrantepe , Istanbul . Previously , the club had played at the Ali Sami Yen Stadium , as well as a succession of other grounds in Istanbul , which included groundshares with Beşiktaş and Fenerbahçe at the Taksim Stadium and İnönü Stadium . The club has a long-standing rivalry with other major Istanbul teams , namely with Beşiktaş and Fenerbahçe . The derby between Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe is dubbed the Kıtalar Arası Derbi ( English : Intercontinental Derby ) due to the location of their headquarters and stadiums on the European ( Galatasaray ) and Asian ( Fenerbahçe ) sides of the Bosphorus strait in Istanbul ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Estadão', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Fernando_Basílio_da_Silva', 'summary': 'Charles Fernando Basílio da Silva or simply Charles ( born February 14 , 1985 in Rio de Janeiro ) , is a Brazilian defensive midfielder who currently plays for Turkish club Antalyaspor .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lokomotiv Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lokomotiv_Moscow', 'summary': 'FC Lokomotiv Moscow ( FC Lokomotiv Moskva , Russian : Футбольный клуб Локомотив Москва , [ fʊdˈbolʲnɨj kɫup ɫəkəmɐˈtʲif mɐˈskva ] ) is a Russian football club based in Moscow . Lokomotiv won the Russian Premier League on three occasions , the Soviet Cup twice and the Russian Cup a record ten times .'}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Placar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper', 'summary': 'In many team sports which involve scoring goals , the goalkeeper ( sometimes termed goaltender , netminder , goalie or keeper ) is a designated player charged with directly preventing the opposing team from scoring by blocking or intercepting opposing shots on goal . Such positions exist in bandy , rink bandy , camogie , association football , Gaelic football , international rules football , floorball , handball , hurling , field hockey , ice hockey , roller hockey , lacrosse , ringette , rinkball , water polo , and shinty as well as in other sports . In most sports which involve scoring in a net , special rules apply to the goalkeeper that do not apply to other players . These rules are often instituted to protect the goalkeeper ( being a target for dangerous or even violent actions ) . This is most apparent in sports such as ice hockey and lacrosse , where goalkeepers are required to wear special equipment like heavy pads and a face mask to protect their bodies from the impact of the playing object ( eg . ball or puck . ) In some sports , goalkeepers may have the same rights as other players ; in association football , for example , the keeper is allowed to kick the ball just as any other player , but may also use their hands to handle the ball in a restricted area . In other sports , goalkeepers may be limited in the actions they are allowed to take or the area of the field or rink where they may be ; in the NHL , for example , goalkeepers may not play the puck in the restricted areas behind the net or take the puck across the red line .'}]}, {'value': 'Aranha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Lúcio_Duarte_Costa', 'summary': 'Mário Lúcio Costa Duarte ( born 17 November 1980 ) , commonly known as Aranha , is a Brazilian football goalkeeper who currently plays for Campeonato Brasileiro Série A team Avaí .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético Mineiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clube_Atlético_Mineiro', 'summary': "Clube Atlético Mineiro ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈklubi aˈtlɛtʃiku miˈneɾu ] ) , commonly known as Atlético Mineiro or Atlético , and colloquially as Galo ( pronounced [ ˈgalu ] , Rooster ) , is a professional football club based in Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil . The team competes in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , the first level of Brazilian football , as well as in the Campeonato Mineiro , the top tier state league of Minas Gerais . Atlético Mineiro is the oldest active football club in Minas Gerais , founded on 25 March 1908 by twenty-two students from Belo Horizonte . Despite having liberal , upper-class founders , the club opened its doors to players of every social class , establishing itself as a people 's club , and becoming one of the most-supported clubs in Brazil . The club 's mascot , a rooster , has been strongly associated with Atlético since its introduction in the 1930s . Over the years , the word galo ( Portuguese for rooster ) became a common nickname for the club itself . The team 's regular home kit comprises black-and-white striped shirts , with black shorts and white socks . Atlético has won the Campeonato Mineiro a record 44 times . At national level , the club has won the Campeonato Brasileiro once and has finished second on five occasions . Atlético has also won one Copa do Brasil , one Copa dos Campeões Estaduais and the Copa dos Campeões Brasileiros . In international club football , Atlético has won the Copa Libertadores and the Recopa Sudamericana once each , and a record two Copa CONMEBOL ; the team has also reached three other continental finals . The club has also competed in other sports throughout its history , with the futsal department becoming especially notable ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Globo Esporte', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Jonathan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Moreira', 'summary': 'Jonathan Cícero Moreira ( born 27 February 1986 ) , known simply as Jonathan , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a right back for Athletico Paranaense . He also holds Italian citizenship and could potentially play for the Italian national team . He is nicknamed Il Divino ( The Divine ) , by Interisti .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cruzeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cruzeiro_Esporte_Clube', 'summary': "Cruzeiro Esporte Clube ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ kɾuˈzejɾu esˈpoɾtʃi ˈklubi ] ) , commonly known as Cruzeiro and nicknamed Raposa ( English : Fox ) , is one of the biggest Brazilian ( and South American ) multisport clubs ; based in Barro Preto , Belo Horizonte . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Cruzeiro is mostly known for its association football team . It plays in the Campeonato Mineiro , [ nb 1 ] the state of Minas Gerais 's premier state league , as well as in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B , [ nb 2 ] the second tier of the Brazilian football league system . The club was founded on January 2 , 1921 by sportsmen from the Italian colony of Belo Horizonte , some members of Yale Atlético Clube and many Italian immigrant workers decided to create a new club called Societá Sportiva Ypiranga , changing the name months later to Palestra Mineiro and after one game to Palestra Itália . As a result of the Second World War , the Brazilian federal government banned the use of any symbols referring to the Axis powers in 1942 . The club board members rebaptized the club with the name of a leading national symbol : the Cruzeiro do Sul 's constellation . Cruzeiro play their home games at the Mineirão stadium , which currently holds up to 62,547 spectators . Cruzeiro 's regular kit colours are blue shirts and white shorts with blue socks ( although the team has worn white socks with their home kit for certain periods of time ) . Umbro are the side 's current kit manufacturers . Cruzeiro is one of Brazil 's most successful clubs despite its relatively young age ( compared with other major Brazilian clubs ) . It won the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A for the first time in 1966 , after defeating Santos ' Os Santásticos in the final series . Cruzeiro has won the Brasileirão again in 2003 , 2013 and 2014 , obtaining the best campaign in the present format of the competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Globo Esporte', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Robson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robson_Michael_Signorini', 'summary': 'Róbson Michael Signorini ( born 10 November 1987 ) , commonly known as Robinho , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Cruzeiro .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Avaí', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avaí_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Avaí Futebol Clube ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ avaˈi ] ) is a Brazilian football team from Florianópolis in Santa Catarina , founded on September 1 , 1923 . Their home stadium is Estádio Aderbal Ramos da Silva , also known as Ressacada , with a capacity of 17,800 . They play in blue and white shirts , shorts and socks . Their best known supporter is tennis player Gustavo Kuerten .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan Return', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Maikon Leite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maikon_Leite', 'summary': 'Maikon Fernando Souza Leite ( born 3 August 1988 in Mogi das Cruzes ) , known as Maikon Leite , is a Brazilian footballer who currently plays for Brasiliense Futebol Clube as a right winger or as a second striker .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético-PR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clube_Atlético_Paranaense', 'summary': "Club Athletico Paranaense , commonly known as Athletico-PR , is a Brazilian football team from Curitiba in Paraná , founded on March 26 , 1924 . The team won the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , Brazil 's top football division , in 2001 , the Copa Sudamericana in 2018 and the Copa do Brasil in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Loan Return', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lancenet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Diogo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diogo_Luis_Santo', 'summary': "Diogo Luís Santo ( born 26 May 1987 ) , known simply as Diogo , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Malaysian club Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C . as a striker . After starting out at Portuguesa , he spent most of his professional career in the Superleague Greece with Olympiacos - having signed in 2008 - and in the Thai League 1 with Buriram United ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olympiakos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympiakos_Piraeus', 'summary': "Olympiacos Football Club ( Greek : ΠΑΕ Ολυμπιακός Σ.Φ.Π . Greek pronunciation : [ olimbiaˈkos ] ) , also known simply as Olympiacos , Olympiacos Piraeus or with its full name as Olympiacos C.F.P . ( Oλυμπιακός Σύνδεσμος Φιλάθλων Πειραιώς Olympiakós Sýndesmos Filáthlon Peiraiós , Olympic Club of Fans of Piraeus ) , is a Greek professional football club based in Piraeus , Athens . Part of the major multi-sport club Olympiacos CFP , their name was inspired from the ancient Olympic Games and along with the club 's emblem , the laurel-crowned Olympic athlete , symbolize the Olympic ideals of ancient Greece . Their home ground is the Karaiskakis Stadium , a 32,115-capacity stadium in Piraeus . Founded on 10 March 1925 , Olympiacos is the most successful club in Greek football history , having won 44 League titles , 27 Cups ( 17 Doubles ) and 4 Super Cups , all records . Τotalling 75 national trophies , Olympiacos is 9th in the world in total titles won by a football club . The club 's dominating success can be further evidenced by the fact that all other Greek clubs have won a combined total of 39 League titles , while Olympiacos also holds the record for the most consecutive Greek League titles won , with seven in a row in two occasions ( 1997-2003 and 2011-2017 ) , breaking their own previous record of six consecutive wins in the 1950s ( 1954-1959 ) , when Olympiacos was unequivocally nicknamed Thrylos ( Greek : Θρύλος , The Legend ) . Having won the 2014-15 league title , Olympiacos became the only football club in the world to have won a series of five or more consecutive championships for five times in their history , a record that was praised by FIFA with a congratulatory letter of its president , Sepp Blatter . They are also the only Greek club to have won five consecutive national Cups ( 1957-1961 ) , as well as six League titles undefeated ( 1937 , 1938 , 1948 , 1951 , 1954 , 1955 ) . Olympiacos are one of only three clubs to have never been relegated from the top flight of Greek football , and by winning the 2012-13 title , their 40th in total , they added a fourth star above their crest , each one representing 10 League titles . In European competitions , Olympiacos best performances are their presence in the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals in 1998-99 , losing the semi-final spot in the last minutes of their second leg match against Juventus , as well as in the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup quarter-finals in 1992-93 ."}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SantosFC.com.br', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Rychely', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rychely', 'summary': 'Rychely full name Rychely Cantanhede de Oliveira ( born 6 August 1987 ) , is a Brazilian footballer who is currently a free agent .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santo André', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EC_Santo_André', 'summary': "Esporte Clube Santo André , also known as Santo André , is a Brazilian football team from Santo André , São Paulo state . Santo André greatest rival is São Caetano , the other team in ABC region . The club 's mascot name is Ramalhão ( Big Ramalho ) after the bandeirante João Ramalho . João Ramalho founded the city of Santo André in 1553 ."}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Globo Esporte', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Rafael Caldeira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rafael_Caldeira', 'summary': 'Rafael Caldeira Pires ( born 11 February 1991 ) , known as Rafael Caldeira , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Jaraguá-GO as a central defender .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oeste', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oeste_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Oeste Futebol Clube , or Oeste as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football team currently playing in the city of Barueri . Originally from Itápolis in São Paulo state , Oeste was founded on January 25 , 1921 . They play in black and red shirts , black shorts and red socks .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan return', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Roger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Roberto_dos_Santos', 'summary': 'Roger Roberto dos Santos , commonly known as Roger Gaúcho ( born 30 March 1986 ) , is a Brazilian attacking midfielder who plays for América RN .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oeste', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oeste_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Oeste Futebol Clube , or Oeste as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football team currently playing in the city of Barueri . Originally from Itápolis in São Paulo state , Oeste was founded on January 25 , 1921 . They play in black and red shirts , black shorts and red socks .'}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lancenet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Borges', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Humberlito_Borges', 'summary': 'Humberlito Borges Teixeira or simply Borges ( born October 5 , 1980 in Salvador ) , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a striker .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grêmio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grêmio_FBPA', 'summary': "Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈɡɾẽmju ˌfutʃˈbɔw ˌpoɾtw ɐlɛˈɡɾẽsi ] ) , commonly known as Grêmio , is a Brazilian professional football club based in Porto Alegre , Rio Grande do Sul . The club plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , the top tier of the Brazilian football league system , and the Campeonato Gaúcho , Rio Grande do Sul 's top state league . The club was founded in 1903 . The club 's home ground is the Arena do Grêmio , to which it moved in 2013 , having previously played at Estádio Olímpico Monumental since 1954 . Grêmio was the first club outside the Southeast of Brazil to become World Champion , after beating Hamburger SV in 1983 ( 2-1 ) . Also , Grêmio is the Brazilian club that most won the Copa Libertadores da América ( 3 ) , alongside São Paulo ( 3 ) and Santos ( 3 ) . As of 2017 , Grêmio was ranked number one in the CBF club rankings and is listed by Forbes as the third most valuable football club in the Americas with an estimated value of $ 295.5 million . Grêmio has won 38 Campeonato Gaúcho , 2 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , 1 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B , 1 Supercopa do Brasil , 1 Copa Sul and 5 Copa do Brasil . Internationally , Grêmio has won 1 Intercontinental Cup , 3 Copa Libertadores de América , 2 Recopa Sudamericana and 1 Sanwa Bank Cup . Grêmio usually plays in a tricolor ( blue , black and white ) striped shirt , black shorts and white socks . Grêmio has a fierce rivalry with Internacional , which is widely considered the most heated in Brazil and one of the most heated in the world . Matches between the two teams are known as Grenal ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UOL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Alan Kardec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alan_Kardec', 'summary': 'Alan Kardec de Souza Pereira Júnior ( born January 12 , 1989 ) , known as Alan Kardec , is a Brazilian professional football player who plays for Chongqing Lifan as a striker . He is named after the systematizer of Spiritism , Allan Kardec .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benfica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.L._Benfica', 'summary': "Sport Lisboa e Benfica ComC MHIH OM ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɨˈpɔɾ liʒˈboɐ i βɐ̃jˈfikɐ ] ) , commonly known as Benfica , is a professional football club based in Lisbon , Portugal , that competes in the Primeira Liga , the top flight of Portuguese football , where they are the current champions and the most successful team in terms of overall titles . Founded on 28 February 1904 as Sport Lisboa , Benfica is one of the Big Three clubs in Portugal that have never been relegated from Primeira Liga , along with rivals Sporting CP and FC Porto . Benfica are nicknamed As Águias ( The Eagles ) , for the symbol atop the club 's crest , and Os Encarnados ( The Reds ) , for the shirt colour . Since 2003 , their home ground has been the Estádio da Luz , which replaced the larger , original one , built in 1954 . Benfica is the most supported Portuguese club and the European club with the highest percentage of supporters in its own country , having over 230,000 members and an estimated 14 million supporters worldwide . The club 's anthem , Ser Benfiquista , refers to Benfica supporters , who are called benfiquistas . E pluribus unum is the club motto ; Águia Vitória , the mascot . Benfica is honoured with three Portuguese Orders : those of Christ ( Commander ) , of Prince Henry ( Honorary Member ) and of Merit ( Officer ) . With 83 major trophies won - 84 including the Latin Cup - Benfica is the most decorated club in Portugal . They have won 80 domestic trophies : a record 37 Primeira Liga titles , a record 26 Taça de Portugal , a record 7 Taça da Liga , 8 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira and 3 Campeonato de Portugal . Internationally , they won back-to-back European Cups in 1961 and 1962 - a unique feat in Portuguese football - and were runners-up at the Intercontinental Cup in 1961 and '62 , at the European Cup in 1963 , '65 , '68 , '88 and '90 , and at the UEFA Cup/Europa League in 1983 , 2013 and '14 . Benfica 's ten European finals are a domestic record and ranked seventh all-time among UEFA clubs in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Globo Esporte', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Leandro Silva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leandro_Silva_(Brazilian_footballer)', 'summary': 'Leandro da Silva ( born 22 September 1988 ) , known as Leandro Silva or simply Leandro , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a right back for América Mineiro .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético Sorocaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clube_Atlético_Sorocaba', 'summary': "Clube Atlético Sorocaba , usually known as Atlético Sorocaba , is a Brazilian football club from Sorocaba . They play in the Campeonato Paulista league . The club competed in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C several times . The club is owned by Rev . Moon 's Unification Church , as is CENE ."}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IG', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Henrique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henrique_Pacheco_Lima', 'summary': 'Henrique Pacheco de Lima ( born 16 May 1985 ) , simply known as Henrique , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Cruzeiro .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cruzeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cruzeiro_Esporte_Clube', 'summary': "Cruzeiro Esporte Clube ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ kɾuˈzejɾu esˈpoɾtʃi ˈklubi ] ) , commonly known as Cruzeiro and nicknamed Raposa ( English : Fox ) , is one of the biggest Brazilian ( and South American ) multisport clubs ; based in Barro Preto , Belo Horizonte . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Cruzeiro is mostly known for its association football team . It plays in the Campeonato Mineiro , [ nb 1 ] the state of Minas Gerais 's premier state league , as well as in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B , [ nb 2 ] the second tier of the Brazilian football league system . The club was founded on January 2 , 1921 by sportsmen from the Italian colony of Belo Horizonte , some members of Yale Atlético Clube and many Italian immigrant workers decided to create a new club called Societá Sportiva Ypiranga , changing the name months later to Palestra Mineiro and after one game to Palestra Itália . As a result of the Second World War , the Brazilian federal government banned the use of any symbols referring to the Axis powers in 1942 . The club board members rebaptized the club with the name of a leading national symbol : the Cruzeiro do Sul 's constellation . Cruzeiro play their home games at the Mineirão stadium , which currently holds up to 62,547 spectators . Cruzeiro 's regular kit colours are blue shirts and white shorts with blue socks ( although the team has worn white socks with their home kit for certain periods of time ) . Umbro are the side 's current kit manufacturers . Cruzeiro is one of Brazil 's most successful clubs despite its relatively young age ( compared with other major Brazilian clubs ) . It won the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A for the first time in 1966 , after defeating Santos ' Os Santásticos in the final series . Cruzeiro has won the Brasileirão again in 2003 , 2013 and 2014 , obtaining the best campaign in the present format of the competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Globo Esporte', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Ibson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ibson', 'summary': 'Ibson Barreto da Silva ( born 7 November 1983 ) , simply known as Ibson , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Tombense .'}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spartak Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moscow', 'summary': "FC Spartak Moscow ( Russian : Футбольный клуб « Спартак » Москва [ spɐrˈtak mɐˈskva ] ) is a Russian professional football club from Moscow . Having won 12 Soviet championships ( second only to Dynamo Kyiv ) and a record 10 Russian championships , it is the country 's most successful club . They have also won a record 10 Soviet Cups , 3 Russian Cups and one Russian Super Cup . Spartak have also reached the semi-finals of all three European club competitions . Historically , the club was a part of the Spartak sports society . Other teams in the society include ice hockey club HC Spartak Moscow . Currently , the club is not connected with the Spartak sports society and is an independent privately owned organisation ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Globo Esporte', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Breitner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Breitner_da_Silva', 'summary': 'Overath Breitner da Silva Medina , known simply as Breitner ( born September 9 , 1989 in Barcelona ) , is a Venezuelan professional footballer who plays as a midfielder .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Figueirense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figueirense', 'summary': 'Figueirense Futebol Clube , also known as Figueirense ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ fiɡejˈɾẽsi ] ) , is a Brazilian football club based in Florianópolis , Santa Catarina . Their home stadium is Estádio Orlando Scarpelli , also known as Scarpelão , with a capacity of 19,584 . In the state of Santa Catarina , Figueirense is the club that more often participated in Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , with 17 holdings by 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan Return', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ESPBR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Éder Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Éder_Lima_dos_Santos', 'summary': 'Éder Lima dos Santos ( born 5 February 1986 ) , known as Éder Lima ( エデル・リマ ) , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a central defender or full back for Ventforet Kofu .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oeste', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oeste_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Oeste Futebol Clube , or Oeste as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football team currently playing in the city of Barueri . Originally from Itápolis in São Paulo state , Oeste was founded on January 25 , 1921 . They play in black and red shirts , black shorts and red socks .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Globo Esporte', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Rentería', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wason_Rentería', 'summary': 'Wason Libardo Rentería Cuesta ( born 4 July 1985 ) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as a striker .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caxias', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sociedade_Esportiva_e_Recreativa_Caxias_do_Sul', 'summary': 'SER Caxias do Sul , also known as Caxias , is a Brazilian football club based in Caxias do Sul , Rio Grande do Sul . Founded in 1934 , Caxias currently plays the Brazilian Third Division - Campeonato Brasileiro Série C. As Brazil has continental proportions , state championships are also highly valued by its population . Caxias won the Campeonato Gaúcho - Rio Grande do Sul State Championship in 2000 , and lost the 2012 Final to Sport Club Internacional . Its fiercest rival is Juventude , the other club based in Caxias do Sul . The local derby is known as Ca-Ju . Grená currently is ranked as the 46th best team in Brazil , according to the Brazilian Football Confederation Ranking .'}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Globo Esporte', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Breitner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Breitner_da_Silva', 'summary': 'Overath Breitner da Silva Medina , known simply as Breitner ( born September 9 , 1989 in Barcelona ) , is a Venezuelan professional footballer who plays as a midfielder .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Criciúma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Criciúma_Esporte_Clube', 'summary': "Criciúma Esporte Clube , also known simply as Criciúma , is a Brazilian football club from Criciúma , Santa Catarina . It plays in the Campeonato Catarinense , [ nb 1 ] the state of Santa Catarina 's premier state league , as well as the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C , [ nb 2 ] the third tier of the Brazilian football league system . Criciúma is the most successful team from Santa Catarina , having won the 1991 Copa do Brasil , the 2002 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B , and the 2006 Campeonato Brasileiro Série C ."}]}, {'value': 'Loan Return', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Futebol Futebol', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Transfers -- In', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2011_Santos_FC_season_1', 'intro': "The 2011 season was Santos Futebol Clube's ninety-ninth season in existence and the club's fifty-second consecutive season in the top flight of Brazilian football. On 8 November 2010, Santos announced Adílson Batista to coach the team and his debut was on January in the Campeonato Paulista. But, on 27 February 2011, Santos sacked him although he had only one defeat in 11 matches. Marcelo Martelotte assumed as caretaker until 5 April when Muricy Ramalho was officially announced as new coach. On 15 May, Santos won their 19th Campeonato Paulista title beating their rival Corinthians 2-1 on aggregate in the final. Santos also won their 3rd Copa Libertadores title, beating Uruguay's Peñarol 2-1 on aggregate after the first leg had ended scoreless in Montevideo. As they won the Copa Libertadores, they played the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup but lost 4-0 in the final to Spanish's Barcelona."}	null	null	Which position had a player score 9 goals between 2004 and 2011 and moved from a club that had only student members back in 1905 ?	Midfielder
079a6eed24e40a7e	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_Today', 'title': 'Amusement Today', 'header': ['Category', '2005 Recipient', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Best Amusement Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cedar Point', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cedar_Point', 'summary': "Cedar Point is a 364-acre ( 147 ha ) amusement park located on a Lake Erie peninsula in Sandusky , Ohio . Opened in the late-1800s , it is reported to be the second-oldest operating amusement park in the United States behind Lake Compounce . Cedar Point is owned and operated by Cedar Fair and is considered the flagship of the amusement park chain . Known as America 's Roller Coast , the park features a world-record 72 rides , including 17 roller coasters - the second-most in the world behind Six Flags Magic Mountain . Its newest roller coaster , Steel Vengeance , opened to the public on May 5 , 2018 . Cedar Point 's normal operating season runs from early May until Labor Day in September . The park then reopens only on weekends until the end of October or early November for a Halloween-themed event known as HalloWeekends . Other attractions near the park include a one-mile-long ( 1.6 km ) white-sand beach , an outdoor water park called Cedar Point Shores , an indoor water park called Castaway Bay , two marinas , an outdoor sports complex called Cedar Point Sports Center , and several nearby resorts . The park has reached several milestones . It is the only amusement park in the world with six roller coasters that are at least 200 feet ( 61 m ) in height - Magnum XL-200 , Millennium Force , Wicked Twister , Top Thrill Dragster , Valravn , and Steel Vengeance - as well as the only one with roller coasters in all four height classifications . Cedar Point also received the Golden Ticket Award for Best Amusement Park in the World from Amusement Today for 16 consecutive years from 1997-2013 . The park is the most visited seasonal amusement park in the United States with an estimated 3.6 million visitors in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sandusky , Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Waterpark', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Schlitterbahn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schlitterbahn', 'summary': "Schlitterbahn is an American brand of water parks and resorts owned by Cedar Fair . It was previously a company that was family-owned-and-operated by the Henry family that was based in New Braunfels , Texas . Schlitterbahn opened its first location , Schlitterbahn Waterpark Resort , in 1979 . At its peak , the company consisted of five outdoor waterparks , two indoor waterparks , and three resorts . Schlitterbahn 's outdoor water parks are seasonally-operated , typically open from late April through mid-September , while its indoor locations operate year-round . Two parks are located in Texas . On June 13 , 2019 , Cedar Fair entered an agreement to acquire two of Schlitterbahn 's properties in Galveston and New Braunfels for $ 261 million . The deal , which closed in early July 2019 , gives Cedar Fair the option to purchase Schlitterbahn Waterpark Kansas City for $ 6 million within 120 days of the transaction which Cedar Fair declined to do . Additionally , the rights to the Schlitterbahn name were included in the acquisition ."}]}, {'value': 'New Braunfels , Texas', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Best Children 's Park", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Legoland California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Legoland_California', 'summary': 'Legoland California is a theme park , miniature park , and aquarium located in Carlsbad , California , based on the Lego toy brand . Opening on March 20 , 1999 , it was the third Legoland park to open , and the first outside Europe . The park is currently owned by Merlin Entertainments , which took a controlling interest in 2005 . A second park in the United States , Legoland Florida , opened in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlsbad , California', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Wooden Coaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thunderhead , Dollywood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thunderhead_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "Thunderhead is a wooden roller coaster located at Dollywood amusement park in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee . The coaster , which was the anchor attraction of the new Thunderhead Gap section ( now Timber Canyon ) , opened on April 3 , 2004 , to much critical acclaim . Thunderhead boasts 22 turns and 32 crossovers , and utilizes GCI 's Millennium Flyer trains , used on all GCI coasters since 1999 . Thunderhead is also the first roller coaster to feature a station flyby ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dollywood', 'summary': "Dollywood is a theme park jointly owned by entertainer Dolly Parton and Herschend Family Entertainment . It is located in the Knoxville-Smoky Mountains metroplex in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee . Hosting nearly 3 million guests in a typical season - mid-March to the Christmas holidays - Dollywood is the biggest ticketed tourist attraction in Tennessee . In addition to standard amusement park thrill rides , Dollywood features traditional crafts and music of the Smoky Mountain area . The park hosts a number of concerts and musical events each year , including appearances by Dolly Parton and her family as well as other national and local musical acts . It is also the site of the Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame . The theme park is the anchor of Parton 's 150-acre ( 61 ha ) Dollywood amusement destination , which also includes the 35-acre ( 14 ha ) sister water park Dollywood 's Splash Country , the 20-acre ( 8.1 ha ) Dollywood 's DreamMore Resort and Spa , and the 5-acre ( 2.0 ha ) Dolly Parton 's Stampede Dinner Attraction ."}]}, {'value': 'Pigeon Forge , Tennessee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Steel Coaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Millennium Force , Cedar Point', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Millennium_Force', 'summary': "Millennium Force is a steel roller coaster located at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky , Ohio . Manufactured by Intamin , it was the park 's fourteenth roller coaster dating back to the opening of Blue Streak in 1964 . Upon completion in 2000 , Millennium Force broke six world records and was the world 's first giga coaster , a term coined by Intamin and Cedar Point to represent roller coasters that exceed 300 feet ( 91 m ) in height and complete a full circuit . It was briefly the tallest and fastest in the world until Steel Dragon 2000 opened later the same year . The ride is also the third-longest roller coaster in North America following The Beast at Kings Island and Fury 325 at Carowinds . Millennium Force features a 310-foot-tall ( 94 m ) cable lift hill with a 300-foot ( 91 m ) drop , two tunnels , three overbanked turns , and four hills . The coaster also has a top speed of 93 mph ( 150 km/h ) . Since its debut , Millennium Force has been voted the number one steel roller coaster ten times in Amusement Today 's annual Golden Ticket Awards ; as of 2019 , it had never been ranked lower than second place . Although Millennium Force has been surpassed in height and speed , it remains one of the tallest and fastest in the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cedar_Point', 'summary': "Cedar Point is a 364-acre ( 147 ha ) amusement park located on a Lake Erie peninsula in Sandusky , Ohio . Opened in the late-1800s , it is reported to be the second-oldest operating amusement park in the United States behind Lake Compounce . Cedar Point is owned and operated by Cedar Fair and is considered the flagship of the amusement park chain . Known as America 's Roller Coast , the park features a world-record 72 rides , including 17 roller coasters - the second-most in the world behind Six Flags Magic Mountain . Its newest roller coaster , Steel Vengeance , opened to the public on May 5 , 2018 . Cedar Point 's normal operating season runs from early May until Labor Day in September . The park then reopens only on weekends until the end of October or early November for a Halloween-themed event known as HalloWeekends . Other attractions near the park include a one-mile-long ( 1.6 km ) white-sand beach , an outdoor water park called Cedar Point Shores , an indoor water park called Castaway Bay , two marinas , an outdoor sports complex called Cedar Point Sports Center , and several nearby resorts . The park has reached several milestones . It is the only amusement park in the world with six roller coasters that are at least 200 feet ( 61 m ) in height - Magnum XL-200 , Millennium Force , Wicked Twister , Top Thrill Dragster , Valravn , and Steel Vengeance - as well as the only one with roller coasters in all four height classifications . Cedar Point also received the Golden Ticket Award for Best Amusement Park in the World from Amusement Today for 16 consecutive years from 1997-2013 . The park is the most visited seasonal amusement park in the United States with an estimated 3.6 million visitors in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sandusky , Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Best Kids ' Area", 'urls': []}, {'value': "Paramount 's Kings Island", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kings_Island', 'summary': "Kings Island is a 364-acre ( 147 ha ) amusement park located 24 miles ( 39 km ) northeast of Cincinnati in Mason , Ohio . Owned and operated by Cedar Fair , the park first opened in 1972 by the Taft Broadcasting Company . It was part of a larger effort to move and expand Coney Island , a popular resort destination along the banks of the Ohio River that was prone to frequent flooding . After more than $ 300 million in capital investments , the park features over 100 attractions including fourteen roller coasters and a 33-acre ( 13 ha ) water park . Early in its history , Kings Island has appeared in popular sitcoms and received widespread recognition for its record-breaking attractions and events . One of the park 's most well-known attractions , The Racer , is often credited with reviving worldwide interest in roller coasters during the 1970s . Others , such as The Beast and Banshee , have set several world records , some of which remain standing . The largest investment in park history is Orion , a giga coaster scheduled to open in 2020 . The park has also suffered through times of negative publicity , particularly surrounding the early demise of roller coasters The Bat and Son of Beast . Kings Island is divided into several themed sections and operates seasonally from early spring through the fall , partially reopening for Winterfest during the holiday season . In 2017 , Kings Island was the second-most visited seasonal amusement park in the United States behind Cedar Point , with an estimated 3.47 million visitors . It was third overall for seasonal attendance in North America , which was led by Canada 's Wonderland ."}]}, {'value': 'Mason , Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friendliest Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Holiday_World_&_Splashin'_Safari", 'summary': "Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari ( known as Santa Claus Land prior to 1984 ) is a combination theme park and water park located near Interstate 64 and U.S. 231 in Santa Claus , Indiana , United States . The theme park is divided into four sections that celebrate Christmas , Halloween , Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July with rides , live entertainment , games , and attractions . Holiday World contains three wooden roller coasters : The Raven , The Legend , and The Voyage , as well as Thunderbird ( a Bolliger & Mabillard launched Wing Coaster ) and The Howler . The safari-themed water park includes the world 's two longest water coasters : Wildebeest and Guinness World Record Holder Mammoth , numerous family raft rides and water slides , two wave pools , junior-sized wave pool , two children's-sized water slide areas , a lazy river , two family tipping bucket ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Claus , Indiana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleanest Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Holiday_World_&_Splashin'_Safari", 'summary': "Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari ( known as Santa Claus Land prior to 1984 ) is a combination theme park and water park located near Interstate 64 and U.S. 231 in Santa Claus , Indiana , United States . The theme park is divided into four sections that celebrate Christmas , Halloween , Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July with rides , live entertainment , games , and attractions . Holiday World contains three wooden roller coasters : The Raven , The Legend , and The Voyage , as well as Thunderbird ( a Bolliger & Mabillard launched Wing Coaster ) and The Howler . The safari-themed water park includes the world 's two longest water coasters : Wildebeest and Guinness World Record Holder Mammoth , numerous family raft rides and water slides , two wave pools , junior-sized wave pool , two children's-sized water slide areas , a lazy river , two family tipping bucket ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Claus , Indiana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Halloween Event', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Halloween Haunt at Knott 's Berry Farm", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Knott's_Berry_Farm", 'summary': "Knott 's Berry Farm is a 160-acre ( 65 ha ) theme park located in Buena Park , California , owned and operated by Cedar Fair . In 2018 , it was the twelfth-most-visited theme park in North America and averages approximately 4 million visitors per year . The park features 40 rides including roller coasters , family rides , dark rides and water rides . The theme park began in the 1920s as a road-side berry stand run by Walter Knott along State Route 39 in California . By the 1940s , a restaurant , several shops , and other attractions had been constructed on the property to entertain a growing number of visitors , including a replica ghost town . The site continued its transformation into a modern amusement park over the next two decades , and an admission charge was added in 1968 . In 1997 the park was sold to Cedar Fair for $ 300 million , just two years after the Knott 's food business was acquired by Conagra , Inc. in 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Buena Park , California', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Landscaping - Amusement Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Busch Gardens Williamsburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busch_Gardens_Williamsburg', 'summary': "Busch Gardens Williamsburg ( formerly known as Busch Gardens Europe and Busch Gardens : The Old Country ) is a 383-acre ( 1.55 km2 ) theme park located in James City County , Virginia , United States . Located about sixty miles ( 100 km ) northwest of Virginia Beach , the park was developed by Anheuser-Busch ( A-B ) and is owned by SeaWorld Entertainment . It opened on May 16 , 1975 , adjacent to Anheuser-Busch 's brewery and near its other developments including the Kingsmill Resort complex . The park is themed around various European countries and as such was originally called Busch Gardens : The Old Country . In 1993 , the park was renamed Busch Gardens Williamsburg before briefly being named Busch Gardens Europe in 2006 until it returned to the Williamsburg name in 2008 . Similarly , its sister park in Florida was originally called Busch Gardens : The Dark Continent until it was officially renamed Busch Gardens Tampa Bay until a brief switch to Busch Gardens Africa from 2006 to 2008 . In 2015 , the estimated attendance of 2.78 million makes it the twentieth most-visited park in the US . In addition to its landscaping and European theme , Busch Gardens is widely known for its roller coasters , including Griffon , Alpengeist , and Apollo 's Chariot , which won No . 4 best steel coaster in 2012 from the Golden Ticket Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Williamsburg , Virginia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Landscaping - Waterpark', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Schlitterbahn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schlitterbahn', 'summary': "Schlitterbahn is an American brand of water parks and resorts owned by Cedar Fair . It was previously a company that was family-owned-and-operated by the Henry family that was based in New Braunfels , Texas . Schlitterbahn opened its first location , Schlitterbahn Waterpark Resort , in 1979 . At its peak , the company consisted of five outdoor waterparks , two indoor waterparks , and three resorts . Schlitterbahn 's outdoor water parks are seasonally-operated , typically open from late April through mid-September , while its indoor locations operate year-round . Two parks are located in Texas . On June 13 , 2019 , Cedar Fair entered an agreement to acquire two of Schlitterbahn 's properties in Galveston and New Braunfels for $ 261 million . The deal , which closed in early July 2019 , gives Cedar Fair the option to purchase Schlitterbahn Waterpark Kansas City for $ 6 million within 120 days of the transaction which Cedar Fair declined to do . Additionally , the rights to the Schlitterbahn name were included in the acquisition ."}]}, {'value': 'New Braunfels , Texas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Food', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knoebels Amusement Resort', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knoebels_Amusement_Resort', 'summary': "Knoebels Amusement Resort ( /kəˈnoʊbəlz/ ) is a family-owned and operated amusement park , picnic grove , and campground in Elysburg , Pennsylvania . Opened in 1926 , it is America 's largest free-admission park . The park has more than 60 rides including three wooden roller coasters , one steel roller coaster , a 1913 carousel , and a haunted house dark ride . The amusement park is owned and operated by the Knoebel ( pronounced kuh-NO-bel ) family , who also operate a lumber yard next to the park . The park 's name has traditionally been spelled Knoebels without the apostrophe , and appears that way on all official park advertising and correspondence . The park straddles the line between Northumberland and Columbia Counties . The complex is mainly in the Columbia County townships of Cleveland and Franklin and is in Ralpho Township on the Northumberland County side of the South Branch Roaring Creek . The park and its rides have won awards from organizations such as Amusement Today , American Coaster Enthusiasts , and the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions . In 2014 , Travel Channel rated Knoebels one of their Top 10 Family Friendly Amusement Parks in the United States . America 's Number One Amusement Park In 2008 , the parks dark ride was the subject of a one-hour documentary , Laff In The Darks Behind The Scenes At Knoebels Haunted House ."}]}, {'value': 'Elysburg , Pa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Shows', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Six Flags Fiesta Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Six_Flags_Fiesta_Texas', 'summary': "Six Flags Fiesta Texas , formerly Fiesta Texas , is a theme park located in La Cantera , San Antonio , Texas . It is owned and operated by Six Flags . The park was built by Gaylord Entertainment Company and opened on March 14 , 1992 as the first business in the district of San Antonio . The park was later purchased by Time Warner in 1996 , who turned it into a Six Flags park . Spanning 200 acres ( 81 ha ) , the park was originally built to become a destination performance arts park with its focus on the musical culture of the state of Texas . The park 's current icon is Scream which can be seen from all around the park as well as outside the property . The vibrant colors of Scream can also be seen from the intersection of Loop 1604 and Interstate 10 , as well as miles away from Six Flags Fiesta Texas . Most of the other attractions at the park are hidden due to the park being surrounded by a rock quarry wall , but some key visible rides include the SkyScreamer , the Crow 's Nest Ferris wheel in Fiesta Bay Boardwalk , the lift hill of Superman : Krypton Coaster and the lift hill of Iron Rattler ."}]}, {'value': 'San Antonio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Outdoor Night Show Production', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IllumiNations : Reflections of Earth , Epcot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IllumiNations:_Reflections_of_Earth', 'summary': "IllumiNations : Reflections of Earth was a nighttime show performed nightly at Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake , Florida . The show utilized fireworks , pyrotechnics , water fountains , fire effects , lasers , searchlights , and a large rotating globe with curved LED screens to create a visual production on the park 's World Showcase Lagoon . The show told the story of Earth and was divided into three movements titled Chaos , Order , and Meaning , emphasizing the idea of humanity as a single unified tribe on this planet . The lagoon was surrounded by nineteen large torches signifying the first 19 centuries of the common era , and the show culminated in the globe opening like a lotus blossom to reveal a twentieth torch , representing the now-completed 20th century . Created and directed by Don Dorsey , the show premiered on October 1 , 1999 as IllumiNations 2000 : Reflections of Earth as part of the Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration ; it was so successful that after the celebration ended the 2000 was dropped from the name and the show was continued . The show has received several awards throughout the years including 11 straight Best Outdoor Night Production Show Golden Ticket Awards ( 2005-2015 ) . The show 's final performance was on September 30 , 2019 and was replaced by Epcot Forever on October 1 , 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Epcot', 'summary': "Epcot ( stylized as EPCOT ) is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake , Florida . It is owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks , Experiences and Products division . Inspired by an unrealized concept developed by Walt Disney , the park opened on October 1 , 1982 , as EPCOT Center , and was the second of four theme parks built at Walt Disney World , after the Magic Kingdom . Spanning 305 acres ( 123 ha ) , more than twice the size of the Magic Kingdom park , Epcot is dedicated to the celebration of human achievement , namely technological innovation and international culture , and is often referred to as a permanent world 's fair . Epcot was originally conceived by Walt Disney during the early development of Walt Disney World , as an experimental planned community that would serve as a center for American innovation and urban living . Known as EPCOT , the idea included an urban city center , residential areas , churches , schools , and a series of mass transportation systems that would connect the community . After Disney 's death in 1966 , the EPCOT concept was abandoned as the company had uncertainty about maintaining an operating city . In the 1970s , WED Enterprises began developing a second theme park for the resort to supplement Magic Kingdom , as that park 's popularity grew . The new park maintained the idea of showcasing modern innovation and enterprise through avant-garde edutainment attractions , as well as the addition of a world nations exposition . The newly-designed park , featuring two sections - Future World and World Showcase - opened as EPCOT Center in 1982 . In 1994 , the park was renamed to Epcot , dropping the acronym and Center from the name . In 2018 , Epcot hosted 13.444 million guests , ranking it as the fourth-most-visited theme park in North America and the seventh-most-visited theme park in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Water Ride', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valhalla , Pleasure Beach Blackpool', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valhalla_(Blackpool_Pleasure_Beach)', 'summary': 'Valhalla is a large indoor dark flume ride at Pleasure Beach Blackpool in Lancashire , England . Opened on 14 June 2000 at a cost of £15 million . It is one of the longest indoor dark rides in the world at a duration of just over six minutes Both a dark ride and a water ride , Valhalla uses special effects which incorporate fire , water and snow . The ride is closed for refurbishment and will reopen for the 2021 season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pleasure_Beach_Blackpool', 'summary': "Blackpool Pleasure Beach is an amusement park situated in the South Shore area , of Blackpool , Lancashire , North West England . It is one of the most visited tourist attractions in the United Kingdom , and one of the top twenty most visited amusement parks in the world , with a peak estimate of 5.5 million visitors in 2007 . In 2014 it was voted as the best theme park in the United Kingdom and the ninth-best park in Europe by the Travelers ' Choice Awards . The park is host to many records , including the largest number of roller coasters of any park in the United Kingdom with ten , of which four are wooden : the Big Dipper , Blue Flyer , Grand National and Nickelodeon Streak . Many of the roller coasters in the park are record-breaking attractions . When it opened in 1994 , the Big One was the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world . It was also the steepest , with an incline angle of 65° and one of the longest , measuring 5,497 feet ( 1,675 m ) . Currently , the ride holds the record as the tallest roller coaster in the United Kingdom , standing at 213 ft ( 65 m ) , with a first drop of 205 ft ( 62 m ) . The park was the first in Europe to introduce a fully inverting steel coaster , Revolution and is the last remaining park in the world to still operate a Steeplechase roller coaster . The Grand National is one of only three Möbius loop coasters in existence , where a singular track loops around itself , offering a facsimile out-and-back layout and creating a racing effect on two parallel tracks . Sir Hiram Maxims Captive Flying Machine is the oldest amusement park ride in Europe having opened in August 1904 . At the cost of £15 million , Valhalla was one of the largest and most expensive indoor dark rides in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Blackpool , England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Waterpark Ride', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Master Blaster , Schlitterbahn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schlitterbahn', 'summary': "Schlitterbahn is an American brand of water parks and resorts owned by Cedar Fair . It was previously a company that was family-owned-and-operated by the Henry family that was based in New Braunfels , Texas . Schlitterbahn opened its first location , Schlitterbahn Waterpark Resort , in 1979 . At its peak , the company consisted of five outdoor waterparks , two indoor waterparks , and three resorts . Schlitterbahn 's outdoor water parks are seasonally-operated , typically open from late April through mid-September , while its indoor locations operate year-round . Two parks are located in Texas . On June 13 , 2019 , Cedar Fair entered an agreement to acquire two of Schlitterbahn 's properties in Galveston and New Braunfels for $ 261 million . The deal , which closed in early July 2019 , gives Cedar Fair the option to purchase Schlitterbahn Waterpark Kansas City for $ 6 million within 120 days of the transaction which Cedar Fair declined to do . Additionally , the rights to the Schlitterbahn name were included in the acquisition ."}]}, {'value': 'New Braunfels , Texas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Dark Ride', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man , Universal 's Islands of Adventure", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Amazing_Adventures_of_Spider-Man', 'summary': "The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man is a motion-based 3D dark ride located at the Islands of Adventure , Orlando and Universal Studios Japan , Osaka theme parks , based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man . Built for Islands of Adventure 's opening in 1999 , the attraction is a hybrid ride combining special roving motion vehicles with 3D projection , elaborate physical sets , and both practical and tactile effects . The ride turns park guests into last minute reporters of the Daily Bugle , and after boarding a vehicle known as the Scoop , the rider learns that the Sinister Syndicate has captured the Statue of Liberty with an anti-gravity gun . This evil group is made up of five famous Spider-Man villains ; Doctor Octopus , Scream , Electro , Hydro-Man , and the Hobgoblin , and it is up to Spider-Man to defeat the villains and save the guests . The attraction took three years to produce , with many new technologies and techniques being developed . The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man has received critical acclaim , winning several awards including the Golden Ticket Award for Best Dark Ride for twelve consecutive years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Islands_of_Adventure', 'summary': "Universal 's Islands of Adventure ( originally Universal Studios Islands of Adventure ) is a theme park located in Orlando , Florida . It opened on May 28 , 1999 , along with CityWalk , as part of an expansion that converted Universal Studios Florida into the Universal Orlando Resort . The resort 's slogan Vacation Like You Mean It was introduced in 2013 . Islands of Adventure is modeled after a journey of exploration , where guests embark on an adventure to visit a variety of themed islands . Initially , the park featured six islands . A seventh , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , was added in 2010 , themed to the highly-successful Harry Potter franchise . It was Universal 's largest investment since the resort 's founding in 1990 . The expansion led to a significant increase in attendance , and in 2013 , Islands of Adventure ranked seventh domestically and eleventh internationally after hosting approximately 8.1 million guests . The eighth island , Skull Island , opened on July 13 , 2016 and is themed to the King Kong franchise ."}]}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best New Ride of 2005 - Amusement Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Ticket_Award_for_Best_New_Ride', 'summary': 'The Golden Ticket Award for Best New Ride is presented by Amusement Today to the best new attraction in amusement parks and water parks in the amusement park industry .'}]}, {'value': 'Hades , Mt . Olympus Water & Theme Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hades_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': 'Hades 360 is a wooden roller coaster at Mt . Olympus Water & Theme Park in Wisconsin Dells , Wisconsin . When it opened in 2005 , the coaster was known as Hades ; it was renamed in 2013 when the 360 degree roll was installed . It is the largest roller coaster in the park . Hades 360 is a rarity among wooden roller coasters due to its 360 degree roll , 110-degree over banked turn , steep 65-degree drop as well as its 90-degree banked turn , as drops and angles this steep are generally not included on wooden roller coasters due to structural limitations . The ride was designed by The Gravity Group .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mt._Olympus_Water_&_Theme_Park', 'summary': 'Mt . Olympus Water and Theme Park is a theme park and water park resort complex in Wisconsin Dells , Wisconsin . The resort is themed after Ancient Greece , particularly its mythology and gods , and is named after the mountain in Greece where those gods were said to live . Mt . Olympus features indoor and outdoor water park and amusement park rides , and the complex includes dozens of motel buildings which were acquired by the resort in addition to its purpose-built hotel .'}]}, {'value': 'Wisconsin Dells , Wis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best New Ride of 2005 - Waterpark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Ticket_Award_for_Best_New_Ride', 'summary': 'The Golden Ticket Award for Best New Ride is presented by Amusement Today to the best new attraction in amusement parks and water parks in the amusement park industry .'}]}, {'value': "Black Anaconda , Noah 's Ark Water Park", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Noah's_Ark_Water_Park", 'summary': "Noah 's Ark ( officially Noah 's Ark Family Park Inc. ) is the largest water park in the United States . It features 51 water slides and dozens of various attractions . The park is located in the village of Lake Delton , Wisconsin ."}]}, {'value': 'Wisconsin Dells , Wis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Place to Ride Go-Karts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mt . Olympus Water & Theme Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mt._Olympus_Water_&_Theme_Park', 'summary': 'Mt . Olympus Water and Theme Park is a theme park and water park resort complex in Wisconsin Dells , Wisconsin . The resort is themed after Ancient Greece , particularly its mythology and gods , and is named after the mountain in Greece where those gods were said to live . Mt . Olympus features indoor and outdoor water park and amusement park rides , and the complex includes dozens of motel buildings which were acquired by the resort in addition to its purpose-built hotel .'}]}, {'value': 'Wisconsin Dells , Wis', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Host Park : Six Flags Fiesta Texas', 'uid': 'Amusement_Today_14', 'intro': 'Amusement Today is a monthly periodical that features articles, news, pictures and reviews about all things relating to the amusement park industry, including parks, rides, and ride manufacturers. The trade newspaper, which is based in Arlington, Texas, United States, was founded in January 1997 by Gary Slade, Virgil E. Moore III and Rick Tidrow. In 1997, Amusement Today won the Impact Award in the services category for Best New Product from the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA). A year later, in 1998, the magazine founded the Golden Ticket Awards, for which it has become best known for throughout the amusement park industry. On January 2, 2001, Slade bought out his two partners, giving him sole ownership of the paper. The paper has two full-time and two part-time staff members at its Arlington office, along with two full-time writers and several freelance writers in various parts of the world.'}	null	null	Who built the park in San Antonio ?	Gaylord Entertainment Company
079a9db8241f35d7	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-listened-to_radio_programs', 'title': 'List of most-listened-to radio programs', 'header': ['Program', 'Format', 'Network', 'Broadcast Time', 'Weekly listeners ( in millions )'], 'data': [{'value': 'The Rush Limbaugh Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Rush_Limbaugh_Show', 'summary': 'The Rush Limbaugh Show is a conservative American talk radio show hosted by Rush Limbaugh on Premiere Networks . Since its nationally syndicated premiere in 1988 , The Rush Limbaugh Show has become the highest-rated talk radio show in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Conservative talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio', 'summary': 'Conservative talk radio is a talk radio format in the United States and other countries devoted to expressing conservative viewpoints of issues , as opposed to progressive talk radio . The definition of conservative talk is generally broad enough that libertarian talk show hosts are also included in the definition . The format has become the dominant form of talk radio in the United States since the 1987 abandonment of the Fairness Doctrine .'}]}, {'value': 'Premiere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premiere_Networks', 'summary': "Premiere Networks ( formerly Premiere Radio Networks , or PRN ) is an American radio network . It is the largest syndication company in the United States . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of iHeartMedia and is headed by Julie Talbott , who serves as president . Premiere Networks syndicates more than 90 radio programs and services to more than 5,500 radio affiliations and reaches 245 million listeners monthly . Premiere offers talk , entertainment and sports programming featuring the following personalities : Rush Limbaugh , Ryan Seacrest , Glenn Beck , Delilah , Steve Harvey , Big Boy , Dave Koz , George Noory , John Boy and Billy , Sean Hannity , Elvis Duran , Dan Patrick , Nikki Sixx , Bill Cunningham , Kane , Mario Lopez , Sean Hollywood Hamilton , Bobby Bones , Cody Alan , Johnjay & Rich , Jay Mohr , Pete Tong , Leo Laporte and others . Premiere is based in Sherman Oaks , California , with 13 offices nationwide . Many of Premiere 's programs are also available on iHeartRadio and iHeartRadio.com ."}]}, {'value': 'Midday', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Sean Hannity Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Sean_Hannity_Show', 'summary': "The Sean Hannity Show is a talk radio show hosted by Sean Hannity on Premiere Networks . The program is broadcast live every weekday , 3 p.m. to 6 p.m . ET . The show is produced in the New York City studios of radio station WOR or sometimes transmitted via ISDN from Hannity 's home in Centre Island , New York . The show is syndicated by Westwood One on terrestrial radio affiliates across the United States and the Sirius XM Patriot channel found on both XM Satellite Radio and Sirius Satellite Radio Monday through Friday from 3-6 p.m. ( Eastern Time ) . The primary focus of the program is the politics of the day , with interviews of liberal and conservatives commentators . The Sean Hannity Show is the second most-listened to commercial radio show with millions of listeners , behind only The Rush Limbaugh Show ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio', 'summary': 'Conservative talk radio is a talk radio format in the United States and other countries devoted to expressing conservative viewpoints of issues , as opposed to progressive talk radio . The definition of conservative talk is generally broad enough that libertarian talk show hosts are also included in the definition . The format has become the dominant form of talk radio in the United States since the 1987 abandonment of the Fairness Doctrine .'}]}, {'value': 'Premiere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premiere_Networks', 'summary': "Premiere Networks ( formerly Premiere Radio Networks , or PRN ) is an American radio network . It is the largest syndication company in the United States . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of iHeartMedia and is headed by Julie Talbott , who serves as president . Premiere Networks syndicates more than 90 radio programs and services to more than 5,500 radio affiliations and reaches 245 million listeners monthly . Premiere offers talk , entertainment and sports programming featuring the following personalities : Rush Limbaugh , Ryan Seacrest , Glenn Beck , Delilah , Steve Harvey , Big Boy , Dave Koz , George Noory , John Boy and Billy , Sean Hannity , Elvis Duran , Dan Patrick , Nikki Sixx , Bill Cunningham , Kane , Mario Lopez , Sean Hollywood Hamilton , Bobby Bones , Cody Alan , Johnjay & Rich , Jay Mohr , Pete Tong , Leo Laporte and others . Premiere is based in Sherman Oaks , California , with 13 offices nationwide . Many of Premiere 's programs are also available on iHeartRadio and iHeartRadio.com ."}]}, {'value': 'PM Drive', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marketplace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marketplace_(radio_program)', 'summary': 'Marketplace is an American radio program that focuses on business , the economy , and events that influence them . The program was first broadcast in 1989 . Hosted by Kai Ryssdal since 2005 , the show is produced and distributed by American Public Media . Marketplace is produced in Los Angeles with bureaus in New York , Washington , D.C. , Portland , Baltimore , London , and Shanghai . It won a Peabody Award in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Financial news', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'APM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Public_Media', 'summary': 'American Public Media ( APM ) is the second largest producer and distributor of public radio programs in the United States after NPR . Its non-profit parent , American Public Media Group , also owns and operates radio stations in Minnesota and California . Its station brands include Minnesota Public Radio and Southern California Public Radio . Based in St. Paul , Minnesota , APM is best known for distribution of the popular weekend program Live From Here and the national financial news program Marketplace . Until July 2015 , APM operated Classical South Florida ( WMLV-FM 89.7 ) , which was sold to Educational Media Foundation , a California-based religious broadcasting company that airs contemporary Christian music ; it now brands itself as a K-Love station .'}]}, {'value': 'PM Drive', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All Things Considered', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_Things_Considered', 'summary': 'All Things Considered ( ATC ) is the flagship news program on the American network National Public Radio ( NPR ) . It was the first news program on NPR , premiering on May 3 , 1971 . It is broadcast live on NPR affiliated stations in the United States , and worldwide through several different outlets , formerly including the NPR Berlin station in Germany . All Things Considered and Morning Edition were the highest rated public radio programs in the United States in 2002 and 2005 . The show combines news , analysis , commentary , interviews , and special features , and its segments vary in length and style . ATC airs weekdays from 4:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time ( live ) or Pacific Standard Time ( recorded with some updates ; in Hawaii it airs as a fully recorded program ) or from 3:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. Central Standard Time . A weekend version of ATC , Weekend All Things Considered , airs on Saturdays and Sundays .'}]}, {'value': 'Newsmagazine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newsmagazine', 'summary': 'A news magazine is a typed , printed , and published piece of paper , magazine or a radio or television program , usually published weekly , consisting of articles about current events . News magazines generally discuss stories , in greater depth than do newspapers or newscasts , and aim to give the consumer an understanding of the important events beyond the basic facts .'}]}, {'value': 'NPR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NPR', 'summary': "National Public Radio ( NPR , stylized as npr ) is a privately and publicly funded American non-profit membership media organization based in Washington , D.C. NPR differs from other non-profit membership media organizations , such as AP , in that it was established by an act of Congress and most of its member stations are owned by government entities ( often public universities ) . It serves as a national syndicator to a network of over 1,000 public radio stations in the United States . NPR produces and distributes news and cultural programming . Individual public radio stations are not required to broadcast all NPR programs ; most broadcast a mix of NPR programs , content from American Public Media , Public Radio International , Public Radio Exchange , WNYC Studios , and locally produced programs . The organization 's flagship shows are two drive-time news broadcasts , Morning Edition and the afternoon All Things Considered ; both are carried by most NPR member stations , and are among the most popular radio programs in the country . As of March 2018 [ update ] , the drive time programs attract an audience of 14.9 million and 14.7 million respectively . NPR manages the Public Radio Satellite System , which distributes NPR programs and other programming from independent producers and networks such as American Public Media and Public Radio International . Its content is also available on-demand online , on mobile networks , and , in many cases , as podcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'PM Drive', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Dave Ramsey Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Dave_Ramsey_Show_(radio_program)', 'summary': "The Dave Ramsey Show is a three-hour , self-syndicated radio program and podcast , hosted by the eponymous finance author and speaker , that airs Monday through Friday from 2-5 PM ET . It is primarily broadcast from Brentwood , Tennessee , though often during the summer it is broadcast via remote from Ramsey 's lake house . As of 2008 [ update ] , it is one of the top ten most-listened-to radio shows . Ramsey takes live calls on the theme of finance , and occasionally money-related Christian philosophy as it pertains to tithing , etc . During the show , he discusses life and money-related issues with callers . He is known for his complete disdain of debt collectors , calling them ( among other things ) scum and dishonest , and urging his listeners not to deal with them unless necessary , and then to get everything in writing , especially involving offers to reduce debts . With a simple , seven-stage baby steps formula ( based in part on the debt snowball method ) , Ramsey urges listeners to avoid all debt except for certain types of home mortgages , and to invest conservatively . One notable difference between his and other financial shows is that Ramsey attempts to go beyond mathematical mechanics and reach his callers on an emotional and spiritual level . The show has a channel on iHeartRadio ."}]}, {'value': 'Financial talk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Self-syndicated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midday', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morning Edition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morning_Edition', 'summary': 'Morning Edition is an American radio news program produced and distributed by NPR . It airs weekday mornings ( Monday through Friday ) and runs for two hours , and many stations repeat one or both hours . The show feeds live from 05:00 to 09:00 ET , with feeds and updates as required until noon . The show premiered on November 5 , 1979 ; its weekend counterpart is Weekend Edition . Morning Edition and All Things Considered are among the highest rated public radio shows . Previously hosted by Bob Edwards from its inception until the show was retooled for a two-anchor format in 2004 with the introduction of Steve Inskeep and Renee Montagne . Montagne left the show in 2016 , and was replaced by Rachel Martin . Currently , four regular anchors host the show on a rotating basis , including Inskeep and Martin , as well as David Greene ( who joined the show in 2012 ) and Noel King ( who joined in 2018 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Newsmagazine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newsmagazine', 'summary': 'A news magazine is a typed , printed , and published piece of paper , magazine or a radio or television program , usually published weekly , consisting of articles about current events . News magazines generally discuss stories , in greater depth than do newspapers or newscasts , and aim to give the consumer an understanding of the important events beyond the basic facts .'}]}, {'value': 'NPR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NPR', 'summary': "National Public Radio ( NPR , stylized as npr ) is a privately and publicly funded American non-profit membership media organization based in Washington , D.C. NPR differs from other non-profit membership media organizations , such as AP , in that it was established by an act of Congress and most of its member stations are owned by government entities ( often public universities ) . It serves as a national syndicator to a network of over 1,000 public radio stations in the United States . NPR produces and distributes news and cultural programming . Individual public radio stations are not required to broadcast all NPR programs ; most broadcast a mix of NPR programs , content from American Public Media , Public Radio International , Public Radio Exchange , WNYC Studios , and locally produced programs . The organization 's flagship shows are two drive-time news broadcasts , Morning Edition and the afternoon All Things Considered ; both are carried by most NPR member stations , and are among the most popular radio programs in the country . As of March 2018 [ update ] , the drive time programs attract an audience of 14.9 million and 14.7 million respectively . NPR manages the Public Radio Satellite System , which distributes NPR programs and other programming from independent producers and networks such as American Public Media and Public Radio International . Its content is also available on-demand online , on mobile networks , and , in many cases , as podcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'AM Drive', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Mark Levin Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Mark_Levin_Show', 'summary': "The Mark Levin Show is a conservative talk radio show hosted by Mark Levin . The program is broadcast nationwide on Westwood One and reaches an estimated seven million weekly listeners , according to an estimate from Talkers Magazine . The Talkers estimate puts Levin 's listenership in a tie with The Glenn Beck Radio Program for fourth most-listened-to talk radio show in the United States and , counting all radio formats , tied for ninth most-listened-to radio program in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio', 'summary': 'Conservative talk radio is a talk radio format in the United States and other countries devoted to expressing conservative viewpoints of issues , as opposed to progressive talk radio . The definition of conservative talk is generally broad enough that libertarian talk show hosts are also included in the definition . The format has become the dominant form of talk radio in the United States since the 1987 abandonment of the Fairness Doctrine .'}]}, {'value': 'Westwood One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westwood_One_(current)', 'summary': "Westwood One is an American radio network owned by Cumulus Media . The company syndicates talk , music , and sports programming . The company takes its name from an earlier network also named Westwood One , a company founded in 1978 . The company was , at various times , managed by CBS Radio , the radio arm of CBS Corporation and Viacom . It was later purchased by the private equity firm The Gores Group before merging with Dial Global in 2011 . In December 2013 , Dial Global was , in turn , acquired by Cumulus Media . Prior to the sale 's completion , Dial Global re-assumed the Westwood One name . After the completion of the purchase , Westwood One was merged into the Cumulus Media Networks division ( the former ABC Radio Networks ) . Content syndicated by Westwood One includes talk shows , music programs and 24-hour formats . It is particularly prominent in sports radio , distributing the CBS Sports Radio network and holding various play-by-play rights , including the National Football League 's main radio package ."}]}, {'value': 'West Coast PM Drive', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Glenn Beck Program', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenn_Beck_Radio_Program', 'summary': "The Glenn Beck Radio Program is an American conservative talk radio show hosted by commentator Glenn Beck on over 500 radio stations across America , his company 's own TheBlaze Radio Network , with a live television simulcast weekdays on TheBlaze TV . Since its inception as a nationally syndicated show in 2002 , the program has become one of the highest rated radio programs . Furthermore , it led to television shows on CNN and the Fox News Channel , six New York Times-bestselling books ( five of which debuted at # 1 ) , a magazine , and a stage tour . In 2009 , many editorials , such as those on The Huffington Post singled out Glenn Beck 's radio and television programs for raising issues which led to the resignation of Obama advisor Van Jones ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio', 'summary': 'Conservative talk radio is a talk radio format in the United States and other countries devoted to expressing conservative viewpoints of issues , as opposed to progressive talk radio . The definition of conservative talk is generally broad enough that libertarian talk show hosts are also included in the definition . The format has become the dominant form of talk radio in the United States since the 1987 abandonment of the Fairness Doctrine .'}]}, {'value': 'Premiere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premiere_Networks', 'summary': "Premiere Networks ( formerly Premiere Radio Networks , or PRN ) is an American radio network . It is the largest syndication company in the United States . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of iHeartMedia and is headed by Julie Talbott , who serves as president . Premiere Networks syndicates more than 90 radio programs and services to more than 5,500 radio affiliations and reaches 245 million listeners monthly . Premiere offers talk , entertainment and sports programming featuring the following personalities : Rush Limbaugh , Ryan Seacrest , Glenn Beck , Delilah , Steve Harvey , Big Boy , Dave Koz , George Noory , John Boy and Billy , Sean Hannity , Elvis Duran , Dan Patrick , Nikki Sixx , Bill Cunningham , Kane , Mario Lopez , Sean Hollywood Hamilton , Bobby Bones , Cody Alan , Johnjay & Rich , Jay Mohr , Pete Tong , Leo Laporte and others . Premiere is based in Sherman Oaks , California , with 13 offices nationwide . Many of Premiere 's programs are also available on iHeartRadio and iHeartRadio.com ."}]}, {'value': 'East Coast AM Drive', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coast to Coast AM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coast_to_Coast_AM', 'summary': 'Coast to Coast AM is an American late-night radio talk show that deals with a variety of topics . Most frequently the topics relate to either the paranormal or conspiracy theories . The program is distributed by Premiere Networks , both as part of its talk network and separately as a syndicated program . The program now airs seven nights a week from 1:00 a.m. - 5:00 a.m. Eastern Time Zone .'}]}, {'value': 'Paranormal talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paranormal_radio_shows', 'summary': 'Paranormal radio shows are programs focusing on paranormal subjects such as unidentified flying objects , alien abduction , possession ( by either demonic or spiritual forces ) , conspiracy theories , ghosts and cryptozoology . They are broadcast via shortwave , AM and FM radio stations or via internet streaming , often as late night shows . Depending on the type of programming format , many of these shows feature paranormal discussion between the hosts , include listener participation and also special guest appearances from psychics and other prominent figures in the paranormal community . Such shows frequently feature reports from people on location at supposedly haunted locations , helping listeners feel like they are there .'}]}, {'value': 'Premiere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premiere_Networks', 'summary': "Premiere Networks ( formerly Premiere Radio Networks , or PRN ) is an American radio network . It is the largest syndication company in the United States . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of iHeartMedia and is headed by Julie Talbott , who serves as president . Premiere Networks syndicates more than 90 radio programs and services to more than 5,500 radio affiliations and reaches 245 million listeners monthly . Premiere offers talk , entertainment and sports programming featuring the following personalities : Rush Limbaugh , Ryan Seacrest , Glenn Beck , Delilah , Steve Harvey , Big Boy , Dave Koz , George Noory , John Boy and Billy , Sean Hannity , Elvis Duran , Dan Patrick , Nikki Sixx , Bill Cunningham , Kane , Mario Lopez , Sean Hollywood Hamilton , Bobby Bones , Cody Alan , Johnjay & Rich , Jay Mohr , Pete Tong , Leo Laporte and others . Premiere is based in Sherman Oaks , California , with 13 offices nationwide . Many of Premiere 's programs are also available on iHeartRadio and iHeartRadio.com ."}]}, {'value': 'Overnights', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Mike Gallagher Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Gallagher_(political_commentator)', 'summary': 'Mike Gallagher is an American radio host and conservative political commentator . He is the host of The Mike Gallagher Show , a nationally syndicated radio program that airs throughout the United States on Salem Radio Network and is also a FOX News Channel Contributor and guest host . According to Talkers magazine , Gallagher is the ninth most-listened-to radio talk show host in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Conservative talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio', 'summary': 'Conservative talk radio is a talk radio format in the United States and other countries devoted to expressing conservative viewpoints of issues , as opposed to progressive talk radio . The definition of conservative talk is generally broad enough that libertarian talk show hosts are also included in the definition . The format has become the dominant form of talk radio in the United States since the 1987 abandonment of the Fairness Doctrine .'}]}, {'value': 'Salem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salem_Radio_Network', 'summary': 'Salem Radio Network is a United States-based radio network that specializes in syndicated Christian political talk , music , and right wing secular news/talk programming . It is a division of the Salem Media Group .'}]}, {'value': 'East Coast AM Drive', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delilah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delilah_Rene', 'summary': 'Delilah Rene ( born February 15 , 1960 , in North Bend , Oregon ) is an American radio personality , author , and songwriter , best known as the host of a nationally syndicated nightly U.S. radio song request and dedication program , with an estimated 8 million listeners . She first aired in the Seattle market as Delilah Rene , though she is now known mononymously as Delilah .'}]}, {'value': 'Adult contemporary music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music', 'summary': "In North American music , adult contemporary music ( AC ) is a form of radio-played popular music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence . Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music . Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated . It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music . Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse-chorus structure . The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments ( though bass guitar is usually used ) such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set . The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched . However , recent adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers ( and other electronics , such as drum machines ) . An AC radio station may play mainstream music , but it excludes hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as these are less popular among adults , the target demographic . AC radio often targets the 25-44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s . A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past . This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Premiere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premiere_Networks', 'summary': "Premiere Networks ( formerly Premiere Radio Networks , or PRN ) is an American radio network . It is the largest syndication company in the United States . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of iHeartMedia and is headed by Julie Talbott , who serves as president . Premiere Networks syndicates more than 90 radio programs and services to more than 5,500 radio affiliations and reaches 245 million listeners monthly . Premiere offers talk , entertainment and sports programming featuring the following personalities : Rush Limbaugh , Ryan Seacrest , Glenn Beck , Delilah , Steve Harvey , Big Boy , Dave Koz , George Noory , John Boy and Billy , Sean Hannity , Elvis Duran , Dan Patrick , Nikki Sixx , Bill Cunningham , Kane , Mario Lopez , Sean Hollywood Hamilton , Bobby Bones , Cody Alan , Johnjay & Rich , Jay Mohr , Pete Tong , Leo Laporte and others . Premiere is based in Sherman Oaks , California , with 13 offices nationwide . Many of Premiere 's programs are also available on iHeartRadio and iHeartRadio.com ."}]}, {'value': 'Evenings', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Hugh Hewitt Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugh_Hewitt', 'summary': 'Hugh Hewitt ( born February 22 , 1956 ) is an American radio talk show host with the Salem Radio Network and an attorney , academic , and author . Generally a conservative , he writes about law , society , politics , and media bias in the United States . Hewitt is President and CEO of the Richard Nixon Foundation , a law professor at Chapman University School of Law , a columnist for the Washington Post , and a regular political commentator on NBC News and MSNBC .'}]}, {'value': 'Conservative talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio', 'summary': 'Conservative talk radio is a talk radio format in the United States and other countries devoted to expressing conservative viewpoints of issues , as opposed to progressive talk radio . The definition of conservative talk is generally broad enough that libertarian talk show hosts are also included in the definition . The format has become the dominant form of talk radio in the United States since the 1987 abandonment of the Fairness Doctrine .'}]}, {'value': 'Salem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salem_Radio_Network', 'summary': 'Salem Radio Network is a United States-based radio network that specializes in syndicated Christian political talk , music , and right wing secular news/talk programming . It is a division of the Salem Media Group .'}]}, {'value': 'East Coast AM Drive', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC World Service', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_World_Service', 'summary': "The BBC World Service is an international broadcaster , owned and operated by the BBC . It is the world 's largest of any kind . It broadcasts radio news , speech and discussions in more than 40 languages to many parts of the world on analogue and digital shortwave platforms , internet streaming , podcasting , satellite , DAB , FM and MW relays . In 2015 , The World Service reached an average of 210 million people a week ( via TV , radio and online ) . In November 2016 , the BBC announced that it would start broadcasting in additional languages including Amharic and Igbo , in its biggest expansion since the 1940s . The World Service is funded by the United Kingdom 's television licence fee , limited advertising and the profits of BBC Studios . The service is also guaranteed £289 million ( allocated over a five-year period ending in 2020 ) from the UK government . The World Service was funded for decades by grant-in-aid through the Foreign & Commonwealth Office of the British Government until 1 April 2014 . BBC World Service English maintains eight different regional feeds with several program variations , covering , respectively , East and South Africa ; West and Central Africa ; Europe and Middle East ; Americas and Caribbean ; East Asia ; South Asia ; Australasia ; United Kingdom . There are also two separate online-only streams with one being more news-oriented , known as News Internet . The service broadcasts 24 hours a day . The current controller of BBC World Service English is Mary Hockaday ."}]}, {'value': 'Newsmagazine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'APM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Public_Media', 'summary': 'American Public Media ( APM ) is the second largest producer and distributor of public radio programs in the United States after NPR . Its non-profit parent , American Public Media Group , also owns and operates radio stations in Minnesota and California . Its station brands include Minnesota Public Radio and Southern California Public Radio . Based in St. Paul , Minnesota , APM is best known for distribution of the popular weekend program Live From Here and the national financial news program Marketplace . Until July 2015 , APM operated Classical South Florida ( WMLV-FM 89.7 ) , which was sold to Educational Media Foundation , a California-based religious broadcasting company that airs contemporary Christian music ; it now brands itself as a K-Love station .'}]}, {'value': 'Continuous ( 24/7 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Savage Nation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Savage_Nation', 'summary': 'The Savage Nation ( also called The Michael Savage Show ) is an American radio show hosted by conservative commentator and Michael Savage The program is heard by approximately 11 million listeners a week - making it the 7th most listened to radio show in the country . The show is based out of San Francisco , California and is syndicated through Westwood One .'}]}, {'value': 'Conservative talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio', 'summary': 'Conservative talk radio is a talk radio format in the United States and other countries devoted to expressing conservative viewpoints of issues , as opposed to progressive talk radio . The definition of conservative talk is generally broad enough that libertarian talk show hosts are also included in the definition . The format has become the dominant form of talk radio in the United States since the 1987 abandonment of the Fairness Doctrine .'}]}, {'value': 'Westwood One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westwood_One_(current)', 'summary': "Westwood One is an American radio network owned by Cumulus Media . The company syndicates talk , music , and sports programming . The company takes its name from an earlier network also named Westwood One , a company founded in 1978 . The company was , at various times , managed by CBS Radio , the radio arm of CBS Corporation and Viacom . It was later purchased by the private equity firm The Gores Group before merging with Dial Global in 2011 . In December 2013 , Dial Global was , in turn , acquired by Cumulus Media . Prior to the sale 's completion , Dial Global re-assumed the Westwood One name . After the completion of the purchase , Westwood One was merged into the Cumulus Media Networks division ( the former ABC Radio Networks ) . Content syndicated by Westwood One includes talk shows , music programs and 24-hour formats . It is particularly prominent in sports radio , distributing the CBS Sports Radio network and holding various play-by-play rights , including the National Football League 's main radio package ."}]}, {'value': 'East Coast PM Drive', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Dana Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dana_Loesch', 'summary': 'Dana Lynn Loesch ( /læʃ/ LASH ; née Eaton ; born September 28 , 1978 ) is an American former spokesperson for the National Rifle Association . She is a former writer and editor for Breitbart News and the host of the program Dana on TheBlaze TV from 2014 to 2017 . Loesch has appeared as a guest on television networks such as Fox News , CNN , CBS , ABC , and HBO .'}]}, {'value': 'Conservative talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio', 'summary': 'Conservative talk radio is a talk radio format in the United States and other countries devoted to expressing conservative viewpoints of issues , as opposed to progressive talk radio . The definition of conservative talk is generally broad enough that libertarian talk show hosts are also included in the definition . The format has become the dominant form of talk radio in the United States since the 1987 abandonment of the Fairness Doctrine .'}]}, {'value': 'Radio America', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Radio_America_(United_States)', 'summary': "Radio America is an American radio network specializing in conservative-oriented talk programming . A division of the American Studies Center , the network describes its mission as to produce and syndicate quality radio programs reflecting a commitment to traditional American values , limited government and the free market . The American Studies Center has funded special broadcast projects at Radio America , such as a documentary series on African American conservatives , and conservative programming like The Alan Keyes Show ; What 's the Story ? With Fred Barnes ; Common Sense Radio with Oliver North ; Bob Barr 's Laws of the Universe ; Veterans Chronicles with Gene Pell ; The G. Gordon Liddy Show ; The Greg Knapp Experience ; and Dateline Washington with Greg Corombos . The network currently broadcasts a mix of general interest programming ( including Doug Stephan ) and conservative talk ( Dana Loesch and Chad Benson ) during the week , and a variety of assorted talk shows on various topics ( such as The Money Pit and The Pet Show with Warren Eckstein ) on the weekends . Radio America weekday programming airs on over 600 radio stations nationwide and is available online at www.radioamerica.com ."}]}, {'value': 'Midday', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Thom Hartmann Program', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thom_Hartmann', 'summary': "Thomas Carl Hartmann ( born May 7 , 1951 ) is an American radio personality , author , former psychotherapist , businessman , and progressive political commentator . Hartmann has been hosting a nationally syndicated radio show , The Thom Hartmann Program , since 2003 and hosted a nightly television show , The Big Picture , between 2010 and September 2017 . After being a DJ at Lansing , Michigan , country music station WITL-FM in the late 1960s , Hartmann was an entrepreneur , writer , and humanitarian for nearly three decades . He founded International Wholesale Travel and its subsidiary , Sprayberry Travel , among other ventures . He also founded the Salem Children 's Village , a home for abused and special-needs children , in New Hampshire . Since 1992 , Hartmann has written many books on politics , spirituality , and psychology . His 1992 book ADD : A Different Perception brought to national attention the hunter vs. farmer hypothesis of attention deficit disorder . Hartmann 's 2002 article , Talking Back To Talk Radio , became part of the original business plan of Air America Radio , and he started his radio program out of his home in Vermont in March 2003 . He moved to the Air America network in 2007 and then to the Jones Radio Network ( later Dial Global and Westwood One ) in 2009 . His current syndicator is DGital Media . The radio show is also broadcast on community/non-profit stations via Pacifica Radio and Free Speech TV . The Thom Hartmann Program has 7 million listeners a week and is one of the top progressive talk radio programs ."}]}, {'value': 'Progressive talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_talk_radio', 'summary': 'Progressive talk radio is a talk radio format devoted to expressing left-leaning , liberal or progressive viewpoints of news and issues as opposed to conservative talk radio . In the United States , the format has included syndicated and independent personalities such as Thom Hartmann , Stephanie Miller , Norman Goldman , Randi Rhodes , Mike Malloy , Bill Press , Alan Colmes , Robert F. Kennedy Jr. , Mike Papantonio , Sam Seder , Kyle Kulinski , David Pakman , Leslie Marshall , John Fugelsang , Hal Sparks , Brad Friedman , Arnie Arnesen , and Ed Schultz . In contrast to conservative talk , progressive talk has historically been far less popular on commercial terrestrial radio ; it briefly had some modest mainstream success for a period from the mid-2000s ( decade ) to the early 2010s . The format has been more popular on emerging technologies such as podcasting and Internet radio .'}]}, {'value': 'Westwood One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westwood_One_(current)', 'summary': "Westwood One is an American radio network owned by Cumulus Media . The company syndicates talk , music , and sports programming . The company takes its name from an earlier network also named Westwood One , a company founded in 1978 . The company was , at various times , managed by CBS Radio , the radio arm of CBS Corporation and Viacom . It was later purchased by the private equity firm The Gores Group before merging with Dial Global in 2011 . In December 2013 , Dial Global was , in turn , acquired by Cumulus Media . Prior to the sale 's completion , Dial Global re-assumed the Westwood One name . After the completion of the purchase , Westwood One was merged into the Cumulus Media Networks division ( the former ABC Radio Networks ) . Content syndicated by Westwood One includes talk shows , music programs and 24-hour formats . It is particularly prominent in sports radio , distributing the CBS Sports Radio network and holding various play-by-play rights , including the National Football League 's main radio package ."}]}, {'value': 'Midday', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Jim Bohannon Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Bohannon', 'summary': 'James E. Bohannon ( born January 7 , 1944 ) is an American broadcaster who has worked in both television and radio . He is best known for hosting the nationally syndicated late night radio talk show The Jim Bohannon Show on the Westwood One Network . For 31 years , he also hosted America in The Morning , a nationally syndicated radio news show , stepping down in December 2015 . Bohannon was voted one of The 100 Most Important Radio Talk Show Hosts in America for three consecutive years by Talkers magazine , and in 2013 was chosen as the recipient of Talkers Lifetime Achievement Award . Jim Bohannon was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame in 2003 . He has also been nominated for the National Association of Broadcasters Marconi Award for Network Syndicated Personality of the Year .'}]}, {'value': 'Talk radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}]}, {'value': 'Westwood One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westwood_One_(current)', 'summary': "Westwood One is an American radio network owned by Cumulus Media . The company syndicates talk , music , and sports programming . The company takes its name from an earlier network also named Westwood One , a company founded in 1978 . The company was , at various times , managed by CBS Radio , the radio arm of CBS Corporation and Viacom . It was later purchased by the private equity firm The Gores Group before merging with Dial Global in 2011 . In December 2013 , Dial Global was , in turn , acquired by Cumulus Media . Prior to the sale 's completion , Dial Global re-assumed the Westwood One name . After the completion of the purchase , Westwood One was merged into the Cumulus Media Networks division ( the former ABC Radio Networks ) . Content syndicated by Westwood One includes talk shows , music programs and 24-hour formats . It is particularly prominent in sports radio , distributing the CBS Sports Radio network and holding various play-by-play rights , including the National Football League 's main radio package ."}]}, {'value': 'Late Night', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fresh Air', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fresh_Air', 'summary': "Fresh Air is an American radio talk show broadcast on National Public Radio stations across the United States since 1985 . It is produced by WHYY-FM in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The show 's host is Terry Gross . As of 2017 [ update ] , the show was syndicated to 624 stations and claimed nearly 5 million listeners . The show is fed live weekdays at 12:00 noon ET . [ not verified in body ] In addition , some stations carry Fresh Air Weekend , a re-programming of highlights of the week 's interviews . [ not verified in body ] In 2016 , Fresh Air was the most-downloaded podcast on iTunes ."}]}, {'value': 'Newsmagazine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NPR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NPR', 'summary': "National Public Radio ( NPR , stylized as npr ) is a privately and publicly funded American non-profit membership media organization based in Washington , D.C. NPR differs from other non-profit membership media organizations , such as AP , in that it was established by an act of Congress and most of its member stations are owned by government entities ( often public universities ) . It serves as a national syndicator to a network of over 1,000 public radio stations in the United States . NPR produces and distributes news and cultural programming . Individual public radio stations are not required to broadcast all NPR programs ; most broadcast a mix of NPR programs , content from American Public Media , Public Radio International , Public Radio Exchange , WNYC Studios , and locally produced programs . The organization 's flagship shows are two drive-time news broadcasts , Morning Edition and the afternoon All Things Considered ; both are carried by most NPR member stations , and are among the most popular radio programs in the country . As of March 2018 [ update ] , the drive time programs attract an audience of 14.9 million and 14.7 million respectively . NPR manages the Public Radio Satellite System , which distributes NPR programs and other programming from independent producers and networks such as American Public Media and Public Radio International . Its content is also available on-demand online , on mobile networks , and , in many cases , as podcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'Midday', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Joe Pags Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Pags', 'summary': 'Joseph John Pagliarulo ( born August 1 , 1966 ) , better known as Joe Pags , is an American , nationally syndicated , conservative TV/radio talk show host .'}]}, {'value': 'Conservative talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio', 'summary': 'Conservative talk radio is a talk radio format in the United States and other countries devoted to expressing conservative viewpoints of issues , as opposed to progressive talk radio . The definition of conservative talk is generally broad enough that libertarian talk show hosts are also included in the definition . The format has become the dominant form of talk radio in the United States since the 1987 abandonment of the Fairness Doctrine .'}]}, {'value': 'Compass Media Networks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Compass_Media_Networks', 'summary': 'Compass Media Networks is an American radio network . The company launched in January 2009 . It is owned by former Westwood One CEO and former COO of Connoisseur Media , Peter Kosann . The company focuses on radio and offers representation and marketing services for national radio .'}]}, {'value': 'East Coast PM Drive', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me !", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wait_Wait..._Don't_Tell_Me!", 'summary': "Wait Wait . Do n't Tell Me ! is an hour-long weekly news-based radio panel show produced by WBEZ and National Public Radio ( NPR ) in Chicago , Illinois . On the program , panelists and contestants are quizzed in humorous ways about that week 's news . It is distributed by NPR in the United States , internationally on NPR Worldwide and on the Internet via podcast , and typically broadcast on weekends by member stations . The show averages about 6 million weekly listeners on air and via podcast ."}]}, {'value': 'Panel game show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panel_game', 'summary': "A panel show or panel game is a radio or television game show in which a panel of celebrities participates , in teams , with both teams having a captain . Participants may compete with each other , such as on The News Quiz ; facilitate play by non-celebrity contestants , such as on Match Game/Blankety Blank ; or do both , such as on Wait Wait Do n't Tell Me . The genre can be traced to 1938 , when Information Please debuted on U.S. radio . The earliest known television panel show is Play the Game , a charades show in 1946 . The modern trend of comedy panel shows can find early roots with Stop Me If You 've Heard This One in 1939 and Can You Top This ? in 1940 . While panel shows were more popular in the past in the U.S. , they are still very common in the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'NPR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NPR', 'summary': "National Public Radio ( NPR , stylized as npr ) is a privately and publicly funded American non-profit membership media organization based in Washington , D.C. NPR differs from other non-profit membership media organizations , such as AP , in that it was established by an act of Congress and most of its member stations are owned by government entities ( often public universities ) . It serves as a national syndicator to a network of over 1,000 public radio stations in the United States . NPR produces and distributes news and cultural programming . Individual public radio stations are not required to broadcast all NPR programs ; most broadcast a mix of NPR programs , content from American Public Media , Public Radio International , Public Radio Exchange , WNYC Studios , and locally produced programs . The organization 's flagship shows are two drive-time news broadcasts , Morning Edition and the afternoon All Things Considered ; both are carried by most NPR member stations , and are among the most popular radio programs in the country . As of March 2018 [ update ] , the drive time programs attract an audience of 14.9 million and 14.7 million respectively . NPR manages the Public Radio Satellite System , which distributes NPR programs and other programming from independent producers and networks such as American Public Media and Public Radio International . Its content is also available on-demand online , on mobile networks , and , in many cases , as podcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'Weekends', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Popular radio shows in the United States', 'section_text': "The total listenership for terrestrial radio as of January 2017 was 256 million , [ 3 ] up from 230 million in 2005 . [ 4 ] Sirius XM Radio has a base of 30.6 million subscribers as of 2016 [ update ] . [ 5 ] American Top 40 attracts over 20 million listeners per week . [ 6 ] Rush Limbaugh 's show has been the number one commercial talk show since at least 1987 when record keeping began . [ 1 ] [ 7 ] NPR 's Morning Edition and All Things Considered are the two most popular news programs . [ 8 ] Tom Kent self-estimates his listenership at over 23 million weekly listeners over all of his network 's programs , which span the classic hits , adult hits and hot adult contemporary formats . [ 9 ] Until the development of portable people meters , Arbitron ( Nielsen 's predecessor in the radio measurement business ) did not have the capability to measure individual airings of a program the way Nielsen Ratings can for television , and as such , it only measures in three-month moving averages each month . Portable people meters are currently only available in the largest markets Arbitron serves . Thus , it is impossible under current survey techniques to determine the listenership of an individual event such as the Super Bowl .", 'uid': 'List_of_most-listened-to_radio_programs_0', 'intro': "In the United States, radio listenership is gauged by Nielsen and others for both commercial radio and public radio. Nielsen and similar services provide estimates by regional market and by standard daypart, but do not compile nationwide information by host. Because there are significant gaps in Nielsen's coverage in rural areas, and because there are only a few markets where the company's proprietary data can be compared against competing ratings tabulators, there is a great deal of estimation and interpolation when attempting to compile a list of the most-listened-to radio programs in the United States. Arbitron, the radio industry's largest audience-measurement company, says that the job of determining number of listeners for Rush Limbaugh is too complicated, expensive and difficult for them to bother with. In contrast, because most UK radio broadcasts are distributed consistently and nationwide, the complications of measuring audiences that are present in American radio are not present for British radio. Talkers Magazine, an American trade publication focusing on talk radio, formerly compiled a list of the most-listened-to commercial long-form talk shows in the United States, based primarily on Nielsen data. In addition to Talkers' independent analyses, radio companies of all formats include estimates of audience in news releases. The nature of news releases allows radio companies to inflate their listener totals by obscuring the difference between listeners at any given time, cumulative listenership over a time frame, and potential audience."}	null	null	Which show did the host of the radio show with 6.5 million listeners used to host until 2015 ?	America in The Morning
079ad2884d8193af	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_International_Cross_Country_Championships', 'title': '1960 International Cross Country Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Country', 'Team', 'Points'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Basil Heatley Fred Norris Frank Sando Harry Minshall Stanley Eldon Gerry North', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basil_Heatley', 'summary': "Benjamin Basil Heatley ( 25 December 1933 - 3 August 2019 ) was a British competitive long-distance runner , who was an Olympic marathon silver medallist and former world marathon record-holder . Although he favoured cross country running , he was also a skilled marathon runner and , despite running shoe technology being in its infancy , he was able to adapt easily to the change of conditions underfoot . Heatley was a three-time winner of the English National Cross Country title ( 1960 , 1961 , 1963 ) . He competed in the International Cross Country Championships seven times between 1957 and 1964 , winning the world title in 1961 . In the early 1960s , he set a British record and a world record for the 10-mile run , then on 13 June 1964 he broke the record for the world 's fastest marathon . Four months later , he won a silver medal for Great Britain at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics when he finished second in the Olympic marathon ( defending champion Abebe Bikila broke Heatley 's world record on winning his second gold medal ) . The 1964 Olympics marked the end of Heatley 's international career ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fred_Norris_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Frederick Fred Norris ( 4 September 1921 - 13 December 2006 ) was a British long-distance runner .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Frank_Sando', 'summary': 'Frank Dennis Sando ( 14 March 1931 - 13 October 2012 ) was a British long-distance runner . A two-time winner at the International Cross Country Championships ( 1955 , 1957 ) , Sando represented Great Britain in two consecutive Summer Olympic Games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stan_Eldon', 'summary': 'Stanley Edward Eldon ( born 1 May 1936 in Windsor , Berkshire ) is a retired British cross country runner . Eldon is most notable for winning the International Cross Country Championships held in Cardiff in 1958 . Eldon was inspired to become a runner after viewing a film of the 1948 Olympics and joined Eton Athletics Club . In 1956 he ran a junior World Best of 14 minutes 19 seconds over 3 miles . As an adult he came to note as an aggressive front runner . In 1958 he won the International Cross Country Championships in a time of 46 minutes 29 seconds beating Alain Mimoun and Frank Sando into second and third respectively . That same year Eldon won the inaugural Nos Galan road race , and was the mystery runner in the race in 1964 .'}]}, {'value': '52', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'Gaston Roelants Henri Clerckx Hedwig Leenaert Eugène Allonsius Georges Fromont Marcel Vandewattyne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaston_Roelants', 'summary': 'Gaston , Baron Roelants ( born 5 February 1937 ) , a Belgian former elite steeplechaser and cross country runner . He won the 1962 European and 1964 Olympic titles in the 3000 m steeplechase and twice broke the world record .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hedwig_Leenaert', 'summary': "Hedwig Leenaert ( 28 November 1931 - 19 June 2017 ) was a Belgian long-distance runner . He competed in the men 's 5000 metres at the 1960 Summer Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eugène_Allonsius', 'summary': 'Eugène Allonsius ( born 12 December 1937 ) is a retired Belgian middle- and long-distance runner . He competed at the 1960 and 1964 Summer Olympics in the 1500 metres and 5000 metres events , but failed to reach the finals . During his career Allonsius set five national records . He was a two-time Belgian champion in the 1500 m , won the 5000 m national title at nine times , and was also the 1968 national champion in the 10,000 metres . In addition to this , he competed as a guest athlete in the mile run at the 1966 South African championships and won that race . He won the long race at the 1963 World Military Cross Country Championships . He was the victor at the 1966 Volkscross in Brussels . In 1966 he established Allonsius Sport , a company specializing in athletics training and supplies .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marcel_Vandewattyne', 'summary': 'Marcel Vandewattyne ( 7 July 1924 - 18 September 2009 ) was a Belgian long-distance runner who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics and in the 1952 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '61', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Hamoud Ameur Salah Beddiaf Alain Mimoun Francis Duleau Paul Genève Henri Lucas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamoud_Ameur', 'summary': 'Hamoud Ameur ( born 6 January 1932 in Algeria ) is a French former long-distance runner who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alain_Mimoun', 'summary': 'Alain Mimoun ( 1 January 1921 - 27 June 2013 ) was an Algerian-born French long-distance runner who competed in track events , cross-country running and the marathon . He was the 1956 Olympic champion in the marathon . He is the most bemedalled French athletics sportsperson in history . In 1999 , readers of the French athletics magazine Athlétisme Magazine voted him as the French Athlete of the 20th Century . On the track Mimoun won three Olympic silver medals , finishing second behind Emil Zátopek in the 10,000 metres final in 1948 and again second behind him in both the 5,000 metres and 10,000 metres finals in 1952 . He was also the silver medallist in both events behind Zátopek at the 1950 European Athletics Championships . From 1949 to 1958 , he won four individual gold medals and two individual silver medals at the International Cross Country Championships . He was a four-time gold medallist at the Mediterranean Games , completing the 5,000 m/10,000 m double in both 1951 and 1955 . Born in Algeria , Mimoun fought military battles for France and the Western Allies during World War II . He settled in metropolitan France shortly after leaving the French army . Overall , he represented France in four consecutive Olympic Games from 1948 to 1960 . He competed internationally for France on 86 occasions .'}]}, {'value': '125', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Rhadi Ben Abdesselam Abdallah Ould Lamine Mohamed Ben Hassan Bakir Benaissa Abdeslem Bouchta Lahcen Benaissa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhadi_Ben_Abdesselam', 'summary': "Rhadi Ben Abdesselam ( Arabic : راضي بن عبد السلام ; 28 February 1929 - 4 October 2000 ) was a Moroccan long-distance runner . He competed at the 1960 Olympics in the marathon and 10,000 meters events . He also ran in the International Cross Country Championships in 1958-1963 . In March 1960 , he and Belgium 's Gaston Roelants quickly broke away from the field , and he became the first African athlete to win the individual gold medal in that event , defeating Roelants by 40 yards . On September 8 , 1960 , he finished in 14th place in the finals-only 10,000 meters , in 29:32.0 , almost a minute behind the winner , the Soviet Union 's Pyotr Bolotnikov , who broke the Olympic record for the event . Just two days later , the blazing pace through the first 20 kilometers in the marathon helped result in an eventual world record for the barefoot winner , Ethiopia 's Abebe Bikila . After they dispatched the rest of the field by 25 kilometers , the leading pair stayed stride-for-stride until the final 500 meters , with Ben Abdesselam finishing a close second in 2:15:41.6 , 25.4 seconds behind Abebe 's new world record . Abebe 's mark trimmed 8/10ths of a second off Sergei Popov 's world record of 2:15:17.0 , set in 1958 . Ironically , Abebe had been advised to watch out for Ben Abdesselam , but the latter wore his 10,000 meter competition number , so Abebe was unaware of the identity of his pursuer . Popov finished 5th in Rome , two minutes behind New Zealand 's Barry Magee , who took the bronze medal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ould_Lamine_Abdallah', 'summary': 'Ould Lamine Fares Abdallah ( born 1929 ) is a retired French long-distance runner who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '159', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Alastair Wood Graham Everett Bruce Tulloh Andy Brown Bert Irving Joe Connolly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruce_Tulloh', 'summary': 'Michael Swinton Bruce Tulloh ( 29 September 1935 - 28 April 2018 ) was an athlete and long-distance runner from England .'}]}, {'value': '171', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Carlos Pérez Alfonso Vidal Luis García José Fernández Enrique Moreno Antonio Amoros', 'urls': []}, {'value': '243', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( /ˈaɪərlənd/ ( listen ) ; Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Airlann [ ˈɑːrlən ] ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George 's Channel . Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles , the third-largest in Europe , and the twentieth-largest on Earth . Geopolitically , Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland ( officially named Ireland ) , which covers five-sixths of the island , and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom . In 2011 , the population of Ireland was about 6.6 million , ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain . As of 2016 , 4.8 million live in the Republic of Ireland , and 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland . The geography of Ireland comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . Its lush vegetation is a product of its mild but changeable climate which is free of extremes in temperature . Much of Ireland was woodland until the end of the Middle Ages . Today , woodland makes up about 10% of the island , compared with a European average of over 33% , and most of it is non-native conifer plantations . There are twenty-six extant land mammal species native to Ireland . The Irish climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and thus very moderate , and winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area , although summers are cooler than those in continental Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Bertie Messitt Willie Dunne Peter Good Tommy Dunne Gerald McIntyre Mick Connolly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bertie_Messitt', 'summary': "Bertie Messitt ( 28 September 1930 - 18 February 2012 ) was an Irish long-distance runner . He was educated in Saint Cronan 's Boys ' National School in Bray . A bus conductor , he won his fourth Irish cross country title in 1961 . By the time he had ended his competitive career in 1966 , he had recorded 16 Irish records , nine in 1958 alone : 13:44 for three miles , 14:14.8 for 5,000m , 49:33 for 10 miles . He finished 13th in the European Marathon Championships in Belgrade in 1962 . His best marathon time , 2:25.39 , was set in 1963 . He won the Irish marathon championship in 1960 , running 2:28:40 , qualifying him for the Irish team in the marathon at the 1960 Summer Olympics . For 12 miles , Bertie led the Olympic 's lead pack at a blistering pace . It included Ethiopia 's Abebe Bikila , running barefoot , who became the world record-breaking winner , Moroccans Rhadi Ben Abdesselam , the eventual runner up , and Bakir Benaïssa ( 8th place ) , as well as Belgium 's Aurèle Vandendriessche , the Soviet Union 's Sergey Popov , who lost his world record while finishing fifth , and Great Britain 's Arthur Keily , who faded to 25th . Messitt , spent from his gallant effort , dropped out at 20 miles ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gerry_McIntyre', 'summary': 'Gerald McIntyre ( 22 May 1929 - 27 January 2008 ) was a long distance and cross country runner . He represented both Clonliffe Harriers and Ponders End AC , London . He ran the marathon at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome , finishing 22nd with a time of 2:26:03 . He competed at both the 1960 International Cross Country and 1961 International Cross Country championships .'}]}, {'value': '279', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': 'John Merriman David Richards Jun . Tony Pumfrey Harry Wilson Bob Roath Roger Harrison-Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Merriman_(athlete)', 'summary': "John Linden Merriman ( 27 June 1936 - 30 September 1999 ) was a British long-distance runner . He competed in the men 's 10,000 metres at the 1960 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '279', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Team Results -- Men 's", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1960_International_Cross_Country_Championships_1', 'intro': 'The 1960 International Cross Country Championships was held in Hamilton, Scotland, at the Hamilton Park on 26 March 1960. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald. Complete results, medallists, \n and the results of British athletes were published.'}	null	null	How many administrative subdivisions is this country , represented by this athlete born on 29 September 1935 , divided into ?	32 administrative subdivisions
079c4c632af69fdd	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIE_San_Mateo_Studio', 'title': 'SIE San Mateo Studio', 'header': ['Series', 'Platform', 'Years', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Syphon Filter series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syphon_Filter_(series)', 'summary': 'Syphon Filter is a third-person shooter action video game series developed by SCE Bend Studio ( formerly Eidetic ) and published by Sony Computer Entertainment ( previously 989 Studios ) , that has appeared on the PlayStation , PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable game systems . In the series , Syphon Filter is the name given to the mysterious biological weapon .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation , PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation', 'summary': "PlayStation ( Japanese : プレイステーション , Hepburn : Pureisutēshon , officially abbreviated as PS ) is a video game brand that consists of four home video game consoles , as well as a media center , an online service , a line of controllers , two handhelds and a phone , as well as multiple magazines . The brand is produced by Sony Interactive Entertainment , a division of Sony , with the first console releasing as the PlayStation in Japan released in December 1994 , and worldwide the following year . The original console in the series was the first console of any type to ship over 100 million units , doing so in under a decade . Its successor , the PlayStation 2 , was released in 2000 . The PlayStation 2 is the best-selling home console to date , having reached over 155 million units sold by the end of 2012 . Sony 's next console , the PlayStation 3 , was released in 2006 , selling over 87.4 million units by March 2017 . Sony 's latest console , the PlayStation 4 , was released in 2013 , selling a million units within a day , becoming the fastest selling console in history . The next console in the series , the PlayStation 5 , is expected to be released by the end of 2020 . The first handheld game console in the series , the PlayStation Portable or PSP , sold a total of 80 million units worldwide by November 2013 . Its successor , the PlayStation Vita , which launched in Japan in December 2011 and in most other major territories in February 2012 , selling over four million units by January 2013 . PlayStation TV is a microconsole and a non-portable variant of the PlayStation Vita handheld game console . Other hardware released as part of the PlayStation series includes the PSX , a digital video recorder which was integrated with the PlayStation and PlayStation 2 , though it was short lived due to its high price and was never released outside Japan , as well as a Sony Bravia television set which has an integrated PlayStation 2 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_2', 'summary': "The PlayStation 2 ( officially branded as PS2 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on March 4 , 2000 , in North America on October 26 , 2000 , and in Europe and Australia on November 24 , 2000 , and is the successor to the original PlayStation , as well as the second installment in the PlayStation console line-up . A sixth-generation console , it competed with Sega 's Dreamcast , Nintendo 's GameCube , and Microsoft 's original Xbox . Announced in 1999 , the PS2 offered backward-compatibility for its predecessor 's DualShock controller , as well as its games . The PS2 is the best-selling video game console of all time , having sold over 155 million units worldwide , as confirmed by Sony . Over 3,800 game titles have been released for the PS2 , with over 1.5 billion copies sold . Sony later manufactured several smaller , lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 . Even with the release of its successor , the PlayStation 3 , the PS2 remained popular well into the seventh generation , and continued to be produced until 2013 , when Sony finally announced it had been discontinued after twelve years of production - one of the longest lifespans of a video game console . Despite the announcement , new games for the console continued to be produced until the end of 2013 , including Final Fantasy XI : Seekers of Adoulin for Japan , FIFA 13 for North America , and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 for Europe . Repair services for the system in Japan ended on September 7 , 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '1999-2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Bend Studio ( formerly known as Eidetic )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SCE_Bend_Studio', 'summary': 'SIE Bend Studio ( formerly Blank , Berlyn and Co. and Eidetic ) is an American first-party video game developer founded in Bend , Oregon in 1993 . They were acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment in 2000 and are best known for developing the Syphon Filter series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/SCE_Bend_Studio', 'summary': 'SIE Bend Studio ( formerly Blank , Berlyn and Co. and Eidetic ) is an American first-party video game developer founded in Bend , Oregon in 1993 . They were acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment in 2000 and are best known for developing the Syphon Filter series .'}]}, {'value': 'Jak and Daxter series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jak_and_Daxter_(series)', 'summary': 'Jak and Daxter [ a ] is a video game franchise created by Andy Gavin and Jason Rubin and owned by Sony Computer Entertainment . The series was developed by Naughty Dog with a number of installments being outsourced to Ready at Dawn and High Impact Games . The first game , released on December 3 , 2001 , was one of the earliest titles for the PlayStation 2 , and is regarded as a defining franchise for the console . The games are considered story-based platformers that feature a mixture of action , racing and puzzle solving . The series is set in a fictional universe that incorporates science fantasy , steampunk/cyberpunk , and mystical elements together , while centering on the eponymous characters as they try to uncover the secrets of their world , and unravel the mysteries left behind by an ancient race of Precursors . The games are inspired by both Eastern and Western culture , a decision made among the team members at Naughty Dog and related stakeholders while developing the first title . The first three games in the series were re-released on the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita as part of a remastered collection that includes support for the PlayStation Network and the PlayStation Suite . The remastered collection was handled by Mass Media Inc. with Naughty Dog assisting with the conversion of the games . The series has also produced various forms of extended media and merchandise , and has sold over 12 million copies worldwide . On April 3 , 2017 , PlayStation announced that the original three Jak and Daxter games , along with Jak X : Combat Racing , would be ported to the PlayStation 4 . Jak and Daxter : The Precursor Legacy was released on August 22 of the same year , alongside the release of Uncharted : The Lost Legacy . Later on December 6 , Jak II , Jak 3 and Jak X : Combat Racing were released .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable , PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_2', 'summary': "The PlayStation 2 ( officially branded as PS2 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on March 4 , 2000 , in North America on October 26 , 2000 , and in Europe and Australia on November 24 , 2000 , and is the successor to the original PlayStation , as well as the second installment in the PlayStation console line-up . A sixth-generation console , it competed with Sega 's Dreamcast , Nintendo 's GameCube , and Microsoft 's original Xbox . Announced in 1999 , the PS2 offered backward-compatibility for its predecessor 's DualShock controller , as well as its games . The PS2 is the best-selling video game console of all time , having sold over 155 million units worldwide , as confirmed by Sony . Over 3,800 game titles have been released for the PS2 , with over 1.5 billion copies sold . Sony later manufactured several smaller , lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 . Even with the release of its successor , the PlayStation 3 , the PS2 remained popular well into the seventh generation , and continued to be produced until 2013 , when Sony finally announced it had been discontinued after twelve years of production - one of the longest lifespans of a video game console . Despite the announcement , new games for the console continued to be produced until the end of 2013 , including Final Fantasy XI : Seekers of Adoulin for Japan , FIFA 13 for North America , and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 for Europe . Repair services for the system in Japan ended on September 7 , 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': '2001-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Naughty Dog , Ready at Dawn Studios , High Impact Games and Mass Media', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naughty_Dog', 'summary': "Naughty Dog , LLC ( formerly JAM Software , Inc. ) is an American first-party video game developer based in Santa Monica , California . Founded by Andy Gavin and Jason Rubin in 1984 as an independent developer , the studio was acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment in 2001 . Gavin and Rubin produced a sequence of progressively more successful games , including Rings of Power and Way of the Warrior in the early 1990s . The latter game prompted Universal Interactive Studios to sign the duo to a three-title contract and fund the expansion of the company . Longtime American game designer and producer Mark Cerny convinced Naughty Dog to focus its new resources on creating a character-based platform game that would fully utilize the 3D capabilities of the new systems . Ultimately , this led to the release of Crash Bandicoot for the PlayStation in 1996 . Naughty Dog developed three Crash Bandicoot games over the next several years . After developing Crash Team Racing , the company began working on Jak and Daxter : The Precursor Legacy for the PlayStation 2 . In 2004 , Rubin , who had become the company 's president , left the company to work on a new project named Iron and the Maiden . In addition to their inhouse game team , Naughty Dog is also home to the ICE Team , one of SIE Worldwide Studios 's central technology groups . The company 's first PlayStation 3 title , Uncharted : Drake 's Fortune , was released in 2007 , with the series tetralogy being completed by 2016 . Naughty Dog was previously known for having a history of developing one game at a time , and also one franchise per console , a controversial trend that was criticized by fans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ready_at_Dawn', 'summary': 'Ready At Dawn Studios is an American video game developer located in Irvine , California and is composed of former members of Naughty Dog and Blizzard Entertainment . Formed in 2003 , the company has primarily worked on games for the PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) , most notably the Sony Computer Entertainment intellectual property God of War and Daxter . Ready At Dawn also now has a satellite campus in Portland , Oregon to assist with future PC and console game development .'}, {'url': '/wiki/High_Impact_Games', 'summary': 'High Impact Games is an American video game developer based in Burbank , California , formed in 2003 by former members of Insomniac Games and Naughty Dog . In 2007 , the company released Ratchet & Clank : Size Matters for the PlayStation Portable , with a PlayStation 2 port released the next year , and Secret Agent Clank in 2008 , also for the PlayStation Portable . On November 3 , 2009 , the company released its third game , Jak and Daxter : The Lost Frontier , for the PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 2 . The game was based on the Jak & Daxter series made by Naughty Dog . In 2010 , High Impact Games was developing a remake of Crash Team Racing for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and Wii , but the game was canceled by Activision before the prototype initial . In 2011 an environmental artist , who had worked on some games , revealed that High Impact Games was working on a new project for the Wii . This game was revealed to be Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mass_Media_Inc.', 'summary': 'Mass Media , Inc. is an American video game developer based in Moorpark , California . The current focus of the company is to develop original material for Sony platforms .'}]}, {'value': 'SOCOM : U.S. Navy SEALs series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SOCOM_(series)', 'summary': 'SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs is a series of third-person tactical shooter video games for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable , and one for the mobile phone created by Zipper Interactive . The title for the series comes from the United States Special Operations Command ( SOCOM ) which is a Unified Combatant Command . The games focus on various teams of United States Navy SEALs ( an operating component under SOCOM ) completing missions with occasional help from other special operations forces from around the world such as the SAS , SBS and GROM .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable , PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_2', 'summary': "The PlayStation 2 ( officially branded as PS2 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on March 4 , 2000 , in North America on October 26 , 2000 , and in Europe and Australia on November 24 , 2000 , and is the successor to the original PlayStation , as well as the second installment in the PlayStation console line-up . A sixth-generation console , it competed with Sega 's Dreamcast , Nintendo 's GameCube , and Microsoft 's original Xbox . Announced in 1999 , the PS2 offered backward-compatibility for its predecessor 's DualShock controller , as well as its games . The PS2 is the best-selling video game console of all time , having sold over 155 million units worldwide , as confirmed by Sony . Over 3,800 game titles have been released for the PS2 , with over 1.5 billion copies sold . Sony later manufactured several smaller , lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 . Even with the release of its successor , the PlayStation 3 , the PS2 remained popular well into the seventh generation , and continued to be produced until 2013 , when Sony finally announced it had been discontinued after twelve years of production - one of the longest lifespans of a video game console . Despite the announcement , new games for the console continued to be produced until the end of 2013 , including Final Fantasy XI : Seekers of Adoulin for Japan , FIFA 13 for North America , and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 for Europe . Repair services for the system in Japan ended on September 7 , 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': '2002-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Zipper Interactive and Slant Six Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zipper_Interactive', 'summary': 'Zipper Interactive was an American video game developer located in Redmond , Washington and part of Sony Computer Entertainment Worldwide Studios . It was founded in June 1995 by Jim Bosler and Brian Soderberg . It created many different games , including the SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs series of games . SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs was created in collaboration with the Naval Special Warfare Command and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2 . On January 25 , 2006 , Sony announced that it had acquired Zipper Interactive to add it to its group of development studios .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Slant_Six_Games', 'summary': "Slant Six Games was a Canadian independent video game developer founded in 2005 . The company 's name is derived from the 1959 Chrysler engine of the same name . Slant Six Games ' studio was based in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . They were voted the 7th best company to work for in British Columbia by BC Business 2011 . Slant Six Games has released three games published by Sony Computer Entertainment of America : SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs : Tactical Strike which was named the best PSP multiplayer experience at E3 2007 and SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs : Fireteam Bravo 3 for the PlayStation Portable as well as SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs : Confrontation for PlayStation 3 . In March 2012 , Slant Six Games launched Resident Evil : Operation Raccoon City as part of the Resident Evil franchise . The game has been called a big success by the publisher Capcom for shipping two million copies within two months of the release date . Resident Evil : Operation Raccoon City is Capcom 's 16th best selling title . In November 2012 , Slant Six Games released their first original title The Bowling Dead for iOS devices . In 2013 , in collaboration with Microsoft , Slant Six Games released Galactic Reign . They also released Max 's Pirate Planet - A Board Game Adventure that same year . In June 2013 , Slant Six Games laid off the last of their employees ."}]}, {'value': 'Sly Cooper series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sly_Cooper', 'summary': "Sly Cooper is a series of platform stealth video games for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita . The series was developed by Sucker Punch Productions for the first three games , and then it was passed on to Sanzaru Games while Sucker Punch continued work on the Infamous series . The first three games were remastered into high-definition for the PlayStation 3 by Sanzaru Games , titled The Sly Collection . Sanzaru released the fourth game in the series , Sly Cooper : Thieves in Time , on February 5 , 2013 . A CGI animated feature film based on the first game in the series is in development with currently an unknown theatrical release date . A television show based on the series is currently in development ; it was scheduled to premiere in October 2019 , but has not aired yet . The series follows the adventures of Sly Cooper , an anthropomorphic raccoon and master thief , along with his two partners in crime , Bentley the turtle and Murray the hippopotamus , all of whom are pursued by Sly 's love interest , Inspector Carmelita Fox . The series has spawned two comic books and a variety of spin-off games , including Bentley 's Hackpack by Sanzaru Games . Sly Cooper himself has become one of the most popular of the Sony video game characters , and has appeared in other Sony games such as cross-overs PlayStation Move Heroes and PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_2', 'summary': "The PlayStation 2 ( officially branded as PS2 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on March 4 , 2000 , in North America on October 26 , 2000 , and in Europe and Australia on November 24 , 2000 , and is the successor to the original PlayStation , as well as the second installment in the PlayStation console line-up . A sixth-generation console , it competed with Sega 's Dreamcast , Nintendo 's GameCube , and Microsoft 's original Xbox . Announced in 1999 , the PS2 offered backward-compatibility for its predecessor 's DualShock controller , as well as its games . The PS2 is the best-selling video game console of all time , having sold over 155 million units worldwide , as confirmed by Sony . Over 3,800 game titles have been released for the PS2 , with over 1.5 billion copies sold . Sony later manufactured several smaller , lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 . Even with the release of its successor , the PlayStation 3 , the PS2 remained popular well into the seventh generation , and continued to be produced until 2013 , when Sony finally announced it had been discontinued after twelve years of production - one of the longest lifespans of a video game console . Despite the announcement , new games for the console continued to be produced until the end of 2013 , including Final Fantasy XI : Seekers of Adoulin for Japan , FIFA 13 for North America , and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 for Europe . Repair services for the system in Japan ended on September 7 , 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Vita', 'summary': "The PlayStation Vita ( also known as the PS Vita or simply Vita ) is a handheld video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 17 , 2011 , and in North America , Europe , and other international territories beginning on February 22 , 2012 . The console is the successor to the PlayStation Portable , and a part of the PlayStation brand of gaming devices ; as part of the eighth generation of video game consoles , it primarily competed with the Nintendo 3DS . The original model of the handheld includes a 5-inch ( 130 mm ) OLED multi-touch capacitive touchscreen , two analog joysticks , and front and shoulder push-button input , and supports Bluetooth , Wi-Fi , and optional 3G . Internally , the Vita features a quad-core ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore processor and a quad-core SGX543MP graphics processing unit . The PS Vita 2000 series , a revised version of the system , was released across 2013 and 2014 , sports all of the same features with a slightly smaller size , extended battery life , and an LCD screen replacing the OLED display . Sony also released the PlayStation TV , a short-lived , re-purposed version of the Vita that allowed for the play of PS Vita games on a television screen similar to a home video game console , though the PS TV variant was discontinued by the end of 2015 . The system 's design was created to meld the experience of big budget , dedicated video game platforms with the then up-and-coming trend of mobile gaming through smart phones and tablets . However , in the year after the device 's successful launch , sales of the hardware and its bigger budget games stalled , threatening to end its lifespan . A concentrated effort to attract smaller independent developers in the West , combined with strong support from mid-level Japanese companies , helped keep the platform afloat . While this led to less diversity in its game library , it did garner strong support in JRPGs and visual novels , alongside a wealth of Western-developed indie games , leading it to become a moderate seller in Japan , and build a smaller , yet passionate userbase in the West . While Sony has not released exact sales figures , late-lifespan estimates in sales fall around 15 to 16 million units ."}]}, {'value': '2002-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Sucker Punch Productions and Sanzaru Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sucker_Punch_Productions', 'summary': 'Sucker Punch Productions is an American first-party video game developer founded in Bellevue , Washington . Sony Interactive Entertainment acquired the company on August 2 , 2011 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sanzaru_Games', 'summary': 'Sanzaru Games , Inc. is an American video game development company founded in Foster City in 2007 . Sanzaru also has a satellite studio based in Ottawa , Ontario called Kitazaru , as well as an office in Dublin , California . The company name is based on the three wise monkeys ( called sanzaru in Japan ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Ratchet & Clank series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ratchet_&_Clank', 'summary': 'Ratchet & Clank is a series of action platformer and third-person shooter video games . The franchise was created and developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for PlayStation consoles , such as PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 with the exclusion of Size Matters and Secret Agent Clank , which were developed by High Impact Games for the PlayStation Portable . Every game in the series has only been released for Sony platforms , as the intellectual property is owned by Sony Computer Entertainment . An animated feature film adaptation produced by Rainmaker Entertainment and Blockade Entertainment and distributed by Focus Features and Gramercy Pictures was released on April 29 , 2016 . The games take place in a science fiction setting and follow the adventures of Ratchet ( a feline humanoid known as a Lombax , who is a mechanic ) and Clank ( a diminutive , sentient Zoni robot ) as they travel through the universe , saving it from evil forces that consistently threaten it . The series is noted for its inclusion of many exotic , unique and over-the-top weapons and gadgets , a concept that Insomniac Games has also expanded into their other games .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_2', 'summary': "The PlayStation 2 ( officially branded as PS2 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on March 4 , 2000 , in North America on October 26 , 2000 , and in Europe and Australia on November 24 , 2000 , and is the successor to the original PlayStation , as well as the second installment in the PlayStation console line-up . A sixth-generation console , it competed with Sega 's Dreamcast , Nintendo 's GameCube , and Microsoft 's original Xbox . Announced in 1999 , the PS2 offered backward-compatibility for its predecessor 's DualShock controller , as well as its games . The PS2 is the best-selling video game console of all time , having sold over 155 million units worldwide , as confirmed by Sony . Over 3,800 game titles have been released for the PS2 , with over 1.5 billion copies sold . Sony later manufactured several smaller , lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 . Even with the release of its successor , the PlayStation 3 , the PS2 remained popular well into the seventh generation , and continued to be produced until 2013 , when Sony finally announced it had been discontinued after twelve years of production - one of the longest lifespans of a video game console . Despite the announcement , new games for the console continued to be produced until the end of 2013 , including Final Fantasy XI : Seekers of Adoulin for Japan , FIFA 13 for North America , and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 for Europe . Repair services for the system in Japan ended on September 7 , 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '2002-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Insomniac Games , High Impact Games , Sanzaru Games and Idol Minds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Insomniac_Games', 'summary': "Insomniac Games , Inc. is an American video game developer based in Burbank , California . It was founded in 1994 by Ted Price as Xtreme Software , and was renamed Insomniac Games a year later . The company is most known for developing several early PlayStation mascots , Spyro the Dragon , Ratchet , and Clank , as well as the Resistance franchise , 2014 's Sunset Overdrive and 2018 's Spider-Man . It was acquired by Sony Interactive Entertainment in 2019 becoming a part of SIE Worldwide Studios . The company 's first project was Disruptor , for the first PlayStation console , whose poor sales almost led to the company 's bankruptcy . Insomniac 's next project was Spyro the Dragon , a successful video game that spawned two sequels within two years . Insomniac closely collaborated with Sony Computer Entertainment ( later renamed Sony Interactive Entertainment ) and created two game franchises , Ratchet & Clank , and Resistance . The two franchises proved to be both a critical and financial success for the company . The company would also begin work on its first multiplatform game Fuse in 2013 ( with Electronic Arts as its publisher ) , but the game turned out to become one of Insomniac 's worst-reviewed games . Since 2014 , Insomniac has actively expanded its portfolio of games . The company worked with Microsoft Studios on 2014 's Sunset Overdrive , partnered with GameTrust to release the underwater Metroidvania game called Song of the Deep , released several mobile games and virtual reality projects , introduced a re-imagining of the first Ratchet & Clank and its first licensed title , Marvel 's Spider-Man for PlayStation 4 , in September 2018 . Before 2019 , Insomniac remained as a second-party studio working for Sony , sharing the same building as Sony-owned Naughty Dog ."}, {'url': '/wiki/High_Impact_Games', 'summary': 'High Impact Games is an American video game developer based in Burbank , California , formed in 2003 by former members of Insomniac Games and Naughty Dog . In 2007 , the company released Ratchet & Clank : Size Matters for the PlayStation Portable , with a PlayStation 2 port released the next year , and Secret Agent Clank in 2008 , also for the PlayStation Portable . On November 3 , 2009 , the company released its third game , Jak and Daxter : The Lost Frontier , for the PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 2 . The game was based on the Jak & Daxter series made by Naughty Dog . In 2010 , High Impact Games was developing a remake of Crash Team Racing for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and Wii , but the game was canceled by Activision before the prototype initial . In 2011 an environmental artist , who had worked on some games , revealed that High Impact Games was working on a new project for the Wii . This game was revealed to be Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sanzaru_Games', 'summary': 'Sanzaru Games , Inc. is an American video game development company founded in Foster City in 2007 . Sanzaru also has a satellite studio based in Ottawa , Ontario called Kitazaru , as well as an office in Dublin , California . The company name is based on the three wise monkeys ( called sanzaru in Japan ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Idol_Minds', 'summary': 'Idol Minds , LLC , since 2017 doing business as Deck Nine , is an American video game developer based in Westminster , Colorado . The studio was founded in April 1997 by Mark Lyons and Scott Atkins . Lyons serves as president and chief technology officer of the company .'}]}, {'value': 'Resistance series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Resistance_(video_game_series)', 'summary': "Resistance is a series of first-person shooter and third-person shooter video games developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita video game consoles . The series takes place in an alternate history 1950 's , in which an alien civilization known as the Chimera have invaded and conquered Earth , expanding their armies by capturing humans and transforming them into monster-like supersoldiers to fight for them . The player takes the role of one of the remaining human armed forces as they fight against the Chimera invasion . The series is noted for its use of both conventional and futuristic weaponry , reflecting Insomniac 's previous work on the Ratchet & Clank series ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable , PlayStation Vita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Portable', 'summary': "The PlayStation Portable [ a ] ( PSP ) is a handheld game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 12 , 2004 , in North America on March 24 , 2005 , and in PAL regions on September 1 , 2005 , and is the first handheld installment in the PlayStation line of consoles . As a seventh generation console , the PSP primarily competed with the Nintendo DS . Development of the PSP was announced during E3 2003 , and the console was unveiled at a Sony press conference on May 11 , 2004 . The system was the most powerful portable console when it was introduced , and was the first real competitor of Nintendo 's handheld consoles after many challengers , such as SNK 's Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia 's N-Gage , had failed . The PSP 's advanced graphics capabilities made it a popular mobile entertainment device , which could connect to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles , computers running Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh software , other PSP systems , and the Internet . The PSP is the only handheld console to use an optical disc format - Universal Media Disc ( UMD ) - as its primary storage medium . The PSP was received positively by critics , and sold over 80 million units during its ten-year lifetime . Several models of the console were released , before the PSP line was succeeded by the PlayStation Vita , released in Japan in 2011 and worldwide a year later . The Vita has backward compatibility with PSP games that were released on the PlayStation Network through the PlayStation Store , which became the main method of purchasing PSP games after Sony shut down access to the store from the PSP on March 31 , 2016 . Hardware shipments of the PSP ended worldwide in 2014 ; production of UMDs ended when the last Japanese factory producing them closed in late 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Vita', 'summary': "The PlayStation Vita ( also known as the PS Vita or simply Vita ) is a handheld video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 17 , 2011 , and in North America , Europe , and other international territories beginning on February 22 , 2012 . The console is the successor to the PlayStation Portable , and a part of the PlayStation brand of gaming devices ; as part of the eighth generation of video game consoles , it primarily competed with the Nintendo 3DS . The original model of the handheld includes a 5-inch ( 130 mm ) OLED multi-touch capacitive touchscreen , two analog joysticks , and front and shoulder push-button input , and supports Bluetooth , Wi-Fi , and optional 3G . Internally , the Vita features a quad-core ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore processor and a quad-core SGX543MP graphics processing unit . The PS Vita 2000 series , a revised version of the system , was released across 2013 and 2014 , sports all of the same features with a slightly smaller size , extended battery life , and an LCD screen replacing the OLED display . Sony also released the PlayStation TV , a short-lived , re-purposed version of the Vita that allowed for the play of PS Vita games on a television screen similar to a home video game console , though the PS TV variant was discontinued by the end of 2015 . The system 's design was created to meld the experience of big budget , dedicated video game platforms with the then up-and-coming trend of mobile gaming through smart phones and tablets . However , in the year after the device 's successful launch , sales of the hardware and its bigger budget games stalled , threatening to end its lifespan . A concentrated effort to attract smaller independent developers in the West , combined with strong support from mid-level Japanese companies , helped keep the platform afloat . While this led to less diversity in its game library , it did garner strong support in JRPGs and visual novels , alongside a wealth of Western-developed indie games , leading it to become a moderate seller in Japan , and build a smaller , yet passionate userbase in the West . While Sony has not released exact sales figures , late-lifespan estimates in sales fall around 15 to 16 million units ."}]}, {'value': '2006-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Insomniac Games , Bend Studio and Nihilistic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Insomniac_Games', 'summary': "Insomniac Games , Inc. is an American video game developer based in Burbank , California . It was founded in 1994 by Ted Price as Xtreme Software , and was renamed Insomniac Games a year later . The company is most known for developing several early PlayStation mascots , Spyro the Dragon , Ratchet , and Clank , as well as the Resistance franchise , 2014 's Sunset Overdrive and 2018 's Spider-Man . It was acquired by Sony Interactive Entertainment in 2019 becoming a part of SIE Worldwide Studios . The company 's first project was Disruptor , for the first PlayStation console , whose poor sales almost led to the company 's bankruptcy . Insomniac 's next project was Spyro the Dragon , a successful video game that spawned two sequels within two years . Insomniac closely collaborated with Sony Computer Entertainment ( later renamed Sony Interactive Entertainment ) and created two game franchises , Ratchet & Clank , and Resistance . The two franchises proved to be both a critical and financial success for the company . The company would also begin work on its first multiplatform game Fuse in 2013 ( with Electronic Arts as its publisher ) , but the game turned out to become one of Insomniac 's worst-reviewed games . Since 2014 , Insomniac has actively expanded its portfolio of games . The company worked with Microsoft Studios on 2014 's Sunset Overdrive , partnered with GameTrust to release the underwater Metroidvania game called Song of the Deep , released several mobile games and virtual reality projects , introduced a re-imagining of the first Ratchet & Clank and its first licensed title , Marvel 's Spider-Man for PlayStation 4 , in September 2018 . Before 2019 , Insomniac remained as a second-party studio working for Sony , sharing the same building as Sony-owned Naughty Dog ."}, {'url': '/wiki/SCE_Bend_Studio', 'summary': 'SIE Bend Studio ( formerly Blank , Berlyn and Co. and Eidetic ) is an American first-party video game developer founded in Bend , Oregon in 1993 . They were acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment in 2000 and are best known for developing the Syphon Filter series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nihilistic_Software', 'summary': 'nStigate Games ( formerly Nihilistic Software ) was an American video game developer based in Novato , California .'}]}, {'value': 'Uncharted series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uncharted', 'summary': "Uncharted is an action-adventure game series developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for PlayStation consoles . The main series of games follows Nathan Drake , a treasure hunter who travels across the world to uncover various historical mysteries . The main series began with Uncharted : Drake 's Fortune , released on the PlayStation 3 in 2007 , followed by its sequels Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves ( 2009 ) , Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception ( 2011 ) , with the final installment , Uncharted 4 : A Thief 's End , released on the PlayStation 4 in 2016 . A prequel , Uncharted : Golden Abyss , was released for Sony 's PlayStation Vita handheld system in 2011 , followed by the card game spin-off Uncharted : Fight for Fortune in 2012 . A standalone game to the series , Uncharted : The Lost Legacy , was released in 2017 , with Chloe Frazer as the game 's playable protagonist . The series has been universally acclaimed and commercially successful , having shipped more than 41 million units , making it the one of the best-selling video game franchises of all time . The main series has been widely credited by critics and video game publications for raising the standards of single-player video games , praising it for high production values , quality in storytelling , character design and animation , voice acting , realistic graphics , technical innovation , musical score , gameplay mechanics , and delivering an enjoyable cinematic gaming experience to players . The series has often been likened to Hollywood-produced action adventure films . According to former Naughty Dog developer , Lucas Pope , the franchise drew inspiration from the Gears of War series , with the first Uncharted game being delayed after the first Gears of War game released in order for various core gameplay and technical elements to more resemble and feel like that of the latter . The critical and commercial success of the Uncharted games have been pivotal to the success of PlayStation during the seventh and eighth generation of video game consoles , and has helped elevate Naughty Dog 's reputation to a highly respected video game developer in the industry ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Vita', 'summary': "The PlayStation Vita ( also known as the PS Vita or simply Vita ) is a handheld video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 17 , 2011 , and in North America , Europe , and other international territories beginning on February 22 , 2012 . The console is the successor to the PlayStation Portable , and a part of the PlayStation brand of gaming devices ; as part of the eighth generation of video game consoles , it primarily competed with the Nintendo 3DS . The original model of the handheld includes a 5-inch ( 130 mm ) OLED multi-touch capacitive touchscreen , two analog joysticks , and front and shoulder push-button input , and supports Bluetooth , Wi-Fi , and optional 3G . Internally , the Vita features a quad-core ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore processor and a quad-core SGX543MP graphics processing unit . The PS Vita 2000 series , a revised version of the system , was released across 2013 and 2014 , sports all of the same features with a slightly smaller size , extended battery life , and an LCD screen replacing the OLED display . Sony also released the PlayStation TV , a short-lived , re-purposed version of the Vita that allowed for the play of PS Vita games on a television screen similar to a home video game console , though the PS TV variant was discontinued by the end of 2015 . The system 's design was created to meld the experience of big budget , dedicated video game platforms with the then up-and-coming trend of mobile gaming through smart phones and tablets . However , in the year after the device 's successful launch , sales of the hardware and its bigger budget games stalled , threatening to end its lifespan . A concentrated effort to attract smaller independent developers in the West , combined with strong support from mid-level Japanese companies , helped keep the platform afloat . While this led to less diversity in its game library , it did garner strong support in JRPGs and visual novels , alongside a wealth of Western-developed indie games , leading it to become a moderate seller in Japan , and build a smaller , yet passionate userbase in the West . While Sony has not released exact sales figures , late-lifespan estimates in sales fall around 15 to 16 million units ."}]}, {'value': '2007-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Naughty Dog and Bend Studio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naughty_Dog', 'summary': "Naughty Dog , LLC ( formerly JAM Software , Inc. ) is an American first-party video game developer based in Santa Monica , California . Founded by Andy Gavin and Jason Rubin in 1984 as an independent developer , the studio was acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment in 2001 . Gavin and Rubin produced a sequence of progressively more successful games , including Rings of Power and Way of the Warrior in the early 1990s . The latter game prompted Universal Interactive Studios to sign the duo to a three-title contract and fund the expansion of the company . Longtime American game designer and producer Mark Cerny convinced Naughty Dog to focus its new resources on creating a character-based platform game that would fully utilize the 3D capabilities of the new systems . Ultimately , this led to the release of Crash Bandicoot for the PlayStation in 1996 . Naughty Dog developed three Crash Bandicoot games over the next several years . After developing Crash Team Racing , the company began working on Jak and Daxter : The Precursor Legacy for the PlayStation 2 . In 2004 , Rubin , who had become the company 's president , left the company to work on a new project named Iron and the Maiden . In addition to their inhouse game team , Naughty Dog is also home to the ICE Team , one of SIE Worldwide Studios 's central technology groups . The company 's first PlayStation 3 title , Uncharted : Drake 's Fortune , was released in 2007 , with the series tetralogy being completed by 2016 . Naughty Dog was previously known for having a history of developing one game at a time , and also one franchise per console , a controversial trend that was criticized by fans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/SCE_Bend_Studio', 'summary': 'SIE Bend Studio ( formerly Blank , Berlyn and Co. and Eidetic ) is an American first-party video game developer founded in Bend , Oregon in 1993 . They were acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment in 2000 and are best known for developing the Syphon Filter series .'}]}, {'value': 'Infamous series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Infamous_(series)', 'summary': "Infamous ( stylized as inFAMOUS ) is a series of action-adventure platformer video games developed by Sucker Punch Productions and published by Sony Computer Entertainment exclusively for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 video game consoles . The series follows the adventures of Cole MacGrath , Delsin Rowe and Abigail 'Fetch ' Walker , super-powered 'Conduits ' who must decide their own destinies of becoming either good or evil . The series includes Infamous , its sequel Infamous 2 , the non-canon downloadable game called Infamous : Festival of Blood , the DC Comics comic book series of the same name , the third main entry for PlayStation 4 called Infamous Second Son and a stand-alone expansion Infamous First Light ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': '2009-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Sucker Punch Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sucker_Punch_Productions', 'summary': 'Sucker Punch Productions is an American first-party video game developer founded in Bellevue , Washington . Sony Interactive Entertainment acquired the company on August 2 , 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'CounterSpy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CounterSpy_(video_game)', 'summary': 'CounterSpy is a side-scrolling stealth video game developed by American indie studio Dynamighty and published by Sony Computer Entertainment as a cross-buy and cross-save title for the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , and PlayStation Vita . Subsequently , the game was released on Android and iOS on September 5 , 2014 . The games received a mixed to positive reviews . It was mostly praised for its art and soundtrack .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Vita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_4', 'summary': "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Vita', 'summary': "The PlayStation Vita ( also known as the PS Vita or simply Vita ) is a handheld video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 17 , 2011 , and in North America , Europe , and other international territories beginning on February 22 , 2012 . The console is the successor to the PlayStation Portable , and a part of the PlayStation brand of gaming devices ; as part of the eighth generation of video game consoles , it primarily competed with the Nintendo 3DS . The original model of the handheld includes a 5-inch ( 130 mm ) OLED multi-touch capacitive touchscreen , two analog joysticks , and front and shoulder push-button input , and supports Bluetooth , Wi-Fi , and optional 3G . Internally , the Vita features a quad-core ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore processor and a quad-core SGX543MP graphics processing unit . The PS Vita 2000 series , a revised version of the system , was released across 2013 and 2014 , sports all of the same features with a slightly smaller size , extended battery life , and an LCD screen replacing the OLED display . Sony also released the PlayStation TV , a short-lived , re-purposed version of the Vita that allowed for the play of PS Vita games on a television screen similar to a home video game console , though the PS TV variant was discontinued by the end of 2015 . The system 's design was created to meld the experience of big budget , dedicated video game platforms with the then up-and-coming trend of mobile gaming through smart phones and tablets . However , in the year after the device 's successful launch , sales of the hardware and its bigger budget games stalled , threatening to end its lifespan . A concentrated effort to attract smaller independent developers in the West , combined with strong support from mid-level Japanese companies , helped keep the platform afloat . While this led to less diversity in its game library , it did garner strong support in JRPGs and visual novels , alongside a wealth of Western-developed indie games , leading it to become a moderate seller in Japan , and build a smaller , yet passionate userbase in the West . While Sony has not released exact sales figures , late-lifespan estimates in sales fall around 15 to 16 million units ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Dynamighty', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helldivers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helldivers', 'summary': 'Helldivers is a top-down shooter game developed by Arrowhead Game Studios and published by Sony Computer Entertainment . The game was released for the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita with cross-play , on March 3 , 2015 in North America and on March 4 , 2015 in Europe , respectively . A version for Microsoft Windows was also released via Steam on December 7 , 2015 . It features couch or online co-op , or a combination of both , for up to four players . Helldivers takes inspiration from military science fiction such as Aliens and Starship Troopers . While solo play is possible , the intent is for two to four players to cooperate on missions to enemy-controlled planets . Almost every weapon or tool accessible to players can hurt their teammates , making discipline and coordination paramount .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Vita , Microsoft Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_4', 'summary': "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Vita', 'summary': "The PlayStation Vita ( also known as the PS Vita or simply Vita ) is a handheld video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on December 17 , 2011 , and in North America , Europe , and other international territories beginning on February 22 , 2012 . The console is the successor to the PlayStation Portable , and a part of the PlayStation brand of gaming devices ; as part of the eighth generation of video game consoles , it primarily competed with the Nintendo 3DS . The original model of the handheld includes a 5-inch ( 130 mm ) OLED multi-touch capacitive touchscreen , two analog joysticks , and front and shoulder push-button input , and supports Bluetooth , Wi-Fi , and optional 3G . Internally , the Vita features a quad-core ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore processor and a quad-core SGX543MP graphics processing unit . The PS Vita 2000 series , a revised version of the system , was released across 2013 and 2014 , sports all of the same features with a slightly smaller size , extended battery life , and an LCD screen replacing the OLED display . Sony also released the PlayStation TV , a short-lived , re-purposed version of the Vita that allowed for the play of PS Vita games on a television screen similar to a home video game console , though the PS TV variant was discontinued by the end of 2015 . The system 's design was created to meld the experience of big budget , dedicated video game platforms with the then up-and-coming trend of mobile gaming through smart phones and tablets . However , in the year after the device 's successful launch , sales of the hardware and its bigger budget games stalled , threatening to end its lifespan . A concentrated effort to attract smaller independent developers in the West , combined with strong support from mid-level Japanese companies , helped keep the platform afloat . While this led to less diversity in its game library , it did garner strong support in JRPGs and visual novels , alongside a wealth of Western-developed indie games , leading it to become a moderate seller in Japan , and build a smaller , yet passionate userbase in the West . While Sony has not released exact sales figures , late-lifespan estimates in sales fall around 15 to 16 million units ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Arrowhead Game Studios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrowhead_Game_Studios', 'summary': 'Arrowhead Game Studios AB is an independent Swedish video game developer , established in 2008 by a group of Luleå University of Technology students . Their first game , Magicka , won the Game of the Year award at the Swedish Game Awards 2008 . In 2011 Magicka was released , published by Paradox Interactive , after a contract with the publisher was signed in 2009 . In the following years , Arrowhead developed The Showdown Effect , a 2.5D multiplayer action game inspired by 1980s and 1990s action movies , for which they stuck with Paradox Interactive to publish it in 2013 , and Gauntlet , a co-op dungeon action game , which was published by WB Games in 2014 . Their most recent game , Helldivers , was published by Sony Computer Entertainment in 2015 , first released on PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita , with a release for Microsoft Windows slated for December 2015 , being published by PlayStation Mobile Inc .'}]}, {'value': 'Farpoint', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Farpoint_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Farpoint is a virtual reality first-person shooter video game developed by Impulse Gear and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment . It was released on the PlayStation 4 on May 16 , 2017 and received mostly positive reviews .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 4 ( VR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_4', 'summary': "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Impulse Gear', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Marvel 's Spider-Man", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spider-Man_(2018_video_game)', 'summary': "Marvel 's Spider-Man [ a ] is a 2018 action-adventure game developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man , it is inspired by the long-running comic book mythology and adaptations in other media . In the main storyline , the super-human crime lord Mister Negative orchestrates a plot to seize control of New York City 's criminal underworld . When Mister Negative threatens to release a deadly virus , Spider-Man must confront him and protect the city while dealing with the personal problems of his civilian persona , Peter Parker . Gameplay is presented from the third-person perspective with a primary focus on Spider-Man 's traversal and combat abilities . Spider-Man can freely move around New York City , interacting with characters , undertaking missions , and unlocking new gadgets and suits by progressing through the main story or completing tasks . Outside the story , the player is able to complete side missions to unlock additional content and collectible items . Combat focuses on chaining attacks together and using the environment and webs to incapacitate numerous foes while avoiding damage . Development of Spider-Man , the first licensed game by Insomniac in its then-22-year history , began in 2014 and took approximately four years . Insomniac was given the choice of using any character from Marvel 's catalog to work on ; Spider-Man was chosen both for his appeal to the employees and the similarities in traversal gameplay to their previous game Sunset Overdrive ( 2014 ) . The game design took inspiration from the history of Spider-Man across all media but Marvel Comics and Insomniac wanted to tell an original story that was not linked to an existing property , creating a unique universe ( known as Earth-1048 ) that has since appeared in novels , merchandise , and comics . Spider-Man was released for the PlayStation 4 on September 7 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_4', 'summary': "The PlayStation 4 ( officially abbreviated as PS4 ) is an eighth-generation home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013 , it was launched on November 15 in North America , November 29 in Europe , South America and Australia , and on February 22 , 2014 , in Japan . It competes with Microsoft 's Xbox One and Nintendo 's Wii U and Switch . Moving away from the more complex Cell microarchitecture of its predecessor , the console features an AMD Accelerated Processing Unit ( APU ) built upon the x86-64 architecture , which can theoretically peak at 1.84 teraflops ; AMD stated that it was the most powerful APU it had developed to date . The PlayStation 4 places an increased emphasis on social interaction and integration with other devices and services , including the ability to play games off-console on PlayStation Vita and other supported devices ( Remote Play ) , the ability to stream gameplay online or to friends , with them controlling gameplay remotely ( Share Play ) . The console 's controller was also redesigned and improved over the PlayStation 3 , with improved buttons and analog sticks , and an integrated touchpad among other changes . The console also supports HDR10 High-dynamic-range video and playback of 4K resolution multimedia . The PlayStation 4 was released to critical acclaim , with critics praising Sony for acknowledging its consumers ' needs , embracing independent game development , and for not imposing the restrictive digital rights management schemes like those originally announced by Microsoft for the Xbox One . Critics and third-party studios also praised the capabilities of the PlayStation 4 in comparison to its competitors ; developers described the performance difference between the console and Xbox One as significant and obvious . Heightened demand also helped Sony top global console sales . By the end of September 2019 , over 102 million PlayStation 4 consoles had been shipped worldwide , surpassing lifetime sales of the PlayStation 3 . On September 7 , 2016 , Sony unveiled the PlayStation 4 Slim , a smaller version of the console ; and a high-end version called the PlayStation 4 Pro , which features an upgraded GPU and a higher CPU clock rate to support enhanced performance and 4K resolution in supported games ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-developed with Insomniac Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Insomniac_Games', 'summary': "Insomniac Games , Inc. is an American video game developer based in Burbank , California . It was founded in 1994 by Ted Price as Xtreme Software , and was renamed Insomniac Games a year later . The company is most known for developing several early PlayStation mascots , Spyro the Dragon , Ratchet , and Clank , as well as the Resistance franchise , 2014 's Sunset Overdrive and 2018 's Spider-Man . It was acquired by Sony Interactive Entertainment in 2019 becoming a part of SIE Worldwide Studios . The company 's first project was Disruptor , for the first PlayStation console , whose poor sales almost led to the company 's bankruptcy . Insomniac 's next project was Spyro the Dragon , a successful video game that spawned two sequels within two years . Insomniac closely collaborated with Sony Computer Entertainment ( later renamed Sony Interactive Entertainment ) and created two game franchises , Ratchet & Clank , and Resistance . The two franchises proved to be both a critical and financial success for the company . The company would also begin work on its first multiplatform game Fuse in 2013 ( with Electronic Arts as its publisher ) , but the game turned out to become one of Insomniac 's worst-reviewed games . Since 2014 , Insomniac has actively expanded its portfolio of games . The company worked with Microsoft Studios on 2014 's Sunset Overdrive , partnered with GameTrust to release the underwater Metroidvania game called Song of the Deep , released several mobile games and virtual reality projects , introduced a re-imagining of the first Ratchet & Clank and its first licensed title , Marvel 's Spider-Man for PlayStation 4 , in September 2018 . Before 2019 , Insomniac remained as a second-party studio working for Sony , sharing the same building as Sony-owned Naughty Dog ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Games', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'SCE_Foster_City_Studio_0', 'intro': 'SIE San Mateo Studio (formerly SIE Foster City Studio) is a video game developer part of SIE Worldwide Studios which is owned by Sony Interactive Entertainment and established in 1998. As implied by its name, it is now based in San Mateo, California, though it was originally located in Foster City, California. It is mostly responsible for overseeing the development of first party games by external developers. It co-developed the SOCOM US Navy SEALS series with Zipper Interactive, and the Sly Cooper series with Sucker Punch Productions.'}	null	null	What is associated with a Canadian independent video game developer ?	SOCOM : U.S. Navy SEALs
079c526f08e76929	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of bus transit systems in the United States', 'header': ['System', 'Locale', 'Major city ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'ACTA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashe County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashe_County,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Ashe County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina . As of the 2010 census , the population was 27,281 . Its county seat is Jefferson .'}]}, {'value': 'Jefferson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jefferson,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Jefferson is a town in Ashe County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 1,611 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Ashe County .'}]}, {'value': 'AppalCART', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Watauga County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watauga_County,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Watauga County ( /wəˈtɔːɡə/ ) is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina . As of the 2010 census , the population was 51,079 . Its county seat and largest town is Boone . Watauga County comprises the Boone , NC Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Boone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boone,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Boone is a town in and the county seat of Watauga County , North Carolina , United States . Located in the Blue Ridge Mountains of western North Carolina , Boone is the home of Appalachian State University . The population was 17,122 at the 2010 census . The town is named for famous American pioneer and explorer Daniel Boone , and every summer since 1952 has hosted an outdoor amphitheatre drama , Horn in the West , portraying the British settlement of the area during the American Revolutionary War and featuring the contributions of its namesake . It is the largest community and the economic hub of the seven-county region of Western North Carolina known as the High Country .'}]}, {'value': 'Asheville Transit System', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asheville_Transit_System', 'summary': 'Asheville Rides Transit ( ART ) is the municipally-owned operator of public transportation in Asheville , North Carolina . The agency provides service from 5:30 a.m. to 10:30 p.m. on Monday through Saturday ; and from 8:30 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. on Sundays and Holidays . The standard fare is $ 1 . The main and only station is located at 49 Coxe Avenue , Asheville , NC 28801 . The management company for ART is RATP Dev .'}]}, {'value': 'Buncombe County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buncombe_County,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Buncombe County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina . The 2010 census said the population was 238,318 . Its county seat is Asheville . Buncombe County is part of the Asheville , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Asheville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Asheville is a city and the county seat of Buncombe County , North Carolina , United States . It is the largest city in Western North Carolina , and the 12th-most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . The city 's population was 92,452 according to 2018 estimates . It is the principal city in the four-county Asheville metropolitan area , with a population of 424,858 in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bull City Connector', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Durham County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Durham_County,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Durham County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina . As of the 2010 census , the population was 267,587 , making it the sixth-most populous county in North Carolina . Its county seat is Durham . Durham County is the core of the Durham-Chapel Hill , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Raleigh-Durham-Cary , NC Combined Statistical Area , which had a population of 1,749,525 in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Durham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Durham ( /ˈdʌrəm/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Durham County in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Small portions of the city limits extend into Orange County and Wake County . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's population to be 274,291 as of July 1 , 2018 , making it the 4th-most populous city in North Carolina , and the 79th-most populous city in the United States . The city is located in the east-central part of the Piedmont region along the Eno River . Durham is the core of the four-county Durham-Chapel Hill Metropolitan Area , which has a population of 542,710 as of U.S. Census 2014 Population Estimates . The US Office of Management and Budget also includes Durham as a part of the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area , commonly known as the Research Triangle , which has a population of 2,037,430 as of U.S. Census 2014 Population Estimates . A railway depot was established on land donated by Bartlett S. Durham in 1849 , the namesake of the city . Following the American Civil War , the community of Durham Station expanded rapidly , in part due to the tobacco industry . The town was incorporated by act of the North Carolina General Assembly , on April 1869 . The establishment of Durham County was ratified by the General Assembly 12 years later , in 1881 . It became known as the founding place and headquarters of the American Tobacco Company . Textile and electric power industries also played an important role ."}]}, {'value': 'Capital Area Transit ( CAT )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capital_Area_Transit_(Raleigh)', 'summary': "GoRaleigh ( formerly Capital Area Transit ) is the transit system responsible for operating most of the public transportation services in Raleigh , North Carolina . The system operates 27 fixed routes throughout the city 's municipal area and also operates five regional/express routes in partnership with GoTriangle , the regional provider . GoRaleigh is contracted to operate two additional routes , an express route to the Wake Tech Community College campus south of Raleigh and a local circulator service in the Town of Wake Forest . Capital Area Transit , also known as CAT , was rebranded to GoRaleigh in 2015 under the consolidated GoTransit , a joint branding of municipal and regional transit systems for the Greater Raleigh Metropolitan Region ."}]}, {'value': 'Wake County , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wake_County,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Wake County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina . As of July 1 , 2018 [ update ] , the population was 1,092,305 , making it North Carolina 's second-most populous county . From July 2005 to July 2006 , Wake County was the 9th fastest-growing county in the United States , with the town of Cary and the city of Raleigh being the 8th and 15th fastest-growing cities , respectively . Its county seat is Raleigh , which is also the state capital . Eleven other municipalities are in Wake County , the largest of which is Cary , the third largest city of the Research Triangle region and the seventh largest municipality in North Carolina . It is governed by the Wake County Board of Commissioners , coterminous with the Wake County Public School System school district , with law enforcement provided by the Wake County Sheriff 's Department . It is also part of the wider Triangle J Council of Governments which governs regional planning ."}]}, {'value': 'Raleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Raleigh ( /ˈrɑːli/ ; RAH-lee ) is the capital of the state of North Carolina and the seat of Wake County in the United States . Raleigh is the second-largest city in the state , after Charlotte . Raleigh is known as the City of Oaks for its many oak trees , which line the streets in the heart of the city . The city covers a land area of 142.8 square miles ( 370 km2 ) . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's population as 469,298 as of July 1 , 2018 . It is one of the fastest-growing cities in the country . The city of Raleigh is named after Sir Walter Raleigh , who established the lost Roanoke Colony in present-day Dare County . Raleigh is home to North Carolina State University ( NCSU ) and is part of Research Triangle Park ( RTP ) , together with Durham ( home of Duke University and North Carolina Central University ) and Chapel Hill ( home of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ) . The Triangle nickname originated after the 1959 creation of the Research Triangle Park , located in Durham and Wake counties , among the three cities and their universities . The Research Triangle region encompasses the U.S. Census Bureau 's Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , which had an estimated population of 2,037,430 in 2013 . The Raleigh metropolitan statistical area had an estimated population of 1,214,516 in 2013 . Most of Raleigh is located within Wake County , with a very small portion extending into Durham County ."}]}, {'value': 'Cary Transit ( C-Tran )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C-TRAN_(North_Carolina)', 'summary': 'GoCary is the public transportation provider in Cary , a community in the Research Triangle urbanized area in North Carolina . While the city of Raleigh provides service to most of the county via GoRaleigh , Cary opted to retain its own town-owned system . Raleigh , Durham , Chapel Hill , Cary , and Wake Forest , the five cities that constitute the region , are connected by Triangle Transit . Fixed-route service operates Monday through Saturday from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m. As part of the GoTransit branding initiative for the Triangle , GoCary changed its name from Cary Transit or C-Tran on October 1 , 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wake County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wake_County', 'summary': "Wake County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina . As of July 1 , 2018 [ update ] , the population was 1,092,305 , making it North Carolina 's second-most populous county . From July 2005 to July 2006 , Wake County was the 9th fastest-growing county in the United States , with the town of Cary and the city of Raleigh being the 8th and 15th fastest-growing cities , respectively . Its county seat is Raleigh , which is also the state capital . Eleven other municipalities are in Wake County , the largest of which is Cary , the third largest city of the Research Triangle region and the seventh largest municipality in North Carolina . It is governed by the Wake County Board of Commissioners , coterminous with the Wake County Public School System school district , with law enforcement provided by the Wake County Sheriff 's Department . It is also part of the wider Triangle J Council of Governments which governs regional planning ."}]}, {'value': 'Cary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cary,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Cary /ˈkæri/ is the seventh-largest municipality in North Carolina . Cary is predominantly in Wake County , with a small area in Chatham County in the U.S. state of North Carolina and is the county 's second-largest municipality , as well as the third-largest municipality in The Triangle of North Carolina after Raleigh and Durham . The town 's population was 135,234 as of the 2010 census ( an increase of 43.1% since 2000 ) , making it the largest town and seventh-largest municipality statewide . As of April 2018 [ update ] , the town 's estimated population was 162,025 , though Cary is still classified a town because that is how it was incorporated with the state . Cary is the second most populous incorporated town ( behind only Gilbert , Arizona ) in the United States . According to the US Census Bureau , Cary was the fifth fastest-growing municipality in the United States between September 1 , 2006 , and September 1 , 2007 . In 2015 Cary had a crime rate of 84 violent crimes per 100,000 residents . Charlotte , the largest city in North Carolina , had a violent crime rate of 648 violent crimes per 100,000 residents , almost eight times higher than Cary . Raleigh , Durham , and Chapel Hill make up the three primary metropolitan areas of the Research Triangle metropolitan region . The regional nickname of The Triangle originated after the 1959 creation of the Research Triangle Park , primarily located in Durham County , four miles from downtown Durham . RTP is bordered on three sides by the city of Durham and is roughly midway between the cities of Raleigh and Chapel Hill , and the three major research universities of NC State University , Duke University , and University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill . Effective June 6 , 2003 , the U.S. Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) redefined the Federal statistical areas ."}]}, {'value': 'Chapel Hill Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chapel_Hill_Transit', 'summary': 'Chapel Hill Transit operates public bus and van transportation services within the contiguous municipalities of Chapel Hill and Carrboro and the campus of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the southeast corner of Orange County in the Research Triangle metropolitan region of North Carolina . Chapel Hill Transit operates its fixed route system fare free due to a contractual agreement with the two towns and the university to share annual operating and capital costs .'}]}, {'value': 'Chapel Hill and Carrboro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Chapel Hill is a town in Orange , Chatham , and Durham counties in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Its population was 57,233 in the 2010 census , making Chapel Hill the 15th-largest city in the state . Chapel Hill , Durham , and the state capital , Raleigh , make up the corners of the Research Triangle ( officially the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill combined statistical area ) , with a total population of 1,998,808 . The town was founded in 1793 and is centered on Franklin Street , covering 21.3 square miles ( 55 km2 ) . It contains several districts and buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and UNC Health Care are a major part of the economy and town influence . Local artists have created many murals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Carrboro,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Carrboro is a town in Orange County in the U.S. state of North Carolina . The population was 19,582 at the 2010 census . The town , which is part of the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill combined statistical area , was named after North Carolina industrialist Julian Shakespeare Carr ( who never lived in Carrboro ) . Located directly west of Chapel Hill , home of the University of North Carolina 's flagship campus , Carrboro has a reputation as one of the most left-wing communities in the Southeastern United States . It was the first municipality in North Carolina to elect an openly gay mayor , Mike Nelson , in 1995 and the first municipality in the state to grant domestic-partner benefits to same-sex couples . In October 2002 , Carrboro was among the first municipalities in the South to adopt resolutions opposing the Iraq War and the USA PATRIOT Act ."}]}, {'value': 'Chapel Hill', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlotte Area Transit System ( CATS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_Area_Transit_System', 'summary': 'The Charlotte Area Transit System , commonly referred to as CATS , is the public transit system in Charlotte , North Carolina , United States . It operates bus and rail service around the Charlotte metropolitan area . This includes a bus rapid transit line called the Sprinter , a light rail line called the LYNX Blue Line , and a streetcar line called CityLYNX Gold Line . John M. Lewis , Jr. was selected as the new CEO of CATS in July 2015 and started the job in mid-August 2015 . Lewis replaced Carolyn Flowers , who had served in the role since 2010 and resigned to take a position at the Federal Transit Administration .'}]}, {'value': 'Mecklenburg County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mecklenburg_County,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Mecklenburg County is a county located in the southwestern region of the state of North Carolina , in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 919,618 . It increased to 1,093,901 as of the 2018 estimate , making it the most populous county in North Carolina and the first county in the Carolinas to surpass 1 million in population . Its county seat and largest city is Charlotte . Mecklenburg County is included in the Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia , NC-SC Metropolitan Statistical Area . On September 12 , 2013 , the county welcomed its one millionth resident . Like its seat , the county is named after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz , Queen of the United Kingdom , whose name is derived from the region of Mecklenburg in Germany , itself deriving its name from Mecklenburg Castle ( Mecklenburg meaning large castle in Low German ) in the village of Dorf Mecklenburg .'}]}, {'value': 'Charlotte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Charlotte ( /ˈʃɑːrlət/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Located in the Piedmont , it is the county seat of Mecklenburg County . In 2018 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population was 872,498 , making it the 16th-most populous city in the United States . The city is the cultural , economic , and transportation center of the Charlotte metropolitan area , whose population ranks 23rd in the U.S. , and had a population of 2,569,213 , in 2018 . The Charlotte metropolitan area is part of a sixteen-county market region or combined statistical area with a 2018 census-estimated population of 2,728,933 . Between 2004 and 2014 , Charlotte was ranked as the country 's fastest-growing metro area , with 888,000 new residents . Based on U.S. Census data from 2005 to 2015 , Charlotte tops the U.S. in millennial population growth . It is the second-largest city in the southeastern United States , just behind Jacksonville , Florida . It is the third-fastest-growing major city in the United States . It is listed as a gamma global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Residents are referred to as Charlotteans . Charlotte is home to the corporate headquarters of Bank of America , Truist Financial , and the east coast operations of Wells Fargo , which along with other financial institutions has made it the second-largest banking center in the United States since 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chatham Transit Network', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chatham County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chatham_County,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Chatham County ( locally /ˈtʃætəm/ CHAT-əm ) is a county located in the Piedmont area of the U.S. state of North Carolina . As of the 2010 census , the population was 63,505 . Its county seat is Pittsboro . Chatham County is part of the Durham-Chapel Hill , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area , which has a population of 1,998,808 as of U.S. Census 2012 Population Estimates .'}]}, {'value': 'Siler City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Siler_City,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Siler City is a town in western Chatham County , North Carolina , United States . As of the 2010 census , the town 's population was 7,887 . The population of the small town has increased by 75% from 1990 to 2018 . The population was estimated to be 8,205 in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Cleveland County Transit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland_County,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Cleveland County is a county located in the foothills of the Blueridge Mountains and the western Piedmont , and on the southern border of the U.S. state of North Carolina . As of the 2010 census , the population was 98,078 . Its county seat is Shelby . Cleveland County comprises the Shelby , NC Micropolitan Statistical Area . This is included in the Charlotte-Concord , NC-SC Combined Statistical Area . In the late 19th and early 20th century , this was an area of textile mills .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Craven Area Rural Transit System ( CARTS )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Craven County', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Bern , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Bern,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'New Bern is a city in Craven County , North Carolina , United States . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 29,524 , which had risen to an estimated 30,113 as of 2020 . It is the county seat of Craven County and the principal city of the New Bern Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is located at the confluence of the Neuse and the Trent rivers , near the North Carolina coast . It lies 112 miles ( 180 km ) east of Raleigh , 80 miles northeast of Wilmington , and 162 miles ( 261 km ) south of Norfolk . New Bern is the birthplace of Pepsi . New Bern was settled in 1710 by Bernese and Palatine immigrants under the auspices of Christoph von Graffenried , 1st Baron of Bernberg . The new colonists named their settlement after Bern , Switzerland , home state of their patron . The English connection with Switzerland had been established by some Marian exiles who sought refuge in Protestant parts of Switzerland . There were also marriages between the Royal House of Stuart and notable people in the history of Calvinism . The colonists later discovered they had started their settlement on the site of a former Tuscarora village named Chattoka . This caused conflicts with the Tuscaroras who were in the area .'}]}, {'value': 'Duke Buses', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Durham County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Durham_County,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Durham County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina . As of the 2010 census , the population was 267,587 , making it the sixth-most populous county in North Carolina . Its county seat is Durham . Durham County is the core of the Durham-Chapel Hill , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Raleigh-Durham-Cary , NC Combined Statistical Area , which had a population of 1,749,525 in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Durham , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Durham ( /ˈdʌrəm/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Durham County in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Small portions of the city limits extend into Orange County and Wake County . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's population to be 274,291 as of July 1 , 2018 , making it the 4th-most populous city in North Carolina , and the 79th-most populous city in the United States . The city is located in the east-central part of the Piedmont region along the Eno River . Durham is the core of the four-county Durham-Chapel Hill Metropolitan Area , which has a population of 542,710 as of U.S. Census 2014 Population Estimates . The US Office of Management and Budget also includes Durham as a part of the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area , commonly known as the Research Triangle , which has a population of 2,037,430 as of U.S. Census 2014 Population Estimates . A railway depot was established on land donated by Bartlett S. Durham in 1849 , the namesake of the city . Following the American Civil War , the community of Durham Station expanded rapidly , in part due to the tobacco industry . The town was incorporated by act of the North Carolina General Assembly , on April 1869 . The establishment of Durham County was ratified by the General Assembly 12 years later , in 1881 . It became known as the founding place and headquarters of the American Tobacco Company . Textile and electric power industries also played an important role ."}]}, {'value': 'Durham Area Transit Authority ( DATA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Durham_Area_Transit_Authority', 'summary': 'GoDurham , formerly Durham Area Transit Authority ( DATA ) , is the public transit system serving Durham , North Carolina . It was rebranded under the consolidated GoTransit branding scheme for the Research Triangle region .'}]}, {'value': 'Durham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Durham ( /ˈdʌrəm/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Durham County in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Small portions of the city limits extend into Orange County and Wake County . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's population to be 274,291 as of July 1 , 2018 , making it the 4th-most populous city in North Carolina , and the 79th-most populous city in the United States . The city is located in the east-central part of the Piedmont region along the Eno River . Durham is the core of the four-county Durham-Chapel Hill Metropolitan Area , which has a population of 542,710 as of U.S. Census 2014 Population Estimates . The US Office of Management and Budget also includes Durham as a part of the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area , commonly known as the Research Triangle , which has a population of 2,037,430 as of U.S. Census 2014 Population Estimates . A railway depot was established on land donated by Bartlett S. Durham in 1849 , the namesake of the city . Following the American Civil War , the community of Durham Station expanded rapidly , in part due to the tobacco industry . The town was incorporated by act of the North Carolina General Assembly , on April 1869 . The establishment of Durham County was ratified by the General Assembly 12 years later , in 1881 . It became known as the founding place and headquarters of the American Tobacco Company . Textile and electric power industries also played an important role ."}]}, {'value': 'Durham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fayetteville Area System of Transit ( FAST )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fayetteville_Area_System_of_Transit', 'summary': 'Fayetteville Area System of Transit ( FAST ) was created in 1976 , when the City of Fayetteville assumed operations from a private transportation system operated by the Cape Fear Transit Bus Company , which provided services to the current service area and Little Rockfish in Hope Mills . The hours of operation were seven days a week , from 5:30 a.m. to midnight . It had a fleet size of 29 buses and 20 bus operators . Today , the services provided are more efficient and use resources with financial integrity and improved congestion management . The City of Fayetteville expanded its services for the public and opportunities for its employees . FAST is a critical link to jobs , economic development and quality of life in Fayetteville . Its mission commits it to providing safe and affordable transportation services to 5,000 daily passengers , with 18 daily routes operated from 5:30 a.m. to 10:30 p.m. , Monday through Friday , and from 7:30 a.m. to 10:30 p.m. on Saturday . In fiscal year 2014 , FAST carried just under 1.6 million passenger trips .'}]}, {'value': 'Cumberland County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cumberland_County,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Cumberland County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina . As of the 2010 census , the population was 319,431 , making it the fifth-most populous county in North Carolina . Its county seat is Fayetteville . Cumberland County is part of the Fayetteville , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Fayetteville and Spring Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Fayetteville ( /ˈfeɪətˌvɪl/ ) is a city in Cumberland County , North Carolina , United States . It is the county seat of Cumberland County , and is best known as the home of Fort Bragg , a major U.S. Army installation northwest of the city . Fayetteville has received the All-America City Award from the National Civic League three times . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 200,564 , with an estimated population of 209,468 in 2018 . It is the 6th-largest city in North Carolina . Fayetteville is in the Sandhills in the western part of the Coastal Plain region , on the Cape Fear River . With an estimated population in 2013 of 210,533 people , the Fayetteville metropolitan area is the largest in southeastern North Carolina , and the fifth-largest in the state . Suburban areas of metro Fayetteville include Fort Bragg , Hope Mills , Spring Lake , Raeford , Pope Field , Rockfish , Stedman , and Eastover . Fayetteville 's mayor is Mitch Colvin , who is serving his first term ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Spring_Lake,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Spring Lake is a town in Cumberland County , North Carolina , United States . The 2010 census recorded the population at 11,964 people , with an estimated population in 2018 of 12,005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gastonia Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gastonia_Transit', 'summary': 'The Gastonia Transit System , or GT , is the public transit system in Gastonia , North Carolina , U.S . It operates bus service around the Inner City area of Gastonia .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaston County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaston_County,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Gaston County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina . As of the 2010 census , the population was 206,086 . The county seat is Gastonia . Dallas served as the original county seat from 1846 until 1911 . Gaston County is included in the Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia , NC-SC Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is the fourth largest county in the metropolitan area , behind Mecklenburg County , York County and Union County as of the 2018 US Census estimates . It is located in the southern Piedmont region . Of North Carolina 's 100 counties , Gaston County ranks 74th in size , consisting of approximately 364.5 square miles ( 944 km2 ) , and is tenth in population [ circular reference ] . The county has fifteen incorporated towns . In addition to fifteen incorporated towns and cities , there are several unincorporated communities such as Hardin , Lucia , Crowders Mountain , Sunnyside , Alexis , Tryon , and North Belmont ."}]}, {'value': 'Gastonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gastonia,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Gastonia is the largest city in and county seat of Gaston County , North Carolina , United States . It is also the second largest satellite city of the Charlotte area , behind Concord . The population was 71,741 at the 2010 Census . In 2018 , the population had increased to 77,024 . Gastonia is the 13th largest city in North Carolina . It is part of the Charlotte metropolitan area , officially designated the Charlotte Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) . Gastonia has experienced steady growth , with a population increase between 2000 and 2010 of nearly 8.2% , according to the U.S. Census Bureau .'}]}, {'value': 'GATEWAY', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wayne County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayne_County,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Wayne County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina . As of the 2010 Census , the population was 122,623 . Its county seat is Goldsboro and it is home to Seymour Johnson Air Force Base . Wayne County comprises the Goldsboro , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Goldsboro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goldsboro,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Goldsboro is a city in Wayne County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 36,437 at the 2010 Census . It is the principal city of and is included in the Goldsboro , North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area . The nearby town of Waynesboro was founded in 1787 , and Goldsboro was incorporated in 1847 . It is the county seat of Wayne County . The city is situated in North Carolina 's Coastal Plain and is bordered on the south by the Neuse River and the west by the Little River , about 40 miles ( 64 km ) southwest of Greenville , 50 miles ( 80 km ) southeast of Raleigh , the state capital , and 75 miles ( 121 km ) north of Wilmington in Southeastern North Carolina . Goldsboro is best known as home to Seymour Johnson Air Force Base ."}]}, {'value': 'GTA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greensboro_Transit_Authority', 'summary': 'Greensboro Transit Agency is the operator of public transportation in the Greensboro , North Carolina area . It complements three other local and one regional bus service in the Piedmont Triad . Fifteen routes travel almost solely within the city limits . In 1991 , the Greensboro Transit Agency assumed operation of a private bus system run by Duke Energy ( known at the time as Duke Power ) . The Greensboro Transit Agency consists of nine board members , each appointed for a two-year term by members of Greensboro City Council . GTA collaborated with seven local colleges and universities in 2006 to create Higher Education Area Transit ( HEAT ) , with nine routes serving the higher learning institutions and select destinations throughout the city . GTA also operates Specialized Community Area Transportation ( SCAT ) a door-to-door and curb-to-curb transportation service for passengers with a disability that makes riding fixed routes difficult . In early 2011 , GTA added a number of diesel-electric hybrid buses to their fleet . There are currently 45 fixed-route buses in the GTA fleet , consisting of New Flyer , Gillig , and Chevrolet makes . There are 10 buses for HEAT , all Chevrolet makes . SCAT has almost 50 paratransit vans . GTA also has ten battery-electric rechargeable buses manufactured by Proterra , Inc .'}]}, {'value': 'Guilford County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guilford_County,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Guilford County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina . As of the 2010 census , the population was 488,406 , making it the third-most populous county in North Carolina . Its seat is Greensboro . Since 1938 , an additional county court has been located in High Point , North Carolina . The county was formed in 1771 . Guilford County is included in the Greensboro-High Point , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point , NC Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Greensboro , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Greensboro ( /ˈɡriːnzbʌroʊ/ ( listen ) ; formerly Greensborough ) is a city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . It is the 3rd-most populous city in North Carolina , the 68th-most populous city in the United States , and the county seat and largest city in Guilford County and the surrounding Piedmont Triad metropolitan region . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 269,666 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 294,722 . Three major interstate highways ( Interstate 40 , Interstate 85 , and Interstate 73 ) in the Piedmont region of central North Carolina were built to intersect at this city . In 1808 , Greensborough ( the spelling before 1895 ) was planned around a central courthouse square to succeed Guilford Court House as the county seat . The county courts were thus placed closer to the geographical center of the county , a location more easily reached at the time by the majority of the county 's citizens , who depended on horse and foot for travel . In 2003 , the previous Greensboro - Winston-Salem - High Point metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was re-defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget . This region was separated into the Greensboro-High Point MSA and the Winston-Salem MSA . The 2010 population for the Greensboro-High Point MSA was 723,801 . The combined statistical area ( CSA ) of Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point , popularly referred to as the Piedmont Triad , had a population of 1,599,477 . Among Greensboro 's many notable attractions , some of the most popular include the Wet ' n Wild Emerald Pointe water park , the Greensboro Science Center , the International Civil Rights Museum , the Weatherspoon Art Museum , the Greensboro Symphony , the Greensboro Ballet , Triad Stage , the Wyndham Golf Championship , the headquarters of the Atlantic Coast Conference , the Greensboro Coliseum Complex which hosts various sporting events , concerts , and other events , the Greensboro Grasshoppers of the South Atlantic Baseball League , the Carolina Dynamo of the Premier Development Soccer League , the Greensboro Swarm of the NBA G League , the Greensboro Roller Derby , and the National Folk Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Greenway Public Transportation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander , Burke , Caldwell and Catawba counties', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_County,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Alexander County is a county established in the U.S. state of North Carolina in 1847 . As of the 2010 census , the population was 37,198 . Its county seat is Taylorsville . Alexander County is part of the Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Burke_County,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Burke County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina . As of the 2010 census , the population was 90,912 . Its county seat is Morganton . Burke County is part of the Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area . The first European settlement in the interior of North Carolina ( and what would become the United States ) was made by a Spanish expedition in 1567 , when they built Fort San Juan at the large Mississippian culture Native American chiefdom of Joara . Present-day Morganton later developed at this site . The Spanish renamed the settlement Cuenca . The following year the Indians killed nearly all the Spanish garrisoned at this and five other interior forts , and burned Fort San Juan . It was two centuries before Europeans tried to settle again this far west in the colony .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Caldwell_County,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Caldwell County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina , in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains . As at the 2010 census , the population was 83,029 . Its county seat is Lenoir . Caldwell County is part of the Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Catawba_County,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Catawba County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina . As of the 2010 census , the population was 154,810 . Its county seat is Newton , and its largest city is Hickory . The county is part of the Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area . Catawba County is part of the North Carolina Data Center Corridor in western North Carolina . Maiden is home to the Apple iCloud data center and the largest privately owned solar farm in the United States ( operated by Apple ) . As of 2017 , the Catawba County Economic Development Corporation controls a 55-acre business park in Conover designed for data centers and office use . CommScope and Corning , manufacturers of fiber optic cabling , became the regions largest employers in the late 1990s . Hickory is home to Lenoir-Rhyne University , the Hickory Motor Speedway , and the minor league baseball team the Hickory Crawdads . Conover is home to the Greater Hickory Classic at Rock Barn .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hi tran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hi_tran', 'summary': 'Hi tran is the operator of public transportation in the High Point , North Carolina area . It complements three other local and one regional bus service in the Piedmont Triad . Twelve routes travel almost solely within the city limits .'}]}, {'value': 'Guilford County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guilford_County,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Guilford County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina . As of the 2010 census , the population was 488,406 , making it the third-most populous county in North Carolina . Its seat is Greensboro . Since 1938 , an additional county court has been located in High Point , North Carolina . The county was formed in 1771 . Guilford County is included in the Greensboro-High Point , NC Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point , NC Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'High Point', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/High_Point,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "High Point is a city located in the Piedmont Triad region of the U.S. state of North Carolina . Most of the city is located in Guilford County , with portions extending into neighboring Randolph , Davidson , and Forsyth counties . High Point is North Carolina 's only city that extends into four counties . As of the 2010 census the city had a total population of 104,371 , with an estimated population of 112,316 in 2018 . High Point is currently the ninth-largest municipality in North Carolina , and the 259th largest city in America . Major industries in High Point include furniture , textiles , and bus manufacturing . The city 's official slogan is North Carolina 's International City due to the semi-annual High Point Furniture Market that attracts 100,000 exhibitors and buyers from around the world . It is home to High Point University , a private Methodist-affiliated institution founded in 1924 ."}]}, {'value': 'Iredell County Area Transportation System ( ICATS )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iredell County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iredell_County,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Iredell County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina . According to US Census projections in 2018 , the population was 178,435 . Its county seat is Statesville , and its largest town is Mooresville . The county was formed in 1788 , annexed from Rowan County . It is named for James Iredell , one of the first justices of the Supreme Court of the United States . Iredell County is included in the Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia , NC-SC Metropolitan Statistical Area , as defined in 2013 by the Office of Management and Budget with data from the U.S. Census Bureau .'}]}, {'value': 'Statesville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Statesville,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Statesville is a city in Iredell County , North Carolina , United States . Statesville was established in 1789 by an act of the North Carolina Legislature . The population was 95 in 1800 , 24,532 at the 2010 census , and was estimated at 27,042 in 2018 . It is the county seat of Iredell County and is part of the Charlotte metropolitan area .'}]}], 'section_title': 'North Carolina', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States_33', 'intro': 'The following is a list of presently-operating bus transit systems in the United States with regular service. The list excludes charter buses, private bus operators, paratransit systems, and trolleybus systems. Figures for daily ridership, number of vehicles, and daily vehicle revenue miles are accurate as of 2009 and come from the FTA National Transit Database.'}	null	null	What is the locale for the 12th-most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina ?	Buncombe County
079c617e00ba2d07	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/129th_Ohio_General_Assembly', 'title': '129th Ohio General Assembly', 'header': ['District', 'Senator', 'Party', 'Residence', 'First elected', 'Term Limited'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_1st_senatorial_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 1st senatorial district has historically represented areas located in northwestern Ohio . A multi-county district , it currently comprises the counties Hancock , Hardin , Putnam , Henry , Williams , Defiance , Paulding , and Van Wert and portions of the counties Fulton , Logan , and Auglaize . It encompasses Ohio House districts 81 , 82 and 83 . It has a Cook PVI of R+11 . Until his resignation , the current Ohio Senator was Republican Cliff Hite . He resides in Findlay , a city located in Hancock County ."}]}, {'value': 'Cliff Hite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cliff_Hite', 'summary': 'Cliff Hite ( born September 4 , 1954 ) is a Republican politician who formerly represented the 1st district of the Ohio Senate from 2011 to 2017 . Before serving in the senate , he represented the Ohio House of Representatives from 2007 to 2011 . He was the Chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee before resigning on October 17 , 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Findlay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Findlay,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Findlay is a city in and the county seat of Hancock County , Ohio , United States . The city metro area is often referred as The Greater Findlay Area . The second-largest city in Northwest Ohio , Findlay lies about 40 miles ( 64 km ) south of Toledo . The population was 41,202 at the 2010 census . It is home to the University of Findlay . Findlay is one of two cities in Hancock County , along with Fostoria .'}]}, {'value': '2011 ( Appt . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_2nd_senatorial_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 2nd senatorial district has historically represented areas located in northwestern Ohio . It now stretches along the Great Lakes . A multi-county district , it currently comprises the counties of Erie , Ottawa and Wood , as well as , portions of the counties of Fulton and Lucas . It encompasses Ohio House of Representatives districts 3 , 47 and 89 . It has a Cook PVI of R+1 . The seat has been held by Theresa Gavarone following her appointment in February 2019 . The district was represented by the Ohio Senate President from 1981 to 1982 and from 1985 to 1988 by Senator Paul Gillmor ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark Wagoner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Wagoner', 'summary': 'Mark D. Wagoner , Jr. ( born September 18 , 1971 ) is an American politician and former Republican member of the Ohio Senate and Ohio House of Representatives .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toledo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Toledo ( /təˈliːdoʊ/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Lucas County , Ohio , United States . Toledo is in northwest Ohio , at the western end of Lake Erie bordering the state of Michigan . The city was founded in 1833 on the west bank of the Maumee River , and originally incorporated as part of Monroe County , Michigan Territory . It was re-founded in 1837 , after conclusion of the Toledo War , when it was incorporated in Ohio . After the 1845 completion of the Miami and Erie Canal , Toledo grew quickly ; it also benefited from its position on the railway line between New York City and Chicago . The first of many glass manufacturers arrived in the 1880s , eventually earning Toledo its nickname : The Glass City . It has since become a city with an art community , auto assembly businesses , education , healthcare , and local sports teams . The population of Toledo as of the 2010 Census [ update ] was 287,128 making it the 71st-largest city in the United States . It is the fourth-most-populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio , after Columbus , Cleveland , and Cincinnati . The Toledo metropolitan area had a 2010 population of 608,145 , and was the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the state of Ohio , behind Cleveland , Columbus , Cincinnati , Dayton , and Akron .'}]}, {'value': '2008 ( Appt . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_3rd_senatorial_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 3rd senatorial district has historically spanned vast portions of central Ohio from the Miami Valley to the Scioto Valley , but currently encompasses approximately a third of Franklin County . It encompasses Ohio House districts 17 , 19 and 20 . It has a Cook PVI of EVEN . The district was represented by Ted Gray from 1951 to 1994 , the longest tenure of any member of the Ohio Senate . Its current Senator is Democratic Tina Maharath . She resides in Canal Winchester , a city located in Franklin and Fairfield counties ."}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Bacon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Bacon_(politician)', 'summary': 'Kevin Bacon ( born November 27 , 1971 ) is a former state senator for the 3rd District of the Ohio Senate , who served from 2011 to 2018 . Formerly , he served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 2007 to 2010 , and as a Blendon Township Trustee . Bacon represents the portions of Franklin County including Westerville , New Albany , Gahanna , Whitehall , Reynoldsburg , Canal Winchester , Obetz , Valley View , Marble Cliff and portions of Columbus . An attorney , Bacon also served as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Civil Justice . He is a Republican .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Worthington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worthington,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Worthington is a city in Franklin County , Ohio , United States , and is a northern suburb of the larger Columbus . The population was 13,575 at the 2010 census . The city was founded in 1803 by the Scioto Company led by James Kilbourne , who was later elected to the United States House of Representatives , and named in honor of Thomas Worthington , who later became governor of Ohio .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_4th_senatorial_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 4th senatorial district has been based in southwestern Ohio and now consists of almost all of Butler County . It encompasses Ohio House of Representatives districts 51 , 52 and 53 . It has a Cook PVI of R+13 . Its current Ohio Senator is Republican Bill Coley . He resides in Middletown , a city located in Butler and Warren counties ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Coley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Coley', 'summary': 'Bill Coley ( born August 5 , 1960 ) is a Republican member of the Ohio Senate , representing the 4th District since 2011 . Formerly , he was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives from 2005 to 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middletown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middletown,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Middletown is a city located in Butler and Warren counties in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Ohio , about 29 miles ( 47 km ) northeast of Cincinnati . Formerly in Lemon , Turtlecreek , and Franklin townships , Middletown was incorporated by the Ohio General Assembly on February 11 , 1833 , and became a city in 1886 . The population of Middletown as of the 2010 census was 48,694 . It is a major city in the Cincinnati-Middletown , OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau . The city was the home of AK Steel Holding Corporation ( formerly Armco ) , a major steel works founded in 1900 . Although offices were moved to nearby West Chester Township in 2007 , the AK Steel factory is still in Middletown . Middletown is also home to Hook Field Municipal Airport ( airport code MWO ) , which was formerly served by commercial airlines but is currently only for general aviation . A regional campus of Miami University is located in Middletown . In 1957 , Middletown was designated as an All-America City .'}]}, {'value': '2011 ( Appt . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_5th_senatorial_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 5th senatorial district centers on Dayton and currently consists of the counties of Miami and Preble along with portions of the counties of Darke and Montgomery . It encompasses Ohio House districts 39 , 43 and 80 . It has a Cook PVI of D+6 . Its current Ohio Senator is Republican Bill Beagle . He resides in Tipp City located in Miami County ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Beagle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Beagle', 'summary': 'Bill Beagle ( born December 6 , 1964 ) is the former state senator for the 5th District of the Ohio Senate , serving from 2011 to 2018 . For part of his tenure , Beagle served as the Chairman for the Senate Workforce and Economic Development Committee . He is a Republican .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tipp City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tipp_City,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Tipp City is a city in Miami County , Ohio , United States just outside Dayton . The population was 9,689 at the 2010 census . Formerly known as Tippecanoe , and then Tippecanoe City , this town was renamed to Tipp City in 1938 because another town in Ohio was likewise named Tippecanoe . The city lies in the Miami Valley and sits along Interstate 75 near the Interstate 70 interchange . Tipp City is part of the Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_6th_senatorial_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 6th senatorial district has always been based in Dayton , Ohio . It consists of about two-thirds of Montgomery County . It encompasses Ohio House districts 40 , 41 and 42 . It has a Cook PVI of R+9 . Its current Ohio Senator is Republican Peggy Lehner . She resides in Kettering , a city located in Greene and Montgomery counties ."}]}, {'value': 'Peggy Lehner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peggy_Lehner', 'summary': 'Marguerite B. Lehner ( born August 5 , 1950 ) is the state senator for the 6th District of the Ohio Senate . Formerly she served in the Ohio House of Representatives and on the Kettering City Council . Her district is located entirely in Montgomery County , and includes Vandalia , Riverside , Kettering , Centerville , Miamisburg and Germantown . Lehner is a Republican .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kettering', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kettering,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Kettering is a city in Montgomery and Greene counties in the U.S. state of Ohio , almost entirely in Montgomery County . It is a suburb of Dayton . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 56,163 , making it the largest suburb in the Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '2011 ( Appt . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_7th_senatorial_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 7th senatorial district has consisted of portions of southwestern Ohio , and currently consists of Warren County and portions of the counties of Butler and Hamilton . It encompasses Ohio House districts 27 , 54 and 62 . It has a Cook PVI of R+15 . The district was represented by the Senate President from 1997 to 2002 with Senator Richard Finan . Its current Ohio Senator is Republican Steve Wilson . He resides in Maineville , a city located in Warren County , Ohio ."}]}, {'value': 'Shannon Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shannon_Jones', 'summary': 'Shannon Jones ( born May 24 , 1970 ) is a Republican elected official from the state of Ohio . She served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 2007 to 2009 and later served as a member of the Ohio Senate , representing the 7th District from 2009 to 2016 . Jones was the first Republican woman in Ohio to serve in the leadership of the majority party in both chambers . She is currently a Warren County , Ohio Commissioner and serves as the Executive Director of Groundwork Ohio .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Springboro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Springboro,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Springboro is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio . An affluent suburb of Cincinnati and Dayton , it is located mostly in Warren County in Clearcreek and Franklin Townships ; with a small portion in Miami Township in Montgomery County . The city is part of the Miami Valley . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 17,409 . Springboro is located at the geographic center of the Cincinnati-Dayton Metroplex , the 14th largest urban area in the United States . Most of the city is located in Warren County , and is part of the Cincinnati-Middletown Metropolitan Statistical Area . The far northern portion is in Montgomery County , the central county of the Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area . Most of Springboro is served by the Springboro Community School District and its high school , Springboro High School . In 2011 , Springboro was ranked the 42nd best place to live in America by Money magazine , and in 2014 Springboro was ranked the 10th best suburb in America by Business Insider .'}]}, {'value': '2009 ( Appt . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_8th_senatorial_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 8th senatorial district has been based in Cincinnati , Ohio and currently comprises the western portion of Hamilton County . It encompasses Ohio House districts 28 , 29 and 30 . It has a Cook PVI of R+14 . The district was represented by the Senate President from 1989 to 1996 with Senator Stanley Aronoff . Its current Ohio Senator is Republican Louis Terhar . He resides in Cincinnati , a city located in Hamilton County ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Seitz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Seitz', 'summary': 'Bill Seitz ( born October 29 , 1954 ) is the state representative for the 30th District of the Ohio House of Representatives . He is a Republican . The district consists of Cheviot , Delhi Township , Green as well as portions of Cincinnati , in Hamilton County . Formerly , Seitz represented the same seat from 2001 to 2007 . He served in the Ohio Senate from 2007 to 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cincinnati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio', 'summary': "Cincinnati ( /ˌsɪnsɪˈnæti/ SIN-sih-NAT-ee ) is a major city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and is the government seat of Hamilton County . Settled in 1788 , the city is located at the northern side of the confluence of the Licking and Ohio rivers , the latter of which marks the state line with Kentucky . The city is the economic and cultural hub of the Cincinnati metropolitan area , the fastest growing economic power in the Midwestern United States based on increase of economic output , which had a population of 2,190,209 as of the 2018 census estimates . This makes it Ohio 's largest metropolitan area and the nation 's 29th-largest . With a city population estimated at 302,605 , Cincinnati is the third-largest city in Ohio and 65th in the United States . Cincinnati is also within a day 's drive of 49.70% of the United States populace , the most of any city in the United States . In the 19th century , Cincinnati was an American boomtown in the middle of the country . Throughout much of the 19th century , it was listed among the top 10 U.S. cities by population , surpassed only by New Orleans and the older , established settlements of the United States eastern seaboard , as well as being the sixth-biggest city for a period spanning 1840 until 1860 . Cincinnati was the first city founded after the American Revolution , as well as the first major inland city in the country . Cincinnati developed with fewer immigrants and less influence from Europe than East Coast cities in the same period . However , it received a significant number of German-speaking immigrants , who founded many of the city 's cultural institutions . By the end of the 19th century , with the shift from steamboats to railroads drawing off freight shipping , trade patterns had altered and Cincinnati 's growth slowed considerably ."}]}, {'value': '2007 ( Appt . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_9th_senatorial_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 9th senatorial district has historically been a minority majority district based in urban Cincinnati . Currently it comprises central Hamilton County . It encompasses Ohio House districts 31 , 32 and 33 . It has a Cook PVI of D+18 . Its current Ohio Senator is Democrat Cecil Thomas . He resides in Cincinnati , a city located in Hamilton county ."}]}, {'value': 'Eric Kearney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Kearney', 'summary': 'Eric H. Kearney ( born 1963 ) is an American Democratic politician who served as the state senator for the 9th District in the Ohio Senate .'}]}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cincinnati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio', 'summary': "Cincinnati ( /ˌsɪnsɪˈnæti/ SIN-sih-NAT-ee ) is a major city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and is the government seat of Hamilton County . Settled in 1788 , the city is located at the northern side of the confluence of the Licking and Ohio rivers , the latter of which marks the state line with Kentucky . The city is the economic and cultural hub of the Cincinnati metropolitan area , the fastest growing economic power in the Midwestern United States based on increase of economic output , which had a population of 2,190,209 as of the 2018 census estimates . This makes it Ohio 's largest metropolitan area and the nation 's 29th-largest . With a city population estimated at 302,605 , Cincinnati is the third-largest city in Ohio and 65th in the United States . Cincinnati is also within a day 's drive of 49.70% of the United States populace , the most of any city in the United States . In the 19th century , Cincinnati was an American boomtown in the middle of the country . Throughout much of the 19th century , it was listed among the top 10 U.S. cities by population , surpassed only by New Orleans and the older , established settlements of the United States eastern seaboard , as well as being the sixth-biggest city for a period spanning 1840 until 1860 . Cincinnati was the first city founded after the American Revolution , as well as the first major inland city in the country . Cincinnati developed with fewer immigrants and less influence from Europe than East Coast cities in the same period . However , it received a significant number of German-speaking immigrants , who founded many of the city 's cultural institutions . By the end of the 19th century , with the shift from steamboats to railroads drawing off freight shipping , trade patterns had altered and Cincinnati 's growth slowed considerably ."}]}, {'value': '2005 ( Appt . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_10th_senatorial_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 10th senatorial district has been based in south-central Ohio . It comprises the counties of Clark , Greene and Madison . It encompasses Ohio House districts 73 , 74 and 79 . It has a Cook PVI of R+7 . Its current Ohio Senator is Republican Bob Hackett . He resides in Springfield , a city located in Clark County ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Widener', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Widener', 'summary': 'Christopher Widener ( born August 22 , 1963 ) was the President pro Tempore of the Ohio Senate , and represented the 10th Senate District , which includes Madison , Clark and Greene counties . Before the Senate , he served three terms non-consecutively in the Ohio House of Representatives . He is a Republican .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Springfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Springfield,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Springfield is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Clark County . The municipality is located in southwestern Ohio and is situated on the Mad River , Buck Creek , and Beaver Creek , approximately 45 miles ( 72 km ) west of Columbus and 25 miles ( 40 km ) northeast of Dayton . Springfield is home to Wittenberg University , a liberal arts college . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 60,608 , The Springfield Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 138,333 residents . and the Dayton-Springfield-Greenville , OH Combined Statistical Area had 1,072,891 residents . The Little Miami Scenic Trail , a paved rail-trail that is nearly 80 miles long , extends from the Buck Creek Scenic Trail head in Springfield south to Newtown , Ohio ( near Cincinnati ) . It has become popular with hikers and cyclists . In 1983 , Newsweek magazine featured Springfield in its 50th-anniversary issue , entitled , The American Dream . It chronicled the effects of changes of the previous 50 years on five local families . In 2004 , Springfield was chosen as an All-America City . In the 2010s , Springfield ranked low among cities in the state and nation for indicators such as health , happiness , and well-being .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_11th_senatorial_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 11th senatorial district has been based in greater Toledo , Ohio and currently consists of about three-fourths of Lucas County . It encompasses Ohio House districts 44 , 45 and 46 . It has a Cook PVI of D+18 . Its current Ohio Senator is Democrat Teresa Fedor . She resides in Toledo , a city located in Lucas County ."}]}, {'value': 'Edna Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edna_Brown', 'summary': 'Edna Brown ( born April 7 , 1940 ) is a former Democratic member and Minority Whip of the Ohio Senate , serving the 11th District from 2011 to 2018 . Formerly , she served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 2001 to 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toledo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Toledo ( /təˈliːdoʊ/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Lucas County , Ohio , United States . Toledo is in northwest Ohio , at the western end of Lake Erie bordering the state of Michigan . The city was founded in 1833 on the west bank of the Maumee River , and originally incorporated as part of Monroe County , Michigan Territory . It was re-founded in 1837 , after conclusion of the Toledo War , when it was incorporated in Ohio . After the 1845 completion of the Miami and Erie Canal , Toledo grew quickly ; it also benefited from its position on the railway line between New York City and Chicago . The first of many glass manufacturers arrived in the 1880s , eventually earning Toledo its nickname : The Glass City . It has since become a city with an art community , auto assembly businesses , education , healthcare , and local sports teams . The population of Toledo as of the 2010 Census [ update ] was 287,128 making it the 71st-largest city in the United States . It is the fourth-most-populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio , after Columbus , Cleveland , and Cincinnati . The Toledo metropolitan area had a 2010 population of 608,145 , and was the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the state of Ohio , behind Cleveland , Columbus , Cincinnati , Dayton , and Akron .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_12th_senatorial_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 12th senatorial district has been based in rural western Ohio . It comprises the counties of Allen , Mercer , Shelby , Champaign as well as portions of Auglaize , Darke and Logan counties . It encompasses Ohio House districts 4 , 84 and 85 . It has a Cook PVI of R+14 . Its Ohio Senator is Republican Matt Huffman . He resides in Lima , a city located in Allen County . Former senator Keith Faber served as Senate President from 2013 to 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Keith Faber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keith_Faber', 'summary': "Keith Faber ( born January 19 , 1966 ) currently serves as Ohio 's Auditor of State . He was formerly a member of the Ohio House of Representatives , representing the 84th district , which includes Mercer County as well as portions of Auglaize , Darke and Shelby counties . Faber previously served as 94th President of the Ohio Senate and as the state senator for the 12th District . He also previously served in the Ohio House of Representatives , representing the same district from 2001 to 2007 . He is a Republican . On January 31 , 2017 , Faber announced he would run for State Auditor of Ohio , seeking to succeed incumbent Dave Yost , who is term-limited ."}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Celina,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Celina ( /səˈlaɪnə/ sə-LY-nə ) is a city in and the county seat of Mercer County , Ohio , United States about 58 miles northwest of Dayton . The population was 10,400 at the 2010 census . Celina is situated on the northwestern shores of Grand Lake St. Marys .'}]}, {'value': '2007 ( Appt . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_13th_senatorial_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 13th senatorial district has been based in metropolitan Lorain , Ohio and consists of all of the counties of Huron and Lorain . It encompasses Ohio House districts 55 , 56 and 57 . It has a Cook PVI of D+5 . Its Ohio Senator is Republican Gayle Manning . She resides in North Ridgeville , a city located in Lorain County ."}]}, {'value': 'Gayle Manning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gayle_Manning', 'summary': 'Gayle Manning ( born March 2 , 1950 ) is a member of the Ohio House of Representatives , serving since 2019 . Formerly , she was a member of the Ohio Senate , serving the Thirteenth District from 2011 to 2018 . Manning also taught elementary school students in North Olmsted City Schools for 37 years , winning numerous awards and citations for her accomplishments in education . She was named Educator of the Year by the North Olmsted Council of PTA and received the Teacher in American Enterprise Award from the Ohio Council on Economic Education .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Ridgeville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Ridgeville,_Ohio', 'summary': "North Ridgeville is a city located along the eastern border of Lorain County , Ohio , United States . The city 's population was 29,465 at the 2010 census . A west side suburb of Cleveland , North Ridgeville is the fastest-growing city in the entire Greater Cleveland area . [ citation needed ] Located 8 miles ( 13 km ) from Cleveland Hopkins International Airport , and 18 miles ( 29 km ) west of downtown Cleveland . North Ridgeville is the third-largest city in Lorain County , and the 48th most-populated city in Ohio ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_14th_senatorial_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 14th senatorial district has historically stretched across the Ohio River east of Cincinnati in southern Ohio . Currently it encompasses the counties of Clermont , Brown , Adams , Scioto and portions of Lawrence County . It encompasses Ohio House districts 65 , 66 and 90 . It has a Cook PVI of R+10 . The district is the only to be represented by two different Senate Presidents , Doug White ( 2003-2004 ) and Tom Niehaus ( 2011-2012 ) . Its current Ohio Senator is Republican Joe Uecker . He resides in Loveland , a city located in Hamilton , Clermont , and Warren counties ."}]}, {'value': 'Tom Niehaus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Niehaus', 'summary': 'Tom Niehaus is the former President of the Ohio Senate . He served from 2011 to 2012 . He also was the state senator for the 14th District from 2005 to 2012 . He served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 2001 to 2004 . He currently works as a principal with Vorys Advisors LLC , a wholly owned affiliate of the law firm , Vorys , Sater , Seymour and Pease . In this role , Niehaus provides business and strategic counsel to the law firms clients and other businesses and organizations . Niehaus works in the firms Cincinnati office and also maintains an office in Columbus .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Richmond,_Ohio', 'summary': 'New Richmond , also known as New Richmond on the Ohio , is a village in Ohio and Pierce townships in Clermont County , Ohio , United States , founded in 1814 , along the Ohio River . The population was 2,582 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_15th_senatorial_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 15th senatorial district has always been based in Columbus , Ohio . Currently it comprises central Franklin County . It encompasses Ohio House districts 18 , 25 and 26 . It has a Cook PVI of D+25 . Ohio Governor John Kasich represented the district from 1979 to 1982 . Its current Ohio Senator is Democrat Hearcel Craig . He resides in Columbus , a city located in Franklin , Delaware , and Fairfield counties ."}]}, {'value': 'Charleta Tavares', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charleta_Tavares', 'summary': 'Charleta B.Tavares is a former member of the Ohio Senate . She represented the 15th District from 2011 to 2018 . Her district included much of central Franklin County , including the cities of Bexley and Grandview Heights with the majority encompassing the historic neighborhoods of Columbus , Ohio . Tavares previously had served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 1993 to 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio', 'summary': "Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio . With a population of 892,533 as of 2018 estimates , it is the 14th-most populous city in the United States and one of the fastest growing large cities in the nation . This makes Columbus the second-most populous city in the Midwest ( after Chicago , Illinois ) . It is the core city of the Columbus , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses ten counties . With a population of 2,078,725 , it is Ohio 's second-largest metropolitan area . Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County . The municipality has also annexed portions of adjoining Delaware and Fairfield counties . Named for explorer Christopher Columbus , the city was founded in 1812 , at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers , and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816 . The city has a diverse economy based on education , government , insurance , banking , defense , aviation , food , clothes , logistics , steel , energy , medical research , health care , hospitality , retail , and technology . The metropolitan area is home to the Battelle Memorial Institute , the world 's largest private research and development foundation ; Chemical Abstracts Service , the world 's largest clearinghouse of chemical information ; NetJets , the world 's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet ; and Ohio State University , one of the largest universities in the United States . As of 2018 , the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U.S. Fortune 500 : American Electric Power , Cardinal Health , L Brands , Nationwide , and Big Lots , just out of the top 500 . In 2016 , Money Magazine ranked Columbus as one of The 6 Best Big Cities , calling it the best in the Midwest , citing a highly educated workforce and excellent wage growth ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_16th_senatorial_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 16th senatorial district has always consisted of portions of the greater Columbus , Ohio area , and is now made up of the western portion of Franklin County . It encompasses Ohio House districts 21 , 23 and 24 . It has a Cook PVI of R+6 . Its Ohio Senator is Republican Stephanie Kunze . She resides in Hilliard , a city located in Franklin , Delaware , and Fairfield counties ."}]}, {'value': 'Jim Hughes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Hughes_(politician)', 'summary': 'Jim Hughes ( born September 7 , 1964 ) is a former state representative for the 24th District of the Ohio House of Representatives . He is a Republican . The district consists of portions of Columbus , as well as Grove City , Hilliard , Upper Arlington , and Worthington in Franklin County . Hughes formerly was a member of the Ohio Senate from 2009 to 2016 . He served in a similar seat in the House as well from 2000 to 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio', 'summary': "Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio . With a population of 892,533 as of 2018 estimates , it is the 14th-most populous city in the United States and one of the fastest growing large cities in the nation . This makes Columbus the second-most populous city in the Midwest ( after Chicago , Illinois ) . It is the core city of the Columbus , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses ten counties . With a population of 2,078,725 , it is Ohio 's second-largest metropolitan area . Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County . The municipality has also annexed portions of adjoining Delaware and Fairfield counties . Named for explorer Christopher Columbus , the city was founded in 1812 , at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers , and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816 . The city has a diverse economy based on education , government , insurance , banking , defense , aviation , food , clothes , logistics , steel , energy , medical research , health care , hospitality , retail , and technology . The metropolitan area is home to the Battelle Memorial Institute , the world 's largest private research and development foundation ; Chemical Abstracts Service , the world 's largest clearinghouse of chemical information ; NetJets , the world 's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet ; and Ohio State University , one of the largest universities in the United States . As of 2018 , the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U.S. Fortune 500 : American Electric Power , Cardinal Health , L Brands , Nationwide , and Big Lots , just out of the top 500 . In 2016 , Money Magazine ranked Columbus as one of The 6 Best Big Cities , calling it the best in the Midwest , citing a highly educated workforce and excellent wage growth ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_17th_senatorial_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 17th senatorial district has long been located in southeastern Ohio and currently consists of the counties of Ross , Fayette , Clinton , Highland , Pike , Jackson and Gallia as well as portions of the counties of Lawrence , Vinton and Pickaway . It encompasses Ohio House districts 91 , 92 and 93 . It has a Cook PVI of R+5 . Its current Ohio Senator is Republican Bob Peterson . He resides near Sabina , a city located in Clinton County ."}]}, {'value': 'David T. Daniels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_T._Daniels', 'summary': 'David Daniels ( born January 15 , 1957 ) is a Republican politician who has served as the Director of the Ohio Department of Agriculture since February 2012 . From 2011 to 2012 , he represented the 17th District as a member of the Ohio Senate . From 2003 to 2010 , he served as a member of the Ohio House of Representatives , representing the 86th District .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenfield,_Ohio', 'summary': "Greenfield is a large village in Highland and Ross counties , Ohio , United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 4,639 . Since the population declined to under 5,000 , the Census Bureau may still call it a city , but by Ohio 's laws it is technically deemed a village . Since the change from city to village there is no longer a mayor of the town but a city manager ; the current city manager is Todd Wilkin . Greenfield is most well known because of its rich history , including its community members helping in the underground railroad , new industries , and McClain High School ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_18th_senatorial_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 18th senatorial district has been established in northeastern Ohio , primarily along the shore of Lake Erie . It currently consists of Portage County and portions of Lake and Geauga counties . It encompasses Ohio House districts 61 , 75 and 76 . It has a Cook PVI of R+1 . Its current Ohio Senator is Republican John Eklund . He resides in Chardon , a city located in Geauga County ."}]}, {'value': 'Tim Grendell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tim_Grendell', 'summary': 'Timothy J. Grendell ( born April 17 , 1953 ) is a Republican politician who serves as judge on the Geauga County Court of Common Pleas . He was a member of the Ohio Senate from 2005 to 2011 , and of the Ohio House of Representatives from 2000 until 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chesterland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chesterland,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Chesterland is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Geauga County , Ohio , United States . As of the 2010 census , the CDP had a population of 2,521 .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_19th_senatorial_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 19th senatorial district is based in north-central Ohio , and currently consists of Delaware and Knox counties as well as a portion of Franklin county . It encompasses Ohio House districts 22 , 67 and 68 . It has a Cook PVI of R+6 . The district was represented by the Senate President from 2005 to 2010 with Senator Bill Harris . Its current Ohio Senator is Republican Kris Jordan . He resides in Powell , a city located in Delaware County ."}]}, {'value': 'Kris Jordan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kris_Jordan', 'summary': 'Kris Jordan ( born January 14 , 1977 ) is a Republican member of the Ohio House of Representatives . Formerly , he served in the Ohio Senate . He previously served in the Ohio House of Representatives from the 2nd District . He is the former Chairman of the Senate State and Local Government and Veterans Affairs Committee .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dublin,_Ohio', 'summary': "Dublin is a city in Franklin , Delaware , and Union counties in the U.S. state of Ohio . The population was 41,751 at the 2010 census . Dublin is a suburb of Columbus , Ohio . Each year in late May or early June , the city hosts the Memorial Tournament , a stop on golf 's PGA Tour . There are also several other golf courses in Dublin . The Riviera Golf Club ( closed in 2014 ) was home to the American-Italian Golf Association . Tartan Fields Golf Club hosted the LPGA 's Wendy 's Championship for Children from 2002 through 2006 . Dublin also has a public golf course financed by the Muirfield association , as well as the Jack Nicklaus-designed The Country Club of Muirfield Village . Other annual events include the July 4 music event and The July 4 Parade , a St. Patrick 's Day parade , and the Dublin Irish Festival , which is the largest 3-day Irish festival in the world ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_20th_senatorial_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 20th senatorial district is based in east-central Ohio . It used to stretch into southeastern Ohio . It is made up of the counties of Fairfield , Hocking , Morgan , Muskingum and Guernsey as well as portions of Pickaway and Athens counties . It encompasses Ohio House of Representatives districts 77 , 78 and 97 . It has a Cook PVI of R+5 . Its Ohio Senator is Republican Troy Balderson . He resides in Zanesville , a city located in Muskingum County ."}]}, {'value': 'Jimmy Stewart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Stewart_(politician)', 'summary': 'Jimmy Stewart ( born January 24 , 1970 ) is a Republican politician who served in the Ohio General Assembly . He served as a member of the Ohio House of Representatives from 2003 to 2008 , and in the Ohio Senate from 2009 to 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athens,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Athens is a city and the county seat of Athens County , Ohio , United States . Athens is the home of Ohio University , a large public research university with an enrollment of more than 36,800 students across all campuses . Located along the Hocking River in the southeastern part of Ohio about 65 miles ( 105 km ) southeast of Columbus , Athens is the principal city of the Athens , Ohio Micropolitan Statistical Area . The population of Athens in the 2010 U.S. Census was 23,832 , with a daytime population of over 40,000 Athens is a qualified Tree City USA as recognized by the National Arbor Day Foundation .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Membership -- Senate', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '129th_Ohio_General_Assembly_0', 'intro': 'The One Hundred Twenty-ninth Ohio General Assembly was a meeting of the Ohio state legislature, composed of the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives. It met in Columbus, Ohio from January 3, 2011 until December 20, 2012. While Ted Strickland was Ohio Governor for the first week of the biennium, John Kasich was sworn in during the second week. The apportionment of districts was based on the 2000 United States Census. This was the last time the 2000 census was used by the General Assembly to determine the apportionment of legislative districts. While the Ohio Senate was retained by the Ohio Republican Party, they won control of the Ohio House of Representatives from the Ohio Democratic Party.'}	null	null	What is the residence of the Senator born August 5 , 1960 ?	Middletown
079cc73823677930	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Tsumura', 'title': 'Kenji Tsumura', 'header': ['Season', 'Event type', 'Location', 'Format', 'Date', 'Rank'], 'data': [{'value': '2003-04', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2003–04', 'summary': "The 2003-04 Pro Tour season was the ninth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 23 August 2003 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Yokohama and London . It ended on 5 September 2004 with the conclusion of the 2004 World Championship in San Francisco . Beginning with this season Wizards of the Coast moved the Pro Tour schedule farther backwards in the year to synchronize it with the calendar year . The season consisted of 26 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Boston , New Orleans , Amsterdam , Kobe , San Diego , Seattle , and San Francisco . Also the Master Series tournaments were discontinued and replaced by payout at the end of the year based on the Pro Player of the year standings . At the end of the season Gabriel Nassif was proclaimed Pro Player of the year , the first player after Kai Budde 's three-year-domination period , and also the first player to win the title without winning a Pro Tour in the same season ."}]}, {'value': 'Nationals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Magic:_The_Gathering_national_champions', 'summary': 'The Magic : The Gathering national champions are the players who won National Championships ( Nationals ) that year . ( with the exception of champions between 2012-16 , which were awarded to players with the most Pro Points at the end of a Pro Tour season ) Nationals took place around the world usually in summer or autumn . Eligibility to play in a national championship was determined on residence instead of nationality . In addition , Nationals required eligible players to qualify . ( prior to 2011 , countries with smaller populations of Magic players open nationals were held , meaning that any eligible player could compete in this tournament ) After 2011 Nationals were discontinued by Wizards of the Coast when they restructured their Magic : The Gathering organized play program , abandoning national championships , and restructuring the World Championship . From 2012 to 2016 the title of National Champion was awarded to the player with the most Pro Points of any given country at the end of a Pro Tour season . At the end of 2018 Wizards of the Coast announced that in 2019 there would be no National Championships . As of April 2019 it is unclear whether Nationals are on hiatus or abandoned . The title National Champion will not be awarded in 2019 . In 2018 , National Champions were determined in 74 nations and regions . In most cases these regions line up with countries , but special exemptions were made in some cases , for example Puerto Rico and the countries of the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Osaka', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Special', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11-13 June 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Osaka', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8-9 January 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Pro Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Tour_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'The Pro Tour ( often abbreviated as PT ) is the second-highest form of competitive play ( after the World Championship ) for the Magic : The Gathering collectible card game . It consists of a series of tournaments held throughout the world , each requiring an invitation to participate . Every Pro Tour awards a total of $ 240,000 in cash prizes , with $ 50,000 going to the winner . Pro Tour competitors also receive Pro Points , the amount depending on their results . Pro Points award special benefits to players , including automatic qualification and travel awards for subsequent Pro Tours . Currently , four Pro Tours are held during a twelve-month season also known colloquially as a year . The Pro Tour was introduced in 1996 with the first event being held in New York . Over 100 such tournaments have been held since . Finishing within the Top 8 of a Pro Tour is considered to be one of the greatest accomplishments a competitive Magic player can achieve . Professional players are thus often compared by the number of Pro Tour Top 8 finishes they have made throughout their career . The most successful players on the Pro Tour are Kai Budde , who won seven Pro Tours out of ten Top 8 finishes , and Jon Finkel , who won three Pro Tours , while making it to the Top 8 sixteen times .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11-13 March 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Pro Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Tour_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'The Pro Tour ( often abbreviated as PT ) is the second-highest form of competitive play ( after the World Championship ) for the Magic : The Gathering collectible card game . It consists of a series of tournaments held throughout the world , each requiring an invitation to participate . Every Pro Tour awards a total of $ 240,000 in cash prizes , with $ 50,000 going to the winner . Pro Tour competitors also receive Pro Points , the amount depending on their results . Pro Points award special benefits to players , including automatic qualification and travel awards for subsequent Pro Tours . Currently , four Pro Tours are held during a twelve-month season also known colloquially as a year . The Pro Tour was introduced in 1996 with the first event being held in New York . Over 100 such tournaments have been held since . Finishing within the Top 8 of a Pro Tour is considered to be one of the greatest accomplishments a competitive Magic player can achieve . Professional players are thus often compared by the number of Pro Tour Top 8 finishes they have made throughout their career . The most successful players on the Pro Tour are Kai Budde , who won seven Pro Tours out of ten Top 8 finishes , and Jon Finkel , who won three Pro Tours , while making it to the Top 8 sixteen times .'}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Block Constructed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6-8 May 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Niigata , Niigata', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Block Constructed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23-24 July 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Salt Lake City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Block Constructed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27-28 August 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Pro Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Tour_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'The Pro Tour ( often abbreviated as PT ) is the second-highest form of competitive play ( after the World Championship ) for the Magic : The Gathering collectible card game . It consists of a series of tournaments held throughout the world , each requiring an invitation to participate . Every Pro Tour awards a total of $ 240,000 in cash prizes , with $ 50,000 going to the winner . Pro Tour competitors also receive Pro Points , the amount depending on their results . Pro Points award special benefits to players , including automatic qualification and travel awards for subsequent Pro Tours . Currently , four Pro Tours are held during a twelve-month season also known colloquially as a year . The Pro Tour was introduced in 1996 with the first event being held in New York . Over 100 such tournaments have been held since . Finishing within the Top 8 of a Pro Tour is considered to be one of the greatest accomplishments a competitive Magic player can achieve . Professional players are thus often compared by the number of Pro Tour Top 8 finishes they have made throughout their career . The most successful players on the Pro Tour are Kai Budde , who won seven Pro Tours out of ten Top 8 finishes , and Jon Finkel , who won three Pro Tours , while making it to the Top 8 sixteen times .'}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extended', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28-30 October 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Beijing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extended', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26-27 November 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2006', 'summary': 'The 2006 Pro Tour season was the eleventh season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 18 December 2005 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Lille and Charlotte . It ended on 3 December 2006 with the conclusion of the 2006 World Championship in Paris . The season consisted of 22 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Honolulu , Prague , Charleston , Kobe , and Paris . At the end of the season Shouta Yasooka from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in Paris the second class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Bob Maher , Jr. , Dave Humpherys , Raphaël Lévy , Gary Wise , and Rob Dougherty .'}]}, {'value': 'Invitational', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_DCI', 'summary': "The DCI ( formerly Duelists ' Convocation International ) was the official sanctioning body for competitive play in Magic : The Gathering and various other games produced by Wizards of the Coast and its subsidiaries , such as Avalon Hill , before being gradually rebranded as the Wizards Play Network starting in 2008 . The DCI provided game rules , tournament operating procedures , and other materials to private tournament organizers and players . It also operated a judge certification program to provide consistent rules enforcement and promote fair play ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Special', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10-12 May 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2006', 'summary': 'The 2006 Pro Tour season was the eleventh season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 18 December 2005 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Lille and Charlotte . It ended on 3 December 2006 with the conclusion of the 2006 World Championship in Paris . The season consisted of 22 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Honolulu , Prague , Charleston , Kobe , and Paris . At the end of the season Shouta Yasooka from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in Paris the second class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Bob Maher , Jr. , Dave Humpherys , Raphaël Lévy , Gary Wise , and Rob Dougherty .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Kuala Lumpur', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3-4 June 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2006', 'summary': 'The 2006 Pro Tour season was the eleventh season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 18 December 2005 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Lille and Charlotte . It ended on 3 December 2006 with the conclusion of the 2006 World Championship in Paris . The season consisted of 22 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Honolulu , Prague , Charleston , Kobe , and Paris . At the end of the season Shouta Yasooka from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in Paris the second class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Bob Maher , Jr. , Dave Humpherys , Raphaël Lévy , Gary Wise , and Rob Dougherty .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Toulouse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24-25 June 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2006', 'summary': 'The 2006 Pro Tour season was the eleventh season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 18 December 2005 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Lille and Charlotte . It ended on 3 December 2006 with the conclusion of the 2006 World Championship in Paris . The season consisted of 22 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Honolulu , Prague , Charleston , Kobe , and Paris . At the end of the season Shouta Yasooka from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in Paris the second class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Bob Maher , Jr. , Dave Humpherys , Raphaël Lévy , Gary Wise , and Rob Dougherty .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22-23 July 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2006', 'summary': 'The 2006 Pro Tour season was the eleventh season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 18 December 2005 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Lille and Charlotte . It ended on 3 December 2006 with the conclusion of the 2006 World Championship in Paris . The season consisted of 22 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Honolulu , Prague , Charleston , Kobe , and Paris . At the end of the season Shouta Yasooka from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in Paris the second class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Bob Maher , Jr. , Dave Humpherys , Raphaël Lévy , Gary Wise , and Rob Dougherty .'}]}, {'value': 'Pro Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Tour_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'The Pro Tour ( often abbreviated as PT ) is the second-highest form of competitive play ( after the World Championship ) for the Magic : The Gathering collectible card game . It consists of a series of tournaments held throughout the world , each requiring an invitation to participate . Every Pro Tour awards a total of $ 240,000 in cash prizes , with $ 50,000 going to the winner . Pro Tour competitors also receive Pro Points , the amount depending on their results . Pro Points award special benefits to players , including automatic qualification and travel awards for subsequent Pro Tours . Currently , four Pro Tours are held during a twelve-month season also known colloquially as a year . The Pro Tour was introduced in 1996 with the first event being held in New York . Over 100 such tournaments have been held since . Finishing within the Top 8 of a Pro Tour is considered to be one of the greatest accomplishments a competitive Magic player can achieve . Professional players are thus often compared by the number of Pro Tour Top 8 finishes they have made throughout their career . The most successful players on the Pro Tour are Kai Budde , who won seven Pro Tours out of ten Top 8 finishes , and Jon Finkel , who won three Pro Tours , while making it to the Top 8 sixteen times .'}]}, {'value': 'Kobe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20-22 October 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2007', 'summary': 'The 2007 Pro Tour season was the twelfth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 9 February 2007 the season began with Pro Tour Geneva . It ended on 9 December 2007 with the conclusion of the 2007 World Championship in New York . The season consisted of 16 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Geneva , Yokohama , San Diego , Valencia , and New York . At the end of the season Tomoharu Saitou from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in New York the third class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Kai Budde , Zvi Mowshowitz , Tsuyoshi Fujita , Nicolai Herzog , and Randy Buehler .'}]}, {'value': 'Pro Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Tour_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'The Pro Tour ( often abbreviated as PT ) is the second-highest form of competitive play ( after the World Championship ) for the Magic : The Gathering collectible card game . It consists of a series of tournaments held throughout the world , each requiring an invitation to participate . Every Pro Tour awards a total of $ 240,000 in cash prizes , with $ 50,000 going to the winner . Pro Tour competitors also receive Pro Points , the amount depending on their results . Pro Points award special benefits to players , including automatic qualification and travel awards for subsequent Pro Tours . Currently , four Pro Tours are held during a twelve-month season also known colloquially as a year . The Pro Tour was introduced in 1996 with the first event being held in New York . Over 100 such tournaments have been held since . Finishing within the Top 8 of a Pro Tour is considered to be one of the greatest accomplishments a competitive Magic player can achieve . Professional players are thus often compared by the number of Pro Tour Top 8 finishes they have made throughout their career . The most successful players on the Pro Tour are Kai Budde , who won seven Pro Tours out of ten Top 8 finishes , and Jon Finkel , who won three Pro Tours , while making it to the Top 8 sixteen times .'}]}, {'value': 'Geneva', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9-11 February 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2007', 'summary': 'The 2007 Pro Tour season was the twelfth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 9 February 2007 the season began with Pro Tour Geneva . It ended on 9 December 2007 with the conclusion of the 2007 World Championship in New York . The season consisted of 16 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Geneva , Yokohama , San Diego , Valencia , and New York . At the end of the season Tomoharu Saitou from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in New York the third class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Kai Budde , Zvi Mowshowitz , Tsuyoshi Fujita , Nicolai Herzog , and Randy Buehler .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Dallas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extended', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24-25 February 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2007', 'summary': 'The 2007 Pro Tour season was the twelfth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 9 February 2007 the season began with Pro Tour Geneva . It ended on 9 December 2007 with the conclusion of the 2007 World Championship in New York . The season consisted of 16 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Geneva , Yokohama , San Diego , Valencia , and New York . At the end of the season Tomoharu Saitou from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in New York the third class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Kai Budde , Zvi Mowshowitz , Tsuyoshi Fujita , Nicolai Herzog , and Randy Buehler .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Stockholm', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5-6 May 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2007', 'summary': 'The 2007 Pro Tour season was the twelfth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 9 February 2007 the season began with Pro Tour Geneva . It ended on 9 December 2007 with the conclusion of the 2007 World Championship in New York . The season consisted of 16 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Geneva , Yokohama , San Diego , Valencia , and New York . At the end of the season Tomoharu Saitou from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in New York the third class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Kai Budde , Zvi Mowshowitz , Tsuyoshi Fujita , Nicolai Herzog , and Randy Buehler .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Block Constructed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23-24 June 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2007', 'summary': 'The 2007 Pro Tour season was the twelfth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 9 February 2007 the season began with Pro Tour Geneva . It ended on 9 December 2007 with the conclusion of the 2007 World Championship in New York . The season consisted of 16 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Geneva , Yokohama , San Diego , Valencia , and New York . At the end of the season Tomoharu Saitou from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in New York the third class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Kai Budde , Zvi Mowshowitz , Tsuyoshi Fujita , Nicolai Herzog , and Randy Buehler .'}]}, {'value': 'Invitational', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_DCI', 'summary': "The DCI ( formerly Duelists ' Convocation International ) was the official sanctioning body for competitive play in Magic : The Gathering and various other games produced by Wizards of the Coast and its subsidiaries , such as Avalon Hill , before being gradually rebranded as the Wizards Play Network starting in 2008 . The DCI provided game rules , tournament operating procedures , and other materials to private tournament organizers and players . It also operated a judge certification program to provide consistent rules enforcement and promote fair play ."}]}, {'value': 'Essen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Special', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18-21 October 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2007', 'summary': 'The 2007 Pro Tour season was the twelfth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 9 February 2007 the season began with Pro Tour Geneva . It ended on 9 December 2007 with the conclusion of the 2007 World Championship in New York . The season consisted of 16 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Geneva , Yokohama , San Diego , Valencia , and New York . At the end of the season Tomoharu Saitou from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in New York the third class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Kai Budde , Zvi Mowshowitz , Tsuyoshi Fujita , Nicolai Herzog , and Randy Buehler .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Kitakyuushuu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10-11 November 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2008', 'summary': 'The 2008 Pro Tour season was the thirteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It began on 15 December 2007 , with Grand Prix Stuttgart , and ended on 14 December 2008 , with the 2008 World Championship in Memphis . The season consisted of twenty-one Grand Prixs , and four Pro Tours , located in Kuala Lumpur , Hollywood , Berlin , and Memphis . The Grand Prixs from June until August were designated Summer Series Grand Prixs , awarding more prizes and additional Pro Points . At the end of the season , Shuhei Nakamura became the fourth consecutive Japanese player to win Pro Player of the year . Dirk Baberowski , Michael Turian , Jelger Wiegersma , Olivier Ruel , and Ben Rubin were inducted into the Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Shizuoka , Shizuoka', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Standard', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8-9 March 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Accomplishments -- Top 8 appearances', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Kenji_Tsumura_0', 'intro': 'Kenji Tsumura (津村健志) is a professional Magic: The Gathering player from Japan. He is one of only eight players to have reached the top eight of a Pro Tour more than five times.'}	null	null	Which two cities hosted the parallel Grand Prixs that started off the same season in which Kenji Tsumura ranked 3 in 2005 in Los Angeles ?	Lille and Charlotte
079d8eb048371e5a	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_at_the_Olympics', 'title': 'Czech Republic at the Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Games', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jan Železný', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jan_Železný', 'summary': 'Jan Železný ( Czech pronunciation : [ jan ˈʒɛlɛzniː ] ( listen ) ; born 16 June 1966 ) is a retired Czech track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw . He was a World and Olympic Champion and holds the world record with a throw of 98.48 m. Widely considered to be the greatest javelin thrower of the modern era , he also has the second , third and fourth best performances of all time .'}]}, {'value': '1996 Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , 44 events in athletics were contested . There were a total number of 2053 participating athletes from 191 countries .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's javelin throw", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_javelin_throw", 'summary': "These are the official results of the Men 's Javelin Throw event at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , Georgia . There were 34 competitors , of which 12 qualified for the final . The qualification mark was set at 83.00 metres ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Doktor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Doktor', 'summary': "Martin Doktor ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈmarcɪn ˈdoktor ] ; born 21 May 1974 in Polička , Czechoslovakia ) is the Czech Republic 's best-known sprint canoeist . He was double Olympic champion in the Canadian canoe C-1 discipline at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta . During the 1996 games , his mother cooked knedliky ( Dumplings in Czech ) , using dozens of kg of flour brought over from the Czech Republic . Doktor went on to win 14 medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships , including two golds ( C-1 200 m : 1998 , C-1 500 m : 1997 ) , nine silvers ( C-1 200 m : 1997 , 1999 , 2003 ; C-1 500 m : 1995 , 1999 ; C-1 1000 m : 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 2001 ) , and three bronzes ( C-1 500 m : 2003 , C-1 1000 m : 1999 , C-4 1000 m : 1998 ) . He was also European C-1 1000 m champion in 1997 and 2000 . At the 2004 Summer Olympics Doktor was unfortunate not to add to his medal tally , coming in fourth in the C-1 1000 m final and fifth in the C-1 500 m. His most recent medal success came at the 2006 European Championships , held in Račice , Czech Republic , where he won the C-1 200 m silver medal . Doktor , nicknamed Boban , remains one of canoeing 's most consistent performers . At the 2006 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships he entered all three C-1 events , reaching the final in each . He finished fourth in the 200 m , fifth in the 500 m , and eighth in the 1000 m. He is 178 cm ( 5'10 ) tall and weighs 78 kg ( 172 lbs ) ."}]}, {'value': '1996 Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The canoeing competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics was composed of 16 events in two disciplines , slalom and sprint . Timing in 1/1000ths of a second began at these games for the sprint events .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's C-1 1000 metres", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_C-1_1000_metres", 'summary': "The men 's C-1 1000 metres event was an open-style , individual canoeing event conducted as part of the Canoeing at the 1996 Summer Olympics program ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Doktor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Doktor', 'summary': "Martin Doktor ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈmarcɪn ˈdoktor ] ; born 21 May 1974 in Polička , Czechoslovakia ) is the Czech Republic 's best-known sprint canoeist . He was double Olympic champion in the Canadian canoe C-1 discipline at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta . During the 1996 games , his mother cooked knedliky ( Dumplings in Czech ) , using dozens of kg of flour brought over from the Czech Republic . Doktor went on to win 14 medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships , including two golds ( C-1 200 m : 1998 , C-1 500 m : 1997 ) , nine silvers ( C-1 200 m : 1997 , 1999 , 2003 ; C-1 500 m : 1995 , 1999 ; C-1 1000 m : 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 2001 ) , and three bronzes ( C-1 500 m : 2003 , C-1 1000 m : 1999 , C-4 1000 m : 1998 ) . He was also European C-1 1000 m champion in 1997 and 2000 . At the 2004 Summer Olympics Doktor was unfortunate not to add to his medal tally , coming in fourth in the C-1 1000 m final and fifth in the C-1 500 m. His most recent medal success came at the 2006 European Championships , held in Račice , Czech Republic , where he won the C-1 200 m silver medal . Doktor , nicknamed Boban , remains one of canoeing 's most consistent performers . At the 2006 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships he entered all three C-1 events , reaching the final in each . He finished fourth in the 200 m , fifth in the 500 m , and eighth in the 1000 m. He is 178 cm ( 5'10 ) tall and weighs 78 kg ( 172 lbs ) ."}]}, {'value': '1996 Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The canoeing competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics was composed of 16 events in two disciplines , slalom and sprint . Timing in 1/1000ths of a second began at these games for the sprint events .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's C-1 500 metres", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_C-1_500_metres", 'summary': "The men 's C-1 500 metres event was an open-style , individual canoeing event conducted as part of the Canoeing at the 1996 Summer Olympics program ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Štěpánka Hilgertová', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Štěpánka_Hilgertová', 'summary': 'Štěpánka Hilgertová ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈʃcɛpaːŋka ˈɦɪlɡɛrtovaː ] ) ( née Prošková , born 10 April 1968 in Prague ) is a former Czechoslovak-Czech slalom canoeist who competed at the international level from 1988 to 2017 . Competing in six Summer Olympics , she won two gold medals in the K1 event , earning them in 1996 and 2000 . Hilgertová also won fourteen medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with seven golds ( K1 : 1999 , 2003 ; K1 team : 2003 , 2005 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 ) , five silvers ( K1 : 1997 , K1 team : 1991 , 2006 , 2007 , 2011 ) , and two bronzes ( K1 : 2007 , K1 team : 1989 ) . The K1 team silver in 1991 and K1 team bronze in 1989 were with Czechoslovakia while the remaining medals were for the Czech Republic . She won the overall World Cup title twice ( 1992 and 1998 ) . She also won a total of 15 medals at the European Championships ( 7 golds , 5 silvers and 3 bronzes ) . She announced her retirement from the professional sport in October 2017 , at the age of 49 . She did , however , state that she intends to continue competing as an amateur . Her husband Luboš Hilgert is a former canoe slalom paddler and a multiple medalist from ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships . Their son Luboš is an active canoe slalom paddler as well . Amálie Hilgertová is her niece .'}]}, {'value': '1996 Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The canoeing competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics was composed of 16 events in two disciplines , slalom and sprint . Timing in 1/1000ths of a second began at these games for the sprint events .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's slalom K-1", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_slalom_K-1", 'summary': "These are the results of the women 's K-1 slalom competition in canoeing at the 1996 Summer Olympics . The K-1 ( kayak single ) event is raced by one-person kayaks through a whitewater course . The venue for the 1996 Olympic competition was at the Toccoa/Ocoee River along the Georgia-Tennessee state line ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lukáš Pollert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lukáš_Pollert', 'summary': "Lukáš Pollert ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈlukaːʃ ˈpolɛrt ] ) ( born 24 March 1970 in Prague ) is a Czech slalom canoeist who competed from the late 1980s to the early 2000s . Competing in two Summer Olympics , he won two medals in the C1 event with a gold in 1992 and a silver in 1996 . Pollert also won a silver medal in the C1 event at the 1997 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Três Coroas and the overall World Cup title in the C1 category in 1993 . At the European Championships he won a total of four medals ( 2 silvers and 2 bronzes ) . He took part in the Velvet Revolution in 1989 in Czechoslovakia which Pollert later considered more important to him than the gold medal he won at Barcelona three years later . Being a Doctor of Medicine , Pollert retired in 2000 and is nowadays active in his career of a GP in ER of Prague 's Military Hospital . He has published several books of interviews with other top Czech sportsmen ( Lukáš Pollert se ptá ) and is an active videoblogger on the Vyladeno.tv website . With his partner , Pavla , he has six children , three sons and three daughters . His sister is actress Klára Pollertová ."}]}, {'value': '1996 Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The canoeing competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics was composed of 16 events in two disciplines , slalom and sprint . Timing in 1/1000ths of a second began at these games for the sprint events .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's slalom C-1", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_slalom_C-1", 'summary': "These are the results of the men 's C-1 slalom competition in canoeing at the 1996 Summer Olympics . The C-1 ( canoe single ) event is raced by one-man canoes through a whitewater course . The venue for the 1996 Olympic competition was on the Toccoa/Ocoee River near the Georgia-Tennessee state line ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jiří Rohan Miroslav Šimek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jiří_Rohan', 'summary': 'Jiří Rohan ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈjɪr̝iː ˈroɦan ] ) ( born 13 December 1964 in Prague ) is a Czechoslovak-Czech slalom canoeist who competed in the 1980s and 1990s . Competing in two Summer Olympics , he won two silver medals in the C2 event , earning them in 1992 and 1996 . Rohan also won a complete set of medals in the C2 event at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with a gold in 1993 , a silver in 1991 , and a bronze in 1997 . He earned seven other medals in the C2 team event ( 3 golds and 4 silvers ) . He won the overall World Cup title in the C2 category six consecutive times between 1990 and 1995 . He has also won a silver medal in the C2 event at the 1996 European Championships . His partner in the boat during most of his active career was Miroslav Šimek .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miroslav_Šimek', 'summary': 'Miroslav Šimek ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈmɪroslaf ˈʃɪmɛk ] , born 27 January 1959 in Turnov ) is a Czechoslovak-Czech slalom canoeist who competed from the late 1970s to the late 1990s . Competing in two Summer Olympics , he won two silver medals in the C2 event , earning them in 1992 and 1996 . Šimek also won a complete set of medals in the C2 event at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with a gold in 1993 , a silver in 1991 , and a bronze in 1997 . He earned seven other medals in the C2 team event ( 3 golds and 4 silvers ) . He won the overall World Cup title in the C2 category six consecutive times between 1990 and 1995 . He has also won a silver medal in the C2 event at the 1996 European Championships . His partner in the boat during most of his active career was Jiří Rohan .'}]}, {'value': '1996 Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The canoeing competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics was composed of 16 events in two disciplines , slalom and sprint . Timing in 1/1000ths of a second began at these games for the sprint events .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's slalom C-2", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_slalom_C-2", 'summary': "These are the results of the men 's C-2 slalom competition in canoeing at the 1996 Summer Olympics . The C-2 ( canoe single ) event is raced by two-man canoes through a whitewater course . The venue for the 1996 Olympic competition was at the Toccoa/Ocoee River near the Georgia-Tennessee state line ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jana Novotná Helena Suková', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jana_Novotná', 'summary': "Jana Novotná ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈjana ˈnovotnaː ] ; 2 October 1968 - 19 November 2017 ) was a professional tennis player from the Czech Republic . She played a serve and volley game , an increasingly rare style of play among women during her career . She won the women 's singles title at Wimbledon in 1998 and was runner-up in three previous Grand Slam tournaments . Novotná also won 12 Grand Slam women 's doubles titles ( completing the Career Grand Slam twice ) , four Grand Slam mixed doubles titles , and three Olympic medals . She reached a career-high singles ranking of world No . 2 in 1997 , and held the No . 1 ranking in doubles for 67 non-consecutive weeks ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Helena_Suková', 'summary': "Helena Suková ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈɦɛlɛna ˈsukovaː ] ) ( born 23 February 1965 ) is a former professional tennis player from the Czech Republic . During her career , she won 14 Grand Slam doubles titles , 9 of them in women 's doubles and 5 of them in mixed doubles . She also was a four-time Grand Slam singles runner-up and won 10 singles titles and 69 doubles titles ."}]}, {'value': '1996 Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta 4 tennis events ( 2 for men and 2 for women ) were contested . For the first time since the 1924 Olympics , a single bronze medal was awarded in each event .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's doubles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_doubles", 'summary': "The Women 's Doubles competition was part of the tennis program at the 1996 Summer Olympics . Gigi Fernández and Mary Joe Fernandez were the defending gold medallists , and successfully defended their title , defeating Jana Novotná and Helena Suková in the final 7-6 ( 8-6 ) , 6-4 . To obtain the bronze medal , Conchita Martínez and Arantxa Sánchez Vicario defeated Manon Bollegraf and Brenda Schultz-McCarthy 6-1 , 6-3 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomáš Dvořák', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tomáš_Dvořák', 'summary': "Tomáš Dvořák ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈtomaːʃ ˈdvor̝aːk ] ) , born 11 May 1972 in Gottwaldov ( now Zlín ) , Czechoslovakia , is an athlete from the Czech Republic . He competed in the decathlon and heptathlon for the team Dukla Prague . He is a three-time decathlon world champion ( 1997 , 1999 , 2001 ) and a former world record holder ( 8,994 points scored in Prague , 1999 ) , which is still the fourth best performance of all-time . This record was broken by Dvořák 's compatriot Roman Šebrle in 2001 . Dvořák is the only athlete to score over 8,900 points three times . Dvořák announced his retirement in July 2008 , after he failed to qualify for the Beijing Olympics . He now works as an athletic coach ."}]}, {'value': '1996 Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , 44 events in athletics were contested . There were a total number of 2053 participating athletes from 191 countries .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's decathlon", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_decathlon", 'summary': "These are the official results of the men 's decathlon at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , Georgia ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Šárka Kašpárková', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Šárka_Kašpárková', 'summary': 'Šárka Kašpárková ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈʃaːrka ˈkaʃpaːrkovaː ] , born 20 May 1971 in Karviná , Czechoslovakia ) is a former Czech track and field athlete who specialised in the triple jump . She attended her first Summer Olympics in 1992 , participating in the high jump . She switched to the triple jump when it was given world championships status and won an Olympic bronze medal in the discipline at the 1996 Atlanta Games . She won another bronze at the 1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships and improved further by becoming the world champion at the 1997 World Championships in Athletics - her winning jump of 15.20 m was the second-farthest ever at the time . She won both the indoor and outdoor silver medals at the European Athletics Championships . She won the bronze at the 1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships with her personal best indoor jump of 14.87 m , but failed to reach the podium at any major championships after that point , suffering a sharp decline in form .'}]}, {'value': '1996 Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , 44 events in athletics were contested . There were a total number of 2053 participating athletes from 191 countries .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's triple jump", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_triple_jump", 'summary': "These are the official results of the Women 's Triple Jump event at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , Georgia . There were a total number of 31 competitors , with one non-starter . It took 14.22m to get into the final . The key players from the previous year 's world championships which had rewritten the record books were all in attendance . World record holder Inessa Kravets put out a long first jump , but it was n't measured as it was ruled a foul . The first round leader was Ren Ruiping with a 14.30m . The only other jumper over 14 meters in the first round was Sheila Hudson at 14.02m . The second round advanced the distances significantly . Inna Lasovskaya jumped 14.98m to take a commanding lead . Ashia Hansen jumped her best of the day 14.49m to pull into second , but in total , five women jumped over 14.40m in the second round . In the third round Šárka Kašpárková equalled Lasovskaya with a 14.98m and with a 14.45m in the second round , Kašpárková held the tiebreaker . Iva Prandzheva and Kravets both produced 14.84m 's in the round to play in bronze medal territory , with Kravets holding the tiebreaker 14.40m from the second round ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miroslav Januš', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miroslav_Januš', 'summary': "Miroslav Januš ( born 9 August 1972 in Postupice , Czechoslovakia ) is a Czech sport shooter . A four-time Olympian ( 1992 to 2004 ) , Janus is one of Czech Republic 's most successful individual shooters in Olympic history , having won a bronze medal in the 10 m running target at Atlanta 1996 . Outside his Olympic career , Janus has produced a career record of 120 medals in a major international competition , including fourteen golds at the European Championships , and a total of ten in different color at the Worlds since his debut came as a junior in 1989 ."}]}, {'value': '1996 Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The shooting competitions at the 1996 Summer Olympics took place at the Wolf Creek Shooting Complex near Atlanta , United States . Competitions were held in men 's events and women 's events . For men 's and women 's double trap , it was the first Olympic competition , a women 's shotgun event also had been added . In addition , the number of targets in trap and skeet had been reduced from 200 to 125 , and the final rules for all events were changed so that any post-final ties would be broken by shoot-offs , as opposed to the previous rule that preferred the shooter with worse qualification score and better final score ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 10 metre running target", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_10_metre_running_target", 'summary': "Men 's 10 metre running target was one of the fifteen shooting events at the 1996 Summer Olympics . Yang Ling won , setting two new Olympic records ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jana Novotná', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jana_Novotná', 'summary': "Jana Novotná ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈjana ˈnovotnaː ] ; 2 October 1968 - 19 November 2017 ) was a professional tennis player from the Czech Republic . She played a serve and volley game , an increasingly rare style of play among women during her career . She won the women 's singles title at Wimbledon in 1998 and was runner-up in three previous Grand Slam tournaments . Novotná also won 12 Grand Slam women 's doubles titles ( completing the Career Grand Slam twice ) , four Grand Slam mixed doubles titles , and three Olympic medals . She reached a career-high singles ranking of world No . 2 in 1997 , and held the No . 1 ranking in doubles for 67 non-consecutive weeks ."}]}, {'value': '1996 Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta 4 tennis events ( 2 for men and 2 for women ) were contested . For the first time since the 1924 Olympics , a single bronze medal was awarded in each event .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_singles", 'summary': "The Women 's Singles competition was part of the tennis program at the 1996 Summer Olympics . Jennifer Capriati was the reigning champion , however she chose not to participate . The title was won by Lindsay Davenport , who defeated Arantxa Sánchez Vicario in the final 7-6 ( 10-8 ) , 6-2 . The bronze medal was won by Jana Novotná , who defeated Mary Joe Fernandez in the bronze medal match 7-6 ( 8-6 ) , 6-4 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jan Železný', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jan_Železný', 'summary': 'Jan Železný ( Czech pronunciation : [ jan ˈʒɛlɛzniː ] ( listen ) ; born 16 June 1966 ) is a retired Czech track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw . He was a World and Olympic Champion and holds the world record with a throw of 98.48 m. Widely considered to be the greatest javelin thrower of the modern era , he also has the second , third and fourth best performances of all time .'}]}, {'value': '2000 Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , 46 events in athletics were contested , 24 for men and 22 for women . There were a total number of 2134 participating athletes from 193 countries .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's javelin throw", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_javelin_throw", 'summary': "The Men 's Javelin Throw at the 2000 Summer Olympics as part of the athletics program was held at the Olympic Stadium on Friday , 22 September and Saturday , 23 September . The qualifying athletes progressed through to the final where the qualifying distances are scrapped and they start afresh with up to six throws . The qualifying distance was 83.00 metres . For all qualifiers who did not achieve the standard , the remaining spaces in the final were filled by the longest throws until a total of 12 qualifiers ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Štěpánka Hilgertová', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Štěpánka_Hilgertová', 'summary': 'Štěpánka Hilgertová ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈʃcɛpaːŋka ˈɦɪlɡɛrtovaː ] ) ( née Prošková , born 10 April 1968 in Prague ) is a former Czechoslovak-Czech slalom canoeist who competed at the international level from 1988 to 2017 . Competing in six Summer Olympics , she won two gold medals in the K1 event , earning them in 1996 and 2000 . Hilgertová also won fourteen medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with seven golds ( K1 : 1999 , 2003 ; K1 team : 2003 , 2005 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 ) , five silvers ( K1 : 1997 , K1 team : 1991 , 2006 , 2007 , 2011 ) , and two bronzes ( K1 : 2007 , K1 team : 1989 ) . The K1 team silver in 1991 and K1 team bronze in 1989 were with Czechoslovakia while the remaining medals were for the Czech Republic . She won the overall World Cup title twice ( 1992 and 1998 ) . She also won a total of 15 medals at the European Championships ( 7 golds , 5 silvers and 3 bronzes ) . She announced her retirement from the professional sport in October 2017 , at the age of 49 . She did , however , state that she intends to continue competing as an amateur . Her husband Luboš Hilgert is a former canoe slalom paddler and a multiple medalist from ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships . Their son Luboš is an active canoe slalom paddler as well . Amálie Hilgertová is her niece .'}]}, {'value': '2000 Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Canoeing at the 2000 Summer Olympics was held at the Sydney International Regatta Centre for the sprint events and the Whitewater Stadium in Penrith for the canoe and kayak slalom disciplines . The repechage rounds that ran from the 1960 to the 1996 Games were eliminated in the sprint events while qualifying rounds were added to the slalom events . Additionally , a quota system for each event was enacted , meaning each event had a limited number of competitors that could compete . A total of 16 events were contested , 12 sprint events ( 9 for men and 3 for women ) and 4 slalom events ( 3 for men and 1 for women ) .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's slalom K-1", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_slalom_K-1", 'summary': "These are the results of the women 's K-1 slalom competition in canoeing at the 2000 Summer Olympics . The K-1 ( kayak single ) event is raced by one-person kayaks through a whitewater course . The venue for the 2000 Olympic competition was at the Penrith Whitewater Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roman Šebrle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Šebrle', 'summary': "Roman Šebrle ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈroman ˈʃɛbr̩lɛ ] ; born 26 November 1974 ) is a retired decathlete from the Czech Republic . He is considered to be one of the best decathlon athletes of all time . Originally a high jumper , he later switched to the combined events and is a former world record holder in the decathlon . In 2001 in Götzis he became the first decathlete ever to achieve over 9,000 points , setting the record at 9,026 points , succeeding his compatriot , Tomáš Dvořák , who had scored 8,994 points two years earlier . After placing second in the decathlon during the 2000 Summer Olympics , Šebrle won the gold medal in the 2004 Summer Olympics . Tradition dictates the winner of the decathlon holds the title of World 's Greatest Athlete . A panel of experts convened by the Wall Street Journal in 2008 also ranked Šebrle as the world 's greatest athlete . That very same year , Šebrle finished 6th in the decathlon in the Beijing Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '2000 Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , 46 events in athletics were contested , 24 for men and 22 for women . There were a total number of 2134 participating athletes from 193 countries .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's decathlon", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_decathlon", 'summary': "The Men 's Decathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics as part of the athletics program was held at the Stadium Australia on Wednesday 27 September and Thursday 28 September . After the first day of the contest , Chris Huffins found himself in en eight-point lead ahead of Dean Macey . Erki Nool and Tom Pappas occupied the next places . On the next day Nool dropped to fifth place after the 110 metres hurdles , but advanced again after the controversial discus contest . Starting off with two foul attempts , Nool was originally fouled in his third and last attempt as well , which would have resulted in him getting 0 points and falling out of the leading group . However , Nool successfully appealed the ring-foul ruling and had his throw measured to 43.66 metres , which saw him climb one place . The British delegation , representing Macey , protested to no avail . Following Nool 's strong result in the javelin throw event Huffins ' lead had shrunk to only 14 points before the 1500 metres . As this was a weak event for Huffins he looked set to lose out in the medal chase ; however , he managed to lower his personal best time by twelve seconds and grasped a bronze medal . Reigning world champion and world record holder Tomáš Dvořák struggled with a knee problem throughout the competition and finished in a disappointing sixth place ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rudolf Kraj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rudolf_Kraj', 'summary': 'Rudolf Kraj ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈrudolf ˈkraj ] ) ( born 5 December 1977 in Mělník , Czechoslovakia ) is a Czech boxer .'}]}, {'value': '2000 Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The boxing competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia was held at the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre in Darling Harbour . The event was only open to men and bouts were contested over four rounds of two minutes each . Five judges scored the fighters in real time and the boxer with the most points at the end was the winner . Like other Olympic combat sports , two bronze medals are awarded ; in the case of boxing , both losing semi-finalists receive a bronze medal , with no further play-off . As a result , the quarter-final essentially equates to a bronze medal match , a semi-final to a silver medal match , and the final to a gold medal match . 48 medals are therefore available , half of which are bronze medals .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's light heavyweight", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Light_heavyweight', 'summary': "The men 's light heavyweight boxing competition at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney was held from 20 September to 1 October at the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petr Málek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petr_Málek', 'summary': 'Petr Málek ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈpɛtr̩ ˈmaːlɛk ] ; 26 November 1961 - 30 November 2019 ) was a Czech sport shooter , born in Moravský Krumlov . He won the Silver Medal in skeet at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games . He was Cyprus coach 2002-2008 and later a private coach . He died in Kuwait , aged 58 .'}]}, {'value': '2000 Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The shooting competitions at the 2000 Summer Olympics were carried out at the Sydney International Shooting Centre in Liverpool , New South Wales , Australia during the first week of the Games , from Saturday 16 September 2000 to Saturday 23 September 2000 . While the rifle , pistol and running target rules were largely unchanged from the Atlanta Games , two new shotgun events were added ( women 's trap and women 's skeet ) , raising the number of individual Olympic shooting events to an all-time high of seventeen ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's skeet", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_skeet", 'summary': "The men 's skeet shooting competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics was the last shooting event of the Sydney Games , held on 22 and 23 September . Mykola Milchev of Ukraine became the first shooter to hit all 150 targets at an Olympic competition in skeet ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marek Jiras Tomáš Máder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marek_Jiras', 'summary': 'Marek Jiras ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈmarɛk ˈjɪras ] ) ( born 18 August 1976 in Prague ) is a Czech slalom canoeist who competed at the international level from 1992 to 2009 . He won a bronze medal in the C2 event at the 2000 Summer Olympics together with Tomáš Máder . They then competed in the same event at the 2004 Summer Olympics , where they finished seventh . Jiras and Máder also won eight medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with six golds ( C2 : 1999 , C2 team : 1993 , 1999 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 ) , a silver ( C2 team : 1997 ) and a bronze ( C2 : 2002 ) . They won five more medals at the European Championships ( 1 gold , 3 silvers and 1 bronze ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tomáš_Máder', 'summary': 'Tomáš Máder ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈtomaːʃ ˈmaːdɛr ] ) ( born 18 April 1974 in Prague ) is a Czech slalom canoeist who competed at the international level from 1992 to 2009 . He won a bronze medal in the C2 event at the 2000 Summer Olympics together with Marek Jiras . They then competed at the same event at the 2004 Summer Olympics , where they finished seventh . Máder and Jiras also won eight medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with six golds ( C2 : 1999 , C2 team : 1993 , 1999 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 ) , a silver ( C2 team : 1997 ) and a bronze ( C2 : 2002 ) . They won five more medals at the European Championships ( 1 gold , 3 silvers and 1 bronze ) .'}]}, {'value': '2000 Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Canoeing at the 2000 Summer Olympics was held at the Sydney International Regatta Centre for the sprint events and the Whitewater Stadium in Penrith for the canoe and kayak slalom disciplines . The repechage rounds that ran from the 1960 to the 1996 Games were eliminated in the sprint events while qualifying rounds were added to the slalom events . Additionally , a quota system for each event was enacted , meaning each event had a limited number of competitors that could compete . A total of 16 events were contested , 12 sprint events ( 9 for men and 3 for women ) and 4 slalom events ( 3 for men and 1 for women ) .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's slalom C-2", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_slalom_C-2", 'summary': "These are the results of the men 's C-2 slalom competition in canoeing at the 2000 Summer Olympics . The C-2 ( canoe single ) event is raced by two-man canoes through a whitewater course . The venue for the 2000 Olympic competition was at Penrith Whitewater Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Tenk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Tenk', 'summary': 'Martin Tenk ( born 8 February 1972 in Ostrava ) is a Czech sports shooter and Olympic medalist . He won a bronze medal in the 50 metre pistol at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney . He also competed at the 1996 , 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '2000 Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The shooting competitions at the 2000 Summer Olympics were carried out at the Sydney International Shooting Centre in Liverpool , New South Wales , Australia during the first week of the Games , from Saturday 16 September 2000 to Saturday 23 September 2000 . While the rifle , pistol and running target rules were largely unchanged from the Atlanta Games , two new shotgun events were added ( women 's trap and women 's skeet ) , raising the number of individual Olympic shooting events to an all-time high of seventeen ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50 metre pistol", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_50_metre_pistol", 'summary': "The men 's 50 metre pistol competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics was held on 19 September . Tanyu Kiryakov won , becoming the first shooter to win Olympic gold medals in both this event and 10 metre air pistol . 2.7 points behind , Igor Basinski won his fourth Olympic medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jan Řehula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jan_Řehula', 'summary': 'Jan Řehula ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈjan ˈr̝ɛɦula ] ( listen ) ) ( born 15 November 1973 ) is a triathlete from the Czech Republic . Řehula participated in the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics . He won the bronze medal with a total time of 1:48:46.64 . His split times were 18:11.89 for the swim , 0:59:13.50 for the cycling , and 0:31:21.25 for the run . His recent International Triathlon Union rankings include :'}]}, {'value': '2000 Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Triathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Triathlon made its official debut at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia . This sporting event was held at the Sydney Opera House . Forty-eight triathletes contested the female event on September 16 , while fifty-two contested the male event on September 17 , making up a total of 100 competitors . Each competitor starts the event with a 1500-metre swim course , followed by a 40 kilometre road bicycle race and finish with a 10 kilometre road run . Each consecutive event in triathlon runs in sequence , without any respite , so that the athlete who crossed the line in first place at the end of the run would be the winner .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's competition", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's", 'summary': "The men 's triathlon was part of the Triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics programme . It was the first appearance of the event , making this an official debut at the 2000 Summer Olympics . The competition was held on Sunday , September 17 , 2000 at the Sydney Opera House in Sydney ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roman Šebrle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Šebrle', 'summary': "Roman Šebrle ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈroman ˈʃɛbr̩lɛ ] ; born 26 November 1974 ) is a retired decathlete from the Czech Republic . He is considered to be one of the best decathlon athletes of all time . Originally a high jumper , he later switched to the combined events and is a former world record holder in the decathlon . In 2001 in Götzis he became the first decathlete ever to achieve over 9,000 points , setting the record at 9,026 points , succeeding his compatriot , Tomáš Dvořák , who had scored 8,994 points two years earlier . After placing second in the decathlon during the 2000 Summer Olympics , Šebrle won the gold medal in the 2004 Summer Olympics . Tradition dictates the winner of the decathlon holds the title of World 's Greatest Athlete . A panel of experts convened by the Wall Street Journal in 2008 also ranked Šebrle as the world 's greatest athlete . That very same year , Šebrle finished 6th in the decathlon in the Beijing Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '2004 Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2004 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004 , was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home . The Games saw 10,625 athletes compete , some 600 more than expected , accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries . There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance . 2004 also marked the return of the Olympic Games to the city where they began . Having previously hosted the Olympics in 1896 , Athens became one of only four cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two separate occasions at the time ( together with Paris , London , and Los Angeles ) . A new medal obverse was introduced at these Games , replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games . This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue . The new design features the Panathenaic Stadium . The 2004 Summer Games were hailed as unforgettable , dream games by IOC President Jacques Rogge , and left Athens with a significantly improved infrastructure , including a new airport , ring road , and subway system . There have been arguments ( mostly in popular media ) regarding the cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games and their possible contribution to the 2010-2018 Greek government-debt crisis , however , there is little or no evidence for such a correlation . The 2004 Olympics were generally deemed to be a success , with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics , the athletics events were held at the Athens Olympic Stadium from August 18 to August 29 , except for the marathons ( run from Marathonas to the Kallimarmaro Stadium ) , the race walks ( on the streets of Athens ) , and the shot put ( held at the Ancient Olympia Stadium ) . A total of 46 events were contested , of which 24 by male and 22 by female athletes .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's decathlon", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_decathlon", 'summary': "The men 's decathlon competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held at the Olympic Stadium on 23-24 August ."}]}], 'section_title': 'List of medalists -- Summer Games', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Czech_Republic_at_the_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'The Czech Republic first participated at the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1994, and has competed in every Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then. Prior to the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993, Czech athletes had competed at the Olympics from 1920 to 1992 as Czechoslovakia and from 1900 to 1912 as Bohemia. Athletes from the Czech Republic have won a total of 56 medals at the Summer Games, with canoeing, athletics and shooting as the top medal-producing sports. The nation has also won 24 medals at the Winter Games, mostly in cross-country skiing, speed skating and ultimately popular ice hockey. In terms of medal count the most decorated Czech Olympian within the post-Czechoslovak period is cross-country skier Kateřina Neumannová (6 medals between 1998 and 2006). The National Olympic Committee for the Czech Republic is the Czech Olympic Committee, which was founded in 1899 and recognized in its current form by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.'}	null	null	How many medals did the silver medalist in men 's slalom C-1 canoeing at the Olympic Games of 1996 obtain at the European Championships ?	four
079e1e59e6a861a2	hybridqa	{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_in_women's_road_cycling", 'title': "2008 in women's road cycling", 'header': ['', 'Date', 'Race', 'Country', 'Winner', 'Team'], 'data': [{'value': '# 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Geelong World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geelong_World_Cup', 'summary': "The Australia World Cup was a women 's professional road bicycle racing event held annually in Australia from 1998 to 2008 as part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup . The location of the race varied : in 1998 , it was held in Sydney ; from 1999 to 2001 , it was held in Canberra ; in 2002 it was held in the Snowy Mountains and ; from 2003 to 2008 it was held in Geelong , Victoria ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Katheryn Mattis ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katheryn_Curi', 'summary': "Katheryn Curi ( born May 29 , 1974 in Goshen , Connecticut ) is an American racing cyclist who rides for the Webcor Builders Women 's Professional Cycling Team . She won the United States National Road Race Championships in Park City , Utah in June 2005 . In February 2008 she won the Geelong World Cup thereby claiming the UCI World Cup leader 's jersey . Curi received a B.A . in psychology from Mount Holyoke College in 1996 and began competing as a professional cyclist in 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Webcor Builders Cycling Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Webcor_Builders_Cycling_Team', 'summary': 'Webcor Builders is a commercial construction contractor with headquarters in San Francisco , California . The firm also has regional offices in Alameda , Los Angeles , San Diego , and Hawaii , and is among the largest builders in California with clients including Starwood Lodging , Lucasfilm , Oracle Corporation , The California Academy of Sciences , eBay and Electronic Arts . It has been part of Obayashi since 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '# 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trofeo_Alfredo_Binda-Comune_di_Cittiglio', 'summary': "Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio is a women 's professional road bicycle racing event held annually in the comune ( municipality ) of Cittiglio and nearby comunes located within the Province of Varese in the Italian region Lombardy . Since 2008 , the Trofeo Alfredo Binda serves as the second race of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup . In 2016 the Trofeo Alfredo Binda became part of the new UCI Women 's World Tour The field of riders complete a 15.5 km circuit 8 times to determine the winner . The circuit traces Cittiglio , Brenta , Casalzuigno , Casale Alto , Cuveglio , Cuvio , Azzio , Gemonio before returning to Cittiglio . The race consists of two significant climbs on the circuit , which are the Casale Alto , in the early part of the circuit and the climb of Azzio , which typically separates the field as it is located just before the conclusion of the circuit ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Emma Pooley ( GBR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emma_Pooley', 'summary': "Emma Jane Pooley ( born 3 October 1982 ) is an English sportswoman and former presenter on the Global Cycling Network . A former professional cyclist who specialised in time trials and hilly races , she later transferred to endurance running , duathlon and triathlon , and is currently a professional triathlete and duathlete , and the reigning quadruple world champion in long distance duathlon . She won an Olympic silver medal in the time trial in 2008 and was world time trial champion in 2010 . She has won six UCI Women 's Road World Cup one-day races , as well as several stage races including the ten-day Tour de l'Aude . She is three-times a British time trial champion and in 2010 also won the British road race championships . Pooley retired from professional cycling after the 2014 Commonwealth Games to concentrate on triathlon , duathlon and long-distance running , having won the Lausanne Marathon and the Swissman triathlon the previous year . She went on to win the ITU Powerman Duathlon World Championships at Poweran Zofingen in September 2014 and again in 2015 . On 16 December 2015 , Pooley announced that she would be returning temporarily to cycling , seeking to qualify to represent Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio , as she felt the unusually mountainous time trial course on offer played to her strengths . [ citation needed ] In June 2016 , Pooley came out of retirement and re-signed for her former team , Lotto-Soudal Ladies , in time for the 2016 Giro Rosa . After racing in the Olympic time trial and road race she returned to duathlon with two further world championship titles at ITU Powerman Duathlon World Championships at Poweran Zofingen in September 2016 and 2017 as well as a European middle distance duathlon title in 2017 . Between February 2018 and March 2019 Pooley worked at Global Cycling Network as a presenter ."}]}, {'value': 'Team Specialized Designs For Women', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Team_Specialized_Designs_For_Women', 'summary': "Team Specialized Designs for Women ( UCI Code : TSW ) was an elite women 's professional road bicycle racing team licensed in Switzerland that competed in national events ( NE ) , UCI-rated events ( 2.HC , 2.1 , 2.2 , 1.HC , 1.1 and 1.2 ) and UCI Women 's Road World Cup ( WC ) events . After operating under various names for seven years , it disbanded at the end of the 2008 season ."}]}, {'value': '# 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tour of Flanders for Women', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_of_Flanders_for_Women', 'summary': "The Tour of Flanders for Women ( Dutch : Ronde van Vlaanderen voor Vrouwen ) is the women 's edition of the Tour of Flanders , an annual road bicycle racing event in Flanders , Belgium , held in early April . It is held on the same day as the men 's race , on much of the same roads but at a shorter distance . Dutch rider Mirjam Melchers and German Judith Arndt hold the record with two wins . Dutch rider Anna van der Breggen won the most recent race in 2018 . The event has been held annually since 2004 on the same day as the men 's race . From 2004 to 2015 it was part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup . Since 2016 , the race is included in the UCI Women 's World Tour , cycling 's top-tier female elite competition . Since the first edition , organisers have included more climbs and extended the race gradually from 94 km in the first edition to 157 km in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'Judith Arndt ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judith_Arndt', 'summary': 'Judith Arndt ( born 23 July 1976 ) is a retired German professional cyclist , who last rode for the GreenEDGE-AIS cycling team . She won the bronze medal in the 3000 m pursuit event at the 1996 Summer Olympics when she was 20 . In 2004 , she won the world road race championship and came second in the Olympic road race .'}]}, {'value': 'Team High Road Women', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Velocio–SRAM_Pro_Cycling', 'summary': "Velocio-SRAM Pro Cycling , formerly known as Specialized-lululemon , was a professional cycling team based in the United States that competes in elite road bicycle racing and track cycling events . The final-season title sponsors were SRAM Corporation and Cervelo bicycles . Velocio Sports was the holding company for the team and the place-holder during a larger search for a title sponsor . Before 2012 , the team was owned by Bob Stapleton 's High Road Sports and was known in 2011 as HTC-Highroad Women . Following HTC 's withdrawal of sponsorship and the failure to find a replacement sponsor , a new company , Velocio Sports , directed by High Road 's former Marketing and Communications officer Kristy Scrymgeour , was set up to own the team , but most of the riders and other staff remained the same . High Road also operated an elite men 's professional team known most recently as HTC-Highroad , which disbanded . Prior to 2008 , the team was named T-Mobile Women . Columbia Sportswear were a title sponsor from July 2008 until the end of 2010 . In August 2015 , Scrymgeour announced that the team would be disbanded at the end of the 2015 season . Under Scrymgeour 's management , and with the introduction of team time trials world championships for trade teams in 2012 , the team has won every TTT world championships in the team 's existence ."}]}, {'value': '# 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ronde van Drenthe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronde_van_Drenthe', 'summary': "Ronde van Drenthe ( English : Tour of Drenthe ) is an elite men 's and women 's professional road bicycle racing event held annually in the Drenthe , Netherlands and sanctioned by the Royal Dutch Cycling Union . Since 1998 there is also a women 's event , known as Novilon Internationale Damesronde van Drenthe and since 2007 there is also a Ronde van Drenthe for women which was part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup until 2015 . In 2016 , the race became part of the new UCI Women 's World Tour . Since 2005 , the men 's event is UCI 1.1 rated and is part of the UCI Europe Tour ."}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Chantal Beltman ( NED )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chantal_Beltman', 'summary': 'Chantal Beltman ( born 25 August 1976 in Slagharen , Overijssel ) is a former Dutch professional cyclist . She was part of the 2008 Team High Road Women team . In 2007 this was called the T-Mobile Women cycling team . In 2006 , Beltman raced for Vrienden van het Platteland team . She is the older sister of Ghita Beltman , who is a former cyclist .'}]}, {'value': 'Team High Road Women', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Velocio–SRAM_Pro_Cycling', 'summary': "Velocio-SRAM Pro Cycling , formerly known as Specialized-lululemon , was a professional cycling team based in the United States that competes in elite road bicycle racing and track cycling events . The final-season title sponsors were SRAM Corporation and Cervelo bicycles . Velocio Sports was the holding company for the team and the place-holder during a larger search for a title sponsor . Before 2012 , the team was owned by Bob Stapleton 's High Road Sports and was known in 2011 as HTC-Highroad Women . Following HTC 's withdrawal of sponsorship and the failure to find a replacement sponsor , a new company , Velocio Sports , directed by High Road 's former Marketing and Communications officer Kristy Scrymgeour , was set up to own the team , but most of the riders and other staff remained the same . High Road also operated an elite men 's professional team known most recently as HTC-Highroad , which disbanded . Prior to 2008 , the team was named T-Mobile Women . Columbia Sportswear were a title sponsor from July 2008 until the end of 2010 . In August 2015 , Scrymgeour announced that the team would be disbanded at the end of the 2015 season . Under Scrymgeour 's management , and with the introduction of team time trials world championships for trade teams in 2012 , the team has won every TTT world championships in the team 's existence ."}]}, {'value': '# 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23 April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Flèche Wallonne Féminine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Flèche_Wallonne_Féminine', 'summary': "La Flèche Wallonne Féminine is a professional women 's bicycle road race held each year in Wallonia , Belgium , in April . It is part of the UCI Women 's World Tour , cycling 's season-long competition of top-tier races , in which it is the third-oldest single-day event after the Trofeo Alfredo Binda in Italy and the Emakumeen Euskal Bira in the Basque Country . The event is raced on the same day as La Flèche Wallonne for men . The race was inaugurated by Tour de France organizers ASO in 1998 and quickly became a road race classic . From 1999 onwards , the women 's Flèche Wallonne was a UCI Women 's Road Cycling World Cup event . In 2016 , the race became part of the new UCI Women 's World Tour . The Flèche Wallonne Féminine is held in conjunction with the men 's race , on much of the same roads but at a shorter distance . Likewise , the race always finishes on the steep Mur de Huy . Two Dutch riders hold the record with five wins . Marianne Vos between 2007 and 2013 . Fellow Dutch Anna van der Breggen won her fifth consecutive Flèche Wallonne in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'Marianne Vos ( NED )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marianne_Vos', 'summary': "Marianne Vos ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ; born 13 May 1987 ) is a Dutch cyclo-cross , road bicycle racer , mountain bike racer and track racer , who currently rides for UCI Women 's WorldTeam CCC Liv . Vos has drawn comparison to Eddy Merckx as being the finest cyclist of [ her ] generation . After winning a junior European and world championship in road racing , she continued her success in senior cycling by becoming world champion in cyclo-cross and road racing at the age of 19 . Vos added track racing world championships when she won the points race in 2008 and the scratch race in 2011 . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , she won the gold medal in the points race ; at the 2012 Summer Olympics , gold in the women 's road race . She is a 3 times World Road Race Champion - in 2006 , 2012 and 2013 - and 7 times World Cyclocross Champion - in 2006 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 and 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'DSB Bank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CCC_Liv', 'summary': "CCC Liv ( UCI Code : CCC ) is a women 's professional cycling team , based in the Netherlands . The title sponsors are CCC , a Polish-based shoe retailer and Liv , a sub-brand of Taiwanese bicycle manufacturer Giant Bicycles . The team 's directeur sportif is Jeroen Blijlevens . Riders for CCC Liv compete in the UCI Women 's World Tour and other Elite Women 's Cycling events throughout the world ."}]}, {'value': '# 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tour de Berne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_de_Berne', 'summary': 'Tour de Berne is an elite professional road bicycle racing event held in Berne , Switzerland with races for men and women .'}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': 'Susanne Ljungskog ( SWE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susanne_Ljungskog', 'summary': 'Susanne Ljungskog ( born 16 March 1976 in Halmstad ) is a Swedish cyclist . A four-time Olympian ( 1996 , 2000 , 2004 and 2008 ) , she won the world road race championship in 2002 and 2003 . The same years , she was UCI points champion . She has also won two World Cup races . Ljungskog received the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Menikini - Selle Italia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Coupe du Monde Cycliste Féminine de Montréal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Coupe_du_Monde_Cycliste_Féminine_de_Montréal', 'summary': "The Coupe du Monde Cycliste Féminine de Montréal ( English : Women 's Cycling World Cup of Montreal , or simply Montreal World Cup ) was an elite women 's professional road bicycle racing event held annually between 1998 and 2009 in Montréal , Quebec , Canada as part of the UCI Women 's Road Cycling World Cup season ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Judith Arndt ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judith_Arndt', 'summary': 'Judith Arndt ( born 23 July 1976 ) is a retired German professional cyclist , who last rode for the GreenEDGE-AIS cycling team . She won the bronze medal in the 3000 m pursuit event at the 1996 Summer Olympics when she was 20 . In 2004 , she won the world road race championship and came second in the Olympic road race .'}]}, {'value': 'Team High Road Women', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Velocio–SRAM_Pro_Cycling', 'summary': "Velocio-SRAM Pro Cycling , formerly known as Specialized-lululemon , was a professional cycling team based in the United States that competes in elite road bicycle racing and track cycling events . The final-season title sponsors were SRAM Corporation and Cervelo bicycles . Velocio Sports was the holding company for the team and the place-holder during a larger search for a title sponsor . Before 2012 , the team was owned by Bob Stapleton 's High Road Sports and was known in 2011 as HTC-Highroad Women . Following HTC 's withdrawal of sponsorship and the failure to find a replacement sponsor , a new company , Velocio Sports , directed by High Road 's former Marketing and Communications officer Kristy Scrymgeour , was set up to own the team , but most of the riders and other staff remained the same . High Road also operated an elite men 's professional team known most recently as HTC-Highroad , which disbanded . Prior to 2008 , the team was named T-Mobile Women . Columbia Sportswear were a title sponsor from July 2008 until the end of 2010 . In August 2015 , Scrymgeour announced that the team would be disbanded at the end of the 2015 season . Under Scrymgeour 's management , and with the introduction of team time trials world championships for trade teams in 2012 , the team has won every TTT world championships in the team 's existence ."}]}, {'value': '# 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Open de Suède Vårgårda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Open_de_Suède_Vårgårda', 'summary': "Open de Suède Vårgårda is an elite professional women 's road bicycle event held annually in the Vårgårda Municipality of Sweden . Created in 2006 , the Open de Suède Vårgårda was part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup until 2015 and sanctioned by the Swedish Cycling Federation . Since 2016 , the race has been part of the new UCI Women 's World Tour . Since 2008 , a team time trial has been held in conjunction with the main race as a part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'Kori Kelley Seehafer ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kori_Kelley_Seehafer', 'summary': 'Kori Kelley Seehafer ( born 30 April 1975 ) is a road cyclist from United States . She represented her nation at the 2005 and 2008 UCI Road World Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Menikini - Selle Italia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 9', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Open_de_Suède_Vårgårda_TTT', 'summary': "The 2008 Open de Suède Vårgårda - team time trial was the first team time trial running on the Open de Suède Vårgårda . It was held on 1 August 2008 over a distance of 32 kilometres ( 19.9 miles ) and was the ninth race of the 2008 UCI Women 's Road World Cup season ."}]}, {'value': '1 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Open de Suède Vårgårda TTT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Open_de_Suède_Vårgårda', 'summary': "Open de Suède Vårgårda is an elite professional women 's road bicycle event held annually in the Vårgårda Municipality of Sweden . Created in 2006 , the Open de Suède Vårgårda was part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup until 2015 and sanctioned by the Swedish Cycling Federation . Since 2016 , the race has been part of the new UCI Women 's World Tour . Since 2008 , a team time trial has been held in conjunction with the main race as a part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'Priska Doppmann ( SUI ) Karin Thürig ( SUI ) Christiane Soeder ( AUT ) Carla Ryan ( AUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Priska_Doppmann', 'summary': "Priska Doppmann ( born 10 May 1971 ) is a Swiss road racing cyclist , born in Cham . She was the Swiss National Road Race champion in 1999 . She finished 7th in the Women 's road race at the 2008 Summer Olympics . Currently [ when ? ] , she is a manager for the women 's team Garmin-Cervélo ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Karin_Thürig', 'summary': "Karin Thürig ( born 4 July 1972 in Rothenburg ) is a Swiss professional racing cyclist and triathlete . She is the winner of the 2004 and 2005 UCI Road World Championships - Women 's time trial . In 2011 , she took second at the Ironman 70.3 World Championship ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Christiane_Soeder', 'summary': 'Christiane Soeder ( born January 15 , 1975 in Remscheid , North Rhine-Westphalia ) is a German-born Austrian road racing cyclist and former duathlete who now lives in Vienna . She won the Austrian National Road Race Championships in 2004 , 2006 and 2009 . She finished fourth in the 2008 Olympic road race with a time of 3h 32′ 28 . She rides professionally for Garmin-Cervélo .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Carla_Ryan', 'summary': 'Carla Ryan ( born 21 September 1985 ) is a former Australian professional racing cyclist . She was previously a distance runner before taking up cycling in 2005 as a result of a Queensland Academy of Sport talent ID programme . She has won multiple Australian National Road Race Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Cervélo-Lifeforce Pro Cycling Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garmin–Cervélo_(women)', 'summary': "Garmin-Cervélo was an elite professional women 's cycling team registered in Great Britain and racing on the UCI Women 's Road World Cup circuit . The team was previously known was Cervélo-Lifeforce Pro Cycling Team , but in 2009 , with the creation of the UCI Professional Continental team Cervélo TestTeam , the women 's team changed names to match the men 's team . When the men 's Cervélo TestTeam merged with Garmin-Transitions for the 2011 season , the team changed names again , becoming Garmin-Cervélo to again match the men 's team . In 2007 , the team was known as Raleigh-Lifeforce-Creation and prior to 2007 , the team was known as the Univega Pro Cycling Team . The Garmin-Cervélo women 's team disbanded at the end of 2011 due to funding problems . Six of its ten riders , including all four Britons , transferred to the AA Drink-leontien.nl team for the 2012 season ."}]}, {'value': '# 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GP de Plouay-Bretagne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GP_de_Plouay', 'summary': "The Grand Prix de Plouay - Lorient Agglomération is an elite professional women 's road bicycle race held in Plouay , France . It is organized annually since 2002 , on the day of the men 's race and on the same circuit . The race consists of four 26,9 km laps and two 13,9 km lap , totalling 135,4 km . The race was part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup until 2015 . In 2016 , the race became part of the new UCI Women 's World Tour ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Fabiana Luperini ( ITA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fabiana_Luperini', 'summary': "Fabiana Luperini ( born 14 January 1974 in Pontedera ) is an Italian professional cyclist . Luperini has won the Giro d'Italia Femminile a record five times , with four consecutive victories in 1995-1998 and a fifth ten years later , in 2008 . She has won the Grande Boucle Féminine three times consecutively , from 1995 to 1997 . In 1998 she won the Tour de l'Aude , and in 2006 she won the Iurreta-Emakumeen Bira ."}]}, {'value': 'Menikini - Selle Italia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rund um die Nürnberger Altstadt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rund_um_die_Nürnberger_Altstadt', 'summary': "Rund um die Nürnberger Altstadt ( English : Tour of Old Town Nuremberg ) is an elite men 's and women 's professional road bicycle racing event held each September in the old town section of Nuremberg , Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Judith Arndt ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judith_Arndt', 'summary': 'Judith Arndt ( born 23 July 1976 ) is a retired German professional cyclist , who last rode for the GreenEDGE-AIS cycling team . She won the bronze medal in the 3000 m pursuit event at the 1996 Summer Olympics when she was 20 . In 2004 , she won the world road race championship and came second in the Olympic road race .'}]}, {'value': 'Team Columbia Women', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Velocio–SRAM_Pro_Cycling', 'summary': "Velocio-SRAM Pro Cycling , formerly known as Specialized-lululemon , was a professional cycling team based in the United States that competes in elite road bicycle racing and track cycling events . The final-season title sponsors were SRAM Corporation and Cervelo bicycles . Velocio Sports was the holding company for the team and the place-holder during a larger search for a title sponsor . Before 2012 , the team was owned by Bob Stapleton 's High Road Sports and was known in 2011 as HTC-Highroad Women . Following HTC 's withdrawal of sponsorship and the failure to find a replacement sponsor , a new company , Velocio Sports , directed by High Road 's former Marketing and Communications officer Kristy Scrymgeour , was set up to own the team , but most of the riders and other staff remained the same . High Road also operated an elite men 's professional team known most recently as HTC-Highroad , which disbanded . Prior to 2008 , the team was named T-Mobile Women . Columbia Sportswear were a title sponsor from July 2008 until the end of 2010 . In August 2015 , Scrymgeour announced that the team would be disbanded at the end of the 2015 season . Under Scrymgeour 's management , and with the introduction of team time trials world championships for trade teams in 2012 , the team has won every TTT world championships in the team 's existence ."}]}], 'section_title': 'UCI World Cup', 'section_text': "Main article : 2008 UCI Women 's Road World Cup", 'uid': "2008_in_women's_road_cycling_0", 'intro': 'Source'}	null	null	When did the 5 time winner of Giro d'Italia Femminile win a race ?	24 August
079e3bad83e24317	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Denmark', 'title': 'List of bridges in Denmark', 'header': ['Rank', 'Name', 'Length ( m )', 'Span ( m )', 'Completed', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oresund Bridge ( Øresundsbroen )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oresund_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Öresund or Øresund Bridge ( Danish : Øresundsbroen [ ˈøːɐsɔnsˌpʁoˀn̩ ] ; Swedish : Öresundsbron [ œrɛˈsɵ̂nːdsˌbruːn ] ; hybrid name : Øresundsbron ) is a combined railway and motorway bridge across the Öresund strait between Sweden and Denmark . The bridge runs nearly 8 kilometres ( 5 miles ) from the Swedish coast to the artificial island Peberholm in the middle of the strait . The crossing is completed by the 4-kilometre ( 2.5 mi ) Drogden Tunnel from Peberholm to the Danish island of Amager . The Öresund Bridge is the longest combined road and rail bridge in Europe and connects two major metropolitan areas : Copenhagen , the Danish capital city , and the Swedish city of Malmö . It connects the road and rail networks of the Scandinavian Peninsula with those of Central and Western Europe . A data cable also makes the bridge the backbone of internet data transmission between central Europe and Sweden ( and , prior to 2016 also Finland ) . The international European route E20 crosses via road , the Øresund Line via railway . The construction of the Great Belt Fixed Link ( 1988-1998 ) , connecting Zealand to Funen and thence to the Jutland Peninsula , and the Öresund Bridge have connected Central and Western Europe to Scandinavia by road and rail . The Öresund Bridge was designed by the Danish engineering firm COWI . The justification for the additional expenditure and complexity related to digging a tunnel for part of the way , rather than raising that section of the bridge , was to avoid interfering with air traffic from the nearby Copenhagen Airport , to provide a clear channel for ships in good weather or bad , and to prevent ice floes from blocking the strait . The Öresund Bridge crosses the border between Denmark and Sweden . Although the Schengen Agreement and the Nordic Passport Union should mean no routine passport inspections , since January 2016 , identity and visa checks have been imposed by Sweden on travellers from Denmark due to the European migrant crisis .'}]}, {'value': '7,845 ( 2,300 in Denmark )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '490', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Øresund ( Copenhagen - Malmö )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Øresund', 'summary': "Øresund or Öresund ( UK : /ˌɜːrəˈsʊnd/ , US : /ˈɜːrəsʌn , -sʊnd , ˈɔːrəsʊnd/ ; Danish : Øresund [ ˈøːɐˌsɔnˀ ] ; Swedish : Öresund [ œrɛˈsɵnːd ] ) , commonly known in English as the Sound , is a strait which forms the Danish-Swedish border , separating Zealand ( Denmark ) from Scania ( Sweden ) . The strait has a length of 118 kilometres ( 73 mi ) and the width varies from 4 kilometres ( 2.5 mi ) to 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) . It is 4 kilometres ( 2.5 mi ) wide at its narrowest point between Helsingør in Denmark and Helsingborg in Sweden . Øresund is along with the Great Belt , Little Belt and Kiel Canal one of four waterways that connects the Baltic Sea to the Atlantic Ocean via Kattegat , Skagerrak , and the North Sea , and is one of the busiest waterways in the world . The Øresund Bridge , between the Danish capital Copenhagen and the Swedish city of Malmö , inaugurated on 1 July 2000 , connects a bi-national metropolitan area with close to 4 million inhabitants . The HH Ferry route , between Helsingør , Denmark and Helsingborg , Sweden , in the northern part of Øresund , is one of the world 's busiest international ferry routes with more than 70 departures from each harbour per day . Øresund is a geologically young strait that formed 8500-8000 years ago as a result of rising sea levels . Previously the Ancylus Lake , a fresh-water body occupying the Baltic basin , had been connected to the sea solely by the Great Belt . As such the entrance of salt water by Øresund marked the beginning of the modern Baltic Sea as a salt-water sea ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Copenhagen', 'summary': "Copenhagen [ a ] ( Danish : København [ kʰøpm̩ˈhau̯ˀn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark . As of 1 January 2020 , the city had a population of 794,128 , 632,340 in Copenhagen Municipality , 104,305 in Frederiksberg Municipality , 42,989 in Tårnby Municipality , and 14,494 in Dragør Municipality . It forms the core of the wider urban area of Copenhagen ( population 1,320,629 ) and the Copenhagen metropolitan area ( population 2,557,737 ) . Copenhagen is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand ; another small portion of the city is located on Amager , and it is separated from Malmø , Sweden , by the strait of Øresund . The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road . Originally a Viking fishing village established in the 10th century in the vicinity of what is now Gammel Strand , Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century . Beginning in the 17th century it consolidated its position as a regional centre of power with its institutions , defences and armed forces . During the renaissance the city served as the de facto capital being the seat of government of the Kalmar Union , governing the entire present day Nordic region in a personal union with Sweden and Norway ruled by the Danish monarch serving as the head of state . The city flourished as the cultural and economic center of Scandinavia under the union for well over 120 years , starting in the 15th century up until the beginning of the 16th century when the union was dissolved with Sweden leaving the union through a rebellion . After a plague outbreak and fire in the 18th century , the city underwent a period of redevelopment . This included construction of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and founding of such cultural institutions as the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts . After further disasters in the early 19th century when Horatio Nelson attacked the Dano-Norwegian fleet and bombarded the city , rebuilding during the Danish Golden Age brought a Neoclassical look to Copenhagen 's architecture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Malmö', 'summary': 'Malmö ( /ˈmælmoʊ , ˈmɑːlmɜː/ ; Swedish : [ ˈmâlmøː ] ( listen ) ; Danish : Malmø [ ˈmælmˌøˀ ] ) is the largest city of the Swedish county of Skåne County , the third-largest city in Sweden , after Stockholm and Gothenburg , and the sixth-largest city in Scandinavia , with a population of 316,588 inhabitants out of a municipal total of 338,230 in 2018 . The Malmö Metropolitan Region is home to over 700,000 people , and the Øresund Region , which includes Malmö , is home to 4 million people . Malmö was one of the earliest and most industrialized towns of Scandinavia , but it struggled with the adaptation to post-industrialism . Since the construction of the Öresund Bridge , Malmö has undergone a major transformation , producing new architectural developments , supporting new biotech and IT companies , and attracting students through Malmö University and other higher education facilities . The city contains many historic buildings and parks , and is also a commercial center for the western part of Scania .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Belt East Bridge ( Østbroen ) ( Storebæltsbroen )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Belt_Fixed_Link', 'summary': "The Great Belt Fixed Link ( Danish : Storebæltsforbindelsen ) is a multi-element fixed link crossing the Great Belt strait between the Danish islands of Zealand and Funen . It consists of a road suspension bridge and a railway tunnel between Zealand and the small island Sprogø in the middle of the Great Belt , and a box-girder bridge for both road and rail traffic between Sprogø and Funen . The total length is 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) . The Great Belt Bridge ( Danish : Storebæltsbroen ) commonly refers to the suspension bridge , although it may also be used to mean the box-girder bridge or the link in its entirety . Officially named the East Bridge , the suspension bridge was designed by the Danish firms COWI and Ramboll . It has the world 's fifth-longest main span ( 1.6 km ( 1 mi ) ) , and the longest outside Asia . At the time of the opening of the bridge it was the second longest , beaten by the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge opened a few months previously . The link replaced a ferry service , which had been the primary means of crossing the Great Belt . After more than 50 years of debate , the Danish government decided in 1986 to construct a link ; it opened to rail traffic in 1997 and to road traffic in 1998 . At an estimated cost of DKK 21.4 billion ( 1988 prices ) , the link is the largest construction project in Danish history . It has reduced travel times significantly ; previously taking one hour by ferry , the Great Belt can now be crossed in ten minutes . This link and the Øresund Bridge ( built 1995-1999 ) have together enabled driving from mainland Europe to Sweden and the rest of Scandinavia through Denmark ."}]}, {'value': '6,790', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,624', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Storebælt ( Sjælland - Sprogø )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Belt', 'summary': 'The Great Belt ( Danish : Storebælt , pronounced [ ˈstoːɐˌpɛlˀt ] ) is a strait between the major islands of Zealand ( Sjælland ) and Funen ( Fyn ) in Denmark . It is one of the three Danish Straits . Effectively dividing Denmark in two , the Belt was served by the Great Belt ferries from the late 19th century until the islands were connected by the Great Belt Fixed Link in 1997-98 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Zealand', 'summary': 'Zealand ( Danish : Sjælland , pronounced [ ˈɕɛˌlænˀ ] ) , at 7,031 km2 , is the largest and most populous island in Denmark proper ( thus excluding Greenland and Disko Island , which are larger ) . Zealand has a population of 2,302,074 ( as of 1 January 2018 ) . It is the 13th-largest island in Europe by area and the 4th most populous . It is connected to Funen by the Great Belt Fixed Link , to Lolland , Falster ( and Germany from 2028 ) by the Storstrøm Bridge and the Farø Bridges . Zealand is also linked to Amager by several bridges . Zealand is linked indirectly , through intervening islands by a series of bridges and tunnels , to southern Sweden . Copenhagen , the capital of Denmark , is located partly on the eastern shore of Zealand and partly on the island of Amager . Other cities on Zealand include Roskilde , Hillerød , Næstved and Helsingør . Despite their identical names in English , the island is not connected historically to the Pacific nation of New Zealand , which is named after the Dutch province of Zeeland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sprogø', 'summary': "Sprogø ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈspʁɔu̯ˌøˀ ] ) is a small Danish island , located in the Great Belt , the strait that separates the main islands of Funen and Zealand . It is about halfway across the strait , 6.7 kilometres ( 4.2 miles ) from the Zealand shore and 8 kilometres ( 5 miles ) from the Funen shore . Although sprog is modern Danish for speech , the island 's name was recorded originally during the 12th century as Sproøe meaning scout 's island , from the old Danish verb spro ( to scout ) . Today , the island is crossed by part of the Great Belt Fixed Link , a series of roads , bridges , and tunnels ; it is connected to Funen by a road and rail bridge , and to Zealand by both a road suspension bridge and twin rail tunnels . During the construction , the island was reconfigured drastically , with land reclamation increasing its area from 38 to 154 hectares . There are remains of buildings on the original part of Sprogø from the beginning of the 12th century , a fortress built by order of King Valdemar the Great . During construction work , extensive archaeological investigations were undertaken , and among other findings it was revealed that the first inhabitants arrived more than 8,000 years ago . The island does not have any permanent population today , but is used by Sund og Bælt , the company that owns and operates the bridges nearby . It is also a nature reserve , and tours of the island are organised ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Belt West Bridge ( Vestbroen ) ( Storebæltsbroen )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Belt_Fixed_Link', 'summary': "The Great Belt Fixed Link ( Danish : Storebæltsforbindelsen ) is a multi-element fixed link crossing the Great Belt strait between the Danish islands of Zealand and Funen . It consists of a road suspension bridge and a railway tunnel between Zealand and the small island Sprogø in the middle of the Great Belt , and a box-girder bridge for both road and rail traffic between Sprogø and Funen . The total length is 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) . The Great Belt Bridge ( Danish : Storebæltsbroen ) commonly refers to the suspension bridge , although it may also be used to mean the box-girder bridge or the link in its entirety . Officially named the East Bridge , the suspension bridge was designed by the Danish firms COWI and Ramboll . It has the world 's fifth-longest main span ( 1.6 km ( 1 mi ) ) , and the longest outside Asia . At the time of the opening of the bridge it was the second longest , beaten by the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge opened a few months previously . The link replaced a ferry service , which had been the primary means of crossing the Great Belt . After more than 50 years of debate , the Danish government decided in 1986 to construct a link ; it opened to rail traffic in 1997 and to road traffic in 1998 . At an estimated cost of DKK 21.4 billion ( 1988 prices ) , the link is the largest construction project in Danish history . It has reduced travel times significantly ; previously taking one hour by ferry , the Great Belt can now be crossed in ten minutes . This link and the Øresund Bridge ( built 1995-1999 ) have together enabled driving from mainland Europe to Sweden and the rest of Scandinavia through Denmark ."}]}, {'value': '6,611', 'urls': []}, {'value': '110', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Storebælt ( Sprogø - Fyn )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Belt', 'summary': 'The Great Belt ( Danish : Storebælt , pronounced [ ˈstoːɐˌpɛlˀt ] ) is a strait between the major islands of Zealand ( Sjælland ) and Funen ( Fyn ) in Denmark . It is one of the three Danish Straits . Effectively dividing Denmark in two , the Belt was served by the Great Belt ferries from the late 19th century until the islands were connected by the Great Belt Fixed Link in 1997-98 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sprogø', 'summary': "Sprogø ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈspʁɔu̯ˌøˀ ] ) is a small Danish island , located in the Great Belt , the strait that separates the main islands of Funen and Zealand . It is about halfway across the strait , 6.7 kilometres ( 4.2 miles ) from the Zealand shore and 8 kilometres ( 5 miles ) from the Funen shore . Although sprog is modern Danish for speech , the island 's name was recorded originally during the 12th century as Sproøe meaning scout 's island , from the old Danish verb spro ( to scout ) . Today , the island is crossed by part of the Great Belt Fixed Link , a series of roads , bridges , and tunnels ; it is connected to Funen by a road and rail bridge , and to Zealand by both a road suspension bridge and twin rail tunnels . During the construction , the island was reconfigured drastically , with land reclamation increasing its area from 38 to 154 hectares . There are remains of buildings on the original part of Sprogø from the beginning of the 12th century , a fortress built by order of King Valdemar the Great . During construction work , extensive archaeological investigations were undertaken , and among other findings it was revealed that the first inhabitants arrived more than 8,000 years ago . The island does not have any permanent population today , but is used by Sund og Bælt , the company that owns and operates the bridges nearby . It is also a nature reserve , and tours of the island are organised ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Funen', 'summary': "Funen ( Danish : Fyn , pronounced [ ˈfyˀn ] ) , with an area of 3,099.7 square kilometres ( 1,196.8 sq mi ) , is the third-largest island of Denmark , after Zealand and Vendsyssel-Thy . It is the 165th-largest island in the world . It is located in the central part of the country and has a population of 466,284 ( 2013 ) . Funen 's main city is Odense , which is connected to the sea by a seldom-used canal . The city 's shipyard , Odense Steel Shipyard , has been relocated outside Odense proper . Funen belongs administratively to the Region of Southern Denmark . From 1970 to 2006 the island formed the biggest part of Funen County , which also included the islands of Langeland , Ærø , Tåsinge , and a number of smaller islands . Funen is linked to Zealand , Denmark 's largest island , by the Great Belt Bridge , which carries both trains and cars . The bridge is in reality three bridges ; low road and rail bridges connect Funen to the small island of Sprogø in the middle of the Great Belt , and a long road suspension bridge ( the second longest in the world at the time of opening ) connects Funen the rest of the way to Zealand , paralleled by a rail tunnel . Two bridges connect Funen to the Danish mainland , Jutland . The Old Little Belt Bridge was constructed in the 1930s shortly before World War II for both cars and trains . The New Little Belt Bridge , a suspension bridge , was constructed in the 1970s and is used for cars only ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Storstrøm Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Storstrøm_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Storstrøm Bridge ( Danish : Storstrømsbroen , pronounced [ ˈstoɐ̯stʁɶmsˌpʁoˀn̩ ] ) is a road and railway arch bridge that crosses Storstrømmen between the islands of Falster and Masnedø in Denmark . Together with Masnedsund Bridge it connects Falster and Zealand ( Sjælland ) . It was the main road connection between the islands until the Farø Bridges were opened in 1985 . It is still part of the railway connection between the islands of Lolland , Falster , and Zealand . It is on the rail line between Copenhagen and Hamburg , Germany .'}]}, {'value': '3,199', 'urls': []}, {'value': '136', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Storstrømmen ( Falster - Masnedø )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Storstrømmen', 'summary': 'Storstrømmen ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈstoɐ̯ˌstʁɶmˀm̩ ] ; lit . The Great Stream ) is a strait in Denmark separating the island Falster from the island Zealand .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Falster', 'summary': "Falster ( Danish : [ ˈfælˀstɐ ] ) is an island in south-eastern Denmark with an area of 486.2 km2 ( 187.7 sq mi ) and 43,398 inhabitants as of 1 January 2010 . Located in the Baltic sea , it is part of Region Zealand and is administered by Guldborgsund Municipality . Falster includes Denmark 's southernmost point , Gedser Odde , near Gedser . The largest town is Nykøbing Falster with over 40% of the island 's inhabitants . Other towns include Stubbekøbing , Nørre Alslev and Gedser . Falster has motor and railway links both to the larger island of Zealand to the north and to the island of Lolland to the south-west . These links also lead to the smaller islands of Masnedø and Farø . European route E47 links Copenhagen to Hamburg ( Germany ) via Falster ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Masnedø', 'summary': 'Masnedø ( Danish pronunciation : [ mæsnð̩ˈøˀ ] ) is a Danish island between Zealand and Falster . The island covers an area of 1.68 km² and has 156 inhabitants .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Farø South Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Farø_Bridges', 'summary': 'The Farø Bridges ( Danish : Farøbroerne , pronounced [ ˈfaːʁœˌpʁoˀɐnə ] ) are two road bridges that connect the islands of Falster and Zealand in Denmark by way of the small island of Farø which is approximately mid-way across the Storstrømmen sound . A smaller bridge from Farø provides access to Bogø and thence to the island of Møn .'}]}, {'value': '1,726', 'urls': []}, {'value': '290', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Farø - Falster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Farø', 'summary': 'Farø ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈfaːˌʁœˀ ] ) is an island in Denmark , located between the islands Sjælland and Falster . It has an area of 0.93 km² and has a population of four people ( 2019 ) . Administratively it is part of Vordingborg Municipality .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Falster', 'summary': "Falster ( Danish : [ ˈfælˀstɐ ] ) is an island in south-eastern Denmark with an area of 486.2 km2 ( 187.7 sq mi ) and 43,398 inhabitants as of 1 January 2010 . Located in the Baltic sea , it is part of Region Zealand and is administered by Guldborgsund Municipality . Falster includes Denmark 's southernmost point , Gedser Odde , near Gedser . The largest town is Nykøbing Falster with over 40% of the island 's inhabitants . Other towns include Stubbekøbing , Nørre Alslev and Gedser . Falster has motor and railway links both to the larger island of Zealand to the north and to the island of Lolland to the south-west . These links also lead to the smaller islands of Masnedø and Farø . European route E47 links Copenhagen to Hamburg ( Germany ) via Falster ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sallingsund Bridge ( Sallingsundbroen )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sallingsund_Bridge', 'summary': 'Sallingsund Bridge ( Sallingsundbroen ) is a bridge that crosses Salling Sund between the island of Mors and the Salling peninsula on the mainland ( Jylland ( Jutland ) ) in Denmark . The bridge is 1717 metres long , the longest span is 93 metres , and the maximum clearance to the sea is 26 metres . The building of Sallingsund Bridge started in 1973 , and it was opened by Queen Margrethe II on 30 May 1978 . Before the bridge was built , people and cars were taken across the sound by the ferries Pinen ( Pain ) and Plagen ( Bother ) . In 1976 a million passengers and a half million cars were ferried across the sound . The bridge is pictured on the Danish 50-krone banknote since 2009 .'}]}, {'value': '1,717', 'urls': []}, {'value': '93', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sallingsund ( Mors - Jylland )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sallingsund', 'summary': 'Until 1 January 2007 Sallingsund municipality was a municipality ( Danish , kommune ) in the former Viborg County in the northwest of the Salling Peninsula , a part of the larger Jutland peninsula in northwest Denmark . The municipality covered an area of 99 km² , and had a total population of 6,083 ( 2005 ) . Its last mayor was Jens Jørn Justesen , a member of the Venstre ( Liberal Party ) political party . The main town and the site of its municipal council was the town of Roslev . The 1,717 meter long Sallingsund Bridge , which opened on 30 May 1978 , connects the towns of Sallingsund to the town of Nykøbing Mors on the island of Mors , and then continues northwest to the island of Vendsyssel-Thy . Before the bridge was built there was a train ferry connection over the strait from the town of Glyngøre to Nykøbing on the ship Pinen og Plagen ( The Torment and the Plague ) . Sallingsund municipality was , as the result of Kommunalreformen ( The Municipality Reform of 2007 ) , merged with Spøttrup , Sundsøre and Skive municipalities to form the new Skive municipality . This created a municipality with an area of 682 km² and a total population of 48,368 ( 2005 ) . The new municipality belongs to Region Midtjylland ( Mid-Jutland Region ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mors_(island)', 'summary': "Mors or Morsø is a small island in the shallow sound called Limfjorden within Denmark 's Jutland peninsula . It has an area of 367.3 km² and as of 1 January 2019 , it had a population of 20,373 . The main town on the island is called Nykøbing Mors . Geologically Mors is unique . Like the neighbouring island of Fur , it is known for its deposits of diatomite , locally known as 'moler ' ( mo-clay ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jutland', 'summary': "Jutland ( /ˈdʒʌtlənd/ ; Danish : Jylland [ ˈjyˌlænˀ ] ; German : Jütland [ ˈjyːtlant ] ) , anciently known as the Cimbric or Cimbrian Peninsula ( Latin : Cimbricus Chersonesus ; Danish : Den Kimbriske Halvø , Den Jyske Halvø ; German : Kimbrische Halbinsel ) , is a peninsula of Northern Europe that forms the continental portion of Denmark and part of northern Germany . The names are derived from the Jutes and the Cimbri , respectively . As with the rest of Denmark , Jutland 's terrain is flat , with a slightly elevated ridge down the central parts and relatively hilly terrains in the east . West Jutland is characterised by open lands , heaths , plains and peat bogs , while East Jutland is more fertile with lakes and lush forests . Southwest Jutland is characterised by the Wadden Sea , a large unique international coastal region stretching through Denmark , Germany and the Netherlands ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vejle Fjord Bridge ( Vejlefjordbroen )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vejle_Fjord_Bridge', 'summary': 'Vejle Fjord Bridge ( Danish : Vejlefjordbroen ) is a cantilever bridge that spans Vejle Fjord between Mølholm and Nørremarken near the town of Vejle in Denmark . The bridge is 1712 metres long , the longest span is 110 metres , and the maximum clearance to the sea is 40 metres . The bridge has 15 spans and carries the European route E45 ( before 1992 European route E3 ) over the fjord . Vejle Fjord Bridge was built to lead traffic past the town of Vejle , where traffic congestion had become a problem in the 1970s . The building started in 1975 , and the bridge was opened on July 1 , 1980 . It cost 350 million kroner . The bridge now has more traffic than any other motorway bridge in Denmark ( if not counting short viaducts near Copenhagen such as the Tåstrupvej viaduct )'}]}, {'value': '1,712', 'urls': []}, {'value': '110', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vejle Fjord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vejle_Fjord', 'summary': "Vejle Fjord is an East Jutland-type fjord in Denmark . It is approximately 22 km ( 14 mi ) in length , and it stretches east from the town of Vejle at its head to the towns of Trelde Næs on the south side and Juelsminde on the north side at the mouth . The fjord 's generally calm surface waters are surrounded by low forested hills shaped by glaciers during the last ice age . Public works projects have re-shaped the small rivers and countryside surrounding the fjord since the Middle Ages . Highway E45 crosses the fjord just east of the town of Vejle on the Vejle Fjord Bridge ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Little Belt Bridge ( Lillebæltsbroen )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Belt_Bridge_(1970)', 'summary': 'The New Little Belt Bridge ( Danish : Nye Lillebæltsbro ) is a suspension bridge that crosses the Little Belt strait between Jutland ( Jylland ) and the island of Funen ( Fyn ) in Denmark . The bridge is 1700 metres long , the main span is 600 metres , the pylons reaching a height of 120 metres , and the maximum clearance from the sea is 44 metres . The New Little Belt Bridge was built from 1965 to 1970 and was opened by King Frederik IX on 21 October 1970 . The bridge was constructed to alleviate congestion on the Old Little Belt Bridge due to the increasing car traffic between Jutland and Funen . It is a motorway on the E20 bridge with three-lane carriageways as opposed to the single lanes of the old bridge . The bridge has heating in the road deck , so it can be kept free of ice and snow in winter . Passing over Little Belt Bridge is toll-free .'}]}, {'value': '1,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': '600', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Little Belt ( Jylland - Fyn )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Belt', 'summary': 'The Little Belt ( Danish : Lillebælt , pronounced [ ˈlil̩ˌpɛlˀt ] ) is a strait between the island of Funen and the Jutland Peninsula in Denmark . It is one of the three Danish Straits that drain and connect the Baltic Sea to the Kattegat strait , which drains west to the North Sea and Atlantic Ocean .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jutland', 'summary': "Jutland ( /ˈdʒʌtlənd/ ; Danish : Jylland [ ˈjyˌlænˀ ] ; German : Jütland [ ˈjyːtlant ] ) , anciently known as the Cimbric or Cimbrian Peninsula ( Latin : Cimbricus Chersonesus ; Danish : Den Kimbriske Halvø , Den Jyske Halvø ; German : Kimbrische Halbinsel ) , is a peninsula of Northern Europe that forms the continental portion of Denmark and part of northern Germany . The names are derived from the Jutes and the Cimbri , respectively . As with the rest of Denmark , Jutland 's terrain is flat , with a slightly elevated ridge down the central parts and relatively hilly terrains in the east . West Jutland is characterised by open lands , heaths , plains and peat bogs , while East Jutland is more fertile with lakes and lush forests . Southwest Jutland is characterised by the Wadden Sea , a large unique international coastal region stretching through Denmark , Germany and the Netherlands ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Funen', 'summary': "Funen ( Danish : Fyn , pronounced [ ˈfyˀn ] ) , with an area of 3,099.7 square kilometres ( 1,196.8 sq mi ) , is the third-largest island of Denmark , after Zealand and Vendsyssel-Thy . It is the 165th-largest island in the world . It is located in the central part of the country and has a population of 466,284 ( 2013 ) . Funen 's main city is Odense , which is connected to the sea by a seldom-used canal . The city 's shipyard , Odense Steel Shipyard , has been relocated outside Odense proper . Funen belongs administratively to the Region of Southern Denmark . From 1970 to 2006 the island formed the biggest part of Funen County , which also included the islands of Langeland , Ærø , Tåsinge , and a number of smaller islands . Funen is linked to Zealand , Denmark 's largest island , by the Great Belt Bridge , which carries both trains and cars . The bridge is in reality three bridges ; low road and rail bridges connect Funen to the small island of Sprogø in the middle of the Great Belt , and a long road suspension bridge ( the second longest in the world at the time of opening ) connects Funen the rest of the way to Zealand , paralleled by a rail tunnel . Two bridges connect Funen to the Danish mainland , Jutland . The Old Little Belt Bridge was constructed in the 1930s shortly before World War II for both cars and trains . The New Little Belt Bridge , a suspension bridge , was constructed in the 1970s and is used for cars only ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Farø North Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Farø_Bridges', 'summary': 'The Farø Bridges ( Danish : Farøbroerne , pronounced [ ˈfaːʁœˌpʁoˀɐnə ] ) are two road bridges that connect the islands of Falster and Zealand in Denmark by way of the small island of Farø which is approximately mid-way across the Storstrømmen sound . A smaller bridge from Farø provides access to Bogø and thence to the island of Møn .'}]}, {'value': '1,526', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Farø - Sjælland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Farø', 'summary': 'Farø ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈfaːˌʁœˀ ] ) is an island in Denmark , located between the islands Sjælland and Falster . It has an area of 0.93 km² and has a population of four people ( 2019 ) . Administratively it is part of Vordingborg Municipality .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Zealand', 'summary': 'Zealand ( Danish : Sjælland , pronounced [ ˈɕɛˌlænˀ ] ) , at 7,031 km2 , is the largest and most populous island in Denmark proper ( thus excluding Greenland and Disko Island , which are larger ) . Zealand has a population of 2,302,074 ( as of 1 January 2018 ) . It is the 13th-largest island in Europe by area and the 4th most populous . It is connected to Funen by the Great Belt Fixed Link , to Lolland , Falster ( and Germany from 2028 ) by the Storstrøm Bridge and the Farø Bridges . Zealand is also linked to Amager by several bridges . Zealand is linked indirectly , through intervening islands by a series of bridges and tunnels , to southern Sweden . Copenhagen , the capital of Denmark , is located partly on the eastern shore of Zealand and partly on the island of Amager . Other cities on Zealand include Roskilde , Hillerød , Næstved and Helsingør . Despite their identical names in English , the island is not connected historically to the Pacific nation of New Zealand , which is named after the Dutch province of Zeeland .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Svendborgsund Bridge Svenborgsundbroen )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Svendborgsund_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Svendborg Sound Bridge ( Svendborgsundbroen ) is a bridge that crosses Svendborg Sound between the town of Svendborg on Fyn and Vindeby on the island of Tåsinge in Denmark . It is on the road to the island of Langeland . The bridge is 1220 metres long , the longest span is 90 metres , and the maximum clearance to the sea is 33 metres . Svendborg Sound Bridge was opened by Princess Margrethe on 18 November 1966 . The bridge cost 25 million kroner .'}]}, {'value': '1,220', 'urls': []}, {'value': '90', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Svendborgsund ( Fyn - Tåsinge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Svendborgsund', 'summary': 'Svendborgsund is a strait that separates Funen from Tåsinge . In the west it flows into the South Funen Archipelago by the island Skarø , and in the east it ends in Thurø Sund and Skårupøre Sund , almost separated by Thurøbro , which is mostly a dam .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Funen', 'summary': "Funen ( Danish : Fyn , pronounced [ ˈfyˀn ] ) , with an area of 3,099.7 square kilometres ( 1,196.8 sq mi ) , is the third-largest island of Denmark , after Zealand and Vendsyssel-Thy . It is the 165th-largest island in the world . It is located in the central part of the country and has a population of 466,284 ( 2013 ) . Funen 's main city is Odense , which is connected to the sea by a seldom-used canal . The city 's shipyard , Odense Steel Shipyard , has been relocated outside Odense proper . Funen belongs administratively to the Region of Southern Denmark . From 1970 to 2006 the island formed the biggest part of Funen County , which also included the islands of Langeland , Ærø , Tåsinge , and a number of smaller islands . Funen is linked to Zealand , Denmark 's largest island , by the Great Belt Bridge , which carries both trains and cars . The bridge is in reality three bridges ; low road and rail bridges connect Funen to the small island of Sprogø in the middle of the Great Belt , and a long road suspension bridge ( the second longest in the world at the time of opening ) connects Funen the rest of the way to Zealand , paralleled by a rail tunnel . Two bridges connect Funen to the Danish mainland , Jutland . The Old Little Belt Bridge was constructed in the 1930s shortly before World War II for both cars and trains . The New Little Belt Bridge , a suspension bridge , was constructed in the 1970s and is used for cars only ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tåsinge', 'summary': 'Tåsinge ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈtˢɔːˌseŋə ] ) is a Danish island immediately south of Funen , opposite and facing Svendborg , divided from Funen by Svendborgsund . The island covers an area of circa 70 km2 ( 27 sq mi ) . It is part of the South Funen Archipelago and has 6,111 inhabitants . The Danish national road 9 crosses the island . Until the municipality reform of 1970 , the island retained its own municipality ( sognekommune ) . Since 1970 , it has been part of Svendborg Municipality . Before the 1960s , when the island became connected to Funen via the Svendborgsund Bridge and to Langeland via the Langeland Bridge , it was served by ferries from Svendborg to Vindeby and from Vemmenæs to Rudkøbing respectively . Until 2011 the public schools on the island consisted of two separate entities , Lundby Skole and Sundhøjskolen , but in 2011 they were merged into a single structure called Tåsingeskolen with close to 800 pupils , by far the largest school in the entire municipality . The inhabitants of the island refer to themselves as Tøsinger . The local dialect called tåsingsk is still in use on the island , though not as common as in the past .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Little Belt Bridge ( Lille Belt )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Belt_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Little Belt Bridge ( Danish : Lillebæltsbroen ) , also known as the Old Little Belt Bridge ( Danish : Den gamle Lillebæltsbro ) , is a truss bridge over the Little Belt strait in Denmark . It spans from Snoghøj on the Jutland side to Middelfart on Funen . The bridge is owned by the state and Banedanmark , the Danish railway authority , is responsible for its maintenance . It was the first bridge constructed over the strait , beginning the connection of the three main parts of Denmark by road and rail , which was completed with the Great Belt Bridge in June 1998 . Previously , only ferries and other boats had transported people over the belts .'}]}, {'value': '1,178', 'urls': []}, {'value': '220', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lillebælt ( Jylland - Fyn )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Belt', 'summary': 'The Little Belt ( Danish : Lillebælt , pronounced [ ˈlil̩ˌpɛlˀt ] ) is a strait between the island of Funen and the Jutland Peninsula in Denmark . It is one of the three Danish Straits that drain and connect the Baltic Sea to the Kattegat strait , which drains west to the North Sea and Atlantic Ocean .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jutland', 'summary': "Jutland ( /ˈdʒʌtlənd/ ; Danish : Jylland [ ˈjyˌlænˀ ] ; German : Jütland [ ˈjyːtlant ] ) , anciently known as the Cimbric or Cimbrian Peninsula ( Latin : Cimbricus Chersonesus ; Danish : Den Kimbriske Halvø , Den Jyske Halvø ; German : Kimbrische Halbinsel ) , is a peninsula of Northern Europe that forms the continental portion of Denmark and part of northern Germany . The names are derived from the Jutes and the Cimbri , respectively . As with the rest of Denmark , Jutland 's terrain is flat , with a slightly elevated ridge down the central parts and relatively hilly terrains in the east . West Jutland is characterised by open lands , heaths , plains and peat bogs , while East Jutland is more fertile with lakes and lush forests . Southwest Jutland is characterised by the Wadden Sea , a large unique international coastal region stretching through Denmark , Germany and the Netherlands ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Funen', 'summary': "Funen ( Danish : Fyn , pronounced [ ˈfyˀn ] ) , with an area of 3,099.7 square kilometres ( 1,196.8 sq mi ) , is the third-largest island of Denmark , after Zealand and Vendsyssel-Thy . It is the 165th-largest island in the world . It is located in the central part of the country and has a population of 466,284 ( 2013 ) . Funen 's main city is Odense , which is connected to the sea by a seldom-used canal . The city 's shipyard , Odense Steel Shipyard , has been relocated outside Odense proper . Funen belongs administratively to the Region of Southern Denmark . From 1970 to 2006 the island formed the biggest part of Funen County , which also included the islands of Langeland , Ærø , Tåsinge , and a number of smaller islands . Funen is linked to Zealand , Denmark 's largest island , by the Great Belt Bridge , which carries both trains and cars . The bridge is in reality three bridges ; low road and rail bridges connect Funen to the small island of Sprogø in the middle of the Great Belt , and a long road suspension bridge ( the second longest in the world at the time of opening ) connects Funen the rest of the way to Zealand , paralleled by a rail tunnel . Two bridges connect Funen to the Danish mainland , Jutland . The Old Little Belt Bridge was constructed in the 1930s shortly before World War II for both cars and trains . The New Little Belt Bridge , a suspension bridge , was constructed in the 1970s and is used for cars only ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Langeland Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Langeland_Bridge', 'summary': 'Langeland Bridge ( Danish , Langelandsbroen ) is a road bridge that connects the islands Langeland and Siø . From Siø a connection exists via Tåsinge to Funen . It was built from 1960 to 1962 .'}]}, {'value': '774', 'urls': []}, {'value': '91', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Langeland - Siø', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Langeland', 'summary': "Langeland ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈlaŋəˌlænˀ ] , lit . Long land ) is a Danish island located between the Great Belt and Bay of Kiel . The island measures 285 km2 ( c. 110 square miles ) and , as of 1 January 2018 , has a population of 12,446 . The island produces grain and is known as a recreational and wellness tourism area . A bridge connects it to Tåsinge via Siø - a small island with a population of approx . 20 - and the main island of Funen ( to the northwest ) . There are connections by car ferry to the islands of Lolland , Ærø , and Strynø . Rudkøbing , the island 's largest town , is the birthplace of famous physicist and chemist Hans Christian Ørsted , his brother , Anders Sandøe Ørsted , a former Danish prime minister , and their nephew , botanist Anders Sandøe Ørsted . Administratively , Langeland and several smaller islands around it form the Municipality of Langeland , the most populous of them being Strynø ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Siø', 'summary': 'Siø is a small Danish island in the South Funen Archipelago between Tåsinge and Langeland . It is part of Langeland Municipality . With an area of 1.3 km2 , as of 1 January 2014 it has a population of 16 . Since 1681 , a system of dykes has expanded it to include the former islands of Skovø and Store Fugleø . In 1959 , it was connected to Tåsinge by a causeway and a low bridge and , in 1962 , to Langeland by a bridge . Today the island is used mainly for pig farming .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queen Alexandrine Bridge ( Dronning Alexandrines bro )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_Alexandrine_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Queen Alexandrine bridge ( Danish , Dronning Alexandrines Bro ) is a road arch bridge that crosses Ulv Sund between the islands of Zealand and Møn in Denmark .'}]}, {'value': '745', 'urls': []}, {'value': '127', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sjælland - Møn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeeland', 'summary': 'Zeeland ( /ˈziːlənd/ , Dutch : [ ˈzeːlɑnt ] ( listen ) ; Zeelandic : Zeêland [ ˈzɪə̯lɑnt ] ; historical English exonym Zealand ) is the westernmost and least populous province of the Netherlands . The province , located in the south-west of the country , borders North Brabant to the east and South Holland to the north , consists of a number of islands and peninsulas ( hence its name , meaning Sealand ) and a strip bordering the Flemish provinces of East and West Flanders . Its capital is Middelburg with a population of 48,544 as of November 2019 , the largest municipality in Zeeland is Terneuzen ( pop . 54,589 ) Zeeland has two seaports ; in Vlissingen and Terneuzen.Its area is 2,934 square kilometres ( 1,130 sq mi ) , of which 1,151 square kilometres ( 440 sq mi ) is water , and it has a population of 383,689 as of November 2019 . Large parts of Zeeland are below sea level . The last great flooding of the area was in 1953 . Tourism is an important economic activity . In the summer , its beaches make it a popular destination for tourists , especially German tourists . In some areas , the population can be two to four times higher during the high summer season . The coat of arms of Zeeland shows a lion half-emerged from water , and the text luctor et emergo ( Latin for I struggle and emerge ) . The country of New Zealand was named after Zeeland after it was sighted by Dutch explorer Abel Tasman .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Møn', 'summary': "Møn ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈmøˀn ] ) is an island in south-eastern Denmark . Until 1 January 2007 , it was a municipality in its own right but it is now part of the municipality of Vordingborg , after merging with the former municipalities of Langebæk , Præstø , and Vordingborg . This has created a municipality with an area of 615 km2 ( 237 sq mi ) and a total population of 46,307 ( 2005 ) . It belongs to the Region Sjælland ( Zealand Region ) . Møn is one of Denmark 's most popular destinations for tourists with its white chalk cliffs , countryside , sandy beaches and the market town of Stege . In June 2017 , UNESCO designated Møn as Denmark 's first biosphere reserve , consisting of a series of islands and islets in the southern Baltic Sea , over approximately 45,118 hectares ( 131,890 acres ) . Its landscapes include woodlands , grasslands , meadows , wetlands , coastal areas , ponds and steep hills ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alssund Bridge ( Alssundsbroen )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alssund_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Alssund Bridge ( Danish : Alssundbroen ) is a 662-metre-long ( 2,172 ft ) girder bridge that carries Highway 8 across the Alssund north of Sønderborg , Denmark . Constructed between 1978 and 1981 , it was officially opened on 19 October 1981 by Queen Ingrid .'}]}, {'value': '660', 'urls': []}, {'value': '150', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sønderborg ( Als - Jylland )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sønderborg', 'summary': 'Sønderborg ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈsønɐˌpɒˀ ] - ( German : Sonderburg ( help·info ) ) is a Danish town in the Region of Southern Denmark . It is the main town and the administrative seat of Sønderborg Municipality ( Kommune ) . The town has a population of 27,801 ( 1 January 2019 ) , in a municipality of 74,561 . In recent times , Sønderborg has developed into an important center for trade , tourism , industry and education in the region of Southern Denmark . The town is the headquarters for several large industrial companies of great importance to both the local and national economies .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Als_Island', 'summary': 'Als ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈælˀs ] , German : Alsen ) is a Danish island in the Baltic Sea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jutland', 'summary': "Jutland ( /ˈdʒʌtlənd/ ; Danish : Jylland [ ˈjyˌlænˀ ] ; German : Jütland [ ˈjyːtlant ] ) , anciently known as the Cimbric or Cimbrian Peninsula ( Latin : Cimbricus Chersonesus ; Danish : Den Kimbriske Halvø , Den Jyske Halvø ; German : Kimbrische Halbinsel ) , is a peninsula of Northern Europe that forms the continental portion of Denmark and part of northern Germany . The names are derived from the Jutes and the Cimbri , respectively . As with the rest of Denmark , Jutland 's terrain is flat , with a slightly elevated ridge down the central parts and relatively hilly terrains in the east . West Jutland is characterised by open lands , heaths , plains and peat bogs , while East Jutland is more fertile with lakes and lush forests . Southwest Jutland is characterised by the Wadden Sea , a large unique international coastal region stretching through Denmark , Germany and the Netherlands ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Limfjord Bridge ( Limfjordsbroen )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Limfjord_Bridge', 'summary': "Limfjordsbroen is a Danish bridge which connects Nørresundby and Aalborg over Limfjord , a shallow sound . It was inaugurated 30 March 1933 in the presence of approximately 30,000 spectators and attended by Thorvald Stauning . It was a toll bridge until 1935 . The first fixed link between the two cities was established in 1865 in the form of a pontoon bridge , which was in use until the present bridge was established ; the original bridge was slow to open and close when ship traffic passed . The bridge was built , without any fatalities , between 1930-33 with 100-200 workers on the construction site . Large sections were built on Aalborg 's waterfront west of the bridge 's current location . A week before the inauguration , a load test occurred with 48 fully laden trucks placed on the bridge 's leaf . A 1960 extension lane increased the bridge 's width from 8.5 metres ( 28 ft ) to 12.5 metres ( 41 ft ) . A bike path and walking area were added as well . The horizontal clearance measures 98 feet ( 30 m ) . Route 180 crosses the bridge ."}]}, {'value': '640.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Limfjord ( peninsular Jutland - North Jutlandic Island )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Limfjord', 'summary': 'The Limfjord ( common Danish : Limfjorden [ ˈliːmˌfjoˀɐn ] , in north Jutlandish dialect : Æ Limfjord ) is a shallow part of the sea , located in Denmark where it has been regarded as a fjord ever since Viking times . However , it has inlets both from the North Sea and Kattegat , and hence separates the North Jutlandic Island ( Danish : Nørrejyske Ø , which includes the old provinces of Vendsyssel , Han herred and Thy ) from the rest of the Jutland Peninsula . The Limfjord extends from Thyborøn Channel on the North Sea to Hals on the Kattegat . It is approximately 180 kilometres ( 111 miles ) long and of an irregular shape with numerous bays , narrowings , and islands , most notably Mors , and the smaller ones Fur , Venø , Jegindø , Egholm and Livø . It is deepest at Hvalpsund ( 24 metres ) . Its main port is Aalborg , where a railway bridge ( Jernbanebroen over Limfjorden ) and road bridge ( Limfjordsbroen ) have been built across the Limfjord to Nørresundby , while motorway E45 crosses it through a tunnel to the east . Commercial ports also exist at Thisted , Nykøbing Mors , Skive , Løgstør , Struer , Lemvig and Thyborøn . There are also bridges at Oddesund , Sallingsund , Vilsund , Aggersund and Sebbersund , and a number of ferry crossings .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jutland', 'summary': "Jutland ( /ˈdʒʌtlənd/ ; Danish : Jylland [ ˈjyˌlænˀ ] ; German : Jütland [ ˈjyːtlant ] ) , anciently known as the Cimbric or Cimbrian Peninsula ( Latin : Cimbricus Chersonesus ; Danish : Den Kimbriske Halvø , Den Jyske Halvø ; German : Kimbrische Halbinsel ) , is a peninsula of Northern Europe that forms the continental portion of Denmark and part of northern Germany . The names are derived from the Jutes and the Cimbri , respectively . As with the rest of Denmark , Jutland 's terrain is flat , with a slightly elevated ridge down the central parts and relatively hilly terrains in the east . West Jutland is characterised by open lands , heaths , plains and peat bogs , while East Jutland is more fertile with lakes and lush forests . Southwest Jutland is characterised by the Wadden Sea , a large unique international coastal region stretching through Denmark , Germany and the Netherlands ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Jutlandic_Island', 'summary': 'The North Jutlandic Island ( Danish : Nørrejyske Ø ) , Vendsyssel-Thy , or simply Jutland north of the Limfjord ( Jylland nord for Limfjorden ) are lesser-used names for the northernmost part of Denmark and of Jutland . It is more common to refer to the three traditional districts Vendsyssel , Hanherred and Thy . The area was not surrounded by water until a storm in February 1825 , which caused a connection between the North Sea and the fjord Limfjorden . Hence it is traditionally regarded as a part of Jutland rather than an island . Geographically , it is the second largest island of Denmark after Zealand ( excluding Greenland ) with a population of 296,700 on 1 January 2014 . Danes rarely refer to the area as a whole , but more often to the three constituent districts or to North Jutland ( which also includes an area south of the Limfjord ) . The adjectives nordenfjords and søndenfjords are commonly used , meaning north and south of the Fjord , respectively . The names can all be considered ad hoc creations , as a traditional name for the island as a geographical unity is lacking . The island has six fixed transport links to the mainland ( four road bridges , one road tunnel and one rail bridge ) and is therefore not so separated transport-wise . There are also two car ferry connections .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Siøsund Bridge ( Siøsundbroen )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Siøsund_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Siøsund Bridge ( Danish : Siøsundbroen ) is a road bridge that connects the Danish islands of Tåsinge and Siø . It crosses Siøsund , a shallow strait that allowed much of the link to be built as a causeway , the Siø Causeway or Siø Dam ( Danish : Siødæmningen ) . The bridge is a low box girder bridge that does not allow the passage of ships . It consists of 20 identical spans , each 27 metres ( 89 ft ) long , and was the first bridge in Denmark to be built from prefabricated concrete box girders . The road deck is 7.0 metres ( 23 ft ) wide , with a 2.5 m ( 8 ft ) pavement on either side . The bridge and causeway are part of route 9 which also connects Tåsinge to Funen via the Svendborgsund Bridge and Siø to Langeland via the Langeland Bridge .'}]}, {'value': '558', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Siøsund Tåsinge - Siø )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tåsinge', 'summary': 'Tåsinge ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈtˢɔːˌseŋə ] ) is a Danish island immediately south of Funen , opposite and facing Svendborg , divided from Funen by Svendborgsund . The island covers an area of circa 70 km2 ( 27 sq mi ) . It is part of the South Funen Archipelago and has 6,111 inhabitants . The Danish national road 9 crosses the island . Until the municipality reform of 1970 , the island retained its own municipality ( sognekommune ) . Since 1970 , it has been part of Svendborg Municipality . Before the 1960s , when the island became connected to Funen via the Svendborgsund Bridge and to Langeland via the Langeland Bridge , it was served by ferries from Svendborg to Vindeby and from Vemmenæs to Rudkøbing respectively . Until 2011 the public schools on the island consisted of two separate entities , Lundby Skole and Sundhøjskolen , but in 2011 they were merged into a single structure called Tåsingeskolen with close to 800 pupils , by far the largest school in the entire municipality . The inhabitants of the island refer to themselves as Tøsinger . The local dialect called tåsingsk is still in use on the island , though not as common as in the past .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Siø', 'summary': 'Siø is a small Danish island in the South Funen Archipelago between Tåsinge and Langeland . It is part of Langeland Municipality . With an area of 1.3 km2 , as of 1 January 2014 it has a population of 16 . Since 1681 , a system of dykes has expanded it to include the former islands of Skovø and Store Fugleø . In 1959 , it was connected to Tåsinge by a causeway and a low bridge and , in 1962 , to Langeland by a bridge . Today the island is used mainly for pig farming .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oddesund Bridge ( Oddesundbroen )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oddesund_Bridge', 'summary': 'Oddesund Bridge ( Danish : Oddesundbroen ) is a road and railway bascule bridge that crosses the Oddesund strait between the peninsulas of Jutland and Thyholm in Denmark . It connects mainland Jutland with the historical region of Thy . It is on the Thy railway line between Struer and Thisted .'}]}, {'value': '472', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Limfjord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Limfjord', 'summary': 'The Limfjord ( common Danish : Limfjorden [ ˈliːmˌfjoˀɐn ] , in north Jutlandish dialect : Æ Limfjord ) is a shallow part of the sea , located in Denmark where it has been regarded as a fjord ever since Viking times . However , it has inlets both from the North Sea and Kattegat , and hence separates the North Jutlandic Island ( Danish : Nørrejyske Ø , which includes the old provinces of Vendsyssel , Han herred and Thy ) from the rest of the Jutland Peninsula . The Limfjord extends from Thyborøn Channel on the North Sea to Hals on the Kattegat . It is approximately 180 kilometres ( 111 miles ) long and of an irregular shape with numerous bays , narrowings , and islands , most notably Mors , and the smaller ones Fur , Venø , Jegindø , Egholm and Livø . It is deepest at Hvalpsund ( 24 metres ) . Its main port is Aalborg , where a railway bridge ( Jernbanebroen over Limfjorden ) and road bridge ( Limfjordsbroen ) have been built across the Limfjord to Nørresundby , while motorway E45 crosses it through a tunnel to the east . Commercial ports also exist at Thisted , Nykøbing Mors , Skive , Løgstør , Struer , Lemvig and Thyborøn . There are also bridges at Oddesund , Sallingsund , Vilsund , Aggersund and Sebbersund , and a number of ferry crossings .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vilsund Bridge Vilsundbroen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vilsund_Bridge', 'summary': 'Vilsund Bridge ( Vilsundbroen ) is a bascule arch bridge that crosses Vilsund between Mors and Thy in northwestern Jutland , Denmark . The bridge is 382 metres long , and the longest span is 30 metres . Vilsund Bridge was designed by Anker Engelund . Construction started in 1937 , and the bridge was opened on 16 July 1939 .'}]}, {'value': '382', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vilsund ( Jylland )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jutland', 'summary': "Jutland ( /ˈdʒʌtlənd/ ; Danish : Jylland [ ˈjyˌlænˀ ] ; German : Jütland [ ˈjyːtlant ] ) , anciently known as the Cimbric or Cimbrian Peninsula ( Latin : Cimbricus Chersonesus ; Danish : Den Kimbriske Halvø , Den Jyske Halvø ; German : Kimbrische Halbinsel ) , is a peninsula of Northern Europe that forms the continental portion of Denmark and part of northern Germany . The names are derived from the Jutes and the Cimbri , respectively . As with the rest of Denmark , Jutland 's terrain is flat , with a slightly elevated ridge down the central parts and relatively hilly terrains in the east . West Jutland is characterised by open lands , heaths , plains and peat bogs , while East Jutland is more fertile with lakes and lush forests . Southwest Jutland is characterised by the Wadden Sea , a large unique international coastal region stretching through Denmark , Germany and the Netherlands ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Frederick IX Bridge ( Frederik IX 's bro )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_IX_Bridge', 'summary': "The Frederik IX bridge ( Danish : Frederik d. 9 's Bro ; named for King Frederik IX ) spans the Guldborgsund strait between the islands of Falster and Lolland in Denmark . It joins the larger part of Nykøbing Falster with the smaller part of the town on Lolland . It is 295m long and 25m wide and was constructed between 1960 and 1962 , opening officially on 14 May 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '295', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guldborgsund ( Lolland - Falster )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guldborgsund', 'summary': 'Guldborgsund is the strait between the Danish islands of Lolland and Falster . It connects Smålandsfarvandet in the north with the Bay of Mecklenburg in the south . It is navigable for craft of up to 6 metres draught in its northern part and is used for commercial traffic to Nykøbing Falster . The southern part is much shallower with a minimum depth of approximately 2 metres , and can only be used by yachts and other small craft . Guldborgsund is crossed by two bascule bridges , Frederick IX Bridge at Nykøbing and Guldborgsund Bridge at Guldborg , at the northern end of the strait . There is also a modern tunnel carrying euro route E47 from Copenhagen . Nykøbing Falster , Guldborg and Sundby have all have marinas in Guldborgsund . Furthermore , the open-air museum Middle Ages Centre has got a museum harbour which was dug out in the mid 1990s . This is the starting point for sailing with reconstructed medieval ships such as Gedesbyskibet . Guldborgsund was the location of the 2005 KFUM-Spejderne i Danmark National Jamboree .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lolland', 'summary': 'Lolland ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈlɒˌlænˀ ] ; formerly spelled Laaland , literally low land ) is the fourth largest island of Denmark , with an area of 1,243 km2 ( 480 sq mi ) . Located in the Baltic Sea , it is part of Region Sjælland ( Region Zealand ) . As of 1 January 2013 , it has 62,578 inhabitants .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Falster', 'summary': "Falster ( Danish : [ ˈfælˀstɐ ] ) is an island in south-eastern Denmark with an area of 486.2 km2 ( 187.7 sq mi ) and 43,398 inhabitants as of 1 January 2010 . Located in the Baltic sea , it is part of Region Zealand and is administered by Guldborgsund Municipality . Falster includes Denmark 's southernmost point , Gedser Odde , near Gedser . The largest town is Nykøbing Falster with over 40% of the island 's inhabitants . Other towns include Stubbekøbing , Nørre Alslev and Gedser . Falster has motor and railway links both to the larger island of Zealand to the north and to the island of Lolland to the south-west . These links also lead to the smaller islands of Masnedø and Farø . European route E47 links Copenhagen to Hamburg ( Germany ) via Falster ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Langebro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Langebro', 'summary': 'Langebro ( literally Long Bridge ) is a bascule bridge across the Inner Harbour of Copenhagen , Denmark , connecting Zealandside H. C. Andersens Boulevard to Amagerside Amager Boulevard . It is one of only two bridges to carry motor vehicles across the harbour in central Copenhagen , the other being Knippelsbro .'}]}, {'value': '250', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port of Copenhagen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_of_Copenhagen', 'summary': 'The Port of Copenhagen ( Danish : Københavns Havn ) is the largest Danish seaport and one of the largest ports in the Baltic Sea basin . It extends from Svanemølle Beach in the north to Hvidovre in the south . Along with Malmö harbour , Copenhagen Port is operated by Copenhagen Malmö Port ( CMP ) and By & Havn . The port is divided into several different areas , many of which are individual harbours :'}]}], 'section_title': 'List of longest bridges in Denmark', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_bridges_in_Denmark_by_length_0', 'intro': 'This page lists all the bridges in Denmark, which connect its islands together, or to other nations.'}	null	null	What is the bridge whose location is a strait which forms the Danish-Swedish border ?	Oresund Bridge
079e7e160181b43f	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Central_Florida_alumni', 'title': 'List of University of Central Florida alumni', 'header': ['Alumni', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aric Almirola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aric_Almirola', 'summary': 'Aric Michael Almirola ( born March 14 , 1984 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 10 Ford Mustang for Stewart-Haas Racing . A graduate of Hillsborough High School in Tampa , Almirola attended the University of Central Florida to work on a degree in mechanical engineering before leaving to pursue a career in racing . His nickname is The Cuban Missile because of his Cuban heritage .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NASCAR driver for Stewart-Haas Racing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NASCAR', 'summary': "The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( NASCAR ) is an American auto racing sanctioning and operating company that is best known for stock-car racing . Its three largest or National series are the NASCAR Cup Series , the Xfinity Series , and the Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series . Regional series include the ARCA Menards Series ' East and West , the Whelen Modified Tour , NASCAR Pinty 's Series , NASCAR Whelen Euro Series , and NASCAR PEAK Mexico Series . NASCAR sanctions over 1,500 races at over 100 tracks in 48 US states as well as in Canada , Mexico , and Europe . NASCAR has presented races at the Suzuka and Motegi circuits in Japan , and the Calder Park Thunderdome in Australia . NASCAR also ventures into eSports via the eNASCAR Coca-Cola iRacing Series and eNASCAR Heat Pro League . The privately owned company was founded by Bill France Sr. in 1948 , and his son Jim France has been CEO since August 6 , 2018 . The company is headquartered in Daytona Beach , Florida . Internationally , its races are broadcast on television in over 150 countries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing', 'summary': 'Stewart-Haas Racing is an American professional stock car racing team that currently competes in the NASCAR Cup Series , the NASCAR Xfinity Series , and the NASCAR K & N Pro Series West . The team is co-owned by three-time NASCAR Cup Series champion Tony Stewart and Haas Automation founder Gene Haas . It was founded in 2002 as Haas CNC Racing after Haas , whose company was a sponsor of Hendrick Motorsports , elected to form his own team . In 2009 , Stewart , who had been driving for Joe Gibbs Racing , made a deal with Haas to drive for the team and in return receive a 50% stake in it . The team is based and headquartered in Kannapolis , North Carolina - roughly 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of Charlotte Motor Speedway - alongside sister team and Formula One entrant Haas F1 Team , but the two teams are treated as separate bodies for legal reasons . In the NASCAR Cup Series , Stewart-Haas Racing currently fields four Ford Mustang GT teams : the No . 4 for Kevin Harvick , the No . 10 for Aric Almirola , the No . 14 for Clint Bowyer , and the No . 41 for Cole Custer . In the Xfinity Series , the team currently fields the Ford Mustang full-time for Chase Briscoe . In the K & N Pro Series West , the team currently fields the No .'}]}, {'value': 'Christina Crawford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christina_Crawford_(wrestler)', 'summary': "Christina Crawford ( born October 17 , 1988 ) is an American cheerleader , dancer , former ring announcer and former professional wrestler who worked for WWE under the ring name Caylee Turner . She is the younger sister of professional wrestler Alicia Fox . Crawford first gained fame as a contestant on Tough Enough , a televised competition that would award the winner a WWE contract , but was eliminated from the competition . As part of WWE 's developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling , she was a one-time FCW Divas Champion . After leaving wrestling in 2012 , she became a cheerleader for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pro wrestler for World Wrestling Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment', 'summary': "World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. , d/b/a WWE , is an American integrated media and entertainment company that is primarily known for professional wrestling . WWE has also branched out into other fields , including movies , football , and various other business ventures . The WWE name also refers to the professional wrestling promotion itself , founded in the 1950s as the Capitol Wrestling Corporation . As of 2019 , it is the largest wrestling promotion in the world , holding over 500 events a year , with the roster divided up into various globally traveling brands , and is available to about 36 million viewers in more than 150 countries . The company 's global headquarters is located in Stamford , Connecticut , with offices in major cities around the world . As in other professional wrestling promotions , WWE shows are not legitimate contests , but purely entertainment-based , featuring storyline-driven , scripted , and choreographed matches , though matches often include moves that can put performers at risk of injury , even death , if not performed correctly . This was first publicly acknowledged by WWE 's owner Vince McMahon in 1989 to avoid taxes from athletic commissions . Since the 1980s , WWE publicly has branded its product as sports entertainment , acknowledging the product 's roots in competitive sport and dramatic theater . The company 's majority owner is its chairman and CEO , Vince McMahon , who retains a 42% ownership of the company 's outstanding stock and 83% of the voting power . The current entity , incorporated on February 21 , 1980 , was previously known as Titan Sports , Inc. , which was founded that same year in South Yarmouth , Massachusetts . It acquired Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd. , the holding company for the World Wrestling Federation , in 1982 . Titan was renamed World Wrestling Federation , Inc. in 1998 , then World Wrestling Federation Entertainment , Inc. in 1999 , and finally the current World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Phil Dalhausser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Dalhausser', 'summary': 'Philip Phil Peter Dalhausser ( born January 26 , 1980 ) is an American professional beach volleyball player , playing as a blocker . He and his former playing partner , Todd Rogers , were the 2007 AVP Tour and FIVB world champions . Dalhausser and Rogers dominated both the domestic US tour and now the FIVB international tour winning # 1 team honors on both tours in 2010 . Dalhausser and Rogers were Olympic gold medalists at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics . He also won gold in Rio for beach volleyball with a fellow FSU volleyball coach and competitive player .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pro beach volleyball player with the AVP ; co-winner of the gold medal in the 2008 Beijing Olympics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beach_volleyball', 'summary': "Beach volleyball is a team sport played by two teams of two players on a sand court divided by a net . As in indoor volleyball , the objective of the game is to send the ball over the net and to ground it on the opponent 's side of the court , and to prevent the same effort by the opponent . Each team is allowed up to three touches to return the ball across the net , and individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively except after making a block touch ( the block touch counting as one touch , leaving only two more touches before the ball must be hit over ) . The ball is put in play with a serve - a hit by the server from behind the rear court boundary over the net to the opponents . The rally continues until the ball is grounded on the playing court , goes out , or a fault is made in the attempt to return the ball . The team that wins the rally scores a point and serves to start the following rally . The four players serve in the same sequence throughout the match , changing server each time a rally is won by the receiving team . Beach volleyball most likely originated in 1915 on Waikiki Beach in Hawaii , while the modern two-player game originated in Santa Monica , California . It has been an Olympic sport since the 1996 Summer Olympics . The Fédération Internationale de Volleyball ( FIVB ) is the international governing body for the sport , and organizes the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships and the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Association_of_Volleyball_Professionals', 'summary': 'The Association of Volleyball Professionals ( AVP ) is the biggest and longest-running professional beach volleyball tour in the United States . Founded in 1983 , the AVP is headquartered in Newport Beach , California . The AVP operates as a 3-tiered development system with AVPFirst , a youth program ; AVPNext , a developmental circuit ; and the AVP Pro Beach Volleyball Tour itself .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2008_Beijing_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2008 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad ( Chinese : 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2008 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing , China . [ b ] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) competed in 28 sports and 302 events ( one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Summer Olympics ) . This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics , but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia , following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics . These were the second summer Olympic Games staged in a Communist country , after the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics and the third in a developing country after the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union and the first overall Olympics to be hosted by a Communist state since the former Yugoslavia hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . Beijing was awarded the 2008 Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001 , having won a majority of votes from members of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after two rounds of voting . The Government of the People 's Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transport systems . A total of 37 venues were used to host the events , including twelve constructed specifically for the 2008 Olympics . The equestrian events were held in Hong Kong , making this the third Olympics for which the events were held under the jurisdiction of two different NOCs . [ c ] The sailing events were contested in Qingdao , while the football events took place across several different cities . The official logo for the 2008 Games , titled Dancing Beijing , featured a stylised calligraphic character jīng ( 京 , means capital ) in reference to the host city . The Beijing Olympics was watched by 3,500,000,000 people worldwide and featured the longest distance for an Olympic Torch relay . The event sets numerous world and Olympics records in the history of sports , and is also the most expensive Summer Olympics of all time and second-most expensive overall , after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi ."}]}, {'value': 'Shea Holbrook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shea_Holbrook', 'summary': 'Shea Holbrook ( born April 10 , 1990 ) is an American professional racing driver , entrepreneur and spokeswoman . Currently , she is competing in the 2019 W Series . Drafting with Denise Mueller-Korenek , Holbrook drove a dragster that set the current world record for paced bicycle land speed at the Bonneville Salt Flats in 2018 . The two traveled an average of 183.932 mph .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professional race car driver in the Pirelli World Challenge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Race_car_driver', 'summary': 'Auto racing ( also known as car racing , motor racing , or automobile racing ) is a motorsport involving the racing of automobiles for competition . Auto racing has existed since the invention of the automobile . Races of various sorts were organised , with the first recorded as early as 1867 . Many of the earliest events were effectively reliability trials , aimed at proving these new machines were a practical mode of transport , but soon became an important way for competing makers to demonstrate their machines . By the 1930s , specialist racing cars had developed . There are now numerous different categories , each with different rules and regulations .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pirelli_World_Challenge', 'summary': 'The GT World Challenge America is a North American auto racing series launched in 1990 by the Sports Car Club of America . It is managed by the Stephane Ratel Organisation since 2018 , and is sanctioned by the United States Auto Club since 2017 . The series consists of four driver classifications and five classes of vehicles : GT3 , GT4 , ( Sprint , SprintX , East and West ) , and Touring Car , consisting of TCR homologated cars , as well as separate TC and TCA classes featuring modified production vehicles , such as the BMW M235iR and the Mazda MX-5 Cup car .'}]}, {'value': 'Scott Lagasse , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Lagasse,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Scott Lagasse Jr. ( /ˈlæɡəseɪ/ ; born January 31 , 1981 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 4 Chevrolet Camaro for JD Motorsports and the No . 93 Camaro for RSS Racing . He is the son of former sports car and NASCAR driver Scott Lagasse Sr . He is the owner of Scott Lagasse Racing ( TeamSLR ) , which is located in St. Augustine , Florida . TeamSLR currently operates a Trans Am Road Race program , dirt late model race team , show car program and a NASCAR team . [ citation needed ] The team is currently building a new headquarters in St. Augustine .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professional race car driver in the NASCAR Nationwide Series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Race_car_driver', 'summary': 'Auto racing ( also known as car racing , motor racing , or automobile racing ) is a motorsport involving the racing of automobiles for competition . Auto racing has existed since the invention of the automobile . Races of various sorts were organised , with the first recorded as early as 1867 . Many of the earliest events were effectively reliability trials , aimed at proving these new machines were a practical mode of transport , but soon became an important way for competing makers to demonstrate their machines . By the 1930s , specialist racing cars had developed . There are now numerous different categories , each with different rules and regulations .'}, {'url': '/wiki/NASCAR', 'summary': "The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( NASCAR ) is an American auto racing sanctioning and operating company that is best known for stock-car racing . Its three largest or National series are the NASCAR Cup Series , the Xfinity Series , and the Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series . Regional series include the ARCA Menards Series ' East and West , the Whelen Modified Tour , NASCAR Pinty 's Series , NASCAR Whelen Euro Series , and NASCAR PEAK Mexico Series . NASCAR sanctions over 1,500 races at over 100 tracks in 48 US states as well as in Canada , Mexico , and Europe . NASCAR has presented races at the Suzuka and Motegi circuits in Japan , and the Calder Park Thunderdome in Australia . NASCAR also ventures into eSports via the eNASCAR Coca-Cola iRacing Series and eNASCAR Heat Pro League . The privately owned company was founded by Bill France Sr. in 1948 , and his son Jim France has been CEO since August 6 , 2018 . The company is headquartered in Daytona Beach , Florida . Internationally , its races are broadcast on television in over 150 countries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nationwide_Series', 'summary': "The NASCAR Xfinity Series ( NXS ) is a stock car racing series organized by NASCAR . It is promoted as NASCAR 's minor league circuit , and is considered a proving ground for drivers who wish to step up to the organization 's top level circuit , the NASCAR Cup Series . NXS events are frequently held as a support race on the day prior to a Cup Series event scheduled for that weekend . The series was previously called the Budweiser Late Model Sportsman Series in 1982 and 1983 , the NASCAR Busch Grand National Series from 1984 through 2002 , the NASCAR Busch Series from 2003 through 2007 , and the NASCAR Nationwide Series from 2008 through 2014 . It is currently sponsored by Comcast via its consumer cable brand Xfinity ."}]}, {'value': 'Seth Petruzelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seth_Petruzelli', 'summary': 'Seth Christopher Petruzelli ( born December 3 , 1979 ) is an American retired mixed martial artist , current kickboxer , professional wrestler and entrepreneur . Petruzelli competed in the Heavyweight and Light Heavyweight divisions for the UFC , WEC , EliteXC , King of the Cage , BAMMA , and Bellator . On October 21 , 2015 , Petruzelli signed with professional wrestling promotion WWE , to work at their Performance Center as a striking coach . Currently , he wrestles for Major League Wrestling .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'competed on The Ultimate Fighter 2 , retired professional Ultimate Fighting Championship Mixed Martial Artist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Ultimate_Fighter_2', 'summary': "The Ultimate Fighter 2 was the second season of the mixed martial arts reality television series The Ultimate Fighter . The season featured a heavyweight and a welterweight division , with 9 fighters initially in each division . The UFC coaches for this season were welterweight and middleweight champions Matt Hughes and Rich Franklin . Season 1 coach and former UFC champion Randy Couture hosted and designed the team challenge segments , which if won would allow the winning team to pair a fighter from their team against another in elimination matches . The finale aired on November 5 , 2005 , and it set a ratings record for the UFC with a 2.0 overall rating . This season featured no coaches ' fight because Hughes and Franklin had refused to fight each other , owing to their friendship . Although released on DVD in 2005 , it has been set for re-release on September 18 , 2007 . For many years , Season 2 was the only season where all fights that took place were considered as professional MMA bouts by the Nevada State Athletic Commission . However , this has recently been changed and they are now considered to be exhibition bouts ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship', 'summary': "The Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) is an American mixed martial arts ( MMA ) promotion company based in Las Vegas , Nevada , which is owned and operated by parent company William Morris Endeavor . It is the largest MMA promotion company in the world and features on its roster the highest-level fighters in the sport . The UFC produces events worldwide that showcase twelve weight divisions and abides by the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts . As of 2019 , the UFC has held over 500 events . Dana White has been UFC president since 2001 . Under White 's stewardship , the UFC has grown into a globally popular multi-billion-dollar enterprise . The first event was held in 1993 at the McNichols Sports Arena in Denver , Colorado . The purpose of the early Ultimate Fighting Championship competitions was to identify the most effective martial art in a contest with minimal rules and no weight classes between competitors of different fighting disciplines like boxing , kickboxing , Brazilian jiu-jitsu , sambo , wrestling , Muay Thai , karate , and judo . In subsequent events , fighters began adopting effective techniques from more than one discipline , which indirectly helped create a separate style of fighting known as present-day mixed martial arts . In 2016 , UFC 's parent company , Zuffa , was sold to a group led by William Morris Endeavor ( WME-IMG ) , including Silver Lake Partners , Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and MSD Capital for US $ 4.025 billion . With a TV deal and expansion in Australia , Asia , Europe , and new markets within the United States , the UFC has increased in popularity , and has achieved greater mainstream media coverage ; the promotion brought in a total revenue of US $ 609 million in 2015 , and its next domestic media rights agreement with ESPN was valued at $ 1.5 billion over a five-year term ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mixed_Martial_Artist', 'summary': "Mixed martial arts ( MMA ) , also known as cage fighting , is a full-contact combat sport that allows striking and grappling , both standing and on the ground , using techniques from various combat sports and martial arts . The first documented use of the term mixed martial arts was in a review of UFC 1 by television critic Howard Rosenberg in 1993 . The term gained popularity when newfullcontact.com , then one of the largest websites covering the sport , hosted and republished the article . The question of who actually coined the term is subject to debate . During the early 20th century , various interstylistic contests took place throughout Japan and in the countries of the Four Asian Tigers . In Brazil , there was the sport of Vale Tudo , in which fighters from various styles fought with little to no rules . The Gracie family was known to promote Vale Tudo matches as a way to promote their own Brazilian jiu-jitsu style . An early high-profile mixed martial arts bout was fought in 1951 , between the judoka Masahiko Kimura and Brazilian jiu-jitsu founder Hélio Gracie in Brazil . In the West , the concept of combining elements of multiple martial arts was popularized by Bruce Lee 's Jeet Kune Do during the late 1960s to early 1970s . A precursor to modern MMA was the 1976 Muhammad Ali vs. Antonio Inoki bout , fought between boxer Muhammad Ali and wrestler Antonio Inoki in Japan , where it later inspired the foundation of Pancrase in 1993 and Pride Fighting Championships in 1997 . In 1980 , CV Productions , Inc. created the first regulated MMA league in the United States , called Tough Guy Contest , which was later renamed Battle of the Superfighters . The company sanctioned ten tournaments in Pennsylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Tom Lawlor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Lawlor', 'summary': "Thomas Joseph Tom Lawlor ( born May 15 , 1983 ) is an American professional mixed martial artist , professional wrestler and podcast host . As a professional wrestler , Lawlor is known for his time with Major League Wrestling ( MLW ) , where he is a former one-time MLW World Heavyweight Champion . Lawlor last competed in the Light Heavyweight division of the UFC . A professional since 2007 , he was also a cast member of SpikeTV 's The Ultimate Fighter : Team Nogueira vs . Team Mir ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Three-time national champion in the NCWA 2003 , 2004 , 2005 ; as a freshman he placed third ; current mixed martial artist for the Ultimate Fighting Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCWA', 'summary': 'The National Collegiate Wrestling Association ( NCWA ) is a nonprofit association of 162 institutions , conferences , organizations and individuals that organize the wrestling programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada . It is led by founder and executive director Jim Giunta headquartered in Dallas , Texas and built to help the promotion of collegiate wrestling . Many teams were formerly NCAA programs displaced by Title IX legislation and/or are preparing to join the NCAA , NAIA , or NJCAA . Teams in transition to a higher division not eligible for the NCAA postseason also compete in the NCWA . Notable wrestling programs to have started or competed in the NCWA and are now in other associations include : California Baptist , McKendree , Notre Dame College , and Southern Illinois Edwardsville .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mixed_martial_artist', 'summary': "Mixed martial arts ( MMA ) , also known as cage fighting , is a full-contact combat sport that allows striking and grappling , both standing and on the ground , using techniques from various combat sports and martial arts . The first documented use of the term mixed martial arts was in a review of UFC 1 by television critic Howard Rosenberg in 1993 . The term gained popularity when newfullcontact.com , then one of the largest websites covering the sport , hosted and republished the article . The question of who actually coined the term is subject to debate . During the early 20th century , various interstylistic contests took place throughout Japan and in the countries of the Four Asian Tigers . In Brazil , there was the sport of Vale Tudo , in which fighters from various styles fought with little to no rules . The Gracie family was known to promote Vale Tudo matches as a way to promote their own Brazilian jiu-jitsu style . An early high-profile mixed martial arts bout was fought in 1951 , between the judoka Masahiko Kimura and Brazilian jiu-jitsu founder Hélio Gracie in Brazil . In the West , the concept of combining elements of multiple martial arts was popularized by Bruce Lee 's Jeet Kune Do during the late 1960s to early 1970s . A precursor to modern MMA was the 1976 Muhammad Ali vs. Antonio Inoki bout , fought between boxer Muhammad Ali and wrestler Antonio Inoki in Japan , where it later inspired the foundation of Pancrase in 1993 and Pride Fighting Championships in 1997 . In 1980 , CV Productions , Inc. created the first regulated MMA league in the United States , called Tough Guy Contest , which was later renamed Battle of the Superfighters . The company sanctioned ten tournaments in Pennsylvania ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship', 'summary': "The Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) is an American mixed martial arts ( MMA ) promotion company based in Las Vegas , Nevada , which is owned and operated by parent company William Morris Endeavor . It is the largest MMA promotion company in the world and features on its roster the highest-level fighters in the sport . The UFC produces events worldwide that showcase twelve weight divisions and abides by the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts . As of 2019 , the UFC has held over 500 events . Dana White has been UFC president since 2001 . Under White 's stewardship , the UFC has grown into a globally popular multi-billion-dollar enterprise . The first event was held in 1993 at the McNichols Sports Arena in Denver , Colorado . The purpose of the early Ultimate Fighting Championship competitions was to identify the most effective martial art in a contest with minimal rules and no weight classes between competitors of different fighting disciplines like boxing , kickboxing , Brazilian jiu-jitsu , sambo , wrestling , Muay Thai , karate , and judo . In subsequent events , fighters began adopting effective techniques from more than one discipline , which indirectly helped create a separate style of fighting known as present-day mixed martial arts . In 2016 , UFC 's parent company , Zuffa , was sold to a group led by William Morris Endeavor ( WME-IMG ) , including Silver Lake Partners , Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and MSD Capital for US $ 4.025 billion . With a TV deal and expansion in Australia , Asia , Europe , and new markets within the United States , the UFC has increased in popularity , and has achieved greater mainstream media coverage ; the promotion brought in a total revenue of US $ 609 million in 2015 , and its next domestic media rights agreement with ESPN was valued at $ 1.5 billion over a five-year term ."}]}, {'value': 'Tyra Turner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyra_Turner', 'summary': "Tyra Turner ( née Harper , born July 21 , 1976 ) is a professional beach volleyball player from the United States who plays on the AVP Tour . Turner is a graduate of the University of Central Florida , where she played volleyball all four years . In 1998 , she was named UCF 's Scholar Athlete of the Year and Female Athlete of the Year . Turner was inducted into the UCF Athletic Hall of Fame in 2004 . Turner has been married to fellow AVP pro Chad Turner since January 2005 ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professional beach volleyball player on the AVP Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beach_volleyball', 'summary': "Beach volleyball is a team sport played by two teams of two players on a sand court divided by a net . As in indoor volleyball , the objective of the game is to send the ball over the net and to ground it on the opponent 's side of the court , and to prevent the same effort by the opponent . Each team is allowed up to three touches to return the ball across the net , and individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively except after making a block touch ( the block touch counting as one touch , leaving only two more touches before the ball must be hit over ) . The ball is put in play with a serve - a hit by the server from behind the rear court boundary over the net to the opponents . The rally continues until the ball is grounded on the playing court , goes out , or a fault is made in the attempt to return the ball . The team that wins the rally scores a point and serves to start the following rally . The four players serve in the same sequence throughout the match , changing server each time a rally is won by the receiving team . Beach volleyball most likely originated in 1915 on Waikiki Beach in Hawaii , while the modern two-player game originated in Santa Monica , California . It has been an Olympic sport since the 1996 Summer Olympics . The Fédération Internationale de Volleyball ( FIVB ) is the international governing body for the sport , and organizes the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships and the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Association_of_Volleyball_Professionals', 'summary': 'The Association of Volleyball Professionals ( AVP ) is the biggest and longest-running professional beach volleyball tour in the United States . Founded in 1983 , the AVP is headquartered in Newport Beach , California . The AVP operates as a 3-tiered development system with AVPFirst , a youth program ; AVPNext , a developmental circuit ; and the AVP Pro Beach Volleyball Tour itself .'}]}, {'value': 'Tristan Wade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tristan_Wade', 'summary': "Tristan Wade is an American professional poker player from Boynton Beach , Florida . He won his first World Series of Poker bracelet at the 2011 World Series of Poker Europe . In addition to a bracelet , 2011 saw Wade earn his first 3 World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) final tables , with two at the summer 2011 World Series of Poker before his fall bracelet in Europe . He 's known for limping the button then calling off 30bb shoves with 22 like a bum . Wade is also an instructor at Deepstacks University . Wade is an alumnus of University of Central Florida where he earned a bachelor of science degree in psychology . WSOP.com lists him as a resident of Boynton Beach , Florida , while Hendon mob claims he is from Orlando , Florida . Wade made his first trip to Europe at the age of 26 in 2011 because of Black Friday , which had limited his options for play in the United States ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professional Poker player World Series of Poker bracelet at the 2011 World Series of Poker Europe and 3 Money finishes at World Poker Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Series_of_Poker_bracelet', 'summary': 'The World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) bracelet is considered the most coveted non-monetary prize a poker player can win . Since 1976 , a bracelet has been awarded to the winner of every event at the annual WSOP . Even if the victory occurred before 1976 , WSOP championships are now counted as bracelets . During the first years of the WSOP only a handful of bracelets were awarded each year . In 1990 , there were only 14 bracelet events . By 2000 , that number increased to 24 . As the popularity of poker has increased during the 2000s , the number of events has likewise increased . In 2011 , 58 bracelets were awarded at the WSOP , seven at the World Series of Poker Europe ( WSOPE ) , and one to the WSOP National Circuit Champion . This brought the total number of bracelets awarded up to 959 . Five additional bracelets were awarded for the first time in April 2013 at the inaugural World Series of Poker Asia-Pacific ( WSOP APAC ) in Melbourne , Australia . In 2017 , 74 for bracelets were awarded at the WSOP and an additional 11 will be awarded at the WSOPE in Czech Republic . After the conclusion of the 2014 WSOP APAC , there have been 1083 bracelets awarded , 500 of which were won by 170 players who have won at least two bracelets , with all of the other bracelets being won by one-time winners .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2011_World_Series_of_Poker_Europe', 'summary': "The fifth World Series of Poker Europe ( WSOPE ) took place from October 7 , 2011 to October 20 , 2011 . There were seven bracelet events , culminating in the €10,400 WSOPE Championship No-Limit Hold'em event . Events were held at the Majestic Barrière Cannes and the Le Croisette Casino Barrière in Cannes , France . The 7 official gold bracelet events were complemented by a total of 51 other events in the two-week schedule , the most prominent of which is the €550 Ladies only event . ESPN broadcast the Main Event on its worldwide television network , and all official gold bracelet events streamed live on WSOP.com . The first four WSOPEs were held at the Casino at the Empire in Leicester Square , London , making 2011 the first WSOPE not held in London and the first whose buy-ins and prize funds were fixed in euros instead of British pounds . 2011 marks the first time that the WSOP Player of the Year Award included all open bracelet events at both the WSOP and the WSOPE , meaning that the results of the 2011 WSOPE and those of the 2011 World Series of Poker are being combined to determine the player of the year . The 2011 WSOP Europe main event was an 8-handed event ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_Poker_Tour', 'summary': 'The World Poker Tour ( WPT ) is an internationally televised gaming and entertainment brand . Since 2002 , the World Poker Tour has operated a series of international poker tournaments and associated television series broadcasting playdown and the final table of each tournament . The most prominent of World Poker Tour events belong to the WPT Main Tour . The WPT Main Tour focuses on the buy-in range of $ 3,500- $ 25,000 , and winners of official WPT Main Tour events are awarded a membership to the WPT Champions Club . The WPT Champions Cup is the trophy awarded to all winners of WPT Main Tour events , and champions have their names engraved on the Cup .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable alumni -- Sports', 'section_text': 'Aric Almirola', 'uid': 'List_of_University_of_Central_Florida_alumni_10', 'intro': "The University of Central Florida (UCF) is a metropolitan public research and space-grant university located on a 1,415-acre (5.73 km2) main campus in Orlando, Florida, United States. UCF is a member institution of the State University System of Florida and is the largest university in the United States in terms of undergraduate enrollment. It was founded in 1963 as Florida Technological University with the goal of providing highly trained personnel to support the Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on Florida's Space Coast. After the university's academic scope expanded in the mid and late 1970s to encompass a wider variety of disciplines, the school was renamed The University of Central Florida in 1978. Initial enrollment in 1968 was 1,948 students; as of 2014, the university has 59,770 students from more than 140 countries, all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. Since the university's first graduating class in 1970, UCF has awarded more than 250,000 degrees, including 45,000 graduate and professional degrees, to over 200,000 alumni. UCF alumni have made research contributions to optics, modeling and simulation, digital media, engineering and computer science, business administration, education and hospitality management. Among the most notable are Gene Frantz('71), inventor of the Texas Instruments Speak and Spell, and father of digital signal processing. Numerous graduates have gained notoriety in the fields of law, government, and public policy, with alumni including a prime minister, a chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, a United States assistant secretary of state, a deputy assistant secretary at the Department of the Treasury, a director of the National Reconnaissance Office, and a director of the Secret Service; in addition to numerous members of the Florida Cabinet, Florida House of Representatives and Florida Senate, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) astronauts, and numerous officers in the armed forces through a unique partnership between the university and the U.S. military. Alumni have also achieved success as executives in major organizations and Fortune 500 companies, such as Boeing, Busch Entertainment Corporation, Darden Restaurants, Ericsson, Google, NASCAR, the Orlando Magic and Texas Rangers, Sun Sports and Fox Sports Florida, Raymond James Financial, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, and Yahoo! UCF graduates have also made notable contributions in the entertainment industry, including Cheryl Hines, widely known for her role as Cheryl David on the HBO television series Curb Your Enthusiasm, and Daniel Tosh, host of Tosh.0 on Comedy Central. In addition, The Blair Witch Project, which is considered one of the most successful independent films produced, was filmed by UCF students and directed by alumni Daniel Myrick and Eduardo Sanchez."}	null	null	What is the spouse 's name of the notable alumni of the University of Central Florida from 1998 who is a volleyball player ?	Chad Turner
07a00f69d3a3e80c	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'title': 'Azerbaijan at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murad Bazarov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murad_Bazarov', 'summary': "Murad Bazarov ( Azerbaijani : Murad Bazarov ; born August 6 , 1994 ) is an Azerbaijani wrestler who participated at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore . He won the gold medal for Azerbaijan in the boys ' Greco-Roman 42 kg event , defeating Yosvanis Peña Flores of Cuba in the final . In 2012 he won the gold medal at the 2012 World Junior Wrestling Championships in Pattaya , defeating Artur Labazanov of Russia in the final ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The wrestling competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place in Singapore from 15-17 August at the International Convention Centre . The first positive drugs tests of the Games came in wrestling events , with the International Olympic Committee announcing on 15 October that two wrestlers , including a silver medallist , had tested positive for furosemide .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Greco-Roman 42 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_Greco-Roman_42_kg", 'summary': "The Boys ' 42 kg Greco-Roman tournament in Wrestling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held on August 15 at the International Convention Centre . The event limited competitors to a maximum of 42 kilograms of body mass . The tournament had two groups where wrestlers compete in a round robin format . The winners of each group would go on to play for the gold medal , second placers played for the bronze medal while everyone else played for classification depending on where they ranked in the group stage ."}]}, {'value': '15 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elman Mukhtarov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elman_Mukhtarov', 'summary': "Elman Mukhtarov ( Azerbaijani : Elman Muxtarov ; born December 12 , 1994 ) is an Azerbaijani wrestler who participated at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore . He won the gold medal for Azerbaijan in the boys ' Greco-Roman 50 kg event , defeating Nurbek Hakkulov of Uzbekistan in the final ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The wrestling competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place in Singapore from 15-17 August at the International Convention Centre . The first positive drugs tests of the Games came in wrestling events , with the International Olympic Committee announcing on 15 October that two wrestlers , including a silver medallist , had tested positive for furosemide .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Greco-Roman 50 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_Greco-Roman_50_kg", 'summary': "The Boys ' 50 kg Greco-Roman tournament in Wrestling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held on August 15 at the International Convention Centre . The event limited competitors to a maximum of 50 kilograms of body mass . The tournament had two groups where wrestlers compete in a round robin format . The winners of each group would go on to play for the gold medal , second placers played for the bronze medal while everyone else played for classification depending on where they ranked in the group stage . On 15 October 2010 , the International Olympic Committee announced that Nurbek Hakkulov , who won a silver medal for Uzbekistan had tested positive for a banned diuretic , furosemide . Hakkulov was disqualified and stripped of his silver medal , although no decision was taken on whether to promote Shadybek Sulaimanov and Johan Rodriguez Banguela in the event ."}]}, {'value': '15 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patimat Bagomedova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patimat_Bagomedova', 'summary': "Patimat Bagomedova ( Azerbaijani : Patimət Bəhəmmədova ; born August 6 , 1993 ) is an Azerbaijani wrestler who participated at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore . She won the gold medal in the girls ' freestyle 52 kg event , defeating Yuan Yuan of China in the final ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The wrestling competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place in Singapore from 15-17 August at the International Convention Centre . The first positive drugs tests of the Games came in wrestling events , with the International Olympic Committee announcing on 15 October that two wrestlers , including a silver medallist , had tested positive for furosemide .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's Freestyle 52 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_freestyle_52_kg", 'summary': "The Girls ' 52 kg tournament in Wrestling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held on August 16 at the International Convention Centre . The event limited competitors to a maximum of 52 kilograms of body mass . The tournament had two groups where wrestlers compete in a round robin format . The winners of each group would go on to play for the gold medal , second placers played for the bronze medal while everyone else played for classification depending on where they ranked in the group stage ."}]}, {'value': '16 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nijat Rahimov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nijat_Rahimov', 'summary': 'Nijat Rahimov ( Azerbaijani : Nicat Rəhimov ; born 13 August 1993 in Baku , Azerbaijan ) is an Azerbaijani-born naturalized Kazakhstani weightlifter . He represented Kazakhstan at the 2016 Summer Olympics , in the category of 77 kg , he placed first , winning the gold medal and setting a new world record with a clean and jerk lift of 214 kilograms .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The weightlifting competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place in Singapore in the Toa Payoh Sports Hall from 15-19 August .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 69 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_69_kg", 'summary': "The boys ' 69 kg weightlifting event was the third men 's event at the weightlifting competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics , with competitors limited to a maximum of 69 kilograms of body mass . The whole competition took place on August 16 at 18:00 . Each lifter performed in both the snatch and clean and jerk lifts , with the final score being the sum of the lifter 's best result in each . The athlete received three attempts in each of the two lifts ; the score for the lift was the heaviest weight successfully lifted ."}]}, {'value': '17 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ali Magomedabirov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The wrestling competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place in Singapore from 15-17 August at the International Convention Centre . The first positive drugs tests of the Games came in wrestling events , with the International Olympic Committee announcing on 15 October that two wrestlers , including a silver medallist , had tested positive for furosemide .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Freestyle 100 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_freestyle_100_kg", 'summary': "The Boys ' 100 kg tournament in Wrestling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held on August 17 at the International Convention Centre . The event limited competitors to a maximum of 100 kilograms of body mass . The tournament had two groups where wrestlers compete in a round robin format . The winners of each group would go on to play for the gold medal , second placers played for the bronze medal while everyone else played for classification depending on where they ranked in the group stage ."}]}, {'value': '17 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kanan Guliyev', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The wrestling competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics took place in Singapore from 15-17 August at the International Convention Centre . The first positive drugs tests of the Games came in wrestling events , with the International Olympic Committee announcing on 15 October that two wrestlers , including a silver medallist , had tested positive for furosemide .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Freestyle 54 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_freestyle_54_kg", 'summary': "The Boys ' 54 kg tournament in Wrestling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held on August 17 at the International Convention Centre . The event limited competitors to a maximum of 54 kilograms of body mass . The tournament had two groups where wrestlers compete in a round robin format . The winners of each group would go on to play for the gold medal , second placers played for the bronze medal while everyone else played for classification depending on where they ranked in the group stage ."}]}, {'value': '17 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salman Alizade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salman_Alizade', 'summary': 'Salman Alizade ( born 1 December 1993 ) is an amateur Light flyweight boxer from Azerbaijan . He who won silver at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics , and gold at the 2011 European Amateur Boxing Championships . At the 2013 European Amateur Boxing Championships Alizade won a Bronze Medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Boxing competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held from 21 August to 25 August 2010 at the Suntec Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Centre .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Light Fly 48 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_48_kg", 'summary': "These are the results of the Men 's Light Fly 48 kg competition in boxing at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore . Preliminaries were held on August 21 at 14:02 , semifinals on August 22 , at 14:00 , 5th place bout on August 23 , at 18:00 , the bronze medal bout on August 24 , at 18:00 and the Final bout on August 25 , at 14:00 . Unlike world championships and the Olympic Games , only one bronze medal is awarded ."}]}, {'value': '25 Aug', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elvin Isayev', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Boxing competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held from 21 August to 25 August 2010 at the Suntec Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Centre .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Feather 57 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_57_kg", 'summary': "These are the results of the Men 's Feather 57 kg competition in boxing at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore . Preliminaries were held on August 21 , semifinals on August 22 , 5th place bout on August 23 , the bronze medal bout on August 24 and the Final bout on August 25 . Unlike world championships and the Olympic Games , only one bronze medal is awarded ."}]}, {'value': '25 Aug', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Azerbaijan_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'Azerbaijan participated in the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore with 12 athletes.'}	null	null	Which medal was awarded to the athlete who participated at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore ?	Gold
07a243a64388cec0	hybridqa	{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_UCI_Women's_Road_World_Cup", 'title': "1999 UCI Women's Road World Cup", 'header': ['Date', 'Event', 'Location', 'Winner'], 'data': [{'value': '7 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia World Cup , Canberra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_World_Cup', 'summary': "The Australia World Cup was a women 's professional road bicycle racing event held annually in Australia from 1998 to 2008 as part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup . The location of the race varied : in 1998 , it was held in Sydney ; from 1999 to 2001 , it was held in Canberra ; in 2002 it was held in the Snowy Mountains and ; from 2003 to 2008 it was held in Geelong , Victoria ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canberra', 'summary': "Canberra ( /ˈkænbərə/ ( listen ) ) is the capital city of Australia . Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation , it is Australia 's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall . The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory ; 280 km ( 170 mi ) south-west of Sydney and 660 km ( 410 mi ) north-east of Melbourne . On 1 January 1901 , federation of the colonies of Australia was achieved . Section 125 of the new Australian Constitution provided that land , situated in New South Wales and at least 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Sydney , would be ceded to the new federal government . Following discussion and exploration of various areas within New South Wales , the Seat of Government Act 1908 was passed in 1908 which specified a capital in the Yass-Canberra region . The land was transferred to the Commonwealth by New South Wales in 1911 , creating the Australian Capital Territory , two years prior to the capital city being founded and formally named as Canberra in 1913 . It is unusual among Australian cities , being an entirely planned city outside of any state , similar to Washington , D.C. in the United States or Brasília in Brazil . Following an international contest for the city 's design , a blueprint by American architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin was selected and construction commenced in 1913 . The Griffins ' plan featured geometric motifs such as circles , hexagons and triangles , and was centred on axes aligned with significant topographical landmarks in the Australian Capital Territory . The city 's design was influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation . As the seat of the government of Australia , Canberra is home to many important institutions of the federal government , national monuments and museums ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Anna Wilson ( AUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Millward', 'summary': "Anna Millward , née Wilson , ( born 26 November 1971 ) is an Australian cycle racer . During her cycling career , she won the overall UCI points title in 2001 , and twice was UCI overall World Cup points champion , winning a total of 5 World Cup races in her career . She also won two silver medals in the UCI Road World Championship competition in 1999 and twice won the Women 's Challenge race ( 1996 and 2000 ) . In the 2000 Sydney Olympics she finished fourth in both the time trial and the road race . In the 1998 Commonwealth Games , she won gold in the time trial and bronze in the road race , she won a silver in the 2002 Commonwealth Games time trial . In 2000 , a portrait of her by Simon Benz was hung in the Archibald Prize ."}]}, {'value': '14 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand World Cup , Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Hamilton ( Māori : Kirikiriroa ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . It is the seat and most populous city of the Waikato region , with a territorial population of 165,900 , the country 's fourth most-populous city . Encompassing a land area of about 110 km2 ( 42 sq mi ) on the banks of the Waikato River , Hamilton is part of the wider Hamilton Urban Area , which also encompasses the nearby towns of Ngaruawahia , Te Awamutu and Cambridge . The area now covered by the city was originally the site of several Māori villages , including Kirikiriroa , from which the city takes its Māori name . By the time English settlers arrived , most of these villages , which sat beside the Waikato River , were abandoned as a result of the Invasion of Waikato and land-confiscation ( Raupatu ) by the Crown . The new British settlement was renamed Hamilton after Captain John Fane Charles Hamilton , the commander of HMS Esk , who was killed in the Battle of Gate Pā , Tauranga . Initially an agricultural service centre , Hamilton now has a diverse economy and is the third fastest growing urban area in New Zealand , behind Pukekohe and Auckland . Hamilton Gardens is the region 's most popular tourist attraction . Education and research and development play an important part in Hamilton 's economy , as the city is home to approximately 40,000 tertiary students and 1,000 PhD-qualified scientists ."}]}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': 'Roberta Bonanomi ( ITA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberta_Bonanomi', 'summary': "Roberta Bonanomi ( born 15 October 1966 ) is a retired racing cyclist from Italy . She represented her native country at five Summer Olympics : 1984 , 1988 , 1992 , 1996 , and 2000 . Her biggest achievements were winning the 1989 Giro d'Italia Femminile and the world title in the women 's team time trial ( 1988 ) , alongside Maria Canins , Monica Bandini , and Francesca Galli ."}]}, {'value': '20 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primavera Rosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primavera_Rosa', 'summary': "The Primavera Rosa was an elite women 's professional one-day road bicycle race held between 1999 and 2005 in Liguria , Italy as part of the UCI Women 's Road Cycling World Cup . The race was a female version of Milan-San Remo being organised on the same day and finishing in Sanremo shortly before the men but racing over a shorter distance , hence the start was in Varazze . The 2006 edition was initially planned but cancelled before the event ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Sara Felloni ( ITA )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14 April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Flèche Wallonne Féminine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Flèche_Wallonne_Féminine', 'summary': "La Flèche Wallonne Féminine is a professional women 's bicycle road race held each year in Wallonia , Belgium , in April . It is part of the UCI Women 's World Tour , cycling 's season-long competition of top-tier races , in which it is the third-oldest single-day event after the Trofeo Alfredo Binda in Italy and the Emakumeen Euskal Bira in the Basque Country . The event is raced on the same day as La Flèche Wallonne for men . The race was inaugurated by Tour de France organizers ASO in 1998 and quickly became a road race classic . From 1999 onwards , the women 's Flèche Wallonne was a UCI Women 's Road Cycling World Cup event . In 2016 , the race became part of the new UCI Women 's World Tour . The Flèche Wallonne Féminine is held in conjunction with the men 's race , on much of the same roads but at a shorter distance . Likewise , the race always finishes on the steep Mur de Huy . Two Dutch riders hold the record with five wins . Marianne Vos between 2007 and 2013 . Fellow Dutch Anna van der Breggen won her fifth consecutive Flèche Wallonne in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'Hanka Kupfernagel ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanka_Kupfernagel', 'summary': "Hanka Kupfernagel ( born 19 March 1974 in Gera , Bezirk Gera ) is a German professional cycle racer . Currently her primary focus is cyclocross racing , however , she has won major road , track and mountain bike races . She has won seven consecutive medals at the UCI Women 's Cyclo-cross World Championships , including three gold medals for 2000 , 2001 and 2005 ; the silver medal in 2002 and 2003 ; and the bronze medal in 2004 . She finished 1st in the year-end UCI world class rankings in 1997 and 1999 winning the 1999 La Flèche Wallonne Féminine in the process . Kupfernagel captured the Emakumeen Bira cyclo-cross race three consecutive years from 1997 to 1999 . In 2007 , the three-times world cyclo-cross champion added world time trial champion to her palmares when she won gold at the 2007 UCI Road World Championships Women 's Time Trial . She also won the Sparkassen Giro Bochum . In 2008 , she had a very strong cyclo-cross season , winning two [ World Cup ] races and even though she finished at second place for six times , she had enough point to claim the overall World Cup title . She seemed to be the favourite for the women 's race at the 2009 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships in Hoogerheide , she was not able to defend her title as Marianne Vos beat her during a sprint finish and left her with the silver medal ."}]}, {'value': '30 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coupe du Monde Cycliste Féminine de Montréal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coupe_du_Monde_Cycliste_Féminine_de_Montréal', 'summary': "The Coupe du Monde Cycliste Féminine de Montréal ( English : Women 's Cycling World Cup of Montreal , or simply Montreal World Cup ) was an elite women 's professional road bicycle racing event held annually between 1998 and 2009 in Montréal , Quebec , Canada as part of the UCI Women 's Road Cycling World Cup season ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Tracey Gaudry ( AUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tracey_Gaudry', 'summary': "Tracey Gaudry ( née Watson ; born 17 June 1969 ) is an Australian sport administrator , former professional cyclist and current Chief Executive Officer of Respect Victoria - Victoria 's first agency dedicated to the primary prevention of all forms of family violence and violence against women . Prior to her corporate executive roles , Gaudry represented Australia at two Summer Olympics ( 1996 and 2000 ) and the 1998 Commonwealth Games . After finishing her career as an athlete , Gaudry served on numerous boards and committees , leading to her current appointments as member of the Management Committee of the Union Cycliste Internationale , president of the Oceanian Cycling Confederation and member of the Board of the Deakin University Sport Business Network ."}]}, {'value': '4 June', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liberty Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberty_Classic', 'summary': "The Liberty Classic was an annual women 's bicycle race held from 1994 to 2012 , simultaneously with the Philadelphia International Championship . The 57.6 mile race consisted of four laps of a 14.4 mile circuit through Philadelphia with 5 climbs up the famous Manayunk Wall . It was part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup until 2001 . From 2002 , it was an Elite Women 's Category 1 event under UCI race classifications . The Liberty Classic was the final leg of the inaugural 2006 Commerce Bank Triple Crown of Cycling for women . The Triple Crown was a one-week , 3-race circuit , with the three races taking place in the Eastern Pennsylvania cities of Allentown , Reading and Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The opening race was the Lehigh Valley Classic , followed two days later by Reading Classic , with the Liberty Classic finale in Philadelphia three days after the Reading race . In January 2013 the race 's organisers announced that the 2013 International Championship and Liberty Classic had been cancelled , with local media reporting a breakdown in the relationship between the organisers and the city authorities . However , in May of that year a group of local politicians and promoters announced the revival of the men 's and women 's races as The Philadelphia Cycling Classic , under the direction of Robin Morton ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Petra Rossner ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petra_Rossner', 'summary': "Petra Rossner ( born 14 November 1966 ) is a German cyclist , who won the gold medal in 3 km pursuit track cycling at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . In the same event she won the 1991 World Championships and finished second in 1989 . Competing in road bicycle racing , she won the World Cup in 2002 . She finished second in 2004 , and finished third in the 1988 Giro d'Italia Femminile . She is a seven-time winner of the Liberty Classic - winning the event in 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 and 2004 . Rossner retired after the 2004 season ."}]}, {'value': '8 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trophée International', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trophée_International', 'summary': "The Trophée International was an elite women 's professional one-day road bicycle race held between 1996 and 2001 in France . It usually takes place the day before the women 's Tour de France . In 1998 , 1999 and 2001 it was part of the UCI Women 's Road Cycling World Cup . The event was held in different locations each year : in 1996 , in Pornic ( Loire-Atlantique ) ; in 1997 , between Lac de Madine and Metz ( Lorraine ) ; in 1998 , between Le Chapelle St Ursin and Saint-Amand-Montrond ; in 1999 , between Beauvois-en-Cambrésis ( Nord-Pas-de-Calais ) and Hirson ( Picardy ) ; in 2000 , between Villeneuve-Loubet and Valberg ( Alpes-Maritimes ) and ; in 2001 , between La Brède and Pauillac ( Gironde ) . The race was co-organised by Team France Organisation and Racing Club Olympique , who were also responsible for organising the Tour de France Féminin ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Vanja Vonckx ( BEL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanja_Vonckx', 'summary': "Vanja Vonckx ( born 12 February 1973 ) is a former Belgian racing cyclist . She finished in second place in the Belgian National Road Race Championships in 1999 . She also competed in the women 's road race at the 2000 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '9 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ladies Tour Beneden-Maas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ladies_Tour_Beneden-Maas', 'summary': "The Rotterdam Tour , in its first two editions called the Tour Beneden-Maas , was an elite women 's professional one-day road bicycle race held between 1998 and 2006 in Rotterdam , Netherlands as part of the UCI Women 's Road Cycling World Cup . For commercial reasons the race was also known as Lowland International Rotterdam Tour ."}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Petra Rossner ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petra_Rossner', 'summary': "Petra Rossner ( born 14 November 1966 ) is a German cyclist , who won the gold medal in 3 km pursuit track cycling at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . In the same event she won the 1991 World Championships and finished second in 1989 . Competing in road bicycle racing , she won the World Cup in 2002 . She finished second in 2004 , and finished third in the 1988 Giro d'Italia Femminile . She is a seven-time winner of the Liberty Classic - winning the event in 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 and 2004 . Rossner retired after the 2004 season ."}]}, {'value': '26 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UCI World Cup Finale Embrach', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': 'Anna Wilson ( AUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Millward', 'summary': "Anna Millward , née Wilson , ( born 26 November 1971 ) is an Australian cycle racer . During her cycling career , she won the overall UCI points title in 2001 , and twice was UCI overall World Cup points champion , winning a total of 5 World Cup races in her career . She also won two silver medals in the UCI Road World Championship competition in 1999 and twice won the Women 's Challenge race ( 1996 and 2000 ) . In the 2000 Sydney Olympics she finished fourth in both the time trial and the road race . In the 1998 Commonwealth Games , she won gold in the time trial and bronze in the road race , she won a silver in the 2002 Commonwealth Games time trial . In 2000 , a portrait of her by Simon Benz was hung in the Archibald Prize ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Races', 'section_text': '', 'uid': "1999_UCI_Women's_Road_World_Cup_0", 'intro': "The 1999 UCI Women's Road World Cup was the second edition of the UCI Women's Road World Cup. It consisted of nine rounds: in addition to the six rounds in 1998 that were all retained there were the New Zealand World Cup, the Primavera Rosa and La Flèche Wallonne Féminine. Australian rider Anna Wilson of Saturn Cycling Team won the series."}	null	null	Of the two events held in September , which one 's location has more cantons/provinces ?	26 September
07a3aae736d93cf8	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Davison', 'title': 'Peter Davison', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1985-1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'King Street Junior', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric Brown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC Radio 4 Series 1 and 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_Radio_4', 'summary': "BBC Radio 4 , part of BBC Radio , is owned and operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation . It broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes including news , drama , comedy , science and history from the BBC 's headquarters at Broadcasting House , London . It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967 . The station controller is Mohit Bakaya . It is the second-most-popular domestic radio station in the UK , broadcast throughout the UK , the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands on FM , LW and DAB , and can be received in eastern and south eastern counties of Ireland , the north of France and Northern Europe . It is also available through Freeview , Sky , Virgin Media and on the Internet . Its sister station , BBC Radio 4 Extra ( formerly BBC Radio 7 ) , complements the main channel by broadcasting repeats from the Radio 4 archive , extended versions of Radio 4 programmes and supplements to series such as The Archers and Desert Island Discs . It is notable for its news bulletins and programmes such as Today and The World at One , heralded on air by the Greenwich Time Signal pips or the chimes of Big Ben . Radio 4 broadcasts the Shipping Forecast , which reached 150 years old in August 2017 . The pips are only accurate on FM , LW , and MW as there is a delay on DAB and digital radio of approximately 3 to 5 seconds , even longer online ( up to 23 seconds ) ."}]}, {'value': '1995-1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Change at Oglethorpe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Clare', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC Radio 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_Radio_2', 'summary': "BBC Radio 2 is one of the BBC 's two flagship national radio stations ( the other being BBC Radio 1 ) and the most popular station in the United Kingdom with over 15 million weekly listeners . Much of its daytime playlist-based programming is adult contemporary or AOR , although the station also broadcasts other specialist musical genres . Radio 2 broadcasts throughout the UK on FM between 88.1 and 90.2 MHz from studios in Wogan House , adjacent to Broadcasting House in central London . Programmes are relayed on digital radio via DAB , Sky , Cable TV , IPTV , Freeview , Freesat and the Internet ."}]}, {'value': '1999-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doctor Who : The Monthly Range', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doctor_Who:_The_Monthly_Range', 'summary': "The Doctor Who - Main Range series consists of full-cast audiobook adventures based on the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who , produced by Nicholas Briggs and Big Finish Productions and starring one of the original actors to play The Doctor on television in the classic era of the programme . The main audio series currently feature the Fifth , Sixth and Seventh Doctors , and have since developed the pattern of thirteen releases per year , one every month with two in September or December . Big Finish Productions began producing audio dramas featuring the Fifth , Sixth , and Seventh Doctors , starting with The Sirens of Time in July 1999 . This continued through to 2000 , and from 2001 to 2007 , the main range also included releases featuring the Eighth Doctor with his companions Charley Pollard and C'rizz , but these were ended due to the simultaneously-running Eighth Doctor Adventures , which ran from 2006 to 2011 and featured companion Lucie Miller . From 2008 to late 2011 , only one Eighth Doctor release was produced for the main range : The Company of Friends , featuring companions from other media to the audio plays and the historical figure Mary Shelley . The Eighth Doctor returned to the main range in a trilogy of adventures with Mary Shelley in October 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fifth Doctor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fifth_Doctor', 'summary': "The Fifth Doctor is an incarnation of the Doctor , the protagonist of the BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who . He is portrayed by Peter Davison . Within the series ' narrative , the Doctor is a centuries-old Time Lord alien from the planet Gallifrey who travels in time and space in his TARDIS , frequently with companions . At the end of life , the Doctor can regenerate his body ; in doing so , his physical appearance and personality change . Davison portrays the fifth such incarnation , who has a vulnerable side and a tendency towards indecisiveness , dressed as a boyish Edwardian cricketer . He travelled with a host of companions , including boy genius Adric ( Matthew Waterhouse ) , alien aristocrat Nyssa ( Sarah Sutton ) and Australian flight attendant Tegan Jovanka ( Janet Fielding ) , whom he had travelled alongside in his previous incarnation . He also shared later adventures alongside devious schoolboy Vislor Turlough ( Mark Strickson ) and American college student Peri Brown ( Nicola Bryant ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Finish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions', 'summary': "Big Finish Productions is a British company that produces books and audio plays ( released straight to compact disc and for download in mp3 and m4b format ) based , primarily , on cult science fiction properties . These include Doctor Who , the characters Judge Dredd and Strontium Dog from 2000 AD , Blake 's 7 , Dark Shadows , Dracula , Terrahawks , Sapphire & Steel , Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's Sherlock Holmes character , Stargate , The Avengers , The Prisoner , and Torchwood ."}]}, {'value': '2003-2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rigor Mortis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rigor_Mortis_(radio)', 'summary': 'Rigor Mortis is a BBC Radio 4 black comedy set in the pathology department at an NHS hospital . It centres on the working lives of the pathologists and attendant staff who work in the department .'}]}, {'value': 'Dr. Anthony Webster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC Radio 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_Radio_4', 'summary': "BBC Radio 4 , part of BBC Radio , is owned and operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation . It broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes including news , drama , comedy , science and history from the BBC 's headquarters at Broadcasting House , London . It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967 . The station controller is Mohit Bakaya . It is the second-most-popular domestic radio station in the UK , broadcast throughout the UK , the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands on FM , LW and DAB , and can be received in eastern and south eastern counties of Ireland , the north of France and Northern Europe . It is also available through Freeview , Sky , Virgin Media and on the Internet . Its sister station , BBC Radio 4 Extra ( formerly BBC Radio 7 ) , complements the main channel by broadcasting repeats from the Radio 4 archive , extended versions of Radio 4 programmes and supplements to series such as The Archers and Desert Island Discs . It is notable for its news bulletins and programmes such as Today and The World at One , heralded on air by the Greenwich Time Signal pips or the chimes of Big Ben . Radio 4 broadcasts the Shipping Forecast , which reached 150 years old in August 2017 . The pips are only accurate on FM , LW , and MW as there is a delay on DAB and digital radio of approximately 3 to 5 seconds , even longer online ( up to 23 seconds ) ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebulous', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebulous', 'summary': 'Nebulous is a post-apocalyptic science fiction comedy radio show written by Graham Duff and produced by Ted Dowd from Baby Cow Productions ; it is directed by Nicholas Briggs . The series premiered in the United Kingdom on BBC Radio 4 . Set in the year 2099 AD , the show focuses on the adventures of the eponymous Professor Nebulous , director of operations for the eco-troubleshooting team KENT ( the Key Environmental Non-Judgmental Taskforce ) as they combat various catastrophes and try to set the world back on the right path following a worldwide environmental disaster known as The Withering . As well as being a parody of a number of famous science fiction programmes , including Doctor Who , Quatermass and Doomwatch , Nebulous is considered a cult radio programme , attracting a number of guest appearances from famous actors . There have been three series of Nebulous ; the first was broadcast between 6 January and 10 February 2005 . The series was well received by critics , and a second series was broadcast between 5 April and 10 May 2006 , with a third series commissioned by the BBC which began broadcasting on Thursday , 15 May 2008 at 23:00 BST . The first series was released on compact disc on 5 February 2007 by BBC Audio . Since 2009 all three series have been broadcast on BBC Radio 7 . Duff has also announced that he is planning to make an animated series of Nebulous .'}]}, {'value': 'Professor Diplodocus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC Radio 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_Radio_4', 'summary': "BBC Radio 4 , part of BBC Radio , is owned and operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation . It broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes including news , drama , comedy , science and history from the BBC 's headquarters at Broadcasting House , London . It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967 . The station controller is Mohit Bakaya . It is the second-most-popular domestic radio station in the UK , broadcast throughout the UK , the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands on FM , LW and DAB , and can be received in eastern and south eastern counties of Ireland , the north of France and Northern Europe . It is also available through Freeview , Sky , Virgin Media and on the Internet . Its sister station , BBC Radio 4 Extra ( formerly BBC Radio 7 ) , complements the main channel by broadcasting repeats from the Radio 4 archive , extended versions of Radio 4 programmes and supplements to series such as The Archers and Desert Island Discs . It is notable for its news bulletins and programmes such as Today and The World at One , heralded on air by the Greenwich Time Signal pips or the chimes of Big Ben . Radio 4 broadcasts the Shipping Forecast , which reached 150 years old in August 2017 . The pips are only accurate on FM , LW , and MW as there is a delay on DAB and digital radio of approximately 3 to 5 seconds , even longer online ( up to 23 seconds ) ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Long_Dark_Tea-Time_of_the_Soul_(radio_serial)', 'summary': "The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul is an Above the Title Productions radio adaptation , dramatised by Dirk Maggs and John Langdon of Douglas Adams 's The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul . Starring Harry Enfield , Peter Davison , John Fortune and Stephen Moore , it started broadcasting on 2 October 2008 on BBC Radio 4 . The title is a quotation from the Adams novel Life , The Universe and Everything , where it says of the immortally annoyed Wowbagger :"}]}, {'value': 'Simon Draycott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC Radio 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_Radio_4', 'summary': "BBC Radio 4 , part of BBC Radio , is owned and operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation . It broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes including news , drama , comedy , science and history from the BBC 's headquarters at Broadcasting House , London . It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967 . The station controller is Mohit Bakaya . It is the second-most-popular domestic radio station in the UK , broadcast throughout the UK , the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands on FM , LW and DAB , and can be received in eastern and south eastern counties of Ireland , the north of France and Northern Europe . It is also available through Freeview , Sky , Virgin Media and on the Internet . Its sister station , BBC Radio 4 Extra ( formerly BBC Radio 7 ) , complements the main channel by broadcasting repeats from the Radio 4 archive , extended versions of Radio 4 programmes and supplements to series such as The Archers and Desert Island Discs . It is notable for its news bulletins and programmes such as Today and The World at One , heralded on air by the Greenwich Time Signal pips or the chimes of Big Ben . Radio 4 broadcasts the Shipping Forecast , which reached 150 years old in August 2017 . The pips are only accurate on FM , LW , and MW as there is a delay on DAB and digital radio of approximately 3 to 5 seconds , even longer online ( up to 23 seconds ) ."}]}, {'value': '2012-2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Welcome to Our Village , Please Invade Carefully', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Welcome_to_Our_Village,_Please_Invade_Carefully', 'summary': 'Welcome To Our Village , Please Invade Carefully is a sitcom on BBC Radio 4 ( pilot and first series aired on BBC Radio 2 ) , written by Eddie Robson and produced by Ed Morrish . It concerns the invasion of the small Buckinghamshire village of Cresdon Green by an alien race called the Geonin . The programme stars Hattie Morahan as Katrina Lyons , a 30-something professional from London who was visiting her parents at the time of the invasion , with Charles Edwards as Uljabaan , the leader of the aliens in smooth-talking human form . The Radio Times called it the sitcom success story of 2012 . The pilot episode featured Katherine Parkinson in the part of Katrina , whilst the pilot and first series featured Julian Rhind-Tutt as Uljabaan . The pilot aired on 5 July 2012 , the first series aired 7-28 March 2013 , and the second series began on 15 October 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Richard Lyons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC Radio 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_Radio_2', 'summary': "BBC Radio 2 is one of the BBC 's two flagship national radio stations ( the other being BBC Radio 1 ) and the most popular station in the United Kingdom with over 15 million weekly listeners . Much of its daytime playlist-based programming is adult contemporary or AOR , although the station also broadcasts other specialist musical genres . Radio 2 broadcasts throughout the UK on FM between 88.1 and 90.2 MHz from studios in Wogan House , adjacent to Broadcasting House in central London . Programmes are relayed on digital radio via DAB , Sky , Cable TV , IPTV , Freeview , Freesat and the Internet ."}]}, {'value': '2016-2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doctor Who : Classic Doctors , New Monsters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doctor_Who:_Classic_Doctors,_New_Monsters', 'summary': 'Classic Doctors , New Monsters is an audio play series from Big Finish Productions based on the television series Doctor Who . The stories feature incarnations of the Doctor from the classic era , facing enemies introduced in the revived series ( 2005 onward ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Fifth Doctor', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 stories', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cold Fusion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fifth Doctor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Novel Adaptation', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Diary of River Song', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Diary_of_River_Song', 'summary': 'The Diary of River Song is an audio play series from Big Finish Productions . Alex Kingston reprises her character River Song from the television series Doctor Who . The series is one of the first to prominently feature elements from the revived era ( 2005 on ) of the show ; the character of River Song was introduced in Silence in the Library ( 2008 ) as a time traveller with a mysterious connection to the Tenth Doctor , who does not recognize her . The Rulers of the Universe , the fourth episode of Series 1 , sees River crossing paths with the Eighth Doctor , a still younger incarnation . River would appear , again , alongside The Eighth Doctor starting with Doom Coalition 2 and concluding in Doom Coalition 4 . The second series of The Diary of River Song features encounters with both the Sixth and Seventh Doctors . The third series , announced September 2017 , features an encounter with the Fifth Doctor with Frances Barber reprising her role of Madame Kovarian . Announced in October 2017 , Big Finish confirmed that River Song would return for a fourth and fifth series to be released in 2018 and 2019 respectively . The fourth series features an encounter with the Fourth Doctor ; whilst the fifth series features encounters with multiple versions of The Master . Big Finish subsequently renewed The Diary of River Song in October 2018 , for a further two more series ( the sixth and seventh ) to be released in 2019 and 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fifth Doctor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Series 3', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Radio and CD audio drama', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Peter_Davison_3', 'intro': "Peter Davison (born Peter Malcolm Gordon Moffett; 13 April 1951) is an English actor with many credits in television dramas and sitcoms. He became famous as Tristan Farnon in the BBC's television adaptation of James Herriot's All Creatures Great and Small stories. His subsequent starring roles included the sitcoms Holding the Fort and Sink or Swim, the fifth incarnation of the Doctor in Doctor Who, Dr. Stephen Daker in A Very Peculiar Practice and Albert Campion in Campion. He also played David Braithwaite in At Home with the Braithwaites, Dangerous Davies in The Last Detective and Henry Sharpe in Law & Order: UK."}	null	null	Who is the producer of the radio show in which Peter Davison played Fifth Doctor since 1999 ?	Nicholas Briggs
07a45f5f52c3441a	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Sullivan_County,_Indiana', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Sullivan County, Indiana', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Center Ridge Cemetery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 8 , 2018 ( # 100002499 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '704 W. Johnson St. 39°05′32″N 87°25′20″W / 39.0922°N 87.4223°W / 39.0922 ; -87.4223 ( Center Ridge Cemetery )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamilton Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton_Township,_Sullivan_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Hamilton Township is one of nine townships in Sullivan County , Indiana , United States . As of the 2010 census , its population was 6,869 and it contained 3,211 housing units .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daugherty-Monroe Archaeological Site ( 12SU13 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 12 , 1985 ( # 85001246 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern half of Section 21 Town 8 North Range 11 West 39°07′30″N 87°38′22″W / 39.125000°N 87.639444°W / 39.125000 ; -87.639444 ( Daugherty-Monroe Archaeological Site ( 12SU13 ) )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Section_(United_States_land_surveying)', 'summary': 'In U.S. land surveying under the Public Land Survey System ( PLSS ) , a section is an area nominally one square mile ( 2.6 square kilometers ) , containing 640 acres ( 260 hectares ) , with 36 sections making up one survey township on a rectangular grid . The legal description of a tract of land under the PLSS includes the name of the state , name of the county , township number , range number , section number , and portion of a section . Sections are customarily surveyed into smaller squares by repeated halving and quartering . A quarter section is 160 acres ( 65 ha ) and a quarter-quarter section is 40 acres ( 16 ha ) . In 1832 the smallest area of land that could be acquired was reduced to the 40-acre ( 16 ha ) quarter-quarter section , and this size parcel became entrenched in American mythology . After the Civil War , freedmen ( freed slaves ) were reckoned to be self-sufficient with 40 acres and a mule . In the 20th century real estate developers preferred working with 40-acre ( 16 ha ) parcels . The phrases front 40 and back 40 , referring to farm fields , indicate the front and back quarter-quarter sections of land . One of the reasons for creating sections of 640 acres ( 260 ha ) was the ease of dividing into halves and quarters while still maintaining a whole number of acres . A section can be halved seven times in this way , down to a 5-acre ( 2 ha ) parcel , or half of a quarter-quarter-quarter section - an easily surveyed 50-square-chain ( 2 ha ) area . This system was of great practical value on the American frontier , where surveyors often had a shaky grasp of mathematics and were required to work quickly . A description of a quarter-quarter section in standard abbreviated form , might look like NW 1/4 , NE 1/4 , Sec .'}]}, {'value': 'Turman Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turman_Township,_Sullivan_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Turman Township is one of nine townships in Sullivan County , Indiana , United States . As of the 2010 census , its population was 1,061 and it contained 439 housing units .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merom Site and Fort Azatlan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 12 , 1975 ( # 75000052 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North of Merom 39°03′45″N 87°34′12″W / 39.062500°N 87.570000°W / 39.062500 ; -87.570000 ( Merom Site and Fort Azatlan )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gill Township and Merom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gill_Township,_Sullivan_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Gill Township is one of nine townships in Sullivan County , Indiana , United States . As of the 2010 census , its population was 871 and it contained 416 housing units .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Merom,_Indiana', 'summary': "Merom is a town in Gill Township , Sullivan County , Indiana , United States . The population was 228 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Terre Haute Metropolitan Statistical Area . Nearby is Hoosier Energy 's Merom Generating Station ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merom-Gill Township Carnegie Library', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 11 , 2019 ( # 100003512 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8554 Market St. 39°03′23″N 87°33′54″W / 39.0565°N 87.5649°W / 39.0565 ; -87.5649 ( Merom-Gill Township Carnegie Library )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merom,_Indiana', 'summary': "Merom is a town in Gill Township , Sullivan County , Indiana , United States . The population was 228 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Terre Haute Metropolitan Statistical Area . Nearby is Hoosier Energy 's Merom Generating Station ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shakamak State Park Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shakamak_State_Park_Historic_District', 'summary': "Shakamak State Park is a state park in Indiana , United States . It is located 30 miles ( 48 km ) southeast of Terre Haute , Indiana . Shakamak 's main attraction is its excellent fishing . Shakamak has several outdoor recreational activities such as swimming , hiking , paddle boating , row boating , camping , fishing . The park offers rentals for cabins and campsites and is located just 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) from Jasonville , Indiana"}]}, {'value': 'March 15 , 2000 ( # 00000199 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6265 W. State Road 48 , west of Jasonville 39°10′35″N 87°14′04″W / 39.176250°N 87.234500°W / 39.176250 ; -87.234500 ( Shakamak State Park Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_State_Road_48', 'summary': 'State Road 48 ( SR 48 ) in the U.S. State of Indiana is an east-west state highway running through southern Indiana . It has three distinct and separate sections . The western terminus of SR 48 is at State Road 63 and the eastern terminus at U.S. Route 50 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jackson Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_Township,_Sullivan_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Jackson Township is one of nine townships in Sullivan County , Indiana , United States . As of the 2010 census , its population was 1,904 and it contained 843 housing units .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shelburn Interurban Depot-THI & E Interurban Depot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shelburn_Interurban_Depot-THI&E_Interurban_Depot', 'summary': 'Shelburn Interurban Depot-THI & E Interurban Depot is a historic interurban train station located at Shelburn , Sullivan County , Indiana . It was built about 1911 and enlarged between 1916 and 1920 . It is a one-story , red brick and limestone building that housed passenger and freight rooms and a substation for the electrical system that powered the interurban cars . It was used for its original purpose until the closure of the interurban line between Terre Haute , Indiana and Sullivan in May 1931.:4 , 13 In 2015 , the Town of Shelburn completed a full restoration of the depot exterior . The work included structural repairs , roof replacement and reconstruction , masonry cleaning and restoration , window and door replacement , and the installation of a new electrical service . Restoration work was completed by Keymark ( Terre Haute , IN ) to preservation plans provided by RATIO Architects ( Indianapolis , IN ) . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015 . The Town is currently working to complete the restoration and build-out of the depot interior for use as a restaurant and bar . The project is set to be completed by Spring , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 15 , 2015 ( # 15000890 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 N. Railroad St. 39°10′40″N 87°23′39″W / 39.177778°N 87.394028°W / 39.177778 ; -87.394028 ( Shelburn Interurban Depot-THI & E Interurban Depot )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shelburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shelburn,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Shelburn is a town in Curry Township , Sullivan County , in the U.S. state of Indiana . The population was 1,252 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Terre Haute Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sherman Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sherman_Building_(Sullivan,_Indiana)', 'summary': 'Sherman Building is a historic commercial building located at Sullivan , Sullivan County , Indiana . It was built between 1926 and 1915 , and is a three-story , rectangular , brick building with terra cotta trim . The building housed the Sherman Theater on the first and second floors and offices on the third floor . :2-3 It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 22 , 1986 ( # 86002712 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2-4 S. Court St. 39°05′43″N 87°24′31″W / 39.095278°N 87.408611°W / 39.095278 ; -87.408611 ( Sherman Building )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sullivan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sullivan,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Sullivan is a city in Hamilton Township , Sullivan County , Indiana , United States . The population was 4,249 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Terre Haute Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city is the county seat of Sullivan County .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sullivan County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sullivan_County_Courthouse_(Indiana)', 'summary': 'Sullivan County Courthouse is a historic courthouse located at Sullivan , Sullivan County , Indiana . It was built between 1926 and 1928 , and is a three-story , nearly square , steel frame and concrete , Beaux-Arts style building faced in limestone . All four faces are nearly identical and feature a traditional Corinthian order composite cornice . The central of the each facade has a rounded arch parapet with clock . The building is nearly identical to the Vermillion County Courthouse . :5 , 7 It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 22 , 2008 ( # 08001213 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100 Courthouse Square 39°05′42″N 87°24′28″W / 39.094903°N 87.407750°W / 39.094903 ; -87.407750 ( Sullivan County Courthouse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sullivan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sullivan,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Sullivan is a city in Hamilton Township , Sullivan County , Indiana , United States . The population was 4,249 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Terre Haute Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city is the county seat of Sullivan County .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sullivan Courthouse Square Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 4 , 2018 ( # 100002867 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by Section , Wall , State , and Harris Sts . 39°05′40″N 87°24′30″W / 39.094444°N 87.408333°W / 39.094444 ; -87.408333 ( Sullivan Courthouse Square Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sullivan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sullivan,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Sullivan is a city in Hamilton Township , Sullivan County , Indiana , United States . The population was 4,249 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Terre Haute Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city is the county seat of Sullivan County .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sullivan County Poor Home', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sullivan_County_Poor_Home', 'summary': 'Sullivan County Poor Home , also known as Lakeview Home , is a historic poorhouse located in Hamilton Township , Sullivan County , Indiana . It was designed by the architecture firm Wing & Mahurin and built in 1896-1897 . It is a 2 1/2-story , asymmetrical , Romanesque Revival style brick building , consisting of a central section with flanking wings . It features a projecting central tower with arched openings and a pyramidal roof and an octagonal tower . Also on the property is a contributing one-story , two-room cottage . The home was named Lakeview Home in 1947 , and remained in operation until 1998.:5 , 7 It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 15 , 2000 ( # 00000207 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1447 County Road 75N , east of Sullivan 39°05′51″N 87°22′57″W / 39.0975°N 87.3825°W / 39.0975 ; -87.3825 ( Sullivan County Poor Home )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamilton Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton_Township,_Sullivan_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Hamilton Township is one of nine townships in Sullivan County , Indiana , United States . As of the 2010 census , its population was 6,869 and it contained 3,211 housing units .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Union Christian College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Union_Christian_College,_Merom', 'summary': 'Union Christian College was a small co-educational college located in Merom , Sullivan County , Indiana . Founded by the denomination called the Christian Church which eventually merged with the Congregational denomination which later joined with the Evangelical and Reformed Churches to form the United Church of Christ . It was one of the first co-educational colleges that allowed women to take any class that a man could take . Other co-educational colleges would only allow their women to study home economics , nursing , teaching , secretarial , etc . At UCC women could study to be doctors , lawyers , ministers , or home-makers . UCC was very progressive for its time . One of its most notable alumni was James M. Hamilton ( class of 1890 ) , who became the third president of Montana State University , serving from 1904 to 1919 . Union Christian College existed from 1859 until it closed its doors in 1924 . From 1924 to 1936 the buildings were empty except for the summer months when summer youth conferences ( summer camp ) took place on the grounds In 1936 the facilities were reopened as the Merom Institute and was owned by the Indiana-Kentucky Conference of the United Church of Christ and was known as the Merom Conference Center . In 2016 Merom Conference Center separated from the IKC UCC . It now stands as its own entity , Merom Camp and Retreat Center . It holds 7+ faith-based camps in the summer , and IKC sponsored retreats in the Fall and the Spring , along with private events .'}]}, {'value': 'June 25 , 1982 ( # 82000076 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3rd and Philip Sts . 39°03′03″N 87°33′53″W / 39.050833°N 87.564722°W / 39.050833 ; -87.564722 ( Union Christian College )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merom,_Indiana', 'summary': "Merom is a town in Gill Township , Sullivan County , Indiana , United States . The population was 228 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Terre Haute Metropolitan Statistical Area . Nearby is Hoosier Energy 's Merom Generating Station ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Sullivan_County,_Indiana_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Sullivan County, Indiana. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties on the National Register of Historic Places in Sullivan County, Indiana, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties; these locations may be seen together in a map. There are 11 properties listed on the National Register in the county. Properties and districts located in incorporated areas display the name of the municipality, while properties and districts in unincorporated areas display the name of their civil township. Properties and districts split between multiple jurisdictions display the names of all jurisdictions.'}	null	null	What was the population in 2010 of the town where the courthouse sits ?	4,249
07a50d8008d199e0	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Athletics_U20_Championships', 'title': 'World Athletics U20 Championships', 'header': ['Athlete', 'Nation', 'Events', 'Year'], 'data': [{'value': 'Peter Chumba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Chumba', 'summary': "Peter Chumba ( born 20 December 1968 ) is a Kenyan male former long-distance runner . He was the first athlete to achieve a gold medal double at the IAAF World Junior Championships in Athletics , taking victory in the 5000 metres and 10,000 metres . This feat has since been matched by Haile Gebrselassie , Daniel Komen and Assefa Mezgebu . While all three of those athletes won senior medals at global level , this feat would remain the highlight of Chumba 's career ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '5000 metres , 10,000 metres', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ato Boldon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ato_Boldon', 'summary': 'Ato Jabari Boldon OLY ( born 30 December 1973 ) is a former track and field athlete and politician from Trinidad and Tobago and four-time Olympic medal winner . He holds the Trinidad and Tobago national record in the 50 , 60 and 200 metres events with times of 5.64 , 6.49 and 19.77 seconds respectively , and also the Commonwealth Games record in the 100 m. He also held the 100m national record at 9.86s , having run it four times until Richard Thompson ran 9.85s on 13 August 2011 . After retiring from his track career , Boldon was an Opposition Senator in the Trinidad and Tobago Parliament , representing the United National Congress from 2006-2007 . He also holds U.S. citizenship . He is now an NBC Sports television broadcast analyst for track and field .'}]}, {'value': 'Trinidad and Tobago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago', 'summary': "The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago ( /ˈtrɪnɪdæd . təˈbeɪɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , /- toʊ-/ ) is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean . Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago , and numerous much smaller islands , it is situated 130 kilometres ( 81 miles ) south of Grenada and 11 kilometres ( 6.8 miles ) off the coast of northeastern Venezuela . It shares maritime boundaries with Barbados to the northeast , Grenada to the northwest , Guyana to the southeast , and Venezuela to the south and west . The island of Trinidad was inhabited for centuries by native Amerindian peoples before becoming a colony in the Spanish Empire , following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1498 . Spanish governor Don José María Chacón surrendered the island to a British fleet under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby in 1797 . During the same period , the island of Tobago changed hands among Spanish , British , French , Dutch and Courlander colonisers more times than any other island in the Caribbean . [ citation needed ] Trinidad and Tobago were ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens as separate states and unified in 1889 . Trinidad and Tobago obtained independence in 1962 , becoming a republic in 1976 . Trinidad and Tobago has the third highest GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity ( PPP ) in the Americas after the United States and Canada . It is recognised by the World Bank as a high-income economy . Unlike most Caribbean nations and territories , which rely heavily on tourism , the Trinidadian economy is primarily industrial with an emphasis on petroleum and petrochemicals ; much of the nation 's wealth is derived from its large reserves of oil and natural gas ."}]}, {'value': '100 metres , 200 metres', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haile Gebrselassie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haile_Gebrselassie', 'summary': "Haile Gebrselassie ( Amharic : ኃይሌ ገብረ ሥላሴ , haylē gebre silassē ; born 18 April 1973 ) is a retired Ethiopian long-distance track and road running athlete . He won two Olympic gold medals over 10,000 metres and four World Championship titles in the event . He won the Berlin Marathon four times consecutively and also had three straight wins at the Dubai Marathon . Further to this , he won four world titles indoors and was the 2001 World Half Marathon Champion . Haile had major competition wins at distances between 1500 metres and the marathon , moving from outdoor , indoor and cross country running to road running in the latter part of his career . He broke 61 Ethiopian national records ranging from 800 metres to the marathon , set 27 world records , and is regarded as one of the greatest distance runners in history . In September 2008 , at the age of 35 , he won the Berlin Marathon with a world record time of 2:03:59 , breaking his own world record by 27 seconds . The record stood for three years . Since he was over the age of 35 , that mark stood as the Masters Age group world record until 29 September 2019 , when fellow Ethiopian Kenenisa Bekele ran 2:01:41 at the age of 37 . Gebrselassie 's 10000 m Masters record has not been challenged since 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '5000 metres , 10,000 metres', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Komen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Komen', 'summary': "Daniel Kipngetich Komen ( born 17 May 1976 ) is a Kenyan middle- and long-distance runner . Remembered for his rivalry with Haile Gebrselassie , Komen 's most notable achievements came in a two-year period between 1996 and 1998 , during which he broke a string of world records . He currently holds the world record for the 3000 metres both outdoors ( 7:20.67 set in 1996 ) and indoors ( 7:24.90 set in 1998 ) . In addition , with his 7.58.61 world record in the 2-mile race set in 1997 , he remains the only man in history to run back-to-back sub-four-minute miles , splitting circa 3:59.4 on both the first and second half of the race . Komen was also the second man , after Saïd Aouita , to break the 13-minute mark for the 5,000 m , the 7½-minute mark for 3,000 m , and the 3½-minute mark for the 1,500 m. [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '5000 metres , 10,000 metres', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francis Obikwelu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Obikwelu', 'summary': 'Francis Obiorah Obikwelu , GOIH ( born 22 November 1978 ) is a retired Nigerian-born Portuguese sprinter , who specialized in 100 metres and 200 metres . He obtained Portuguese citizenship in 2001 . He is the 2004 Olympic silver medalist in the 100 metres . From that race , he also set the European record in the event at 9.86 , which has been tied twice by Jimmy Vicaut , but not beaten .'}]}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nigeria', 'summary': "Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '100 metres , 200 metres', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Assefa Mezgebu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Assefa_Mezgebu', 'summary': 'Assefa Mezgebu ( born June 19 , 1978 in Sidamo ) is a retired Ethiopian long-distance runner , most known for winning a bronze medal in the 10,000 metres event at the 2000 Summer Olympics . He was also the runner-up at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics , following a bronze medal at the 1999 World Championships in Athletics . He also competed in cross-country running and reached the podium at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in 1998 and 2000 . Assefa Mezgebu is the younger brother of Ayele Mezgebu .'}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '5000 metres , 10,000 metres', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian Malcolm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Malcolm', 'summary': 'Christian Sean Malcolm ( born 3 June 1979 ) is a retired Welsh athlete specialised in the 200 metres .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '100 metres , 200 metres', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Howe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Howe', 'summary': 'Andrew Howe ( born 12 May 1985 ) is an Italian athlete who specializes in the long jump . He won this event as well as the 200 metres at the 2004 World Junior Championships . He was successful at senior level at a young age , winning a long jump bronze at the 2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships before becoming the European Champion later that year . In 2007 he became the European Indoor Champion and won the silver medal at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics . A combination of injuries ruled him out for most of the 2008 and 2009 seasons . He returned to action in 2010 and became the Italian champion , representing his country at the 2010 European Athletics Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '200 metres , long jump', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Margus Hunt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margus_Hunt', 'summary': 'Margus Hunt ( born July 14 , 1987 ) is an Estonian professional American football defensive tackle for the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the Cincinnati Bengals in the second round of the 2013 NFL Draft . He played college football at SMU . Before taking up American football , Hunt competed in the discus throw and shot put , and was the former world junior record holder in discus throw . At 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) , he is one of the tallest players in the NFL .'}]}, {'value': 'Estonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estonia', 'summary': "Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti [ ˈeːsʲti ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti Vabariik ) , is a country on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe . It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side , to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden on the other side , to the south by Latvia ( 343 km ) , and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia ( 338.6 km ) . The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea , covering a total area of 45,227 km2 ( 17,462 sq mi ) , water 2,839 km2 ( 1,096 sq mi ) , land area 42,388 km2 ( 16,366 sq mi ) , and is influenced by a humid continental climate . The official language of the country , Estonian , is the second-most-spoken Finnic language . The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BC . Ancient Estonians became some of the last European pagans to adopt Christianity - following the Livonian Crusade in the 13th century . After centuries of successive rule by Germans , Danes , Swedes , Poles and Russians , a distinct Estonian national identity began to emerge in the 19th and early 20th centuries . This culminated in independence from Russia in 1920 after a brief War of Independence at the end of World War I . Initially democratic prior to the Great Depression , Estonia experienced authoritarian rule from 1934 during the Era of Silence . During World War II ( 1939-1945 ) , Estonia was repeatedly contested and occupied by the Soviet Union and Germany , ultimately being incorporated into the former . After the loss of its de facto independence , Estonia 's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile . In 1987 the peaceful Singing Revolution began against Soviet rule , resulting in the restoration of de facto independence on 20 August 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'Discus throw , shot put', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Doubles', 'section_text': 'A total of fifteen athletes have won two individual titles at the same championships ( nine men , six women ) . The majority of these are sprint or long-distance combinations , although Andrew Howe ( 200 m and long jump ) , Margus Hunt ( discus throw and shot put ) and Morgan Lake ( high jump and heptathlon ) managed to win novel doubles . [ 3 ] Many others achieved a double between an individual victory and being a member of a winning relay team .', 'uid': 'IAAF_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athletics_2', 'intro': 'The World Athletics U20 Championships is a biennial world championships for the sport of athletics organised by the World Athletics, contested by athletes in the under-20 athletics age category (19 years old or younger on 31 December in the year of the competition. The competition was launched as the IAAF World Junior Championships in Athletics in 1986 and renamed to IAAF World U20 Championships in November 2015. The current name was adapted with the name change of the sports governing body in 2019. Anneisha McLaughlin-Whilby is the most successful athlete at the championships, having won one gold and four silver in individual and relay sprinting events between 2000 and 2004. Chris Nelloms, Davidson Ezinwa and Dexter Lee share the position of most successful male athlete, at four medals each.'}	null	null	What is the full name of the most recent competitor from Kenya ?	Daniel Kipngetich Komen
07a5894d9f2063c4	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Texas_state_symbols', 'title': 'List of Texas state symbols', 'header': ['Type', 'Symbol', 'Date designated'], 'data': [{'value': 'Motto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mottos', 'summary': "All of the United States ' 50 states have a state motto , as do the District of Columbia , and 3 U.S. territories . A motto is a phrase intended to formally describe the general motivation or intention of an organization . State mottos can sometimes be found on state seals or state flags . Some states have officially designated a state motto by an act of the state legislature , whereas other states have the motto only as an element of their seals . The motto of the United States itself is In God We Trust , proclaimed by Congress and signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on July 30 , 1956 . The motto E Pluribus Unum ( Latin for One from many ) was approved for use on the Great Seal of the United States in 1782 , but was never adopted as the national motto through legislative action . South Carolina has two official mottos , both of which are in Latin . Kentucky , North Dakota , and Vermont also have two mottos , one in Latin and the other in English . All other states and territories have only one motto , except for Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands , which do not have any mottos . English and Latin are the most-used languages for state mottos , each used by 25 states and territories . Seven states and territories use another language , of which each language is only used once . Eight states and two territories have their mottos on their state quarter ; thirty-eight states and four territories have their mottos on their state seals ."}]}, {'value': 'Friendship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friendship', 'summary': "Friendship is a relationship of mutual affection between people . It is a stronger form of interpersonal bond than an association , and has been studied in academic fields such as communication , sociology , social psychology , anthropology , and philosophy . Various academic theories of friendship have been proposed , including social exchange theory , equity theory , relational dialectics , and attachment styles . Although there are many forms of friendship , some of which may vary from place to place , certain characteristics are present in many types of such bonds . Such characteristics include affection ; kindness , love , virtue , sympathy , empathy , honesty , altruism , loyalty , generosity , forgiveness , mutual understanding and compassion , enjoyment of each other 's company , trust , and the ability to be oneself , express one 's feelings to others , and make mistakes without fear of judgment from the friend . Friendship is an essential aspect of relationship building skills ."}]}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nickname', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_nicknames', 'summary': 'The following is a table of U.S. state and territory nicknames , including officially adopted nicknames , and other traditional nicknames for the 50 U.S. states and the 5 inhabited territories ( and the District of Columbia ) .'}]}, {'value': 'The Lone Star State', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flags_of_the_U.S._states', 'summary': "The flags of the U.S. states , territories , and the District of Columbia exhibit a variety of regional influences and local histories , as well as different styles and design principles . Nonetheless , the majority of the states ' flags share the same design pattern consisting of the state seal superimposed on a monochrome background , commonly a shade of blue . The most recently adopted state flag is the Flag of Utah , which was updated on February 16 , 2011 to fix incorrectly located text . The most recently adopted territorial flag is that of the Northern Mariana Islands , and was adopted on July 1 , 1985 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Lone Star Flag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_Texas', 'summary': "The flag of Texas is the official flag of the U.S. state of Texas . It is well known for its prominent single white star which gives the flag its commonly-used name : Lone Star Flag . This lone star , in turn , gives rise to the state 's nickname : The Lone Star State . The flag , flown at homes and businesses statewide , is highly popular among Texans and is treated with a great degree of reverence and esteem within Texas . Along with the flag of Hawaii , it is one of two state flags to have previously served as a national flag . In 2001 , the North American Vexillological Association surveyed its members on the designs of the 72 U.S. state , territorial , and Canadian provincial flags and ranked the Texas flag 2nd , behind New Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'June 30 , 1839', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National seal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seals_of_the_U.S._states', 'summary': 'This list of U.S. state , federal district , and territorial seals shows the official seals of the 50 states , of the federal district , and of the 5 inhabited territories of the United States of America . Also included are the seals of the 3 largest Native American tribes , plus several historical state and territorial seals .'}]}, {'value': 'Seal of the Republic of Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seal_of_Texas', 'summary': 'The Seal of the State of Texas was adopted through the 1845 Texas Constitution , and was based on the seal of the Republic of Texas , which dates from January 25 , 1839 .'}]}, {'value': 'January 25 , 1839', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State seal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seals_of_the_U.S._states', 'summary': 'This list of U.S. state , federal district , and territorial seals shows the official seals of the 50 states , of the federal district , and of the 5 inhabited territories of the United States of America . Also included are the seals of the 3 largest Native American tribes , plus several historical state and territorial seals .'}]}, {'value': 'Seal of Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seal_of_Texas', 'summary': 'The Seal of the State of Texas was adopted through the 1845 Texas Constitution , and was based on the seal of the Republic of Texas , which dates from January 25 , 1839 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 29 , 1845', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reverse of the seal', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 26 , 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National coat of arms', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coats_of_arms_of_the_U.S._states', 'summary': 'The coats of arms of the U.S. states are coats of arms , adopted by those states that have chosen , that are an official symbol of the state , alongside their seal . Eighteen states have officially adopted coats of arms . The former independent Republic of Texas and Kingdom of Hawaii each had a separate national coat of arms , which are no longer used .'}]}, {'value': 'Coat of arms of the Republic of Texas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 25 , 1839', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State coat of arms', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coats_of_arms_of_the_U.S._states', 'summary': 'The coats of arms of the U.S. states are coats of arms , adopted by those states that have chosen , that are an official symbol of the state , alongside their seal . Eighteen states have officially adopted coats of arms . The former independent Republic of Texas and Kingdom of Hawaii each had a separate national coat of arms , which are no longer used .'}]}, {'value': 'Coat of arms of Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Texas', 'summary': 'Texas is one of eighteen states that have adopted an official coat of arms . The current coat of arms developed from the original coat of arms used by the Republic of Texas before its annexation into the United States .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National guard crest', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crest of the Texas National Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_National_Guard', 'summary': 'The Texas Military Forces ( TXMF ) are the principle instrument through which the Texas Military Department ( TMD ) executes security policy for Texas , which has the second largest population and border in the United States , and the tenth largest economy in the world . After the United States Armed Forces , Texas Military Forces are the most capable , mission-ready military in the United States . Current forces include the Texas Army National Guard , Texas Air National Guard , and Texas State Guard of the Texas Militia . Former forces include the Texian Militia , Texian Army , Texian Navy , Texas Army , Texas Navy , and Texas Marines . It also included the Texas Rangers from their inception until 1935 . Texas Military Forces are administered by the Texas Military Department under command of the Adjutant General of Texas , who is appointed by and subordinate to the Governor of Texas , the Commander in Chief .'}]}, {'value': 'February 18 , 1924', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_flowers', 'summary': 'This is a list of U.S. state , federal district , and territory flowers :'}]}, {'value': 'Bluebonnets ( Lupinus spp. , namely Texas bluebonnet , L. texensis )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bluebonnet_(plant)', 'summary': 'Bluebonnet is a name given to any number of purple-flowered species of the genus Lupinus predominantly found in southwestern United States and is collectively the state flower of Texas . The shape of the petals on the flower resembles the bonnet worn by pioneer women to shield them from the sun . Species often called bluebonnets include :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Texas_bluebonnet', 'summary': "Lupinus texensis , the Texas bluebonnet or Texas lupine is a species of lupine endemic to Texas , plus the Mexican states of Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas . With other related species of lupines also called bluebonnets , it is the state flower of Texas . It is an annual which begins its life as a small , gravel-like seed . The seed has a hard seed coat that must be penetrated by wind , rain , and weather over the course of a few months ( but sometimes several years ) . In the fall , the bluebonnets emerge as small seedings with two cotyledons , and later a rosette of leaves that are palmately compound , with five to seven leaflets 3-10 cm long , green with a faint white edge and hair . Growth continues over the mild winter , and then in the spring takes off , rapidly grow larger , before sending up a 20- to 50-cm-tall plume of blue flowers ( with bits of white and occasionally a tinge of pinkish-red ) . The scent of these blossoms has been diversely described ; many people say they give off no scent at all , while a few have described the scent as 'sickly sweet ' . It has been found in the wild with isolated mutations in other colors , most notably all-white flowers , pink , and the maroon 'Alamo Fire ' variation . These mutations have since been selectively bred to produce different color strains that are available commercially . Texas recognizes all native lupine species occurring in the state as the official state flower . That fact leads to other species such as L. subcarnosus and L. havardii also being referred to as bluebonnets , but distinctions are seen among the species that differentiate them from L. texensis ."}]}, {'value': 'March 1901', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tree', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_trees', 'summary': 'This is a list of U.S. state , federal district , and territory trees , including official trees of the following of the states , of the federal district , and of the territories .'}]}, {'value': 'Pecan ( Carya illinoinensis )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pecan', 'summary': 'The pecan /pɪˈkæn/ ( Carya illinoinensis ) is a species of hickory native to northern Mexico and the southern United States in the region of the Mississippi River . The tree is cultivated for its seed in the southern United States , primarily in Georgia , and in Mexico which produces nearly half of the world total . The seed is an edible nut used as a snack and in various recipes , such as praline candy and pecan pie . The pecan , in various aspects , is included in state symbols of Alabama , Arkansas , California , Oklahoma and Texas .'}]}, {'value': '1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_soils', 'summary': 'This is a list of U.S. state soils . A state soil is a soil that has special significance to a particular state . Each state in the United States has selected a state soil , twenty of which have been legislatively established . These official state soils share the same level of distinction as official state flowers and birds . Also , representative soils have been selected for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands .'}]}, {'value': 'Houston Black', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Black_(soil)', 'summary': 'Houston black soil extends over 1,500,000 acres ( 6,100 km2 ) of the Texas blackland prairies and is the Texas state soil . The series is composed of expansive clays and is considered one of the classic vertisols . Houston black soils are used extensively for grain sorghum , cotton , corn , small grain , and forage grasses . In their natural state , they support mostly tall and mid grass prairies of big bluestem ( Andropogon gerardi ) , sideoats grama ( Bouteloua curtipendula ) , switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum ) , little bluestem ( Schizachyrium scoparium ) , and indiangrass ( Sorghastrum nutans ) , with some elm ( Ulmus spp . ) , hackberry ( Celtis spp . ) and mesquite ( Prosopis glandulosa ) trees . The soil also shrinks and swells with variations in how much water it contains . In the USDA taxonomic system it is designated an Udic Haplusterts .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bird', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds', 'summary': "Below is a list of U.S. state birds as designated by each state 's legislature , as well as the District of Columbia 's state bird . The list also contains U.S. territory birds as designated by each territory 's legislature . The selection of state birds began in 1927 , when the legislatures for Alabama , Florida , Maine , Missouri , Oregon , Texas and Wyoming selected their state birds . The last state to choose its bird was Arizona in 1973 . Alaska , California , and South Dakota permit hunting of their state birds . Pennsylvania has adopted a state game bird but not a state bird , while Alabama , Georgia , Massachusetts , Missouri , Oklahoma , South Carolina , and Tennessee have designated an additional state game bird for the purpose of hunting . The northern cardinal is the state bird of seven states , followed by the western meadowlark as the state bird of six states . Several states have extinct official animals , such as state dinosaurs in addition to state insects , state butterflies , state mammals and state reptiles . The District of Columbia designated a district bird in 1938 . Each of the five inhabited territories of the United States has a designated territorial bird ( except for American Samoa ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Northern mockingbird ( Mimus polyglottos )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_mockingbird', 'summary': 'The northern mockingbird ( Mimus polyglottos ) is the only mockingbird commonly found in North America . This bird is mainly a permanent resident , but northern birds may move south during harsh weather . This species has rarely been observed in Europe . This species was first described by Linnaeus in his Systema Naturæ in 1758 as Turdus polyglottos . The northern mockingbird is known for its mimicking ability , as reflected by the meaning of its scientific name , many-tongued mimic . The northern mockingbird has gray to brown upper feathers and a paler belly . Its tail and wings have white patches which are visible in flight . The northern mockingbird is an omnivore , eating both insects and fruits . It is often found in open areas and forest edges but forages in grassy land . The northern mockingbird breeds in southeastern Canada , the United States , northern Mexico , the Bahamas , the Cayman Islands and the Greater Antilles . It is replaced further south by its closest living relative , the tropical mockingbird . The Socorro mockingbird , an endangered species , is also closely related , contrary to previous opinion .'}]}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Song', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_songs', 'summary': "Forty-nine of the fifty U.S. states that make up the United States of America have one or more state songs , a type of regional anthem , which are selected by each state legislature , and/or state governor , as a symbol ( or emblem ) of that particular U.S. state . Some U.S. states have more than one official state song , and may refer to some of their official songs by other names ; for example , Arkansas officially has two state songs , plus a state anthem , and a state historical song . Tennessee has the most state songs , with 9 official state songs and an official bicentennial rap . Arizona has a song that was written specifically as a state anthem in 1915 , as well as the 1981 country hit Arizona , which it adopted as the alternate state anthem in 1982 . Two individuals , Stephen Foster , and John Denver , have written or co-written two state songs . Foster 's two state songs , Old Folks at Home ( better known as Swanee Ribber or Suwannee River ) , adopted by Florida , and My Old Kentucky Home are among the best-known songs in the U.S. On March 12 , 2007 , the Colorado Senate passed a resolution to make Denver 's trademark 1972 hit Rocky Mountain High one of the state 's two official state songs , sharing duties with its predecessor , Where the Columbines Grow . On March 7 , 2014 , the West Virginia Legislature approved a resolution to make Denver 's Take Me Home , Country Roads one of four official state songs of West Virginia . Governor Earl Ray Tomblin signed the resolution into law on March 8 , 2014 . Additionally , Woody Guthrie wrote or co-wrote two state folk songs - Roll On , Columbia , Roll On and Oklahoma Hills - but they have separate status from the official state songs of Washington and Oklahoma , respectively . Other well-known state songs include Yankee Doodle , You Are My Sunshine , Rocky Top , and Home on the Range ; a number of others are popular standards , including Oklahoma ( from the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical ) , Hoagy Carmichael 's Georgia on My Mind , Tennessee Waltz , Missouri Waltz , and On the Banks of the Wabash , Far Away . Many of the others are much less well-known , especially outside the state . New Jersey has no official state song , while Virginia 's previous state song , Carry Me Back to Old Virginny , adopted in 1940 , was later rescinded in 1997 due to its racist language by the Virginia General Assembly ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas , Our Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas,_Our_Texas', 'summary': 'Texas , Our Texas is the regional anthem of the U.S. state of Texas .'}]}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mammal ( small )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mammals', 'summary': "A state mammal is the official mammal of a U.S. state as designated by a state 's legislature . The first column of the table is for those denoted as the state mammal , and the second shows the state marine mammals . Animals with more specific designations are also listed . Many states also have separately officially designated state birds , state fish , state butterflies , state reptiles , and other animals . Listed separately are state dogs and state horses ."}]}, {'value': 'Nine-banded armadillo ( Dasypus novemcinctus )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine-banded_armadillo', 'summary': 'The nine-banded armadillo ( Dasypus novemcinctus ) , or the nine-banded , long-nosed armadillo , is a medium-sized mammal found in North , Central , and South America , making it the most widespread of the armadillos . Its ancestors originated in South America , and remained there until the formation of the Isthmus of Panama allowed them to enter North America as part of the Great American Interchange . The nine-banded armadillo is a solitary , mainly nocturnal animal , found in many kinds of habitats , from mature and secondary rainforests to grassland and dry scrub . It is an insectivore , feeding chiefly on ants , termites , and other small invertebrates . The armadillo can jump 3-4 ft ( 91-122 cm ) straight in the air if sufficiently frightened , making it a particular danger on roads . It is the state small mammal of Texas .'}]}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mammal ( large )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas Longhorn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Longhorn', 'summary': "The Texas Longhorn is a breed of cattle known for its characteristic horns , which can extend to over 70 inches ( 1.8 m ) tip to tip for bulls , and up to 100 inches ( 2.54 m ) tip to tip for steers and exceptional cows . They are descendants of the first cattle in the New World , brought by Christopher Columbus and the Spanish colonists , and have a high drought-stress tolerance . Texas Longhorns are known for their diverse coloring , and can be any color or mix of colors , but dark red and white color mixes are the most dominant . Registries for the breed include the Texas Longhorn Breeders Association of America , founded in 1964 by the Kerr County rancher Charles Schreiner , III ; the International Texas Longhorn Association , and the Cattlemen 's Texas Longhorn Registry . The online National Texas Longhorn Museum displays the diversity of horns found in the breed , stories about notable individual cattle of the breed , as well as a gallery of furniture made out of horns from the animal . The longhorn with the longest recorded total-horn-length marks in at 129.5 inches ( 3.29 m ) and belongs to longhorn M Arrow Cha-Ching . This longhorn is owned by Richard Flip who lives near Fayetteville , Texas . The second longest on record is 3S Danica of Tallgrass Cattle Company , who measured in at 100 inches ( 2.54 m ) tip to tip on September 13 , 2018 . Due to their innate gentle disposition and intelligence , Texas Longhorns are increasingly being trained for steer riding ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mammal ( flying )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._state_bats', 'summary': "A state mammal is the official mammal of a U.S. state as designated by a state 's legislature . The first column of the table is for those denoted as the state mammal , and the second shows the state marine mammals . Animals with more specific designations are also listed . Many states also have separately officially designated state birds , state fish , state butterflies , state reptiles , and other animals . Listed separately are state dogs and state horses ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexican free-tailed bat ( Tadarida brasiliensis )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexican_free-tailed_bat', 'summary': 'The Mexican free-tailed bat or Brazilian free-tailed bat ( Tadarida brasiliensis ) is a medium-sized bat native to the Americas , regarded as one of the most abundant mammals in North America . Its proclivity towards roosting in huge numbers at relatively few locations makes it vulnerable to habitat destruction in spite of its abundance . The bat is considered a species of special concern in California as a result of declining populations . It has been claimed to have the fastest horizontal speed ( as opposed to stoop diving speed ) of any animal , reaching top ground speeds over 160 km/h ; its actual air speed has not been measured . The Texas Legislature designated the Mexican free-tailed bat the state mammal ( flying ) in 1995 .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_dogs', 'summary': "Thirteen states of the United States have designated an official state dog breed . Maryland was the first state to name a dog breed as a state symbol , naming the Chesapeake Bay Retriever in 1964 . Pennsylvania followed the year after , naming the Great Dane as its official breed . Dog breeds are mostly affiliated with the states that they originated in . North Carolina chose the Plott Hound as it was the only dog breed indigenous to the state . Other official state dogs also are indigenous to their state , including the Boston Terrier ( Massachusetts ) and the Alaskan Malamute ( Alaska ) . Pennsylvania selected the Great Dane not because of its origin , but because it was introduced by early settlers in the state to be used as a hunting and working dog ; it was chosen over the Beagle , which was also proposed around the same time . Two of the more recent successful campaigns to name a state dog have been started by schoolchildren . In 2007 , Alaskan kindergarten student Paige Hill 's idea created the campaign for the Alaskan Malamute which would convince Representative Berta Gardner to support the bill in 2009 , with it becoming law in 2010 . Elementary school students from Bedford , New Hampshire won their campaign for the Chinook to be accepted as a symbol of their state in 2010 . There have been a variety of campaigns in other states to select a state dog . Georgia was undecided about choosing a state dog in 1991 , with an attempt to make the Golden Retriever the official dog failing after a vote in the Georgia State Senate ; an opposing campaign promoted the Bulldog , the mascot of the University of Georgia ."}]}, {'value': 'Blue Lacy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Lacy', 'summary': 'The Lacy Dog or Blue Lacy Dog is a breed of working dog that originated in Texas in the mid-19th century . The Lacy was first recognized in 2001 by the Texas Senate . In Senate Resolution No . 436 , the 77th Legislature honored the Lacy as a true Texas breed . In June 2005 , Governor Rick Perry signed the legislation adopting the Blue Lacy as the official State Dog Breed of Texas . As expected , the vast majority of Lacy dogs are found in Texas . However , as the breed becomes more well recognized , there are breeding populations being established across the United States , Canada , and most recently in Europe .'}]}, {'value': 'June 18 , 2005', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Official designations and symbols', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Texas_state_symbols_0', 'intro': 'The following is a list of symbols of the U.S. state of Texas.'}	null	null	On what year was a symbol updated to fix incorrectly located text whose symbol for Texas gives rise to the state 's nickname ?	2011
07a7a5402652fc90	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_magazines_by_circulation', 'title': 'List of magazines by circulation', 'header': ['Rank', 'Name', 'Circulation', 'Founded', 'Publisher'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AARP The Magazine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AARP_The_Magazine', 'summary': 'AARP The Magazine is an American bi-monthly magazine , published by the American Association of Retired People , AARP , which focuses on aging issues .'}]}, {'value': '23,144,225', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AARP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AARP', 'summary': 'AARP ( formally the American Association of Retired Persons ) is a United States-based interest group whose stated mission is to empower people to choose how they live as they age . According to the organization , it had more than 38 million members as of 2018 . The magazine and bulletin it sends to its members are the two largest-circulation publications in the United States . AARP was founded in 1958 by Ethel Percy Andrus ( a retired educator from California ) and Leonard Davis ( later the founder of the Colonial Penn Group of insurance companies ) . It is an influential lobbying group in the United States focusing largely on issues affecting the elderly . AARP sells paid memberships , and markets insurance and other services to its members .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AARP Bulletin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AARP_Bulletin', 'summary': 'AARP ( formally the American Association of Retired Persons ) is a United States-based interest group whose stated mission is to empower people to choose how they live as they age . According to the organization , it had more than 38 million members as of 2018 . The magazine and bulletin it sends to its members are the two largest-circulation publications in the United States . AARP was founded in 1958 by Ethel Percy Andrus ( a retired educator from California ) and Leonard Davis ( later the founder of the Colonial Penn Group of insurance companies ) . It is an influential lobbying group in the United States focusing largely on issues affecting the elderly . AARP sells paid memberships , and markets insurance and other services to its members .'}]}, {'value': '22,700,945', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AARP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AARP', 'summary': 'AARP ( formally the American Association of Retired Persons ) is a United States-based interest group whose stated mission is to empower people to choose how they live as they age . According to the organization , it had more than 38 million members as of 2018 . The magazine and bulletin it sends to its members are the two largest-circulation publications in the United States . AARP was founded in 1958 by Ethel Percy Andrus ( a retired educator from California ) and Leonard Davis ( later the founder of the Colonial Penn Group of insurance companies ) . It is an influential lobbying group in the United States focusing largely on issues affecting the elderly . AARP sells paid memberships , and markets insurance and other services to its members .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Costco Connection', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Costco', 'summary': "Costco Wholesale Corporation , doing business as Costco , is an American multinational corporation which operates a chain of membership-only warehouse clubs . As of 2015 [ update ] , Costco was the second largest retailer in the world after Walmart , and as of 2016 [ update ] , Costco was the world 's largest retailer of choice and prime beef , organic foods , rotisserie chicken , and wine . As of 2019 [ update ] , Costco is ranked # 14 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . Costco 's worldwide headquarters are in Issaquah , Washington , a suburb east of Seattle ; the company opened its first warehouse ( the chain 's term for its retail outlets ) in Seattle 37 years ago in 1983 . Through mergers , Costco 's corporate history dates back to 1976 , when its former competitor Price Club was founded in San Diego , California . As of December 31 , 2019 [ update ] , Costco has a total of 785 warehouses : 546 in the United States and Puerto Rico , 100 in Canada , 39 in Mexico , 29 in the United Kingdom , 26 in Japan , 16 in South Korea , 13 in Taiwan , 11 in Australia , two in Spain , one in Iceland , one in France , and one in China . Costco is scheduled to open a warehouse in New Zealand in 2021 ."}]}, {'value': '12,851,336', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Costco Wholesale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Costco_Wholesale', 'summary': "Costco Wholesale Corporation , doing business as Costco , is an American multinational corporation which operates a chain of membership-only warehouse clubs . As of 2015 [ update ] , Costco was the second largest retailer in the world after Walmart , and as of 2016 [ update ] , Costco was the world 's largest retailer of choice and prime beef , organic foods , rotisserie chicken , and wine . As of 2019 [ update ] , Costco is ranked # 14 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . Costco 's worldwide headquarters are in Issaquah , Washington , a suburb east of Seattle ; the company opened its first warehouse ( the chain 's term for its retail outlets ) in Seattle 37 years ago in 1983 . Through mergers , Costco 's corporate history dates back to 1976 , when its former competitor Price Club was founded in San Diego , California . As of December 31 , 2019 [ update ] , Costco has a total of 785 warehouses : 546 in the United States and Puerto Rico , 100 in Canada , 39 in Mexico , 29 in the United Kingdom , 26 in Japan , 16 in South Korea , 13 in Taiwan , 11 in Australia , two in Spain , one in Iceland , one in France , and one in China . Costco is scheduled to open a warehouse in New Zealand in 2021 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Better Homes And Gardens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Better_Homes_and_Gardens_(magazine)', 'summary': "Better Homes and Gardens is the fourth best selling magazine in the United States . The editor in chief is Stephen Orr . Better Homes and Gardens focuses on interests regarding homes , cooking , gardening , crafts , healthy living , decorating , and entertaining . The magazine is published 12 times per year by the Meredith Corporation . It was founded in 1922 by Edwin Meredith , who had previously been the United States Secretary of Agriculture under Woodrow Wilson . The original name was Fruit , Garden and Home from 1922 to 1924 . The name was changed in 1925 to Better Homes and Gardens . Better Homes and Gardens is one of the Seven Sisters , a group of women 's service magazines ."}]}, {'value': '7,645,364', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meredith Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meredith_Corporation', 'summary': "Meredith Corporation is an American media conglomerate based in Des Moines , Iowa . The company owns magazines , television stations , websites , and radio stations . Meredith 's publications have a readership of more than 120 million , paid circulation of more than 40 million , and its websites have nearly 135 million monthly unique visitors . Meredith 's broadcast television stations reach 11% of U.S. households ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Game Informer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Game_Informer', 'summary': "Game Informer ( GI ) is an American monthly video game magazine featuring articles , news , strategy , and reviews of video games and associated consoles . It debuted in August 1991 when FuncoLand started publishing a six-page magazine . The publication is owned and published by GameStop Corp. , the parent company of the video game retailer of the same name , who bought FuncoLand in 2000 . Due to this , a large amount of promotion is done in-store , which has contributed to the success of the magazine ; it is now the 4th most popular magazine by copies circulated . Game Informer has since become an important part of GameStop 's customer loyalty program , PowerUp Rewards , which offers subscribers access to special content on the official website ."}]}, {'value': '6,353,075', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GameStop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GameStop', 'summary': "GameStop Corp. ( better known simply as GameStop ) is an American video game , consumer electronics and gaming merchandise retailer . The company is headquartered in Grapevine , Texas , United States , a suburb of Dallas , and operates 5,830 retail stores throughout the United States , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , and Europe . The company 's retail stores primarily operate under the GameStop , EB Games , ThinkGeek and Micromania-Zing brands . In addition to retail stores , GameStop also owns Game Informer , a video game magazine ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AAA Living', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Automobile_Association', 'summary': 'The American Automobile Association ( AAA - pronounced Triple A ) is a federation of motor clubs throughout North America . AAA is a privately held not-for-profit national member association and service organization with over 60 million members in the United States and Canada . AAA provides services to its members , including roadside assistance and others . Its national headquarters are in Heathrow , Florida .'}]}, {'value': '4,898,168', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pace Communications', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Good Housekeeping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Good_Housekeeping', 'summary': "Good Housekeeping is a women 's magazine owned by the Hearst Corporation , featuring articles about women 's interests , product testing by The Good Housekeeping Institute , recipes , diet , and health , as well as literary articles . It is well known for the Good Housekeeping Seal , popularly known as the Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '4,315,026', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1885', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hearst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hearst_(media)', 'summary': 'Hearst Communications , often referred to simply as Hearst , is an American mass media and business information conglomerate based in the Hearst Tower in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . Hearst owns newspapers , magazines , television channels , and television stations , including the San Francisco Chronicle , the Houston Chronicle , Cosmopolitan and Esquire . It owns 50% of the A & E Networks cable network group and 20% of the sports cable network group ESPN , both in partnership with The Walt Disney Company . The conglomerate also owns several business-information companies , including Fitch Ratings and First Databank . The company was founded by William Randolph Hearst as an owner of newspapers , and the Hearst family remains involved in its ownership and management .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Family Circle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Family_Circle', 'summary': "Family Circle was an American monthly magazine that focused on home and women 's topics , published from 1932 through the end of 2019 . Originally distributed at supermarkets , it was included as one of the Seven Sisters , a group of seven traditional women 's service magazines centered on household issues , along with Ladies ' Home Journal , McCall 's , Good Housekeeping , Better Homes and Gardens , Woman 's Day , and Redbook ."}]}, {'value': '4,056,156', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meredith Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meredith_Corporation', 'summary': "Meredith Corporation is an American media conglomerate based in Des Moines , Iowa . The company owns magazines , television stations , websites , and radio stations . Meredith 's publications have a readership of more than 120 million , paid circulation of more than 40 million , and its websites have nearly 135 million monthly unique visitors . Meredith 's broadcast television stations reach 11% of U.S. households ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'People', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/People_(magazine)', 'summary': "People is an American weekly magazine of celebrity and human-interest stories , published by Meredith Corporation . With a readership of 46.6 million adults , People has the largest audience of any American magazine . People had $ 997 million in advertising revenue in 2011 , the highest advertising revenue of any American magazine . In 2006 , it had a circulation of 3.75 million and revenue expected to top $ 1.5 billion . It was named Magazine of the Year by Advertising Age in October 2005 , for excellence in editorial , circulation , and advertising . People ranked number 6 on Advertising Age 's annual A-list and number 3 on Adweek 's Brand Blazers list in October 2006 . The magazine runs a roughly 50/50 mix of celebrity and human-interest articles . [ a ] People 's editors claim to refrain from printing pure celebrity gossip , enough to lead celebrity publicists to propose exclusives to the magazine , and evidence of what one staffer calls a publicist-friendly strategy . People 's website , People.com , focuses on celebrity news and human interest stories . In February 2015 , the website broke a new record : 72 million unique visitors . [ failed verification ] People is perhaps best known for its yearly special issues naming the World 's Most Beautiful , Best & Worst Dressed , and Sexiest Man Alive . The magazine 's headquarters are in New York , and it maintains editorial bureaus in Los Angeles and in London ."}]}, {'value': '3,418,555', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meredith Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meredith_Corporation', 'summary': "Meredith Corporation is an American media conglomerate based in Des Moines , Iowa . The company owns magazines , television stations , websites , and radio stations . Meredith 's publications have a readership of more than 120 million , paid circulation of more than 40 million , and its websites have nearly 135 million monthly unique visitors . Meredith 's broadcast television stations reach 11% of U.S. households ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Woman 's Day", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Woman's_Day", 'summary': "Woman 's Day is an American women 's magazine that covers such topics as homemaking , food , nutrition , physical fitness , physical attractiveness , and fashion . The print edition is one of the Seven Sisters magazines . The magazine was first published in 1931 by The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company ; the current publisher is Hearst Corporation ."}]}, {'value': '3,275,962', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hearst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hearst_(media)', 'summary': 'Hearst Communications , often referred to simply as Hearst , is an American mass media and business information conglomerate based in the Hearst Tower in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . Hearst owns newspapers , magazines , television channels , and television stations , including the San Francisco Chronicle , the Houston Chronicle , Cosmopolitan and Esquire . It owns 50% of the A & E Networks cable network group and 20% of the sports cable network group ESPN , both in partnership with The Walt Disney Company . The conglomerate also owns several business-information companies , including Fitch Ratings and First Databank . The company was founded by William Randolph Hearst as an owner of newspapers , and the Hearst family remains involved in its ownership and management .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Geographic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)', 'summary': 'National Geographic ( formerly the National Geographic Magazine and branded also as NAT GEO ) is the official magazine of the National Geographic Society . It has been published continuously since its first issue in 1888 , nine months after the Society itself was founded . It primarily contains articles about science , geography , history , and world culture . The magazine is known for its thick square-bound glossy format with a yellow rectangular border and its extensive use of dramatic photographs . Controlling interest in the magazine has been held by The Walt Disney Company since 2019 . The magazine is published monthly , and additional map supplements are also included with subscriptions . It is available in a traditional printed edition and through an interactive online edition . On occasion , special editions of the magazine are issued . [ citation needed ] As of 2015 , the magazine was circulated worldwide in nearly 40 local-language editions and had a global circulation of approximately 6.5 million per month according to data published by The Washington Post ( down from about 12 million in the late 1980s ) or 6.7 million according to National Geographic . This includes a US circulation of 3.5 million .'}]}, {'value': '3,147,721', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1888', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Geographic Partners', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sports Illustrated', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sports_Illustrated', 'summary': 'Sports Illustrated ( SI ) is an American sports magazine owned by Authentic Brands Group , and was first published in August 1954 . It was the first magazine with circulation over one million to win the National Magazine Award for General Excellence twice . It is also known for its annual swimsuit issue , which has been published since 1964 , and has spawned other complementary media works and products . In 2018 , the magazine was sold to Meredith Corporation by means of its acquisition of parent company Time Inc. , but Meredith stated that it planned to sell Sports Illustrated as it did not align with its lifestyle properties . The following year , Meredith announced that it would sell Sports Illustrated to Authentic Brands Group . While Meredith initially planned to continue publishing its print and digital properties under license from ABG ( who planned to leverage the Sports Illustrated brand in other markets ) , ABG later announced that it would instead give the publishing rights to theMaven , Inc. - a digital media company .'}]}, {'value': '3,057,042', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meredith Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meredith_Corporation', 'summary': "Meredith Corporation is an American media conglomerate based in Des Moines , Iowa . The company owns magazines , television stations , websites , and radio stations . Meredith 's publications have a readership of more than 120 million , paid circulation of more than 40 million , and its websites have nearly 135 million monthly unique visitors . Meredith 's broadcast television stations reach 11% of U.S. households ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Time', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Time_(magazine)', 'summary': "Time is an American weekly news magazine and news website published in New York City . It was founded in 1923 and for many years it was run by its influential co-founder Henry Luce . A European edition ( Time Europe , formerly known as Time Atlantic ) is published in London and also covers the Middle East , Africa , and , since 2003 , Latin America . An Asian edition ( Time Asia ) is based in Hong Kong . The South Pacific edition , which covers Australia , New Zealand , and the Pacific Islands , is based in Sydney . In December 2008 , Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition . Time has the world 's largest circulation for a weekly news magazine . The print edition has a readership of 26 million , 20 million of whom are based in the United States . In mid-2012 , its circulation was over 3 million , which fell to 2 million by late 2017 . Formerly published by Time Inc. , since November 2018 Time has been published by TIME USA , LLC , owned by Marc Benioff who acquired it from Meredith Corporation two months earlier ."}]}, {'value': '3,032,581', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marc Benioff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marc_Benioff', 'summary': 'Marc Russell Benioff ( born September 25 , 1964 ) is an American Internet entrepreneur with a net worth of $ 6.9 billion as of January 2020 [ update ] . He is the founder , chairman and co-CEO of Salesforce , an enterprise cloud computing company . As of August 2019 , he owned 4.14% of Salesforce shares , worth $ 4.33 billion .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Reader 's Digest", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Reader's_Digest", 'summary': "Reader 's Digest is an American general-interest family magazine , published ten times a year . Formerly based in Pleasantville , New York , it is now headquartered in Midtown Manhattan . The magazine was founded in 1922 , by DeWitt Wallace and Lila Bell Wallace . For many years , Reader 's Digest was the best-selling consumer magazine in the United States ; it lost the distinction in 2009 to Better Homes and Gardens . According to Mediamark Research ( 2006 ) , Reader 's Digest reaches more readers with household incomes of $ 100,000+ than Fortune , The Wall Street Journal , Business Week , and Inc. combined . Global editions of Reader 's Digest reach an additional 40 million people in more than 70 countries , via 49 editions in 21 languages . The periodical has a global circulation of 10.5 million , making it the largest paid circulation magazine in the world . It is also published in Braille , digital , audio , and in a large type called Reader 's Digest Large Print . The magazine is compact , with its pages roughly half the size of most American magazines . Hence , in the summer of 2005 , the U.S. edition adopted the slogan America in your pocket . In January 2008 , it was changed to Life well shared ."}]}, {'value': '3,024,031', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trusted Media Brands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trusted_Media_Brands', 'summary': "Trusted Media Brands , Inc. ( TMBI ) , formerly known as the Reader 's Digest Association , Inc. ( RDA ) , is an [ American multi-platform media and publishing company that is co-headquartered in New York City and White Plains , New York . The company was founded by husband and wife DeWitt Wallace and Lila Bell Wallace in New York City in 1922 with the first publication of the magazine Reader 's Digest . The company 's brands include Reader 's Digest , Taste of Home , The Family Handyman , Simple & Delicious , Birds & Blooms , Reminisce , Country , EnrichU , and others . At its peak in 1973 , the flagship magazine had over 30 million subscribers and continues to be published in 30 countries . As of 2016 , its portfolio of brands garners 53 million unique online visitors and 40 million print readers per month ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cosmopolitan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)', 'summary': "Cosmopolitan is an international fashion and entertainment magazine for women that was formerly titled The Cosmopolitan . Cosmopolitan magazine is one of the best-selling magazines and is directed mainly towards a female audience . Jessica Pels is the editor-in-chief of Cosmopolitan magazine . The magazine was first published and distributed in 1886 in the United States as a family magazine ; it was later transformed into a literary magazine and since 1965 has become a women 's magazine . Cosmopolitan magazine is often referred to as Cosmo , its content as of 2011 includes articles discussing relationships , sex , health , careers , self-improvement , celebrities , fashion , horoscopes , and beauty . Published by Hearst Corporation , Cosmopolitan has 64 international editions , including Armenia , Australia , Croatia , Estonia , Finland , France , Greece , Hungary , Latin America , Malaysia , the Middle East , the Netherlands , Norway , Portugal , Romania , Russia , Serbia , Singapore , South Africa , Spain , Sweden , and the United Kingdom and is printed in 35 different languages and distributed in over 110 countries ."}]}, {'value': '3,011,848', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1886', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hearst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hearst_(media)', 'summary': 'Hearst Communications , often referred to simply as Hearst , is an American mass media and business information conglomerate based in the Hearst Tower in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . Hearst owns newspapers , magazines , television channels , and television stations , including the San Francisco Chronicle , the Houston Chronicle , Cosmopolitan and Esquire . It owns 50% of the A & E Networks cable network group and 20% of the sports cable network group ESPN , both in partnership with The Walt Disney Company . The conglomerate also owns several business-information companies , including Fitch Ratings and First Databank . The company was founded by William Randolph Hearst as an owner of newspapers , and the Hearst family remains involved in its ownership and management .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Living', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Living', 'summary': 'Southern Living is a lifestyle magazine aimed at readers in the Southern United States featuring recipes , house plans , garden plans , and information about Southern culture and travel . It is published by Birmingham , Alabama-based Southern Progress Corporation , a unit of Meredith Corporation .'}]}, {'value': '2,828,450', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meredith Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meredith_Corporation', 'summary': "Meredith Corporation is an American media conglomerate based in Des Moines , Iowa . The company owns magazines , television stations , websites , and radio stations . Meredith 's publications have a readership of more than 120 million , paid circulation of more than 40 million , and its websites have nearly 135 million monthly unique visitors . Meredith 's broadcast television stations reach 11% of U.S. households ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taste of Home', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taste_of_Home', 'summary': "Taste of Home is an American media brand centered on food . It is an example of user-generated content in magazines , publishing recipes submitted by home cooks . Taste of Home is owned by Trusted Media Brands , which also owns Reader 's Digest , Birds and Blooms and The Family Handyman ."}]}, {'value': '2,550,765', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trusted Media Brands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trusted_Media_Brands', 'summary': "Trusted Media Brands , Inc. ( TMBI ) , formerly known as the Reader 's Digest Association , Inc. ( RDA ) , is an [ American multi-platform media and publishing company that is co-headquartered in New York City and White Plains , New York . The company was founded by husband and wife DeWitt Wallace and Lila Bell Wallace in New York City in 1922 with the first publication of the magazine Reader 's Digest . The company 's brands include Reader 's Digest , Taste of Home , The Family Handyman , Simple & Delicious , Birds & Blooms , Reminisce , Country , EnrichU , and others . At its peak in 1973 , the flagship magazine had over 30 million subscribers and continues to be published in 30 countries . As of 2016 , its portfolio of brands garners 53 million unique online visitors and 40 million print readers per month ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shape', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shape_Magazine', 'summary': "Shape is a monthly English language fitness magazine started by Weider Publications in 1981 , founded by Christine MacIntyre ( a pioneer in women 's free weight fitness ) and became the number one women 's fitness magazine . At that time , Weider Enterprises consisted primarily of the bodybuilding magazine Muscle & Fitness . Joe Weider and Christine MacIntyre had differing views of how to present Shape , Weider endorsing a less journalistic and more commercial approach to articles , MacIntyre endorsing a more academic , doctor-based magazine . Weider also endorsed a sexier approach to editorial while MacIntyre endorsed a healthier look for women , eschewing sexiness in the models and the copy . MacIntyre largely won that battle , editing a magazine that required that every byline have an advanced medical degree [ clarification needed ] , that cover models should look healthy rather than sexy , and that sexist language be avoided . [ citation needed ] Christine MacIntyre was the editor-in-chief until her death in 1988 . Tara Kraft is the current editor-in-chief . Shape found a readership based on that formula . Weider was purchased by American Media in 2002 . A German version of Shape is available in Germany , Austria and Switzerland . The magazine is also edited in Romania . On January 28 , 2015 , it was reported that Shape would be acquired by Meredith Corp. and Fitness , published by the company , would cease publication in May 2015 and be combined with it ."}]}, {'value': '2,521,203', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meredith Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meredith_Corporation', 'summary': "Meredith Corporation is an American media conglomerate based in Des Moines , Iowa . The company owns magazines , television stations , websites , and radio stations . Meredith 's publications have a readership of more than 120 million , paid circulation of more than 40 million , and its websites have nearly 135 million monthly unique visitors . Meredith 's broadcast television stations reach 11% of U.S. households ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'O , The Oprah Magazine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/O,_The_Oprah_Magazine', 'summary': 'O , The Oprah Magazine , sometimes simply abbreviated to O , is a monthly magazine founded by Oprah Winfrey and Hearst Communications and primarily marketed at women .'}]}, {'value': '2,398,130', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hearst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hearst_(media)', 'summary': 'Hearst Communications , often referred to simply as Hearst , is an American mass media and business information conglomerate based in the Hearst Tower in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . Hearst owns newspapers , magazines , television channels , and television stations , including the San Francisco Chronicle , the Houston Chronicle , Cosmopolitan and Esquire . It owns 50% of the A & E Networks cable network group and 20% of the sports cable network group ESPN , both in partnership with The Walt Disney Company . The conglomerate also owns several business-information companies , including Fitch Ratings and First Databank . The company was founded by William Randolph Hearst as an owner of newspapers , and the Hearst family remains involved in its ownership and management .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glamour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)', 'summary': "Glamour is an online women 's magazine published by Condé Nast Publications . Founded in 1939 and first published in April 1939 in the United States , it was originally called Glamour of Hollywood ."}]}, {'value': '2,297,755', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Condé Nast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Condé_Nast', 'summary': "Condé Nast Inc. is an American mass media company founded in 1909 by Condé Montrose Nast , based at One World Trade Center in Manhattan and owned by Advance Publications . The company 's media titles attract more than 84 million consumers in print , 366 million in digital and 384 million across social platforms : Allure , Architectural Digest , Ars Technica , Backchannel , Bon Appétit , Condé Nast Traveler , Epicurious , Glamour , GQ , Pitchfork , Self , Teen Vogue , The New Yorker , Vanity Fair , Vogue , and Wired . Roger Lynch was appointed chief executive officer in April 2019 . In October 2019 , Lynch announced his plans to increase Condé Nasts revenue from readers . US Vogue editor-in-chief Anna Wintour serves as the U.S. artistic director and global content advisor of Condé Nast . The company launched Condé Nast Entertainment in 2011 to develop film , television , social and digital video and virtual reality ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Lists by country and continent -- North America', 'section_text': 'The following list of American magazines is in accordance with their paid and non-paid circulation—as of June 30 , 2017 based on data from the Alliance for Audited Media : [ 27 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_magazines_by_circulation_10', 'intro': 'The following list of the magazines in the world by circulation is based upon the number of copies distributed, on average, for each issue.'}	null	null	What year was the peak of the publisher of the magazine with a circulation of 3,024,031 in the United States ?	1973
07a889ef4cb74b97	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_colours', 'title': 'National colours', 'header': ['Organisation', 'Primary colours', 'Further information'], 'data': [{'value': 'African Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/African_Union', 'summary': "The African Union ( AU ) is a continental union consisting of 55 member states located on the continent of Africa . The AU was announced in the Sirte Declaration in Sirte , Libya , on 9 September 1999 , calling for the establishment of the African Union . The bloc was founded on 26 May 2001 in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia , and launched on 9 July 2002 in Durban , South Africa . The intention of the AU was to replace the Organisation of African Unity ( OAU ) , established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa by 32 signatory governments ; the OAU was disbanded on 9 July 2002 . The most important decisions of the AU are made by the Assembly of the African Union , a semi-annual meeting of the heads of state and government of its member states . The AU 's secretariat , the African Union Commission , is based in Addis Ababa . The largest city in the AU is Lagos , Nigeria , while the largest urban agglomeration is Cairo , Egypt . The African Union has just over 1 billion people and an area of around 29 million km2 ( 11 million sq mi ) and includes popular world landmarks , including the Sahara and the Nile . The primary languages spoken include Arabic , English , French , Portuguese , Spanish , Swahili , and other languages of Africa . Within the African Union , there are official bodies such as the Peace and Security Council and the Pan-African Parliament ."}]}, {'value': 'Green and gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flag of the African Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union', 'summary': 'The current flag of the African Union was adopted at its 14th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government , which took place in Addis Ababa on 31 January 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Arab League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arab_League', 'summary': "The Arab League ( Arabic : الجامعة العربية al-Jāmiʻah al-ʻArabīyah ) , formally the League of Arab States ( Arabic : جامعة الدول العربية Jāmiʿat ad-Duwal al-ʿArabīyah ) , is a regional organization in the Arab world , which is located in Africa and Western Asia . The Arab League was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 initially with six members : Egypt , Iraq , Transjordan ( renamed Jordan in 1949 ) , Lebanon , Saudi Arabia , and Syria . Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945 . Currently , the League has 22 members , but Syria 's participation has been suspended since November 2011 . The League 's main goal is to draw closer the relations between member states and co-ordinate collaboration between them , to safeguard their independence and sovereignty , and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries . Through institutions , such as the Arab League Educational , Cultural and Scientific Organization ( ALECSO ) and the Economic and Social Council of the Arab League 's Council of Arab Economic Unity ( CAEU ) , the Arab League facilitates political , economic , cultural , scientific , and social programmes designed to promote the interests of the Arab world . It has served as a forum for the member states to coordinate their policy positions , to deliberate on matters of common concern , to settle some Arab disputes and to limit conflicts such as the 1958 Lebanon crisis . The League has served as a platform for the drafting and conclusion of many landmark documents promoting economic integration . One example is the Joint Arab Economic Action Charter , which outlines the principles for economic activities in the region ."}]}, {'value': 'Green', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flag of the Arab League , Pan-Arab colours', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_League', 'summary': "The flag of the Arab League comprises a green banner bearing the seal of the Arab League . The twenty-two links in the chain represent the twenty-two members of the League at the time of the flag 's adoption . The script gives the name of the organization : League of Arab States . There are also several flags for the Arab League , usually seen at Arab League summits : one , a color-inverted Arab League flag with a white background for the President of the summit was clearly seen in the Arab League Summit in Beirut ( 2002 ) . Older Arab League flags have the chains in red or black , the Arabic script in black or gold with green or white crescents , usually adopted in the 1950s to the 1970s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pan-Arab_colors', 'summary': 'The Pan-Arab colors are black , white , green , and red . Individually , each of the four Pan-Arab colors were intended to represent a certain Arab dynasty , or era . The black was the Abbasid dynastic color ; green was the Umayyad dynastic color ; white was the Fatimid dynastic color ; and red was the Hashemite dynastic color.The four colors derived their potency from a verse by 14th century Iraqi poet Safi al-Din al-Hilli : White are our acts , black our battles , green our fields , and red our swords . Pan-Arab colors were first combined in 1916 in the flag of the Arab Revolt , designed by the British diplomat Sir Mark Sykes . Many current flags are based on Arab Revolt colors , such as the flags of Jordan , Kuwait , Palestine , the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic , and the United Arab Emirates , and formerly in the flag of the brief ( six month ) union of the Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan . From the 1950s onwards , a sub-set of the Pan-Arab colors , the Arab Liberation colors , came to prominence . These consist of a tricolor of red , white and black bands , with green given less prominence . The Arab Liberation colors were inspired by the use of the Arab Liberation Flag in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 . [ full citation needed ] These appear in the current flags of Egypt , Iraq , Sudan , Syria , and Yemen , and formerly in the flags of the rival states of North Yemen and South Yemen , and in the short-lived Arab unions of the United Arab Republic and the Federation of Arab Republics .'}]}, {'value': 'Association of Southeast Asian Nations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations', 'summary': 'The Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ; /ˈɑːsiɑːn/ AH-see-ahn , /ˈɑːziɑːn/ AH-zee-ahn ) is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising ten countries in Southeast Asia , which promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic , political , security , military , educational , and sociocultural integration among its members and other countries in Asia . ASEAN also regularly engages other countries in the Asia-Pacific region and beyond . A major partner of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation , ASEAN maintains a global network of alliances and dialogue partners and is considered by many as a global powerhouse , the central union for cooperation in Asia-Pacific , and a prominent and influential organization . It is involved in numerous international affairs , and hosts diplomatic missions throughout the world . The ASEAN Secretariat is located at Jakarta , Indonesia .'}]}, {'value': 'Blue , red and yellow', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flag of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations', 'summary': 'The Flag of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations is one of the official symbols of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) . It consists of the official emblem of ASEAN on a blue background .'}]}, {'value': 'Community of Portuguese Language Countries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries', 'summary': 'The Community of Portuguese Language Countries ( Portuguese : Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa ; abbreviated as the CPLP ) , also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth ( Comunidade Lusófona ) , is an international organization and political association of Lusophone nations across four continents , where Portuguese is an official language . The CPLP operates as a privileged , multilateral forum for the mutual cooperation of the governments , economies , non-governmental organizations , and peoples of the Lusofonia . The CPLP consists of 9 member states and 19 associate observers , located in Europe , the Americas , Asia , and Africa . The history of the CPLP began when it was founded in 1996 , in Lisbon , by Angola , Brazil , Cabo Verde , Guinea Bissau , Mozambique , Portugal , and São Tomé e Príncipe , nearly two decades after the beginning of the decolonization of the Portuguese Empire . Following the independence of Timor-Leste in 2002 and the application by Equatorial Guinea in 2014 , both of those countries became members of the CPLP . Macau ( a Special Administrative Region of China ) , Galicia ( an Autonomous Community of Spain ) , and Uruguay are formally interested in full membership and another 17 countries across the world are formally interested in associate observer status .'}]}, {'value': 'Blue and white', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flag of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_the_Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries', 'summary': 'The flag of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries ( or flag of the CPLP ) , also known as the Flag of the Lusophony , represents the intergovernmental organization for friendship among Lusophone ( Portuguese-speaking ) nations where Portuguese is an official language . The Portuguese language countries are home to more than 270 million people located across the globe . The CPLP nations cover a combined area of about 10,772,000 square kilometres ( 4,159,000 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Eurasian Economic Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union', 'summary': "The Eurasian Economic Union ( EAEU ) [ note 1 ] is an economic union of states located in central and northern Asia and Eastern Europe . The Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union was signed on 29 May 2014 by the leaders of Belarus , Kazakhstan and Russia , and came into force on 1 January 2015 . Treaties aiming for Armenia 's and Kyrgyzstan 's accession to the Eurasian Economic Union were signed on 9 October and 23 December 2014 , respectively . Armenia 's accession treaty came into force on 2 January 2015 . Kyrgyzstan 's accession treaty came into effect on 6 August 2015 . It participated in the EAEU from the day of its establishment as an acceding state . The Eurasian Economic Union has an integrated single market of 180 million people and a gross domestic product of over Int $ 5 trillion . The EAEU encourages the free movement of goods , services and provides for common policies in the macroeconomic sphere , transport , industry and agriculture , energy , foreign trade and investment , customs , technical regulation , competition and antitrust regulation . Provisions for a single currency and greater integration are envisioned in future . The union operates through supranational and intergovernmental institutions . The Supreme Eurasian Economic Council is the supreme body of the Union , consisting of the Heads of the Member States . The second level of intergovernmental institutions is represented by the Eurasian Intergovernmental Council ( consisting of the Heads of the governments of member states ) ."}]}, {'value': 'White', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flag of the Eurasian Economic Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union', 'summary': 'The Flag of the Eurasian Economic Union is one of the symbols of the economic community formed by Eurasian countries and was created by an official document issued by the economic bloc in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'European Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_Union', 'summary': 'The European Union ( EU ) is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe . Its members have a combined area of 4,233,255.3 km2 ( 1,634,469.0 sq mi ) and an estimated total population of about 447 million . The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states in those matters , and only those matters , where members have agreed to act as one . EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people , goods , services and capital within the internal market , enact legislation in justice and home affairs and maintain common policies on trade , agriculture , fisheries and regional development . For travel within the Schengen Area , passport controls have been abolished . A monetary union was established in 1999 , coming into full force in 2002 , and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency . The EU and European citizenship were established when the Maastricht Treaty came into force in 1993 . The EU traces its origins to the European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) and the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , established , respectively , by the 1951 Treaty of Paris and 1957 Treaty of Rome . The original members of what came to be known as the European Communities were the Inner Six : Belgium , France , Italy , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , and West Germany . The Communities and their successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to their remit . The latest major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU , the Treaty of Lisbon , came into force in 2009 . In January 2020 , the United Kingdom became the first member state ever to leave the EU .'}]}, {'value': 'Reflex blue and gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flag of the European Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_Europe', 'summary': "The Flag of Europe or European Flag [ note 1 ] is an official symbol used by two separate organisations , the Council of Europe ( CoE ) as a symbol representing Europe , and the European Union ( EU ) . It consists of a circle of twelve five-pointed stars on a blue field . The design was conceived in 1955 , and officially adopted later that year by the Council of Europe as a symbol for the whole of Europe . The Council of Europe urged it to be adopted by other European organisations , and in 1985 the European Communities ( EC ) adopted it . The EU inherited the emblem 's use when it was formed in 1993 , being the successor organisation to the EC starting from 1 December 2009 ( date of entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty ) . It has been in wide official use by the EC since the 1990s , but it has never been given official status in any of the EU 's treaties . Its adoption as an official symbol of the EU was planned as part of the proposed 2004 European Constitution , which failed to be ratified in 2005 . The flag is used by different European organisations as well as by unified European sporting teams under the name of Team Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Mercosur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercosur', 'summary': "Mercosur ( in Spanish ) , Mercosul ( in Portuguese ) , or Ñemby Ñemuha ( in Guarani ) , officially Southern Common Market , is a South American trade bloc established by the Treaty of Asunción in 1991 and Protocol of Ouro Preto in 1994 . Its full members are Argentina , Brazil , Paraguay and Uruguay . Venezuela is a full member but has been suspended since 1 December 2016 . Associate countries are Bolivia , Chile , Colombia , Ecuador , Guyana , Peru and Suriname . Observer countries are New Zealand and Mexico . Its members have a combined area of 13,771,194 km² and a population of 264 million people if counting only the full member states . The official languages are Spanish , Portuguese , and Guarani . Mercosur 's origins are linked to the discussions for the constitution of a regional economic market for Latin America , which go back to the treaty that established the Latin American Free Trade Association in 1960 , which was succeeded by the Latin American Integration Association in the 1980s . At the time , Argentina and Brazil made progress in the matter , signing the Iguaçu Declaration ( 1985 ) , which established a bilateral commission , which was followed by a series of trade agreements the following year . The Integration , Cooperation and Development Treaty , signed between both countries in 1988 , set the goal of establishing a common market , to which other Latin American countries could join . Paraguay and Uruguay joined the process and the four countries became signatories to the Treaty of Asunción ( 1991 ) , which established the Southern Common Market , a trade alliance aimed at boosting the regional economy , moving goods , people among themselves , workforce and capital . Initially a free trade zone was established , in which the signatory countries would not tax or restrict each other 's imports ."}]}, {'value': 'White and blue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flag of Mercosur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_Mercosur', 'summary': 'The Flag of Mercosur is the official vexilological symbol of Mercosur .'}]}, {'value': 'NATO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NATO', 'summary': "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO /ˈneɪtoʊ/ ; French : Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord , OTAN ) , also called the North Atlantic Alliance , is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries . The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949 . NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party . NATO 's Headquarters are located in Evere , Brussels , Belgium , while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons , Belgium . Since its founding , the admission of new member states has increased the alliance from the original 12 countries to 29 . The most recent member state to be added to NATO is Montenegro on 5 June 2017 . NATO currently recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina , Georgia , North Macedonia and Ukraine as aspiring members . An additional 21 countries participate in NATO 's Partnership for Peace program , with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programs . The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the global total . Members agreed that their aim is to reach or maintain the target defense spending of at least 2% of GDP by 2024 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dark Blue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flag of NATO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_NATO', 'summary': 'The flag of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) consists of a dark blue field charged with a white compass rose emblem , with four white lines radiating from the four cardinal directions . Adopted three years after the creation of NATO , it has been the flag of NATO since October 14 , 1953 . The blue color symbolizes the Atlantic Ocean , while the circle stands for unity .'}]}, {'value': 'Nordic Council', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_Council', 'summary': "The Nordic Council is the official body for formal inter-parliamentary co-operation among the Nordic countries . Formed in 1952 , it has 87 representatives from Denmark , Finland , Iceland , Norway , and Sweden as well as from the autonomous areas of the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and the Åland Islands . The representatives are members of parliament in their respective countries or areas and are elected by those parliaments . The Council holds ordinary sessions each year in October/November and usually one extra session per year with a specific theme . The Council 's official languages are Danish , Finnish , Icelandic , Norwegian , and Swedish , though it uses only Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish as its working languages . These three comprise the first language of around 80% of the region 's population and are learned as a foreign language by the remaining 20% . In 1971 , the Nordic Council of Ministers , an intergovernmental forum , was established to complement the Council . The Council and the Council of Ministers are involved in various forms of cooperation with neighbouring areas , amongst them being the Baltic Assembly and the Benelux , as well as Russia and Schleswig-Holstein ."}]}, {'value': 'Blue and white', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flag of the Nordic Council ; Design Manual of the Nordic Council - Colours', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council', 'summary': 'The Flag of the Nordic Council is blue ( PMS 300 U ) , with a stylised circular motif of a white swan . The swan symbol was chosen to represent the Nordic Council , and the Nordic Council of Ministers , in 1984 . It is also designed to symbolise wider Nordic cooperation . The current version was designed by Kontrapunkt in 2016 . Before 2016 , the flag was white , with a stylised circular motif of a white swan upon a blue ( Pantone Reflex Blue C ) disk . The Swan had enough wing feathers standing for the eight members and territories of the Council : Denmark , Finland , Iceland , Norway , Sweden , Åland , the Faroe Islands and Greenland . The flag was designed by Kyösti Varis , an artist from Finland . The full members of the Nordic council all use a Nordic Cross Flag . The Nordic Cross was also used in the Flag of the Kalmar Union . The Kalmar Union was the only time when all Nordic countries were under a single state - hence it has traditionally been a sign of unity before the Nordic Council adopted the swan flag . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Turkic Council', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkic_Council', 'summary': 'The Turkic Council ( Azerbaijani : Türk Şurası ; Kazakh : Түркі кеңесі , Túrki Keńesi ; Kyrgyz : Түрк кеңеш ; Turkish : Türk Keneşi ; [ a ] Uzbek : Turkiy Kengash ) , officially the Cooperation Council of Turkic-Speaking States ( CCTS ; Turkish : Türk Dili Konuşan Ülkeler İşbirliği Konseyi ) , is an international organization comprising some of the Turkic countries . It is an intergovernmental organization whose overarching aim is promoting comprehensive cooperation among Turkic states . It was founded on 3 October 2009 in Nakhchivan . The idea of setting up this cooperative council was first put forward by Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev back in 2006 . The General Secretariat is in İstanbul , Turkey . The member countries are Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan and Turkey . Turkmenistan is currently not an official members of the council due to its neutral stance . However , they are possible future members of the council . Uzbekistan announced its intention to join the council on 30 April 2018 , and formally applied for membership on September 12 , 2019 . Since late 2018 , Hungary is an observer and may soon request full membership in the Turkic Council .'}]}, {'value': 'Turqouise', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Although the flag of the Turkic Council is light blue and white , turquoise is the colour most associated with the Turkic region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_the_Turkic_Council', 'summary': 'The current flag of the Turkic Council was adopted at its 2nd Summit , which took place in Bishkek on 23 August 2012 and officially raised on 12 October 2012 . The flag combines the symbols of the four members countries : the light blue color of the flag of Kazakhstan , the sun of the flag of Kyrgyzstan , the star of the flag of Azerbaijan and the crescent of the Turkish flag .'}]}, {'value': 'United Nations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Nations', 'summary': "The United Nations ( UN ) is an intergovernmental organization that aims to maintain international peace and security , develop friendly relations among nations , achieve international cooperation , and be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations . It is the largest , most familiar , most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world . The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City ; other main offices are in Geneva , Nairobi , Vienna and The Hague . The UN was established after World War II with the aim of preventing future wars , succeeding the ineffective League of Nations . On 25 April 1945 , 50 governments met in San Francisco for a conference and started drafting the UN Charter , which was adopted on 25 June 1945 and took effect on 24 October 1945 , when the UN began operations . Pursuant to the Charter , the organization 's objectives include maintaining international peace and security , protecting human rights , delivering humanitarian aid , promoting sustainable development , and upholding international law . At its founding , the UN had 51 member states ; this number grew to 193 in 2011 , representing the vast majority of the world 's sovereign states . The organization 's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies . Its missions have consisted primarily of unarmed military observers and lightly armed troops with primarily monitoring , reporting and confidence-building roles . UN membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization beginning in the 1960s . Since then , 80 former colonies have gained independence , including 11 trust territories that had been monitored by the Trusteeship Council . By the 1970s , the UN 's budget for economic and social development programmes far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping ."}]}, {'value': 'Light blue and white', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flag of the United Nations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Nations', 'summary': 'The flag of the United Nations was adopted on December 7 , 1946 , and consists of the official emblem of the United Nations in white on a blue background .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Supranational organisations', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_colours_7', 'intro': "National colours are frequently part of a country's set of national symbols. Many states and nations have formally adopted a set of colours as their official national colours while others have de facto national colours that have become well-known through popular use. National colours often appear on a variety of different media, from the nation's flag to the colours used in sports."}	null	null	Where was the group that uses a turqoise flag founded ?	Nakhchivan
07a92350a427af51	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mischa_Barton', 'title': 'Mischa Barton', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Polio Water', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diane', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lawn Dogs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lawn_Dogs', 'summary': "Lawn Dogs is a 1997 fantasy-drama film directed by John Duigan and starring Mischa Barton and Sam Rockwell . The film tells the story of a precocious young girl ( Barton ) from a gated community who befriends a landscape worker ( Rockwell ) , and examines the societal repercussions of their friendship . Written by Naomi Wallace , the film was released by Rank Organisation , and was the company 's last production . The film uses the folktale of Baba Yaga as a prominent plot device . Although filmed in Louisville and Danville , Kentucky in the United States , Lawn Dogs was a British film produced by Duncan Kenworthy . Lawn Dogs won numerous film awards at film festivals in Europe and met with critical acclaim , in particular for the performances of Barton and Rockwell ."}]}, {'value': 'Devon Stockard', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pups', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pups_(film)', 'summary': 'Pups is a 1999 American independent crime drama film written and directed by Ash , and stars Mischa Barton , Burt Reynolds and Cameron Van Hoy . The film centers on two young adolescents that embark on a bank robbery on their way to school . The film premiered at the Los Angeles Independent Film Festival on April 18 , 1999 . The film , although well received critically received a limited release that has been attributed as sensitivity to the Columbine High School massacre that occurred two days after the premiere .'}]}, {'value': 'Rocky', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Notting Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Notting_Hill_(film)', 'summary': 'Notting Hill is a 1999 romantic comedy film directed by Roger Michell . The screenplay was written by Richard Curtis , author of Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) , and the film was produced by Duncan Kenworthy . The film stars Julia Roberts , Hugh Grant , Rhys Ifans , Emma Chambers , Tim McInnerny , Gina McKee , and Hugh Bonneville . The story is of a romance between a London book seller played by Grant and a famous American actress played by Roberts , who happens to walk into his shop . Released on 21 May 1999 , Notting Hill was well received by critics and became the highest-grossing British film released in 1999 . The film won a BAFTA , was nominated in two other categories , and won other awards , including a British Comedy Award and a Brit Award for the soundtrack .'}]}, {'value': '12-Year-Old Actress', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Sixth Sense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Sixth_Sense', 'summary': 'The Sixth Sense is a 1999 American supernatural psychological thriller film written and directed by M. Night Shyamalan . The film tells the story of Cole Sear ( Haley Joel Osment ) , a boy who is able to see and talk to the dead , and Malcolm Crowe ( Bruce Willis ) , a child psychologist who tries to help him . The film established Shyamalan as a writer and director , and introduced the cinema public to his traits , most notably his affinity for surprise endings . Released by Hollywood Pictures on August 6 , 1999 , the film was well-received by critics ; praise was given to its acting performances ( particularly Willis , Osment , and Toni Collette ) , atmosphere , and twist conclusion . The Sixth Sense was the second-highest-grossing film of 1999 ( behind Star Wars : Episode I - The Phantom Menace ) , taking about $ 293 million in the US and $ 379 million in other markets . The film was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Director and Best Original Screenplay for Shyamalan , Best Supporting Actor for Osment , and Best Supporting Actress for Collette .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyra Collins', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paranoid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paranoid_(2000_thriller_film)', 'summary': 'Paranoid is a 2000 independent thriller film , directed by John Duigan , which was made for theatrical release but subsequently received a limited international theatrical release . It was released directly to video in most countries . It stars Jessica Alba and Iain Glen .'}]}, {'value': 'Theresa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Skipped Parts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skipped_Parts', 'summary': "Skipped Parts is a 2001 American comedy-drama film directed by Tamra Davis , and starring Jennifer Jason Leigh , Bug Hall , Mischa Barton , Drew Barrymore , and Brad Renfro . Its plot follows a young teenage boy and his wayward mother who relocate to Wyoming , chronicling her travails and his discovering of his sexuality . The screenplay was adapted by Tim Sandlin , from his own 1991 novel of the same name . After making the film-festival rounds in 2000 , the film had a limited release by Trimark Pictures . It was filmed in Indian Head , Saskatchewan , Regina , Saskatchewan , Fort Qu'Appelle , Saskatchewan and Regina Beach , Saskatchewan ."}]}, {'value': 'Maurey Pierce', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lost and Delirious', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lost_and_Delirious', 'summary': 'Lost and Delirious is a 2001 Canadian drama film directed by Léa Pool and loosely based on the novel The Wives of Bath by Susan Swan . Lost and Delirious is filmed from the perspective of Mary ( Mischa Barton ) , who observes the changing love between her two teenage friends , Pauline ( Piper Perabo ) and Victoria ( Jessica Paré ) . The film premiered at the 2001 Sundance Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': "Mary 'Mouse ' Bedford", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julie Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julie_Johnson', 'summary': "Julie Johnson is a 2001 independent American drama film directed by Bob Gosse and starring Lili Taylor , Courtney Love , and Mischa Barton . Written by Gosse and Wendy Hammond , the plot focuses on a New Jersey housewife ( Taylor ) who , after separating from her husband , falls in love with her wayward friend ( Love ) and begins a relationship with her . The film features an original score by Angelo Badalamenti as well as a soundtrack by Liz Phair . Julie Johnson debuted at the Sundance Film Festival and was shown at several film festivals worldwide between 2001 and 2004 , later appearing on the here TV network as part of their films series . Courtney Love won the award for Outstanding Actress in a Feature Film for her performance from Los Angeles ' Outfest in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lisa Johnson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tart_(film)', 'summary': 'Tart is a 2001 American coming of age film written and directed by Christina Wayne and starring Dominique Swain , Bijou Phillips , and Brad Renfro . It follows a young woman at a preparatory school in 1980s New York City and her ingratiation with a group of elite peers . It was released by Lionsgate in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Grace Bailey', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Octane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Octane_(film)', 'summary': "Octane ( released as Pulse in the United States ) is a 2003 horror film directed by Marcus Adams and starring Madeleine Stowe , Mischa Barton , and Norman Reedus . The film follows a divorced mother and her teenage daughter on a late-night road trip , and the mother 's battle to find her daughter after she gets caught up with a bizarre cult of young criminals at a truck stop . Shot largely in Luxembourg , the film features a soundtrack by dance duo Orbital . It was released in the United Kingdom on 14 November 2003 , having previously screened at the CineVegas Film Festival in the United States . Upon its release , the film was noted by some critics ( such as Variety ) for blending elements of American road films with surrealist horror ."}]}, {'value': "Natasha 'Nat ' Wilson", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Oh in Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Oh_in_Ohio', 'summary': 'The Oh in Ohio is a 2006 American comedy film directed by Billy Kent and starring Parker Posey , Paul Rudd , Mischa Barton and Danny DeVito . The picture was screened at several US film festivals from March to May 2006 and was released theatrically by Cyan Pictures on July 14 , 2006 . Set in Cleveland , much of the film was shot on location at well-known Cleveland area landmarks such as Coventry Village and Case Western Reserve University .'}]}, {'value': 'Kristen Taylor', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Closing the Ring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Closing_the_Ring', 'summary': 'Closing the Ring is a 2007 romantic drama film directed by Richard Attenborough and starring Shirley MacLaine , Christopher Plummer , Mischa Barton , Stephen Amell , Neve Campbell , Pete Postlethwaite , and Brenda Fricker . It was the final film directed by Attenborough , then aged 83 , who died seven years later . The film was released in both the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom on 28 December 2007 . Closing the Ring is an international co-production between the United Kingdom , Canada , and United States . .'}]}, {'value': 'Young Ethel Ann', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Trinian 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_Trinian's_(film)", 'summary': "St Trinian 's is a 2007 British comedy film and the sixth in a long-running series of British films based on the works of cartoonist Ronald Searle set in St Trinian 's School . The first five films form a series , [ citation needed ] starting with The Belles of St Trinian 's in 1954 , with sequels in 1957 , 1960 , 1966 and 1980 . The release of 2007 , 27 years after the last entry , and 53 years after the first film , is a rebooting of the franchise , rather than a direct sequel , with certain plot elements borrowed from the first film . Whereas the earlier films concentrated on the adults , this film gives the school pupils greater prominence . St Trinian 's is an anarchic school for uncontrollable girls run by eccentric headmistress Camilla Dagey Fritton ( the reboot continues the tradition , established by Alastair Sim in the original film , of casting a male actor to play the female headmistress , with Rupert Everett inheriting the role ) . St Trinian 's received mixed reviews but remains one of the highest-grossing British independent films of the last thirty years ."}]}, {'value': 'JJ French', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virgin Territory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virgin_Territory', 'summary': "Virgin Territory is a 2007 romantic comedy film directed by David Leland and starring Hayden Christensen , Mischa Barton , Tim Roth , Rosalind Halstead and Kate Groombridge . Based upon Giovanni Boccaccio 's Decameron , it has also been known under the working titles The Decameron , Angels and Virgins , Guilty Pleasures and Chasing Temptation . The film 's Italian title Decameron Pie pays tribute to both the title of the original source inspiration and to American comedy film American Pie . The film was released in France on December 12 , 2007 , under the title Medieval Pie , and was released directly-to-DVD in the U.S. in August 2008 . It was the last film produced by Dino De Laurentiis ."}]}, {'value': 'Pampinea', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Assassination of a High School President', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Assassination_of_a_High_School_President', 'summary': "Assassination of a High School President is a 2008 American neo noir comedy film directed by Brett Simon and starring Reece Thompson , Bruce Willis , Mischa Barton , Emily Meade and Michael Rapaport . It was written by Tim Calpin and Kevin Jakubowski . It premiered at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival . The film had been scheduled for limited theatrical release on February 27 , 2009 , but that release was postponed indefinitely following the bankruptcy of its distributor , Yari Film Group 's releasing division . It was released on DVD in the United States on October 6 , 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Francesca Fachini', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walled In', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walled_In', 'summary': "Walled In is a Canadian-made 2009 horror-thriller directed and co-written by Gilles Paquet-Brenner and starring Mischa Barton , Cameron Bright , and Deborah Kara Unger . The film is based on the best-selling French novel Les Emmurés by Serge Brussolo . It is Paquet-Brenner 's English-language film debut ."}]}, {'value': 'Sam Walczak', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Homecoming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Homecoming_(2009_film)', 'summary': "Homecoming is a 2009 American independent horror-thriller film , directed by Morgan J. Freeman and written by Katie L. Fetting , Jake Goldberger and Frank Hannah . The film follows a student couple , Mike ( Matt Long ) and Elizabeth ( Jessica Stroup ) , on their homecoming . Elizabeth is taken home by Mike 's ex-girlfriend Shelby ( Mischa Barton ) after a road accident . Shelby is soon revealed to be fixated on Mike and subsequently treats Elizabeth in a cruel and deranged manner ."}]}, {'value': 'Shelby Mercer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Do n't Fade Away", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Don't_Fade_Away", 'summary': "Do n't Fade Away is a 2011 coming-of-age drama film starring Mischa Barton and Ryan Kwanten . The film has been produced by Origin Entertainment Group and was shot in Los Angeles and North Carolina . It was released on DVD in Australia on April 6 , 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kat', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'You and I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/You_and_I_(2011_film)', 'summary': 'You and I ( Russian : Ты и я ; also known by its working title , Finding t.A.T.u . ) is a 2008 drama film directed by Roland Joffé depicting a fictionalised version of real events adapted from the novel t.A.T.u . Come Back . The film features Mischa Barton , Anton Yelchin , Charlie Creed-Miles , Helena Mattsson , Alexander Kaluzhsky , Bronson Pinchot and Shantel VanSanten . The film is about a teenage girl , Lana , who moves from a rural town in Russia to Moscow , completely unaware that meeting an internet girlfriend , Janie , will result in a string of adventures . Casting and filming began in May 2007 , and it premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2008 . The film was released in the United States on 31 January 2012 . Despite the film not being released to mainstream film critics , You and I received mixed reviews from film critics .'}]}, {'value': 'Lana', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Film', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Mischa_Barton_0', 'intro': "Mischa Barton (born 24 January 1986) is a British-Irish-American film, television, and stage actress. She began her career on the stage, appearing in Tony Kushner's Slavs! and took the lead in James Lapine's Twelve Dreams at New York City's Lincoln Center. She made her screen debut with a guest appearance on the American soap opera All My Children (1996), and voicing a character on the Nickelodeon cartoon series KaBlam! (1996-97). Her first major film role was as the protagonist of Lawn Dogs (1997), a drama co-starring Sam Rockwell. She appeared in major pictures such as the romantic comedy Notting Hill (1999) and M. Night Shyamalan's psychological thriller The Sixth Sense (1999). She also starred in the indie crime drama Pups (1999). Barton later appeared in the independent drama Lost and Delirious (2001) and guest-starred as Evan Rachel Wood's girlfriend on ABC's Once and Again (2001-02). She played Marissa Cooper in the Fox television series The O.C. (2003-06), for which she received two Teen Choice Awards. The role brought Barton into mainstream fame, and Entertainment Weekly named her the It Girl of 2003."}	null	null	What is the job of the character played by Hugh Grant in the 1999 film in which Mischa Barton played 12-Year-Old Actress ?	book seller
07ab202b86901b6e	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_BC_Lions_season', 'title': '2001 BC Lions season', 'header': ['Rd', 'Pick', 'Player', 'Position', 'School'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ian Williams', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Memphis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Memphis', 'summary': 'The University of Memphis ( UofM ) is a public research university in Memphis , Tennessee . Founded in 1912 , the university has an enrollment of more than 22,000 students . The university maintains The Center for Earthquake Research and Information ( CERI ) , The Cecil C. Humphreys School of Law , the former Lambuth University campus ( now a branch campus of The University of Memphis ) , The Loewenberg College of Nursing , The School of Public Health , The College of Communication and Fine Arts , The FedEx Institute of Technology , The Advanced Distributed Learning Workforce Co-Lab , and The Institute of Egyptian Art and Archaeology .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyle Green', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyle_Green', 'summary': "Lyle Green ( born February 4 , 1976 , in Kitchener , Ontario ) is a former gridiron football fullback . He was a member of the BC Lions and Calgary Stampeders . Green went to the University of Toledo . With the Lions he is number 28 . Green is 6 ' 1 and weighs 217 lbs and was drafted by the Lions in the 2001 CFL Draft ( 1st round , 3rd overall ) . In the 2002 CFL season , Green had career-highs in rushing yards ( 343 , also his only 100+ rushing yard season ) , touchdowns ( 3 , has only 4 in his career ) and carries ( 60 ) . In the 2004 CFL season , he recorded a career-high in receptions ( 22 ) and had 248 receiving yards . In the 2005 CFL season , Green was one of 9 players on BC 's offense to start all 18 games . He also had a career-high in receiving yards ( 261 ) and recorded the first receiving touchdown of his career . In 2006 , Green had career-lows in rushing yards ( 31 ) , receiving yards ( 35 ) and average yards in receiving ( 5.8 ) , but did have a career-high in average yards in rushing ( 15.5 ) and helped the Lions win the 94th Grey Cup . On June 8 , 2009 , Green was officially moved to the slotback position by head coach and general manager Wally Buono . This was partly to fill the void left by Jason Clermont leaving the Lions to play in Saskatchewan and also to let younger players like Rolly Lumbala and Alexis Bwenge have a shot to play in the Lions backfield ."}]}, {'value': 'FB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullback_(American_football)', 'summary': 'A fullback ( FB ) is a position known as the best position in the game of football , in the offensive backfield in gridiron football , and is one of the two running back positions along with the halfback . Typically , fullbacks are larger than halfback and in most offensive schemes their duties are split between power running , pass catching , and blocking for both the quarterback and the other running back . Many great runners in the history of American football have been fullbacks , including Jim Brown , Marion Motley , Jim Taylor , Franco Harris , Larry Csonka , John Riggins , Christian Okoye , and Levi Jackson . However , many of these runners would retroactively be labeled as halfbacks , due to their position as the primary ball carrier ; they were primarily listed as fullbacks due to their size and did not often perform the run-blocking duties expected of modern fullbacks . Examples of players who have excelled at the hybrid running-blocking-pass catching role include Mike Alstott , Daryl Johnston , and Lorenzo Neal .'}]}, {'value': 'Toledo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Toledo', 'summary': 'The University of Toledo ( UToledo or UT ) is a public research university in Toledo , Ohio . The university also operates a 450-acre ( 180 ha ) Health Science campus , which includes the University of Toledo Medical Center , in the West Toledo neighborhood of Toledo ; a 160-acre ( 65 ha ) satellite campus in the Scott Park neighborhood of Toledo ; the Center for the Visual Arts is located in downtown Toledo at the Toledo Museum of Art ; and a research and education facility , known as the Lake Erie Center , is at the Maumee Bay State Park . The university was founded in 1872 in downtown Toledo as the Toledo University of Arts and Trades . It closed after six years and was eventually turned over to the city of Toledo to reopen in 1884 as the Toledo Manual Training School and developed from a vocational school into a university through the late 1800s . The university moved to its current location in the Ottawa neighborhood in 1931 . Since its establishment , the university has physically expanded to include more than 100 major buildings with a combined area of more 1,400 acres ( 570 ha ) and transformed its academic program from a vocational and secondary education into a comprehensive research university , known for its curriculum in the science , engineering , and medical fields . Toledo has over 100,000 living alumni and has a current enrollment of over 20,000 students . The university has over 300 student organizations and its athletic teams , called the Rockets , are members of the Mid-American Conference .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leif Thorsen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'Montana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montana_University', 'summary': 'The University of Montana ( UM ) is a public research university in Missoula , Montana . UM is a flagship institution of the Montana University System and its second largest campus . UM reported 10,962 undergraduate and graduate students in the fall of 2018 . The University of Montana ranks 17th in the nation and fifth among public universities in producing Rhodes Scholars . The University of Montana has 11 Truman Scholars , 14 Goldwater Scholars and 40 Udall Scholars to its name .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamie Boreham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamie_Boreham', 'summary': 'Jamie Boreham ( born March 29 , 1978 in Vancouver , British Columbia ) is the head coach of the Okanagan Sun of the Canadian Junior Football League ( CJFL ) and is a former professional Canadian football punter and placekicker . He played for eight seasons in the Canadian Football League and was a member of the 95th Grey Cup championship team with the Saskatchewan Roughriders . He also played for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats , Toronto Argonauts , and Winnipeg Blue Bombers . He wore uniform number 30 in honour of his grandfather , who also wore # 30 for the Vancouver College Fighting Irish .'}]}, {'value': 'K / WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wide_Receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Saskatchewan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan', 'summary': "The University of Saskatchewan ( U of S ) is a Canadian public research university , founded on March 19 , 1907 , and located on the east side of the South Saskatchewan River in Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada . An Act to establish and incorporate a University for the Province of Saskatchewan was passed by the provincial legislature in 1907 . It established the provincial university on March 19 , 1907 for the purpose of providing facilities for higher education in all its branches and enabling all persons without regard to race , creed or religion to take the fullest advantage.Coordinates : 52°7′47″N 106°37′58″W / 52.12972°N 106.63278°W / 52.12972 ; -106.63278 The University of Saskatchewan is the largest education institution in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan . The University of Saskatchewan is one of Canadas top research universities ( based on the number of Canada Research Chairs ) and is a member of the U15 Group of Canadian Research Universities ( the 15 most research-intensive universities in Canada ) . The university began as an agricultural college in 1907 and established the first Canadian university-based department of extension in 1910 . There were 120 hectares ( 300 acres ) set aside for university buildings and 400 ha ( 1,000 acres ) for the U of S farm , and agricultural fields . In total 10.32 km2 ( 3.98 sq mi ) was annexed for the university . The main University campus is situated upon 981 ha ( 2,425 acres ) , with another 200 ha ( 500 acres ) allocated for Innovation Place Research Park . The University of Saskatchewan agriculture college still has access to neighbouring urban research lands . The University of Saskatchewan 's Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization ( VIDO ) facility , ( 2003 ) develops DNA-enhanced immunization vaccines for both humans and animals . The University is also home to the Canadian Light Source synchrotron , which is considered one of the largest and most innovative investments in Canadian science . Since its origins as an agricultural college , research has played an important role at the university ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scott Robinson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simon Fraser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University', 'summary': 'Simon Fraser University ( SFU ) is a public research university in British Columbia , Canada , with three campuses : Burnaby ( main campus ) , Surrey , and Vancouver . The 170-hectare ( 420-acre ) main Burnaby campus on Burnaby Mountain , located 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) from downtown Vancouver , was established in 1965 and comprises more than 30,000 students and approximately 950 faculty members . Undergraduate and graduate programs at SFU operate on a year-round , three-semester schedule , and it is the only Canadian university which competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . In 2015 , SFU became the second Canadian university to receive accreditation from the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities . SFU faculty and alumni have won 43 fellowships to the Royal Society of Canada , three Rhodes Scholarships and one Pulitzer Prize .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Bates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Bates', 'summary': 'Kelly Bates ( born July 27 , 1975 ) is the offensive line coach for the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . He is a former professional Canadian football guard and former head coach of the Simon Fraser Clan . He was drafted by the Lions in fourth round of the 2001 CFL Draft . He played CIS football for the University of Saskatchewan Huskies .'}]}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Offensive_Lineman', 'summary': "In American football each team has 11 players on the field at one time . The specific role that a player takes on the field is called their position . Under the modern rules of American football , teams are allowed free substitutions ; that is , teams may change any number of players after any play . This has resulted in the development of three platoons of players : the offense ( the team with the ball , which is trying to score ) , the defense ( the team trying to prevent the other team from scoring , and to take the ball from them ) , and the special teams ( who play in kicking situations ) . Within those platoons , various specific positions exist depending on what each player 's main job is ."}]}, {'value': 'Saskatchewan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dave Tucker', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manitoba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The University of Manitoba ( U of M , UManitoba , or UM ) is a public research university in the province of Manitoba , Canada . Its main campus is located in the Fort Garry neighbourhood of southern Winnipeg with other campuses throughout the city . Founded in 1877 , it is the first university of western Canada . The university maintains a reputation as a top research-intensive post-secondary educational institution and conducts more research annually than any other university in the region . The U of M is the largest university both by total student enrollment and campus area in the province of Manitoba , and the 17th-largest in all of Canada . The campus boasts dozens of faculties and hundreds of degree programs . The U of M is a member of the U15 and of Universities Canada , while its global affiliations include the International Association of Universities and the Association of Commonwealth Universities . Its increased global outreach has resulted in one of the most internationally diverse student bodies in Canada , while its competitive academic and research programs have consistently ranked among the top in the Canadian Prairies . The Manitoba Bisons represent the team in athletics as a member of U Sports and Canada West Universities Athletic Association ( CWUAA ) . University of Manitoba alumni include Nobel Prize recipients , Academy Award winners , Order of Merit recipients , and Olympic medalists , among many others . As of 2019 [ update ] , there have been 99 Rhodes Scholarship recipients from the University of Manitoba , more than that of any other university in western Canada . Likewise , the university has produced countless government figures , including provincial premiers , Supreme Court justices , and Members of Parliament ( MPs ) .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric Collings', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'OL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia', 'summary': "The University of British Columbia ( UBC ) is a public research university with campuses in Vancouver and Kelowna , British Columbia . Established in 1908 , UBC is British Columbia 's oldest university . The university has ranked among the top three universities in Canada . With an annual research budget of $ 600 million , UBC funds over 8,000 projects a year . The Vancouver campus is situated in the University Endowment Lands , about 10 km ( 6 mi ) west of Downtown Vancouver . UBC is home to TRIUMF , Canada 's national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics , which houses the world 's largest cyclotron . In addition to the Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies and Stuart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute , UBC and the Max Planck Society collectively established the first Max Planck Institute in North America , specializing in quantum materials . One of the largest research libraries in Canada , the UBC Library system has over 9.9 million volumes among its 21 branches . The Okanagan campus , acquired in 2005 , is located in Kelowna , British Columbia . As of 2017 [ update ] , eight Nobel laureates , 71 Rhodes scholars , 65 Olympians , ten fellows in both American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the Royal Society , and 208 fellows to the Royal Society of Canada have been affiliated with UBC . Three Canadian prime ministers , including Canada 's first female prime minister Kim Campbell and current prime minister Justin Trudeau have been educated at UBC ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Offseason -- CFL Draft', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2001_BC_Lions_season_0', 'intro': 'The 2001 BC Lions finished in third place in the West Division with an 8-10 record. They appeared in the West-Semi Final.'}	null	null	What number pick was the player from the school that had 10,962 undergraduate and graduate students in the fall of 2018 ?	8
07accbc7645e1f06	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_in_Australian_television', 'title': '2011 in Australian television', 'header': ['Program', 'New network', 'Previous network', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Diagnosis Murder Diagnosis : Murder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diagnosis:_Murder', 'summary': "Diagnosis Murder is an American action-comedy-mystery-medical crime drama television series starring Dick Van Dyke as Dr. Mark Sloan , a medical doctor who solves crimes with the help of his son Steve , a homicide detective played by Van Dyke 's real-life son Barry . The series began as a spin-off of Jake and the Fatman ( Dr. Mark Sloan made his first appearance in episode 4.19 It Never Entered My Mind ) , became a series of three TV movies , and then a weekly television series that debuted on CBS on October 29 , 1993 . Joyce Burditt wrote the episode in Jake and the Fatman and is listed here as the creator of the spin off series . The series struggled at first and was almost canceled at the end of the second season , but it returned as a midseason replacement in the third season , and was regularly renewed thereafter . 178 episodes were made and aired in the show 's eight seasons on the CBS network in the United States and two more TV movies aired after the series ' cancellation on May 11 , 2001 . The show was produced by The Fred Silverman Company and Dean Hargrove Productions in association with Viacom Productions and is currently distributed by CBS Television Distribution . In the Jake and the Fatman episode , Dr. Mark Sloan was a widower with no sons . Dr. Amanda Bentley is played by Cynthia Gibb in the TV movies and , finally , by Victoria Rowell in the TV series . Stephen Caffrey played Dr. Jack Parker in the movies , a role that went to Scott Baio as Dr. Jack Stewart in the weekly series ( first two seasons ) . The first two TV movies were shot in Vancouver , British Columbia , and the third was shot in Denver , Colorado . The first few episodes of the series were also shot ( and set ) in Denver , before quickly ( and without explanation ) shifting to Los Angeles for the remainder of the show 's run . Since 1997 , reruns of the show have been shown in syndication and on Freeform ( formerly ABC Family and originally CBN Satellite Service ) , Ion Television ( formerly PAX-TV ) , Hallmark Channel , CBS Action and MeTV ."}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '11 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JAG JAG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JAG_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'JAG ( U.S. military acronym for Judge Advocate General ) is an American legal drama television series with a U.S. Navy theme , created by Donald P. Bellisario , and produced by Belisarius Productions in association with Paramount Network Television ( now CBS Television Studios ) . The series was originally aired on NBC for one season from September 23 , 1995 , to May 22 , 1996 , and then on CBS for an additional nine seasons from January 3 , 1997 , to April 29 , 2005 . The first season was co-produced with NBC Productions ( now Universal Television ) and was originally perceived as a Top Gun meets A Few Good Men hybrid series . In the spring of 1996 , NBC announced that the series had been canceled after finishing 79th in the ratings , leaving one episode unaired . In December 1996 , the rival network CBS announced it had picked up the series as a mid-season replacement and aired 15 new episodes as its second season . For several seasons , JAG climbed in the ratings and ultimately ran for nine additional seasons . JAG furthermore spawned the hit series NCIS , which in turn led to spin-offs NCIS : Los Angeles and NCIS : New Orleans . In total , 227 episodes were produced over 10 seasons . At the time of the original airing of its fifth season in the United States , JAG was seen in over 90 countries worldwide . JAG entered syndication in early 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '11 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MacGyver MacGyver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MacGyver_(1985_TV_series)', 'summary': "MacGyver is an American action-adventure television series created by Lee David Zlotoff and starring Richard Dean Anderson as the title character . Henry Winkler and John Rich were the executive producers . The show ran for seven seasons on ABC in the United States and various other networks abroad from 1985 to 1992 . The series was filmed in Los Angeles during seasons one , two and seven , and in Vancouver during seasons three through six . The show 's final episode aired on April 25 , 1992 on ABC ( the network aired a previously unseen episode for the first time on May 21 , 1992 , but it was originally intended to air before the series finale ) . The series was a moderate ratings success and gained a loyal following . It was popular in the United States and around the world . Two television movies , MacGyver : Lost Treasure of Atlantis and MacGyver : Trail to Doomsday , aired on ABC in 1994 . A spin-off series , Young MacGyver , was planned in 2003 , but only the pilot was made . Merchandise for MacGyver includes games , toys , print media and an original audio series . A reboot series of the same name premiered on September 23 , 2016 on CBS , which today owns the rights to the series through its acquisition of the original Paramount Television ."}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '11 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheers Cheers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheers', 'summary': "Cheers is an American sitcom television series that ran on NBC from September 30 , 1982 , to May 20 , 1993 , with a total of 275 half-hour episodes across eleven seasons . The show was produced by Charles/Burrows Productions in association with Paramount Network Television , and was created by the team of James Burrows , Glen Charles , and Les Charles . The show is set in a bar named Cheers in Boston , Massachusetts , where a group of locals meet to drink , relax , and socialize . The show 's main theme song , co-written and performed by Gary Portnoy , lent its refrain Where Everybody Knows Your Name as the show 's catchphrase . After premiering on September 30 , 1982 , it was nearly canceled during its first season when it ranked almost last in ratings for its premiere ( 74th out of 77 shows ) . Cheers , however , eventually became a highly rated television show in the United States , earning a top-ten rating during eight of its eleven seasons , including one season at number one . The show spent most of its run on NBC 's Thursday night Must See TV lineup . Its widely watched series finale was broadcast on May 20 , 1993 , and the show 's 275 episodes have been successfully syndicated worldwide . Nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series for all eleven of its seasons on the air , it earned 28 Primetime Emmy Awards from a record of 117 nominations . The character Frasier Crane ( Kelsey Grammer ) was featured in his eponymous spin-off show , which aired until 2004 and included guest appearances by virtually all of the major and minor Cheers characters . During its run , Cheers became one of the most popular series of all time and has received critical acclaim from its start to its end . In 1997 , the episodes Thanksgiving Orphans and Home Is the Sailor , aired originally in 1987 , were respectively ranked No ."}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '11 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roseanne Roseanne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roseanne_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Roseanne is an American television sitcom starring Roseanne Barr and revolving around the fictional Conner family . It aired on ABC from October 18 , 1988 , to May 20 , 1997 , and again from March 27 , 2018 , to May 22 , 2018 . Lauded for its realistic portrayal of a working-class American family , the series reached No . 1 in the Nielsen ratings from 1989 to 1990 . During the initial run , the series remained in the top four for six of the nine seasons , and in the top 20 for eight . During the short-lived revival , the series reached No . 3 , with an average of 18 million viewers per episode within the span of its nine episodes . In 1993 , the episode A Stash from the Past was ranked No . 21 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time . In 2002 , Roseanne was ranked No . 35 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . In 2013 , it was ranked No ."}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '11 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sabrina , the Teenage Witch Sabrina , the Teenage Witch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sabrina,_the_Teenage_Witch_(1996_TV_series)', 'summary': "Sabrina the Teenage Witch is an American sitcom television series created by Nell Scovell , based on the Archie Comics series of the same name . The show premiered on September 27 , 1996 , on ABC to over 17 million viewers in its T.G.I.F . line-up . The show stars Melissa Joan Hart as Sabrina Spellman , an American teenager who , on her sixteenth birthday , discovers she has magical powers ( a departure from the Archie Comics , where she has known of her magic powers since an early age as revealed in the Sabrina - That Cute Little Witch storylines in many Little Archie comic books ) . She lives with her 500-year-old aunts , witches Hilda ( played by Caroline Rhea ) and Zelda ( played by Beth Broderick ) , and their magical talking cat , Salem ( voiced by Nick Bakay ) , at 133 Collins Road , in the fictional Boston suburb of Westbridge , Massachusetts through most of the series . The series ' first four seasons aired on ABC from September 27 , 1996 , to May 5 , 2000 ; the final three seasons ran on The WB from September 22 , 2000 , to April 24 , 2003 ."}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '11 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Happy Days Happy Days', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Happy_Days', 'summary': "Happy Days is an American television sitcom that aired first-run from January 15 , 1974 to September 24 , 1984 on ABC , with a total of 255 half-hour episodes spanning eleven seasons . Created by Garry Marshall , the series was one of the most successful of the 1970s , an idealized vision of life in the mid-1950s to mid-1960s Midwestern United States , and starred Ron Howard as young Richie Cunningham , Henry Winkler as his friend Arthur Fonzie Fonzarelli , and Tom Bosley and Marion Ross as Richie 's parents , Howard and Marion Cunningham . Happy Days became one of the biggest successes in television history and heavily influenced the television style of its time . The series began as an unsold pilot starring Howard , Ross and Anson Williams , which aired in 1972 as a segment entitled Love and the Television Set ( later retitled Love and the Happy Days for syndication ) on ABC 's anthology show Love , American Style . Based on the pilot , director George Lucas cast Howard as the lead in his 1973 film American Graffiti , causing ABC to take a renewed interest in the pilot . The first two seasons of Happy Days focused on the experiences and dilemmas of innocent teenager Richie Cunningham , his family , and his high school friends , attempting to honestly depict a wistful look back at adolescence . Initially a moderate success , the series ' ratings began to fall during its second season , causing Marshall to retool it emphasizing broad comedy and spotlighting the previously minor character of Fonzie , a cool biker and high school dropout . Following these changes , Happy Days became the number-one program in television in 1976-1977 , Fonzie became one of the most merchandised characters of the 1970s , and Henry Winkler became a major star . The series also spawned a number of spin-offs , including Laverne & Shirley and Mork & Mindy ."}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '11 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mork and Mindy Mork and Mindy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mork_and_Mindy', 'summary': 'Mork & Mindy is an American sitcom that aired on ABC from September 14 , 1978 to May 27 , 1982 . A spin-off after a highly successful episode of Happy Days , it starred Robin Williams as Mork , an extraterrestrial who comes to Earth from the planet Ork in a small , one-Orkan egg-shaped spaceship and Pam Dawber as Mindy McConnell , his human friend and roommate , and later his wife and the mother of his child .'}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '11 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Brady Bunch The Brady Bunch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch', 'summary': "The Brady Bunch is an American sitcom created by Sherwood Schwartz that aired from September 26 , 1969 , to March 8 , 1974 , on ABC . The series revolves around a large blended family with six children . Considered one of the last of the old-style family sitcoms , the series aired for five seasons and , after its cancellation in 1974 , went into syndication in September 1975 . While the series was never a critical success or hit series during its original run , it has since become a popular staple in syndication , especially among children and teenaged viewers . The Brady Bunch 's success in syndication led to several television reunion films and spin-off series : The Brady Bunch Hour ( 1976-77 ) , The Brady Girls Get Married ( 1981 ) , The Brady Brides ( 1981 ) , A Very Brady Christmas ( 1988 ) , and The Bradys ( 1990 ) . In 1995 , the series was adapted into a satirical comedy theatrical film titled The Brady Bunch Movie , followed by A Very Brady Sequel in 1996 . A second sequel , The Brady Bunch in the White House , aired on Fox in November 2002 as a made-for-television film . In 1997 , Getting Davy Jones ( season three , episode 12 ) was ranked number 37 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time . The enduring popularity of the show has resulted in it becoming widely recognized as an American cultural icon ."}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '11 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Family Ties Family Ties', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Family_Ties', 'summary': 'Family Ties is an American sitcom television series that aired on NBC for seven seasons , premiering on September 22 , 1982 , and concluding on May 14 , 1989 . The series , created by Gary David Goldberg , reflected the move in the United States from the cultural liberalism of the 1960s and 1970s to the conservatism of the 1980s . This culture was particularly expressed through the relationship between young Republican Alex P. Keaton ( portrayed by Michael J . Fox ) and his ex-hippie parents , Steven and Elyse Keaton ( portrayed by Michael Gross and Meredith Baxter ) . The show won multiple awards , including three consecutive Emmy Awards for Michael J . Fox as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '11 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Everybody Loves Raymond Everybody Loves Raymond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Everybody_Loves_Raymond', 'summary': "Everybody Loves Raymond is an American sitcom television series created by Philip Rosenthal that aired on CBS from September 13 , 1996 , to May 16 , 2005 , with a total of 210 episodes spanning over nine seasons . It was produced by Where 's Lunch and Worldwide Pants , in association with HBO Independent Productions . The cast members are Ray Romano , Patricia Heaton , Brad Garrett , Doris Roberts , Peter Boyle , Madylin Sweeten , and Monica Horan . Most episodes of the nine season series were filmed in front of a live studio audience , with a few exceptions . The series has been ranked the 49th all-time funniest television comedy by Complex , the 60th best all-time series by TV Guide , the eleventh-best sitcom starring a stand-up comedian by Rolling Stone , and ( alongside South Park ) the 63rd best written television series by the Writers Guild of America . In a Hollywood Reporter poll of all-time television programs surveying 779 actors , 365 producers and 268 directors , Everybody Loves Raymond ranked 96th ."}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '11 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Simpsons The Simpsons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Simpsons', 'summary': "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series is a satirical depiction of working-class life , epitomized by the Simpson family , which consists of Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa , and Maggie . The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield and parodies American culture and society , television , and the human condition . The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks . Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after his own family members , substituting Bart for his own name . The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 , 1987 . After three seasons , the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became Fox 's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season ( 1989-90 ) . Since its debut on December 17 , 1989 , 674 episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast . It is the longest-running American sitcom , and the longest-running American scripted primetime television series , both in terms of seasons and number of episodes . The Simpsons Movie , a feature-length film , was released in theaters worldwide on July 27 , 2007 , and grossed over $ 527 million . Then on October 30 , 2007 , a video game was released . The Simpsons was renewed on February 6 , 2019 for a thirty-first and thirty-second season ."}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '11 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Futurama Futurama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Futurama', 'summary': "Futurama is an American animated science fiction sitcom created by Matt Groening that ran on Fox from March 28 , 1999 , to August 10 , 2003 , and on Comedy Central from March 23 , 2008 to September 4 , 2013 . The series follows the adventures of slacker Philip J. Fry , who is cryogenically preserved for 1000 years and is revived in the 31st century . Fry finds work at an interplanetary delivery company . The series was envisioned by Groening in the mid-1990s while working on The Simpsons ; he brought David X. Cohen aboard to develop storylines and characters to pitch the show to Fox . Following its initial cancellation by Fox , Futurama begain airing reruns on Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim programming block , which lasted from 2003 to 2007 . It was revived that year as four direct-to-video films , the last of which was released in early 2009 . Comedy Central entered into an agreement with 20th Century Fox Television to syndicate the existing episodes and air the films as 16 new , half-hour episodes , constituting a fifth season . In June 2009 , Comedy Central picked up the show for 26 new half-hour episodes , which began airing in 2010 and 2011 . The show was renewed for a final , seventh season , with the first half airing in 2012 and the second in 2013 . An audio-only episode featuring the original cast members was released in 2017 as an episode of The Nerdist Podcast . Futurama was nominated for 17 Annie Awards , winning seven , and 12 Emmy Awards , winning six . It was nominated four times for a Writers Guild of America Award , winning for the episodes Godfellas and The Prisoner of Benda ."}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '11 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Office The Office', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Office_(U.S._TV_series)', 'summary': "The Office is an American mockumentary sitcom television series that depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . It aired on NBC from March 24 , 2005 , to May 16 , 2013 , lasting a total of nine seasons . It is an adaptation of the original BBC series of the same name and was adapted for American television by Greg Daniels , a veteran writer for Saturday Night Live , King of the Hill , and The Simpsons . It was co-produced by Daniels ' Deedle-Dee Productions , and Reveille Productions ( later Shine America ) , in association with Universal Television . The original executive producers were Daniels , Howard Klein , Ben Silverman , Ricky Gervais , and Stephen Merchant , with numerous others being promoted in later seasons . To simulate the look of an actual documentary it was filmed in a single-camera setup without a studio audience or a laugh track . The series debuted on NBC as a mid-season replacement and aired 201 episodes over the course of its run . The Office originally featured Steve Carell , Rainn Wilson , John Krasinski , Jenna Fischer , and B. J. Novak as the main cast , however , the series experienced numerous changes to its ensemble cast during its run . Notable stars outside the original main cast include Ed Helms , Mindy Kaling , Craig Robinson , James Spader , and Ellie Kemper . The Office was met with mixed reviews during its short first season , but the following seasons , especially those featuring Carell , received considerable acclaim from television critics . These seasons were included on several critics ' year-end top TV series lists , winning several awards such as a Peabody Award in 2006 , two Screen Actors Guild Awards , a Golden Globe Award for Carell 's performance , and four Primetime Emmy Awards , including one for Outstanding Comedy Series in 2006 . Later seasons were criticized for a decline in quality , with many seeing Carell 's departure in season seven as a contributing factor ; however , the final season ended the series ' run with a generally positive response ."}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '11 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nurse Jackie Nurse Jackie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nurse_Jackie', 'summary': "Nurse Jackie is an American medical comedy-drama series . It premiered on Showtime on June 8 , 2009 . The show 's seventh and final season premiered on April 12 , 2015 . The series finale aired on June 28 , 2015 . The show stars Edie Falco as the title character Jackie Peyton , an emergency department nurse at All Saints ' Hospital in New York City . For Jackie , every day is a high wire act of juggling patients , doctors , fellow nurses , and her own indiscretions . The show was well received by critics , with the show winning five Primetime Emmy Awards out of 24 nominations , including one win for Falco and Wever each ."}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '11 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Californication Californication', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Californication_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Californication is an American comedy-drama television series created by Tom Kapinos which aired for seven seasons on Showtime from August 13 , 2007 to June 29 , 2014 . The show follows New Yorker Hank Moody ( David Duchovny ) , a troubled novelist who moves to California and suffers from writer 's block . His drinking , womanizing , and drug abuse complicate his relationships with his longtime lover Karen ( Natascha McElhone ) and their daughter Becca ( Madeleine Martin ) . The show 's other main characters are Hank 's best friend and agent Charlie Runkle ( Evan Handler ) and Charlie 's wife Marcy ( Pamela Adlon ) . Recurring themes are sex , drugs , and rock and roll , all of which are featured regularly , as well as the seedier side of Los Angeles . The show has won several awards , including two Emmy Awards ( nominated for two others ) and one Golden Globe Award ( nominated for five others ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '11 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Love Boat The Love Boat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Love_Boat', 'summary': "The Love Boat ( simply Love Boat in its final season ) is an American comedy/drama television series set on luxury passenger cruise ship S.S. Pacific Princess , which aired on the ABC television network from May 5 , 1977 , until Feb 27 , 1987 ; in addition , four three-hour long specials aired in 1986 , 1987 , and 1990 . The series revolves around the ship 's captain Merrill Stubing ( played by Gavin MacLeod ) and a handful of its crew , with several passengers - played by various guest star actors for each episode - having romantic and humorous adventures . It was part of ABC 's popular Saturday-night lineup of the time , which also included Fantasy Island until that series ended two years earlier in 1984 . Its regular port of call was Puerto Vallarta . The original 1976 made-for-TV movie on which the show was based ( also titled The Love Boat ) was itself based on the nonfiction book Love Boats by Jeraldine Saunders , a real-life cruise director on a passenger cruise ship line . It was followed by two more TV-made-for movies ( titled The Love Boat II and The New Love Boat ) , all before the series began its first season in September 1977 . The executive producer for the series was Aaron Spelling , who produced several TV series for Four Star Television , and American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) from the 1960s into the 1980s . In 1997 , the episode with segment titles Hidden Treasure , Picture from the Past , and Ace 's Salary ( season 9 , episode 3 ) was ranked No . 82 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time from TV Guide magazine . The Love Boat ran for nine seasons plus four specials . Another made-for-TV movie , titled The Love Boat : A Valentine Voyage , starring four of the original cast members , aired finally on February 12 , 1990 ."}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '12 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Touched by an Angel Touched by an Angel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Touched_by_an_Angel', 'summary': 'Touched by an Angel is an American fantasy drama television series that premiered on CBS on September 21 , 1994 , and ran for 211 episodes and nine seasons until its conclusion on April 27 , 2003 . Created by John Masius and executive produced by Martha Williamson , the series stars Roma Downey , as an angel named Monica , and Della Reese , as her supervisor Tess . Throughout the series , Monica is tasked with bringing guidance and messages from God to various people who are at a crossroads in their lives . From season three onward , they are frequently joined by Andrew ( John Dye ) , the angel of death ( who first appeared as a recurring character in season two ) . The series went into syndication in 1998 , and has aired on Ion Television ( formerly PAX-TV ) , Hallmark Channel , CBS Drama , Up , Disney Channel UK , MeTV and Start TV .'}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '12 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7th Heaven 7th Heaven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/7th_Heaven_(TV_series)', 'summary': '7th Heaven is an American family drama television series created and produced by Brenda Hampton that centers on the Camden family and their lives in the fictional town of Glenoak , California . The series debuted on August 26 , 1996 , on The WB , where it aired for ten seasons . Following the shutdown of The WB and its merger with UPN to form The CW , the series aired on the new network on September 25 , 2006 , for its eleventh and final season , airing its final episode on May 13 , 2007 . 7th Heaven was the last series to be produced by Spelling Television ( later produced by CBS Paramount Network Television for the eleventh and final season ) before it was shut down and became an in-name-only unit of CBS Television Studios .'}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '12 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Cleveland Show The Cleveland Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Cleveland_Show', 'summary': "The Cleveland Show is an American animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane , Richard Appel , and Mike Henry for the Fox Broadcasting Company as a spin-off of Family Guy . The series centered on the Browns and Tubbs , two dysfunctional families consisting of parents Cleveland Brown and Donna Tubbs and their children Cleveland Brown , Jr. , Roberta Tubbs , and Rallo Tubbs . Similar to Family Guy , it exhibited much of its humor in the form of cutaway gags that often lampoon American culture . The series was conceived by MacFarlane in 2007 after developing the two animated series Family Guy and American Dad ! for the Fox network . MacFarlane centered the show on Family Guy character Cleveland Brown , his new wife Donna Tubbs , his step-children Rallo and Roberta Tubbs , and his son Cleveland , Jr. , who , in the show , is depicted as an obese , soft-spoken teen , as opposed to his depiction as a younger , hyperactive child with average body weight on Family Guy . The series originally aired from September 27 , 2009 , to May 19 , 2013 , for a total of four seasons and 88 episodes . The Cleveland Show was nominated for one Annie Award , one Primetime Emmy Award , and two Teen Choice Awards , but received mixed reviews from media critics . The series was canceled after its fourth season . Cleveland has since returned to Family Guy , accompanied by the rest of the Brown-Tubbs family , as of the twelfth season episode He 's Bla-ack ! . In July 2010 , the Turner Broadcasting System picked up syndication rights , for their networks TBS and Adult Swim . The series first aired in syndication on Adult Swim on Cartoon Network in the United States on September 29 , 2012 and on MuchMusic in Canada on September 2 , 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '12 January', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Programming changes -- Changes to network affiliation', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2011_in_Australian_television_5', 'intro': 'This is a list of Australian television events and premieres which occurred in 2011. This year will be the 56th year of continuous operation of television in Australia.'}	null	null	Who created and produced the show that is set in the fictional town of Glenoak , California , and began airing on Australian television in 2011 on 12th January ?	Brenda Hampton
07ae2e3a7de98da7	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Woodlands_Wellington_FC_season', 'title': '2010 Woodlands Wellington FC season', 'header': ['Position', 'Player', 'Transferred From', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'GK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fajar Sarib', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Geylang United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geylang_United', 'summary': 'Geylang International Football Club is a professional football club based in Bedok , Singapore , which plays in the Singapore Premier League . The club was founded in 1973 with the purpose of building a successful football team that would be remembered for generations to come . They played their first season in 1974 , winning the FAS Division Three League which earns a spot in National Football League Division One the following year . They enjoyed their greatest successes in 1980s and 90s , winning six consecutive FAS Premier League titles . Geylang International has won the league championship twice , since the inception of a professional league in 1996 . They have won the 1997 Singapore FA Cup final and Singapore Cup once . Their greatest season was 1996 , when they became the first team to win the league championship and FA Cup . They also reached the 1997 Singapore FA Cup final , 2001 and 2003 Singapore Cup final , and the 2012 Singapore League Cup final as runners-up . Geylang International has a tradition rivalry with closest neighbour Tampines Rovers . Matches between these two are referred to as the Eastern derby .'}]}, {'value': '1 January 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hafez Mawasi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Balestier Khalsa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balestier_Khalsa', 'summary': "Balestier Khalsa Football Club is a professional football club which plays in Singapore Premier League . The club 's logo depicts a Tiger , the nickname of the club , on top of a pair of Kirpan . The logo is made up of key elements from the two clubs it was merged from . The Tiger is the mascot of the Balestier half of the merged entity while the kirpan is a religious dagger worn by members of the Sikh faith , who were a major backer of half of the merged entity through the Clementi club ."}]}, {'value': '1 January 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winston Yap', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winston_Yap', 'summary': 'Winston Yap was a former Singapore international football player who last played for Woodlands Wellington in the S-League . He retired in 2010 to pursue a career in coaching , making it his third and final retirement from professional football .'}]}, {'value': 'Sengkang Punggol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sengkang_Punggol', 'summary': "Hougang United Football Club is a professional football club in Singapore 's professional league Singapore Premier League ."}]}, {'value': '1 January 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kazuki Yoshino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazuki_Yoshino', 'summary': 'Kazuki Yoshino ( 吉野一基 , Yoshino Kazuki , born 23 January 1985 ) is a Japanese former footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Albirex Niigata ( S )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albirex_Niigata_Singapore_FC', 'summary': 'Albirex Niigata Singapore FC , abbreviated as Albirex Niigata ( S ) , is a football club that plays in the Singapore Premier League . The club is a satellite team of Albirex Niigata of Japan .'}]}, {'value': '1 January 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sahairi Ramri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Balestier Khalsa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balestier_Khalsa', 'summary': "Balestier Khalsa Football Club is a professional football club which plays in Singapore Premier League . The club 's logo depicts a Tiger , the nickname of the club , on top of a pair of Kirpan . The logo is made up of key elements from the two clubs it was merged from . The Tiger is the mascot of the Balestier half of the merged entity while the kirpan is a religious dagger worn by members of the Sikh faith , who were a major backer of half of the merged entity through the Clementi club ."}]}, {'value': '1 January 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syed Karim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syed_Karim', 'summary': 'Syed Karim ( born 21 May 1984 ) is a professional footballer who plays for Tanjong Pagar United FC in the S.League . He is a natural centre midfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'SAFFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SAFFC', 'summary': 'Warriors Football Club is a Singaporean professional football club that plays in the top-tier Singapore Premier League . Before they officially changed their name on 20 January 2013 , they were previously known as the Singapore Armed Forces Football Club ( SAFFC ) since their establishment on 16 February 1996 . Despite their name back then , membership of the Armed Forces was not a prerequisite for players representing the team , and several international players have played for them . Using a rhino as club mascot was their second suggestion after the S.League rejected their initial proposal of having a warrior as being out of line with the policy of clubs having animal mascots . Warriors F.C . is currently the most successful club in the history of the S.League , having won the title a record nine times : in 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2014 and finishing second in 4 seasons : 1996 , 1999 , 2001 , 2005 in the 22 years since the inception of the S.League . The Warriors was based in Jurong Stadium till 2000 before moving to their home ground Choa Chu Kang Stadium in 2001 . In light of the preparation of the 2015 SEA Games , the Warriors had to vacate Choa Chu Kang Stadium and will instead play their home matches at the Woodlands Stadium for the 2015 season instead . Warriors will move to their Jurong East Stadium in 2019 season and shared with Albirex Niigata Singapore FC . The Warriors have signed a five-year agreement with Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund ( BVB ) , as reported in a Fox Sports Asia article .'}]}, {'value': '1 January 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohd Noor Ali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohd_Noor_Ali', 'summary': 'Mohd Noor Ali is a Singaporean former footballer and current head coach .'}]}, {'value': 'Geylang United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geylang_United', 'summary': 'Geylang International Football Club is a professional football club based in Bedok , Singapore , which plays in the Singapore Premier League . The club was founded in 1973 with the purpose of building a successful football team that would be remembered for generations to come . They played their first season in 1974 , winning the FAS Division Three League which earns a spot in National Football League Division One the following year . They enjoyed their greatest successes in 1980s and 90s , winning six consecutive FAS Premier League titles . Geylang International has won the league championship twice , since the inception of a professional league in 1996 . They have won the 1997 Singapore FA Cup final and Singapore Cup once . Their greatest season was 1996 , when they became the first team to win the league championship and FA Cup . They also reached the 1997 Singapore FA Cup final , 2001 and 2003 Singapore Cup final , and the 2012 Singapore League Cup final as runners-up . Geylang International has a tradition rivalry with closest neighbour Tampines Rovers . Matches between these two are referred to as the Eastern derby .'}]}, {'value': '1 January 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guntur Djafril', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guntur_Djafril', 'summary': 'Guntur Djafril is a professional soccer player who plays for Admiralty FC in the NFL Division 1 , the second tier of football in Singapore . Before that he played for Woodlands Wellington FC in the S.League . He played as a striker during his Prime League days but was deployed as a winger while playing for Woodlands Wellington FC .'}]}, {'value': 'SAFFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SAFFC', 'summary': 'Warriors Football Club is a Singaporean professional football club that plays in the top-tier Singapore Premier League . Before they officially changed their name on 20 January 2013 , they were previously known as the Singapore Armed Forces Football Club ( SAFFC ) since their establishment on 16 February 1996 . Despite their name back then , membership of the Armed Forces was not a prerequisite for players representing the team , and several international players have played for them . Using a rhino as club mascot was their second suggestion after the S.League rejected their initial proposal of having a warrior as being out of line with the policy of clubs having animal mascots . Warriors F.C . is currently the most successful club in the history of the S.League , having won the title a record nine times : in 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2014 and finishing second in 4 seasons : 1996 , 1999 , 2001 , 2005 in the 22 years since the inception of the S.League . The Warriors was based in Jurong Stadium till 2000 before moving to their home ground Choa Chu Kang Stadium in 2001 . In light of the preparation of the 2015 SEA Games , the Warriors had to vacate Choa Chu Kang Stadium and will instead play their home matches at the Woodlands Stadium for the 2015 season instead . Warriors will move to their Jurong East Stadium in 2019 season and shared with Albirex Niigata Singapore FC . The Warriors have signed a five-year agreement with Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund ( BVB ) , as reported in a Fox Sports Asia article .'}]}, {'value': '1 January 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sazali Salleh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sazali_Salleh', 'summary': 'Sazali Salleh is a former Singapore international football player who plays for Tanjong Pagar United in the S.League .'}]}, {'value': 'Sengkang Punggol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sengkang_Punggol', 'summary': "Hougang United Football Club is a professional football club in Singapore 's professional league Singapore Premier League ."}]}, {'value': '1 January 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laakkad Abdelhadi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laakkad_Abdelhadi', 'summary': 'Abdelhadi Laakkad ( born 27 April 1977 ) is a professional soccer player from Morocco . He was currently plays for Pro Duta FC in the Liga Indonesia Premier Division ( LPIS ) . He previously plays for Woodlands Wellington FC in the S.League . He is the current all-time top goalscorer for Woodlands Wellington , whom he played for in the S.League between 2006 and 2008 , and again in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Free Transfer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 January 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rizawan Abdullah', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Balestier Khalsa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balestier_Khalsa', 'summary': "Balestier Khalsa Football Club is a professional football club which plays in Singapore Premier League . The club 's logo depicts a Tiger , the nickname of the club , on top of a pair of Kirpan . The logo is made up of key elements from the two clubs it was merged from . The Tiger is the mascot of the Balestier half of the merged entity while the kirpan is a religious dagger worn by members of the Sikh faith , who were a major backer of half of the merged entity through the Clementi club ."}]}, {'value': '1 January 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rachid Lajane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rachid_Lajane', 'summary': 'Rachid Lajane ( born 4 June 1986 ) is a Moroccan former professional footballer who last played for Woodlands Wellington of the Singapore S.League , in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Raja Al Hoceima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raja_Al_Hoceima', 'summary': 'Raja Al Hoceima are a Moroccan football club , based in the town of Al Hoceima , and playing in the GNF 2 ( second division ) .'}]}, {'value': '26 February 2010', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Transfers -- In', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2010_Woodlands_Wellington_Season_0', 'intro': "The 2010 season was Woodlands Wellington's 15th competitive and consecutive season in the top flight of Singapore football and 23rd year in existence as a football club."}	null	null	What was the mascot of the club where a member born in 1984 used to play for ?	A rhino
07ae83547c9f73a0	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Colleges_of_Osteopathic_Medicine_Application_Service', 'title': 'American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine Application Service', 'header': ['State', 'School', 'City', 'Est'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine', 'summary': "The Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine is a private , non-profit medical school for osteopathic medicine located in the city of Dothan in the U.S. state of Alabama . It is the first osteopathic medical school in the state and is believed to be the first osteopathic medical school in the nation established by a regional not-for-profit hospital . On April 24 , 2017 , the American Osteopathic Association 's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ( COCA ) , awarded ACOM full accreditation status . Graduates of the college receive a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree ( D.O. ) . The first class began study on 5 August 2013 , and graduated on 13 May 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dothan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dothan,_Alabama', 'summary': "Dothan /ˈdoʊθən/ is a city in Dale , Henry , and Houston counties in the U.S. state of Alabama . It is the county seat of Houston County and the seventh largest city in Alabama , with a population of 65,496 at the 2010 census . It is near the state 's southeastern corner , approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the Georgia state line and 16 miles ( 26 km ) north of Florida . It is named after the biblical city , the place where Joseph 's brothers threw him into a cistern and sold him into slavery in Egypt . Dothan is the principal city of the Dothan , Alabama metropolitan area , which encompasses all of Geneva , Henry , and Houston counties ; the small portion in Dale County is part of the Ozark Micropolitan Statistical Area . The combined population of the entire Dothan metropolitan area in 2010 was 145,639 . The city serves as the main transportation and commercial hub for a significant part of southeastern Alabama , southwest Georgia , and nearby portions of the Florida Panhandle . Since approximately one-fourth of the U.S. peanut crop is produced nearby , much of it processed in the city , Dothan is known as The Peanut Capital of the World . It also hosts the annual National Peanut Festival at the dedicated Peanut Festival Fairgrounds ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A.T . Still University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.T._Still_University_School_of_Osteopathic_Medicine_in_Arizona', 'summary': 'A.T . Still University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona ( ATSU-SOMA ) is an osteopathic medical school in the United States granting the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree . Established in 2007 , ATSU-SOMA is located at the Mesa , Arizona campus of A.T . Still University . A.T . Still University ( ATSU ) is the original founding institution of osteopathic healthcare , established in 1892 by Andrew Taylor Still in Kirksville , Missouri . SOMA is accredited by the Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ( COCA ) of the American Osteopathic Association ( AOA ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Mesa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Mesa ( /ˈmeɪsə/ MAY-sə ) is a city in Maricopa County , in the U.S. state of Arizona . It is a suburb located about 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Phoenix in the East Valley section of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area . It is bordered by Tempe on the west , the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community on the north , Chandler and Gilbert on the south along with Queen Creek , and Apache Junction on the east . Mesa is the largest suburban city by population in the United States , the third-largest city in Arizona after Phoenix and Tucson , the 35th-largest city overall in the US , and the largest city that is not a county seat . The city is home to 508,958 people as of 2018 according to the Census Bureau , which makes it more populous than major cities such as Minneapolis , St. Louis , or Miami . Mesa is home to numerous higher education facilities including the Polytechnic campus of Arizona State University . It is also home to the largest relief airport in the Phoenix area , Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport , which is located in the southeastern corner of the city .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midwestern University Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midwestern_University', 'summary': "Midwestern University ( MWU ) is a private graduate medical and professional school with a main campus in Downers Grove , Illinois and an additional campus in Glendale , Arizona . Midwestern University offers degrees in osteopathic medicine , podiatry , dental medicine , optometry , nurse anesthesia , clinical psychology , physician assistant studies , physical therapy , pharmacy , occupational therapy , speech-language pathology , biomedical sciences , and veterinary medicine . As of 2019 , a total of 2,932 students were enrolled at the Downers Grove campus and 3,295 were enrolled at the Glendale campus . Founded in 1900 as the American College of Osteopathic Medicine and Surgery , the Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine is the fourth-oldest medical school currently active in the state of Illinois . Over the years , the university expanded , adding additional degrees and programs ; in 1993 , the school united these programs under the name Midwestern University . In 1995 , the school opened an additional campus in Glendale , Arizona , becoming the second and largest medical school to teach students in the state of Arizona . The university is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission . The medical schools are also accredited by the American Osteopathic Association 's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ."}]}, {'value': 'Glendale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Glendale /ˈɡlɛndeɪl/ is a city in Maricopa County , Arizona , United States , located about nine miles ( 14 km ) northwest from Downtown Phoenix . According to the 2018 U.S. Census estimates , the population of the city is 250,702 .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Touro University California College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Touro_University_California', 'summary': "Established in 1997 , Touro University California was originally located in San Francisco with its inaugural class composed of 67 students . In 1999 , officials decided to relocate to the southern area of Mare Island due to its large capacity and restored two naval quarters buildings originally built in the 1930s and had the lease option to renovate ten other buildings intended to become diagnostic and research laboratories . Touro University California 's main buildings are Farragut Inn , named in honor of Commander David G. Farragut , Wilderman Hall in honor of Commander Alvin Wilderman , and Lander Hall named in honor of Dr. Bernard Lander , the founder of the Touro College system . After Western University of Health Sciences ' College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific received accreditation in 1982 , Touro University California 's College of Osteopathic Medicine became the second osteopathic medical school program to open in the state of California ."}]}, {'value': 'Vallejo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vallejo,_California', 'summary': "Vallejo ( /vəˈleɪ ( h ) oʊ/ və-LAY- ( h ) oh ; Spanish : [ baˈʎexo ] ) is a waterfront city in Solano County , California , located in the North Bay subregion of the San Francisco Bay Area . Vallejo is geographically the closest North Bay city to the inner East Bay , so it is sometimes associated with that region . Its population was 115,942 at the 2010 census . It is the tenth most populous city in the San Francisco Bay Area , and the largest in Solano County . Vallejo sits on the northeastern shore of San Pablo Bay , 30 miles north of San Francisco , the northwestern shore of the Carquinez Strait and the southern end of the Napa River , 15 miles south of Napa . The city is named after General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo , a native Californio , leading proponent of California 's statehood , and one of the first members of the California State Senate ; the neighboring city of Benicia is named for his wife , Francisca Benicia Carrillo de Vallejo . Vallejo is home to the Six Flags Discovery Kingdom theme park , the now-defunct Mare Island Naval Shipyard , and the regional office for Region 5 of the United States Forest Service . The colleges and universities in Vallejo are California Maritime Academy , the Vallejo Center campus of Solano Community College , and Touro University California . Vallejo 's public transit includes the San Francisco Bay Ferry , which regularly runs from downtown Vallejo to the San Francisco Ferry Building . SolTrans buses carry passengers around the cities of Vallejo and Benicia , as well as offer express services to Fairfield , California , and Bay Area Rapid Transit stations in El Cerrito , California and Walnut Creek , California . Evans Transportation buses provide daily service to Oakland International Airport from a Courtyard by Marriott hotel adjacent to Six Flags Discovery Kingdom . Vallejo has twice served as the capital of the state of California : once in 1852 and again in 1853 , both periods being brief ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western University of Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_University_of_Health_Sciences', 'summary': 'Western University of Health Sciences ( WesternU ) is a United States private , non-profit graduate school for the health professions , with a main campus located on 22 acres ( 8.9 ha ) in downtown Pomona , California , and an additional medical school campus on 50 acres in Lebanon , Oregon . WesternU offers degrees in osteopathic medicine , dental medicine , optometry , podiatric medicine , nursing , physician assistant studies , physical therapy , pharmacy , biomedical sciences , and veterinary medicine . With an enrollment of 3,833 students ( 2018-19 ) , WesternU is one of the largest graduate schools for the health professions in California , offering 21 academic programs in nine colleges . Under the banner of WesternU Health , the university operates a variety of patient care facilities in California and Oregon . The Pomona and Portland ( Oregon ) campuses both include a medical center , dental center , eye care institute , pharmacy , and travel health center , all of which are open to the public . WesternU-Pomona also is home to the Pet Health Center , which provides a wide variety of veterinary services , including vaccinations , surgery , and dental care . Dental services are offered at the Rancho Mirage campus , while a Los Angeles campus provides optometry services . Several nonprofit organizations are based at the WesternU Pomona campus , including the Harris Family Center for Disability and Health Policy . The Center for Oral Health , an independent non-profit organization focusing on promoting oral health , moved from the Bay area to the WesternU Pomona campus in 2012 . In 2015 , the Southern California Medical Museum moved to the Pomona campus . Founded in 1977 , the first program at WesternU was its medical school , the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific ( COMP ) . Since that time , several additional programs have opened .'}, {'url': '/wiki/College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine_of_the_Pacific', 'summary': 'The College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific ( COMP ) is a private , non-profit medical school for osteopathic medicine located in downtown Pomona , in the U.S. state of California . The college opened in 1977 as the only osteopathic medical school west of the Rocky Mountains . COMP was the founding program of Western University of Health Sciences ( WesternU ) , which now has 8 colleges in addition to COMP , each offering professional degrees in various fields of healthcare . COMP has a single 4-year program , conferring the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( D.O . ) degree . Graduates are eligible to practice medicine in all 50 states and more than 85 countries . In 2011 , the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific opened a branch campus in Lebanon , Oregon called COMP-Northwest . COMP is accredited by the American Osteopathic Associations Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation .'}]}, {'value': 'Pomona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pomona,_California', 'summary': "Pomona ( /pəˈmoʊnə/ ) is a city in Los Angeles County , California , United States . Pomona is located in the Pomona Valley , between the Inland Empire and the San Gabriel Valley . As of the 2010 United States Census , the city 's population was 149,058 . The California State Polytechnic University , Pomona , also known as Cal Poly Pomona or merely as Cal Poly , main campus lies mostly within Pomona 's city limits ; some campus areas lie within San Dimas and Walnut 's city limits ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rocky_Vista_University_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine', 'summary': "Rocky Vista University ( RVU ) is a private , for-profit osteopathic medical school with campus locations in Parker , Colorado and Ivins , Utah . The school opened in 2006 as the only modern for-profit medical school in the United States , although several other for-profit schools have since opened . RVU 's College of Osteopathic Medicine ( RVUCOM ) grants the degree of Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine and admitted its inaugural class of medical students at the Parker , Colorado campus in August 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Parker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parker,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Parker is a home rule municipality in Douglas County , Colorado , United States . As a self-declared town under the Home Rule statutes , Parker is the second most populous town in the county ; Castle Rock is the most populous ( the community of Highlands Ranch , with a population of over 96,000 , is an unincorporated CDP ) . In recent years , Parker has become a commuter town at the southeasternmost corner of the Denver metropolitan area . As of the 2010 census the town population was 45,297 ; the estimated population in 2018 was 55,636 . Parker is now the 19th most populous municipality in the state of Colorado .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Bradenton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Erie_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine', 'summary': "The Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine ( LECOM ) is a private graduate school of medicine , dentistry , and pharmacy with a main campus in Erie , Pennsylvania , and branch campuses located in Greensburg , Pennsylvania and Bradenton , Florida . Founded in 1992 , LECOM confers degrees in osteopathic medicine ( D.O . ) , pharmacy ( PharmD ) , and dentistry ( DMD ) , as well as master 's degrees in Health Services Administration , Biomedical Sciences , and Medical Education . LECOM operates one of the few accelerated three-year pharmacy programs in the country , and is one of 2 pharmacy schools in the country with a distance education program . With over 2,200 enrolled medical students , the College of Osteopathic Medicine at LECOM is the largest in the United States . LECOM is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education , the American Osteopathic Association 's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation , the Commission on Dental Accreditation , and the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education ."}]}, {'value': 'Bradenton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradenton,_Florida', 'summary': "Bradenton ( /ˈbreɪdəntən/ BRAY-dən-tən ) is a city in Manatee County , Florida , United States . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's 2018 population to be 57,644 . Bradenton is a principal city of the North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton metropolitan statistical area , which had a 2018 estimated population of 821,573 . It is the county seat ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nova_Southeastern_University_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine', 'summary': "Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine is a private , non-profit medical school for osteopathic medicine located in Davie , in the U.S. state of Florida . Founded in 1979 as the only osteopathic medical school located in the Southeastern United States , the college is an academic division of Nova Southeastern University . The college confers the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree , and is accredited by the American Osteopathic Association 's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ."}]}, {'value': 'Davie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davie,_Florida', 'summary': 'Davie is a town in Broward County , Florida , United States about 24 miles north of Miami . The town′s population was 91,992 at the 2010 census . Davie is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census . It is the most populous municipality labelled as a ″town in Florida , and the fourth most populous such community in the United States , trailing only Hempstead , New York ; Gilbert , Arizona ; and Cary , North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine - Georgia Campus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine', 'summary': "Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine ( PCOM ) is a private medical school with its main campus in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and additional locations in Suwanee , Georgia ( PCOM Georgia ) and Moultrie , Georgia ( PCOM South Georgia ) . Founded in 1899 , PCOM is one of the nation 's oldest osteopathic medical schools . PCOM also operates several healthcare centers in Philadelphia and an osteopathic care clinic in Suwanee , Georgia . Additionally , PCOM sponsors residency training programs , which train newly graduated physicians . The Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging , which aims to improve quality of life for elderly individuals , is located on the Philadelphia campus ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Illinois', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midwestern University Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midwestern_University', 'summary': "Midwestern University ( MWU ) is a private graduate medical and professional school with a main campus in Downers Grove , Illinois and an additional campus in Glendale , Arizona . Midwestern University offers degrees in osteopathic medicine , podiatry , dental medicine , optometry , nurse anesthesia , clinical psychology , physician assistant studies , physical therapy , pharmacy , occupational therapy , speech-language pathology , biomedical sciences , and veterinary medicine . As of 2019 , a total of 2,932 students were enrolled at the Downers Grove campus and 3,295 were enrolled at the Glendale campus . Founded in 1900 as the American College of Osteopathic Medicine and Surgery , the Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine is the fourth-oldest medical school currently active in the state of Illinois . Over the years , the university expanded , adding additional degrees and programs ; in 1993 , the school united these programs under the name Midwestern University . In 1995 , the school opened an additional campus in Glendale , Arizona , becoming the second and largest medical school to teach students in the state of Arizona . The university is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission . The medical schools are also accredited by the American Osteopathic Association 's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ."}]}, {'value': 'Downers Grove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Downers_Grove,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Downers Grove is a village in DuPage County , Illinois , United States . It was founded in 1832 by Pierce Downer , whose surname serves as the eponym for the village . It is a southwestern suburb of Chicago in the I-55 Corridor .'}]}, {'value': '1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marian_University_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine', 'summary': "The Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine is a private , non-profit medical school for osteopathic medicine located in Indianapolis , in the U.S. state of Indiana . It is one of the colleges at Marian University , and the first osteopathic medical school to open at a Roman Catholic university . Founded in 2010 , the college holds accreditation status with the American Osteopathic Association 's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ( COCA ) . Graduates of the college will receive a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( D.O . ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Indianapolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana', 'summary': "Indianapolis ( /ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/ ) , often shortened to Indy , is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County . According to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County was 876,862 . The balance population , which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County , was 867,125 . It is the 17th most populous city in the U.S . The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 34th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. , with 2,048,703 residents . Its combined statistical area ranks 28th , with a population of 2,431,361 . Indianapolis covers 368 square miles ( 950 km2 ) , making it the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indigenous peoples inhabited the area dating to approximately 2000 BC . In 1818 , the Delaware relinquished their tribal lands in the Treaty of St. Mary 's . In 1821 , Indianapolis was founded as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana 's state government . The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile ( 2.6 km2 ) grid next to the White River . Completion of the National and Michigan roads and arrival of rail later solidified the city 's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub . Two of the city 's nicknames reflect its historical ties to transportation - the Crossroads of America and Railroad City ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iowa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Des_Moines_University', 'summary': "Des Moines University ( DMU ) is an osteopathic medical school in Des Moines , Iowa . Founded in 1898 , Des Moines University is the second oldest osteopathic medical school and the fifteenth largest medical school in the United States . DMU offers eight academic degree degrees , including osteopathic medicine , podiatry , physician assistant studies , physical therapy , health care administration , public health , anatomy and biomedical sciences . There are over 14,000 total alumni . The university is accredited by the American Osteopathic Association 's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ( COCA ) and by the Higher Learning Commission ( HLC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Des Moines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa', 'summary': "Des Moines ( /dɪˈmɔɪn/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Iowa . It is also the county seat of Polk County . A small part of the city extends into Warren County . It was incorporated on September 22 , 1851 , as Fort Des Moines , which was shortened to Des Moines in 1857 . It is on and named after the Des Moines River , which likely was adapted from the early French name , Rivière des Moines , meaning River of the Monks . The city 's population was 216,853 as of the 2018 population estimate . The five-county metropolitan area is ranked 89th in terms of population in the United States with 655,409 residents according to the 2018 estimate by the United States Census Bureau , and is the largest metropolitan area fully located within the state . A portion of the larger Omaha , Nebraska , metropolitan area extends into three counties of southwest Iowa . Des Moines is a major center of the US insurance industry and has a sizable financial services and publishing business base . The city was credited as the number one spot for U.S. insurance companies in a Business Wire article and named the third-largest insurance capital of the world . The city is the headquarters for the Principal Financial Group , the Meredith Corporation , Ruan Transportation , TMC Transportation , EMC Insurance Companies , and Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield . Other major corporations such as Wells Fargo , Voya Financial , Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company , ACE Limited , Marsh , Monsanto , and DuPont Pioneer have large operations in or near the metropolitan area ."}]}, {'value': '1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Pikeville Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Pikeville_Kentucky_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine', 'summary': 'The University of Pikeville - Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine ( UP-KYCOM ) is a private , non-profit , osteopathic medical school located in Pikeville , in the U.S. state of Kentucky . UP-KYCOM was established in 1997 , grants the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree , and is an academic division of the University of Pikeville . The college is accredited by the Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ( COCA ) and by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . KYCOM places special emphasis on osteopathic manipulative medicine , community and behavioral medicine , ambulatory care , and rural medicine . The school is one of thirty osteopathic medical schools in the United States . Pikeville Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine trains the second most primary care physicians of any medical school in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Pikeville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pikeville,_Kentucky', 'summary': "Pikeville ( /ˈpaɪkvəl/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Pike County , Kentucky , United States . During the 2010 U.S. Census , the population within Pikeville 's city limits was 6,903 . In Kentucky 's current city classification system , Pikeville is a home rule-class city , a category that includes all of the state 's more than 400 cities except for the two largest , Louisville and Lexington ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_University_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine', 'summary': "The Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine ( MSUCOM ) is the osteopathic medical school of Michigan State University located in East Lansing , Michigan . The college grants the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( D.O . ) degree , as well as a DO-PhD combined degree for students interested in training as physician-scientists . MSUCOM operates two satellite campuses in Clinton Township and Detroit . The college is accredited by the American Osteopathic Association 's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ( COCA ) and by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools ."}]}, {'value': 'East Lansing , Detroit , Clinton Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Lansing,_Michigan', 'summary': 'East Lansing is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan directly east of Lansing , the state capital . Most of the city is within Ingham County , with the rest in Clinton County . The population was 48,579 at the 2010 census , an increase from 46,420 in 2000 . It is best known as the home of Michigan State University . It is part of the Lansing-East Lansing metropolitan area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Detroit,_MI', 'summary': "Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Clinton_Township,_Macomb_County,_Michigan', 'summary': "Clinton Charter Township is a charter township and a census-designated place ( CDP ) of Macomb County in the U.S. state of Michigan . It is a part of Metro Detroit . As of the 2010 census , the township had a total population of 96,796 , and is Michigan 's most populous township . It is also the tenth largest municipality in Michigan . The township is socioeconomically diverse , a mix of middle class communities and also including many upscale and exclusive areas that many notable people , such as Eminem , call home . Clinton Township is home to many parks , notably George George Memorial Park . The main branch of the Clinton River , for which the township was named , runs through Clinton Township ."}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_New_England_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine', 'summary': 'The University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine ( UNECOM ) is a private , non-profit osteopathic medical school , located in Biddeford , Maine . Founded in 1978 , the school remains the only medical school in the U.S. state of Maine . The college is part of the University of New England , and grants two degrees : the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( D.O . ) degree and a Master of Medical Education Leadership . According to U.S. News & World Report , UNECOM graduates the 6th most physicians of any U.S. medical school that go on to practice in a primary care specialty . UNECOM is accredited by the Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ( COCA ) and by the Commission on Institutions of Higher Education of the New England Association of Schools and Colleges .'}]}, {'value': 'Portland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portland,_Maine', 'summary': "Portland is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maine and the seat of Cumberland County . Portland 's population was 66,417 as of 2018 . The Greater Portland metropolitan area is home to over half a million people , more than one-third of Maine 's total population , making it the most populous metropolitan area in northern New England ( an area comprising the states of Maine , New Hampshire , and Vermont ) and the 106th-largest in the United States . Portland 's economy relies mostly on the service sector and tourism . The Old Port district is known for its 19th-century architecture and nightlife . Marine industry still plays an important role in the city 's economy , with an active waterfront that supports fishing and commercial shipping . The Port of Portland is the largest tonnage seaport in New England . The city seal depicts a phoenix rising from ashes , which is a reference to the recoveries from four devastating fires . Portland was named after the English Isle of Portland , Dorset . In turn , the city of Portland , Oregon was named after Portland , Maine . Portland itself comes from the Old English word Portlanda , which literally means land surrounding a harbor ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mississippi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Carey University College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Carey_University', 'summary': "William Carey University ( also known as Carey , William Carey , or WCU ) is a private Christian liberal arts college in Mississippi , affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention and the Mississippi Baptist Convention . The main campus is in Hattiesburg , and a second campus is in the Tradition community near Gulfport and Biloxi . William Carey University was founded by W. I. Thames in 1892 as Pearl River Boarding School in Poplarville , Mississippi . A disastrous fire destroyed the school in 1905 , and in 1906 , with the backing of a group of New Orleans businessmen , Thames reopened the school in Hattiesburg as South Mississippi College . Another fire destroyed the young institution , forcing it to close . In 1911 , W. S. F. Tatum acquired the property and offered it as a gift to the Baptists , and the school reopened as Mississippi Woman 's College . In 1953 , the Mississippi Baptist Convention voted to make the college coeducational , which necessitated a new name . In 1954 , the board of trustees selected the name William Carey College in honor of William Carey , the 18th-century English cordwainer-linguist whose decades of missionary activity in India earned him international recognition as the Father of Modern Missions . The gained official university status in 2006 . The university offers baccalaureate degrees in arts and letters , education , natural and behavioral sciences , business , religion , music , and nursing . It also offers M.B.A , M.Ed. , M.S . in psychology , M.S ."}]}, {'value': 'Hattiesburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hattiesburg,_Mississippi', 'summary': "Hattiesburg is a city in the U.S. state of Mississippi , primarily in Forrest County ( where it is the county seat ) and extending west into Lamar County . The city population was 45,989 at the 2010 census , with an estimated population of 45,951 in 2018 . It is the principal city of the Hattiesburg , Mississippi , Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses Forrest , Lamar and Perry counties . Development of the interior of Mississippi by European Americans took place primarily after the American Civil War . Before that time , only properties along the major rivers were developed as plantations . Founded in 1882 by civil engineer William H. Hardy , Hattiesburg was named in honor of Hardy 's wife Hattie . The town was incorporated two years later with a population of 400 . Hattiesburg 's population first expanded as a center of the lumber and railroad industries , from which was derived the nickname The Hub City . It now attracts newcomers because of the diversity of its economy , strong neighborhoods , and the central location in South Mississippi . Hattiesburg is home to The University of Southern Mississippi ( founded as Mississippi Normal College , for the training of teachers ) and William Carey University ( formerly William Carey College ) . South of Hattiesburg is Camp Shelby , the largest US National Guard training base east of the Mississippi River ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missouri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A. T. Still University Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A._T._Still_University', 'summary': "A.T . Still University of Health Sciences ( ATSU ) is a non-profit , private , graduate school focusing on health sciences , as well as the world 's first osteopathic medical school . Founded in 1892 by Dr. Andrew Taylor Still , the school is based in Kirksville , Missouri , United States , with a second campus in Arizona . ATSU is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools . ATSU includes two campuses on 200 acres with six schools that offer residential programs in athletic training , audiology , biomedical science , dentistry , occupational therapy , osteopathic medicine , physician assistant studies , physical therapy , and online programs in health science , public health , and transitional doctoral programs in various health professions . ATSU is made up of the following schools/colleges :"}]}, {'value': 'Kirksville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirksville,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Kirksville is a city in and the county seat of Adair County , Missouri , United States . Located in the Benton Township , its population was 17,505 at the 2010 census . Kirksville is home to two colleges : Truman State University and A.T . Still University .'}]}, {'value': '1892', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missouri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_University_of_Medicine_and_Biosciences', 'summary': "Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences ( KCU ) is a private , non-profit , graduate school for the health professions , with a main campus located on 23 acres in Kansas City , in the U.S. state of Missouri . Founded in 1916 , KCU is one of the original osteopathic medical schools in the United States and has an excellent reputation for its rigorous curriculum . The University consists of both a College of Osteopathic Medicine and a College of Biosciences . KCU maintains one of the largest medical schools in the nation by enrollment . In 2017 , KCU began welcoming medical students onto a second , brand new campus in Joplin , Missouri . The University is also currently in the process of developing and constructing a College of Dental Medicine on their Joplin campus . KCU is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and recognized by the Coordinating Board of Higher Education for the Missouri Department of Higher Education . The College of Osteopathic Medicine is accredited by the American Osteopathic Association 's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ."}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri', 'summary': "Kansas City ( abbreviated KC or KCMO ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri by population and area . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had an estimated population of 491,918 in 2018 , making it the 38th most-populous city in the United States . It is the most populated municipality and historic core city of the Kansas City metropolitan area , which straddles the Kansas-Missouri state line and has a CSA population of 2,487,053 . Most of the city lies within Jackson County , but portions spill into Clay , Cass , and Platte counties . The city borders Johnson County and Kansas City , Kansas , ( KCK/Wyandotte County ) in Kansas . Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west . On June 1 , 1850 , the town of Kansas was incorporated ; shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory . Confusion between the two ensued , and the name Kansas City was assigned to distinguish them soon after . In 2017 , the city had the fifth-highest per capita murder rate in the nation with 2019 homicide rates nearing a record high . Sitting on Missouri 's western boundary with Kansas , with Downtown near the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers , the city encompasses some 319.03 square miles ( 826.3 km2 ) , making it the 23rd largest city by total area in the United States . Along with Independence , one of its major suburbs , it serves as one of the two county seats of Jackson County . Other major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Blue Springs and Lee 's Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park , Olathe , and Kansas City ."}]}, {'value': '1916', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nevada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Touro University Nevada College of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Touro_University_Nevada', 'summary': "Touro University Nevada was established to help address critical needs in health care and education , and as a resource for community service in Nevada . A non-profit , Jewish-sponsored , private institution affiliated with an international system of higher education , the university opened in 2004 with 78 medical students . Touro University Nevada is home to more than 1,300 students in a wide range of degree programs in osteopathic medicine , nursing , physical therapy , occupational therapy , physician assistant studies , camp administration and education . Many of these programs are the first of their kind in Nevada . The College of Osteopathic Medicine was Nevada 's first osteopathic medical school and the states second medical school ."}]}, {'value': 'Henderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada', 'summary': "Henderson is a city in Clark County , Nevada , United States , about 16 miles ( 26 km ) southeast of Las Vegas . It is the second-largest city in Nevada , after Las Vegas , with an estimated population of 310,390 in 2018 . The city is part of the Las Vegas metropolitan area , which spans the entire Las Vegas Valley . Henderson occupies the southeastern end of the valley , at an elevation of 1,864 feet ( 568 m ) . Henderson is known for its supply of magnesium during World War II . With the decline of magnesium production , the Nevada legislature approved a bill that gave Nevada 's Colorado River Commission the authority to purchase the industrial plants , and Henderson was incorporated in 1953 . Henderson is the location of Lake Las Vegas , and was ranked No . 66 in Best Places to Live by CNN Money . It was also ranked second in Forbes ' list of America 's Safest Cities in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Jersey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey - School of Osteopathic Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UMDNJ-School_of_Osteopathic_Medicine', 'summary': 'The Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine ( also known as RowanSOM or SOM ) is a public medical school for osteopathic medicine located in Stratford , in the U.S. state of New Jersey . Founded in 1976 , RowanSOM is one of two medical schools associated with Rowan University . RowanSOM confers the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree ( DO ) , and is one of the top medical schools for geriatric care and primary care as ranked by the U.S. News & World Report . RowanSOM is accredited by the American Osteopathic Associations Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation .'}]}, {'value': 'Stratford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stratford,_New_Jersey', 'summary': "Stratford is a borough in Camden County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the borough 's population was 7,040 , reflecting a decline of 231 ( -3.2% ) from the 7,271 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn declined by 343 ( -4.5% ) from the 7,614 counted in the 1990 Census . The Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine is located in Stratford . The Borough of Stratford was created on February 13 , 1925 , from portions of Clementon Township , one of seven municipalities created from the now-defunct township . The borough was named for Stratford-upon-Avon , England , by the owners of the Rural Land Improvement Company that developed the area in the 1880s ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Participating osteopathic medical schools', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'American_Association_of_Colleges_of_Osteopathic_Medicine_Application_Service_0', 'intro': 'The American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine Application Service (AACOMAS) is a service run by the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine through which prospective osteopathic medical students can apply to osteopathic medical schools in the United States that grant the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree. Medical schools in the United States that grant the Doctor of Medicine degree use either the American Medical College Application Service (AMCAS) or the Texas Medical & Dental Schools Application Service (TMDSAS). The University of North Texas is the only osteopathic medical school that does not use AACOMAS.'}	null	null	The 1st osteopathic medical school , which is a private , non-profit medical school , located in the 7th largest city in its state , had its first graduating class on what date ?	5 August 2013
07b13c47d3f48821	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(American_season_14)', 'title': 'Dancing with the Stars (American season 14)', 'header': ['Dance', 'Highest scored dancer ( s )', 'Highest score', 'Lowest scored dancer ( s )', 'Lowest score'], 'data': [{'value': 'Cha-cha-cha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cha-cha-cha_(dance)', 'summary': "The Cha Cha Cha ( sometimes called cha-cha ) , is a dance of Cuban origin . It is danced to the music of the same name introduced by Cuban composer and violinist Enrique Jorrin in the early 1950s . This rhythm was developed from the danzón-mambo . The name of the dance is an onomatopoeia derived from the shuffling sound of the dancers ' feet when they dance two consecutive quick steps ( correctly , on the fourth count of each measure ) that characterize the dance . In the early 1950s , Enrique Jorrín worked as a violinist and composer with the charanga group Orquesta América . The group performed at dance halls in Havana where they played danzón , danzonete , and danzon-mambo for dance-oriented crowds . Jorrín noticed that many of the dancers at these gigs had difficulty with the syncopated rhythms of the danzón-mambo . To make his music more appealing to dancers , Jorrín began composing songs where the melody was marked strongly on the first downbeat and the rhythm was less syncopated . When Orquesta América performed these new compositions at the Silver Star Club in Havana , it was noticed that the dancers had improvised a triple step in their footwork producing the sound cha-cha-cha . Thus , the new style came to be known as cha-cha-chá and became associated with a dance where dancers perform a triple step . The basic footwork pattern of cha-cha-chá ( one , two , three , cha-cha ) is also found in several Afro-Cuban dances from the Santería religion . For example , one of the steps used in the dance for the orisha Ogun uses an identical footwork pattern ."}]}, {'value': 'William Levy Donald Driver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Levy_(actor)', 'summary': 'William Gutiérrez Levy ( born August 29 , 1980 ) , known professionally as William Levy , is a Cuban-American actor and former model .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Donald_Driver', 'summary': "Donald Jerome Driver ( born February 2 , 1975 ) is a former American football wide receiver . After playing college football for Alcorn State University , Driver was picked by the Green Bay Packers in the seventh round of the 1999 NFL Draft . He spent his entire 14-season NFL career with the Packers and holds the franchise 's all-time records for most career receptions and receiving yards . Driver was a member of the Packers team that won Super Bowl XLV over the Pittsburgh Steelers . Every year in Cleveland , Driver holds the Donald Driver Football Camp for local kids which is held at the Cleveland High School Football field . Upon retirement , he won season 14 of Dancing with the Stars ."}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melissa Gilbert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melissa_Gilbert', 'summary': "Melissa Ellen Gilbert ( born May 8 , 1964 ) is an American actress and television director . Gilbert began her career as a child actress in the late 1960s , appearing in numerous commercials and guest starring roles on television . From 1974 to 1984 , she starred as Laura Ingalls Wilder , the second oldest daughter of Charles Ingalls ( played by Michael Landon ) on the NBC series Little House on the Prairie . During the run of Little House , Gilbert appeared in several popular television films , including The Diary of Anne Frank and The Miracle Worker . As an adult , she continued her career mainly in television films . Gilbert has also continued with guest starring roles on television and has done voice work for animation such as Batman : The Animated Series as Barbara Gordon / Batgirl . From 2009 to 2010 , Gilbert appeared as Caroline Ma Ingalls in the touring production of Little House on the Prairie , the Musical . In 2012 , she was a contestant on season fourteen of the popular reality dance competition show Dancing with the Stars on ABC . Gilbert served as the President of the Screen Actors Guild from 2001 to 2005 . In 2009 , her autobiography Prairie Tale : A Memoir , was released . In 2014 , she wrote a short story for children , called Daisy and Josephine as well as My Prairie Cookbook : Memories and Frontier Food from My Little House to Yours . In 2016 , Gilbert ran for U.S. Congress as a Democrat in Michigan 's 8th congressional district and she won the Democratic primary ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foxtrot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foxtrot', 'summary': 'The foxtrot is a smooth , progressive dance characterized by long , continuous flowing movements across the dance floor . It is danced to big band ( usually vocal ) music . The dance is similar in its look to waltz , although the rhythm is in a 44 time signature instead of 34 . Developed in the 1910s , the foxtrot reached its height of popularity in the 1930s and remains practiced today .'}]}, {'value': 'William Levy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martina Navratilova Gavin DeGraw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martina_Navratilova', 'summary': "Martina Navratilova ( Czech : Martina Navrátilová pronounced [ mar'cɪna navˈraːcɪlovaː ] ; born Martina Šubertová pronounced [ ˈmarcɪna ˈʃubɛrtovaː ] ; October 18 , 1956 ) is a Czechoslovak-born American former professional tennis player and coach . In 2005 , Tennis magazine selected her as the greatest female tennis player for the years 1975 through 2005 and she is considered one of the best female tennis players of all time . Navratilova was world No . 1 for a total of 332 weeks in singles , and a record 237 weeks in doubles , making her the only player in history to have held the top spot in both singles and doubles for over 200 weeks . She was year-end singles No . 1 seven times , including a record of five consecutive years , as well as year-end doubles No . 1 five times , including three consecutive years during which she held the ranking for the entire year . She won 18 Grand Slam singles titles , 31 major women 's doubles titles ( an all-time record ) , and 10 major mixed doubles titles , for a combined total of 59 major titles , marking the Open Era record for the most Grand Slam titles won by one player , male or female . She reached the Wimbledon singles final 12 times , including for nine consecutive years from 1982 through 1990 , and won the women 's singles title at Wimbledon a record nine times ( surpassing Helen Wills Moody 's eight Wimbledon titles ) , including a run of six consecutive titles , widely regarded as the best performance by any professional player at a major event . She and Billie Jean King each won 20 combined Wimbledon titles , an all-time record . Navratilova is also one of just three women ever to have accomplished a Career Grand Slam in women 's singles and doubles , and mixed doubles , called the career Grand Slam Boxed Set ; consisting of every senior Grand Slam title , a distinction she shares only with two others , Margaret Court and Doris Hart . Navratilova holds the records for most singles ( 167 ) and doubles titles ( 177 ) in the Open Era ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gavin_DeGraw', 'summary': "Gavin Shane DeGraw ( born February 4 , 1977 ) is an American singer-songwriter . He rose to fame with the single I Do n't Want to Be from his debut album Chariot ( 2003 ) ; the song became the theme song for the television drama series One Tree Hill . Other notable singles from his debut album Chariot and Follow Through . His second album , Gavin DeGraw , was released in 2008 and included the top-20 single In Love with a Girl . In 2009 , DeGraw released his third album , Free . His fourth album , Sweeter ( 2011 ) , spawned the hit single Not Over You along with Soldier and Sweeter . In 2013 , DeGraw released Make a Move , and Something Worth Saving followed in September 2016 . DeGraw 's duet with Colbie Caillat on We Both Know for the 2013 film Safe Haven received a Grammy Award nomination ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quickstep', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quickstep', 'summary': 'The quickstep is a light-hearted dance of the standard ballroom dances . The movement of the dance is fast and powerfully flowing and sprinkled with syncopations . The upbeat melodies that quickstep is danced to make it suitable for both formal and informal events . Quickstep was developed in the 1920s in New York City and was first danced by Caribbean and African dancers . Its origins are in combination of slow foxtrot combined with the Charleston , a dance which was one of the precursors to what today is called swing dancing .'}]}, {'value': 'Katherine Jenkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katherine_Jenkins', 'summary': "Katherine Maria Jenkins OBE ( born 29 June 1980 ) is a Welsh mezzo-soprano singer and songwriter . She is a classical-crossover singer who performs operatic arias , popular songs , musical theatre and hymns . After winning singing competitions in her youth , Jenkins studied at the Royal Academy of Music , modelled and taught voice . She came to wide public attention in 2003 when she sang at Westminster Cathedral in honour of Pope John Paul II 's silver jubilee . Since 2004 , she has released numerous albums that have performed well on British and foreign charts . In both 2005 and 2006 , her albums received Classic Brit Awards as Album of the Year . She has been seen widely in concert , including performing for British troops in Iraq and Afghanistan . She has sung at sporting events , on television shows and in support of many charities . In 2012 , she competed on the U.S. television show Dancing with the Stars , finishing in second place , behind NFL Super Bowl champion Donald Driver ."}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gladys Knight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gladys_Knight', 'summary': "Gladys Maria Knight ( born May 28 , 1944 ) , known as the Empress of Soul , is an American singer , songwriter , actress , businesswoman , and author . A seven-time Grammy Award-winner , Knight is known for the hits she recorded during the 1960s , 1970s , and 1980s with her group Gladys Knight & the Pips , which also included her brother Merald Bubba Knight and cousins Edward Patten and William Guest . Knight has recorded two number-one Billboard Hot 100 singles ( Midnight Train to Georgia and That 's What Friends Are For ) , eleven number-one R & B singles , and six number-one R & B albums . She has won seven Grammy Awards ( four as a solo artist and three with the Pips ) and is an inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame along with The Pips . She also recorded the theme song for the 1989 James Bond film Licence to Kill . Knight is also listed as one of Rolling Stone magazine 's 100 Greatest Singers of All Time ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jive_(dance)', 'summary': 'In latin dancing , the jive is a dance style that originated in the United States from African-Americans in the early 1930s . It was popularized in 1934 by Cab Calloway . It is a lively and uninhibited variation of the Jitterbug , a form of Swing dance .'}]}, {'value': 'Katherine Jenkins', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martina Navratilova', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samba_(ballroom_dance)', 'summary': 'The international ballroom version of samba is a lively , rhythmical dance with elements from Brazilian samba . It differs considerably from the original samba styles of Brazil ; in particular , it differs from Samba de Gafieira , a partner type of Samba in that country .'}]}, {'value': 'William Levy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gavin DeGraw', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rumba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhumba', 'summary': 'Rhumba , also known as ballroom rumba , is a genre of ballroom music and dance that appeared in the East Coast of the United States during the 1930s . It combined American big band music with Afro-Cuban rhythms , primarily the son cubano , but also conga and rumba . Although taking its name from the latter , ballroom rumba differs completely from Cuban rumba in both its music and its dance . Hence , authors prefer the Americanized spelling of the word ( rhumba ) to distinguish between them .'}]}, {'value': 'Maria Menounos William Levy Katherine Jenkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maria_Menounos', 'summary': 'Maria Menounos ( /məˈnuːnoʊs/ , Greek : Μαρία Μενούνος ; born June 8 , 1978 ) is an American entertainment reporter , television personality , professional wrestler , actress , and businesswoman . She has hosted Extra and E ! News , and served as a TV correspondent for Today , Access Hollywood , and co-hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in Athens , Greece . She also co-created and is currently CEO of online podcast series network AfterBuzz TV . She is currently signed to WWE where she has served as an ambassador since 2013 . She hosts the podcast Conversations with Maria Menounos .'}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gladys Knight', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waltz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waltz', 'summary': 'The waltz ( from German Walzer [ ˈvalt͡sɐ̯ ] ) is a ballroom and folk dance , normally in triple ( help·info ) time , performed primarily in closed position .'}]}, {'value': 'Katherine Jenkins', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donald Driver', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salsa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salsa_(dance)', 'summary': 'Salsa is a Latin dance associated with the music genre of the same name which originated in the 1960s in New York City . Salsa is an amalgamation of Cuban dances that were popular in the ballrooms and nightclubs of Havana by the end of the 1950s ( e.g . casino , mambo and pachanga ) , as well as American jazz dances . It was primarily developed by Puerto Ricans living in New York ( Nuyoricans ) in the late 1960s and early 1970s . Different regions of Latin America and the United States have distinct salsa styles of their own , such as Cuban , Puerto Rican , Cali Colombia , L.A. and New York styles . Salsa dance socials are commonly held in nightclubs , bars , ballrooms , restaurants , and outside , especially when part of an outdoor festival . In many styles of salsa dancing , as a dancer shifts their weight by stepping , the upper body remains level and nearly unaffected by the weight changes . Weight shifts cause the hips to move . Arm and shoulder movements are also incorporated . Salsa generally uses music ranging from about 150 bpm ( beats per minute ) to around 250 bpm , although most dancing is done to music somewhere between 160-220 bpm . The basic Salsa dance rhythm consists of taking three steps for every four beats of music . The odd number of steps creates the syncopation inherent to Salsa dancing and ensures that it takes 8 beats of music to loop back to a new sequence of steps .'}]}, {'value': 'William Levy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melissa Gilbert', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tango', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tango_(dance)', 'summary': 'Tango is a partner dance , and social dance that originated in the 1880s along the Río de la Plata , the natural border between Argentina and Uruguay . It was born in the impoverished port areas of these countries , where natives mixed with slave and European immigrant populations . The tango is the result of a combination of the German Waltz , Czech Polka , Polish Mazurka , and Bohemian Schottische with the Spanish-Cuban Habanera , African Candombe , and Argentinian Milonga . The tango was frequently practiced in the brothels and bars of ports , where business owners employed bands to entertain their patrons with music . The tango then spread to the rest of the world . Many variations of this dance currently exist around the world . On August 31 , 2009 , UNESCO approved a joint proposal by Argentina and Uruguay to include the tango in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists .'}]}, {'value': 'William Levy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gladys Knight', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paso Doble', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paso_Doble', 'summary': 'Pasodoble ( Spanish : double step ) is a fast-paced Spanish military march used by infantry troops . Its speed allowed troops to give 120 steps per minute ( double the average of a regular unit , hence its name ) . This march gave rise to a traditional Spanish dance , a musical genre including both voice and instruments , and a genre of instrumental music often played during bullfight . Both the dance and the non martial compositions are also called pasodoble .'}]}, {'value': 'Katherine Jenkins Maria Menounos', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melissa Gilbert', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viennese Waltz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viennese_Waltz', 'summary': "Viennese waltz ( German : Wiener Walzer ) is a genre of ballroom dance . At least four different meanings are recognized . In the historically first sense , the name may refer to several versions of the waltz , including the earliest waltzes done in ballroom dancing , danced to the music of Viennese waltz . What is now called the Viennese waltz is the original form of the waltz . It was the first ballroom dance performed in the closed hold or waltz position . The dance that is popularly known as the waltz is actually the English or slow waltz , danced at approximately 90 beats per minute with 3 beats to the bar ( the international standard of 30 measures per minute ) , while the Viennese waltz is danced at about 180 beats ( 58-60 measures ) per minute . To this day however , in Germany , Austria , Scandinavia , and France , the words Walzer ( German ) , vals ( Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish ) , and valse ( French ) still implicitly refer to the original dance and not the slow waltz . The Viennese waltz is a rotary dance where the dancers are constantly turning either toward the leader 's right ( natural ) or toward the leader 's left ( reverse ) , interspersed with non-rotating change steps to switch between the direction of rotation . As the waltz evolved , some of the versions that were done at about the original fast tempo came to be called specifically Viennese waltz to distinguish them from the slower waltzes . In the modern ballroom dance , two versions of Viennese waltz are recognized : International Style and American Style . Today the Viennese waltz is a ballroom and partner dance that is part of the International Standard division of contemporary ballroom dance ."}]}, {'value': 'Maria Menounos', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melissa Gilbert Jaleel White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaleel_White', 'summary': 'Jaleel Ahmad White ( born November 27 , 1976 ) is an American actor , voice actor , comedian , producer and writer . In 1989 , he was cast in the role of Steve Urkel on the sitcom Family Matters . The character , which was originally intended to be a one-time guest appearance , was an instant hit with audiences and White became a regular cast member . The series aired for a total of nine seasons , from 1989 to 1997 on ABC , and from 1997 to 1998 on CBS . White reprised his role as Urkel for the first time since 1998 in the 2019 series Scooby-Doo and Guess Who ? . White is also the first actor to voice the character Sonic the Hedgehog , doing so in the animated shows : Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog , Sonic SatAM and Sonic Underground , all of which were produced by the now-defunct DiC Entertainment . He reprised his role as Sonic in the 2013 Sonic fan film . After Family Matters ended , White starred in the UPN series Grown Ups from 1999 to 2000 . He later attended UCLA where he graduated with a degree in film and television in 2001 . He has continued his acting career with supporting roles in Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and cameo appearances on Boston Legal , House , Castle , and Psych . In 2010 he portrayed Dr. McCormick in the cult classic Mega Shark vs Crocosaurus . In March 2012 , White appeared as a contestant in season 14 of Dancing with the Stars and was voted off in May 2012 , leaving him in 7th place overall .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argentine Tango', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentine_Tango', 'summary': "Argentine tango is a musical genre and accompanying social dance originating at the end of the 19th century in the suburbs of Buenos Aires and Montevideo . It typically has a 24 or 44 rhythmic time signature , and two or three parts repeating in patterns such as ABAB or ABCAC . Its lyrics are marked by nostalgia , sadness , and laments for lost love . The typical orchestra has several melodic instruments and is given a distinctive air by the small button accordion called the bandoneon . It has continued to grow in popularity and spread internationally , adding modern elements without replacing the older ones . Among its leading figures are the singer and songwriter Carlos Gardel and composers/performers Francisco Canaro , Juan D'Arienzo , Carlos Di Sarli , Osvaldo Pugliese , and Ástor Piazzolla ."}]}, {'value': 'Maria Menounos', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melissa Gilbert', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freestyle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Street_dance', 'summary': 'A street dance is a dance style that evolved outside dance studios in any available open space such as streets , dance parties , block parties , parks , school yards , raves , and nightclubs . A street dance is a vernacular dance in an urban context . Vernacular dances are often improvisational and social in nature , encouraging interaction and contact with spectators and other dancers . These dances are a part of the vernacular culture of the geographical area that they come from . Examples of street dance include b-boying ( or breakdancing ) , which originated in New York City . Clogging is a very early form of street dance , since it evolved in the streets and factories of Northern England in the mid-19th century . Various street dances have lent themselves to the style of urban dance , which arose from the collegiate dance scene . Urban dance is choreography-oriented but is inspired by different street dance styles and fundamental moves , such as house , locking , and popping . Urban dance should not be mistaken with hip hop , the culture and art movement that began in the Bronx in New York City during the late 1970s .'}]}, {'value': 'Katherine Jenkins Donald Driver', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Levy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Scoring charts -- Highest and lowest scoring performances', 'section_text': "The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges ' 30-point scale are as follows :", 'uid': 'Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._season_14)_2', 'intro': 'Season fourteen of Dancing with the Stars premiered on March 19, 2012. Tom Bergeron and Brooke Burke Charvet returned as hosts, while Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli all returned as judges. The Harold Wheeler orchestra and singers provided the music throughout the season. Green Bay Packers wide receiver Donald Driver won the competition over British classical crossover singer Katherine Jenkins and Cuban-American Telenovela star William Levy, who took 2nd and 3rd place respectively. Driver is also the third NFL player (including retired) to win, after Emmitt Smith won season three and Hines Ward won season twelve.'}	null	null	What was the year of birth of the highest scoring rumba celebrity dancer in season 14 of Dancing With the Stars ?	1978
07b1ac6b8b5fedaa	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees_award_winners_and_league_leaders', 'title': 'New York Yankees award winners and league leaders', 'header': ['Player', 'Position', 'Times Won', 'Years'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ron Guidry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Guidry', 'summary': "Ronald Ames Guidry ( /ˈɡɪdri/ ; born August 28 , 1950 ) , nicknamed Louisiana Lightning and Gator , is a former Major League Baseball ( MLB ) left-handed pitcher who played his entire 14-year career for the New York Yankees of the American League ( AL ) . Guidry was also the pitching coach of the Yankees from 2006 to 2007 . Guidry 's major league career began in 1975 . He was a member of World Series-winning Yankees teams in 1977 and 1978 , both over the Los Angeles Dodgers . He won the AL Cy Young Award in 1978 , winning 25 games and losing only 3 . He also won five Gold Glove Awards and appeared in four All-Star games . Guidry served as captain of the Yankees beginning in 1986 ; he retired from baseball in 1989 . In 2003 , the Yankees retired Guidry 's uniform number ( 49 ) and dedicated a plaque to him in Monument Park ."}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_pitcher', 'summary': 'The Rawlings Gold Glove Award , usually referred to as the Gold Glove , is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League ( NL ) and the American League ( AL ) , as voted by the managers and coaches in each league . Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players . Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year ( with the exception of 1957 , 1985 , 2007 and 2018 ) , one at each of the nine positions in each league . In 1957 , the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position . The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé-tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base . Initially , only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in the entire league ; however , separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958 . Greg Maddux has won the most Gold Glove Awards among all players , including pitchers , in Major League Baseball history . He won 18 awards , all in the National League ; his streak of wins was consecutive from 1990 through 2002 until interrupted by Mike Hampton in 2003 . Maddux won five more awards from 2004 to 2008 , after which he retired . Jim Kaat is second and held the record for most wins ( 16 ) until he was displaced by Maddux in 2007 . He won 14 awards in the American League and 2 in the National League ; his 16 consecutive awards is a record among winners . Bob Gibson won nine Gold Gloves with the St. Louis Cardinals , and the inaugural winner Bobby Shantz won four awards in each league , for a total of eight .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982-86', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bobby Shantz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Shantz', 'summary': 'Robert Clayton Shantz ( born September 26 , 1925 ) is an American former professional baseball player . He played as a left-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from 1949 through 1964 , and won the 1952 American League Most Valuable Player Award as a member of the Philadelphia Athletics . A three-time All-Star , Shantz won eight consecutive Gold Glove Awards and won a World Series championship with the 1958 New York Yankees . He also played for the Pittsburgh Pirates , Houston Colt .45s , St. Louis Cardinals , Chicago Cubs , and the Philadelphia Phillies . Shantz began his career as a starting pitcher , but about halfway through he converted to a competent relief pitcher . In 1951 , he added the knuckleball to his repertoire . Standing only 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) , Shantz had a career record of 119 games won , 99 games lost , and an earned run average ( ERA ) of 3.38 .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_pitcher', 'summary': 'The Rawlings Gold Glove Award , usually referred to as the Gold Glove , is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League ( NL ) and the American League ( AL ) , as voted by the managers and coaches in each league . Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players . Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year ( with the exception of 1957 , 1985 , 2007 and 2018 ) , one at each of the nine positions in each league . In 1957 , the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position . The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé-tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base . Initially , only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in the entire league ; however , separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958 . Greg Maddux has won the most Gold Glove Awards among all players , including pitchers , in Major League Baseball history . He won 18 awards , all in the National League ; his streak of wins was consecutive from 1990 through 2002 until interrupted by Mike Hampton in 2003 . Maddux won five more awards from 2004 to 2008 , after which he retired . Jim Kaat is second and held the record for most wins ( 16 ) until he was displaced by Maddux in 2007 . He won 14 awards in the American League and 2 in the National League ; his 16 consecutive awards is a record among winners . Bob Gibson won nine Gold Gloves with the St. Louis Cardinals , and the inaugural winner Bobby Shantz won four awards in each league , for a total of eight .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1957-60', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Mussina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Mussina', 'summary': "Michael Cole Mussina ( born December 8 , 1968 ) , nicknamed Moose , is an American former baseball starting pitcher who played 18 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Baltimore Orioles ( 1991-2000 ) and the New York Yankees ( 2001-2008 ) . In 2019 , he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in his sixth year of eligibility . Mussina spent his entire career in the American League East , won at least 11 games in 17 consecutive seasons - an American League record - and recorded a career .638 winning percentage . Among pitchers , he ranks 33rd in all-time wins ( 270 ) , 33rd in games started ( 535 ) , 66th in innings pitched ( 3,562.2 ) , 19th in strikeouts ( 2,813 ) , and 23rd all-time in pitching Wins Above Replacement ( 82.9 ) . A five-time All-Star and seven-time Gold Glove winner , Mussina 's consistency resulted in six top-five finishes in the voting for his league 's Cy Young Award ."}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_pitcher', 'summary': 'The Rawlings Gold Glove Award , usually referred to as the Gold Glove , is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League ( NL ) and the American League ( AL ) , as voted by the managers and coaches in each league . Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players . Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year ( with the exception of 1957 , 1985 , 2007 and 2018 ) , one at each of the nine positions in each league . In 1957 , the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position . The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé-tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base . Initially , only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in the entire league ; however , separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958 . Greg Maddux has won the most Gold Glove Awards among all players , including pitchers , in Major League Baseball history . He won 18 awards , all in the National League ; his streak of wins was consecutive from 1990 through 2002 until interrupted by Mike Hampton in 2003 . Maddux won five more awards from 2004 to 2008 , after which he retired . Jim Kaat is second and held the record for most wins ( 16 ) until he was displaced by Maddux in 2007 . He won 14 awards in the American League and 2 in the National League ; his 16 consecutive awards is a record among winners . Bob Gibson won nine Gold Gloves with the St. Louis Cardinals , and the inaugural winner Bobby Shantz won four awards in each league , for a total of eight .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001 , 2003 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thurman Munson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thurman_Munson', 'summary': "Thurman Lee Munson ( June 7 , 1947 - August 2 , 1979 ) was an American professional baseball catcher who played 11 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the New York Yankees , from 1969 until his death in 1979 . A seven-time All-Star , Munson had a career batting average of .292 with 113 home runs and 701 runs batted in ( RBIs ) . Known for his outstanding fielding , he won the Gold Glove Award in three consecutive years ( 1973-75 ) . Born in Akron , Ohio , Munson was selected as the fourth pick of the 1968 MLB draft and was named as the catcher on the 1968 College Baseball All-American Team . Munson hit over .300 in his two seasons in the minor leagues , establishing himself as a top prospect . He became the Yankees ' starting catcher late in the 1969 season , and after his first complete season in 1970 , in which he batted .302 , he was voted American League ( AL ) Rookie of the Year . Considered the heart and soul of the Yankees , Munson was named captain of the Yankees in 1976 , the team 's first since Lou Gehrig . That same year , he won the AL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Award , making him the only Yankee to win the Rookie of the Year and MVP Awards . As captain , Munson helped lead the Yankees to three consecutive World Series appearances from 1976 to 1978 , winning championships in the latter two years . He is the first player in baseball history to be named a College Baseball All-American and then in MLB win a Rookie of the Year Award , MVP Award , Gold Glove Award , and World Series championship . He is also the only catcher in MLB postseason history to record at least a .300+ batting average ( .357 ) , 20 RBIs ( 22 ) , and 20 defensive caught stealings ( 24 ) . During an off day in the summer of 1979 , Munson died at age 32 while practicing landing his Cessna Citation aircraft at Akron-Canton Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_catcher', 'summary': 'The Rawlings Gold Glove Award , usually referred to as the Gold Glove , is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League ( NL ) and the American League ( AL ) , as voted by the managers and coaches in each league . Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players . Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year ( with the exception of 1957 , 1985 , 2007 and 2018 ) , one at each of the nine positions in each league . In 1957 , the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position . The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé-tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base . Initially , only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in the entire league ; however , separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958 . Iván Rodríguez has won the most Gold Gloves at catcher , with 13 ; all were won with the Texas Rangers or the Detroit Tigers ( both American League teams ) , though Rodríguez has played in both leagues . Johnny Bench , who spent his entire career with the Cincinnati Reds , leads National Leaguers in wins , and is second overall with 10 Gold Gloves . Yadier Molina is third overall and second in the NL all time with nine . Bob Boone , who is a member of one of four family pairs to win Gold Glove Awards , won seven between both leagues during his career . Jim Sundberg has won six Gold Gloves , with Bill Freehan and Salvador Pérez winning five . There have been four 4-time winners at catcher : Del Crandall , Mike Matheny , Charles Johnson , and Tony Peña .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973-75', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elston Howard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elston_Howard', 'summary': "Elston Gene Howard ( February 23 , 1929 - December 14 , 1980 ) was an American professional baseball player . Howard on the field was a catcher , left fielder and coach . During a 14-year baseball career , he played in the Negro leagues and Major League Baseball from 1948 through 1968 , primarily for the New York Yankees . He also played for the Kansas City Monarchs and the Boston Red Sox . In 1955 , he was the first African American player on the Yankees roster ; this was eight years after Jackie Robinson had broken the MLB color barrier in 1947 . Howard was named the American League 's Most Valuable Player for the 1963 pennant winners after finishing third in the league in slugging average and fifth in home runs , becoming the first black player in AL history to win the honor . He won Gold Glove Awards in 1963 and 1964 , in the latter season setting AL records for putouts and total chances in a season . His lifetime fielding percentage of .993 was a major league record from 1967 to 1973 , and he retired among the AL career leaders in putouts ( 7th , 6,447 ) and total chances ( 9th , 6,977 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_catcher', 'summary': 'The Rawlings Gold Glove Award , usually referred to as the Gold Glove , is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League ( NL ) and the American League ( AL ) , as voted by the managers and coaches in each league . Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players . Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year ( with the exception of 1957 , 1985 , 2007 and 2018 ) , one at each of the nine positions in each league . In 1957 , the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position . The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé-tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base . Initially , only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in the entire league ; however , separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958 . Iván Rodríguez has won the most Gold Gloves at catcher , with 13 ; all were won with the Texas Rangers or the Detroit Tigers ( both American League teams ) , though Rodríguez has played in both leagues . Johnny Bench , who spent his entire career with the Cincinnati Reds , leads National Leaguers in wins , and is second overall with 10 Gold Gloves . Yadier Molina is third overall and second in the NL all time with nine . Bob Boone , who is a member of one of four family pairs to win Gold Glove Awards , won seven between both leagues during his career . Jim Sundberg has won six Gold Gloves , with Bill Freehan and Salvador Pérez winning five . There have been four 4-time winners at catcher : Del Crandall , Mike Matheny , Charles Johnson , and Tony Peña .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963-64', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Don Mattingly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Mattingly', 'summary': "Donald Arthur Mattingly ( born April 20 , 1961 ) is an American former professional baseball first baseman , coach , and current manager for the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Nicknamed The Hit Man and Donnie Baseball , he spent his entire 14-year career playing with the New York Yankees and later managed the Los Angeles Dodgers for five years . Mattingly graduated from Reitz Memorial High School in Evansville , Indiana , and was selected by the Yankees in the amateur draft . Debuting with the Yankees in 1982 after three seasons in minor league baseball , Mattingly emerged as the Yankees ' starting first baseman after a successful rookie season in 1983 . Mattingly was named to the American League ( AL ) All-Star team six times . He won nine Gold Glove Awards ( an American League record for a first baseman ) , three Silver Slugger Awards , the 1984 AL batting title , and was the 1985 AL Most Valuable Player . Mattingly served as captain of the Yankees from 1991 through 1995 , when he retired as a player . The Yankees later retired Mattingly 's uniform number , 23 . Mattingly is the only Yankee to have his number retired without having won a World Series with the team . Returning to the Yankees as a coach in 2004 for manager Joe Torre , he followed Torre to the Dodgers in 2008 , and succeeded him as the Dodgers ' manager in 2011 . The Dodgers and Mattingly mutually parted ways after the 2015 season , and he became manager of the Miami Marlins ."}]}, {'value': '1B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_first_base', 'summary': 'The Rawlings Gold Glove Award , usually referred to as the Gold Glove , is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League ( NL ) and the American League ( AL ) , as voted by the managers and coaches in each league . Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players . Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year ( with the exception of 1957 , 1985 , 2007 and 2018 ) , one at each of the nine positions in each league . In 1957 , the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position . The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé-tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base . Initially , only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in the entire league ; however , separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958 . Keith Hernandez has won the most Gold Gloves at first base , capturing 11 consecutive awards in the National League from 1978 to 1988 . In the American League , Don Mattingly won nine times with the New York Yankees for the second-highest total among first basemen , and George Scott won eight awards playing for the Boston Red Sox ( three ) and the Milwaukee Brewers [ a ] ( five ) . Victor Pellot , who played most of his major league career under the alias Vic Power , and Bill White each won seven awards ; six-time winners include Wes Parker and J. T. Snow . Mark Teixeira has won five Gold Gloves at the position . Eddie Murray and Jeff Bagwell are the only members of the Baseball Hall of Fame to have won a Gold Glove at first base . Among winners , Steve Garvey has made the most putouts in a season , with 1,606 in 1977 .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985-89 1991-94', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Pepitone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Pepitone', 'summary': 'Joseph Anthony Pepitone ( born October 9 , 1940 ) is a former Major League Baseball first baseman and outfielder who played the bulk of his career for the New York Yankees . He also played several seasons with the Chicago Cubs and had short stints with the Houston Astros and Atlanta Braves . During his time with the Yankees , Pepitone was thrice-named to play in the All-Star Game and also won three Gold Glove awards .'}]}, {'value': '1B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_first_base', 'summary': 'The Rawlings Gold Glove Award , usually referred to as the Gold Glove , is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League ( NL ) and the American League ( AL ) , as voted by the managers and coaches in each league . Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players . Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year ( with the exception of 1957 , 1985 , 2007 and 2018 ) , one at each of the nine positions in each league . In 1957 , the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position . The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé-tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base . Initially , only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in the entire league ; however , separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958 . Keith Hernandez has won the most Gold Gloves at first base , capturing 11 consecutive awards in the National League from 1978 to 1988 . In the American League , Don Mattingly won nine times with the New York Yankees for the second-highest total among first basemen , and George Scott won eight awards playing for the Boston Red Sox ( three ) and the Milwaukee Brewers [ a ] ( five ) . Victor Pellot , who played most of his major league career under the alias Vic Power , and Bill White each won seven awards ; six-time winners include Wes Parker and J. T. Snow . Mark Teixeira has won five Gold Gloves at the position . Eddie Murray and Jeff Bagwell are the only members of the Baseball Hall of Fame to have won a Gold Glove at first base . Among winners , Steve Garvey has made the most putouts in a season , with 1,606 in 1977 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965-66 , 1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Teixeira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Teixeira', 'summary': "Mark Charles Teixeira ( /teɪˈʃɛərə/ tay-SHAIR-ə ; born April 11 , 1980 ) is an American former professional baseball first baseman who played 14 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , primarily with the New York Yankees . He also played for the Texas Rangers , Atlanta Braves and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim . Before his professional career , he played college baseball at Georgia Tech , where in 2001 he won the Dick Howser Trophy as the national collegiate baseball player of the year . One of the most prolific switch hitters in MLB history , Teixeira was an integral part of the Yankees ' 27th World Series championship in 2009 , leading the American League ( AL ) in home runs and runs batted in ( RBI ) while finishing second in the Most Valuable Player Award ( MVP ) balloting . Teixeira was a three-time All-Star , won five Gold Glove Awards and three Silver Slugger Awards , and also holds the all-time major league record for most games with a home run from both sides of the plate , with 14 . He was the fifth switch hitter in MLB history to reach 400 home runs . Drafted fifth overall by the Texas Rangers in 2001 , Teixeira made his MLB debut on Opening Day in 2003 , and hit 26 home runs as a rookie . He hit career-highs of 43 home runs and 144 RBI in 2005 . The centerpiece of consecutive mid-season trades in 2007 and 2008 , the Rangers first sent him to the Braves for a prospect package centered around Elvis Andrus and Matt Harrison . He was later traded in July 2008 to the Los Angeles Angels , where he played for half a season and lost in the first round of the playoffs . In December 2008 , he agreed to a lucrative eight-year contract with the Yankees , contributing his most productive season in pinstripes the following year . Injuries limited his effectiveness afterward , including a calf strain in 2012 , early season-ending wrist surgery in 2013 , various ailments in 2014 , a shin fracture in 2015 , and neck spasms and torn cartilage in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '1B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_first_base', 'summary': 'The Rawlings Gold Glove Award , usually referred to as the Gold Glove , is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League ( NL ) and the American League ( AL ) , as voted by the managers and coaches in each league . Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players . Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year ( with the exception of 1957 , 1985 , 2007 and 2018 ) , one at each of the nine positions in each league . In 1957 , the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position . The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé-tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base . Initially , only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in the entire league ; however , separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958 . Keith Hernandez has won the most Gold Gloves at first base , capturing 11 consecutive awards in the National League from 1978 to 1988 . In the American League , Don Mattingly won nine times with the New York Yankees for the second-highest total among first basemen , and George Scott won eight awards playing for the Boston Red Sox ( three ) and the Milwaukee Brewers [ a ] ( five ) . Victor Pellot , who played most of his major league career under the alias Vic Power , and Bill White each won seven awards ; six-time winners include Wes Parker and J. T. Snow . Mark Teixeira has won five Gold Gloves at the position . Eddie Murray and Jeff Bagwell are the only members of the Baseball Hall of Fame to have won a Gold Glove at first base . Among winners , Steve Garvey has made the most putouts in a season , with 1,606 in 1977 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-10 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Chambliss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Chambliss', 'summary': "Carroll Christopher Chambliss ( born December 26 , 1948 ) is an American professional baseball player and coach . He played in Major League Baseball from 1971 to 1988 for the Cleveland Indians , New York Yankees and Atlanta Braves . He served as a coach for the Yankees , St. Louis Cardinals , New York Mets , Cincinnati Reds , and Seattle Mariners . Chambliss won the American League Rookie of the Year Award with the Indians in 1971 . He was an All-Star with the Yankees in 1976 , the same year he hit the series-winning home run in the 1976 American League Championship Series . He was a member of the Yankees ' 1977 and 1978 World Series championship teams , both against the Los Angeles Dodgers , and won the Gold Glove Award in 1978 . Chambliss went on to win four more World Series championships as the hitting coach for the Yankees in 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , and 2000 ."}]}, {'value': '1B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_first_base', 'summary': 'The Rawlings Gold Glove Award , usually referred to as the Gold Glove , is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League ( NL ) and the American League ( AL ) , as voted by the managers and coaches in each league . Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players . Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year ( with the exception of 1957 , 1985 , 2007 and 2018 ) , one at each of the nine positions in each league . In 1957 , the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position . The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé-tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base . Initially , only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in the entire league ; however , separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958 . Keith Hernandez has won the most Gold Gloves at first base , capturing 11 consecutive awards in the National League from 1978 to 1988 . In the American League , Don Mattingly won nine times with the New York Yankees for the second-highest total among first basemen , and George Scott won eight awards playing for the Boston Red Sox ( three ) and the Milwaukee Brewers [ a ] ( five ) . Victor Pellot , who played most of his major league career under the alias Vic Power , and Bill White each won seven awards ; six-time winners include Wes Parker and J. T. Snow . Mark Teixeira has won five Gold Gloves at the position . Eddie Murray and Jeff Bagwell are the only members of the Baseball Hall of Fame to have won a Gold Glove at first base . Among winners , Steve Garvey has made the most putouts in a season , with 1,606 in 1977 .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bobby Richardson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Richardson', 'summary': 'Robert Clinton Richardson ( born August 19 , 1935 ) is a former second baseman in Major League Baseball who played for the New York Yankees from 1955 through 1966 . Batting and throwing right-handed , he was a superb defensive infielder , as well as something of a clutch hitter , who played a large role in the Yankee baseball dynasty of his day . He is the only World Series MVP ever to be selected from the losing team . He wore the uniform number 1 for the majority of his career ( 1958-1966 ) .'}]}, {'value': '2B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_second_base', 'summary': "The Rawlings Gold Glove Award , usually referred to as the Gold Glove , is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League ( NL ) and the American League ( AL ) , as voted by the managers and coaches in each league . Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players . Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year ( with the exception of 1957 , 1985 , 2007 and 2018 ) , one at each of the nine positions in each league . In 1957 , the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position . The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé-tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base . Initially , only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in the entire league ; however , separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958 . Roberto Alomar leads second basemen in wins ; he won 10 Gold Gloves in 11 years with three different American League teams . Ryne Sandberg has the second-highest total overall ; his nine awards , all won with the Chicago Cubs , are the most by a National League player . Bill Mazeroski and Frank White are tied for the third-highest total , with eight wins . Mazeroski 's were won with the Pittsburgh Pirates , and White won his with the Kansas City Royals . Joe Morgan and Bobby Richardson each won five Gold Glove Awards , and four-time winners include Craig Biggio ( who won after converting to second base from catcher ) , Bret Boone , Bobby Grich , Orlando Hudson , Dustin Pedroia , and Brandon Phillips . Hall of Famers who won Gold Gloves at second base include Alomar , Sandberg , Mazeroski , Morgan , Biggio and Nellie Fox ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961-65', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robinson Cano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robinson_Cano', 'summary': "Robinson José Canó Mercedes ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ka'no ] ; born October 22 , 1982 ) is a Dominican-American professional baseball second baseman for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He made his MLB debut with the New York Yankees on May 3 , 2005 , played for them through the 2013 season , and was a member of their 2009 World Series winning team over the Philadelphia Phillies . He played for the Seattle Mariners from 2014 through 2018 . He has represented the Dominican Republic in international play , including winning both the gold medal and Most Valuable Player Award ( MVP ) of the 2013 World Baseball Classic ( WBC ) tournament . From San Pedro de Macorís , Dominican Republic , the Yankees signed Canó as an amateur free agent on January 5 , 2001 . He is an eight-time MLB All-Star , five-time Silver Slugger Award winner , and two-time Gold Glove Award winner . He was the 2017 All-Star Game MVP and the 2011 Home Run Derby winner . Along with WBC teammates Octavio Dotel and Santiago Casilla , Canó became one of the first four players to have won both a World Series and World Baseball Classic . He recorded 1,695 base hits during the 2010s , the most of any major league player . On December 6 , 2013 , Canó signed a 10-year , $ 240 million USD deal with the Mariners . In 2018 , Canó was suspended 80 games for violating Major League Baseballs joint drug agreement for his use of furosemide . After the 2018 season , he was traded to the Mets ."}]}, {'value': '2B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_second_base', 'summary': "The Rawlings Gold Glove Award , usually referred to as the Gold Glove , is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League ( NL ) and the American League ( AL ) , as voted by the managers and coaches in each league . Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players . Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year ( with the exception of 1957 , 1985 , 2007 and 2018 ) , one at each of the nine positions in each league . In 1957 , the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position . The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé-tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base . Initially , only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in the entire league ; however , separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958 . Roberto Alomar leads second basemen in wins ; he won 10 Gold Gloves in 11 years with three different American League teams . Ryne Sandberg has the second-highest total overall ; his nine awards , all won with the Chicago Cubs , are the most by a National League player . Bill Mazeroski and Frank White are tied for the third-highest total , with eight wins . Mazeroski 's were won with the Pittsburgh Pirates , and White won his with the Kansas City Royals . Joe Morgan and Bobby Richardson each won five Gold Glove Awards , and four-time winners include Craig Biggio ( who won after converting to second base from catcher ) , Bret Boone , Bobby Grich , Orlando Hudson , Dustin Pedroia , and Brandon Phillips . Hall of Famers who won Gold Gloves at second base include Alomar , Sandberg , Mazeroski , Morgan , Biggio and Nellie Fox ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wade Boggs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wade_Boggs', 'summary': 'Wade Anthony Boggs ( born June 15 , 1958 ) is an American former professional baseball third baseman . He spent his 18-year baseball career primarily with the Boston Red Sox , but he also played for the New York Yankees , with whom he won the 1996 World Series against the Atlanta Braves , and the Tampa Bay Devil Rays , with whom he reached 3,000 hits . His hitting in the 1980s and 1990s made him a perennial contender for American League batting titles . He is 33rd on the list of career leaders for batting average among Major League Baseball players with a minimum of 1,000 plate appearances , and has the highest ranking of those still alive . Boggs was elected to the Red Sox Hall of Fame in 2004 and the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2005 . With 12 straight All-Star appearances , Boggs is third only to Brooks Robinson and George Brett in number of consecutive appearances as a third baseman . In 1997 , he ranked number 95 on the Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players . Boggs , a 1976 graduate of Plant High School in Tampa , Florida , currently resides in the Tampa Palms neighborhood of Tampa .'}]}, {'value': '3B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_third_base', 'summary': 'The Rawlings Gold Glove Award , usually referred to as the Gold Glove , is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League ( NL ) and the American League ( AL ) , as voted by the managers and coaches in each league . Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players . Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year ( with the exception of 1957 , 1985 , 2007 and 2018 ) , one at each of the nine positions in each league . In 1957 , the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position . The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé-tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base . Initially , only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in the entire league ; however , separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958 . Brooks Robinson won 16 Gold Gloves with the Baltimore Orioles , leading both the American League and all third basemen in awards won . Mike Schmidt is second in wins at third base ; he won 10 with the Philadelphia Phillies and leads National League third basemen in Gold Gloves . Scott Rolen has the third-highest total , winning eight awards with the Phillies , the St. Louis Cardinals , and the Cincinnati Reds . Nolan Arenado ranks fourth with seven awards , all with the Colorado Rockies . Six-time winners at third base are Buddy Bell , Eric Chavez , and Robin Ventura . Adrián Beltré , Ken Boyer , Doug Rader , and Ron Santo have each won five Gold Gloves at third base , and four-time winners include Gary Gaetti and Matt Williams .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994-95', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Graig Nettles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Graig_Nettles', 'summary': 'Graig Nettles ( born August 20 , 1944 ) , nicknamed Puff , is an American former Major League Baseball third baseman . During a 22-year baseball career , he played for the Minnesota Twins ( 1967-1969 ) , Cleveland Indians ( 1970-1972 ) , New York Yankees ( 1973-1983 ) , San Diego Padres ( 1984-1986 ) , Atlanta Braves ( 1987 ) , and Montreal Expos ( 1988 ) . Nettles was one of the best defensive third basemen of all time , and despite his relatively low career batting average , he was an excellent offensive contributor , setting an American League record for career home runs by a third baseman . As a part of four pennant-winning Yankee teams , Nettles enjoyed his best season in 1977 when he won the Gold Glove Award and had career-highs in home runs ( 37 ) and runs batted in ( 107 ) in leading the Yankees to the World Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers .'}]}, {'value': '3B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_third_base', 'summary': 'The Rawlings Gold Glove Award , usually referred to as the Gold Glove , is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League ( NL ) and the American League ( AL ) , as voted by the managers and coaches in each league . Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players . Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year ( with the exception of 1957 , 1985 , 2007 and 2018 ) , one at each of the nine positions in each league . In 1957 , the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position . The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé-tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base . Initially , only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in the entire league ; however , separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958 . Brooks Robinson won 16 Gold Gloves with the Baltimore Orioles , leading both the American League and all third basemen in awards won . Mike Schmidt is second in wins at third base ; he won 10 with the Philadelphia Phillies and leads National League third basemen in Gold Gloves . Scott Rolen has the third-highest total , winning eight awards with the Phillies , the St. Louis Cardinals , and the Cincinnati Reds . Nolan Arenado ranks fourth with seven awards , all with the Colorado Rockies . Six-time winners at third base are Buddy Bell , Eric Chavez , and Robin Ventura . Adrián Beltré , Ken Boyer , Doug Rader , and Ron Santo have each won five Gold Gloves at third base , and four-time winners include Gary Gaetti and Matt Williams .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977-78', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scott Brosius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Brosius', 'summary': 'Scott David Brosius ( born August 15 , 1966 ) is an American former Major League Baseball third baseman for the Oakland Athletics ( 1991-1997 ) and the New York Yankees ( 1998-2001 ) .'}]}, {'value': '3B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_third_base', 'summary': 'The Rawlings Gold Glove Award , usually referred to as the Gold Glove , is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League ( NL ) and the American League ( AL ) , as voted by the managers and coaches in each league . Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players . Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year ( with the exception of 1957 , 1985 , 2007 and 2018 ) , one at each of the nine positions in each league . In 1957 , the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position . The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé-tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base . Initially , only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in the entire league ; however , separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958 . Brooks Robinson won 16 Gold Gloves with the Baltimore Orioles , leading both the American League and all third basemen in awards won . Mike Schmidt is second in wins at third base ; he won 10 with the Philadelphia Phillies and leads National League third basemen in Gold Gloves . Scott Rolen has the third-highest total , winning eight awards with the Phillies , the St. Louis Cardinals , and the Cincinnati Reds . Nolan Arenado ranks fourth with seven awards , all with the Colorado Rockies . Six-time winners at third base are Buddy Bell , Eric Chavez , and Robin Ventura . Adrián Beltré , Ken Boyer , Doug Rader , and Ron Santo have each won five Gold Gloves at third base , and four-time winners include Gary Gaetti and Matt Williams .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Derek Jeter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derek_Jeter', 'summary': "Derek Sanderson Jeter ( /ˈdʒiːtər/ JEE-tər ; born June 26 , 1974 ) is an American former professional baseball shortstop , businessman , and baseball executive . He has been the chief executive officer ( CEO ) and part owner of the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) since September 2017 . As a player , Jeter spent his entire 20-year career in MLB with the New York Yankees . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame as part of its class of 2020 in his first year of eligibility ; he received 99.7% of votes , the second-highest percentage in MLB history and the highest by a position player . A five-time World Series champion , Jeter is regarded as one of the primary contributors to the Yankees ' success of the late 1990s and early 2000s for his hitting , baserunning , fielding , and leadership . He is the Yankees ' all-time career leader in hits ( 3,465 ) , doubles ( 544 ) , games played ( 2,747 ) , stolen bases ( 358 ) , times on base ( 4,716 ) , plate appearances ( 12,602 ) and at bats ( 11,195 ) . His accolades include 14 All-Star selections , five Gold Glove Awards , five Silver Slugger Awards , two Hank Aaron Awards , and a Roberto Clemente Award . Jeter was the 28th player to reach 3,000 hits and finished his career ranked sixth in MLB history in career hits and first among shortstops . In 2017 , the Yankees retired his uniform number 2 . The Yankees drafted Jeter out of high school in 1992 , and he debuted in the major leagues at age 20 in 1995 . The following year , he became the Yankees ' starting shortstop , won the Rookie of the Year Award , and helped push the team to win the 1996 World Series . Jeter continued to play during the team 's championship seasons of 1998-2000 ; he finished third in voting for the American League ( AL ) Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Award in 1998 , recorded multiple career-high numbers in 1999 , and won both the All-Star Game MVP and World Series MVP Awards in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'SS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_shortstop', 'summary': "The Rawlings Gold Glove Award , usually referred to as the Gold Glove , is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League ( NL ) and the American League ( AL ) , as voted by the managers and coaches in each league . Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players . Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year ( with the exception of 1957 , 1985 , 2007 , and 2018 ) , one at each of the nine positions in each league . In 1957 , the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position . The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé-tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base . Initially , only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in the entire league ; however , separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958 . Ozzie Smith , known as the Wizard of Oz , has won the most Gold Glove Awards at shortstop ; he captured 13 awards in his 19 seasons with the St. Louis Cardinals . Omar Vizquel is second among shortstops with 11 wins ; he won two with the San Francisco Giants in the National League after winning nine with the Seattle Mariners and the Cleveland Indians in the American League . Luis Aparicio won nine times at shortstop for the third-highest total , followed by Mark Belanger with eight wins . Dave Concepción and Derek Jeter have won five awards ; four-time winners at shortstop include Tony Fernández , Jimmy Rollins , Andrelton Simmons and Alan Trammell . Hall of Famers who have won Gold Glove Awards at shortstop include Smith , Aparicio , Trammell , Ernie Banks , Robin Yount , Barry Larkin and Cal Ripken Jr. , whose 2,632 consecutive games played earned him his Iron Man nickname . Vizquel made the fewest errors during a shortstop 's winning season , with three in 2000 ; his .995 fielding percentage that season leads American League and major league shortstops , and his 2006 total of four errors is tied for the National League lead with Rey Ordóñez ( 1999 ) ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004-06 2009-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bernie Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernie_Williams', 'summary': 'Bernabé Williams Figueroa Jr. ( born September 13 , 1968 ) is a Puerto Rican former professional baseball player and musician . He played his entire 16-year career in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the New York Yankees from 1991 through 2006 . A center fielder , Williams was a member of four World Series championship teams with the Yankees . He ended his career with a .297 batting average , 287 home runs , 1,257 runs batted in ( RBI ) , 1,366 runs scored , 449 doubles , and a .990 fielding percentage . He was a five-time All-Star and won four Gold Glove Awards , a Silver Slugger Award , the American League ( AL ) batting title in 1998 , and the 1996 AL Championship Series Most Valuable Player Award . Known for his consistency and postseason heroics , Williams is one of the most beloved Yankees . The team honored him by retiring his uniform number 51 and dedicating a plaque to him in Monument Park in May 2015 . Williams is widely regarded as one of the greatest switch-hitting center fielders in Yankee history . Williams is also a classically trained guitarist . Following his retirement from baseball , he has released two jazz albums . He was nominated for a Latin Grammy in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'OF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_outfield', 'summary': 'The Rawlings Gold Glove Award , usually referred to as the Gold Glove , is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League ( NL ) and the American League ( AL ) , as voted by the managers and coaches in each league . Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players . Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year ( with the exception of 1957 , 1985 , 2007 and 2018 ) , one at each of the nine positions in each league . In 1957 , the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position . The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé-tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base . Initially , only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in the entire major league ; however , separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958 . The phrase at each position was not strictly accurate until 2011 , when the awards were changed to specify individual awards for left fielder , center fielder , and right fielder . Previously , the prize was presented to three outfielders irrespective of their specific position . Any combination of outfielders , often three center fielders , could win the award in the same year . Critics called for awarding a single Gold Glove for each individual outfield position , arguing that the three outfield positions are not equivalent defensively . In the 1985 American League voting , a tie for third-place resulted in the presentation of Gold Glove Awards to four outfielders ( Dwayne Murphy , Gary Pettis , Dwight Evans and Dave Winfield ) ; this scenario was repeated in the National League in 2007 ( Andruw Jones , Carlos Beltrán , Aaron Rowand , and Jeff Francoeur ) . Father and son Bobby and Barry Bonds are the only family pair who have won Gold Glove Awards as outfielders .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997-2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dave Winfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Winfield', 'summary': "David Mark Winfield ( born October 3 , 1951 ) is an American former Major League Baseball ( MLB ) right fielder . He is the special assistant to the executive director of the Major League Baseball Players Association . Over his 22-year career , he played for six teams : the San Diego Padres , New York Yankees , California Angels , Toronto Blue Jays , Minnesota Twins , and Cleveland Indians . He had the winning hit in the 1992 World Series with the Blue Jays over the Atlanta Braves . Winfield is a 12-time MLB All-Star , a seven-time Gold Glove Award winner , and a six-time Silver Slugger Award winner . The Padres retired No . 31 , Winfield 's uniform number , in his honor . He also wore No . 31 while playing for the Yankees and Indians and wore No . 32 with the Angels , Blue Jays and Twins . In 2004 , ESPN named him the third-best all-around athlete of all time in any sport . He is a member of both the Baseball Hall of Fame and the College Baseball Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'OF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_outfield', 'summary': 'The Rawlings Gold Glove Award , usually referred to as the Gold Glove , is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League ( NL ) and the American League ( AL ) , as voted by the managers and coaches in each league . Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players . Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year ( with the exception of 1957 , 1985 , 2007 and 2018 ) , one at each of the nine positions in each league . In 1957 , the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position . The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé-tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base . Initially , only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in the entire major league ; however , separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958 . The phrase at each position was not strictly accurate until 2011 , when the awards were changed to specify individual awards for left fielder , center fielder , and right fielder . Previously , the prize was presented to three outfielders irrespective of their specific position . Any combination of outfielders , often three center fielders , could win the award in the same year . Critics called for awarding a single Gold Glove for each individual outfield position , arguing that the three outfield positions are not equivalent defensively . In the 1985 American League voting , a tie for third-place resulted in the presentation of Gold Glove Awards to four outfielders ( Dwayne Murphy , Gary Pettis , Dwight Evans and Dave Winfield ) ; this scenario was repeated in the National League in 2007 ( Andruw Jones , Carlos Beltrán , Aaron Rowand , and Jeff Francoeur ) . Father and son Bobby and Barry Bonds are the only family pair who have won Gold Glove Awards as outfielders .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982-85', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brett Gardner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brett_Gardner', 'summary': "Brett Michael Gardner ( born August 24 , 1983 ) is an American professional baseball outfielder for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Gardner made his MLB debut with the Yankees in 2008 and was a part of the Yankees ' 2009 World Series championship team over the Philadelphia Phillies . He was named an All-Star in 2015 and won a Gold Glove Award in 2016 . Gardner is currently the longest-tenured Yankee , having been with the team since the 2008 season and is also the only player on the roster from the 2009 World Series team ."}]}, {'value': 'OF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_outfield', 'summary': 'The Rawlings Gold Glove Award , usually referred to as the Gold Glove , is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League ( NL ) and the American League ( AL ) , as voted by the managers and coaches in each league . Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players . Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year ( with the exception of 1957 , 1985 , 2007 and 2018 ) , one at each of the nine positions in each league . In 1957 , the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position . The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé-tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base . Initially , only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in the entire major league ; however , separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958 . The phrase at each position was not strictly accurate until 2011 , when the awards were changed to specify individual awards for left fielder , center fielder , and right fielder . Previously , the prize was presented to three outfielders irrespective of their specific position . Any combination of outfielders , often three center fielders , could win the award in the same year . Critics called for awarding a single Gold Glove for each individual outfield position , arguing that the three outfield positions are not equivalent defensively . In the 1985 American League voting , a tie for third-place resulted in the presentation of Gold Glove Awards to four outfielders ( Dwayne Murphy , Gary Pettis , Dwight Evans and Dave Winfield ) ; this scenario was repeated in the National League in 2007 ( Andruw Jones , Carlos Beltrán , Aaron Rowand , and Jeff Francoeur ) . Father and son Bobby and Barry Bonds are the only family pair who have won Gold Glove Awards as outfielders .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mickey Mantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mickey_Mantle', 'summary': "Mickey Charles Mantle ( October 20 , 1931 - August 13 , 1995 ) , nicknamed The Commerce Comet and The Mick , was an American professional baseball player . Mantle played his entire Major League Baseball ( MLB ) career ( 1951-1968 ) with the New York Yankees as a center fielder , right fielder , and first baseman . Mantle was one of the best players and sluggers and is regarded by many as the greatest switch hitter in baseball history . Mantle was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1974 and was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team in 1999 . Mantle was one of the greatest offensive threats of any center fielder in baseball history . He has the highest career OPS+ of any center fielder , and he had the highest stolen base percentage in history at the time of his retirement . In addition , compared to the other four center fielders on the All-Century team , he had the lowest career rate of grounding into double plays , and he had the highest World Series on-base percentage and World Series slugging percentage . He also had an excellent 0.984 fielding percentage when playing center field . Mantle was noted for his ability to hit for both average and power , especially tape measure home runs , a term that was originated by a play-by-play caller reacting to one of Mantle 's 1953 home runs . He hit 536 MLB career home runs , batted .300 or more ten times , and is the career leader ( tied with Jim Thome ) in walk-off home runs , with thirteen - twelve in the regular season and one in the postseason . Mantle is 16th all-time in Home runs per at bats . He is 18th in on-base percentage ."}]}, {'value': 'OF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_outfield', 'summary': 'The Rawlings Gold Glove Award , usually referred to as the Gold Glove , is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League ( NL ) and the American League ( AL ) , as voted by the managers and coaches in each league . Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players . Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year ( with the exception of 1957 , 1985 , 2007 and 2018 ) , one at each of the nine positions in each league . In 1957 , the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position . The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé-tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base . Initially , only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in the entire major league ; however , separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958 . The phrase at each position was not strictly accurate until 2011 , when the awards were changed to specify individual awards for left fielder , center fielder , and right fielder . Previously , the prize was presented to three outfielders irrespective of their specific position . Any combination of outfielders , often three center fielders , could win the award in the same year . Critics called for awarding a single Gold Glove for each individual outfield position , arguing that the three outfield positions are not equivalent defensively . In the 1985 American League voting , a tie for third-place resulted in the presentation of Gold Glove Awards to four outfielders ( Dwayne Murphy , Gary Pettis , Dwight Evans and Dave Winfield ) ; this scenario was repeated in the National League in 2007 ( Andruw Jones , Carlos Beltrán , Aaron Rowand , and Jeff Francoeur ) . Father and son Bobby and Barry Bonds are the only family pair who have won Gold Glove Awards as outfielders .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roger Maris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Maris', 'summary': "Roger Eugene Maris ( September 10 , 1934 - December 14 , 1985 ) was an American professional baseball right fielder . He is best known for setting a new Major League Baseball single-season home run record with 61 home runs in 1961 ; the record remained unbroken until 1998 . Maris played in the minor leagues from 1953 to 1956 , and in the major leagues from 1957 to 1968 . He reached the major leagues in 1957 as a player for the Cleveland Indians . He was traded to the Kansas City Athletics during the 1958 season , and to the New York Yankees after the 1959 season . Maris finished his playing career as a member of the St. Louis Cardinals in 1967 and 1968 . Maris was an American League ( AL ) All-Star from 1959 through 1962 , [ a ] an AL Most Valuable Player in 1960 and 1961 , and an AL Gold Glove Award winner in 1960 . Maris appeared in seven World Series ; he played for Yankees teams that won the World Series in 1961 and 1962 and for a Cardinals team that won the World Series in 1967 . Maris ' home run record was controversial . The previous single-season home run record ( 60 , set by Babe Ruth in 1927 ) was set during a period when Major League Baseball teams played 154 games per season . Before Maris broke Ruth 's record , the American League baseball season had been extended to 162 games . Maris hit his 61st home run in the very last game of the season , which led to questions about the legitimacy of his record ."}]}, {'value': 'OF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Gold_Glove_Award_winners_at_outfield', 'summary': 'The Rawlings Gold Glove Award , usually referred to as the Gold Glove , is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League ( NL ) and the American League ( AL ) , as voted by the managers and coaches in each league . Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players . Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year ( with the exception of 1957 , 1985 , 2007 and 2018 ) , one at each of the nine positions in each league . In 1957 , the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position . The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé-tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base . Initially , only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in the entire major league ; however , separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958 . The phrase at each position was not strictly accurate until 2011 , when the awards were changed to specify individual awards for left fielder , center fielder , and right fielder . Previously , the prize was presented to three outfielders irrespective of their specific position . Any combination of outfielders , often three center fielders , could win the award in the same year . Critics called for awarding a single Gold Glove for each individual outfield position , arguing that the three outfield positions are not equivalent defensively . In the 1985 American League voting , a tie for third-place resulted in the presentation of Gold Glove Awards to four outfielders ( Dwayne Murphy , Gary Pettis , Dwight Evans and Dave Winfield ) ; this scenario was repeated in the National League in 2007 ( Andruw Jones , Carlos Beltrán , Aaron Rowand , and Jeff Francoeur ) . Father and son Bobby and Barry Bonds are the only family pair who have won Gold Glove Awards as outfielders .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Major League Baseball awards -- Gold Glove Award', 'section_text': 'Key Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame', 'uid': 'New_York_Yankees_award_winners_and_league_leaders_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of award winners and league leaders for the New York Yankees professional baseball team.'}	null	null	What position did the player who played in Major League Baseball from 1971 to 1988 for the Cleveland Indians play in ?	First base
07b1f2870bae8136	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiiConnect24', 'title': 'WiiConnect24', 'header': ['Channel', 'Description', 'Release date', 'Discontinuation date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Mii Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mii_Channel', 'summary': "The Wii Menu is the graphical shell of the Wii game console , as part of the Wii system software . It has four pages , each with a 4:3 grid , and each displaying the current time and date . Available applications , known as channels , are displayed and can be navigated using the pointer capability of the Wii Remote . The grid is customizable ; users can move channels ( except for the Disc Channel ) among the menu 's 47 customizable slots by pressing and holding the A and B button while hovering over the channel the user wants to move . By pressing the plus and minus buttons on the Wii Remote users can scroll across accessing empty slots ."}]}, {'value': 'Miis created by friends can be shared', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mii', 'summary': "A Mii ( /miː/ ) is a customizable avatar used on several Nintendo video game consoles and mobile apps . Miis were first introduced on the Wii , and later appeared on the Nintendo 3DS , Wii U , Nintendo Switch , and various Nintendo apps for smart devices . Miis can be created using different body , facial , and clothing features , and can then be used as characters within games on the consoles , either as an avatar of a specific player ( such as in the Wii series ) , or in the case of certain games ( such as Tomodachi Life and Miitopia ) , portrayed as characters with their own personalities . Miis can be shared and transferred between consoles , either manually or automatically with other users over the internet and local wireless communications . A player can create infinite versions of them creating them on any sort of basis aka themselves , famous people , etc . On the 3DS and Wii U , user accounts are associated with a Mii as their avatar , and used as the basis of the systems ' social networking features , most prominently the now-defunct Miiverse . On the Nintendo Switch , a Mii can still be used as an account avatar , but avatars depicting various Nintendo characters are also available . However , games such as Mario Kart 8 Deluxe , Go Vacation , Super Smash Bros . Ultimate and New Super Mario Bros. U Deluxe use Miis as playable characters . Miis are also used as profile pictures for Nintendo Accounts , and can be used in Nintendo smart device games such as Super Mario Run and the now-defunct Miitomo . They are created by way of Mii Maker ( Wii U and 3DS ) , Mii Channel ( Wii ) , or the Mii system settings panel ( Switch ) ."}]}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2006 ( came with console )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wii Shop Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wii_Shop_Channel', 'summary': "The Wii Shop Channel was an online shop for the Wii video game console that allowed users to download Virtual Console games , WiiWare games and additional channels . The channel launched on November 19 , 2006 , and ceased operations on January 30 , 2019 . Available software was organized into three sections : Virtual Console , WiiWare , and Wii Channels . It is impossible to purchase content on the channel , but all previously purchased content can be redownloaded indefinitely as of February 2020 . Upon its discontinuation , most software was removed from the channel , and the shop 's interface reverted to its original 2006 design ( or layout ) . Presently succeeded by the Nintendo eShop , the Wii Shop Channel was accessible on the original Wii and on the Wii U console via Wii Mode , supporting the download of most WiiWare titles , as well as most legacy , Wii-based Virtual Console titles , consequently allowing users to continue purchasing/downloading many Virtual Console titles that are yet to be available via the Nintendo eShop ."}]}, {'value': 'Download games by using Wii Points', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2006 ( came with console )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 30 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forecast Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forecast_Channel', 'summary': "The Wii Menu is the graphical shell of the Wii game console , as part of the Wii system software . It has four pages , each with a 4:3 grid , and each displaying the current time and date . Available applications , known as channels , are displayed and can be navigated using the pointer capability of the Wii Remote . The grid is customizable ; users can move channels ( except for the Disc Channel ) among the menu 's 47 customizable slots by pressing and holding the A and B button while hovering over the channel the user wants to move . By pressing the plus and minus buttons on the Wii Remote users can scroll across accessing empty slots ."}]}, {'value': 'Current local and worldwide weather conditions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 20 , 2006 ( was with console but an update was needed to activate the channel )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 27 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'News Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wii_Menu', 'summary': "The Wii Menu is the graphical shell of the Wii game console , as part of the Wii system software . It has four pages , each with a 4:3 grid , and each displaying the current time and date . Available applications , known as channels , are displayed and can be navigated using the pointer capability of the Wii Remote . The grid is customizable ; users can move channels ( except for the Disc Channel ) among the menu 's 47 customizable slots by pressing and holding the A and B button while hovering over the channel the user wants to move . By pressing the plus and minus buttons on the Wii Remote users can scroll across accessing empty slots ."}]}, {'value': 'The latest news articles and headlines', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 24 , 2007 ( was with console but an update was needed to activate the channel )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 27 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Everybody Votes Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Everybody_Votes_Channel', 'summary': 'The Everybody Votes Channel was a Wii Menu channel that allowed users to vote in simple opinion polls and compare and contrast opinions with those of friends , family and voters across the globe . The Everybody Votes Channel was available on February 13 , 2007 . Its release came as a surprise , as Nintendo made no announcement regarding it until after it was available for download on the Wii Shop Channel . Like the four other Wii channels , Nintendo ended support for the Everybody Votes Channel on June 28 , 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Polls and results', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 14 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 27 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Check Mii Out Channel/Mii Contest Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Check_Mii_Out_Channel', 'summary': 'The Check Mii Out Channel , known as the Mii Contest Channel ( Miiコンテストチャンネル , Mī Kontesuto Channeru ) in Europe , Oceania and Japan and Miirame in Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America , was a channel for the Nintendo Wii that allowed players to share their digital avatars , called Miis , and enter them into popularity contests . Like the four other Wii channels , Nintendo ended support for the channel on June 28 , 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Miis can be shared as well as judged on a global scale', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 11 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 27 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mario Kart Wii Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Kart_Wii', 'summary': "Mario Kart Wii [ a ] is a racing video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Wii . It is the sixth installment in the Mario Kart series and was released worldwide in April 2008 . Like its previous installments , Mario Kart Wii incorporates playable characters from the Mario series , who participate in kart races on 32 different race tracks using specialized items to hinder opponents or gain advantages . It sold 37.24 million copies , making it the 9th best-selling game of all time , the best selling game of the Mario Kart series , and the 2nd best-selling game on the Wii , only behind Wii Sports . The game features multiple single-player and multiplayer game modes including a four-person split screen . Online multiplayer via Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection was available at launch , but was discontinued in May 2014 , along with other Wii and Nintendo DS games that supported online play . Mario Kart Wii uses the Wii Remote 's motion-sensing to provide intuitive and conventional steering controls ; each copy of the game is bundled with the Wii Wheel accessory to augment this feature ."}]}, {'value': 'Can race ghost data , view worldwide racing times , view friend list , participate in competitions like tournaments', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghost_(video_games)', 'summary': 'This list includes terms used in video games and the video game industry , as well as slang used by players .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Racing', 'summary': "In sport , racing is a competition of speed , against an objective criterion , usually a clock or to a specific point . The competitors in a race try to complete a given task in the shortest amount of time . Typically this involves traversing some distance , but it can be any other task involving speed to reach a specific goal . A race may be run continuously to finish or may be made of several segments called heats , stages or legs . A heat is usually run over the same course at different times . A stage is a shorter section of a much longer course or a time trial . Early records of races are evident on pottery from ancient Greece , which depicted running men vying for first place . A chariot race is described in Homer 's Iliad ."}]}, {'value': 'April 10 , 2008 ( Japan ) , April 11 , 2008 ( Europe ) , April 24 , 2008 ( Australia ) , April 27 , 2008 ( America )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Americas', 'summary': "The Americas ( also collectively called America ; French : Amérique , Dutch : Amerika , Spanish and Portuguese : América ) comprise the totality of the continents of North and South America . Together , they make up most of the land in Earth 's western hemisphere and comprise the New World . Along with their associated islands , they cover 8% of Earth 's total surface area and 28.4% of its land area . The topography is dominated by the American Cordillera , a long chain of mountains that runs the length of the west coast . The flatter eastern side of the Americas is dominated by large river basins , such as the Amazon , St. Lawrence River / Great Lakes basin , Mississippi , and La Plata . Since the Americas extend 14,000 km ( 8,700 mi ) from north to south , the climate and ecology vary widely , from the arctic tundra of Northern Canada , Greenland , and Alaska , to the tropical rain forests in Central America and South America . Humans first settled the Americas from Asia between 42,000 and 17,000 years ago . A second migration of Na-Dene speakers followed later from Asia . The subsequent migration of the Inuit into the neoarctic around 3500 BCE completed what is generally regarded as the settlement by the indigenous peoples of the Americas . The first known European settlement in the Americas was by the Norse explorer Leif Erikson . However , the colonization never became permanent and was later abandoned . The Spanish voyages of Christopher Columbus from 1492 to 1502 resulted in permanent contact with European ( and subsequently , other Old World ) powers , which eventually led to the Columbian exchange and inaugurated a period of exploration , conquest , and colonization whose effects and consequences persist to the present ."}]}, {'value': 'May 20 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nintendo Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_Channel', 'summary': "The Nintendo Channel , known as the Everybody 's Nintendo Channel ( みんなのニンテンドーチャンネル Minna no Nintendō Channeru ) in Japan , is a defunct online service , which was accessed through the use of WiiConnect24 on Nintendo 's Wii game console . The channel offered viewing of videos from Nintendo , support for reading through game articles and also an online-based DS Download Station for the Nintendo DS to play demo versions of various Nintendo DS games . Users could send recommendations to Nintendo about a Wii or Nintendo DS game that they played , although Nintendo DS game cards had to be in the system 's Slot-1 and locally connected to the Wii via Download Play in order to be eligible in the survey . The Nintendo Channel debuted in November 27 , 2007 in Japan , May 7 , 2008 in America , and May 30 , 2008 in Europe and Australia , and an update was released at a later point which changed the user interface and various other things . A North American-exclusive show called Nintendo Week was also distributed via Nintendo Channel . Nintendo ended support for the Nintendo Channel on June 28 , 2013 along with 4 more Wii channels as WiiConnect24 , which the channel required , was permanently disconnected . Most of Nintendo Channel 's functions were succeeded by the Nintendo eShop ."}]}, {'value': 'Allows Wii users to watch trailers for games and download demos for the Nintendo DS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wii', 'summary': "The Wii ( /wiː/ WEE ; known unofficially as the Nintendo Wii ) is a home video game console released by Nintendo on November 19 , 2006 . As a seventh-generation console , the Wii competed with Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Sony 's PlayStation 3 . Nintendo states that its console targets a broader demographic than that of the two others . As of the first quarter of 2016 [ update ] , the Wii led its generation over the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in worldwide sales , with more than 101 million units sold ; in December 2009 , the console broke the sales record for a single month in the United States . The Wii introduced the Wii Remote controller , which can be used as a handheld pointing device and which detects movement in three dimensions . The console runs games supplied on Wii optical discs . It also supported the now discontinued WiiConnect24 service , which enabled Wii to receive messages and updates over the Internet while in standby mode . Like other seventh-generation consoles it supported a service , called Virtual Console , that downloaded emulated games from past Nintendo consoles , support for online video streaming such as BBC iPlayer , and other services provided by Nintendo over the Internet . From June 28 , 2013 , Internet services were gradually discontinued ; since January 31 , 2019 , only re-download of games , system software update , and transfer of data between Wii and Wii U continued to be available , to be withdrawn at an unspecified future date . Wii Points could no longer be purchased after March 2018 , and could not be used and were permanently lost from January 31 , 2019 . The Wii succeeded the GameCube ; early models are fully backward-compatible with all GameCube games and most accessories . Nintendo first spoke of the console at the E3 2004 press conference and later unveiled it at E3 2005 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Demo_(marketing)', 'summary': 'In marketing , a product demonstration ( or demo for short ) is a promotion where a product is demonstrated to potential customers . The goal of such a demonstration is to introduce customers to the product in hopes of getting them to purchase that item . Products offered as samples during these demonstrations may include new products , new versions of existing products or products that have been recently introduced to a new commercial marketplace .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_DS', 'summary': "The Nintendo DS , [ b ] or simply DS , is a dual-screen handheld game console developed and released by Nintendo . The device released globally across 2004 and 2005 . The DS , an acronym for Developers ' System or Dual Screen , introduced distinctive new features to handheld gaming : two LCD screens working in tandem ( the bottom one being a touchscreen ) , a built-in microphone , and support for wireless connectivity . Both screens are encompassed within a clamshell design similar to the Game Boy Advance SP . The Nintendo DS also features the ability for multiple DS consoles to directly interact with each other over Wi-Fi within a short range without the need to connect to an existing wireless network . Alternatively , they could interact online using the now-defunct Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection service . Its main competitor was Sony 's PlayStation Portable during the seventh generation of video game consoles . Prior to its release , the Nintendo DS was marketed as an experimental , third pillar in Nintendo 's console lineup , meant to complement the Game Boy Advance and GameCube . However , backward compatibility with Game Boy Advance titles and strong sales ultimately established it as the successor to the Game Boy series . On March 2 , 2006 , Nintendo launched the Nintendo DS Lite , a slimmer and lighter redesign of the original Nintendo DS with brighter screens . On November 1 , 2008 , Nintendo released the Nintendo DSi , another redesign with several hardware improvements and new features , although it lost backwards compatibility for Game Boy Advance titles . All Nintendo DS models combined have sold 154.02 million units , making it the best selling handheld game console to date , and the second best selling video game console of all time behind Sony 's PlayStation 2 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 27 , 2007 ( Japan ) , May 7 , 2008 ( America ) , May 30 , 2008 ( Europe and Australia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Americas', 'summary': "The Americas ( also collectively called America ; French : Amérique , Dutch : Amerika , Spanish and Portuguese : América ) comprise the totality of the continents of North and South America . Together , they make up most of the land in Earth 's western hemisphere and comprise the New World . Along with their associated islands , they cover 8% of Earth 's total surface area and 28.4% of its land area . The topography is dominated by the American Cordillera , a long chain of mountains that runs the length of the west coast . The flatter eastern side of the Americas is dominated by large river basins , such as the Amazon , St. Lawrence River / Great Lakes basin , Mississippi , and La Plata . Since the Americas extend 14,000 km ( 8,700 mi ) from north to south , the climate and ecology vary widely , from the arctic tundra of Northern Canada , Greenland , and Alaska , to the tropical rain forests in Central America and South America . Humans first settled the Americas from Asia between 42,000 and 17,000 years ago . A second migration of Na-Dene speakers followed later from Asia . The subsequent migration of the Inuit into the neoarctic around 3500 BCE completed what is generally regarded as the settlement by the indigenous peoples of the Americas . The first known European settlement in the Americas was by the Norse explorer Leif Erikson . However , the colonization never became permanent and was later abandoned . The Spanish voyages of Christopher Columbus from 1492 to 1502 resulted in permanent contact with European ( and subsequently , other Old World ) powers , which eventually led to the Columbian exchange and inaugurated a period of exploration , conquest , and colonization whose effects and consequences persist to the present ."}]}, {'value': 'June 27 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wii Speak Channel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wii_Menu', 'summary': "The Wii Menu is the graphical shell of the Wii game console , as part of the Wii system software . It has four pages , each with a 4:3 grid , and each displaying the current time and date . Available applications , known as channels , are displayed and can be navigated using the pointer capability of the Wii Remote . The grid is customizable ; users can move channels ( except for the Disc Channel ) among the menu 's 47 customizable slots by pressing and holding the A and B button while hovering over the channel the user wants to move . By pressing the plus and minus buttons on the Wii Remote users can scroll across accessing empty slots ."}]}, {'value': "Allows users to leave voice messages on friends ' message boards", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 5 , 2008 ( users must have Wii Speak to download )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wii_Speak', 'summary': "Wii Speak is a microphone accessory for Nintendo 's Wii video game console . Connected to the console via USB , the device can be placed near the video display , allowing voice chat to be conducted with the entire room . The device features an LED to indicate when the microphone is active . Wii Speak was announced at Nintendo 's 2008 E3 media briefing . It was released separately and bundled with Animal Crossing : City Folk on November 16 , 2008 , in North America , and was released on December 5 , 2008 , in Europe . The Wii Speak accessory is succeeded by the embedded microphone on the Wii U 's GamePad controller . Nevertheless , the Wii Speak hardware is still compatible with the Wii U ."}]}, {'value': 'May 20 , 2014', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Channels', 'section_text': 'The following were Wii Menu channels that used WiiConnect24 :', 'uid': 'WiiConnect24_0', 'intro': "WiiConnect24 was a feature of the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection for the Wii console. It was first announced at Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) in mid-2006 by Nintendo. It enabled the user to remain connected to the Internet while the console was on standby. For example, a friend could send messages to another player's town without the other player being present in the game Animal Crossing: City Folk. On June 27, 2013, Nintendo terminated the WiiConnect24 service features globally due to the release of the Wii U. Consequently, the Wii channels that required it, online data exchange via Wii Message Board, and passive online features for certain games (the latter two of which made use of 16-digit Wii Friend Codes) have all been rendered unusable. The Wii U hardware itself does not support WiiConnect24, which subsequently was the cause for most preloaded and downloadable Wii channels to be unavailable on the Wii U's Wii Mode menu and Wii Shop Channel respectively, even prior to WiiConnect24's termination. Eventually, the defunct downloadable Wii channels were made unavailable on all versions of the Wii Shop Channel. WiiConnect24 is succeeded by SpotPass, a different trademark name for similar content-pushing functions that the Nintendo Network service can perform for the newer Nintendo 3DS and Wii U consoles."}	null	null	what is the release date of the channel that was a channel for the Nintendo Wii that allowed players to share their digital avatars ?	November 11 , 2007
07b227923f205618	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Medical_Center_for_Federal_Prisoners', 'title': 'United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners', 'header': ['Inmate Name', 'Register Number', 'Status', 'Details'], 'data': [{'value': 'Antonio Corallo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Corallo', 'summary': 'Anthony Tony Ducks Corallo ( February 12 , 1913 - August 23 , 2000 ) was a New York City mobster and boss of the Lucchese crime family . Corallo exercised a tremendous control over trucking and construction unions in New York .'}]}, {'value': '08341-016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Died in 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mobster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clayton Fountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clayton_Fountain', 'summary': "Clayton Anthony Fountain ( September 12 , 1955 - July 12 , 2004 ) was an American federal prisoner , member of the Aryan Brotherhood , and convicted murderer . Clayton was born on September 12 , 1955 , at the U.S. Army Hospital in Fort Benning , Georgia . Clayton was the oldest of six children , having one brother and four sisters , and was named after his father , Clayton Raleigh Fountain . The family moved every 1½ to 2 years . While his father served combat tours in Korea and Vietnam and his mother was working , Clayton , as the oldest child in family , became a surrogate for both parents when he was very young . He recalled maternal responsibilities for cooking , ironing , serving , cleaning , and caring for his young siblings . While serving in the Marines , he was convicted of murdering his staff sergeant in 1974 , while stationed in the Philippines . He was sentenced to life imprisonment , and was ultimately sent to the United States Penitentiary , Marion , which was at the time the highest-security prison in the nation . Fountain murdered three prisoners and one correctional officer with a shiv while serving time at Marion , and was labeled the Most Dangerous Prisoner in the federal system . On October 22 , 1983 , Fountain stabbed Correction Officer Robert Hoffmann to death , hours after Fountain 's friend and fellow Aryan Brotherhood member Thomas Silverstein stabbed another correction officer , Merle Clutts , to death at the same facility . The incidents resulted in a 23-year lockdown at Marion , and contributed to the creation of the federal supermax prison , United States Penitentiary , Florence ADX . Fountain was moved to the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield , Missouri ."}]}, {'value': '89129-132', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Died in 2004 while serving a life sentence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member of the Aryan Brotherhood prison gang ; murdered Correction Officer Robert Hoffman at the United States Penitentiary , Marion in 1983 ; held in solitary confinement until his death . The incident resulted in a 23-year lockdown at Marion , and contributed to the creation of the federal supermax prison , Florence ADX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aryan_Brotherhood', 'summary': "The Aryan Brotherhood , also known as the Brand or the AB , is a white prison gang and organized crime syndicate in the United States with an estimated 15,000-20,000 members in and out of prison . According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation , the Aryan Brotherhood makes up an extremely low percentage of the entire US prison population but is responsible for a disproportionately large number of prison murders . The gang has focused on the economic activities typical of organized crime entities , particularly drug trafficking , extortion , inmate prostitution , and murder-for-hire . Organization of its whites-only membership varies from prison to prison but is generally hierarchical , headed by a twelve-man council topped by a three-man commission . The Aryan Brotherhood uses various terms , symbols , and images to identify themselves , including shamrocks , swastikas , and other symbols . To join , members may swear a blood oath or take a pledge ; acceptance into the Aryan Brotherhood is aided by a prospect 's willingness to kill another inmate ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Penitentiary,_Marion', 'summary': 'The United States Penitentiary , Marion ( USP Marion ) is a medium-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Illinois . It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons , a division of the United States Department of Justice . The facility also has an adjacent satellite prison camp that houses minimum security male offenders . USP Marion in Southern Illinois is approximately 9 miles ( 14 km ) south of the city of Marion , Illinois , 300 miles ( 480 km ) south of Chicago , and 120 miles ( 190 km ) southeast of St. Louis , Missouri .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Solitary_confinement', 'summary': "Solitary confinement is a form of imprisonment distinguished by living in single cells with little or no meaningful contact to other inmates , strict measures to control contraband , and the use of additional security measures and equipment . It is specifically designed for disruptive inmates who are security risks to other inmates , the prison staff , or the prison itself . It is mostly employed for violations of discipline , such as murder , hostage-taking , deadly assault , and rioting . However , it is also used as a measure of protection for inmates whose safety is threatened by other inmates . Solitary confinement is colloquially referred to in American English as the hotbox , the hole , AdSeg ( administrative segregation ) , the SHU ( pronounced shoe ) , an acronym for Special Housing Unit or Security Housing Unit ; in Australian English as the Slot or the Pound ; in British English as the block , The Segregation Unit , or the cooler . It has also been called prison 'segregation ' and 'restrictive housing . ' Solitary confinement has received severe criticism for having detrimental psychological effects and , to some and in some cases , constituting torture . According to a 2017 review study , a robust scientific literature has established the negative psychological effects of solitary confinement , leading to an emerging consensus among correctional as well as professional , mental health , legal , and human rights organizations to drastically limit the use of solitary confinement ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Florence_ADX', 'summary': 'The United States Penitentiary , Administrative Maximum Facility ( USP Florence ADMAX ) is an American federal prison that provides a higher level of custody than a maximum security prison . It is classed as a supermax or control unit prison , where the safety of inmates and staff is paramount . It is located in unincorporated Fremont County , Colorado , near Florence , and opened in 1994 , and it is informally known as the Alcatraz of the Rockies . The Federal Bureau of Prisons needed a unit designed specifically for the secure housing of those prisoners most capable of violence toward staff or other inmates . As of December 2019 [ update ] , there are 376 prisoners who spend 23 hours per day in single cells with facilities made of poured concrete to deter self-harm , and 24-hour supervision , carried out intensively with high staff-inmate ratios . Phones are generally banned and only limited broadcast entertainment is permitted . After three years in maximum confinement , some prisoners may be transferred to a less restrictive prison . The aim is to encourage reasonably peaceful behavior from the most violent career prisoners .'}]}, {'value': 'John Gotti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Gotti', 'summary': "John Joseph Gotti Jr. ( /ˈɡɒti/ , Italian : [ ˈɡɔtti ] ; October 27 , 1940 - June 10 , 2002 ) was an Italian-American gangster who became boss of the Gambino crime family in New York City . Gotti and his brothers grew up in poverty and turned to a life of crime at an early age . Gotti quickly became one of the crime family 's biggest earners and a protégé of Gambino family underboss Aniello Dellacroce , operating out of the Ozone Park neighborhood of Queens . Early in his criminal career and following the FBI 's indictment of members of Gotti 's crew for selling narcotics , Gotti began to fear that he and his brother would be killed by Gambino boss Paul Castellano for selling drugs . As this fear continued to grow , and amidst growing dissent over the leadership of the crime family , Gotti organized the murder of Castellano in December 1985 and took over the family shortly thereafter , leaving Gotti as the boss of what has been described as America 's most powerful crime syndicate , and one that made hundreds of millions of dollars a year from racketeering , hijacking , loan sharking , drug trafficking , bookmaking , prostitution , extortion , pornography , illegal gambling and other criminal activities . At his peak , Gotti was one of the most powerful and dangerous crime bosses in the United States . During his era he became widely known for his outspoken personality and flamboyant style , which gained him favor with some of the general public . While his peers avoided attracting attention , especially from the media , Gotti became known as The Dapper Don , for his expensive clothes and personality in front of news cameras . He was later given the nickname The Teflon Don after three high-profile trials in the 1980s resulted in his acquittal , though it was later revealed that the trials had been tainted by jury tampering , juror misconduct , and witness intimidation . Law enforcement authorities continued gathering evidence against Gotti that helped lead to his downfall . According to Sammy Gravano , Gotti earned between $ 5-20 million per year during his tenure as Gambino boss . Gotti 's underboss Salvatore Sammy the Bull Gravano aided the FBI in finally convicting Gotti ."}]}, {'value': '18261-053', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Died in 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': "John The Teflon Don Gotti was head of New York 's Gambino crime family . One of the most powerful and dangerous crime bosses in the world , Gotti was charged with five counts of murder , conspiracy to commit murder , loansharking , illegal gambling , obstruction of justice , bribery and tax evasion . Convicted on all counts , he was sentenced to life imprisonment without possibility of parole and a $ 250,000 fine", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gambino_crime_family', 'summary': "The Gambino crime family ( pronounced [ ɡamˈbiːno ] ) is one of the Five Families that dominate organized crime activities in New York City , United States , within the nationwide criminal phenomenon known as the American Mafia . The group , which went through five bosses between 1910 and 1957 , is named after Carlo Gambino , boss of the family at the time of the McClellan hearings in 1963 , when the structure of organized crime first gained public attention . The group 's operations extend from New York and the eastern seaboard to California . Its illicit activities include labor and construction racketeering , gambling , loansharking , extortion , money laundering , prostitution , fraud , hijacking , and fencing . The family was one of the five families that were founded in New York after the Castellammarese War of 1931 . For most of the next quarter-century , it was a minor player in organized crime . Its most prominent member during this time was its underboss Albert Anastasia , who rose to infamy as the operating head of the underworld 's enforcement arm , Murder , Inc . He remained in power even after Murder , Inc. was smashed in the late 1940s , and took over his family in 1951 - by all accounts , after murdering the family 's founder Vincent Mangano . The rise of what was the most powerful crime family in America for a time began in 1957 , when Anastasia was assassinated while sitting in a barber chair at the Park Sheraton Hotel in Manhattan . Experts believe that Anastasia 's underboss Carlo Gambino helped orchestrate the hit to take over the family . Gambino partnered with Meyer Lansky to control gambling interests in Cuba . The family 's fortunes grew through 1976 , when Gambino appointed his brother-in-law Paul Castellano as boss upon his death ."}]}, {'value': 'Howard Krantz', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Died in 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York City Attorney ; convicted in 1996 of participation in murder-for-hire conspiracy . Sentenced to life imprisonment plus five years without possibility of parole', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hemant Lakhani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hemant_Lakhani', 'summary': 'Hemant Lakhani ( 1935 - June 19 , 2013 ) was an Indian-born British rice trader and sari salesman . He was convicted in 2005 of illegal arms dealing after purchasing a fake surface-to-air missile from a Russian intelligence agent posing as a disgruntled military officer , then attempting to sell that missile to an informant working for FBI and posing as a Somali terrorist .'}]}, {'value': '25753-050', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Died in 2013 while serving a 47-year sentence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British businessman ; convicted in 2005 of providing material support for terrorism and other charges for attempting to sell shoulder-fired missiles to what he thought was a terrorist group intent on shooting down US airliners', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Providing_material_support_for_terrorism', 'summary': "In United States law , providing material support for terrorism is a crime prohibited by the USA PATRIOT Act and codified in title 18 of the United States Code , sections 2339A and 2339B . It applies primarily to groups designated as terrorists by the State Department . The four types of support described are training , expert advice or assistance , service , and personnel . In June 2010 , the United States Supreme Court upheld the law in an as-applied challenge in the case Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project , but also left open the door for other as-applied challenges . The plaintiffs in the case had sought to help the Kurdistan Workers ' Party in Turkey and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam learn means of peacefully resolving conflicts ."}]}, {'value': 'Gennaro Langella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gennaro_Langella', 'summary': 'Gennaro Adriano Langella ( December 30 , 1938 - December 15 , 2013 ) also known as Gerry Lang , was a member of the Colombo crime family who eventually became underboss and acting boss .'}]}, {'value': '10405-054', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Died in 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mobster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anthony Salerno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Salerno', 'summary': 'Anthony Fat Tony Salerno ( August 15 , 1911 - July 27 , 1992 ) was an American mobster who served as underboss and front boss of the Genovese crime family in New York City from 1981 until his conviction in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': '12812-054', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Died in 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mobster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garrett Brock Trapnell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garrett_Brock_Trapnell', 'summary': 'Garrett Brock Trapnell ( January 31 , 1938 - September 7 , 1993 ) was a con man , bank robber , and aircraft hijacker of the 1960s and early 1970s . Trapnell robbed a string of banks in Canada , frequently posed as an agent of the Central Intelligence Agency , masterminded a $ 100,000 jewelry store heist in Freeport , Bahamas , and simultaneously maintained marriages with at least six women . When arrested for his crimes , he frequently feigned madness and successfully used the insanity defense to be committed to mental institutions , from which he would later escape or be released on the grounds that he was no longer dangerous . While serving life imprisonment for the hijacking of a passenger airliner in 1972 , he was the subject of a book , The Fox Is Crazy Too , written by journalist Eliot Asinof . A lifelong smoker , he died at the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield , Missouri after developing emphysema .'}]}, {'value': '72021-158', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Died in 1993 while serving a life sentence ; served the majority of his sentence at USP Marion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USP_Marion', 'summary': 'The United States Penitentiary , Marion ( USP Marion ) is a medium-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Illinois . It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons , a division of the United States Department of Justice . The facility also has an adjacent satellite prison camp that houses minimum security male offenders . USP Marion in Southern Illinois is approximately 9 miles ( 14 km ) south of the city of Marion , Illinois , 300 miles ( 480 km ) south of Chicago , and 120 miles ( 190 km ) southeast of St. Louis , Missouri .'}]}, {'value': 'Serial bank robber ; convicted in 1973 of aircraft hijacking and in 1974 of armed robbery and conspiracy to commit kidnapping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking', 'summary': "Aircraft hijacking ( also known as airplane hijacking , skyjacking , plane hijacking , plane jacking , air robbery , air piracy , or aircraft piracy , with the latter term being used within the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States ) , or simply hijacking , is the unlawful seizure of an aircraft by an individual or a group . Dating from the earliest of hijackings , most cases involve the pilot being forced to fly according to the hijacker 's demands . However , in rare cases , the hijackers have flown the aircraft themselves and used them in suicide attacks ; most notably in the September 11 attacks , and in several cases , planes have been hijacked by the official pilot or co-pilot . Unlike carjacking or sea piracy , an aircraft hijacking is not usually committed for robbery or theft . Individuals driven by personal gain often divert planes to destinations where they are not planned to go . Some hijacking situations intend to use passengers or crew as hostages , either for monetary ransom or for some political or administrative concession by authorities . Various motives have driven such occurrences , such as demanding the release of certain high-profile individuals or for the right of political asylum ( notably Flight ET 961 ) . Hijackings involving hostages have produced violent confrontations between hijackers and the authorities , during negotiation and settlement . In the case of Lufthansa Flight 181 and Air France Flight 139 , the hijackers were not satisfied and showed no inclination to surrender , resulting in attempts by special forces to rescue passengers . In most jurisdictions of the world , aircraft hijacking is punishable by life imprisonment or a long prison sentence . In most jurisdictions where the death penalty is a legal punishment , aircraft hijacking is a capital crime , including in China , India , and the U.S. states of Georgia and Mississippi ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Spangler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Spangler', 'summary': "Robert Spangler ( January 10 , 1933 - August 5 , 2001 ) was a serial killer who came into the spotlight following the murders of his first wife , son , daughter , and his third wife . On the morning of December 30 , 1978 , in Littleton , Colorado , Robert Spangler lured his wife , Nancy , into the basement with the promise of a surprise . and shot her in the head with a .38 Special revolver . Going upstairs , he shot his teenage children , Susan and David . David was slow in dying , so Spangler finished him off by smothering him with a pillow . Spangler then altered the scene to make it appear that his wife had shot their children and then herself . On April 11 , 1993 , when Spangler 's third marriage to 58-year-old aerobics instructor Donna Sundling went sour , he took her hiking in the Grand Canyon and pushed her off a 140-foot ( 40 m ) drop to her death ."}]}, {'value': '29442-013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Died of cancer on August 5 , 2001 while serving life sentence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Serial Killer who murder his first wife and two children in 1978 in Littleton , Colorado and his third wife at the Grand Canyon in 1993 . Pleaded guilty in October 2000 to murder on federal land of third wife . Sentenced to life imprisonment', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Waters', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Madalyn_Murray_O'Hair", 'summary': "Madalyn Murray O'Hair ( born Mays ; April 13 , 1919 - September 29 , 1995 ) was an American activist supporting atheism and separation of church and state . In 1963 she founded American Atheists and served as its president until 1986 , after which her son Jon Garth Murray succeeded her . She created the first issues of American Atheist Magazine . O'Hair is best known for the Murray v. Curlett lawsuit , which challenged the policy of mandatory prayers and Bible reading in Baltimore public schools , in which she named her first son William J. Murray as plaintiff . Consolidated with Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 ) , it was heard by the United States Supreme Court , which ruled that officially sanctioned mandatory Bible-reading in American public schools was unconstitutional . The Supreme Court had prohibited officially sponsored prayer in schools in Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) on similar grounds . Through American Atheists , O'Hair filed numerous other suits on issues of separation of church and state . In 1995 , O'Hair , her second son Jon Garth Murray ( known as Garth ) , and her granddaughter and adopted daughter Robin Murray O'Hair ( daughter of William J. Murray ( her son ) and his high school girlfriend Susan ) , disappeared from Austin , Texas . Garth Murray withdrew hundreds of thousands of dollars from American Atheists ' funds , and there was speculation that the trio had absconded . David Roland Waters , a convicted felon and former employee of American Atheists , was convicted of murdering O'Hair , Jon Garth Murray , and Robin Murray O'Hair . The bodies were not found until Waters led authorities to their burial place following his conviction ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Died in 2003 from lung cancer', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Known for his role in the kidnapping , robbery and murder of the famed atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair , her son Jon Garth and granddaughter Robyn in 1995", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Franklin Stroud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Franklin_Stroud', 'summary': 'Robert Franklin Stroud ( January 28 , 1890 - November 21 , 1963 ) , known as the Birdman of Alcatraz , was a convicted murderer , American federal prisoner and author who has been cited as one of the most notorious criminals in the United States . During his time at Leavenworth Penitentiary , he reared and sold birds and became a respected ornithologist , although regulations did not allow him to keep birds at Alcatraz , where he was incarcerated from 1942 to 1959 . Stroud was never released from the federal prison system ; he was imprisoned from 1909 to his death in 1963 . Born in Seattle , Washington , Stroud ran away from his abusive father at the age of 13 , and by the time he was 18 , he had become a pimp in the Alaska Territory . In January 1909 , he shot and killed a bartender who attacked his mistress , a crime for which he was sentenced to 12 years in the federal penitentiary on McNeil Island in Puget Sound . Stroud gained a reputation as a dangerous inmate who frequently had confrontations with fellow inmates and staff , and in 1916 , he stabbed and killed a guard . Stroud was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to hang , but after several trials his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in solitary confinement . In 1920 , while in solitary confinement at Leavenworth , Stroud discovered a nest with three injured sparrows in the prison yard . He cared for them and within a few years had acquired a collection of about 300 canaries . He began extensive research into birds after being granted equipment by a prison-reforming warden . Stroud wrote Diseases of Canaries , which was smuggled out of Leavenworth and published in 1933 , as well as a later edition ( 1943 ) . He made important contributions to avian pathology , most notably a cure for the hemorrhagic septicemia family of diseases , gaining much respect and some level of sympathy among ornithologists and farmers .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Died November 21 , 1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birdman of Alcatraz', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Notable inmates -- Died at MCFP Springfield', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'United_States_Medical_Center_for_Federal_Prisoners_2', 'intro': 'The United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners (MCFP Springfield) is a United States federal prison in Springfield, Missouri which provides medical, mental health, and dental services to male offenders. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice.'}	null	null	What is the register number of the inmate who exercised a tremendous control over trucking and construction unions in New York ?	08341-016
07b293ca2d30a89e	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Alps', 'title': 'French Alps', 'header': ['Chain', 'Range', 'Highest summit', 'Elevation ( m/ft )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Graian Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Graian_Alps', 'summary': 'The Graian Alps ( Italian : Alpi Graie [ ˈalpi ˈɡraːje ] ; French : Alpes grées [ alp ɡʁe ] ) are a mountain range in the western part of the Alps .'}]}, {'value': 'Mont Blanc Massif', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mont_Blanc_Massif', 'summary': 'The Mont Blanc massif ( French : Massif du Mont-Blanc ; Italian : Massiccio del Monte Bianco ) is a mountain range in the Alps , located mostly in France and Italy , but also straddling Switzerland at its northeastern end . It contains eleven major independent summits , each over 4,000 metres ( 13,123 ft ) in height . It is named after Mont Blanc ( 4,808 metres ( 15,774 ft ) ) , the highest point in western Europe and the European Union . Because of its considerable overall altitude , a large proportion of the massif is covered by glaciers , which include the Mer de Glace and the Miage Glacier - the longest glaciers in France and Italy , respectively . The massif forms a watershed between the vast catchments of the rivers Rhône and Po , and a tripoint between France , Italy and Switzerland ; it also marks the border between two climate regions by separating the northern and western Alps from the southern Alps . The mountains of the massif consist mostly of granite and gneiss rocks and at high altitudes the vegetation is an arctic-alpine flora . The valleys that delimit the massif were used as communication routes by the Romans until they left around the 5th century AD . The region remained of some military importance through to the mid-20th century . A peasant farming economy operated within these valleys for many centuries until the glaciers and mountains were discovered by the outside world in the 18th century . Word of these impressive sights began to spread , and Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786 , marking the start of the sport of mountaineering . The region is now a major tourist destination , drawing in over six million visitors per year . It provides a wide range of opportunities for outdoor recreation and activities such as sight-seeing , hiking , rock climbing , mountaineering and skiing .'}]}, {'value': 'Mont Blanc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mont_Blanc', 'summary': 'Mont Blanc ( French : [ mɔ̃ blɑ̃ ] ; Italian : Monte Bianco [ ˈmonte ˈbjaŋko ] ; meaning White Mountain ) is the highest mountain in the Alps and the highest in Europe west of the Caucasus peaks of Russia and Georgia . [ note 2 ] It rises 4,808 m ( 15,774 ft ) above sea level and is ranked 11th in the world in topographic prominence . The mountain stands in a range called the Graian Alps , between the regions of Aosta Valley , Italy , and Savoie and Haute-Savoie , France . The location of the summit is on the watershed line between the valleys of Ferret and Veny in Italy and the valleys of Montjoie , and Arve in France , on the border between the two countries . The Mont Blanc massif is popular for outdoor activities like hiking , climbing , trail running and winter sports like skiing , and snowboarding . The three towns and their communes which surround Mont Blanc are Courmayeur in Aosta Valley , Italy ; and Saint-Gervais-les-Bains and Chamonix in Haute-Savoie , France . The latter town was the site of the first Winter Olympics . A cable car ascends and crosses the mountain range from Courmayeur to Chamonix , through the Col du Géant . The 11.6 km ( 7 1⁄4-mile ) Mont Blanc Tunnel , constructed between 1957 and 1965 , runs beneath the mountain and is a major trans-Alpine transport route .'}]}, {'value': '4,810.45 metres ( 15,782 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Graian Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Graian_Alps', 'summary': 'The Graian Alps ( Italian : Alpi Graie [ ˈalpi ˈɡraːje ] ; French : Alpes grées [ alp ɡʁe ] ) are a mountain range in the western part of the Alps .'}]}, {'value': 'Beaufortain Massif', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beaufortain_Massif', 'summary': 'The Beaufortain Massif is a massif of the French Alps that straddles the departments of Savoie and Haute-Savoie , in the historical region of Savoy . It is bounded by the Arly river to the northwest , the Bon Nant [ fr ] to the northeast , and the Isère river as it runs through the Tarentaise Valley to the south . It is also crossed by the Dorinet and Doron de Beaufort [ fr ] rivers , and their tribbutaries , from north-east to south-west , at Beaufort level , and their tributaries . It is surrounded by the Aravis Range , the Bauges Range , the Lauzière massif , the Vanoise massif , and the Mont-Blanc massif .'}]}, {'value': 'Roignais', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roignais', 'summary': 'Roignais is a mountain of Savoie , France . It lies in the Beaufortain Massif range . It has an elevation of 2,995 metres above sea level .'}]}, {'value': '2,995 metres ( 9,826 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Graian Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Graian_Alps', 'summary': 'The Graian Alps ( Italian : Alpi Graie [ ˈalpi ˈɡraːje ] ; French : Alpes grées [ alp ɡʁe ] ) are a mountain range in the western part of the Alps .'}]}, {'value': 'Lauzière Massif', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lauzière_Massif', 'summary': 'Massif de la Lauzière is a mountain of Savoie , France . It lies in the Massif de la Vanoise range . It has an elevation of 2,829 metres above sea level . Coordinates : 45°27′33″N 6°21′59″E / 45.45917°N 6.36639°E / 45.45917 ; 6.36639'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Pic de la Lauzière', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Pic_de_la_Lauzière', 'summary': 'Grand Pic de la Lauzière is a mountain of Savoie , France . It lies in the Lauzière massif range and has an elevation of 2,829 metres above sea level .'}]}, {'value': '2,829 metres ( 9,281 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Graian Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Graian_Alps', 'summary': 'The Graian Alps ( Italian : Alpi Graie [ ˈalpi ˈɡraːje ] ; French : Alpes grées [ alp ɡʁe ] ) are a mountain range in the western part of the Alps .'}]}, {'value': 'Vanoise Massif', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanoise_Massif', 'summary': "The Vanoise massif is a mountain range of the Graian Alps , located in the Western Alps . After the Mont Blanc Massif and the Massif des Écrins it is the third highest massif in France , reaching a height of 3,885 m at the summit of Grande Casse . It lies between Tarentaise Valley to the north and the Maurienne valley in the south . The range is the site of France 's first National Park in 1963 , the Vanoise National Park . The ski resorts of Tignes and Val-d'Isère and the 2,770-meter-high Col de l'Iseran are located in the eastern part of the range ."}]}, {'value': 'Grande Casse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grande_Casse', 'summary': 'The Grande Casse ( 3,855 m ) is the highest mountain of the Vanoise Massif in the Graian Alps in the region of Savoie , France . It is located in the heart of the Vanoise National Park , near the village of Pralognan-la-Vanoise , which is about 25 km southeast of the nearest town , Moûtiers . It has a steep 600 m high north face . The other sides of the mountain are more gentle , mostly consisting of broken rocks . A high ridge connects it to the nearby peak of Grande Motte . The ridge connecting the Grande Casse and the Grande Motte is the watershed between the Tarentaise Valley in the north and Maurienne valley to the south .'}]}, {'value': '3,855 metres ( 12,648 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Graian Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Graian_Alps', 'summary': 'The Graian Alps ( Italian : Alpi Graie [ ˈalpi ˈɡraːje ] ; French : Alpes grées [ alp ɡʁe ] ) are a mountain range in the western part of the Alps .'}]}, {'value': 'Graian Alps central group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Graian_Alps', 'summary': 'The Graian Alps ( Italian : Alpi Graie [ ˈalpi ˈɡraːje ] ; French : Alpes grées [ alp ɡʁe ] ) are a mountain range in the western part of the Alps .'}]}, {'value': 'Pointe de Charbonnel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pointe_de_Charbonnel', 'summary': 'Pointe de Charbonnel is a mountain of Savoie , France . It lies in the Graian Alps range . It has an elevation of 3,752 metres above sea level .'}]}, {'value': '3,752 metres ( 12,310 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dauphiné Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dauphiné_Alps', 'summary': 'The Dauphiné Alps ( French : Alpes du Dauphiné ) are a group of mountain ranges in southeastern France , west of the main chain of the Alps . Mountain ranges within the Dauphiné Alps include the Massif des Écrins ( in the Parc national des Écrins ) , Belledonne , the Taillefer range and the mountains of Matheysine .'}]}, {'value': 'Belledonne Massif', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Pic de Belledonne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Pic_de_Belledonne', 'summary': 'The Grand Pic de Belledonne is the highest mountain in the Belledonne massif in the Dauphiné Alps at 2,977 metres ( 9,767 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': '2,977 metres ( 9,767 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dauphiné Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dauphiné_Alps', 'summary': 'The Dauphiné Alps ( French : Alpes du Dauphiné ) are a group of mountain ranges in southeastern France , west of the main chain of the Alps . Mountain ranges within the Dauphiné Alps include the Massif des Écrins ( in the Parc national des Écrins ) , Belledonne , the Taillefer range and the mountains of Matheysine .'}]}, {'value': 'Grandes Rousses', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pic Bayle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pic_Bayle', 'summary': "Pic Bayle is a summit in the Dauphiné Alps , culminating at a height of 3,465 m ( 11,368 ft ) , the highest point of the Massif des Grandes Rousses . It is above the resort of Alpe D'Huez ."}]}, {'value': '3,465 metres ( 11,368 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dauphiné Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dauphiné_Alps', 'summary': 'The Dauphiné Alps ( French : Alpes du Dauphiné ) are a group of mountain ranges in southeastern France , west of the main chain of the Alps . Mountain ranges within the Dauphiné Alps include the Massif des Écrins ( in the Parc national des Écrins ) , Belledonne , the Taillefer range and the mountains of Matheysine .'}]}, {'value': 'Arves Massif', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Aiguilles d'Arves", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Aiguilles_d'Arves", 'summary': 'The Aiguilles dArves ( 3,514 metres ( 11,529 ft ) ) is a mountain in the Arves massif in the French Alps . The mountain , comprising three separate peaks ( in French Aiguille ) , is the highest point of the massif , and is located in the department of Savoie .'}]}, {'value': '3,514 metres ( 11,529 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dauphiné Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dauphiné_Alps', 'summary': 'The Dauphiné Alps ( French : Alpes du Dauphiné ) are a group of mountain ranges in southeastern France , west of the main chain of the Alps . Mountain ranges within the Dauphiné Alps include the Massif des Écrins ( in the Parc national des Écrins ) , Belledonne , the Taillefer range and the mountains of Matheysine .'}]}, {'value': 'Taillefer Massif', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le Taillefer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Taillefer', 'summary': 'Le Taillefer is a mountain in the Dauphiné Alps , culminating at a height of 2,857 m ( 9,373 ft ) . It is located south-east of Grenoble , and is the highest mountain in the Taillefer Massif .'}]}, {'value': '2,857 metres ( 9,373 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dauphiné Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dauphiné_Alps', 'summary': 'The Dauphiné Alps ( French : Alpes du Dauphiné ) are a group of mountain ranges in southeastern France , west of the main chain of the Alps . Mountain ranges within the Dauphiné Alps include the Massif des Écrins ( in the Parc national des Écrins ) , Belledonne , the Taillefer range and the mountains of Matheysine .'}]}, {'value': 'Écrins Massif', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massif_des_Écrins', 'summary': 'The mountains of the Massif des Écrins form the core of the Écrins National Park in France .'}]}, {'value': 'Barre des Écrins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barre_des_Écrins', 'summary': 'The Barre des Écrins ( 4,102 m ) is a mountain in the French Alps with a peak at 4102m altitude . It is the highest peak of the Massif des Écrins and the Dauphiné Alps and the most southerly alpine peak in Europe that is higher than 4,000 m. It is the only 4,000 m mountain in France that lies outside the Mont Blanc Massif . Before the annexation of Savoy in 1860 it was the highest mountain in France .'}]}, {'value': '4,102 metres ( 13,458 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cottian Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cottian_Alps', 'summary': 'The Cottian Alps ( /ˈkɒtiən ˈælps/ ; French : Alpes Cottiennes [ alp kɔtjɛn ] ; Italian : Alpi Cozie [ ˈalpi ˈkɔttsje ] ) ; are a mountain range in the southwestern part of the Alps . They form the border between France ( Hautes-Alpes and Savoie ) and Italy ( Piedmont ) . The Fréjus Road Tunnel and Fréjus Rail Tunnel between Modane and Susa are important transportation arteries between France ( Lyon , Grenoble ) and Italy ( Turin ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Massif du Mont-Cenis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pointe de Ronce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pointe_de_Ronce', 'summary': 'Pointe de Ronce is a mountain of Savoie , France . It lies in the Mont Cenis range . It has an elevation of 3,612 metres above sea level .'}]}, {'value': '3,612 metres ( 11,850 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cottian Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cottian_Alps', 'summary': 'The Cottian Alps ( /ˈkɒtiən ˈælps/ ; French : Alpes Cottiennes [ alp kɔtjɛn ] ; Italian : Alpi Cozie [ ˈalpi ˈkɔttsje ] ) ; are a mountain range in the southwestern part of the Alps . They form the border between France ( Hautes-Alpes and Savoie ) and Italy ( Piedmont ) . The Fréjus Road Tunnel and Fréjus Rail Tunnel between Modane and Susa are important transportation arteries between France ( Lyon , Grenoble ) and Italy ( Turin ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Cerces Massif', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massif_des_Cerces', 'summary': "The massif des Cerces is a region of the French Alps on the Franco-Italian border . On the French side it lies in the departements of Hautes-Alpes and Savoie . The massif consists of smaller mountain chains including Mont Thabor as well as those of the Grand Galibier , Mont Chaberton and the Rois Mages . It is bordered by the massif de la Vanoise to the north , the massif du Mont-Cenis to the north-east , the Alpes Cottiennes to the east , the massif du Queyras and Écrins to the south and the massif d'Arvan-Villards to the west . The northernmost end of the range is bordered by the Arc river to the north in the Maurienne valley , and the Guisane river to the south ."}]}, {'value': 'Grand Galibier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Galibier', 'summary': "Grand Galibier ( 3,228 m ) is a mountain of the Cottian Alps in Savoie , France . It is the highest mountain of the Massif des Cerces , a small chain of mountains located about 20 km northwest of Briançon , deep in the heart of the French Alps . It is most famous for giving its name to nearby Col du Galibier , a classic Tour de France climb , which lies on the mountain 's shoulder , several hundred metres underneath its summit . The area around the mountain is also popular for hiking and mountain climbing ."}]}, {'value': '3,229 metres ( 10,594 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cottian Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cottian_Alps', 'summary': 'The Cottian Alps ( /ˈkɒtiən ˈælps/ ; French : Alpes Cottiennes [ alp kɔtjɛn ] ; Italian : Alpi Cozie [ ˈalpi ˈkɔttsje ] ) ; are a mountain range in the southwestern part of the Alps . They form the border between France ( Hautes-Alpes and Savoie ) and Italy ( Piedmont ) . The Fréjus Road Tunnel and Fréjus Rail Tunnel between Modane and Susa are important transportation arteries between France ( Lyon , Grenoble ) and Italy ( Turin ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Queyras Massif', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rochebrune Peak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pic_de_Rochebrune', 'summary': 'The Pic de Rochebrune ( or Grand Rochebrune or , simply , Rochebrune ) is a mountain in the Cottian Alps belonging to the French department of Hautes-Alpes .'}]}, {'value': '3,320 metres ( 10,892 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cottian Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cottian_Alps', 'summary': 'The Cottian Alps ( /ˈkɒtiən ˈælps/ ; French : Alpes Cottiennes [ alp kɔtjɛn ] ; Italian : Alpi Cozie [ ˈalpi ˈkɔttsje ] ) ; are a mountain range in the southwestern part of the Alps . They form the border between France ( Hautes-Alpes and Savoie ) and Italy ( Piedmont ) . The Fréjus Road Tunnel and Fréjus Rail Tunnel between Modane and Susa are important transportation arteries between France ( Lyon , Grenoble ) and Italy ( Turin ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Ubaye Massif ( Orrenaye )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aiguille de Chambeyron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aiguille_de_Chambeyron', 'summary': 'Aiguille de Chambeyron ( 3,412m ) is a mountain of the Cottian Alps and is the highest mountain of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence in southeast France . Together with its neighbour Brec de Chambeyron , it is the dominant peak of the upper Ubaye Valley . The mountain is located near the border with Italy , just west of the Main chain of the Alps . It is the culminating point of the Massif du Chambeyron and is also the highest peak in the Alps south of Monte Viso .'}]}, {'value': '3,411 metres ( 11,191 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maritime Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maritime_Alps', 'summary': "The Maritime Alps ( French : Alpes Maritimes [ alp maʁitim ] ; Italian : Alpi Marittime [ ˈalpi maˈrittime ] ) are a mountain range in the southwestern part of the Alps . They form the border between the French region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and the Italian regions of Piedmont and Liguria . They are the southernmost part of the Alps ."}]}, {'value': 'Mercantour Massif', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cime du Gélas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cime_du_Gélas', 'summary': "Cime du Gélas ( Italian : Monte Gelàs ) is a 3,143 m high mountain on the boundary between France ( Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region ) and Italy ( province of Cuneo ) . It is part of the Maritime Alps . It is the highest peak of the Mercantour National Park , while on the Italian side it is included in the Maritime Alps Natural Park . Geologically , it is part of the Mercantour-Argentera massif , and is mostly formed by granitoid gneiss . The peak is composed of two smaller ones , divided by a gorge ; the highest peak is the northern one , which is topped by a cross built here by priests from Cuneo . The mountain 's name derives from the glaciers which occupy its northern slopes , which have however reduced substantially during the late 20th century ."}]}, {'value': '3,143 metres ( 10,312 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maritime Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maritime_Alps', 'summary': "The Maritime Alps ( French : Alpes Maritimes [ alp maʁitim ] ; Italian : Alpi Marittime [ ˈalpi maˈrittime ] ) are a mountain range in the southwestern part of the Alps . They form the border between the French region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and the Italian regions of Piedmont and Liguria . They are the southernmost part of the Alps ."}]}, {'value': 'Pelat Massif', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mont Pelat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mont_Pelat', 'summary': 'Mont Pelat ( 3,050m ) , is a mountain of the Maritime Alps located in the chain of mountains between the high valley of Verdon to the west , the high valley of Var to the east and the Bachelard valley in the North . Located in the department of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence , it gives it name to the Pelat Massif . The summit is located in the central area of the Mercantour National Park . It is known as being one of the easiest of the 3,000m Alpine peaks to climb . It overlooks the magnificent glacial Allos Lake , the largest mountain lake in Europe which is 2,227 m ( 7,306 ft ) above sea level . The normal access route is through the valley of Pelat , located southeast of the summit and accessible both from Lake Allos and from the Col de la Cayolle . The path presents no particular difficulty . On the summit , the view stretches from the Montagne Sainte-Victoire in the south to Mont Blanc in the north .'}]}, {'value': '3,050 metres ( 10,007 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maritime Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maritime_Alps', 'summary': "The Maritime Alps ( French : Alpes Maritimes [ alp maʁitim ] ; Italian : Alpi Marittime [ ˈalpi maˈrittime ] ) are a mountain range in the southwestern part of the Alps . They form the border between the French region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and the Italian regions of Piedmont and Liguria . They are the southernmost part of the Alps ."}]}, {'value': 'Massif des Trois-Évêchés', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massif_des_Trois-Évêchés', 'summary': "Massif des Trois-Évêchés ( Occitan : Massís dei Tres Eveschats , literally the massif of the Three Bishoprics ) is a mountain range in the Provence Alps and Prealps in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence , France . Its name comes from the central summit of the massif , the Pic des Trois-Évêchés ( so named because it marked the boundary between the dioceses of Digne , Embrun and Senez ) where there are ridges to the north , west and south . The highest peak is the Tête de l'Estrop , at 2,961 metres ( 9,715 ft ) ."}]}, {'value': "Tête de l'Estrop", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tête_de_l'Estrop", 'summary': "The Tête de l'Estrop is a mountain of the French Prealps located in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence , France . It is the highest peak of the Provence Alps and Prealps ."}]}, {'value': '2,961 metres ( 9,715 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ligurian Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ligurian_Alps', 'summary': 'The Ligurian Alps are a mountain range in northwestern Italy . A small part is located in France . They form the south-western extremity of the Alps , separated from the Apennines by the Colle di Cadibona . The Col de Tende separates them from the Maritime Alps . They form the border between Piedmont in the north and Liguria in the south .'}]}, {'value': 'Ligurian Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ligurian_Alps', 'summary': 'The Ligurian Alps are a mountain range in northwestern Italy . A small part is located in France . They form the south-western extremity of the Alps , separated from the Apennines by the Colle di Cadibona . The Col de Tende separates them from the Maritime Alps . They form the border between Piedmont in the north and Liguria in the south .'}]}, {'value': 'Punta Marguareis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punta_Marguareis', 'summary': 'The Punta Marguareis ( It ) or Pointe Marguareis ( Fr ) is a mountain in the Ligurian Alps , on the boundary between Italy and France ; It is the highest peak of the Ligurian Alps .'}]}, {'value': '2,651 metres ( 8,698 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Savoy Prealps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savoy_Prealps', 'summary': 'The Savoy Prealps ( Préalpes de Savoie in French ) are a mountain range in the north-western part of the Alps . They are located in Rhône-Alpes ( south-eastern France ) and , marginally , in Valais ( western Switzerland ) . Savoy Prealps encompass northernmost area of the French Prealps .'}]}, {'value': 'Chablais Alps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chablais_Alps', 'summary': "The Chablais Alps are a mountain range in the western Alps . They are situated between Lake Geneva and the Mont Blanc Massif . The Col des Montets separates them from the Mont Blanc Massif in the south , and the Rhône valley separates them from the Bernese Alps in the east . The Chablais Alps are composed of two distinct parts separated by the Val d'Illiez : the Dents du Midi massif on the south which contains the highest peaks , and the alpine foothills on the north ."}]}, {'value': 'Hauts-Forts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hauts-Forts', 'summary': 'The Hauts-Forts ( 2,466 m ) is a mountain of the Chablais Alps , located east of Morzine in the French department of Haute-Savoie , within one kilometre of the Swiss border . The closest locality is Avoriaz , from where a cable car leads to its summit .'}]}, {'value': '2,464 metres ( 8,084 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Savoy Prealps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savoy_Prealps', 'summary': 'The Savoy Prealps ( Préalpes de Savoie in French ) are a mountain range in the north-western part of the Alps . They are located in Rhône-Alpes ( south-eastern France ) and , marginally , in Valais ( western Switzerland ) . Savoy Prealps encompass northernmost area of the French Prealps .'}]}, {'value': 'Haut-Giffre Massif', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haute Cime', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haute_Cime', 'summary': "The Dents du Midi ( French : teeth of the south ) are a multi-summited mountain situated in the Chablais Alps in the Swiss canton of Valais . They are composed of seven distinct summits and reach a height of 3257 metres ( 10,686 feet ) . Highest mountain between Lake Geneva and the Mont Blanc Massif , they dominate the Val-d'Illiez and the Rhône Valley , from Martigny down to the lake . Together with the slightly lower Tour Sallière , they form a cirque around the Lac de Salanfe , an artificial reservoir . Geologically it makes up a part of the massif Haut-Giffre ."}]}, {'value': '3,257 metres ( 10,686 ft )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Ranges and summits', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'French_Alps_0', 'intro': "The French Alps are the portions of the Alps mountain range that stand within France, located in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur regions. While some of the ranges of the French Alps are entirely in France, others, such as the Mont Blanc massif, are shared with Switzerland and Italy. At 4,808 metres (15,774 ft), Mont Blanc (Italian: Monte Bianco), on the French-Italian border, is the highest mountain in the Alps, and the highest Western European mountain. Notable towns in the French Alps include Grenoble, Chamonix, Annecy, Chambéry, Évian-les-Bains and Albertville."}	null	null	What is the range whose highest summit is the highest mountain in the Belledonne massif in the Dauphiné Alps ?	Belledonne Massif
07b2c4b4705f86d7	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral', 'title': 'Mineral', 'header': ['Mohs hardness', 'Mineral', 'Chemical formula'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talc', 'summary': 'Talc is a clay mineral composed of hydrated magnesium silicate with the chemical formula Mg3Si4O10 ( OH ) 2 . Talc in powdered form , often in combination with corn starch , is widely used as baby powder . This mineral is used as a thickening agent and lubricant , is an ingredient in ceramics , paint and roofing material , and is also one of the main ingredients in many cosmetic products . It occurs as foliated to fibrous masses , and in an exceptionally rare crystal form . It has a perfect basal cleavage , uneven flat fracture and it is foliated with a two dimensional platy form . The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on scratch hardness comparison , ranging from 1-10 , a value of 10 being the hardest of minerals . Talc is the defining value 1 and therefore the softest of minerals . Any mineral below a value of 2 on Mohs scale of mineral hardness can be scratched by a fingernail . When scraped on a streak plate it produces a white streak , though this indicator is of little importance because most silicate minerals produce a white streak . Talc is translucent to opaque with colors ranging from whitish grey to green with a vitreous and pearly luster . Talc is not soluble in water , but is slightly soluble in dilute mineral acids . Soapstone is a metamorphic rock composed predominantly of talc .'}]}, {'value': 'Mg 3 Si 4 O 10 ( OH ) 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gypsum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gypsum', 'summary': 'Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate , with the chemical formula CaSO4·2H2O . It is widely mined and is used as a fertilizer and as the main constituent in many forms of plaster , blackboard/sidewalk chalk , and drywall . A massive fine-grained white or lightly tinted variety of gypsum , called alabaster , has been used for sculpture by many cultures including Ancient Egypt , Mesopotamia , Ancient Rome , the Byzantine Empire , and the Nottingham alabasters of Medieval England . Gypsum also crystallizes as translucent crystals of selenite . It also forms as an evaporite mineral and as a hydration product of anhydrite . The Mohs scale of mineral hardness defines hardness value 2 as gypsum based on scratch hardness comparison .'}]}, {'value': 'CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calcite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calcite', 'summary': 'Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate ( CaCO3 ) . The Mohs scale of mineral hardness , based on scratch hardness comparison , defines value 3 as calcite . Other polymorphs of calcium carbonate are the minerals aragonite and vaterite . Aragonite will change to calcite over timescales of days or less at temperatures exceeding 300 °C , and vaterite is even less stable .'}]}, {'value': 'CaCO 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fluorite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fluorite', 'summary': 'Fluorite ( also called fluorspar ) is the mineral form of calcium fluoride , CaF2 . It belongs to the halide minerals . It crystallizes in isometric cubic habit , although octahedral and more complex isometric forms are not uncommon . The Mohs scale of mineral hardness , based on scratch hardness comparison , defines value 4 as Fluorite . Pure fluorite is transparent , both in visible and ultraviolet light , but impurities usually make it a colorful mineral and the stone has ornamental and lapidary uses . Industrially , fluorite is used as a flux for smelting , and in the production of certain glasses and enamels . The purest grades of fluorite are a source of fluoride for hydrofluoric acid manufacture , which is the intermediate source of most fluorine-containing fine chemicals . Optically clear transparent fluorite lenses have low dispersion , so lenses made from it exhibit less chromatic aberration , making them valuable in microscopes and telescopes . Fluorite optics are also usable in the far-ultraviolet and mid-infrared ranges , where conventional glasses are too absorbent for use .'}]}, {'value': 'CaF 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Apatite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apatite', 'summary': "Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals , usually referring to hydroxyapatite , fluorapatite and chlorapatite , with high concentrations of OH− , F− and Cl− ions , respectively , in the crystal . The formula of the admixture of the three most common endmembers is written as Ca10 ( PO4 ) 6 ( OH , F , Cl ) 2 , and the crystal unit cell formulae of the individual minerals are written as Ca10 ( PO4 ) 6 ( OH ) 2 , Ca10 ( PO4 ) 6F2 and Ca10 ( PO4 ) 6Cl2 . The mineral was named apatite by the German geologist Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1786 , although the specific mineral he had described was reclassified as fluorapatite in 1860 by the German mineralogist Karl Friedrich August Rammelsberg . Apatite is often mistaken for other minerals . This tendency is reflected in the mineral 's name , which is derived from the Greek word απατείν ( apatein ) , which means to deceive or to be misleading ."}]}, {'value': 'Ca 5 ( PO 4 ) 3 ( OH , Cl , F )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orthoclase', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orthoclase', 'summary': 'Orthoclase , or orthoclase feldspar ( endmember formula KAlSi3O8 ) , is an important tectosilicate mineral which forms igneous rock . The name is from the Ancient Greek for straight fracture , because its two cleavage planes are at right angles to each other . It is a type of potassium feldspar , also known as K-feldspar . The gem known as moonstone ( see below ) is largely composed of orthoclase .'}]}, {'value': 'KAlSi 3 O 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quartz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quartz', 'summary': "Quartz is a hard , crystalline mineral composed of silicon and oxygen atoms . The atoms are linked in a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon-oxygen tetrahedra , with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra , giving an overall chemical formula of SiO2 . Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in Earth 's continental crust , behind feldspar . Quartz exists in two forms , the normal α-quartz and the high-temperature β-quartz , both of which are chiral . The transformation from α-quartz to β-quartz takes place abruptly at 573 °C ( 846 K ; 1,063 °F ) . Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume , it can easily induce fracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature threshold . There are many different varieties of quartz , several of which are semi-precious gemstones . Since antiquity , varieties of quartz have been the most commonly used minerals in the making of jewelry and hardstone carvings , especially in Eurasia ."}]}, {'value': 'SiO 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Topaz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Topaz', 'summary': 'Topaz is a silicate mineral of aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula Al2SiO4 ( F , OH ) 2 . Topaz crystallizes in the orthorhombic system , and its crystals are mostly prismatic terminated by pyramidal and other faces . It is one of the hardest naturally occurring minerals ( Mohs hardness of 8 ) and is the hardest of any silicate mineral . This hardness combined with its usual transparency and variety of colors means that it has acquired wide use in jewellery as a cut gemstone as well as for intaglios and other gemstone carvings .'}]}, {'value': 'Al 2 SiO 4 ( OH , F ) 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corundum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corundum', 'summary': "Corundum is a crystalline form of aluminium oxide ( Al2O3 ) typically containing traces of iron , titanium , vanadium and chromium . It is a rock-forming mineral . It is also a naturally transparent material , but can have different colors depending on the presence of transition metal impurities in its crystalline structure . Corundum has two primary gem varieties : ruby and sapphire . Rubies are red due to the presence of chromium , and sapphires exhibit a range of colors depending on what transition metal is present . A rare type of sapphire , padparadscha sapphire , is pink-orange . The name corundum is derived from the Tamil-Dravidian word kurundam ( ruby-sapphire ) ( appearing in Sanskrit as kuruvinda ) . Because of corundum 's hardness ( pure corundum is defined to have 9.0 on the Mohs scale ) , it can scratch almost every other mineral . It is commonly used as an abrasive on everything from sandpaper to large tools used in machining metals , plastics , and wood . Some emery is a mix of corundum and other substances , and the mix is less abrasive , with an average Mohs hardness of 8.0 . In addition to its hardness , corundum has a density of 4.02 g/cm3 ( 251 lb/cu ft ) , which is unusually high for a transparent mineral composed of the low-atomic mass elements aluminium and oxygen ."}]}, {'value': 'Al 2 O 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diamond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diamond', 'summary': "Diamond is a solid form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic . At room temperature and pressure , another solid form of carbon known as graphite is the chemically stable form , but diamond almost never converts to it . Diamond has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any natural material , properties that are utilized in major industrial applications such as cutting and polishing tools . They are also the reason that diamond anvil cells can subject materials to pressures found deep in the Earth . Because the arrangement of atoms in diamond is extremely rigid , few types of impurity can contaminate it ( two exceptions being boron and nitrogen ) . Small numbers of defects or impurities ( about one per million of lattice atoms ) color diamond blue ( boron ) , yellow ( nitrogen ) , brown ( defects ) , green ( radiation exposure ) , purple , pink , orange or red . Diamond also has relatively high optical dispersion ( ability to disperse light of different colors ) . Most natural diamonds have ages between 1 billion and 3.5 billion years . Most were formed at depths between 150 and 250 kilometres ( 93 and 155 mi ) in the Earth 's mantle , although a few have come from as deep as 800 kilometres ( 500 mi ) . Under high pressure and temperature , carbon-containing fluids dissolved minerals and replaced them with diamonds . Much more recently ( tens to hundreds of million years ago ) , they were carried to the surface in volcanic eruptions and deposited in igneous rocks known as kimberlites and lamproites . Synthetic diamonds can be grown from high-purity carbon under high pressures and temperatures or from hydrocarbon gas by chemical vapor deposition ( CVD ) ."}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Physical properties -- Hardness', 'section_text': "Main article : Mohs scale of mineral hardness Diamond is the hardest natural material , and has a Mohs hardness of 10 . The hardness of a mineral defines how much it can resist scratching . This physical property is controlled by the chemical composition and crystalline structure of a mineral . A mineral 's hardness is not necessarily constant for all sides , which is a function of its structure ; crystallographic weakness renders some directions softer than others . [ 67 ] An example of this property exists in kyanite , which has a Mohs hardness of 5½ parallel to [ 001 ] but 7 parallel to [ 100 ] . [ 68 ] The most common scale of measurement is the ordinal Mohs hardness scale . Defined by ten indicators , a mineral with a higher index scratches those below it . The scale ranges from talc , a phyllosilicate , to diamond , a carbon polymorph that is the hardest natural material . The scale is provided below : [ 67 ]", 'uid': 'Mineral_0', 'intro': "A mineral is, broadly speaking, a solid chemical compound that occurs naturally in pure form. Minerals are most commonly associated with rocks due to the presence of minerals within rocks. These rocks may consist of one type of mineral, or may be an aggregate of two or more different types of minerals, spacially segregated into distinct phases. Compounds that occur only in living beings are usually excluded, but some minerals are often biogenic (such as calcite) or are organic compounds in the sense of chemistry (such as mellite). Moreover, living beings often synthesize inorganic minerals (such as hydroxylapatite) that also occur in rocks. In geology and mineralogy, the term mineral is usually reserved for mineral species: crystalline compounds with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure. Minerals without a definite crystalline structure, such as opal or obsidian, are then more properly called mineraloids. If a chemical compound may occur naturally with different crystal structures, each structure is considered different mineral species. Thus, for example, quartz and stishovite are two different minerals consisting of the same compound, silicon dioxide. The International Mineralogical Association (IMA) is the world's premier standard body for the definition and nomenclature of mineral species. As of November 2018, the IMA recognizes 5,413 official mineral species. out of more than 5,500 proposed or traditional ones."}	null	null	What are the two primary gem varieties of the mineral with the chemical formula of Al2O3 ?	ruby and sapphire
07b3cdfbb3ed90a7	hybridqa	{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'title': "2014 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship", 'header': ['Team', 'Qualified as', 'Qualified on', 'Previous appearances', 'Best performance'], 'data': [{'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/England_women's_national_under-17_football_team", 'summary': "The England women 's national under-17 football team , also known as the Young Lionesses , represents England in association football at an under-17 age level and is controlled by the Football Association , the governing body for football in England . England women 's national under-17 football team best achievement is a third-place finish at the 2016 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Hosts', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 March 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( 2008 )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2008_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2008 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship was the first edition of the UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship . Germany won the trophy for the first time ever ."}]}, {'value': '4th place ( 2008 )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2008_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2008 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship was the first edition of the UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship . Germany won the trophy for the first time ever ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Spain_women's_national_under-17_football_team", 'summary': "The Spain women 's national under-17 football team represents Spain in international football in under-17 categories and is controlled by the Royal Spanish Football Federation . The youth team has reached the World Cup Finals on two occasions , first in 2014 and then again in 2018 . It has also won bronze medals on the 2010 and 2016 editions . On European Cup the team has reached a total of 8 finals . Becoming champions on 4 occasions and becoming runners-up on 4 . Thus making them one of the most successful teams in the under-17 category ."}]}, {'value': 'Group 1 winners', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2014_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship_qualification", 'summary': "The qualification rounds for the 2014 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship were a series of association football matches between national teams to determine the participants to the European Youth Championship . The first matches were played on 2 July 2013 . All times are CEST ( UTC+02:00 ) ."}]}, {'value': '5 October 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 ( 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2009_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2009 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship was the second edition of the UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship . Germany won the trophy for the second time in a row ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2010_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2010 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship football tournament took place between 8 April and 26 June . Germany was the defending champion . Spain won the final on penalties 4-1 against the Republic of Ireland . Spain , Ireland and third placed Germany qualified to the 2010 FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2011_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2011 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship was the fourth edition of the UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship . Spain was the title holder . Like the previous tournaments , there were two qualifying rounds ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2013_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2013 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship was the sixth edition of the UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship . The first matches were played on 3 September 2012 . With a return of Slovakia , who have n't been played since the inaugural edition , and U-17 newcomers Montenegro a new record of 44 participating nations was set . The final tournament was played for the last time in Nyon with four teams . Starting the next edition of the tournament , eight countries will contest the final tournament with the host changing every edition . Dutch player Vivianne Miedema set a competition record by netting eight goals in a match against Kazakhstan . She also became the tournament 's all-time top scorer with 20 goals . For the first time Belgium and Poland qualified for the final tournament , and also for the first time Germany failed to do so ."}]}, {'value': 'Winners ( 2010 , 2011 )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2010_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2010 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship football tournament took place between 8 April and 26 June . Germany was the defending champion . Spain won the final on penalties 4-1 against the Republic of Ireland . Spain , Ireland and third placed Germany qualified to the 2010 FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2011_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2011 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship was the fourth edition of the UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship . Spain was the title holder . Like the previous tournaments , there were two qualifying rounds ."}]}, {'value': 'Austria', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Austria_women's_national_under-17_football_team", 'summary': "The Austria women 's national football team represents Austria in international women 's football competition . The team is controlled by the Austrian Football Association . The national team is made up mainly of players from the Austrian and German Women 's Bundesligas . In 2016 the team qualified for its first-ever major tournament : UEFA Women 's Euro 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Group 2 winners', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2014_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship_qualification", 'summary': "The qualification rounds for the 2014 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship were a series of association football matches between national teams to determine the participants to the European Youth Championship . The first matches were played on 2 July 2013 . All times are CEST ( UTC+02:00 ) ."}]}, {'value': '13 October 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 ( debut )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Italy_women's_national_under-17_football_team", 'summary': "The Italy women 's national under-17 football team represents Italy in international football in under-17 categories and is controlled by the Italian Football Federation ."}]}, {'value': 'Group 3 winners', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2014_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship_qualification", 'summary': "The qualification rounds for the 2014 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship were a series of association football matches between national teams to determine the participants to the European Youth Championship . The first matches were played on 2 July 2013 . All times are CEST ( UTC+02:00 ) ."}]}, {'value': '20 October 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 ( debut )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/France_women's_national_under-17_football_team", 'summary': "The France women 's national under-17 football team represents France at UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship and FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup . They are the first non-Asian country to win the U-17 Women 's World Cup in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Group 4 winners', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2014_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship_qualification", 'summary': "The qualification rounds for the 2014 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship were a series of association football matches between national teams to determine the participants to the European Youth Championship . The first matches were played on 2 July 2013 . All times are CEST ( UTC+02:00 ) ."}]}, {'value': '17 October 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 ( 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2008_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2008 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship was the first edition of the UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship . Germany won the trophy for the first time ever ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2009_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2009 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship was the second edition of the UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship . Germany won the trophy for the second time in a row ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2011_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2011 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship was the fourth edition of the UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship . Spain was the title holder . Like the previous tournaments , there were two qualifying rounds ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2012_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2012 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship was the fifth edition of the UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship . The tournament serves as a qualifier to the 2012 FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup . The first qualifying matches were played on 29 September 2011 , the final was played on 29 June 2012 . With 42 participating nations a new U-17 record was set ."}]}, {'value': 'Runner-up ( 2008 , 2011 , 2012 )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2008_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2008 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship was the first edition of the UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship . Germany won the trophy for the first time ever ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2011_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2011 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship was the fourth edition of the UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship . Spain was the title holder . Like the previous tournaments , there were two qualifying rounds ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2012_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2012 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship was the fifth edition of the UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship . The tournament serves as a qualifier to the 2012 FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup . The first qualifying matches were played on 29 September 2011 , the final was played on 29 June 2012 . With 42 participating nations a new U-17 record was set ."}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Scotland_women's_national_under-17_football_team", 'summary': "The Scotland women 's national under-17 football team , also known as Scotland under-17s or Scotland U17 ( s ) , represents Scotland in association football at an under-17 age level and is controlled by the Scottish Football Association , the governing body for football in Scotland . The team qualified for the 2014 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship in England following a 2-0 defeat of Finland in the qualifying stage held in Hungary in October 2013 . For the European tournament , to be played in November and December 2013 , they were drawn in Group B with Germany , Spain and France ."}]}, {'value': 'Group 5 winners', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2014_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship_qualification", 'summary': "The qualification rounds for the 2014 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship were a series of association football matches between national teams to determine the participants to the European Youth Championship . The first matches were played on 2 July 2013 . All times are CEST ( UTC+02:00 ) ."}]}, {'value': '7 October 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 ( debut )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Germany_women's_national_under-17_football_team", 'summary': "The Germany women 's national under-17 football team ( German : Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft ( U-17-Juniorinnen ) ) represents Germany in international women 's association football and is governed by the German Football Association ( DFB ) . The national team was founded in 1992 as U-16 national team . Since the summer of 2001 , the age limit is 17 . The coach is Anouschka Bernhard ."}]}, {'value': 'Group 6 winners', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2014_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship_qualification", 'summary': "The qualification rounds for the 2014 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship were a series of association football matches between national teams to determine the participants to the European Youth Championship . The first matches were played on 2 July 2013 . All times are CEST ( UTC+02:00 ) ."}]}, {'value': '16 October 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 ( 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2008_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2008 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship was the first edition of the UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship . Germany won the trophy for the first time ever ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2009_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2009 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship was the second edition of the UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship . Germany won the trophy for the second time in a row ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2010_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2010 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship football tournament took place between 8 April and 26 June . Germany was the defending champion . Spain won the final on penalties 4-1 against the Republic of Ireland . Spain , Ireland and third placed Germany qualified to the 2010 FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2011_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2011 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship was the fourth edition of the UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship . Spain was the title holder . Like the previous tournaments , there were two qualifying rounds ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2012_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2012 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship was the fifth edition of the UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship . The tournament serves as a qualifier to the 2012 FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup . The first qualifying matches were played on 29 September 2011 , the final was played on 29 June 2012 . With 42 participating nations a new U-17 record was set ."}]}, {'value': 'Winners ( 2008 , 2009 , 2012 )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2008_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2008 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship was the first edition of the UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship . Germany won the trophy for the first time ever ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2009_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2009 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship was the second edition of the UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship . Germany won the trophy for the second time in a row ."}, {'url': "/wiki/2012_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship", 'summary': "The 2012 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship was the fifth edition of the UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship . The tournament serves as a qualifier to the 2012 FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup . The first qualifying matches were played on 29 September 2011 , the final was played on 29 June 2012 . With 42 participating nations a new U-17 record was set ."}]}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Portugal_women's_national_under-17_football_team", 'summary': "The Portuguese women 's national under-17 football team represents Portugal in international youth football competitions ."}]}, {'value': 'Best runner-up', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2014_UEFA_Women's_Under-17_Championship_qualification", 'summary': "The qualification rounds for the 2014 UEFA Women 's Under-17 Championship were a series of association football matches between national teams to determine the participants to the European Youth Championship . The first matches were played on 2 July 2013 . All times are CEST ( UTC+02:00 ) ."}]}, {'value': '20 October 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0 ( debut )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Qualification -- Qualified teams', 'section_text': 'The following eight teams qualified for the final tournament : [ 4 ]', 'uid': "2014_UEFA_Women's_U-17_Championship_0", 'intro': "The 2014 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship was the seventh edition of the UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship. England hosted the final tournament from 26 November to 8 December 2013, taking it for the first time outside of Nyon, Switzerland. It was the first edition to feature eight finalist teams, and served as the qualifier for the 2014 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup, to be held in March-April 2014. Portugal ensured their first presence in the competition's final tournament, after concluding the qualification as the best runner-up. They will join France, Germany and Spain, together with fellow debutants Austria, Italy and Scotland. Poland were the defending champions, having defeating Sweden 1-0 in the previous season's final, but were unable to defend their title after failing qualification for this edition's final tournament."}	null	null	Who did the team that made its first U-17 World Cup Finals in 2014 beat to win its first UEFA Women 's U-17 Championship ?	Republic of Ireland
07b6575d253c0b0a	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_original_programs_distributed_by_Netflix', 'title': 'List of original programs distributed by Netflix', 'header': ['Title', 'Genre', 'Premiere', 'Seasons', 'Length', 'Status'], 'data': [{'value': 'Chelsea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chelsea_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Chelsea is an American web television late-night talk show hosted by comedian Chelsea Handler . The show debuted on May 11 , 2016 and streamed Wednesday , Thursday , and Friday each week worldwide on Netflix . The show was originally set to have 90 episodes per year , with each episode set to be 30 minutes . Format changes were made for the second season . The show taped Monday , Tuesday , and Wednesday of each week that it aired . It was Netflix 's first talk show . The theme song was written by electro pop artist Memoryy . [ better source needed ] The show covered real topics mixed with humor , similar to Handler 's previous series , Chelsea Does . The show also regularly had celebrity guests . Her comedic partner Chuy was not part of the series . The show had a global outlook ; Handler said , Netflix makes me able to do stories that are global , and it makes me able to pay attention to the stuff that does interest me in a way that will be able to be disseminated into all these different countries . The second season premiered on April 14 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Late-night', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Late-night_talk_show', 'summary': "A late-night talk show is a genre of talk show popular in the United States , where the format originated . It is generally structured around humorous monologues about the day 's news , guest interviews , comedy sketches and music performances . The late-night talk show format was popularized by Johnny Carson with The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson on NBC . Typically the show 's host conducts interviews from behind a desk , while the guest is seated on a couch . Many late night talk shows feature a house band which generally performs cover songs for the studio audience during commercial breaks and occasionally will back up a guest artist . Late-night talk shows are a popular format in the United States , but are not as prominent in other parts of the world . Shows that loosely resemble the format air in other countries , but generally air weekly as opposed to the nightly airings of those in the United States . They also generally air in time slots considered to be prime time in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'May 11 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 seasons , 120 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27-64 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Nye Saves the World', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Nye_Saves_the_World', 'summary': "Bill Nye Saves the World is an American television show currently [ update ] streaming on Netflix hosted by Bill Nye . The show 's byline is , Emmy-winning host Bill Nye brings experts and famous guests to his lab for a talk show exploring scientific issues that touch our lives , with the series ' focus placed on science and its relationship with politics , pop culture , and society . The first season explores topics such as climate change , alternative medicine , and video games from a scientific point of view , while also refuting myths and anti-scientific claims . Though the show is hosted by Nye , five correspondents assist in the presentation of the show . These include fashion model Karlie Kloss , science YouTuber and educator Derek Muller , comedian Nazeem Hussain , comedian and writer Joanna Hausmann , and the TV host and producer Emily Calandrelli . The thirteen-episode season premiered on April 21 , 2017 . The show 's theme song was produced by Tyler , the Creator . On June 15 , 2017 , Nye announced on his Facebook page that the series had been renewed for a six-episodes second season , which premiered on December 29 , 2017 . On April 9 , 2018 , Netflix announced the show had been renewed for a six-episode third season , released on May 11 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Science', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Science', 'summary': 'Science ( from the Latin word scientia , meaning knowledge ) is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe . The earliest roots of science can be traced to Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3500 to 3000 BCE . Their contributions to mathematics , astronomy , and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity , whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries ( 400 to 1000 CE ) of the Middle Ages but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age . The recovery and assimilation of Greek works and Islamic inquiries into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived natural philosophy , which was later transformed by the Scientific Revolution that began in the 16th century as new ideas and discoveries departed from previous Greek conceptions and traditions . The scientific method soon played a greater role in knowledge creation and it was not until the 19th century that many of the institutional and professional features of science began to take shape ; along with the changing of natural philosophy to natural science . Modern science is typically divided into three major branches that consist of the natural sciences ( e.g. , biology , chemistry , and physics ) , which study nature in the broadest sense ; the social sciences ( e.g. , economics , psychology , and sociology ) , which study individuals and societies ; and the formal sciences ( e.g. , logic , mathematics , and theoretical computer science ) , which study abstract concepts . There is disagreement , however , on whether the formal sciences actually constitute a science as they do not rely on empirical evidence . Disciplines that use existing scientific knowledge for practical purposes , such as engineering and medicine , are described as applied sciences . Science is based on research , which is commonly conducted in academic and research institutions as well as in government agencies and companies . The practical impact of scientific research has led to the emergence of science policies that seek to influence the scientific enterprise by prioritizing the development of commercial products , armaments , health care , and environmental protection .'}]}, {'value': 'April 21 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 seasons , 25 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26-41 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beyond Stranger Things', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stranger_Things', 'summary': "Stranger Things is an American science fiction horror web television series created by the Duffer Brothers and released on Netflix . The siblings also serve as executive producers with Shawn Levy and Dan Cohen . The first season , which was released in 2016 , stars Winona Ryder , David Harbour , Finn Wolfhard , Millie Bobby Brown , Gaten Matarazzo , Caleb McLaughlin , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , Cara Buono , and Matthew Modine , with Noah Schnapp and Joe Keery in recurring roles . For the second season , Schnapp and Keery were made series regulars , as were newly cast Sadie Sink , Dacre Montgomery , Sean Astin , and Paul Reiser , with Priah Ferguson appearing in a recurring role . Maya Hawke joined the cast for the third season , while Ferguson was promoted to a series regular . Set in the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana , in November 1983 , the first season focuses on the investigation into the disappearance of a young boy amid supernatural events occurring around the town , including the appearance of a girl with psychokinetic abilities who helps the missing boy 's friends in their search . The second season , titled Stranger Things 2 , is set one year later in October 1984 and deals with the characters ' attempts to return to normality and the aftermath of the events from the first season . The third season , titled Stranger Things 3 , is set in July 1985 and focuses on the characters growing up amidst a new threat during the Fourth of July . The Duffer Brothers developed the series as a mix of investigative drama alongside supernatural elements portrayed with childlike sensibilities . They set the series in the 1980s and created an homage to the pop culture of that decade . Several themes and directorial aspects were inspired and aesthetically informed by the works of Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , and Stephen King , among others , including several films , anime , and video games . The first season of eight episodes premiered on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Aftershow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aftershow', 'summary': "An aftershow or after-show is a genre of television talk show whose topic is another television program . Aftershows are typically broadcast immediately after a new episode of its corresponding program to help retain the audience , and to provide additional discussion and content related to the program ( such as analysis and behind-the-scenes material ) . Aftershows may also include guest appearances by a show 's staff or cast , and emphasize viewer contributions ."}]}, {'value': 'October 27 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 season , 7 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15-25 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Next_Guest_Needs_No_Introduction_with_David_Letterman', 'summary': 'My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman ( commonly referred to as My Next Guest ) is an American web television talk show hosted by David Letterman that premiered on January 12 , 2018 on Netflix . The series consists of interviews with one guest per episode both inside and outside a studio setting .'}]}, {'value': 'Interview', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Interview', 'summary': "An interview is essentially a structured conversation where one participant asks questions , and the other provides answers . In common parlance , the word interview refers to a one-on-one conversation between an interviewer and an interviewee . The interviewer asks questions to which the interviewee responds , usually so information is offered by the interviewee to interviewer -- and that information may be used or provided to other audiences , whether in real time or later . This feature is common to many types of interviews -- a job interview or interview with a witness to an event may have no other audience present at the time , but the answers will be later provided to others in the employment or investigative process . The information or answers may also be transferred in both directions in a tradition interview . Interviews usually take place face-to-face and in person , although modern communications technologies such as the Internet have enabled conversations to happen in which parties are separated geographically , such as with videoconferencing software , and telephone interviews can happen without visual contact . Interviews almost always involve spoken conversation between two or more parties , although in some instances a conversation can happen between two persons who type questions and answers back and forth . Interviews can range from Unstructured interview or free-wheeling and open-ended conversations in which there is no predetermined plan with prearranged questions , to highly structured conversations in which specific questions occur in a specified order . They can follow diverse formats ; for example , in a ladder interview , a respondent 's answers typically guide subsequent interviews , with the object being to explore a respondent 's subconscious motives . Typically the interviewer has some way of recording the information that is gleaned from the interviewee , often by writing with a pencil and paper , sometimes transcribing with a video or audio recorder , depending on the context and extent of information and the length of the interview . Interviews have a duration in time , in the sense that the interview has a beginning and an ending . The traditional two-person interview format , sometimes called a one-on-one interview , permits direct questions and followups , which enables an interviewer to better gauge the accuracy of responses ."}]}, {'value': 'January 12 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 seasons , 13 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41-58 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pending', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Joel_McHale_Show_with_Joel_McHale', 'summary': 'The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale is an American comedy web television series hosted by Joel McHale that premiered on February 18 , 2018 , on Netflix . On August 17 , 2018 , it was announced that Netflix had canceled the series .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy', 'summary': 'In a modern sense , comedy ( from the Greek : κωμῳδία , kōmōidía ) is a genre of fiction that refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter , especially in theatre , television , film , stand-up comedy , books and novels or any other medium of entertainment . The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece . In the Athenian democracy , the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters . The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a dramatic performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict . Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old . A revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes . In this struggle , the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority , and is left with little choice but to take recourse in ruses which engender very dramatic irony which provokes laughter . Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt , thus alienating their audience from the object of their humor . Parody subverts popular genres and forms , critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them . Other forms of comedy include screwball comedy , which derives its humor largely from bizarre , surprising ( and improbable ) situations or characters , and black comedy , which is characterized by a form of humor that includes darker aspects of human behavior or human nature . Similarly scatological humor , sexual humor , and race humor create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways . A comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society ( usually upper-class society ) and uses humor to parody or satirize the behavior and mannerisms of its members .'}]}, {'value': 'February 18 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 parts , 19 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22-28 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Little Help with Carol Burnett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Little_Help_with_Carol_Burnett', 'summary': 'A Little Help with Carol Burnett is an American web television series hosted by Carol Burnett who leads a panel of children that offer unscripted advice to celebrities and average people about everyday issues in front of a live audience . The show premiered on May 4 , 2018 on Netflix . The series has been confirmed to not be returning for season 2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Variety show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Variety_show', 'summary': "Variety shows , also known as variety arts or variety entertainment , is entertainment made up of a variety of acts including musical performances , sketch comedy , magic , acrobatics , juggling , and ventriloquism . It is normally introduced by a compère ( master of ceremonies ) or host . The variety format made its way from Victorian era stage to radio and then television . Variety shows were a staple of anglophone television from the late 1940s into the 1980s . While still widespread in some parts of the world , such as in the United Kingdom with the Royal Variety Performance , and South Korea with Running Man , the proliferation of multichannel television and evolving viewer tastes have affected the popularity of variety shows in the United States . Despite this , their influence has still had a major effect on late night television whose late night talk shows and NBC 's variety series Saturday Night Live ( which originally premiered in 1975 ) have remained popular fixtures of North American television ."}]}, {'value': 'May 4 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 season , 12 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21-29 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Busted !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busted!', 'summary': "Busted ! ( Korean : 범인은 바로 너 ; RR : beomineun baro neo ; lit . The Criminal Is You ) is a South Korean web television program on Netflix starring Yoo Jae-suk , Ahn Jae-wook , Kim Jong-min , Lee Kwang-soo , Park Min-young , Oh Se-hun , Kim Se-jeong and Lee Seung-gi . The first season consists of 10 episodes and premiered with two episodes on May 4 , 2018 . The program is a Netflix Original that is co-produced with SangSang , a Korean production company that is responsible for X-Man , Running Man , and Family Outing . The show is Netflix 's first original program to showcase an all-Korean cast . During a press briefing , producer Cho Hyo-jin mentioned that Netflix 's goal is to create a hit show for South Korea , which can then be consumed on the global stage . The show mixes both scripted and unscripted lines . On May 30 , 2018 Netflix published a press release announcing the program had been renewed for a second season . The ten episodes were released at once on November 8 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Korean language variety show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korean_language', 'summary': 'The Korean language ( South Korean : 한국어/韓國語 hanguk-eo ; North Korean : 조선말/朝鮮말 chosŏn-mal ) is an East Asian language spoken by about 77 million people . It is a member of the Koreanic language family and is the official and national language of both Koreas : North Korea and South Korea , with different standardized official forms used in each country . It is a recognised minority language in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County of Jilin province , China . It is also spoken in parts of Sakhalin , Russia , and Central Asia . Historical and modern linguists classify Korean as a language isolate ; however , it does have a few extinct relatives , which together with Korean itself and the Jeju language ( spoken in the Jeju Province and considered somewhat distinct ) form the Koreanic language family . The linguistic homeland of Korean is suggested to be somewhere in Manchuria .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Variety_show', 'summary': "Variety shows , also known as variety arts or variety entertainment , is entertainment made up of a variety of acts including musical performances , sketch comedy , magic , acrobatics , juggling , and ventriloquism . It is normally introduced by a compère ( master of ceremonies ) or host . The variety format made its way from Victorian era stage to radio and then television . Variety shows were a staple of anglophone television from the late 1940s into the 1980s . While still widespread in some parts of the world , such as in the United Kingdom with the Royal Variety Performance , and South Korea with Running Man , the proliferation of multichannel television and evolving viewer tastes have affected the popularity of variety shows in the United States . Despite this , their influence has still had a major effect on late night television whose late night talk shows and NBC 's variety series Saturday Night Live ( which originally premiered in 1975 ) have remained popular fixtures of North American television ."}]}, {'value': 'May 4 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 seasons , 20 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '63-98 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pending', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Break with Michelle Wolf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Break_with_Michelle_Wolf', 'summary': 'The Break with Michelle Wolf is an American web television variety show starring Michelle Wolf that premiered on May 27 , 2018 on Netflix . The series is executive produced by Wolf , Dan Powell , Christine Nangle , and Daniel Bodansky . Powell and Nangle also act as showrunners for the series . On August 17 , 2018 , it was announced that Netflix had canceled the series .'}]}, {'value': 'Late-night', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Late-night_talk_show', 'summary': "A late-night talk show is a genre of talk show popular in the United States , where the format originated . It is generally structured around humorous monologues about the day 's news , guest interviews , comedy sketches and music performances . The late-night talk show format was popularized by Johnny Carson with The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson on NBC . Typically the show 's host conducts interviews from behind a desk , while the guest is seated on a couch . Many late night talk shows feature a house band which generally performs cover songs for the studio audience during commercial breaks and occasionally will back up a guest artist . Late-night talk shows are a popular format in the United States , but are not as prominent in other parts of the world . Shows that loosely resemble the format air in other countries , but generally air weekly as opposed to the nightly airings of those in the United States . They also generally air in time slots considered to be prime time in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'May 27 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 season , 10 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norm Macdonald Has a Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norm_Macdonald_Has_a_Show', 'summary': 'Norm Macdonald Has a Show is an American web television talk show hosted by Norm Macdonald that premiered on September 14 , 2018 , on Netflix . The series is executive produced by Macdonald , Lori Jo Hoekstra , K.P . Anderson , and Daniel Kellison . Macdonald and Hoekstra also act as showrunners for the series .'}]}, {'value': 'Talk show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talk_show', 'summary': 'A talk show or chat show is a television programming or radio programming genre in which one person ( or group of people ) discusses various topics put forth by a talk show host . Usually , guests consist of a group of people who are learned ( such as current affairs experts or pundits ) or who have experience with whatever issue is being discussed on the show for that episode . Other times , a single guest such as a celebrity or expert discusses their work or area of expertise with a host or co-hosts . A call-in show takes live phone calls from callers listening at home , in their cars , in their gardens , etc . Sometimes , guests are already seated but are often introduced and enter from backstage . There have been many notable talk show hosts ; in many cases , the shows have made their hosts famous .'}]}, {'value': 'September 14 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 season , 10 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26-35 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patriot Act with Hasan Minhaj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patriot_Act_with_Hasan_Minhaj', 'summary': 'Patriot Act with Hasan Minhaj is an American comedy web television talk show hosted by Hasan Minhaj that premiered on October 28 , 2018 , on Netflix . It also has all the episodes , exclusives , and deep cuts on its YouTube channel with the same name . The series was created by Minhaj and Prashanth Venkataramanujam , both of whom also executive produce alongside Jim Margolis , Michelle Caputo , Shannon Hartman , and Jennie Church-Cooper . With five seasons to date , the show has won an Emmy , a Peabody Award , and two Webby Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Talk show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talk_show', 'summary': 'A talk show or chat show is a television programming or radio programming genre in which one person ( or group of people ) discusses various topics put forth by a talk show host . Usually , guests consist of a group of people who are learned ( such as current affairs experts or pundits ) or who have experience with whatever issue is being discussed on the show for that episode . Other times , a single guest such as a celebrity or expert discusses their work or area of expertise with a host or co-hosts . A call-in show takes live phone calls from callers listening at home , in their cars , in their gardens , etc . Sometimes , guests are already seated but are often introduced and enter from backstage . There have been many notable talk show hosts ; in many cases , the shows have made their hosts famous .'}]}, {'value': 'October 28 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 volumes , 32 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23-30 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Renewed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Fix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Fix_(2018_TV_series)', 'summary': 'The Fix is an American web television comedy panel show hosted by Jimmy Carr , starring D. L. Hughley and Katherine Ryan as team captains and Mona Chalabi as a statistician . The show premiered on December 14 , 2018 , on Netflix .'}]}, {'value': 'Panel show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panel_show', 'summary': "A panel show or panel game is a radio or television game show in which a panel of celebrities participates , in teams , with both teams having a captain . Participants may compete with each other , such as on The News Quiz ; facilitate play by non-celebrity contestants , such as on Match Game/Blankety Blank ; or do both , such as on Wait Wait Do n't Tell Me . The genre can be traced to 1938 , when Information Please debuted on U.S. radio . The earliest known television panel show is Play the Game , a charades show in 1946 . The modern trend of comedy panel shows can find early roots with Stop Me If You 've Heard This One in 1939 and Can You Top This ? in 1940 . While panel shows were more popular in the past in the U.S. , they are still very common in the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'December 14 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 season , 10 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23-31 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ended', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Original programming -- Variety and talk shows', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_original_programs_distributed_by_Netflix_11', 'intro': "Netflix is an American global Internet streaming-on-demand media provider that has distributed a number of original programs, including original series, specials (including stand-up comedy specials), miniseries and documentaries and films. Netflix's original productions also include continuations of canceled series from other networks, as well as licensing or co-producing content from international broadcasters for exclusive broadcast in other territories, which is also branded in those regions as Netflix original content. Netflix previously produced content through Red Envelope Entertainment. Netflix's first original content series was House of Cards, released in 2013 and the company has since increased its original content. All programming is in English unless stated otherwise, is organized by its primary genre or format and is sorted by premiere date."}	null	null	What is the meaning of the latin word for the genre that includes a show whose theme song was produced by Tyler , the Creator ?	knowledge
07b68d812153f47e	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Mitte_(electoral_district)', 'title': 'Hamburg Mitte (electoral district)', 'header': ['Year', 'Name', 'Party', 'First vote%'], 'data': [{'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_German_federal_election', 'summary': "Federal elections took place on 27 September 2009 to elect the members of the 17th Bundestag ( parliament ) of Germany . Preliminary results showed that the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) , its Bavarian sister party , the Christian Social Union ( CSU ) , and the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) won the election , and the three parties announced their intention to form a new centre-right government with Angela Merkel as Chancellor . Their main opponent , Frank-Walter Steinmeier 's Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) , conceded defeat . The Christian Democrats previously governed in coalition with the FDP in most of the 1949-1966 governments of Konrad Adenauer and Ludwig Erhard and the 1982-1998 governments of Helmut Kohl ."}]}, {'value': 'Johannes Kahrs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johannes_Kahrs_(politician)', 'summary': 'Johannes Kahrs ( born 15 September 1963 in Bremen ) is a German politician . He is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'SPD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany', 'summary': "The Social Democratic Party of Germany ( German : Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands , SPD ; [ zoˈtsi̯aːldemoˌkʁaːtɪʃə paʁˌtaɪ ˈdɔʏtʃlants ] ) is a social-democratic political party in Germany . Led by Saskia Esken and Norbert Walter-Borjans since 2019 , the party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in Germany along with the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) . The Social Democrats have governed at the federal level in Germany as part of a grand coalition with the CDU and the Christian Social Union ( CSU ) since December 2013 following the results of the 2013 and 2017 federal elections . The party participates in 11 of 16 state governments and 7 of them are governed by SPD Minister-Presidents . The SPD is a member of the Party of European Socialists and initiated the founding of the international Progressive Alliance of social-democratic parties on 22 May 2013 after criticising the Socialist International for its acceptance of authoritarian parties . Established in 1863 , the SPD is by far the oldest existing political party represented in the German Parliament and was one of the first Marxist-influenced parties in the world . It was illegal under the Anti-Socialist Laws from 1878 to 1890 . During the First World War , the party split into a pro-war mainstream and the pacifist Independent Social Democratic Party , a part of which went on to form the Communist Party of Germany . The social democrats came to power during the 1918-19 revolution . During the Weimar Republic , the SPD was the strongest party until 1932 and Friedrich Ebert served as the first President of Germany . During the Nazi era ( 1933-45 ) , the SPD was banned , and social democrats offered resistance against Hitler 's dictatorship . After the Second World War , the party was re-established ."}]}, {'value': '34.6%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_German_federal_election', 'summary': "Federal elections were held in Germany on 18 September 2005 to elect the members of the 16th Bundestag . This became necessary after a motion of confidence in Chancellor Gerhard Schröder failed on 1 July . Following the defeat of Schröder 's Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) in a state election , Schröder asked his supporters to abstain from the Bundestag motion , knowing the motion would fail and thus triggering an early federal election . The opposition Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) and its sister party in Bavaria , the Christian Social Union ( CSU ) , started the federal election campaign with a 21% lead over the SPD in opinion polls . Many commentators expected the Christian Democrats to win a clear electoral victory and that CDU leader Angela Merkel would become Chancellor , forming a government with the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) and displacing the governing SPD-Green coalition . However , the CDU/CSU significantly lost momentum during the campaign and ultimately won only 1% more votes and four more seats than the SPD . Exit polls showed clearly that neither coalition group had won a majority of seats in the Bundestag , leading to a hung parliament situation . Both parties lost seats compared to 2002 , as did the Greens , while only the Left Party ( a partial successor of the Party of Democratic Socialism led by Gregor Gysi and former SPD chairman Oskar Lafontaine ) made significant gains . Both Schröder and Merkel claimed victory , but the formation of a new government required careful negotiations . On 10 October 2005 , officials from the SPD and the CDU/CSU indicated that negotiations between the two had concluded successfully and that the participating parties would form a grand coalition with Angela Merkel as Chancellor . When the Bundestag met on 22 November 397 CDU/CSU and SPD Bundestag members duly voted for Merkel ."}]}, {'value': 'Johannes Kahrs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SPD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '49.5%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_German_federal_election', 'summary': "Federal elections were held in Germany on 22 September 2002 to elect the members of the 15th Bundestag . Chancellor Gerhard Schröder 's centre-left red-green governing coalition retained a narrow majority ."}]}, {'value': 'Johannes Kahrs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SPD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '54.1%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_German_federal_election', 'summary': 'Federal elections were held in Germany on 27 September 1998 to elect the members of the 14th Bundestag . The Social Democratic Party emerged as the largest faction in parliament , with its leader Gerhard Schröder becoming Chancellor .'}]}, {'value': 'Johannes Kahrs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SPD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50.9%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994_German_federal_election', 'summary': 'Federal elections were held in Germany on 16 October 1994 to elect the members of the 13th Bundestag . The CDU/CSU alliance led by Helmut Kohl remained the largest faction in parliament , with Kohl remaining Chancellor . This elected Bundestag was largest in history until 2017 , numbering 672 members .'}]}, {'value': 'Freimut Duve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freimut_Duve', 'summary': 'Freimut Duve ( born 26 November 1936 , in Würzburg ) is a German politician . From 1980 to 1998 he was a member of the Bundestag for the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) , representing Hamburg Mitte . He was OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media 1998-2004 , being succeeded by Miklós Haraszti .'}]}, {'value': 'SPD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45.1%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1990_German_federal_election', 'summary': 'Federal elections were held in Germany on 2 December 1990 to elect the members of the 12th Bundestag . This was the first all-German election since the Nazi show election in April 1938 , the first multi-party all-German election since that of March 1933 , which was held after the Nazi seizure of power and was subject to widespread suppression , and the first free and fair all-German election since November 1932 . The result was a comprehensive victory for the governing coalition of the Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union and the Free Democratic Party , which was reelected to a third term .'}]}, {'value': 'Freimut Duve', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SPD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47.3%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_West_German_federal_election', 'summary': 'Federal elections were held in West Germany on 25 January 1987 to elect the members of the 11th Bundestag . This was the last federal election held in West Germany prior to German reunification .'}]}, {'value': 'Freimut Duve', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SPD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47.1%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_West_German_federal_election', 'summary': 'Federal elections were held in West Germany on 6 March 1983 to elect the members of the 10th Bundestag . The CDU/CSU alliance led by Helmut Kohl remained the largest faction in parliament , with Kohl remaining Chancellor .'}]}, {'value': 'Freimut Duve', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SPD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '54.3%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_West_German_federal_election', 'summary': 'Federal elections were held in West Germany on 5 October 1980 to elect the members of the ninth Bundestag . Although the CDU/CSU remained the largest faction in parliament , Helmut Schmidt of the Social Democratic Party remained Chancellor .'}]}, {'value': 'Freimut Duve', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SPD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '57.5%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1976_West_German_federal_election', 'summary': 'Federal elections were held in West Germany on 3 October 1976 to elect the members of the eighth Bundestag . Although the CDU/CSU alliance became the largest faction in parliament , Helmut Schmidt of the Social Democratic Party remained Chancellor .'}]}, {'value': 'Eugen Glombig [ de ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SPD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '57.7%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_West_German_federal_election', 'summary': 'Federal elections were held in West Germany on 19 November 1972 to elect the members of the 7th Bundestag . In the first snap elections since 1949 , the Social Democratic Party for the first time in the history of the second German republic became the largest party in the Bundestag , winning 242 of the 518 seats . The coalition with the Free Democratic Party was resumed .'}]}, {'value': 'Eugen Glombig', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SPD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '64.6%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election', 'summary': 'Federal elections were held in West Germany on 28 September 1969 to elect the members of the 6th Bundestag . The CDU/CSU remained the largest faction and the Social Democratic Party remained the largest single party in the Bundestag , winning 237 of the 518 seats .'}]}, {'value': 'Eugen Glombig', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SPD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '60.7%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1965_West_German_federal_election', 'summary': 'Federal elections were held in West Germany on 19 September 1965 to elect the members of the 5th Bundestag . The CDU/CSU remained the largest faction , while the Social Democratic Party remained the largest single party in the Bundestag , winning 251 of the 518 seats ( including 15 of the 22 non-voting delegates for West Berlin ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Eugen Glombig', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SPD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '53.8%', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'District representatives', 'section_text': "The district 's MPs have been :", 'uid': 'Hamburg_Mitte_(electoral_district)_0', 'intro': 'Hamburg Mitte is one of the 299 single member constituencies used for the German parliament, the Bundestag. Located in central Hamburg, the district was created for the 1965 election. All elections to date have been won by the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The constituency contains most of the borough of Mitte, one of the seven boroughs (Bezirke) of Hamburg. The exception is the Wilhelmsburg district. The constituency also includes the districts of Barmbek-Nord, Barmbek-Süd, Dulsberg, Hohenfelde and Uhlenhorst from the Nord borough, the Eilbek district from the Wandsbek borough and a small part of the borough of Altona. The current MP is Johannes Kahrs of the SPD, who has represented the district since the 1998 election.'}	null	null	Which year had the lower first vote % ? Was it one held in Germany to elect the 7th Bundestag , or when they met to elect the 14th Bundestag ?	1998
07b6c140a77de4d0	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_concept-_and_mind-mapping_software', 'title': 'List of concept- and mind-mapping software', 'header': ['Software', 'Publisher , license', 'Platforms', 'Notes , features'], 'data': [{'value': '3D Topicscape', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/3D_Topicscape', 'summary': "3D Topicscape , a software application , is a Personal Information Manager that provides a template loosely based on mind-mapping or concept mapping . It presents the mind map as a 3D scene where each node is a cone ( or pyramid , or variation on such a shape ) . It can also display in a 2D format . Nodes are arranged in a way that indicates how they are related in much the same way as a mind map . In addition to its use for information management it is claimed to be suitable as a task manager , and for use in project management . A Topicscape is created by importing folders ( by Drag-and-drop or menus ) , importing from other mind mapping software including FreeMind , PersonalBrain and MindManager or by hand with mouse clicks or keyboard shortcuts . Import sources may be converted to a new Topicscape or added as a portion of an existing one . The number of levels that can be stored is not limited , but up to seven levels of the hierarchy may be viewed at once . Any node may be chosen as the centre of the 3D scene and choosing one at the edge will cause more to come into view . Topicscape 's most obvious difference from 2D mind mapping software is that it provides a zooming interface and simulates flying as noted by Wall Street Journal columnist Jeremy Wagstaff in his column Fly through your computer . The BBC World Service and PC World have also reviewed 3D Topicscape ."}]}, {'value': '3D-Scape Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Desktop application that presents mind maps as a 3d scene where each node is a cone . Imports MindManager , Personal Brain , FreeMind , text and folders', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ConceptDraw MINDMAP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ConceptDraw_MINDMAP', 'summary': 'ConceptDraw MINDMAP is proprietary mind mapping and brainstorming software developed by CS Odessa for Microsoft Windows and Apple macOS operating systems . The mind mapping technology of visual thinking was invented by Tony Buzan in the 1960s . Along with the traditional practice of hand-drawn mind maps there is a range of special mind mapping software , which is commonly used to create mind maps for purposes of business , project management and knowledge management . The first version of ConceptDraw MINDMAP was released in 2001 . Since 2008 it has been a part of the ConceptDraw OFFICE software package for Windows and macOS platform .'}]}, {'value': 'CS Odessa LLC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows , OS X', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/OS_X', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}]}, {'value': 'Desktop mind mapping and brainstorming software , for business , education , or personal activities . Integrates with Microsoft Word , PowerPoint , Project , MindManager , FreeMind , and XMind . Compatible with Twitter , Skype , and Evernote services', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Word', 'summary': 'Microsoft Word ( or simply Word ) is a word processor developed by Microsoft . It was first released on October 25 , 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems . Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS ( 1983 ) , Apple Macintosh running the Classic Mac OS ( 1985 ) , AT & T Unix PC ( 1985 ) , Atari ST ( 1988 ) , OS/2 ( 1989 ) , Microsoft Windows ( 1989 ) , SCO Unix ( 1994 ) , and macOS ( formerly OS X ; 2001 ) . Commercial versions of Word are licensed as a standalone product or as a component of Microsoft Office , Windows RT or the discontinued Microsoft Works suite .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint', 'summary': "Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program , created by Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin at a software company named Forethought , Inc . It was released on April 20 , 1987 , initially for Macintosh computers only . Microsoft acquired PowerPoint for $ 14 million three months after it appeared . This was Microsoft 's first significant acquisition , and Microsoft set up a new business unit for PowerPoint in Silicon Valley where Forethought had been located . Microsoft PowerPoint is one of many programs run by the company Microsoft and can be identified by its trademark orange , and P initial on the logo . It offers users many ways to display information from simple presentations to complex multimedia presentations . PowerPoint became a component of the Microsoft Office suite , first offered in 1989 for Macintosh and in 1990 for Windows , which bundled several Microsoft apps . Beginning with PowerPoint 4.0 ( 1994 ) , PowerPoint was integrated into Microsoft Office development , and adopted shared common components and a converged user interface . PowerPoint 's market share was very small at first , prior to introducing a version for Microsoft Windows , but grew rapidly with the growth of Windows and of Office . ( pp402-404 ) Since the late 1990s , PowerPoint 's worldwide market share of presentation software has been estimated at 95 percent . PowerPoint was originally designed to provide visuals for group presentations within business organizations , but has come to be very widely used in many other communication situations , both in business and beyond . The impact of this much wider use of PowerPoint has been experienced as a powerful change throughout society , with strong reactions including advice that it should be used less , should be used differently , or should be used better ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Project', 'summary': "Microsoft Project is a project management software product , developed and sold by Microsoft . It is designed to assist a project manager in developing a schedule , assigning resources to tasks , tracking progress , managing the budget , and analyzing workloads . Microsoft Project was the company 's third Microsoft Windows-based application . Within a few years after its launch , it became the dominant PC-based project management software . It is part of the Microsoft Office family but has never been included in any of the Office suites . It is available currently in two editions , Standard and Professional . Microsoft Project 's proprietary file format is .mpp . Microsoft Project and Microsoft Project Server are the cornerstones of the Microsoft Office enterprise project management ( EPM ) product ."}, {'url': '/wiki/MindManager', 'summary': 'MindManager is a commercial mind mapping software application developed by Mindjet . The software provides ways for users to visualize information in mind maps and flowcharts . MindManager can be used to manage projects , organize information , and for brainstorming . As of December 2015 [ update ] , Mindjet had approximately two million users , including notable customers such as Dow , Microsoft , Pfizer , and Cisco .'}, {'url': '/wiki/FreeMind', 'summary': "FreeMind is a free mind mapping application written in Java . FreeMind is licensed under the GNU General Public License Version 2 . It provides extensive export capabilities . It runs on Microsoft Windows , Linux , and macOS via the Java Runtime Environment . As with other mind mapping software packages , FreeMind allows the user to edit a hierarchical set of ideas around a central concept . The non-linear approach assists in brainstorming new outlines and projects as ideas are added around the mind map . As a Java application , FreeMind is portable across multiple platforms and retains the same user interface , causing some amount of variation from the common interface on each platform . Mac users may notice the most difference from their traditional user interface , but a MacWorld reviewer says the software 's features should still appeal to the segment of users who accept function over form . FreeMind was a finalist for Best Project in SourceForge.net 's Community Choice Awards for 2008 , which featured open-source software projects ."}, {'url': '/wiki/XMind', 'summary': 'XMind is a mind mapping and brainstorming software , developed by XMind Ltd . In addition to the management elements , the software can be used to capture ideas , clarify thinking , manage complex information , and promote team collaboration . As of April 2013 , XMind was selected as the most popular mind mapping software on Lifehacker . It supports mind maps , fishbone diagrams , tree diagrams , organization charts , spreadsheets , etc . Normally , it is used for knowledge management , meeting minutes , task management , and GTD . Meanwhile , XMind can read FreeMind and MindManager files , and save to Evernote . For XMind Pro/Zen , it can export the mind maps into Microsoft Word , PowerPoint , Excel , PDF , FreeMind and Mindjet MindManager documents .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Twitter', 'summary': 'Twitter ( /ˈtwɪtər/ ) is an American microblogging and social networking service on which users post and interact with messages known as tweets . Registered users can post , like , and retweet tweets , but unregistered users can only read them . Users access Twitter through its website interface , through Short Message Service ( SMS ) or its mobile-device application software ( app ) . Twitter , Inc. is based in San Francisco , California , and has more than 25 offices around the world . Tweets were originally restricted to 140 characters , but was doubled to 280 for non-Asian languages in November 2017 . Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey , Noah Glass , Biz Stone , and Evan Williams , launched in July of that year . The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity . In 2012 , more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day , and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day . In 2013 , it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has been described as the SMS of the Internet . As of 2018 , Twitter had more than 321 million monthly active users .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Skype', 'summary': "Skype ( /skaɪp/ ) is a telecommunications application that specializes in providing video chat and voice calls between computers , tablets , mobile devices , the Xbox One console , and smartwatches via the Internet . Skype also provides instant messaging services . Users may transmit text , video , audio and images . Skype allows video conference calls . At the end of 2010 , there were over 660 million worldwide users , with over 300 million estimated active each month as of August 2015 . At one point in February 2012 , there were 34 million users concurrently online on Skype . First released in August 2003 , Skype was created by the Swede Niklas Zennström and the Dane Janus Friis , in cooperation with Ahti Heinla , Priit Kasesalu , and Jaan Tallinn , Estonians who developed the backend that was also used in the music-sharing application Kazaa . In September 2005 , eBay acquired Skype for $ 2.6 billion . In September 2009 , Silver Lake , Andreessen Horowitz , and the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board announced the acquisition of 65% of Skype for $ 1.9 billion from eBay , which attributed to the enterprise a market value of $ 2.92 billion . Microsoft bought Skype in May 2011 for $ 8.5 billion . Skype division headquarters are in Luxembourg , but most of the development team and 44% of all the division 's employees are still situated in Tallinn and Tartu , Estonia . Skype allows users to communicate over the Internet by voice , using a microphone , by video using a webcam , and by instant messaging ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Evernote', 'summary': 'Evernote is an app designed for note taking , organizing , task management , and archiving . It is developed by the Evernote Corporation , headquartered in Redwood City , California . The app allows users to create notes , which can be text , drawings , photographs , or saved web content . Notes are stored in notebooks and can be tagged , annotated , edited , searched , given attachments , and exported . Evernote is cross-platform , for Android , iOS , macOS , and Microsoft Windows . It is free to use with monthly usage limits , and offers paid plans for expanded or lifted limits .'}]}, {'value': 'Debategraph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Debategraph', 'summary': 'Debategraph is a web-based , collaborative idea visualization tool , focusing on complex public policy issues . It has been used by the White House , the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office , the Amanpour series on CNN , and The Independent newspaper and was named as one of the Best Websites for Teaching and Learning by the American Association of School Librarians in 2010 . Debategraph is a social venture . [ citation needed ] Content posted on Debategraph is licensed under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license .'}]}, {'value': 'Debategraph', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Web application', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Web_application', 'summary': 'In computing , a web application or web app is a client-server computer program that the client ( including the user interface and client-side logic ) runs in a web browser . Common web applications include webmail , online retail sales , online banking , and online auctions .'}]}, {'value': 'Concept and argument mapping tool', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argument_map', 'summary': "In informal logic and philosophy , an argument map or argument diagram is a visual representation of the structure of an argument . An argument map typically includes the key components of the argument , traditionally called the conclusion and the premises , also called contention and reasons . Argument maps can also show co-premises , objections , counterarguments , rebuttals , and lemmas . There are different styles of argument map but they are often functionally equivalent and represent an argument 's individual claims and the relationships between them . Argument maps are commonly used in the context of teaching and applying critical thinking . The purpose of mapping is to uncover the logical structure of arguments , identify unstated assumptions , evaluate the support an argument offers for a conclusion , and aid understanding of debates . Argument maps are often designed to support deliberation of issues , ideas and arguments in wicked problems . An argument map is not to be confused with a concept map or a mind map , two other kinds of node-link diagram which have different constraints on nodes and links ."}]}, {'value': 'Edraw Max', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edraw_Max', 'summary': 'Edraw Max is a 2D business technical diagramming software which help create flowcharts , organizational charts , mind map , network diagrams , floor plans , workflow diagrams , business charts , and engineering diagrams . The current version , Edraw Max 9.4 was released on March 2019 for Microsoft Windows , macOS , and Linux . Edraw Max is a Visio-like diagramming tool .'}]}, {'value': 'EdrawSoft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows , OS X , Linux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/OS_X', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Linux', 'summary': 'Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .'}]}, {'value': 'Cliparts and symbols in libraries . Available Gantt chart add-in . Built-in examples and templates . Export options to Graphics , PDF , PS , , EPS , Microsoft Office ( Word , PowerPoint , Excel ) , HTML , SVG and Visio . Cloud collaboration', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gantt', 'summary': 'A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule , named after its inventor , Henry Gantt ( 1861-1919 ) , who designed such a chart around the years 1910-1915 . Modern Gantt charts also show the dependency relationships between activities and current schedule status .'}]}, {'value': 'LucidChart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LucidChart', 'summary': 'Lucidchart is a web-based proprietary platform that is used to allow users to collaborate on drawing , revising and sharing charts and diagrams . Lucidchart runs on browsers that support HTML5 . This means it does not require updates of third party software like Adobe Flash . In 2010 , the firm announced they had integrated into the Google Apps Marketplace . The company raised $ 1 million in angel funding in 2011 . On October 17 , 2018 , the firm announced it had raised an additional $ 72 million from Meritech Capital and ICONIQ Capital .'}]}, {'value': 'LucidChart , LLC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Web application', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Web_application', 'summary': 'In computing , a web application or web app is a client-server computer program that the client ( including the user interface and client-side logic ) runs in a web browser . Common web applications include webmail , online retail sales , online banking , and online auctions .'}]}, {'value': 'HTML5 -based collaborative diagramming tool that can be used to map minds and concepts Android , iPhone , iPad applications , providing offline access to diagrams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HTML5', 'summary': "HTML5 is a software solution stack that defines the properties and behaviors of web page content by implementing a markup-based pattern to it . HTML5 was the fifth and last major version of HTML that is a World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ) recommendation . The current specification is known as the HTML Living Standard and is maintained by a consortium of the major browser vendors ( Apple , Google , Mozilla , and Microsoft ) , the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group ( WHATWG ) . HTML5 was first released in public-facing form on 22 January 2008 , with a major update and W3C Recommendation status in October 2014 . Its goals were to improve the language with support for the latest multimedia and other new features ; to keep the language both easily readable by humans and consistently understood by computers and devices such as web browsers , parsers , etc. , without XHTML 's rigidity ; and to remain backward-compatible with older software . HTML5 is intended to subsume not only HTML 4 , but also XHTML 1 and DOM Level 2 HTML . HTML5 includes detailed processing models to encourage more interoperable implementations ; it extends , improves and rationalizes the markup available for documents , and introduces markup and application programming interfaces ( APIs ) for complex web applications . For the same reasons , HTML5 is also a candidate for cross-platform mobile applications , because it includes features designed with low-powered devices in mind . Many new syntactic features are included . To natively include and handle multimedia and graphical content , the new < video > , < audio > and < canvas > elements were added , and support for scalable vector graphics ( SVG ) content and MathML for mathematical formulas . To enrich the semantic content of documents , new page structure elements such as < main > , < section > , < article > , < header > , < footer > , < aside > , < nav > , and < figure > are added . New attributes are introduced , some elements and attributes have been removed , and others such as < a > , < cite > , and < menu > have been changed , redefined , or standardized ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Android_(operating_system)', 'summary': "Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software , designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets . Android is developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open Handset Alliance , with the main contributor and commercial marketer being Google . Initially developed by Android Inc. , which Google bought in 2005 , Android was unveiled in 2007 , with the first commercial Android device launched in September 2008 . The current stable version is Android 10 , released on September 3 , 2019 . The core Android source code is known as Android Open Source Project ( AOSP ) , which is primarily licensed under the Apache License . This has allowed variants of Android to be developed on a range of other electronics , such as game consoles , digital cameras , PCs and others , each with a specialized user interface . Some well known derivatives include Android TV for televisions and Wear OS for wearables , both developed by Google . Android 's source code has been used as the basis of different ecosystems , most notably that of Google which is associated with a suite of proprietary software called Google Mobile Services ( GMS ) , that frequently comes pre-installed on said devices . This includes core apps such as Gmail , the digital distribution platform Google Play and associated Google Play Services development platform , and usually apps such as the Google Chrome web browser . These apps are licensed by manufacturers of Android devices certified under standards imposed by Google . Other competing Android ecosystems include Amazon.com 's Fire OS , or LineageOS . Software distribution is generally offered through proprietary application stores like Google Play Store or Samsung Galaxy Store , or open source platforms like Aptoide or F-Droid , which use software packages in the APK format ."}, {'url': '/wiki/IPhone', 'summary': "The iPhone is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. All generations of the iPhone use Apple 's iOS mobile operating system software . The first-generation iPhone was released on June 29 , 2007 , and multiple new hardware iterations with new iOS releases have been released since . The user interface is built around the device 's multi-touch screen , including a virtual keyboard . The iPhone has Wi-Fi and can connect to cellular networks . An iPhone can take photos , play music , send and receive email , browse the web , send and receive text messages , record notes , perform mathematical calculations , and receive visual voicemail . Shooting video also became a standard feature with the iPhone 3GS . Other functionality , such as video games , reference works , and social networking , can be enabled by downloading mobile apps . As of January 2017 [ update ] , Apple 's App Store contained more than 2.2 million applications available for the iPhone . Apple has released twelve generations of iPhone models , each accompanied by one of the twelve major releases of the iOS operating system . The first-generation iPhone was a GSM phone and established design precedents , such as a button placement that has persisted throughout all releases and a screen size maintained for the next four iterations . The iPhone 3G added 3G network support , and was followed by the iPhone 3GS with improved hardware , the iPhone 4 with a metal chassis , higher display resolution and front-facing camera , and the iPhone 4S with improved hardware and the voice assistant Siri . The iPhone 5 featured a taller , 4 inches ( 100 mm ) display and Apple 's newly introduced Lightning connector ."}, {'url': '/wiki/IPad', 'summary': "iPad ( /ˈaɪpæd/ EYE-pad ) is a line of tablet computers designed , developed and marketed by Apple Inc. , which run the iOS and iPadOS mobile operating systems . The first iPad was released on April 3 , 2010 ; the most recent iPad models are the seventh-generation iPad , released on September 25 , 2019 ; the fifth-generation iPad mini , released on March 18 , 2019 ; the third-generation iPad Air , released on March 18 , 2019 ; and the 11-inch ( 280 mm ) and third-generation 12.9-inch ( 330 mm ) iPad Pro , released on November 7 , 2018 . As of May 2017 [ update ] , Apple has sold more than 360 million iPads , though sales peaked in 2013 . It is the most popular tablet computer by sales as of the second quarter of 2018 . The user interface is built around the device 's multi-touch screen , including a virtual keyboard . All iPads can connect using Wi-Fi ; some models also have cellular connectivity . iPads can shoot video , take photos , play music , and perform Internet functions such as web-browsing and emailing . Other functions - games , reference , GPS navigation , social networking , etc . - can be enabled by downloading and installing apps . As of March 2016 [ update ] , the App Store has more than 1 million apps for the iPad by Apple and third parties . There have been nine versions of the iPad . The first generation established design precedents , some of which have persisted through all models ."}]}, {'value': 'Microsoft Visio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Visio', 'summary': 'Microsoft Visio ( /ˈvɪz.i.oʊ/ VIZ-ee-oh ) ( formerly Microsoft Office Visio ) is a diagramming and vector graphics application and is part of the Microsoft Office family . The product was first introduced in 1992 , made by the Shapeware Corporation . It was acquired by Microsoft in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Microsoft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft', 'summary': "Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology company with headquarters in Redmond , Washington . It develops , manufactures , licenses , supports , and sells computer software , consumer electronics , personal computers , and related services . Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems , the Microsoft Office suite , and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers . Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup of touchscreen personal computers . In 2016 , it was the world 's largest software maker by revenue ( currently Alphabet/Google has more revenue ) . The word Microsoft is a portmanteau of microcomputer and software . Microsoft is ranked No . 30 in the 2018 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4 , 1975 , to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800 . It rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s , followed by Microsoft Windows . The company 's 1986 initial public offering ( IPO ) , and subsequent rise in its share price , created three billionaires and an estimated 12,000 millionaires among Microsoft employees . Since the 1990s , it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions , their largest being the acquisition of LinkedIn for $ 26.2 billion in December 2016 , followed by their acquisition of Skype Technologies for $ 8.5 billion in May 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Part of Microsoft Office product family , draws static diagrams including block diagrams , organization charts , maps , plans or workflows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Office', 'summary': 'Microsoft Office , or simply Office , is a family of client software , server software , and services developed by Microsoft . It was first announced by Bill Gates on August 1 , 1988 , at COMDEX in Las Vegas . Initially a marketing term for an office suite ( bundled set of productivity applications ) , the first version of Office contained Microsoft Word , Microsoft Excel , and Microsoft PowerPoint . Over the years , Office applications have grown substantially closer with shared features such as a common spell checker , OLE data integration and Visual Basic for Applications scripting language . Microsoft also positions Office as a development platform for line-of-business software under the Office Business Applications brand . On July 10 , 2012 , Softpedia reported that Office was being used by over a billion people worldwide . Office is produced in several versions targeted towards different end-users and computing environments . The original , and most widely used version , is the desktop version , available for PCs running the Windows and macOS operating systems . Office in a browser , previously known as Office Online , is a version of the software that runs within a web browser , while Microsoft also maintains Office apps for Android and iOS . Since Office 2013 , Microsoft has promoted Office 365 as the primary means of obtaining Microsoft Office : it allows use of the software and other services on a subscription business model , and users receive free feature updates to the software for the lifetime of the subscription , including new features and cloud computing integration that are not necessarily included in the on-premises releases of Office sold under conventional license terms . In 2017 , revenue from Office 365 overtook conventional license sales . The current on-premises , desktop version of Office is Office 2019 , released on September 24 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mind42', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mind42', 'summary': 'Mind42 is an online mind mapping application that allows users to visualize their thinking using the proven mind mapping method . The name refers to the collaborative features of the product , and is intended to be pronounced like mind for two . It has been recommended by Freelance Weekly as one of their favorite time-management and organization tools .'}]}, {'value': 'IRIAN Solutions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Web application', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Web_application', 'summary': 'In computing , a web application or web app is a client-server computer program that the client ( including the user interface and client-side logic ) runs in a web browser . Common web applications include webmail , online retail sales , online banking , and online auctions .'}]}, {'value': 'Browser-based collaborative web application Real-time collaborative editing ; the name Mind42 is intended to be read as Mind for two Free to use with no function limits Limited support by developer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MindManager', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MindManager', 'summary': 'MindManager is a commercial mind mapping software application developed by Mindjet . The software provides ways for users to visualize information in mind maps and flowcharts . MindManager can be used to manage projects , organize information , and for brainstorming . As of December 2015 [ update ] , Mindjet had approximately two million users , including notable customers such as Dow , Microsoft , Pfizer , and Cisco .'}]}, {'value': 'Mindjet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows , OS X , Android', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/OS_X', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Android_(operating_system)', 'summary': "Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software , designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets . Android is developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open Handset Alliance , with the main contributor and commercial marketer being Google . Initially developed by Android Inc. , which Google bought in 2005 , Android was unveiled in 2007 , with the first commercial Android device launched in September 2008 . The current stable version is Android 10 , released on September 3 , 2019 . The core Android source code is known as Android Open Source Project ( AOSP ) , which is primarily licensed under the Apache License . This has allowed variants of Android to be developed on a range of other electronics , such as game consoles , digital cameras , PCs and others , each with a specialized user interface . Some well known derivatives include Android TV for televisions and Wear OS for wearables , both developed by Google . Android 's source code has been used as the basis of different ecosystems , most notably that of Google which is associated with a suite of proprietary software called Google Mobile Services ( GMS ) , that frequently comes pre-installed on said devices . This includes core apps such as Gmail , the digital distribution platform Google Play and associated Google Play Services development platform , and usually apps such as the Google Chrome web browser . These apps are licensed by manufacturers of Android devices certified under standards imposed by Google . Other competing Android ecosystems include Amazon.com 's Fire OS , or LineageOS . Software distribution is generally offered through proprietary application stores like Google Play Store or Samsung Galaxy Store , or open source platforms like Aptoide or F-Droid , which use software packages in the APK format ."}]}, {'value': 'Desktop application comes in basic and pro versions ; integrated with Microsoft Office , available Gantt chart add-in , built-in spreadsheet , Fluent UI , Current Version : MindManager 2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Office', 'summary': 'Microsoft Office , or simply Office , is a family of client software , server software , and services developed by Microsoft . It was first announced by Bill Gates on August 1 , 1988 , at COMDEX in Las Vegas . Initially a marketing term for an office suite ( bundled set of productivity applications ) , the first version of Office contained Microsoft Word , Microsoft Excel , and Microsoft PowerPoint . Over the years , Office applications have grown substantially closer with shared features such as a common spell checker , OLE data integration and Visual Basic for Applications scripting language . Microsoft also positions Office as a development platform for line-of-business software under the Office Business Applications brand . On July 10 , 2012 , Softpedia reported that Office was being used by over a billion people worldwide . Office is produced in several versions targeted towards different end-users and computing environments . The original , and most widely used version , is the desktop version , available for PCs running the Windows and macOS operating systems . Office in a browser , previously known as Office Online , is a version of the software that runs within a web browser , while Microsoft also maintains Office apps for Android and iOS . Since Office 2013 , Microsoft has promoted Office 365 as the primary means of obtaining Microsoft Office : it allows use of the software and other services on a subscription business model , and users receive free feature updates to the software for the lifetime of the subscription , including new features and cloud computing integration that are not necessarily included in the on-premises releases of Office sold under conventional license terms . In 2017 , revenue from Office 365 overtook conventional license sales . The current on-premises , desktop version of Office is Office 2019 , released on September 24 , 2018 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gantt', 'summary': 'A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule , named after its inventor , Henry Gantt ( 1861-1919 ) , who designed such a chart around the years 1910-1915 . Modern Gantt charts also show the dependency relationships between activities and current schedule status .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fluent_(user_interface)', 'summary': 'Microsoft Office 2007 ( codenamed Office 12 ) is a version of Microsoft Office , a family of office suites and productivity software for Windows , developed and published by Microsoft . It was released to manufacturing on November 3 , 2006 ; it was subsequently made available to volume license customers on November 30 , 2006 , and later to retail on January 30 , 2007 , the same respective release dates of Windows Vista . It was preceded by Office 2003 and succeeded by Office 2010 . Office 2007 introduced a new graphical user interface called the Fluent User Interface , which uses ribbons and an Office menu instead of menu bars and toolbars . Office 2007 also introduced Office Open XML file formats as the default file formats in Excel , PowerPoint , and Word . The new formats are intended to facilitate the sharing of information between programs , improve security , reduce the size of documents , and enable new recovery scenarios . Office 2007 requires Windows XP with Service Pack 2 , Windows Server 2003 with Service Pack 1 , or a later version of Windows ; it is the last version of Microsoft Office to run on Windows XP Professional x64 Edition . Office 2007 includes new applications and server-side tools , including Microsoft Office Groove , a collaboration and communication suite for smaller businesses , which was originally developed by Groove Networks before being acquired by Microsoft in 2005 . Also included is Office SharePoint Server 2007 , a major revision to the server platform for Office applications , which supports Excel Services , a client-server architecture for supporting Excel workbooks that are shared in real time between multiple machines , and are also viewable and editable through a web page . With Microsoft FrontPage discontinued , Microsoft SharePoint Designer , which is aimed towards development of SharePoint portals , becomes part of the Office 2007 family . Its designer-oriented counterpart , Microsoft Expression Web , is targeted for general web development . However , neither application has been included in Office 2007 software suites .'}]}, {'value': 'MindMapper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MindMapper', 'summary': "MindMapper is a Microsoft Windows-based mind mapping software developed by SimTech Systems , that allows users to create mind maps , concept maps , flowcharts , organizational charts , process maps , Gantt charts , Ishikawa diagrams , and variety of brainstorming diagrams . MindMapper offers integration with Microsoft Office and Unicode support . The new MindMapper combines a versatile visual mapping tool with a convenience of a planner and bird's-eye view of a dashboard , creating a perfect visual tool to help users achieve goals and manage schedules . Dashboard is birds-eye view the past , present and future activities . The visual map is a project blueprint that facilitates ideation and collaboration . The Planner is a time management tool that fosters project execution . MindMapper was first developed as an in-house tool to help with industrial simulation projects for SimTech Systems in 1997 . [ citation needed ] The latest edition adds split-view of mind map and planner . The planner syncs to Google Calendar for convenience . Also , the new planner ribbon menu tab helps users to create easily create a master map that consists of vision map , life plan map , and annual plan map for clear goal management and implementation . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'SimTech Systems', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Mind mapping , idea visualizing , brainstorming Process flow , org charts , fishbone diagrams Concept maps and flowcharts Project management with built-in Gantt charts Built-in presentation Post it style memo notes Integrates with Microsoft Office', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Office', 'summary': 'Microsoft Office , or simply Office , is a family of client software , server software , and services developed by Microsoft . It was first announced by Bill Gates on August 1 , 1988 , at COMDEX in Las Vegas . Initially a marketing term for an office suite ( bundled set of productivity applications ) , the first version of Office contained Microsoft Word , Microsoft Excel , and Microsoft PowerPoint . Over the years , Office applications have grown substantially closer with shared features such as a common spell checker , OLE data integration and Visual Basic for Applications scripting language . Microsoft also positions Office as a development platform for line-of-business software under the Office Business Applications brand . On July 10 , 2012 , Softpedia reported that Office was being used by over a billion people worldwide . Office is produced in several versions targeted towards different end-users and computing environments . The original , and most widely used version , is the desktop version , available for PCs running the Windows and macOS operating systems . Office in a browser , previously known as Office Online , is a version of the software that runs within a web browser , while Microsoft also maintains Office apps for Android and iOS . Since Office 2013 , Microsoft has promoted Office 365 as the primary means of obtaining Microsoft Office : it allows use of the software and other services on a subscription business model , and users receive free feature updates to the software for the lifetime of the subscription , including new features and cloud computing integration that are not necessarily included in the on-premises releases of Office sold under conventional license terms . In 2017 , revenue from Office 365 overtook conventional license sales . The current on-premises , desktop version of Office is Office 2019 , released on September 24 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'MindMeister', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MindMeister', 'summary': 'MindMeister is an online mind mapping application that allows its users to visualize , share and present their thoughts via the cloud . MindMeister was launched in 2007 by MeisterLabs GmbH , a software company founded by Michael Hollauf and Till Vollmer . After 10 years in the market , MindMeister has more than 7 million users who created more than a billion ideas to date .'}]}, {'value': 'MeisterLabs GmbH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows , OS X , Linux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/OS_X', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Linux', 'summary': 'Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .'}]}, {'value': 'Browser-based collaborative web application Android , iPhone , iPad applications , providing access to online mind maps Built-in chat Subscription based , also offering a free limited access option', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Android_(operating_system)', 'summary': "Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software , designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets . Android is developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open Handset Alliance , with the main contributor and commercial marketer being Google . Initially developed by Android Inc. , which Google bought in 2005 , Android was unveiled in 2007 , with the first commercial Android device launched in September 2008 . The current stable version is Android 10 , released on September 3 , 2019 . The core Android source code is known as Android Open Source Project ( AOSP ) , which is primarily licensed under the Apache License . This has allowed variants of Android to be developed on a range of other electronics , such as game consoles , digital cameras , PCs and others , each with a specialized user interface . Some well known derivatives include Android TV for televisions and Wear OS for wearables , both developed by Google . Android 's source code has been used as the basis of different ecosystems , most notably that of Google which is associated with a suite of proprietary software called Google Mobile Services ( GMS ) , that frequently comes pre-installed on said devices . This includes core apps such as Gmail , the digital distribution platform Google Play and associated Google Play Services development platform , and usually apps such as the Google Chrome web browser . These apps are licensed by manufacturers of Android devices certified under standards imposed by Google . Other competing Android ecosystems include Amazon.com 's Fire OS , or LineageOS . Software distribution is generally offered through proprietary application stores like Google Play Store or Samsung Galaxy Store , or open source platforms like Aptoide or F-Droid , which use software packages in the APK format ."}, {'url': '/wiki/IPhone', 'summary': "The iPhone is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. All generations of the iPhone use Apple 's iOS mobile operating system software . The first-generation iPhone was released on June 29 , 2007 , and multiple new hardware iterations with new iOS releases have been released since . The user interface is built around the device 's multi-touch screen , including a virtual keyboard . The iPhone has Wi-Fi and can connect to cellular networks . An iPhone can take photos , play music , send and receive email , browse the web , send and receive text messages , record notes , perform mathematical calculations , and receive visual voicemail . Shooting video also became a standard feature with the iPhone 3GS . Other functionality , such as video games , reference works , and social networking , can be enabled by downloading mobile apps . As of January 2017 [ update ] , Apple 's App Store contained more than 2.2 million applications available for the iPhone . Apple has released twelve generations of iPhone models , each accompanied by one of the twelve major releases of the iOS operating system . The first-generation iPhone was a GSM phone and established design precedents , such as a button placement that has persisted throughout all releases and a screen size maintained for the next four iterations . The iPhone 3G added 3G network support , and was followed by the iPhone 3GS with improved hardware , the iPhone 4 with a metal chassis , higher display resolution and front-facing camera , and the iPhone 4S with improved hardware and the voice assistant Siri . The iPhone 5 featured a taller , 4 inches ( 100 mm ) display and Apple 's newly introduced Lightning connector ."}, {'url': '/wiki/IPad', 'summary': "iPad ( /ˈaɪpæd/ EYE-pad ) is a line of tablet computers designed , developed and marketed by Apple Inc. , which run the iOS and iPadOS mobile operating systems . The first iPad was released on April 3 , 2010 ; the most recent iPad models are the seventh-generation iPad , released on September 25 , 2019 ; the fifth-generation iPad mini , released on March 18 , 2019 ; the third-generation iPad Air , released on March 18 , 2019 ; and the 11-inch ( 280 mm ) and third-generation 12.9-inch ( 330 mm ) iPad Pro , released on November 7 , 2018 . As of May 2017 [ update ] , Apple has sold more than 360 million iPads , though sales peaked in 2013 . It is the most popular tablet computer by sales as of the second quarter of 2018 . The user interface is built around the device 's multi-touch screen , including a virtual keyboard . All iPads can connect using Wi-Fi ; some models also have cellular connectivity . iPads can shoot video , take photos , play music , and perform Internet functions such as web-browsing and emailing . Other functions - games , reference , GPS navigation , social networking , etc . - can be enabled by downloading and installing apps . As of March 2016 [ update ] , the App Store has more than 1 million apps for the iPad by Apple and third parties . There have been nine versions of the iPad . The first generation established design precedents , some of which have persisted through all models ."}]}, {'value': 'Mindomo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mindomo', 'summary': "Mindomo is an online collaborative mind mapping , concept mapping and outlining software for visualizing and organizing information . As a freemium software , Mindomo offers its basic services for free , while charging for premium features . The free version has a three mind map limit , and disables premium features like audio/video upload , PDF , PowerPoint and Excel download , password protection . Mindomo 's registered users can create and collaborate real-time on mind maps , while unregistered users can view the maps shared with them . Additionally , the software provides its users with ways to create presentations and mind map assignments . The software can be used from any standard web browser , or by installing the free desktop , iPad and Android applications . Released in February 2007 , Mindomo has been HTML5 based since March 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Expert Software Applications', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows , OS X , Linux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/OS_X', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Linux', 'summary': 'Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .'}]}, {'value': 'Browser-based Realtime collaboration , built-in chat , revision history Built-in presentation mode Desktop application Android and iPad applications work both offline and in sync with the cloud Offers a free limited option', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Android_(operating_system)', 'summary': "Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software , designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets . Android is developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open Handset Alliance , with the main contributor and commercial marketer being Google . Initially developed by Android Inc. , which Google bought in 2005 , Android was unveiled in 2007 , with the first commercial Android device launched in September 2008 . The current stable version is Android 10 , released on September 3 , 2019 . The core Android source code is known as Android Open Source Project ( AOSP ) , which is primarily licensed under the Apache License . This has allowed variants of Android to be developed on a range of other electronics , such as game consoles , digital cameras , PCs and others , each with a specialized user interface . Some well known derivatives include Android TV for televisions and Wear OS for wearables , both developed by Google . Android 's source code has been used as the basis of different ecosystems , most notably that of Google which is associated with a suite of proprietary software called Google Mobile Services ( GMS ) , that frequently comes pre-installed on said devices . This includes core apps such as Gmail , the digital distribution platform Google Play and associated Google Play Services development platform , and usually apps such as the Google Chrome web browser . These apps are licensed by manufacturers of Android devices certified under standards imposed by Google . Other competing Android ecosystems include Amazon.com 's Fire OS , or LineageOS . Software distribution is generally offered through proprietary application stores like Google Play Store or Samsung Galaxy Store , or open source platforms like Aptoide or F-Droid , which use software packages in the APK format ."}, {'url': '/wiki/IPad', 'summary': "iPad ( /ˈaɪpæd/ EYE-pad ) is a line of tablet computers designed , developed and marketed by Apple Inc. , which run the iOS and iPadOS mobile operating systems . The first iPad was released on April 3 , 2010 ; the most recent iPad models are the seventh-generation iPad , released on September 25 , 2019 ; the fifth-generation iPad mini , released on March 18 , 2019 ; the third-generation iPad Air , released on March 18 , 2019 ; and the 11-inch ( 280 mm ) and third-generation 12.9-inch ( 330 mm ) iPad Pro , released on November 7 , 2018 . As of May 2017 [ update ] , Apple has sold more than 360 million iPads , though sales peaked in 2013 . It is the most popular tablet computer by sales as of the second quarter of 2018 . The user interface is built around the device 's multi-touch screen , including a virtual keyboard . All iPads can connect using Wi-Fi ; some models also have cellular connectivity . iPads can shoot video , take photos , play music , and perform Internet functions such as web-browsing and emailing . Other functions - games , reference , GPS navigation , social networking , etc . - can be enabled by downloading and installing apps . As of March 2016 [ update ] , the App Store has more than 1 million apps for the iPad by Apple and third parties . There have been nine versions of the iPad . The first generation established design precedents , some of which have persisted through all models ."}]}, {'value': 'MindView', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MindView', 'summary': 'MindView is a mind mapping and project management software owned by the company MatchWare . MindView is used for mind mapping , concept mapping , work breakdown structures , timelines , Gantt charts , organizational charts , and other visuals .'}]}, {'value': 'MatchWare', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows , OS X , Web application', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/OS_X', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Web_application', 'summary': 'In computing , a web application or web app is a client-server computer program that the client ( including the user interface and client-side logic ) runs in a web browser . Common web applications include webmail , online retail sales , online banking , and online auctions .'}]}, {'value': 'Integrated with Microsoft Office 6 Interchangeable views : includes Gantt chart and timeline Calculation feature and Excel integration Optimized for project management Advanced filter function', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Office', 'summary': 'Microsoft Office , or simply Office , is a family of client software , server software , and services developed by Microsoft . It was first announced by Bill Gates on August 1 , 1988 , at COMDEX in Las Vegas . Initially a marketing term for an office suite ( bundled set of productivity applications ) , the first version of Office contained Microsoft Word , Microsoft Excel , and Microsoft PowerPoint . Over the years , Office applications have grown substantially closer with shared features such as a common spell checker , OLE data integration and Visual Basic for Applications scripting language . Microsoft also positions Office as a development platform for line-of-business software under the Office Business Applications brand . On July 10 , 2012 , Softpedia reported that Office was being used by over a billion people worldwide . Office is produced in several versions targeted towards different end-users and computing environments . The original , and most widely used version , is the desktop version , available for PCs running the Windows and macOS operating systems . Office in a browser , previously known as Office Online , is a version of the software that runs within a web browser , while Microsoft also maintains Office apps for Android and iOS . Since Office 2013 , Microsoft has promoted Office 365 as the primary means of obtaining Microsoft Office : it allows use of the software and other services on a subscription business model , and users receive free feature updates to the software for the lifetime of the subscription , including new features and cloud computing integration that are not necessarily included in the on-premises releases of Office sold under conventional license terms . In 2017 , revenue from Office 365 overtook conventional license sales . The current on-premises , desktop version of Office is Office 2019 , released on September 24 , 2018 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gantt_chart', 'summary': 'A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule , named after its inventor , Henry Gantt ( 1861-1919 ) , who designed such a chart around the years 1910-1915 . Modern Gantt charts also show the dependency relationships between activities and current schedule status .'}]}, {'value': 'OmniGraffle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OmniGraffle', 'summary': 'OmniGraffle is a diagramming and digital illustration application for macOS and iOS created by The Omni Group .'}]}, {'value': 'The Omni Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Omni_Group', 'summary': "The Omni Group is a company that develops software for the macOS , iOS , and watchOS platforms . The Omni Group was informally founded as a NEXTSTEP consulting company in 1989 by Wil Shipley , who immediately brought on Ken Case and Tim Wood . The three incorporated together under the name Omni Development , Inc. in 1993 , because the name Omni Group was taken by another Seattle firm . Omni initially produced custom database software for the NEXTSTEP platform for clients such as the William Morris Agency and McCaw Cellular Communications ( then Cingular Wireless ; now AT & T Inc. ) . During this period they also ported a number of games to NEXTSTEP , then later to Mac OS X ( after Apple acquired NeXT in 1997 ) . Around 2000 the company decided to start focusing on their own consumer applications for the Mac , and as of 2004 the vast majority of their revenue came from their consumer products . In 2003 Ken Case took over as the chief officer of Omni , and in March 2004 Wil Shipley left with another Omni employee , interface designer Mike Matas , to form Delicious Monster . Matas later left for Apple . The Omni Group also administers several mailing lists related to macOS and software development . They also provide several frameworks for Cocoa software development under an open source license . OmniGraffle and OmniOutliner have won Macworld Editors ' Choice Awards . At the Macintosh Worldwide Developers Conference in 2001 , OmniWeb 4.0 won two Apple Design Awards : Best Mac OS X User Experience and Best New Mac OS X Product ."}]}, {'value': 'OS X , iOS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OS_X', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/IOS', 'summary': "iOS ( formerly iPhone OS ) is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware . It is the operating system that presently powers many of the company 's mobile devices , including the iPhone , and iPod Touch ; it also powered the iPad prior to the introduction of iPadOS in 2019 . It is the second most popular mobile operating system globally after Android . Originally unveiled in 2007 for the iPhone , iOS has been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPod Touch ( September 2007 ) and the iPad ( January 2010 ) . As of March 2018 [ update ] , Apple 's App Store contains more than 2.1 million iOS applications , 1 million of which are native for iPads . These mobile apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times . The iOS user interface is based upon direct manipulation , using multi-touch gestures . Interface control elements consist of sliders , switches , and buttons . Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swipe , tap , pinch , and reverse pinch , all of which have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its multi-touch interface . Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device ( one common result is the undo command ) or rotating it in three dimensions ( one common result is switching between portrait and landscape mode ) . Apple has been significantly praised for incorporating thorough accessibility functions into iOS , enabling users with vision and hearing disabilities to properly use its products . Major versions of iOS are released annually ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prezi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prezi', 'summary': 'Prezi is a presentation software company founded in 2009 , with offices in Budapest , San Francisco , and Riga . As of April 2018 , Prezi had more than 100 million users who had created more than 325 million public presentations that have been viewed over 3.5 billion times . The word prezi is the short form of presentation in Hungarian .'}]}, {'value': 'Prezi Inc', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Web application , Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Web_application', 'summary': 'In computing , a web application or web app is a client-server computer program that the client ( including the user interface and client-side logic ) runs in a web browser . Common web applications include webmail , online retail sales , online banking , and online auctions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Presentation software that supports free form placement and zooming on a single sheet . Offers Android , iPhone , and iPad applications work both offline and in sync with the cloud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Android_(operating_system)', 'summary': "Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software , designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets . Android is developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open Handset Alliance , with the main contributor and commercial marketer being Google . Initially developed by Android Inc. , which Google bought in 2005 , Android was unveiled in 2007 , with the first commercial Android device launched in September 2008 . The current stable version is Android 10 , released on September 3 , 2019 . The core Android source code is known as Android Open Source Project ( AOSP ) , which is primarily licensed under the Apache License . This has allowed variants of Android to be developed on a range of other electronics , such as game consoles , digital cameras , PCs and others , each with a specialized user interface . Some well known derivatives include Android TV for televisions and Wear OS for wearables , both developed by Google . Android 's source code has been used as the basis of different ecosystems , most notably that of Google which is associated with a suite of proprietary software called Google Mobile Services ( GMS ) , that frequently comes pre-installed on said devices . This includes core apps such as Gmail , the digital distribution platform Google Play and associated Google Play Services development platform , and usually apps such as the Google Chrome web browser . These apps are licensed by manufacturers of Android devices certified under standards imposed by Google . Other competing Android ecosystems include Amazon.com 's Fire OS , or LineageOS . Software distribution is generally offered through proprietary application stores like Google Play Store or Samsung Galaxy Store , or open source platforms like Aptoide or F-Droid , which use software packages in the APK format ."}, {'url': '/wiki/IPhone', 'summary': "The iPhone is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. All generations of the iPhone use Apple 's iOS mobile operating system software . The first-generation iPhone was released on June 29 , 2007 , and multiple new hardware iterations with new iOS releases have been released since . The user interface is built around the device 's multi-touch screen , including a virtual keyboard . The iPhone has Wi-Fi and can connect to cellular networks . An iPhone can take photos , play music , send and receive email , browse the web , send and receive text messages , record notes , perform mathematical calculations , and receive visual voicemail . Shooting video also became a standard feature with the iPhone 3GS . Other functionality , such as video games , reference works , and social networking , can be enabled by downloading mobile apps . As of January 2017 [ update ] , Apple 's App Store contained more than 2.2 million applications available for the iPhone . Apple has released twelve generations of iPhone models , each accompanied by one of the twelve major releases of the iOS operating system . The first-generation iPhone was a GSM phone and established design precedents , such as a button placement that has persisted throughout all releases and a screen size maintained for the next four iterations . The iPhone 3G added 3G network support , and was followed by the iPhone 3GS with improved hardware , the iPhone 4 with a metal chassis , higher display resolution and front-facing camera , and the iPhone 4S with improved hardware and the voice assistant Siri . The iPhone 5 featured a taller , 4 inches ( 100 mm ) display and Apple 's newly introduced Lightning connector ."}, {'url': '/wiki/IPad', 'summary': "iPad ( /ˈaɪpæd/ EYE-pad ) is a line of tablet computers designed , developed and marketed by Apple Inc. , which run the iOS and iPadOS mobile operating systems . The first iPad was released on April 3 , 2010 ; the most recent iPad models are the seventh-generation iPad , released on September 25 , 2019 ; the fifth-generation iPad mini , released on March 18 , 2019 ; the third-generation iPad Air , released on March 18 , 2019 ; and the 11-inch ( 280 mm ) and third-generation 12.9-inch ( 330 mm ) iPad Pro , released on November 7 , 2018 . As of May 2017 [ update ] , Apple has sold more than 360 million iPads , though sales peaked in 2013 . It is the most popular tablet computer by sales as of the second quarter of 2018 . The user interface is built around the device 's multi-touch screen , including a virtual keyboard . All iPads can connect using Wi-Fi ; some models also have cellular connectivity . iPads can shoot video , take photos , play music , and perform Internet functions such as web-browsing and emailing . Other functions - games , reference , GPS navigation , social networking , etc . - can be enabled by downloading and installing apps . As of March 2016 [ update ] , the App Store has more than 1 million apps for the iPad by Apple and third parties . There have been nine versions of the iPad . The first generation established design precedents , some of which have persisted through all models ."}]}, {'value': 'Qiqqa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qiqqa', 'summary': 'Qiqqa ( pronounced Quicker ) is a freeware and freemium reference management software that allows researchers to work with thousands of PDFs . It combines PDF reference management tools , a citation manager , and a mind map brainstorming tool . It integrates with Microsoft Word XP , 2003 , 2007 and 2010 and BibTeX/LaTeX to automatically produce citations and bibliographies in thousands of styles . The development of Qiqqa began in Cambridge , UK , in December 2009 . A public alpha was released in April 2010 , offering PDF management and brainstorming capabilities . Subsequent releases have seen the incorporation of the Web Library , OCR , integration with BibTeX and other reference managers , and the use of natural language processing ( NLP ) techniques to guide researchers in their reading . Shortly after its release , Qiqqa has been noticed by universities and their libraries . In 2011 Qiqqa won both the University of Cambridge CUE and CUTEC , and the Cambridge Wireless Discovering Start-Ups competitions . Qiqqa was an award winner in the 2012 Santander Universities Entrepreneurship Awards . A 15-minute interview on AffinityDAB radio summarises the history of Qiqqa . Qiqqa does not seem to have attracted a large user base , compared to other recent reference management programs developed from 2006 to date .'}]}, {'value': 'Quantisle Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Minds maps for academics oriented around their research papers , notes , and annotations', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Semantica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Semantic_Research', 'summary': 'Semantic Research , Inc. is a privately held software company headquartered in San Diego , California with flagship offices in Washington , D.C. and Tampa , Florida . Semantic Research ( not to be confused with Symantec ) , is a California C-corporation that offers patented , graph-based knowledge discovery , analysis and visualization software technology . Its most popular product is a link analysis software application called SEMANTICA Pro .'}]}, {'value': 'Semantic Research', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'OS X , Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OS_X', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Family of software to create , view , store , and share knowledge structures', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning', 'summary': 'Knowledge representation and reasoning ( KR² , KR & R ) is the field of artificial intelligence ( AI ) dedicated to representing information about the world in a form that a computer system can utilize to solve complex tasks such as diagnosing a medical condition or having a dialog in a natural language . Knowledge representation incorporates findings from psychology about how humans solve problems and represent knowledge in order to design formalisms that will make complex systems easier to design and build . Knowledge representation and reasoning also incorporates findings from logic to automate various kinds of reasoning , such as the application of rules or the relations of sets and subsets . Examples of knowledge representation formalisms include semantic nets , systems architecture , frames , rules , and ontologies . Examples of automated reasoning engines include inference engines , theorem provers , and classifiers . The KR conference series was established to share ideas and progress on this challenging field .'}]}, {'value': 'SmartDraw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SmartDraw', 'summary': 'SmartDraw is a diagram tool used to make flowcharts , organization charts , mind maps , project charts , and other business visuals . SmartDraw has two versions : an online edition and a downloadable edition for Windows desktop .'}]}, {'value': 'SmartDraw Software , LLC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Visual processor used to create flowcharts , organization charts , mind maps , gantt charts , and other visuals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flowchart', 'summary': 'A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents a workflow or process . A flowchart can also be defined as a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm , a step-by-step approach to solving a task . The flowchart shows the steps as boxes of various kinds , and their order by connecting the boxes with arrows . This diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution model to a given problem . Flowcharts are used in analyzing , designing , documenting or managing a process or program in various fields .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Organization_chart', 'summary': 'An organizational chart , also called organigram or organogram , is a diagram that shows the structure of an organization and the relationships and relative ranks of its parts and positions/jobs . The term is also used for similar diagrams , for example ones showing the different elements of a field of knowledge or a group of languages .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mind_map', 'summary': 'A mind map is a diagram used to visually organize information . A mind map is hierarchical and shows relationships among pieces of the whole . It is often created around a single concept , drawn as an image in the center of a blank page , to which associated representations of ideas such as images , words and parts of words are added . Major ideas are connected directly to the central concept , and other ideas branch out from those major ideas . Mind maps can also be drawn by hand , either as notes during a lecture , meeting or planning session , for example , or as higher quality pictures when more time is available . Mind maps are considered to be a type of spider diagram . A similar concept in the 1970s was idea sun bursting .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gantt_chart', 'summary': 'A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule , named after its inventor , Henry Gantt ( 1861-1919 ) , who designed such a chart around the years 1910-1915 . Modern Gantt charts also show the dependency relationships between activities and current schedule status .'}]}, {'value': 'Solina Mind Mapping Software', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solina_Mind_Mapping_Software', 'summary': 'Solina Mind Mapping Software stores mind maps and activity maps in XML format .'}]}, {'value': 'Insoft Oy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'organic mind maps and activity maps', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SpicyNodes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SpicyNodes', 'summary': 'SpicyNodes was a system for displaying hierarchical data , in which a focus node displays detailed information , and the surrounding nodes represent related information ( Focus + Context ) , with a layout based on radial maps . It has web ( Flash ) and mobile ( iOS ) implementations .'}]}, {'value': 'IDEA.org', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Institute_for_Dynamic_Educational_Advancement', 'summary': 'The Institute for Dynamic Educational Advancement ( IDEA.org ) is a U.S.-based nonprofit organization working in the area of scientific and cultural literacy . The organization was established in 1998 and incorporated in 2002 , and has collaborated with museums , schools , nonprofit organizations , and public service projects .'}]}, {'value': 'Adobe Flash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adobe_Flash', 'summary': 'Adobe Flash is a deprecated multimedia software platform used for production of animations , rich Internet applications , desktop applications , mobile applications , mobile games and embedded web browser video players . Flash displays text , vector graphics and raster graphics to provide animations , video games and applications . It allows streaming of audio and video , and can capture mouse , keyboard , microphone and camera input . Related development platform Adobe AIR continues to be supported . Artists may produce Flash graphics and animations using Adobe Animate . Software developers may produce applications and video games using Adobe Flash Builder , FlashDevelop , Flash Catalyst , or any text editor when used with the Apache Flex SDK . End-users can view Flash content via Flash Player ( for web browsers ) , AIR ( for desktop or mobile apps ) or third-party players such as Scaleform ( for video games ) . Adobe Flash Player ( supported on Microsoft Windows , macOS and Linux ) enables end-users to view Flash content using web browsers . Adobe Flash Lite enabled viewing Flash content on older smartphones , but has been discontinued and superseded by Adobe AIR . The ActionScript programming language allows the development of interactive animations , video games , web applications , desktop applications and mobile applications . Programmers can implement Flash software using an IDE such as Adobe Animate , Adobe Flash Builder , Adobe Director , FlashDevelop and Powerflasher FDT . Adobe AIR enables full-featured desktop and mobile applications to be developed with Flash and published for Windows , macOS , Android , iOS , Xbox One , PlayStation 4 , Wii U , and Nintendo Switch .'}]}, {'value': 'radial maps , viewer can move from node to node', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tinderbox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tinderbox_(application_software)', 'summary': 'Tinderbox is a personal content management system and personal knowledge base . It is a tool for storing , arranging , exploring , and publishing data .'}]}, {'value': 'Eastgate Systems', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastgate_Systems', 'summary': "Eastgate Systems is a publisher and software company headquartered in Watertown , Massachusetts , which publishes hypertext . Eastgate is a pioneer in hypertext publishing and electronic literature and one of the best known publishers of hypertext fiction . It publishes fiction , non-fiction , and poetry hypertexts by established authors with careers in print , as well as new authors . Its software tools include Storyspace , a hypertext system created by Jay David Bolter , Michael Joyce , and John B. Smith in which much early hypertext fiction was written , and Tinderbox , a tool for managing notes and information . Storyspace was used in a project in Michigan to put judicial bench books into electronic form . Eastgate 's chief scientist , Mark Bernstein , is a well-known figure in hypertext research , and has improved and extended Storyspace as well as developing new hypertext software ."}]}, {'value': 'OS X', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OS_X', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}]}, {'value': 'Content management system with concept and mind map abilities', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Content_management_system', 'summary': 'A content management system ( CMS ) is a software application that can be used to manage the creation and modification of digital content . CMSs are typically used for enterprise content management ( ECM ) and web content management ( WCM ) . ECM typically supports multiple users in a collaborative environment by integrating document management , digital asset management and record retention . Alternatively , WCM is the collaborative authoring for websites and may include text and embed graphics , photos , video , audio , maps and programme code that display content and interact with the user . ECM typically includes a WCM function .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Proprietary software', 'section_text': 'The table below lists pieces of proprietary commercial software that allow creating mind and concept maps .', 'uid': 'List_of_concept-_and_mind-mapping_software_2', 'intro': 'Concept mapping and mind mapping software is used to create diagrams of relationships between concepts, ideas, or other pieces of information. It has been suggested that the mind mapping technique can improve learning and study efficiency up to 15% over conventional note-taking. Many software packages and websites allow creating, or otherwise supporting, mind maps.'}	null	null	What is the publisher ( license ) of the software that is proprietary mind mapping and brainstorming software ?	CS Odessa LLC

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