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07baad547711bb53 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MLS_club_post-season_droughts', 'title': 'List of MLS club post-season droughts', 'header': ['Club', 'Last appearance in post-season', 'Length of drought'], 'data': [{'value': 'Orlando City SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando_City_SC', 'summary': 'Orlando City Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club in Orlando , Florida , that competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . Orlando City SC began play in 2015 as the 21st franchise in MLS , succeeding the USL Pro team of the same name . In doing so they became the first MLS team in Florida since Miami Fusion and Tampa Bay Mutiny both folded following the 2001 season . The team plays at Exploria Stadium in Downtown Orlando .'}]}, {'value': 'never ( club entered MLS in 2015 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_Major_League_Soccer_season', 'summary': "The 2015 Major League Soccer season featured 20 total clubs ( 17 based in the United States , 3 based in Canada ) . The regular season was held from March 6 through to October 25 , whereas the MLS Cup Playoffs began on October 28 and ended with MLS Cup 2015 on December 6 . The defending MLS Cup champions were the LA Galaxy , while Seattle Sounders FC were the defending Supporters ' Shield winners . It was the first season for expansion teams Orlando City SC and New York City FC , who both joined the Eastern Conference , while both the Houston Dynamo and Sporting Kansas City moved from the Eastern Conference to the Western Conference . Chivas USA folded at the end of the 2014 season . At the end of the regular season , the New York Red Bulls of the Eastern Conference won the Supporters ' Shield , while the team on top of the Western Conference was FC Dallas . The Portland Timbers won their first MLS Cup , winning 2-1 at Columbus Crew SC ."}]}, {'value': '5 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'summary': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City , Colorado . The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Western Conference . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS . Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010 , their second MLS Cup appearance . The first appearance was in 1997 , losing to D.C. United . They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament , where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos , the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup . The Rapids play their home games at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2016 MLS Cup Playoffs ( branded as the 2016 Audi MLS Cup Playoffs for sponsorship reasons ) began on October 26 , and ended on December 10 with MLS Cup 2016 , the 21st league championship match for MLS . This was the 21st version of the MLS Cup Playoffs , the tournament culminating the Major League Soccer regular season . Twelve teams ( the top 6 per conference ) competed . The first round of each conference had the third-seeded team hosting the sixth seed while the fourth-seed hosted the fifth in a single match to determine who advanced to the Conference Semifinals . In the Conference Semifinals , the top seed played the lowest remaining seed while the second played the next-lowest . The winners advanced to the Conference Finals . Both the Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals were played as two-legged aggregate series . The winners advanced to the MLS Cup , a single match hosted by the participant with the better record . Seattle Sounders FC defeated Toronto FC 5-4 on penalties to win their first ever MLS Cup . The game ended scoreless after extra time . It was the first MLS Cup in league history that two expansion teams participated in the final . It was also the first time in the league 's history that a Canadian MLS team competed in the MLS Cup ."}]}, {'value': '3 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal Impact', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Impact', 'summary': "The Montreal Impact ( French : Impact de Montréal ) is a Canadian professional soccer team based in Montreal , Quebec . The Impact competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The team began play in 2012 as an expansion team of the league , being the league 's third Canadian club , and replaced the North American Soccer League team of the same name . In 2015 , the Impact became the second MLS club , and first Canadian club , to advance to the final of the CONCACAF Champions League , in its current name since 2008 , where they had finished runners up in the two game aggregate goal series against Club América . The Impact had won the Canadian Championship in 2013 , 2014 and 2019 . The club plays its home games at Saputo Stadium and is coached by Thierry Henry ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': "The 2016 MLS Cup Playoffs ( branded as the 2016 Audi MLS Cup Playoffs for sponsorship reasons ) began on October 26 , and ended on December 10 with MLS Cup 2016 , the 21st league championship match for MLS . This was the 21st version of the MLS Cup Playoffs , the tournament culminating the Major League Soccer regular season . Twelve teams ( the top 6 per conference ) competed . The first round of each conference had the third-seeded team hosting the sixth seed while the fourth-seed hosted the fifth in a single match to determine who advanced to the Conference Semifinals . In the Conference Semifinals , the top seed played the lowest remaining seed while the second played the next-lowest . The winners advanced to the Conference Finals . Both the Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals were played as two-legged aggregate series . The winners advanced to the MLS Cup , a single match hosted by the participant with the better record . Seattle Sounders FC defeated Toronto FC 5-4 on penalties to win their first ever MLS Cup . The game ended scoreless after extra time . It was the first MLS Cup in league history that two expansion teams participated in the final . It was also the first time in the league 's history that a Canadian MLS team competed in the MLS Cup ."}]}, {'value': '3 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Fire_Soccer_Club', 'summary': "Chicago Fire Football Club is an American professional soccer franchise based in Chicago , Illinois . The team competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference , having moved to the conference in 2002 . The franchise is named after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , and was founded as the Chicago Fire Soccer Club on October 8 , 1997 , the event 's 126th anniversary . The team began play in 1998 as one of the league 's first expansion teams . The Fire won the MLS Cup as well as the U.S. Open Cup ( the double ) in their first season in 1998 . They also won U.S. Open Cups in 2000 , 2003 , and 2006 , in addition to the 2003 MLS Supporters ' Shield . In 2015 , the club won the first ever MLS Wooden Spoon , and repeated the feat in 2016 . The Fire maintains an extensive development system , consisting of the Chicago Fire Development Academy and the Chicago Fire Juniors youth organization . They also operate the Chicago Fire Foundation , the team 's community-based charitable division . The Fire 's home stadium is Soldier Field ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2017 MLS Cup Playoffs ( branded as the 2017 Audi MLS Cup Playoffs for sponsorship reasons ) began on October 25 , and ended on December 9 with MLS Cup 2017 , the 22nd league championship match for MLS . This is the 22nd version of the MLS Cup Playoffs , the tournament culminating the Major League Soccer regular season . Twelve teams , the top six of each conference , compete in the MLS Cup Playoffs . The first round of each conference has the third-seeded team hosting the sixth seed while the fourth-seed hosts the fifth seed in a single match to determine who advances to the Conference Semifinals . In the Conference Semifinals , the top seed plays the lowest remaining seed while the second plays the next-lowest . The winners advance to the Conference Finals . Both the Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals are played as a two-legged aggregate series . The winners advance to the MLS Cup , a single match hosted by the participant with the better record .'}]}, {'value': '2 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Dynamo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Dynamo', 'summary': "Houston Dynamo are an American professional soccer club based in Houston , Texas . The franchise competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , as a member of the Western Conference . The Dynamo had first played their home games at Robertson Stadium on the University of Houston campus until 2011 . Since 2012 , the Dynamo has played home matches at BBVA Stadium , a soccer-specific stadium located in Houston . The Dynamo was established on December 15 , 2005 , when the then owner of the San Jose Earthquakes , Anschutz Entertainment Group , announced that the team was relocating to Houston after failed attempts in securing a soccer-specific stadium in San Jose , California . The club would then be an expansion team of the league , which began play in 2006 . The Dynamo are owned by Gabriel Brener , Jake Silverstein , Ben Guill , NBA star James Harden , and former boxer Oscar De La Hoya . Houston Dynamo 's domestic success consists of winning the 2006 and 2007 MLS Cups in their first two seasons . They also won the U.S. Open Cup in 2018 . In 2008 , Houston became the first American club to secure a point on Mexican soil in the CONCACAF Champions League era during the 2008-2017 format of the tournament ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2017 MLS Cup Playoffs ( branded as the 2017 Audi MLS Cup Playoffs for sponsorship reasons ) began on October 25 , and ended on December 9 with MLS Cup 2017 , the 22nd league championship match for MLS . This is the 22nd version of the MLS Cup Playoffs , the tournament culminating the Major League Soccer regular season . Twelve teams , the top six of each conference , compete in the MLS Cup Playoffs . The first round of each conference has the third-seeded team hosting the sixth seed while the fourth-seed hosts the fifth seed in a single match to determine who advances to the Conference Semifinals . In the Conference Semifinals , the top seed plays the lowest remaining seed while the second plays the next-lowest . The winners advance to the Conference Finals . Both the Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals are played as a two-legged aggregate series . The winners advance to the MLS Cup , a single match hosted by the participant with the better record .'}]}, {'value': '2 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose Earthquakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes', 'summary': "The San Jose Earthquakes are an American professional soccer team based in San Jose , California , United States , that competes as a member of the Western Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 ( originally as the San Jose Clash ) as one of the charter clubs of the league . The Earthquakes took part in the first game in MLS history , defeating D.C. United 1-0 . The Earthquakes have won two MLS Cup titles , in 2001 and 2003 , and two Supporters ' Shields in 2005 and 2012 . In 2002 , the team played in its first CONCACAF Champions Cup ( now called the CONCACAF Champions League ) , making it to the quarterfinals . The team holds a fierce rivalry with the LA Galaxy known as the California Clásico . In 2005 , the then owner of the Earthquakes , Anschutz Entertainment Group , announced plans of the team relocating to Houston due to failing efforts to secure a soccer-specific stadium in San Jose . The organization in Houston would be considered an expansion team by the league , eventually becoming the Houston Dynamo , which began play in 2006 . The Earthquakes returned after a two-year hiatus , resuming play in 2008 . Argentinian Matías Almeyda is the Quakes ' current head coach . Since 2015 the Earthquakes play their home games at Avaya Stadium . The team previously played its home games at Buck Shaw Stadium on the Santa Clara University campus in Santa Clara , California from 2008 to 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2017 MLS Cup Playoffs ( branded as the 2017 Audi MLS Cup Playoffs for sponsorship reasons ) began on October 25 , and ended on December 9 with MLS Cup 2017 , the 22nd league championship match for MLS . This is the 22nd version of the MLS Cup Playoffs , the tournament culminating the Major League Soccer regular season . Twelve teams , the top six of each conference , compete in the MLS Cup Playoffs . The first round of each conference has the third-seeded team hosting the sixth seed while the fourth-seed hosts the fifth seed in a single match to determine who advances to the Conference Semifinals . In the Conference Semifinals , the top seed plays the lowest remaining seed while the second plays the next-lowest . The winners advance to the Conference Finals . Both the Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals are played as a two-legged aggregate series . The winners advance to the MLS Cup , a single match hosted by the participant with the better record .'}]}, {'value': '2 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vancouver Whitecaps FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vancouver_Whitecaps_FC', 'summary': "Vancouver Whitecaps FC is a Canadian professional soccer team based in Vancouver , British Columbia that competes in the Western Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The Whitecaps were the 17th team to enter Major League Soccer and replaced the USSF Division 2 team of the same name in the city . The club has been owned and managed by the same group since their USSF days , having graduated to MLS after the conclusion of the USSF 's 2010 season . The MLS version of the team is a phoenix club , and the third to carry the legacy of the Whitecaps name . In the 2012 season , the team became the first Canadian team to qualify for the MLS Cup Playoffs ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2017 MLS Cup Playoffs ( branded as the 2017 Audi MLS Cup Playoffs for sponsorship reasons ) began on October 25 , and ended on December 9 with MLS Cup 2017 , the 22nd league championship match for MLS . This is the 22nd version of the MLS Cup Playoffs , the tournament culminating the Major League Soccer regular season . Twelve teams , the top six of each conference , compete in the MLS Cup Playoffs . The first round of each conference has the third-seeded team hosting the sixth seed while the fourth-seed hosts the fifth seed in a single match to determine who advances to the Conference Semifinals . In the Conference Semifinals , the top seed plays the lowest remaining seed while the second plays the next-lowest . The winners advance to the Conference Finals . Both the Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals are played as a two-legged aggregate series . The winners advance to the MLS Cup , a single match hosted by the participant with the better record .'}]}, {'value': '2 seasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus Crew SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus_Crew_SC', 'summary': "Columbus Crew Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club based in Columbus , Ohio . The Crew competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference and began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The team is currently being operated by an ownership group led by the Haslam family and former team doctor Pete Edwards . The Haslam/Edwards group is the third owner in club history . The franchise was founded in 1994 as simply the Columbus Crew . Since 1999 , the Crew has played home games at Mapfre Stadium , the first soccer-specific stadium ever built for an MLS team , with a seating capacity of 19,968 as of the 2015 season . From 1996 to 1998 , the Crew played its home games at Ohio Stadium on the campus of the Ohio State University . In 2014 , the team set club attendance records for both most cumulative attendance and most sellouts . Crew SC has won five major trophies : MLS Cup 2008 , the Supporters ' Shield in 2004 , 2008 , and 2009 , and the 2002 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup . The Crew have qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League ( or its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup ) three times , reaching the quarterfinals each time ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2018 MLS Cup Playoffs ( branded as the 2018 Audi MLS Cup Playoffs for sponsorship reasons ) began on October 31 and ended on December 8 with MLS Cup 2018 , the 23rd league championship match for MLS . This was the 23rd version of the MLS Cup Playoffs , the tournament culminating the Major League Soccer regular season . Twelve teams , the top six of each conference , competed in the MLS Cup Playoffs . The first round of each conference had the third-seeded team hosting the sixth seed while the fourth-seed hosted the fifth seed in a single match to determine who advanced to the Conference Semifinals . In the Conference Semifinals , the top seed played the lowest remaining seed while the second played the next-lowest . The winners advanced to the Conference Finals . Both the Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals were played as a two-legged aggregate series . The winners advanced to the MLS Cup , a single match hosted by the participant with the better regular season record which was played at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta . Toronto FC were the defending MLS Cup champions , but failed to qualify for the playoffs . Atlanta United FC won their first MLS Cup title .'}]}, {'value': '1 season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FC Cincinnati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Cincinnati', 'summary': "FC Cincinnati is an American professional soccer club based in Cincinnati , Ohio . The club plays in the Eastern Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The team succeeded the lower-division team of the same name and was announced on May 29 , 2018 , when MLS awarded an expansion franchise to Cincinnati . The team began MLS play on March 2 , 2019 with its first match against Seattle Sounders FC . The club 's ownership group is led by Carl H. Lindner III with Jeff Berding serving as president and Gerard Nijkamp as general manager ."}]}, {'value': 'never ( club entered MLS in 2019 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_Major_League_Soccer_season', 'summary': "The 2019 Major League Soccer season was the 24th season of Major League Soccer . The regular season began on March 2 , 2019 and ended on October 6 . The MLS Cup Playoffs began on October 19 and concluded with MLS Cup 2019 on November 10 , under a new format that included 14 teams and consisted only of single-match rounds . FC Cincinnati joined the league as an expansion franchise , bringing the total number of clubs to 24 . Minnesota United FC opened their first soccer-specific stadium , Allianz Field , on April 13 . Atlanta United FC were the defending MLS Cup champions , while New York Red Bulls were the defending Supporters ' Shield winners . Los Angeles FC won their first Supporters ' Shield with an MLS single-season record 72 points , while Seattle Sounders FC won their second MLS Cup title ."}]}, {'value': '1 season', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sporting Kansas City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sporting_Kansas_City', 'summary': "Sporting Kansas City , often shortened to Sporting KC , is an American professional soccer club based in Kansas City , Kansas . The administrative offices are located in Downtown Kansas City , Missouri , and the team clubhouse and practice facilities are located in Kansas City , Kansas near Children 's Mercy Park . The club competes as a member of the Western Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , having returned in 2015 after spending ten seasons in the Eastern Conference . Sporting KC began play in 1996 as a charter team in the league , then known as the Kansas City Wiz . The team was founded by Lamar Hunt in 1995 . Since moving across the state line , they have been the only major professional sports league franchise to play their home games in Kansas . For the majority of their existence , the franchise were known as the Kansas City Wizards . The team rebranded in November 2010 , coinciding with its move to their home stadium , now known as Children 's Mercy Park . The franchise has won the MLS Cup twice ( 2000 , 2013 ) , the Supporters ' Shield in 2000 , and the U.S. Open Cup in 2004 , 2012 , 2015 and 2017 . The club also has a reserve team , Sporting Kansas City II , that plays in the second-tier USL Championship ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_MLS_Cup_Playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2018 MLS Cup Playoffs ( branded as the 2018 Audi MLS Cup Playoffs for sponsorship reasons ) began on October 31 and ended on December 8 with MLS Cup 2018 , the 23rd league championship match for MLS . This was the 23rd version of the MLS Cup Playoffs , the tournament culminating the Major League Soccer regular season . Twelve teams , the top six of each conference , competed in the MLS Cup Playoffs . The first round of each conference had the third-seeded team hosting the sixth seed while the fourth-seed hosted the fifth seed in a single match to determine who advanced to the Conference Semifinals . In the Conference Semifinals , the top seed played the lowest remaining seed while the second played the next-lowest . The winners advanced to the Conference Finals . Both the Conference Semifinals and Conference Finals were played as a two-legged aggregate series . The winners advanced to the MLS Cup , a single match hosted by the participant with the better regular season record which was played at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta . Toronto FC were the defending MLS Cup champions , but failed to qualify for the playoffs . Atlanta United FC won their first MLS Cup title .'}]}, {'value': '1 season', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of active droughts -- MLS Cup Playoffs appearance', 'section_text': 'Updated through 2019 Major League Soccer season . Does not include clubs that made the post-season as of that year .', 'uid': 'List_of_MLS_club_post-season_droughts_0', 'intro': "These are lists of active and all-time Major League Soccer (MLS) club post-season series win, MLS Cup Playoffs and MLS Cup droughts. Those teams which have never made it in club history are listed by the season that they entered the league. Among the current 24 MLS teams, 11 have never won the MLS Cup and 13 have never won the Supporters' Shield. Among those clubs which have won the MLS Cup, the longest MLS Cup title drought is that of the Chicago Fire, who have not won the post-season honor since winning the 1998 MLS Cup. The longest Supporters' Shield drought is Sporting Kansas City, who last won the title in the 2000. The only teams that have never qualified for the post-season tournament are Orlando City SC, who debuted in 2015 and FC Cincinnati, who debuted in 2019."} | null | null | What opponent did the team play in their first MLS game with their last post-season appearance in 2019 ? | Seattle Sounders FC |
07bb8a7cff70dcd8 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Oval', 'title': 'Adelaide Oval', 'header': ['Subject', 'Unveiling', 'Notability', 'Sculptor', 'Donator', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Hercules', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hercules', 'summary': "Hercules ( /ˈhɜːrkjuliːz , -jə-/ ) is a Roman hero and god . He was the Roman equivalent of the Greek divine hero Heracles , who was the son of Zeus ( Roman equivalent Jupiter ) and the mortal Alcmene . In classical mythology , Hercules is famous for his strength and for his numerous far-ranging adventures . The Romans adapted the Greek hero 's iconography and myths for their literature and art under the name Hercules . In later Western art and literature and in popular culture , Hercules is more commonly used than Heracles as the name of the hero . Hercules was a multifaceted figure with contradictory characteristics , which enabled later artists and writers to pick and choose how to represent him . This article provides an introduction to representations of Hercules in the later tradition ."}]}, {'value': '1892', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roman god', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_mythology', 'summary': "Roman mythology is the body of traditional stories pertaining to ancient Rome 's legendary origins and religious system , as represented in the literature and visual arts of the Romans . Roman mythology may also refer to the modern study of these representations , and to the subject matter as represented in the literature and art of other cultures in any period . The Romans usually treated their traditional narratives as historical , even when these have miraculous or supernatural elements . The stories are often concerned with politics and morality , and how an individual 's personal integrity relates to his or her responsibility to the community or Roman state . Heroism was an important theme . When the stories illuminate Roman religious practices , they are more concerned with ritual , augury , and institutions than with theology or cosmogony . The study of Roman religion and myth is complicated by the early influence of Greek religion on the Italian peninsula during Rome 's protohistory , and by the later artistic imitation of Greek literary models by Roman authors . In matters of theology , the Romans were curiously eager to identify their own gods with those of the Greeks ( interpretatio graeca ) , and to reinterpret stories about Greek deities under the names of their Roman counterparts . Rome 's early myths and legends also have a dynamic relationship with Etruscan religion , less documented than that of the Greeks . While Roman mythology may lack a body of divine narratives as extensive as that found in Greek literature , Romulus and Remus suckling the she-wolf is as famous as any image from Greek mythology except for the Trojan Horse . Because Latin literature was more widely known in Europe throughout the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance , the interpretations of Greek myths by the Romans often had a greater influence on narrative and pictorial representations of classical mythology than Greek sources . In particular , the versions of Greek myths in Ovid 's Metamorphoses , written during the reign of Augustus , came to be regarded as canonical ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WA Horn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pennington Gardens', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ross Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ross_Macpherson_Smith', 'summary': 'Sir Ross Macpherson Smith , KBE , MC & Bar , DFC & Two Bars , AFC ( 4 December 1892 - 13 April 1922 ) was an Australian aviator . He and his brother , Sir Keith Macpherson Smith , were the first pilots to fly from England to Australia , in 1919 .'}]}, {'value': '1892', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aviator', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aircraft_pilot', 'summary': "An aircraft pilot or aviator is a person who controls the flight of an aircraft by operating its directional flight controls . Some other aircrew members , such as navigators or flight engineers , are also considered aviators , because they are involved in operating the aircraft 's navigation and engine systems . Other aircrew members , such as flight attendants , mechanics and ground crew , are not classified as aviators . In recognition of the pilots ' qualifications and responsibilities , most militaries and many airlines worldwide award aviator badges to their pilots ."}]}, {'value': 'Frederick Brook Hitch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Creswell Gardens', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donald Bradman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Bradman', 'summary': "Sir Donald George Bradman , AC ( 27 August 1908 - 25 February 2001 ) , often referred to as The Don , was an Australian international cricketer , widely acknowledged as the greatest batsman of all time . Bradman 's career Test batting average of 99.94 has been cited as the greatest achievement by any sportsman in any major sport . The story that the young Bradman practised alone with a cricket stump and a golf ball is part of Australian folklore . Bradman 's meteoric rise from bush cricket to the Australian Test team took just over two years . Before his 22nd birthday , he had set many records for top scoring , some of which still stand , and became Australia 's sporting idol at the height of the Great Depression . During a 20-year playing career , Bradman consistently scored at a level that made him , in the words of former Australia captain Bill Woodfull , worth three batsmen to Australia . A controversial set of tactics , known as Bodyline , was specially devised by the England team to curb his scoring . As a captain and administrator , Bradman was committed to attacking , entertaining cricket ; he drew spectators in record numbers . He hated the constant adulation , however , and it affected how he dealt with others . The focus of attention on his individual performances strained relationships with some teammates , administrators and journalists , who thought him aloof and wary . Following an enforced hiatus due to the Second World War , he made a dramatic comeback , captaining an Australian team known as The Invincibles on a record-breaking unbeaten tour of England . A complex , highly driven man , not given to close personal relationships , Bradman retained a pre-eminent position in the game by acting as an administrator , selector and writer for three decades following his retirement ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cricketer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cricket', 'summary': "Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a 20-metre ( 22-yard ) pitch with a wicket at each end , each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps . The batting side scores runs by striking the ball bowled at the wicket with the bat , while the bowling and fielding side tries to prevent this and dismiss each player ( so they are out ) . Means of dismissal include being bowled , when the ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails , and by the fielding side catching the ball after it is hit by the bat , but before it hits the ground . When ten players have been dismissed , the innings ends and the teams swap roles . The game is adjudicated by two umpires , aided by a third umpire and match referee in international matches . They communicate with two off-field scorers who record the match 's statistical information . There are various formats ranging from Twenty20 , played over a few hours with each team batting for a single innings of 20 overs , to Test matches , played over five days with unlimited overs and the teams each batting for two innings of unlimited length . Traditionally cricketers play in all-white kit , but in limited overs cricket they wear club or team colours . In addition to the basic kit , some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball , which is a hard , solid spheroid made of compressed leather with a slightly raised sewn seam enclosing a cork core which is layered with tightly wound string . Historically , cricket 's origins are uncertain and the earliest definite reference is in south-east England in the middle of the 16th century . It spread globally with the expansion of the British Empire , leading to the first international matches in the second half of the 19th century . The game 's governing body is the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) , which has over 100 members , twelve of which are full members who play Test matches ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Hannaford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Hannaford', 'summary': 'Robert Lyall Alfie Hannaford AM , ( born 9 November 1944 ) is an Australian realist artist notable for his drawings , paintings , portraits and sculptures . He is a great-great-great-grandson of Susannah Hannaford .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Gate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jason Gillespie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Gillespie', 'summary': 'Jason Neil Gillespie ( born 19 April 1975 ) is an Australian cricket coach and former cricketer who played all three formats of the game . Primarily a right-arm fast bowler , he was also a competent lower-order batsman with a Test double century , an unbeaten 201 , the highest score by a night-watchman in international cricket . Gillespie made his One Day International debut against Sri Lanka at Colombo in the Singer World Series in August 1996 , and his Test debut against the West Indies at Sydney in November 1996 . He also played for South Australia , Yorkshire and Glamorgan at first-class level , and was an AIS Australian Cricket Academy scholarship holder in 1995 . On 29 February 2008 , Gillespie announced his retirement from first-class cricket in Australia . He then played for a period in the unauthorised Indian Cricket League for the Ahmedabad Rockets . At the end of the 2008 English domestic season he retired from all first-class cricket .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cricketer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cricket', 'summary': "Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a 20-metre ( 22-yard ) pitch with a wicket at each end , each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps . The batting side scores runs by striking the ball bowled at the wicket with the bat , while the bowling and fielding side tries to prevent this and dismiss each player ( so they are out ) . Means of dismissal include being bowled , when the ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails , and by the fielding side catching the ball after it is hit by the bat , but before it hits the ground . When ten players have been dismissed , the innings ends and the teams swap roles . The game is adjudicated by two umpires , aided by a third umpire and match referee in international matches . They communicate with two off-field scorers who record the match 's statistical information . There are various formats ranging from Twenty20 , played over a few hours with each team batting for a single innings of 20 overs , to Test matches , played over five days with unlimited overs and the teams each batting for two innings of unlimited length . Traditionally cricketers play in all-white kit , but in limited overs cricket they wear club or team colours . In addition to the basic kit , some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball , which is a hard , solid spheroid made of compressed leather with a slightly raised sewn seam enclosing a cork core which is layered with tightly wound string . Historically , cricket 's origins are uncertain and the earliest definite reference is in south-east England in the middle of the 16th century . It spread globally with the expansion of the British Empire , leading to the first international matches in the second half of the 19th century . The game 's governing body is the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) , which has over 100 members , twelve of which are full members who play Test matches ."}]}, {'value': 'Ken Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_Martin_(Australian_sculptor)', 'summary': 'Ken Martin ( born 1952 ) is a South Australian sculptor .'}]}, {'value': 'Basil Sellers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SACA members reserve', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darren Lehmann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darren_Lehmann', 'summary': 'Darren Scott Lehmann ( born 5 February 1970 ) is an Australian cricket coach and former cricketer who coached the Australian national team . Lehmann made his ODI debut in 1996 and Test debut in 1998 . He was on the fringes of national selection for the entirety of the 1990s , and only became a regular in the ODI team in 2001 and Test team in late 2002 , before being dropped in early 2005 . Primarily an aggressive left-handed batsman , Lehmann was also a part-time left arm orthodox bowler , and gained renown for his disregard for physical fitness and modern dietary regimes . He announced his retirement from first-class cricket in November 2007 . He coached the IPL teams Deccan Chargers from 2009 to 2012 and Kings XI Punjab in 2013 . He also coached Queensland during the 2010/11 KFC Twenty20 Big Bash , in place of Trevor Barsby who had resigned . In June 2013 , Lehmann replaced Mickey Arthur as the coach of the Australian cricket team , only two weeks before the 2013 Ashes series . Although Australia lost that series 3-nil , Lehmann went on to coach the side to a 5-nil victory in the 2013-14 series less than five months later . Lehmann stepped down as head coach after the fourth test match against South Africa in March 2018 , following the ball tampering scandal which he perpetuated that occurred during the match . He was originally thought to have been involved in the scandal , however Cricket Australia cleared him of blame at the conclusion of their investigation .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cricketer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cricket', 'summary': "Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a 20-metre ( 22-yard ) pitch with a wicket at each end , each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps . The batting side scores runs by striking the ball bowled at the wicket with the bat , while the bowling and fielding side tries to prevent this and dismiss each player ( so they are out ) . Means of dismissal include being bowled , when the ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails , and by the fielding side catching the ball after it is hit by the bat , but before it hits the ground . When ten players have been dismissed , the innings ends and the teams swap roles . The game is adjudicated by two umpires , aided by a third umpire and match referee in international matches . They communicate with two off-field scorers who record the match 's statistical information . There are various formats ranging from Twenty20 , played over a few hours with each team batting for a single innings of 20 overs , to Test matches , played over five days with unlimited overs and the teams each batting for two innings of unlimited length . Traditionally cricketers play in all-white kit , but in limited overs cricket they wear club or team colours . In addition to the basic kit , some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball , which is a hard , solid spheroid made of compressed leather with a slightly raised sewn seam enclosing a cork core which is layered with tightly wound string . Historically , cricket 's origins are uncertain and the earliest definite reference is in south-east England in the middle of the 16th century . It spread globally with the expansion of the British Empire , leading to the first international matches in the second half of the 19th century . The game 's governing body is the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) , which has over 100 members , twelve of which are full members who play Test matches ."}]}, {'value': 'Ken Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_Martin_(Australian_sculptor)', 'summary': 'Ken Martin ( born 1952 ) is a South Australian sculptor .'}]}, {'value': 'Basil Sellers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SACA members reserve', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barrie Robran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barrie_Robran', 'summary': "Barrie Charles Robran MBE ( born 25 September 1947 in Whyalla , South Australia ) is a former Australian rules footballer who represented North Adelaide in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) from 1967 to 1980 . He won South Australian football 's highest individual honour , the Magarey Medal , on four occasions - 1968 , 1970 and 1973 and yet to be announced Robran is generally considered to be the greatest ever South Australian football player . His citation in the Australian Football Hall of Fame describes him as Regarded as the best player never to play at AFL level . Robran won immense respect not only for his talent , but also his humility and sportsmanship . He played most of his time at centre half-forward , but was versatile enough to also play in the centre or on the ball as a ruck-rover . He resisted many overtures to play in Victoria , at one stage signing a form four with Carlton so that the Victorian recruiters would stop pestering him . Off the field , Robran kept a low public profile and shunned much publicity ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australian rules footballer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_rules_football', 'summary': "Australian rules football , officially known as Australian football , or simply called Aussie rules , football or footy , is a contact sport played between two teams of eighteen players on an oval-shaped field , often a modified cricket ground . Points are scored by kicking the oval-shaped ball between the middle goal posts ( worth six points ) or between a goal and behind post ( worth one point ) . During general play , players may position themselves anywhere on the field and use any part of their bodies to move the ball . The primary methods are kicking , handballing and running with the ball . There are rules on how the ball can be handled : for example , players running with the ball must intermittently bounce or touch it on the ground . Throwing the ball is not allowed and players must not get caught holding the ball . A distinctive feature of the game is the mark , where players anywhere on the field who catch the ball from a kick ( with specific conditions ) are awarded possession . Possession of the ball is in dispute at all times except when a free kick or mark is paid . Players can tackle using their hands or use their whole body to obstruct opponents . Dangerous physical contact ( such as pushing an opponent in the back ) , interference when marking and deliberately slowing the play are discouraged with free kicks , distance penalties or suspension for a certain number of matches , depending on the seriousness of the infringement . The game features frequent physical contests , spectacular marking , fast movement of both players and the ball and high scoring . The sport 's origins can be traced to football matches played in Melbourne , Victoria in 1858 , inspired by English public school football games ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basil Sellers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Gate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Giffen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Giffen', 'summary': 'George Giffen ( 27 March 1859 - 29 November 1927 ) was a cricketer who played for South Australia and Australia . An all-rounder who batted in the middle order and often opened the bowling with medium-paced off-spin , Giffen captained Australia during the 1894-95 Ashes series and was the first Australian to score 10,000 runs and take 500 wickets in first-class cricket . He was inducted into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame on 26 February 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cricketer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cricket', 'summary': "Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a 20-metre ( 22-yard ) pitch with a wicket at each end , each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps . The batting side scores runs by striking the ball bowled at the wicket with the bat , while the bowling and fielding side tries to prevent this and dismiss each player ( so they are out ) . Means of dismissal include being bowled , when the ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails , and by the fielding side catching the ball after it is hit by the bat , but before it hits the ground . When ten players have been dismissed , the innings ends and the teams swap roles . The game is adjudicated by two umpires , aided by a third umpire and match referee in international matches . They communicate with two off-field scorers who record the match 's statistical information . There are various formats ranging from Twenty20 , played over a few hours with each team batting for a single innings of 20 overs , to Test matches , played over five days with unlimited overs and the teams each batting for two innings of unlimited length . Traditionally cricketers play in all-white kit , but in limited overs cricket they wear club or team colours . In addition to the basic kit , some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball , which is a hard , solid spheroid made of compressed leather with a slightly raised sewn seam enclosing a cork core which is layered with tightly wound string . Historically , cricket 's origins are uncertain and the earliest definite reference is in south-east England in the middle of the 16th century . It spread globally with the expansion of the British Empire , leading to the first international matches in the second half of the 19th century . The game 's governing body is the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) , which has over 100 members , twelve of which are full members who play Test matches ."}]}, {'value': 'Judith Rolevink', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basil Sellers', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russell Ebert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russell_Ebert', 'summary': 'Russell Frank Ebert OAM ( born 22 June 1949 ) is a retired Australian rules footballer and coach . He is considered one of the greatest players in the history of Australian rules football in South Australia . Russell Ebert is the only player to have won four Magarey Medals which are awarded to the best and fairest player in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australian rules footballer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_rules_football', 'summary': "Australian rules football , officially known as Australian football , or simply called Aussie rules , football or footy , is a contact sport played between two teams of eighteen players on an oval-shaped field , often a modified cricket ground . Points are scored by kicking the oval-shaped ball between the middle goal posts ( worth six points ) or between a goal and behind post ( worth one point ) . During general play , players may position themselves anywhere on the field and use any part of their bodies to move the ball . The primary methods are kicking , handballing and running with the ball . There are rules on how the ball can be handled : for example , players running with the ball must intermittently bounce or touch it on the ground . Throwing the ball is not allowed and players must not get caught holding the ball . A distinctive feature of the game is the mark , where players anywhere on the field who catch the ball from a kick ( with specific conditions ) are awarded possession . Possession of the ball is in dispute at all times except when a free kick or mark is paid . Players can tackle using their hands or use their whole body to obstruct opponents . Dangerous physical contact ( such as pushing an opponent in the back ) , interference when marking and deliberately slowing the play are discouraged with free kicks , distance penalties or suspension for a certain number of matches , depending on the seriousness of the infringement . The game features frequent physical contests , spectacular marking , fast movement of both players and the ball and high scoring . The sport 's origins can be traced to football matches played in Melbourne , Victoria in 1858 , inspired by English public school football games ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basil Sellers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Gate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malcolm Blight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malcolm_Blight', 'summary': "Malcolm Jack Blight AM ( born 16 February 1950 ) is a former Australian rules footballer who represented North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , and Woodville Football Club in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) during the 1970s and 1980s . He is currently serving as a coaching advisor at the Gold Coast Football Club . One of few players to have won the Brownlow Medal and the Magarey Medal , and so far the only player to have kicked 100 goals in a season in both the VFL and the SANFL , Blight is rightly regarded as one of Australian football 's greatest-ever players . In addition , he has captained the state representative sides of both Victoria and South Australia . In spite of his failure as a playing coach of North Melbourne , Blight would cement his reputation as one of the greatest coaches during his stints with Geelong and Adelaide , before finishing up in an acrimonious circumstances at St Kilda . The name Blight is of Cornish origin . In 2012 , Blight was appointed director of coaching at the Gold Coast Football Club . Blight was made a member of the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 1996 and was elevated to Legend status ( the highest honour which can be bestowed onto an Australian footballer ) in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australian rules footballer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_rules_football', 'summary': "Australian rules football , officially known as Australian football , or simply called Aussie rules , football or footy , is a contact sport played between two teams of eighteen players on an oval-shaped field , often a modified cricket ground . Points are scored by kicking the oval-shaped ball between the middle goal posts ( worth six points ) or between a goal and behind post ( worth one point ) . During general play , players may position themselves anywhere on the field and use any part of their bodies to move the ball . The primary methods are kicking , handballing and running with the ball . There are rules on how the ball can be handled : for example , players running with the ball must intermittently bounce or touch it on the ground . Throwing the ball is not allowed and players must not get caught holding the ball . A distinctive feature of the game is the mark , where players anywhere on the field who catch the ball from a kick ( with specific conditions ) are awarded possession . Possession of the ball is in dispute at all times except when a free kick or mark is paid . Players can tackle using their hands or use their whole body to obstruct opponents . Dangerous physical contact ( such as pushing an opponent in the back ) , interference when marking and deliberately slowing the play are discouraged with free kicks , distance penalties or suspension for a certain number of matches , depending on the seriousness of the infringement . The game features frequent physical contests , spectacular marking , fast movement of both players and the ball and high scoring . The sport 's origins can be traced to football matches played in Melbourne , Victoria in 1858 , inspired by English public school football games ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basil Sellers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South East concourse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ken Farmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_Farmer', 'summary': 'Kenneth William George Farmer ( born 25 July 1910 in Adelaide , South Australia - died 5 March 1982 in Adelaide ) was an Australian rules football player in the South Australian National Football League during the 1920s , 1930s and 1940s . He was a prolific goalscoring full forward and successful premiership winning coach for North Adelaide .'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australian rules footballer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_rules_football', 'summary': "Australian rules football , officially known as Australian football , or simply called Aussie rules , football or footy , is a contact sport played between two teams of eighteen players on an oval-shaped field , often a modified cricket ground . Points are scored by kicking the oval-shaped ball between the middle goal posts ( worth six points ) or between a goal and behind post ( worth one point ) . During general play , players may position themselves anywhere on the field and use any part of their bodies to move the ball . The primary methods are kicking , handballing and running with the ball . There are rules on how the ball can be handled : for example , players running with the ball must intermittently bounce or touch it on the ground . Throwing the ball is not allowed and players must not get caught holding the ball . A distinctive feature of the game is the mark , where players anywhere on the field who catch the ball from a kick ( with specific conditions ) are awarded possession . Possession of the ball is in dispute at all times except when a free kick or mark is paid . Players can tackle using their hands or use their whole body to obstruct opponents . Dangerous physical contact ( such as pushing an opponent in the back ) , interference when marking and deliberately slowing the play are discouraged with free kicks , distance penalties or suspension for a certain number of matches , depending on the seriousness of the infringement . The game features frequent physical contests , spectacular marking , fast movement of both players and the ball and high scoring . The sport 's origins can be traced to football matches played in Melbourne , Victoria in 1858 , inspired by English public school football games ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basil Sellers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North West gate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clem Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clem_Hill', 'summary': 'Clement Clem Hill ( 18 March 1877 - 5 September 1945 ) was an Australian cricketer who played 49 Test matches as a specialist batsman between 1896 and 1912 . He captained the Australian team in ten Tests , winning five and losing five . A prolific run scorer , Hill scored 3,412 runs in Test cricket - a world record at the time of his retirement - at an average of 39.21 per innings , including seven centuries . In 1902 , Hill was the first batsman to make 1,000 Test runs in a calendar year , a feat that would not be repeated for 45 years . His innings of 365 scored against New South Wales for South Australia in 1900-01 was a Sheffield Shield record for 27 years . The South Australian Cricket Association named a grandstand at the Adelaide Oval in his honour in 2003 and he was inducted into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame in 2005 . A short and stocky left-handed batsman , Hill had a crouched , somewhat awkward stance . He gripped the bat low on the handle , playing with a strong bottom hand . His batting style was nonetheless attractive and effective and he was especially strong on the leg side and when cutting . Able to score quickly when required , he was also recognised for his patience and strong defence . Hill normally batted at No . 3 and , along with his contemporary Victor Trumper , he was a mainstay of the Australian batting line-up in the early years of the 20th century .'}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cricketer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cricket', 'summary': "Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a 20-metre ( 22-yard ) pitch with a wicket at each end , each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps . The batting side scores runs by striking the ball bowled at the wicket with the bat , while the bowling and fielding side tries to prevent this and dismiss each player ( so they are out ) . Means of dismissal include being bowled , when the ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails , and by the fielding side catching the ball after it is hit by the bat , but before it hits the ground . When ten players have been dismissed , the innings ends and the teams swap roles . The game is adjudicated by two umpires , aided by a third umpire and match referee in international matches . They communicate with two off-field scorers who record the match 's statistical information . There are various formats ranging from Twenty20 , played over a few hours with each team batting for a single innings of 20 overs , to Test matches , played over five days with unlimited overs and the teams each batting for two innings of unlimited length . Traditionally cricketers play in all-white kit , but in limited overs cricket they wear club or team colours . In addition to the basic kit , some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball , which is a hard , solid spheroid made of compressed leather with a slightly raised sewn seam enclosing a cork core which is layered with tightly wound string . Historically , cricket 's origins are uncertain and the earliest definite reference is in south-east England in the middle of the 16th century . It spread globally with the expansion of the British Empire , leading to the first international matches in the second half of the 19th century . The game 's governing body is the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) , which has over 100 members , twelve of which are full members who play Test matches ."}]}, {'value': 'Silvio Appunyi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silvio_Apponyi', 'summary': 'Silvio Apponyi ( born 4 July 1949 ) is a German-Australian sculptor based in South Australia primarily focusing on Animalier .'}]}, {'value': 'Basil Sellers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Gate', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Statues', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Adelaide_Oval_0', 'intro': "Adelaide Oval is a sports ground in Adelaide, South Australia, located in the parklands between the city centre and North Adelaide. The venue is predominantly used for cricket and Australian rules football, but has also played host to rugby league, rugby union, soccer, tennis among other sports as well as regularly being used to hold concerts. Austadiums.com described Adelaide Oval as being one of the most picturesque Test cricket grounds in Australia, if not the world. After the completion of the grounds most recent redevelopment in 2014, sports journalist Gerard Whateley described the venue as being the most perfect piece of modern architecture because it's a thoroughly contemporary stadium with all the character that it's had in the past. Adelaide Oval has been headquarters to the South Australian Cricket Association (SACA) since 1871 and South Australian National Football League (SANFL) since 2014. The stadium is managed by the Adelaide Oval Stadium Management Authority (AOSMA). Its record crowd for cricket was 55,317 for the Second Ashes Test on 2 December 2017 and its record crowd for an Australian rules football match was 62,543 at the 1965 SANFL Grand Final between Port Adelaide and Sturt."} | null | null | What handedness was the subject of the sculptor who primarily focuses on Animalier ? | Left-handed |
07bc03fcc2b7face | hybridqa | {'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Valley_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'title': "Missouri Valley Conference Men's Basketball Tournament", 'header': ['School', '# of Tournament Championships', 'Last Tournament Championship'], 'data': [{'value': 'Creighton', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Creighton_Bluejays_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Creighton Bluejays men 's basketball team represents Creighton University of the NCAA Division I college basketball . They currently compete in the Big East Conference having joined the conference following the Big East conference realignment in 2013 . The Bluejays play their home games at CHI Health Center Omaha in Omaha , Nebraska . Creighton finished sixth nationally in home attendance , averaging 17,048 fans per home game in 2014-15 . Before joining the Big East , Creighton was a member of the Missouri Valley Conference from 1976 through 2013 . The Jays were also members of the MVC from 1928 to 1948 and participated as an independent from 1948 to 1977 before rejoining the MVC . The Bluejays have won a record 15 MVC regular season conference titles and a record 12 MVC Tournament titles . The team has 20 appearances in the NCAA Tournament . The Jays last played in the NCAA Tournament in 2018 . The Bluejays won at least one NCAA tournament game for three consecutive seasons , including a 58-57 win over Alabama , a 67-63 win over Cincinnati and a 76-66 win over Louisiana-Lafayette ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Southern_Illinois_Salukis_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Southern Illinois Salukis men 's basketball team represents Southern Illinois University Carbondale in Carbondale , Illinois . The Salukis compete in the Missouri Valley Conference , and they play their home games at Banterra Center . As of March 2019 , Saluki Hall of Fame basketball player , Bryan Mullins , has become the newest head coach of the Southern Illinois basketball program ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Northern_Iowa_Panthers_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Northern Iowa Panthers men 's basketball team represents the University of Northern Iowa , located in Cedar Falls , Iowa , in NCAA Division I basketball competition . UNI is currently a member of the Missouri Valley Conference ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tulsa', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tulsa_Golden_Hurricane_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Tulsa Golden Hurricane men 's basketball team represents the University of Tulsa in Tulsa , in the U.S. state of Oklahoma . The team participates in the American Athletic Conference . The Golden Hurricane hired Frank Haith from Missouri on April 17 , 2014 to replace Danny Manning , who had resigned to take the Wake Forest job after the 2013-14 season . The team has long been successful , especially since the hiring of Nolan Richardson in 1980 . Many big-name coaches previously worked at Tulsa , like University of Kansas coach Bill Self and Minnesota coach Tubby Smith . The Hurricane have been to the NCAA Tournament 14 times in their history . In addition , they have won two National Invitation Tournaments , in 1981 and 2001 , and one CBI tournament . In 2005 , Street & Smith 's named the University of Tulsa as the 59th best college basketball program of all time ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Illinois State', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Illinois_State_Redbirds_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Illinois State Redbirds men 's basketball team represents Illinois State University , located in Normal , Illinois , in NCAA Division I basketball competition . They are currently led by head coach Dan Muller and play their home games at Redbird Arena as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference . They have the national distinction of earning the most National Invitation Tournament berths ( 14 ) without making the semifinals , and also have the longest NCAA Tournament drought ( 21 years and counting ) in the Missouri Valley Conference ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wichita State', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wichita_State_Shockers_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Wichita State Shockers men 's basketball team is the NCAA Division I college basketball program representing Wichita State University in Wichita , Kansas . The Shockers have made 14 appearances in the NCAA Tournament , reaching the Final Four twice , the Elite 8 four times , and the Sweet 16 six times . The team plays its home games at Charles Koch Arena , where it averaged 10,391 fans per game in 2012 , ranking 38th nationally . In 2013 Wichita State reached the Final Four of the NCAA Tournament , winning the West Regional with victories over the # 1 team in the nation , Gonzaga , the # 7 team in the country , Ohio State , the # 20 team in the country , Pittsburgh , and La Salle , before losing to the tournament 's top overall seed , Louisville . The prior year , Wichita State competed in the 2012 NCAA Tournament , where it lost to the # 12-seeded Virginia Commonwealth Rams . In 2015 Wichita State defeated the UNI Panthers in the regular season finale for their 9th Missouri Valley conference regular season title , becoming two-time defending MVC champions . The Shockers competed in the Missouri Valley Conference from 1949-50 to 2016-17 . Wichita State announced it was leaving the MVC for the American Athletic Conference , effective July 1 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana State', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Indiana_State_Sycamores_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Indiana State Sycamores basketball is the NCAA Division I men 's basketball program of Indiana State University in Terre Haute , Indiana . They currently compete in the Missouri Valley Conference . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2011 . The Sycamores ' first season was 1896 , making them the oldest basketball team in the NCAA along with Bucknell , Minnesota , and Washington ; however , the records from 1896 to 1899 no longer exist . The Sycamores boast two College Players of the Year , 14 All-Americans , 39 1,000-point scorers , and 1,507 victories . Their victory count places them in the top 70 of all NCAA Division I programs . In addition , the Sycamores have 26 postseason appearances ( 7 NCAA , 4 NIT , 1 CBI , 1 CIT , 12 NAIA , and the 1936 Olympic Trials ) with five national championship appearances ( 2 NCAA , 3 NAIA ) . Seven Sycamores were members of the 1951 Pan-American Games gold medal-winning team . The Sycamores ' most memorable season was 1978-79 , when unanimous National Player of the Year Larry Bird led an undefeated team to its first-ever NCAA Division I Tournament appearance , as well as the UPI national title . However , it lost the national title game versus the Magic Johnson-led Michigan State team ; and ended the season with a record of 33-1 . Their performance was the deepest run by a first-time participant in the Division I tournament , and one of only three times that a first-time team has advanced as far as the Final Four ( UNCC in 1977 and Georgia in 1983 ) . They would not have another postseason appearance until 2000 ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bradley', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Bradley_Braves_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Bradley Braves men 's basketball team represents Bradley University , located in Peoria , Illinois , in NCAA Division I basketball competition . They compete as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference . The Braves are currently coached by Brian Wardle and play their home games at Carver Arena . Bradley has appeared in nine NCAA Tournaments , including two Final Fours , finishing as the national runner-up in 1950 and 1954 . They last appeared in the NCAA Tournament in 2019 , and last reached the NCAA Sweet Sixteen in 2006 . The Braves have also appeared in the National Invitation Tournament 21 times with an all-time NIT record of 26-18 and have won four NIT championships ( 1957 , 1960 , 1964 , and 1982 ) , second only to St. John 's in appearances ( 30 ) and titles ( 5 ) . Until the introduction of the Vegas 16 Tournament in 2016 , the program held the distinction of being invited to the initial offering of every national postseason tournament ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missouri State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri_State_Bears_basketball', 'summary': "The Missouri State Bears basketball team is the NCAA Division I men 's basketball program of Missouri State University in Springfield , Missouri . The Bears compete in the Missouri Valley Conference . They are currently coached by Dana Ford , who was hired on March 21 , 2018 . Missouri State plays its home games at the 11,000-seat JQH Arena . The Bears have been a Division I school since the 1982-83 season . Prior to 2005 , the school was known as Southwest Missouri State . Prior to joining Division I , they were members of the NAIA , winning national championships in 1952 and 1953 , and NCAA Division II , where they were the national runner-up four times ( 1959 , 1967 , 1969 , 1974 ) . They were also champions of the 2010 CollegeInsider.com Tournament ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drake', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Drake_Bulldogs_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Drake Bulldogs men 's basketball team represents Drake University , located in Des Moines , Iowa , in NCAA Division I basketball competition and is coached by Darian DeVries . The program is best known for making the 1969 Final Four . They are the Des Moines Home Town Team ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loyola', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Loyola_Ramblers_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Loyola Ramblers men 's basketball team represents Loyola University Chicago in Chicago , Illinois . The Ramblers joined the Missouri Valley Conference on July 1 , 2013 , ending a 34-season tenure as charter members of the Horizon League . In 1963 , Loyola won the 1963 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament ( then the NCAA University Division ) men 's basketball national championship under the leadership of All-American Jerry Harkness , defeating two-time defending champion Cincinnati 60-58 in overtime in the title game . All five starters for the Ramblers played the entire championship game without substitution . Surviving team members were honored on July 11 , 2013 , at the White House to commemorate the 50th anniversary of their victory . The entire team was inducted in November of that year in the College Basketball Hall of Fame . As of 2019 , Loyola remains the only school from the state of Illinois to win a men 's Division I basketball NCAA tournament . Loyola 's first-round regional victory over Tennessee Tech on March 11 , 1963 , remains a record for margin of victory ( 69 points ) for any NCAA men 's basketball tournament game . The team gained national publicity again in 2018 , as a result of both their Cinderella Story-esque performance in the tournament , in which they upset numerous teams to reach the Final Four as an 11-seed , tying for the lowest seed ever to do so , and the cultural popularity of their team chaplain , the then-98-year old nun Sister Jean ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evansville', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Evansville_Purple_Aces_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Evansville Purple Aces men 's basketball team represents the Purple Aces of the University of Evansville , located in Evansville , Indiana , in NCAA Division I basketball competition . They play their home games at the Ford Center . Evansville 's athletics teams were originally known as the Pioneers in the early part of the 1900s . In the 1920s , the name Aces arose after a local sports writer wrote in a game story of the men 's basketball team , They played like Aces . The team has been known as the Aces and/or Purple Aces ever since . Evansville has won five Division II national championships ( 1959 , 1960 , 1962 , 1964 , 1965 , 1971 ) . On November 12 , 2019 , the Aces earned one of the biggest victories in their Division I history , defeating top-ranked Kentucky at Rupp Arena ,"}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valparaiso', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Valparaiso_Crusaders_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Valparaiso Crusaders men 's basketball team represents Valparaiso University in Valparaiso , Indiana . The basketball team competes in the Missouri Valley Conference , having joined that league in 2017 after 10 seasons in the Horizon League . The Crusaders play in the Athletics-Recreation Center , which has a nominal capacity of 5,432 . The record capacity 5,444 was reached on March 23 , 2016 in the NIT Quarterfinal . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Tournament championships by school', 'section_text': '', 'uid': "List_of_Missouri_Valley_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Tournament_Finals_broadcasters_1", 'intro': "The Missouri Valley Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, commonly called Arch Madness, is an annual basketball tournament which features the men's basketball teams of each of the Missouri Valley Conference member universities. The tournament, held in St. Louis since 1991, determines which MVC team receives an automatic bid to the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. Arch Madness will celebrate its 30th Anniversary in 2020."} | null | null | When did the school based in Carbondale , Illinois last win the championship ? | 2006 |
07bc08b99e9dc7a9 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Direction', 'title': 'MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction', 'header': ['Year', 'Winner ( s )', 'Nominees'], 'data': [{'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_MTV_Video_Music_Awards', 'summary': "The 1984 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 14 , 1984 , honoring the best music videos from May 2 , 1983 , to May 2 , 1984 . The show was hosted by Dan Aykroyd and Bette Midler at the Radio City Music Hall in New York City . Herbie Hancock was the night 's biggest winner , taking home five awards , followed by Michael Jackson , who won three . The night 's main award , though , went to The Cars for You Might Think , making this the first of a very small number of times in which the winner of Video of the Year did not take home any other awards that night . In terms of nominations , Hancock 's Rockit and The Police 's Every Breath You Take were the year 's most nominated videos , with each receiving eight nominations apiece . Meanwhile , the most nominated artist of 1984 was Cyndi Lauper , who aside from winning the Best Female Video Moonman received nine nominations that year for two of her videos : six for Girls Just Want to Have Fun and three for Time After Time . Other major nominees that night included the aforementioned Michael Jackson and The Cars , both of whom received six nominations for their videos Thriller and You Might Think , respectively ; ZZ Top , who also received six nominations between their videos for Legs , Sharp Dressed Man , and Gim me All Your Lovin ' ; and Billy Idol , who got five nominations for Dancing with Myself and Eyes Without a Face . Lastly , David Bowie had four nominations for his China Girl and Modern Love videos , and he was also one of the night 's honorees for the Video Vanguard award ."}]}, {'value': 'Tim Newman - Sharp Dressed Man by ZZ Top', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sharp_Dressed_Man', 'summary': "Sharp Dressed Man is a song performed by ZZ Top from their 1983 album Eliminator . The song was produced by band manager Bill Ham , and recorded and mixed by Terry Manning . Pre-production recording engineer Linden Hudson was very involved in the early stages of this song 's production . At 2007 's VH1 Rock Honors , Nickelback covered the song as a tribute ( Billy Gibbons had earlier made a guest appearance on Nickelback 's own song Rockstar & Follow You Home ) . ZZ Top played this song at halftime of the 2008 Orange Bowl college football bowl game ."}, {'url': '/wiki/ZZ_Top', 'summary': "ZZ Top ( pronounced zee zee top ) is an American rock trio formed in 1969 in Houston , Texas . The band has , since 1970 , consisted of vocalist/guitarist Billy Gibbons ( the band 's leader , main lyricist and musical arranger ) , bassist/vocalist Dusty Hill , and drummer Frank Beard . As genuine roots musicians , they have few peers , according to critic Michael Cub Koda . Gibbons is one of America 's finest blues guitarists working in the arena rock idiom [ . ] while Hill and Beard provide the ultimate rhythm section support . The band released its debut album , ZZ Top 's First Album , in 1971 . Beginning with blues-inspired rock , the trio later incorporated new wave , punk rock and dance-rock by using synthesizers . Their songs have a reputation for containing humorous lyrics laced with double entendres and innuendos . The band 's top-selling album is their 1983 release Eliminator , which sold more than 10 million copies in the United States . Total record sales of 25 million place ZZ Top among the top-100-selling artists in the United States , according to the Recording Industry Association of America . That includes eleven gold , seven platinum and three multi-platinum albums as of 2016 , according to the RIAA . By 2014 , ZZ Top had sold more than 50 million albums worldwide ."}]}, {'value': "All of the Good Ones Are Taken - Martin Kahan ( performed by Ian Hunter ) Dancing with Myself - Tobe Hooper ( performed by Billy Idol ) Every Breath You Take - Godley & Creme ( performed by The Police ) Gim me All Your Lovin ' - Tim Newman ( performed by ZZ Top ) I Want a New Drug - David Rathod ( performed by Huey Lewis and the News ) Numbers with Wings - Juliano Waldman ( performed by The Bongos ) Time After Time - Edd Griles ( performed by Cyndi Lauper )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ian_Hunter_(singer)', 'summary': "Ian Hunter Patterson ( born 3 June 1939 ) , [ nb 1 ] known as Ian Hunter , is an English singer-songwriter and musician who is best known as the lead singer of the English rock band Mott the Hoople , from its inception in 1969 to its dissolution in 1974 , and at the time of its 2009 and 2013 reunions . Hunter was a musician and songwriter before joining Mott the Hoople , and continued in this vein after he left the band . He embarked on a solo career despite ill health and disillusionment with commercial success , and often worked in collaboration with Mick Ronson , David Bowie 's sideman and arranger from the The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars period . Mott the Hoople achieved a certain level of commercial success , and attracted a small but devoted fan base . As a solo artist , Hunter charted with lesser-known but more wide-ranging works outside the rock mainstream . His best-known solo songs are Once Bitten , Twice Shy , later covered by Great White , and England Rocks , which was modified to Cleveland Rocks and then later covered by The Presidents of the United States of America , and became one of the theme songs used for the American TV series The Drew Carey Show ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dancing_with_Myself', 'summary': "Dancing with Myself is a pop song first commercially released in the United Kingdom in October 1980 by the New Wave band Gen X , where it reached # 62 in the Singles Chart . It was re-mixed and re-released by the band 's singer/frontman Billy Idol as a solo artist in the United States in 1981 , where the song reached # 27 in the U.S . Billboard 's Hot Dance Play Chart ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tobe_Hooper', 'summary': "Willard Tobe Hooper [ a ] ( January 25 , 1943 - August 26 , 2017 ) was an American director , screenwriter , and producer best known for his work in the horror genre . The British Film Institute cited Hooper as one of the most influential horror filmmakers of all time . Born in Austin , Texas , Hooper 's feature film debut was the independent Eggshells ( 1969 ) , which he co-wrote with Kim Henkel . The two reunited to co-write The Texas Chain Saw Massacre ( 1974 ) , which Hooper also directed . The film went on to become a classic of the genre , and was described in 2010 by The Guardian as one of the most influential films ever made . Hooper subsequently directed the horror film Eaten Alive ( 1977 ) , followed by the 1979 miniseries Salem 's Lot , an adaptation of the novel by Stephen King . Following this , Hooper signed on to direct The Funhouse ( 1981 ) , a major studio slasher film distributed by Universal Pictures . The following year , he directed the supernatural thriller Poltergeist , written and produced by Steven Spielberg . In the mid-1980s , Hooper directed two science fiction horror films : Lifeforce ( 1985 ) and Invaders from Mars ( 1986 ) , followed by The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 ( 1986 ) , a big-budget sequel to his original film . The 1990s saw Hooper directing various horror and sci-fi projects , including Spontaneous Combustion ( 1990 ) , which he also co-wrote ; the television anthology film Body Bags ( 1993 ) ; and The Mangler ( 1995 ) , another adaptation of a Stephen King story . Hooper directed several projects throughout the 2000s , including the monster film Crocodile ( 2000 ) , an episode of the sci-fi miniseries Taken ( 2002 ) , and two episodes of Masters of Horror ( 2005-2006 ) . He died in 2017 at the age of 74 of natural causes ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Billy_Idol', 'summary': "William Michael Albert Broad ( born 30 November 1955 ) , known professionally as Billy Idol , is an English musician , singer , songwriter , and actor who holds dual British and American citizenship . He first achieved fame in the 1970s emerging from the London punk rock scene as a member of Generation X . Subsequently , he embarked on a solo career which led to international recognition and made Idol a lead artist during the MTV-driven Second British Invasion in the United States . The name Billy Idol was inspired by a schoolteacher 's description of him as idle . Idol began his music career in late 1976 as a guitarist in the punk rock band Chelsea . However , he soon left the group . With his former bandmate Tony James , Idol formed the band Generation X . With Idol as lead singer , the band achieved success in the United Kingdom and released three albums on Chrysalis Records before disbanding . In 1981 , Idol moved to New York City to pursue his solo career in collaboration with guitarist Steve Stevens . His debut studio album , Billy Idol ( 1982 ) , was a commercial success . With music videos for singles Dancing with Myself and White Wedding Idol soon became a staple of then-newly established MTV . Idol 's second studio album , Rebel Yell ( 1983 ) , was a major commercial success , featuring hit singles Rebel Yell and Eyes Without a Face ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Every_Breath_You_Take', 'summary': "Every Breath You Take is a song by the English rock band the Police from their album Synchronicity ( 1983 ) . Written by Sting , the single was the biggest US and UK hit of 1983 , topping the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart for eight weeks ( the band 's only No . 1 hit on that chart ) , and the UK Singles Chart for four weeks . It also topped the Billboard Top Tracks chart for nine weeks . At the 26th Annual Grammy Awards the song was nominated for three Grammy Awards , including Song of the Year , Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals , and Record of the Year , winning in the first two categories . For the song , Sting received the 1983 Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically from the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors . The song is considered to be both the Police 's and Sting 's signature song , and in 2010 was estimated to generate between a quarter and a third of Sting 's music publishing income . In the 1983 Rolling Stone critics ' and readers ' poll , it was voted Song of the Year . In the US , it was the best-selling single of 1983 and fifth-best-selling single of the decade . Billboard ranked it as the No . 1 song for 1983 . In May 2019 , Every Breath You Take was recognised by BMI as being the most played song in radio history ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Godley_&_Creme', 'summary': 'Godley & Creme were an English rock duo formed in Stockport in 1977 by Kevin Godley and Lol Creme . The pair began releasing music as a duo after their departure from the rock band 10cc . In 1979 , they directed their first music video with the single An Englishman in New York . After this , they became involved in the production of videos for artists such as Ultravox , the Police , Yes , Duran Duran , Frankie Goes to Hollywood and Wang Chung , as well as directing the ground-breaking video for their 1985 single Cry . The duo split at the end of the 1980s . Both have since been involved in music videos , TV commercials , and sporadic music projects .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Police', 'summary': "The Police were a British rock band formed in London in 1977 . For most of their history the line-up consisted of primary songwriter Sting ( lead vocals , bass guitar ) , Andy Summers ( guitar ) , and Stewart Copeland ( drums , percussion ) . The Police became globally popular in the late 1970s and early 1980s . Emerging in the British new wave scene , they played a style of rock influenced by punk , reggae , and jazz . Considered one of the leaders of the Second British Invasion of the U.S. , in 1983 Rolling Stone labelled them the first British New Wave act to break through in America on a grand scale , and possibly the biggest band in the world . The Police disbanded in 1986 , but reunited in early 2007 for a one-off world tour that ended in August 2008 . Their 1978 debut album , Outlandos d'Amour , reached No . 6 in the UK Albums Chart . Their second album Reggatta de Blanc ( 1979 ) , became the first of four consecutive No . 1 studio albums in the UK and Australia with its lead single , Message in a Bottle , their first UK number one . Their next two albums , Zenyatta Mondatta ( 1980 ) and Ghost in the Machine ( 1981 ) , featuring Do n't Stand So Close to Me and Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic , both UK number one singles , saw further critical and commercial success . Their final studio album , Synchronicity ( 1983 ) , was No ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Gimme_All_Your_Lovin'", 'summary': "Gim me All Your Lovin ' is a song by ZZ Top from their 1983 album Eliminator . It was released as the album 's first single in 1983 . Initially unsuccessful in the UK upon its August 1983 release , in the wake of the band 's American success ( the single reached No . 37 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart ) , it was promptly re-released , and reached No . 10 on the UK Singles Chart . It ties with the band 's 1992 cover of Elvis Presley 's Viva Las Vegas as their highest-charting single in the UK . The song was produced by band manager Bill Ham , and recorded and mixed by Terry Manning ."}, {'url': '/wiki/ZZ_Top', 'summary': "ZZ Top ( pronounced zee zee top ) is an American rock trio formed in 1969 in Houston , Texas . The band has , since 1970 , consisted of vocalist/guitarist Billy Gibbons ( the band 's leader , main lyricist and musical arranger ) , bassist/vocalist Dusty Hill , and drummer Frank Beard . As genuine roots musicians , they have few peers , according to critic Michael Cub Koda . Gibbons is one of America 's finest blues guitarists working in the arena rock idiom [ . ] while Hill and Beard provide the ultimate rhythm section support . The band released its debut album , ZZ Top 's First Album , in 1971 . Beginning with blues-inspired rock , the trio later incorporated new wave , punk rock and dance-rock by using synthesizers . Their songs have a reputation for containing humorous lyrics laced with double entendres and innuendos . The band 's top-selling album is their 1983 release Eliminator , which sold more than 10 million copies in the United States . Total record sales of 25 million place ZZ Top among the top-100-selling artists in the United States , according to the Recording Industry Association of America . That includes eleven gold , seven platinum and three multi-platinum albums as of 2016 , according to the RIAA . By 2014 , ZZ Top had sold more than 50 million albums worldwide ."}, {'url': '/wiki/I_Want_a_New_Drug', 'summary': "I Want a New Drug is a song by American rock band Huey Lewis and the News from their third album Sports . It was released as the second single from the album , following the top-ten hit Heart and Soul in January 1984 . The single reached number six on the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 and topped the Dance Club Play chart . The song , a love song wherein the word drug is purposely left as an open-ended meaning to the listener , became one of the band 's signature songs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Huey_Lewis_and_the_News', 'summary': 'Huey Lewis and the News is an American rock band based in San Francisco , California . They had a run of hit singles during the 1980s and early 1990s , eventually achieving 19 top ten singles across the Billboard Hot 100 , Adult Contemporary , and Mainstream Rock charts . Their most successful album , Sports , was released in 1983 . The album , along with its videos being featured on MTV , catapulted the group to worldwide fame . Their popularity expanded when the song The Power of Love was featured in the 1985 film Back to the Future . The Power of Love reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Bongos', 'summary': 'The Bongos were a power pop band from Hoboken , New Jersey , primarily active in the 1980s , led by Richard Barone . With their unique musical style , they were major progenitors of the Hoboken pop scene , college radio favorites , and made the leap to national recognition with the advent of MTV . Their breakthrough song Numbers with Wings garnered the group a major cult following and was nominated at the first MTV Video Music Awards . Along with a handful of others , the Bongos were instrumental in the advancement of the Alternative Rock movement .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Time_After_Time_(Cyndi_Lauper_song)', 'summary': "Time After Time is a 1983 song by American singer-songwriter Cyndi Lauper . It was the second single released from her debut studio album , She 's So Unusual ( 1983 ) , with Rob Hyman ( co-writer and founding member of the rock band The Hooters ) contributing backing vocals . The track was produced by Rick Chertoff and released as a single on January 27 , 1984 . The song became Lauper 's first number 1 hit in the U.S . The song was written in the album 's final stages , after Girls Just Wan na Have Fun , She Bop and All Through the Night had been written . The writing began with the title , which Lauper had seen in TV Guide magazine , referring to the science fiction film Time After Time ( 1979 ) . Time After Time is composed of simple keyboard-synth chords , bright , jangly guitars , clock-ticking percussion , and elastic bassline . Lyrically , it is a love song of devotion . Music critics gave the song positive reviews , with many commending the song for being a solid and memorable love song . The song has been selected as one of the Best Love Songs of All Time by many media outlets , including Rolling Stone , Nerve , MTV and many others . Time After Time was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 1985 edition . The song was a success on the charts , becoming her first number-one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart on June 9 , 1984 , and remaining there for two weeks ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Edd_Griles', 'summary': 'Edd Griles ( born Edward Mori Griles , November 18 , 1945 ) is an American television producer and music video director .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cyndi_Lauper', 'summary': "Cynthia Ann Stephanie Lauper ( born June 22 , 1953 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress and activist . Her career has spanned over 40 years . Her album She 's So Unusual ( 1983 ) was the first debut album by a female artist to achieve four top-five hits on the Billboard Hot 100 - Girls Just Want to Have Fun , Time After Time , She Bop , and All Through the Night - and earned Lauper the Best New Artist award at the 27th Grammy Awards in 1985 . Her success continued with the soundtrack for the motion picture The Goonies and her second record True Colors ( 1986 ) . This album included the number one single True Colors and Change of Heart , which peaked at number three . Since 1983 , Lauper has released eleven studio albums and participated in many other projects . In 2010 , Memphis Blues became Billboard 's most successful blues album of the year , remaining at number one on the Billboard Blues Albums chart for 13 consecutive weeks . In 2013 , Lauper won the Tony Award for best original score for composing the Broadway musical Kinky Boots , making her the first woman to win the category by herself . The musical was awarded five other Tonys including Tony Award for Best New Musical . In 2014 , Lauper was awarded the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album for the cast recording . In 2016 , the West End production won Best New Musical at the Olivier Awards Lauper has sold over 50 million records worldwide . She has won awards at the Grammys , Emmys , Tonys , the New York 's Outer Critics Circle , MTV Video Music Awards ( VMAs ) , Billboard Awards , and American Music Awards ( AMAs ) ."}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_MTV_Video_Music_Awards', 'summary': "The 1985 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 13 , 1985 , honoring the best music videos from May 2 , 1984 , to May 1 , 1985 . The show was hosted by Eddie Murphy at the Radio City Music Hall in New York City . Don Henley was the night 's biggest winner , taking home four Moonmen , including Video of the Year . In fact , his video for The Boys of Summer was also the year 's most nominated video , receiving seven nominations in total . Meanwhile , David Lee Roth turned out to be the most nominated artist that night , receiving eight nominations for two of his videos : five for Just a Gigolo/I Ai n't Got Nobody and three for California Girls . Nevertheless , Roth came out of the ceremony empty-handed that night . Other major nominees included Lindsey Buckingham , Bryan Adams , Eurythmics , Madonna , and Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers . Buckingham tied with Don Henley with seven nominations : three for Slow Dancing and four for Go Insane . Right after him came six-time nominee Adams , who received five nominations for Run to You and one for Heaven . Lastly , Madonna , Eurythmics , and Petty received five nominations apiece : Madonna split her nominations between Like a Virgin ( three ) and Material Girl ( two ) , while Tom Petty and Eurythmics received all five nominations for Do n't Come Around Here No More and Would I Lie to You ? , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Jean-Baptiste Mondino - The Boys of Summer by Don Henley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Mondino', 'summary': "Jean-Baptiste Mondino ( born Aubervilliers , France on July 21 , 1949 ) is a French fashion photographer and music video director . He has directed music videos for Madonna , David Bowie , Sting , Björk , Don Henley , Neneh Cherry , Axel Bauer and Les Rita Mitsouko . Mondino has also photographed the covers and album packaging for the Marianne Faithfull albums Before The Poison ( 2005 ) and Easy Come , Easy Go ( 2008 ) , Shakespear 's Sister 's Hormonally Yours ( 1992 ) , Alain Bashung 's Osez Joséphine ( 1991 ) , Chatterton ( 1994 ) , Mylène Farmer 's Désobéissance ( 2018 ) and Prince 's Lovesexy ( 1988 ) . The video for Don Henley 's The Boys of Summer , which Mondino directed , swept the MTV Video Music Awards in 1985 , winning Best Video , Best Direction , Best Art Direction and Best Cinematography . This video paired him with compatriot cinematographer , Pascal Lebègue , with whom he would later shoot several other notable music videos in black and white , such as Russians for Sting and Justify My Love for Madonna ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Boys_of_Summer_(song)', 'summary': "The Boys of Summer is a song released in 1984 by Eagles vocalist and drummer Don Henley , with lyrics written by Henley and music composed by Mike Campbell of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers . The lead single from Henley 's album Building the Perfect Beast , The Boys of Summer was released on October 26 , 1984 . It reached number five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the US , number one on the Billboard Top Rock Tracks chart , and number 12 in the UK Singles Chart . The music video won several awards . The Boys of Summer was also performed live by Henley with the reunited Eagles ; a version is included on the group 's 2005 DVD Farewell 1 Tour : Live from Melbourne ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Don_Henley', 'summary': "Donald Hugh Henley ( born July 22 , 1947 ) is an American musician , singer , songwriter , record producer and founding member of the Eagles . He was the drummer and co-lead vocalist for the Eagles from 1971 until the band broke up in 1980 , and has reprised those duties for the group 's reunions since 1994 . He has been the only constant member of the band since its formation . Henley sang the lead vocals on Eagles hits such as Witchy Woman , Desperado , Best of My Love , One of These Nights , Hotel California , Life in the Fast Lane , The Long Run and Get Over It . After the Eagles broke up in 1980 , Henley pursued a solo career and released his debut album I Ca n't Stand Still , in 1982 . He has released five studio albums , two compilation albums , and one live DVD . His solo hits include Dirty Laundry , The Boys of Summer , All She Wants to Do Is Dance , The Heart of the Matter , The Last Worthless Evening , Sunset Grill , Not Enough Love in the World , and The End of the Innocence . The Eagles have sold over 150 million albums worldwide , won six Grammy Awards , had five number-one singles , 17 top-40 singles , and six number-one albums . They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998 and are the highest-selling American band in history . As a solo artist , Henley has sold over 10 million albums worldwide , had eight top-40 singles , won two Grammy Awards and five MTV Video Music Awards . Combined with the Eagles and as a solo artist , Henley has released 25 top-40 singles on the Billboard Hot 100 . He has also released seven studio albums with the Eagles and five as a solo artist ."}]}, {'value': "Dancin ' - Mary Lambert ( performed by Chris Isaak ) Do n't Come Around Here No More - Jeff Stein ( performed by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers ) Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) - Daniel Kleinman ( performed by Simple Minds ) Run to You - Steven Barron ( performed by Bryan Adams ) Stranger in Town - Steven Barron ( performed by Toto ) The Wild Boys - Russell Mulcahy ( performed by Duran Duran )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Lambert_(director)', 'summary': 'Mary Lambert ( born October 13 , 1951 ) is an American director . She has directed music videos , television episodes and feature films , mainly in the horror genre .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chris_Isaak', 'summary': "Christopher Joseph Isaak ( born June 26 , 1956 ) is an American musician and occasional actor . He is widely known for his hit Wicked Game , as well as the songs Baby Did A Bad Bad Thing and Somebody 's Crying . He is known for his signature 1950s rock & roll style and crooner sound , as well as his falsetto and reverb-laden music . He is closely associated with film director David Lynch , who has used his music in numerous films and gave him a role in the film Twin Peaks : Fire Walk With Me . His songs generally focus on the themes of love , loss , and heartbreak . With a career spanning four decades , he has released a total of 12 studio albums , toured , and received numerous award nominations . He has been called the Roy Orbison of the 1990s and is often also compared to Elvis Presley , Ricky Nelson , and Duane Eddy ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Don't_Come_Around_Here_No_More", 'summary': "Do n't Come Around Here No More is a song written by Tom Petty of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers and David A. Stewart of Eurythmics . It was released in February 1985 as the lead single from Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers ' Southern Accents album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tom_Petty_and_the_Heartbreakers', 'summary': "Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers ( alternately Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers ) were an American rock band from Gainesville , Florida . Formed in 1976 , the band originally comprised Tom Petty ( lead singer , guitar ) , Mike Campbell ( lead guitarist ) , Ron Blair ( bass guitar ) , Stan Lynch ( drums ) , and Benmont Tench ( keyboards ) . In 1981 , Blair , weary of the touring lifestyle , departed the band . His replacement , Howie Epstein , stayed with the band for the next two decades . In 1991 , Scott Thurston joined the band as a multi-instrumentalist - mostly on rhythm guitar and second keyboards . In 1994 , Steve Ferrone replaced Lynch on drums . Blair returned to the Heartbreakers in 2002 , the year before Epstein 's death . The band has a long string of hit singles including Breakdown , American Girl , Refugee , The Waiting , Learning to Fly , and Mary Jane 's Last Dance , among many others , that stretched over several decades of work . The band 's music has been characterized as both Southern rock and heartland rock , cited alongside artists such as Bruce Springsteen , Bob Seger , and John Mellencamp as progenitors of that genre that arose in the late 1970s and 1980s . While the heartland rock movement waned in the 1990s , the band remained active and popular , touring regularly until Petty 's death in 2017 , after which the Heartbreakers disbanded . Their final studio album , Hypnotic Eye , was released in 2014 . The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002 , their first year of eligibility ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Don't_You_(Forget_About_Me)", 'summary': "Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) is a song by Scottish rock band Simple Minds . It was written and composed by producer Keith Forsey and Steve Schiff , a guitarist and songwriter from the Nina Hagen band . The song is best known for being played during the opening ( Forsey 's demo ) and closing ( Simple Minds ' recording ) credits of the John Hughes film The Breakfast Club . It also appeared in the end titles of the romantic comedy spoof Not Another Teen Movie ( 2002 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Kleinman', 'summary': 'Daniel Kleinman ( born 23 December 1955 ) is a British television commercial and music video director who has designed every title sequence for the James Bond series of films since GoldenEye ( 1995 ) , with the exception of Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) ( which was designed by the filmmaking and design collective MK12 ) . He returned to design the titles for Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ( 2015 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Simple_Minds', 'summary': "Simple Minds are a Scottish rock band formed in Glasgow in 1977 . Simple Minds have released a string of hit singles , becoming best known internationally for their 1985 hit Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) , from the soundtrack of the film The Breakfast Club . Their other prominent hit singles include Alive and Kicking and Belfast Child ( UK # 1 ) . They have achieved five UK Albums chart number one albums and have sold more than 60 million albums . They were the most commercially successful Scottish band of the 1980s . Despite various personnel changes , they continue to record and tour . In 2016 , they received the Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Song Collection from the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers , and Authors . The nucleus of Simple Minds consists of the two remaining original members , Jim Kerr ( vocals ) and Charlie Burchill ( electric & acoustic guitars , occasional keyboards after 1990 , saxophone and violin ) . The other current band members are Ged Grimes ( bass guitar ) , Cherisse Osei ( drums ) , Sarah Brown ( backing vocals ) , Gordy Goudie ( additional guitar & keyboards ) . Notable former members include Mick MacNeil ( keyboards ) , Derek Forbes ( bass ) , and , Brian McGee & Mel Gaynor ( drums ) . [ needs update ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Run_to_You_(Bryan_Adams_song)', 'summary': 'Run to You is a song by the Canadian singer-songwriter Bryan Adams . It was released in 1984 as the lead single from his fourth album , Reckless ( 1984 ) . The track deals with the subject of infidelity , and is sung from the perspective of a man who declares that he will continue to run to his seductive mistress over his faithful partner ; critic Ira Robbins for CMJ called it a cheating classic . In the accompanying music video , however , Adams portrays his guitar as the object of desire . The song topped the Billboard Top Rock Tracks chart and peaked at number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It has appeared on all of his compilation albums . The single was certified Gold in Canada in 1985 . The song was also featured in the 2002 video game Grand Theft Auto : Vice City on the fictional in-game radio station Flash FM .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Steve_Barron', 'summary': 'Steven Barron ( born 4 May 1956 ) is an Irish-born English film director , film producer , writer , and music video director . He directed the films Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) , Coneheads ( 1993 ) and The Adventures of Pinocchio ( 1996 ) , as well as numerous music videos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bryan_Adams', 'summary': "Bryan Guy Adams OC OBC ( born 5 November 1959 ) is a Canadian singer , songwriter , record producer , guitarist , photographer , philanthropist , and activist . He rose to fame in Canada and the United States with his 1983 album Cuts Like a Knife and turned into a global star with his 1984 album Reckless , which produced some of his best known songs , including Run to You , Summer of '69 , and his first number one , Heaven . In 1991 , he released the album Waking Up the Neighbours , which included the song ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You . The song became a worldwide hit and reached number 1 in many countries , including a new record of 16 consecutive weeks in the United Kingdom . Adams also had the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Please Forgive Me , All for Love and Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman ? For his contributions to music , Adams has garnered many awards and nominations , including 20 Juno Awards among 56 nominations and 15 Grammy Award nominations including a win for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television in 1992 . He has also won MTV , ASCAP , American Music awards , three Ivor Novello Awards for song composition , and has been nominated five times for Golden Globe Awards and three times for Academy Awards for his songwriting for films . Adams was awarded the Order of Canada and the Order of British Columbia for contributions to popular music and philanthropic work via his own foundation , which helps improve education for people around the world . Adams was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in March 2011 and Canada 's Walk of Fame , Canadian Broadcast Hall of Fame in 1998 , and in April 2006 he was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame at Canada 's Juno Awards . In 2008 , Adams was ranked 38th on the list of all-time top artists in the Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary Charts . On 13 January 2010 , he received the Allan Waters Humanitarian Award for his part in numerous charitable concerts and campaigns during his career , and on 1 May 2010 was given the Governor General 's Performing Arts Award for his 30 years of contributions to the arts ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stranger_in_Town_(Toto_song)', 'summary': "Stranger in Town is a hit song by American rock band Toto from their 1984 album Isolation . It was the first single released from that album , reaching the Top 30 on the Billboard Hot 100 in December 1984 . The song was the band 's highest-ever charting Mainstream Rock track , eventually peaking at number 7 . It was also a Top 40 single in Australia , where it remains the fourth highest charting single by Toto , behind only Hold the Line , Rosanna , and Africa . The song was written by David Paich and Jeff Porcaro , and features Paich on lead vocals . Though Bobby Kimball is officially credited as a guest musician on the album , having been fired from Toto , Stranger in Town was recorded while he was still a member of the group . The music video ( filmed in black and white and directed by Steve Barron ) and lyrics to the song are based on the film Whistle Down The Wind , about an escaped convict who runs into a group of children that mistake him for Jesus . Actor Brad Dourif plays the convict , and new member Fergie Frederiksen appears as a murder victim . Dourif and Toto would also work on the movie Dune that same year . The band only appears briefly in the music video at the 2 minute 30 second mark of the song . In 1985 , the video was nominated at the MTV Music Video Awards for Best Direction . The song was performed live during the 1985 Isolation tour as well as during the first leg of the subsequent Fahrenheit tour in October-November 1986 before being dropped for the second ( European ) leg of the tour ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Steve_Barron', 'summary': 'Steven Barron ( born 4 May 1956 ) is an Irish-born English film director , film producer , writer , and music video director . He directed the films Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) , Coneheads ( 1993 ) and The Adventures of Pinocchio ( 1996 ) , as well as numerous music videos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Toto_(band)', 'summary': "Toto was an American rock band formed in 1977 in Los Angeles . The band 's most recent lineup consisted of Joseph Williams ( lead vocals ) , David Paich ( keyboards , vocals ) , Steve Porcaro ( keyboards ) , Steve Lukather ( guitars , vocals ) , plus touring members Lenny Castro ( percussion ) , Warren Ham ( saxophone ) , Shem von Schroeck ( bass ) and Shannon Forrest ( drums ) . Toto is known for a musical style that combines elements of pop , rock , soul , funk , progressive rock , hard rock , R & B , blues , and jazz . Paich and Jeff Porcaro had played together as session musicians on several albums and decided to form a band . David Hungate , Lukather , Steve Porcaro , and Bobby Kimball were recruited before the first album release . The band enjoyed great commercial success in the late 1970s and 1980s , beginning with the band 's eponymous debut released in 1978 . With the release of the critically acclaimed and commercially successful Toto IV ( 1982 ) , Toto became one of the best-selling music groups of their era . Widely known for the Top 5 hits Hold the Line , Rosanna , and Africa , the makeup of the group continues to evolve . Hungate left in 1982 ; Kimball left in 1984 , but rejoined the band in 1998 , leaving again in 2008 . Jeff Porcaro died in 1992 of a heart attack . Hungate rejoined Toto as a touring musician and later a band member . In 2008 , Lukather announced his departure from the band , and the remaining band members later went their separate ways ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Wild_Boys_(song)', 'summary': "The Wild Boys is the twelfth single by the English new wave band Duran Duran , released on 26 October 1984 in the United Kingdom and on 3 November 1984 in the United States . The song was the only studio track on the band 's live album Arena ( 1984 ) , and was produced by Nile Rodgers , who had previously remixed the band 's previous single The Reflex . It was recorded at the end of July 1984 at Maison Rouge Studios in London . The Wild Boys became one of the band 's biggest hits , reaching number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks , behind Out of Touch by Hall & Oates and Like a Virgin by Madonna , and also hitting number one on the US Cash Box . It peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart , and also reached the top position in Germany , Italy and Canada . It also became the band 's biggest charting single in Australia , reaching number three ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Russell_Mulcahy', 'summary': "Russell Mulcahy ( born 23 June 1953 ) is an Australian film director . Mulcahy 's work is recognisable by the use of fast cuts , tracking shots and use of glowing lights , neo-noir lighting , windblown drapery , and fans . He was one of the most prominent music video directors of the 1980s and he has also worked in television since the early 1990s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Duran_Duran', 'summary': 'Duran Duran ( /djʊˌræn djʊˈræn/ ) are an English new wave band formed in Birmingham in 1978 . The band were one of the most successful acts of the 1980s , but by the end of the decade , membership and music style changes challenged the band before a resurgence in the early 1990s . The group were a leading band in the MTV-driven Second British Invasion of the US in the 1980s . They achieved 14 singles in the top 10 of the UK Singles Chart and 21 in the US Billboard Hot 100 , and have sold over 100 million records worldwide . When the band emerged they were generally considered part of the New Romantic scene , along with bands such as Spandau Ballet and Visage . However , Duran Duran would soon shed this image by using fashion and marketing to build a more refined and elegant presentation . The band have won numerous awards throughout their career : two Brit Awards including the 2004 award for Outstanding Contribution to Music , two Grammy Awards , an MTV Video Music Award for Lifetime Achievement , and a Video Visionary Award from the MTV Europe Music Awards . They were also awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . The video age catapulted Duran Duran into the mainstream with the introduction of the 24-hour music channel MTV . Many of their videos were shot on 35 mm film , which gave a much more polished look than was standard at the time . They also collaborated with professional film directors to take the quality a step further , often teaming up with Australian director Russell Mulcahy for some of their most memorable video offerings . In 1984 , the band were early innovators with video technology in their live stadium shows .'}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_MTV_Video_Music_Awards', 'summary': "The 1986 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 5 , 1986 , honoring the best music videos from May 2 , 1985 , to May 1 , 1986 . The show was hosted by MTV VJs Downtown Julie Brown , Mark Goodman , Alan Hunter , Martha Quinn , and Dweezil Zappa , and it emanated primarily from both The Palladium in New York City and the Universal Amphitheatre in Los Angeles . Other parts of the show , however , took place in various locations such as London , Miami , and New Haven , Connecticut . The night 's biggest winner and one of the year 's two most nominated artists was Norwegian group a-ha , which won eight out of eleven awards it was in contention for . Their video for Take On Me earned six awards out of eight nominations , including Viewer 's Choice , while The Sun Always Shines on T.V . won two awards out of three nominations . The other most nominated artist was rock group Dire Straits , whose video for Money for Nothing also earned eleven nominations and won two awards , including Video of the Year . Thus , Money for Nothing was also the most nominated video at the 1986 VMAs ."}]}, {'value': 'Steven Barron - Take On Me by a-ha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Barron', 'summary': 'Steven Barron ( born 4 May 1956 ) is an Irish-born English film director , film producer , writer , and music video director . He directed the films Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) , Coneheads ( 1993 ) and The Adventures of Pinocchio ( 1996 ) , as well as numerous music videos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Take_On_Me', 'summary': "Take On Me is a song by Norwegian synth-pop band A-ha , first released in 1984 . The original version was produced by Tony Mansfield , and remixed by John Ratcliff . A new version was produced by Alan Tarney for the group 's debut studio album Hunting High and Low ( 1985 ) . The song combines synthpop with a varied instrumentation that includes acoustic guitars , keyboards and drums . It is considered to be the band 's signature song . The original Take On Me was recorded in 1984 and it took two versions and three releases finally to chart in the United Kingdom , reaching number two on the UK Singles Chart in October 1985 . In the United States in October 1985 , the song became the only A-ha song to top the Billboard Hot 100 , assisted by the wide exposure on MTV of its innovative music video , directed by Steve Barron . The video features the band in a live-action pencil-sketch sequence . The video won six awards and was nominated for two others at the 1986 MTV Video Music Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/A-ha', 'summary': "A-ha ( usually stylised as a-ha ; Norwegian pronunciation : [ ɑˈhɑː ] ) are a Norwegian band formed in Oslo in 1982 . Founded by Paul Waaktaar-Savoy ( guitars ) , Magne Furuholmen ( keyboards , guitars ) and Morten Harket ( vocals ) , the band rose to fame during the mid-1980s and continued its global success in the 1990s and the 21st century . A-ha achieved their biggest success with their debut album Hunting High and Low in 1985 . That album peaked at number one in their native Norway , number 2 in the UK , and number 15 on the US Billboard album chart ; yielded two international number-one singles : Take On Me and The Sun Always Shines on TV ; and earned the band a Grammy Award nomination as Best New Artist . In the UK , Hunting High and Low continued its chart success into the following year , becoming one of the best-selling albums of 1986 . The band released studio albums in 1986 , 1988 , and 1990 , with single hits including Hunting High and Low , The Living Daylights , Stay on These Roads and Crying in the Rain . In 1994 , after their fifth studio album , Memorial Beach ( 1993 ) , failed to achieve the commercial success of their previous albums , the band went on a hiatus . Following a performance at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in 1998 , A-ha recorded their sixth album , 2000 's Minor Earth Major Sky , which was another number-one album in Norway and Germany . This album was followed by Lifelines ( 2002 ) ; Analogue ( 2005 ) , which was certified Silver in the UK ; and Foot of the Mountain ( 2009 ) , which was certified Silver in the UK and reached the Top Five 5 in many European countries . On 15 October 2009 , the band announced they would split after the 2010 worldwide Ending on a High Note Tour . Thousands of fans from at least 40 different countries on six continents congregated to see A-ha for the last leg of the tour . On 4 December 2014 , A-ha officially announced its participation at Rock In Rio 2015 , which celebrated 30 years for both the band and the event ."}]}, {'value': 'Burning House of Love - Daniel Kleinman ( performed by X ) Money for Nothing - Steven Barron ( performed by Dire Straits ) Rough Boy - Steven Barron ( performed by ZZ Top ) Sex as a Weapon - Daniel Kleinman ( performed by Pat Benatar )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Kleinman', 'summary': 'Daniel Kleinman ( born 23 December 1955 ) is a British television commercial and music video director who has designed every title sequence for the James Bond series of films since GoldenEye ( 1995 ) , with the exception of Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) ( which was designed by the filmmaking and design collective MK12 ) . He returned to design the titles for Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ( 2015 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/X_(American_band)', 'summary': "X are an American punk rock band , formed in Los Angeles , California , United States , in 1977 . The original members are vocalist Exene Cervenka , vocalist-bassist John Doe , guitarist Billy Zoom and drummer D. J. Bonebrake . The band released seven studio albums from 1980 to 1993 . After a period of inactivity during the mid- to late 1990s , X reunited in the early 2000s , and currently tours , as of 2019 . X achieved limited mainstream success but influenced various genres of music , including punk rock and folk rock . In 2003 , X 's first two studio albums , Los Angeles and Wild Gift , were ranked by Rolling Stone as being among the 500 greatest albums of all time . Los Angeles was ranked 91st on Pitchfork 's Top 100 Albums of the 1980s . The band received an Official Certificate of Recognition from the City of Los Angeles in acknowledgment of its contribution to Los Angeles music and culture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Money_for_Nothing_(song)', 'summary': "Money for Nothing is a single by British rock band Dire Straits , taken from their 1985 studio album Brothers in Arms . The song 's lyrics are written from the point of view of two working-class men watching music videos and commenting on what they see . The song features a guest appearance by Sting singing background vocals , providing both the signature falsetto introduction and backing chorus of I want my MTV . The groundbreaking video was the first to be aired on MTV Europe when the network launched on 1 August 1987 . It was Dire Straits ' most commercially successful single , peaking at number 1 for three weeks in the United States , number 1 for three weeks on the US Top Rock Tracks chart and number 4 in the band 's native UK . Money for Nothing won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1986 at the 28th Annual Grammy Awards and the video won Video of the Year at the 3rd MTV Video Music Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Steve_Barron', 'summary': 'Steven Barron ( born 4 May 1956 ) is an Irish-born English film director , film producer , writer , and music video director . He directed the films Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) , Coneheads ( 1993 ) and The Adventures of Pinocchio ( 1996 ) , as well as numerous music videos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dire_Straits', 'summary': "Dire Straits were a British rock band formed in London in 1977 by Mark Knopfler ( lead vocals and lead guitar ) , David Knopfler ( rhythm guitar and backing vocals ) , John Illsley ( bass guitar and backing vocals ) , and Pick Withers ( drums and percussion ) . They were active from 1977 to 1988 and again from 1991 to 1995 . Dire Straits are one of the world 's best-selling music artists , with album sales of over 100 million . Their first single , Sultans of Swing , from their 1978 self-titled debut album , reached the top ten in the UK and US charts . It was followed by hit singles including Romeo and Juliet ( 1981 ) , Private Investigations ( 1982 ) , Twisting by the Pool ( 1983 ) , Money for Nothing ( 1985 ) , and Walk of Life ( 1985 ) . Their most commercially successful album , Brothers in Arms ( 1985 ) , has sold more than 30 million copies ; it was the first album to sell a million copies on compact disc , and is the eighth-bestselling album in UK history . According to the Guinness Book of British Hit Albums , Dire Straits have spent over 1,100 weeks on the UK albums chart , the fifth most of all time . Dire Straits ' sound draws from various influences including jazz , folk , and country , and the blues rock of J. J. Cale and Eric Clapton . Their stripped-down sound contrasted with punk rock and demonstrated a roots rock influence that emerged from pub rock . There were several changes in personnel , with Mark Knopfler and Illsley being the only consistent members . After disbanding once again in 1995 , Knopfler launched his solo career full-time . Dire Straits won four Grammy Awards , three Brit Awards ( Best British Group twice ) , two MTV Video Music Awards , and various other awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rough_Boy', 'summary': 'Rough Boy was the third single by American rock band ZZ Top from their 1985 album Afterburner . The song reached No . 5 on the Album Rock Tracks chart and No . 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 , as well as No . 23 in the UK Top 40 . Unlike the other songs on the album , this song has a much slower tempo and is more of a power ballad . It also shares a similar tune to their song Leila from their album El Loco .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Steve_Barron', 'summary': 'Steven Barron ( born 4 May 1956 ) is an Irish-born English film director , film producer , writer , and music video director . He directed the films Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) , Coneheads ( 1993 ) and The Adventures of Pinocchio ( 1996 ) , as well as numerous music videos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/ZZ_Top', 'summary': "ZZ Top ( pronounced zee zee top ) is an American rock trio formed in 1969 in Houston , Texas . The band has , since 1970 , consisted of vocalist/guitarist Billy Gibbons ( the band 's leader , main lyricist and musical arranger ) , bassist/vocalist Dusty Hill , and drummer Frank Beard . As genuine roots musicians , they have few peers , according to critic Michael Cub Koda . Gibbons is one of America 's finest blues guitarists working in the arena rock idiom [ . ] while Hill and Beard provide the ultimate rhythm section support . The band released its debut album , ZZ Top 's First Album , in 1971 . Beginning with blues-inspired rock , the trio later incorporated new wave , punk rock and dance-rock by using synthesizers . Their songs have a reputation for containing humorous lyrics laced with double entendres and innuendos . The band 's top-selling album is their 1983 release Eliminator , which sold more than 10 million copies in the United States . Total record sales of 25 million place ZZ Top among the top-100-selling artists in the United States , according to the Recording Industry Association of America . That includes eleven gold , seven platinum and three multi-platinum albums as of 2016 , according to the RIAA . By 2014 , ZZ Top had sold more than 50 million albums worldwide ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Kleinman', 'summary': 'Daniel Kleinman ( born 23 December 1955 ) is a British television commercial and music video director who has designed every title sequence for the James Bond series of films since GoldenEye ( 1995 ) , with the exception of Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) ( which was designed by the filmmaking and design collective MK12 ) . He returned to design the titles for Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ( 2015 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pat_Benatar', 'summary': 'Patricia Mae Giraldo ( née Andrzejewski ; born January 10 , 1953 ) , known professionally as Pat Benatar , is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and four-time Grammy Award winner . She has two RIAA-certified multi-platinum albums , five platinum albums , three gold albums , and 15 Billboard Top 40 singles , including the Top 10 hits Hit Me with Your Best Shot , Love Is a Battlefield , We Belong , and Invincible . Benatar was nominated for 2020 induction into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_MTV_Video_Music_Awards', 'summary': "The 1987 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 11 , 1987 , honoring the best music videos from May 2 , 1986 , to May 1 , 1987 . The show was hosted by MTV VJs Downtown Julie Brown , Carolyne Heldman , Kevin Seal , Michael Tomioka , and Dweezil Zappa , and it took place at the Universal Amphitheatre in Los Angeles . This year featured the debut of the award for Best Video from a Film , which recognized the most outstanding video of a song taken from a movie soundtrack . Concurrently , 1987 also saw the elimination of the Special Recognition award that had been given out every year since 1984 . Unlike Video Vanguard , which could go a few years without being handed out and then return , the Special Recognition award was never again given out at the VMAs . Peter Gabriel received a record-setting ten awards , including Video of the Year and the Video Vanguard award . Gabriel 's video for Sledgehammer earned nine awads out of the ten it was in the running for , making it the most nominated video of the night , as well as the most rewarded video in VMA history . Gabriel also set a record for the most VMA nominations in a single year , as along with the ten nominations for Sledgehammer , his video for Big Time also received two , bringing his total up to twelve nominations in 1987 . This record would go uncontested until 2010 , when Lady Gaga received thirteen nominations . The ceremony 's other major nominees were fellow Video of the Year nominees Genesis , Paul Simon , Steve Winwood , and U2 , as well as two-time Best Female Video nominee Madonna . Genesis , Winwood , and U2 all received seven nominations for their videos Land of Confusion , Higher Love , and With or Without You , respectively . Meanwhile , Simon and Madonna split their six nominations : the former between The Boy in the Bubble and You Can Call Me Al , and the latter between Papa Do n't Preach and Open Your Heart ."}]}, {'value': 'Stephen R. Johnson - Sledgehammer by Peter Gabriel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_R._Johnson', 'summary': "Stephen R. Johnson ( July 12 , 1952 - January 26 , 2015 ) was an American music video director , television director , animator , painter , and writer . Johnson got his start directing a music video for the song Girls Like You by Combonation , which features a young Robin Wright , before moving on to directing videos for popular artists . Johnson directed three music videos for Peter Gabriel : Big Time , Steam , and Sledgehammer . Sledgehammer has the distinction of winning nine MTV Video Music Awards , which remains unsurpassed . In addition , Johnson directed the videos for Road to Nowhere by Talking Heads , and The Bug and Walk of Life by Dire Straits . In addition to directing music videos , Johnson was known for directing all thirteen episodes of the first season of Pee-wee 's Playhouse , for which he was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing in Children 's Programming . He also spearheaded the creation of the short film Universal Declaration of Human Rights for Amnesty International , based on the thirty articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights created by the United Nations . The film is composed of animated interpretations of the articles from forty-two different animators . Johnson was born on July 12 , 1952 , in Paola , Kansas , the son of Russell and Lena Wheeler Johnson . He attended high school in Pleasanton , Kansas . He then attended college at Kansas University and the University of Southern California . At USC he made an award-winning movie using stop-motion techniques - as did many of his music videos ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sledgehammer_(Peter_Gabriel_song)', 'summary': "Sledgehammer is a song by English rock musician Peter Gabriel . It was released as the lead single from his fifth studio album , So ( 1986 ) , on 25 April 1986 . It was produced by Gabriel and Daniel Lanois . It hit No . 1 in Canada on 21 July 1986 , where it spent four weeks ; No . 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States on 26 July 1986 ; and No . 4 on the UK Singles Chart , thanks in part to its music video . It was his biggest hit in North America and ties with Games Without Frontiers as his biggest hit in the United Kingdom . The song 's music video won a record nine MTV Video Music Award at the 1987 MTV Video Music Awards and Best British Video at the 1987 Brit Awards . The song also saw Gabriel nominated for three Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance , Record of the Year and Song of the Year . In a 2005 poll conducted by Channel 4 the music video was ranked second on their list of the 100 Greatest Pop Videos ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Peter_Gabriel', 'summary': "Peter Brian Gabriel ( born 13 February 1950 ) is an English singer , songwriter , record producer and activist who rose to fame as the original lead singer and frontman of the progressive rock band Genesis . After leaving Genesis in 1975 , Gabriel launched a successful solo career with Solsbury Hill as his first single . His 1986 album , So , is his best-selling release and is certified triple platinum in the UK and five times platinum in the US . The album 's most successful single , Sledgehammer , won a record nine MTV Awards at the 1987 MTV Video Music Awards and , according to a report in 2011 , it was MTV 's most played music video of all time . Gabriel has been a champion of world music for much of his career . He co-founded the WOMAD festival in 1982 . He has continued to focus on producing and promoting world music through his Real World Records label . He has also pioneered digital distribution methods for music , co-founding OD2 , one of the first online music download services . Gabriel has also been involved in numerous humanitarian efforts . In 1980 , he released the anti-apartheid single Biko . He has participated in several human rights benefit concerts , including Amnesty International 's Human Rights Now ! tour in 1988 , and co-founded the Witness human rights organisation in 1992 ."}]}, {'value': "Do n't Dream It 's Over - Alex Proyas ( performed by Crowded House ) Higher Love - Peter Kagan and Paula Greif ( performed by Steve Winwood ) Land of Confusion - Jim Yukich and John Lloyd ( performed by Genesis ) With or Without You - Meiert Avis ( performed by U2 )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Don't_Dream_It's_Over", 'summary': "Do n't Dream It 's Over is a song by the Australian rock band Crowded House , recorded for their 1986 self-titled debut studio album . The song was written by band frontman Neil Finn , and released in October 1986 as the fourth single from the album . The song , described by AllMusic as a majestic ballad , became the band 's biggest international hit , reaching No . 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States in April 1987 . Do n't Dream It 's Over was also a great success in Finn 's native country of New Zealand , where it peaked at Number 1 . It also topped the charts in Canada , while in Australia it peaked at No . 8 . In Continental Europe , it reached No . 6 in Norway , No . 7 in the Netherlands , and No . 13 in Germany . In America the single was topped only by I Knew You Were Waiting ( For Me ) by Aretha Franklin and George Michael ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alex_Proyas', 'summary': 'Alexander Proyas ( /ˈprɔɪəs/ ; born 23 September 1963 ) is an Australian film director , screenwriter , and producer . Proyas is best known for directing the films The Crow ( 1994 ) , Dark City ( 1998 ) , I , Robot ( 2004 ) , Knowing ( 2009 ) , and Gods of Egypt ( 2016 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Crowded_House', 'summary': "Crowded House is a rock band , formed in Melbourne , Australia , in 1985 . Its founding members were New Zealander Neil Finn ( vocalist , guitarist , primary songwriter ) and Australians Paul Hester ( drums ) and Nick Seymour ( bass ) . Later band members included Neil Finn 's brother , Tim Finn , and Americans Mark Hart and Matt Sherrod . Neil Finn and Seymour have been the sole constant members of the group since its formation . Originally active from 1985 to 1996 , Crowded House had consistent commercial and critical success in Australia and New Zealand and international chart success in two phases , beginning with a self-titled debut album that reached number twelve on the US Album Chart in 1987 and provided the Top Ten hits Do n't Dream It 's Over and Something So Strong . Further international success came in the UK , Europe and South Africa with their third and fourth albums ( Woodface and Together Alone ) and the compilation album Recurring Dream , which included the hits Fall at Your Feet , Weather with You , Distant Sun , Locked Out , Instinct and Not the Girl You Think You Are . Neil and Tim Finn were each awarded an OBE in June 1993 for their contributions to the music of New Zealand . In June 1996 , Crowded House announced that it would disband . The band played several farewell concerts that year , including the Farewell to the World concerts in Melbourne and Sydney . On 26 March 2005 , Hester died by suicide , aged 46 . In 2006 , the group re-formed with drummer Matt Sherrod and released two further albums ( in 2007 and 2010 ) , each of which reached number one on Australia 's album chart . As of July 2010 , Crowded House had sold 10 million albums ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Higher_Love', 'summary': "Higher Love is a 1986 song by English singer Steve Winwood . It was the first single released from his fourth solo LP , Back in the High Life . It was written by Winwood and Will Jennings and produced by Russ Titelman and Winwood . The female vocals on the song were performed by Chaka Khan , who also appeared in the promotional music video . Higher Love was Winwood 's first Billboard Hot 100 number-one hit , topping the chart for one week . It was preceded by Madonna 's Papa Do n't Preach and followed by Venus by Bananarama . The song also spent four weeks atop the US Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart and earned two Grammy Awards , for Record of the Year and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance . It also peaked at number 13 in the United Kingdom , Winwood 's highest charting solo hit there , and reached number one in Canada for a week . Whitney Houston covered the song in 1990 and it was included as a bonus track on the Japanese edition of her third studio album I 'm Your Baby Tonight . Nick Jonas recorded the song for his 2005 debut solo album Nicholas Jonas . James Vincent McMorrow covered the song in 2011 , on his first album Early in the Morning . In June 2019 , Norwegian DJ Kygo reworked Houston 's cover into a tropical house track and it was released as a single worldwide , and on August 21 , 2019 , their version hit number one on Billboard magazine 's Dance Club Songs chart , making it Houston 's highest-charting posthumous release to date ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Steve_Winwood', 'summary': 'Stephen Lawrence Winwood ( born 12 May 1948 ) is an English singer and musician whose genres include progressive rock , blue-eyed soul , rhythm and blues , blues rock , pop rock , and jazz . Though primarily a vocalist and keyboard player , Winwood also plays a wide variety of other instruments ; on several of his solo albums he has played all instrumentation , including drums , mandolin , guitars , bass and saxophone . Winwood was a key member of The Spencer Davis Group , Traffic , Blind Faith and Go . He also had a successful solo career with hits including While You See a Chance , Valerie , Back in the High Life Again and two US Billboard Hot 100 number ones , Higher Love and Roll with It charting 20 years after the start of his recording career . He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Traffic in 2004 . In 2005 Winwood was honoured as a BMI Icon at the annual BMI London Awards for his enduring influence on generations of music makers . In 2008 , Rolling Stone ranked Winwood No . 33 in its 100 Greatest Singers of All Time . Winwood has won two Grammy Awards . He was nominated twice for a Brit Award for Best British Male Artist : 1988 and 1989 . In 2011 he received the Ivor Novello Award from the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors for Outstanding Song Collection .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Land_of_Confusion', 'summary': "Land of Confusion is a song by the English rock band Genesis from their 1986 album Invisible Touch . The song was the third track on the album and was the third track released as a single , reaching No . 4 in the U.S. and No . 14 in the UK in late 1986 . It also reached No . 8 in the Netherlands . The music was written by the band , while the lyrics were written by guitarist Mike Rutherford . The song 's video featured puppets from the 1980s UK sketch show Spitting Image ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Lloyd_(producer)', 'summary': "John Hardress Wilfred Lloyd CBE ( born 30 September 1951 ) is an English television producer , writer . He has worked on comedy television programmes including Not the Nine O'Clock News , Spitting Image , The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , Blackadder and QI . He is currently the presenter of BBC Radio 4 's The Museum of Curiosity ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Genesis_(band)', 'summary': "Genesis were an English rock band formed at Charterhouse School , Godalming , Surrey , in 1967 . The most successful and longest-lasting line-up consisted of keyboardist Tony Banks , bassist/guitarist Mike Rutherford and drummer/singer Phil Collins . Significant former members were original lead singer Peter Gabriel , and guitarists Anthony Phillips and Steve Hackett . The band moved from folk music to progressive rock in the 1970s , before moving towards pop at the end of the decade . They have sold 21.5 million copies of their albums in the United States , with worldwide sales of between 100 million and 150 million . Formed by five Charterhouse pupils including Banks , Rutherford , Gabriel , and Phillips , Genesis were named by former pupil Jonathan King , who arranged for them to record several unsuccessful singles and their debut album From Genesis to Revelation in 1968 . After splitting with King , the group began to tour professionally , signed with Charisma Records and recorded Trespass ( 1970 ) in the progressive rock style . Following the departure of Phillips , Genesis recruited Collins and Hackett and recorded Nursery Cryme ( 1971 ) . Their live shows also began to be centred on Gabriel 's theatrical costumes and performances . They were first successful in mainland Europe , before entering the UK charts with Foxtrot ( 1972 ) . In 1973 , they released Selling England by the Pound ( 1973 ) , which featured their first UK top 30 single I Know What I Like ( In Your Wardrobe ) . The concept album The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway followed in 1974 , and was promoted with a transatlantic tour featuring an elaborate stage show ."}, {'url': '/wiki/With_or_Without_You', 'summary': "With or Without You is a song by Irish rock band U2 . It is the third track on their fifth studio album , The Joshua Tree ( 1987 ) , and was released as the album 's lead single on 16 March 1987 . The song was the group 's most successful single at the time , becoming their first number-one hit in both the United States and Canada by topping the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks and the RPM national singles chart for one week , with a further three weeks at number two . With or Without You features sustained guitar parts played by guitarist the Edge with a prototype of the Infinite Guitar , along with vocals by lead singer Bono and a bassline by bassist Adam Clayton . The song originated from a demo recorded in late 1985 that the group continued to work on throughout The Joshua Tree sessions . Ostensibly a troubled love song , the track 's lyrics were inspired by Bono 's conflicting feelings about the lives he led as a musician and domestic man . Critics praised the song upon its release . It is frequently performed on the band 's tours , and it has appeared on many of their compilation albums and concert films . With or Without You is U2 's second most frequently covered song . In 2010 , Rolling Stone magazine placed the song at number 132 on their list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Meiert_Avis', 'summary': "Meiert Avis is an Irish music video and commercial director . Avis has directed videos for artists such as Bob Dylan , Bruce Springsteen , U2 , Avril Lavigne , Paramore , Alanis Morissette , Flyleaf , Jennifer Lopez , New Found Glory and Josh Groban amongst many others . His work has won multiple awards and nominations including a Grammy Award for U2 's Where The Streets Have No Name and MTV Music Video Awards for U2 's With or Without You and Ryuichi Sakamoto and Iggy Pop 's Risky . His commercial clients include Toyota , Pioneer , Lexus and The Los Angeles Times and have received international recognition , most notably the Grand Clio and the Cannes Gold Lion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/U2', 'summary': "U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin , formed in 1976 . The group consists of Bono ( lead vocals and rhythm guitar ) , the Edge ( lead guitar , keyboards , and backing vocals ) , Adam Clayton ( bass guitar ) , and Larry Mullen Jr. ( drums and percussion ) . Initially rooted in post-punk , U2 's musical style has evolved throughout their career , yet has maintained an anthemic quality built on Bono 's expressive vocals and the Edge 's effects-based guitar textures . Their lyrics , often embellished with spiritual imagery , focus on personal and sociopolitical themes . Popular for their live performances , the group have staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career . The band formed as teenagers while attending Mount Temple Comprehensive School , when they had limited musical proficiency . Within four years , they signed with Island Records and released their debut album , Boy ( 1980 ) . Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album , War ( 1983 ) , and the singles Sunday Bloody Sunday and Pride ( In the Name of Love ) helped establish U2 's reputation as a politically and socially conscious group . By the mid-1980s , they had become renowned globally for their live act , highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985 . The group 's fifth album , The Joshua Tree ( 1987 ) , made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success . Topping music charts around the world , it produced their only number-one singles in the US to date : With or Without You and I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For . Facing creative stagnation and a backlash following their documentary/double album , Rattle and Hum ( 1988 ) , U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_MTV_Video_Music_Awards', 'summary': "The 1988 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 7 , 1988 , honoring the best music videos from May 2 , 1987 , to April 1 , 1988 . The show was hosted by Arsenio Hall at the Universal Amphitheatre in Los Angeles . Australian group INXS was the night 's biggest winner and nominee , taking home five awards out of nine nominations . The group 's awards included Video of the Year and Viewer 's Choice , making this the very first of few times in which the same artist and video took home these two awards in the one night . INXS 's nominations , meanwhile , totaled up to nine : eight for Need You Tonight/Mediate ( making it the year 's most nominated video ) and one for Devil Inside . In the meantime , George Harrison and U2 were tied in for second place in terms of nominations , as each picked up eight nominations that year . Furthermore , both artists split their nominations between two different videos in 1988 , and at least once both of their videos competed against one another in the same category ( and so did INXS 's videos ) . Finally , this year 's show saw the elimination of another category , as the award for Best Overall Performance in a Video was not handed out this year or ever again . At the same time , the category of Most Experimental Video was renamed Breakthrough Video , a name that it still keeps ( as of the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Andy Morahan and George Michael - Father Figure by George Michael', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Morahan', 'summary': 'Andrew Douglas Andy Morahan ( born 25 July 1958 in Kensington , London ) is a British commercial , film and music video director . He is the son of director Christopher Morahan and the half-brother of actress Hattie Morahan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/George_Michael', 'summary': "George Michael ( born Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou ; 25 June 1963 - 25 December 2016 ) was an English singer , songwriter , record producer , and philanthropist who rose to fame as a member of the music duo Wham ! and later embarked on a solo career . Michael sold over 80 million records worldwide making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time . He achieved seven number one songs on the UK Singles Chart and eight number one songs on the US Billboard Hot 100 . He was widely known for his success in the 1980s and 1990s , including Wham ! singles such as Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go and Last Christmas and solo singles such as Careless Whisper and Faith . Michael formed the duo Wham ! with Andrew Ridgeley in 1981 . The band 's first two albums , Fantastic ( 1983 ) and Make It Big ( 1984 ) , reached number one on the UK Albums Chart and the US Billboard 200 . Michael 's first solo single Careless Whisper reached number one in over 20 countries , including the UK and US . Michael 's debut solo album , Faith , was released in 1987 , topping the UK Albums Chart and staying at number one on the Billboard 200 for 12 weeks . Four singles from the album -- Faith , Father Figure , One More Try , and Monkey -- reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Father_Figure_(George_Michael_song)', 'summary': "Father Figure is a song by English singer George Michael from his debut studio album , Faith ( 1987 ) . It was released on 28 December 1987 as the album 's fourth single by Columbia Records . The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 11 on the UK Singles Chart . Additionally it was a top 5 hit in Australia , Belgium , Canada , Iceland , Ireland , the Netherlands and Spain ."}, {'url': '/wiki/George_Michael', 'summary': "George Michael ( born Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou ; 25 June 1963 - 25 December 2016 ) was an English singer , songwriter , record producer , and philanthropist who rose to fame as a member of the music duo Wham ! and later embarked on a solo career . Michael sold over 80 million records worldwide making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time . He achieved seven number one songs on the UK Singles Chart and eight number one songs on the US Billboard Hot 100 . He was widely known for his success in the 1980s and 1990s , including Wham ! singles such as Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go and Last Christmas and solo singles such as Careless Whisper and Faith . Michael formed the duo Wham ! with Andrew Ridgeley in 1981 . The band 's first two albums , Fantastic ( 1983 ) and Make It Big ( 1984 ) , reached number one on the UK Albums Chart and the US Billboard 200 . Michael 's first solo single Careless Whisper reached number one in over 20 countries , including the UK and US . Michael 's debut solo album , Faith , was released in 1987 , topping the UK Albums Chart and staying at number one on the Billboard 200 for 12 weeks . Four singles from the album -- Faith , Father Figure , One More Try , and Monkey -- reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dear God - Nicholas Brandt ( performed by XTC ) Learning to Fly - Storm Thorgerson ( performed by Pink Floyd ) The One I Love - Robert Longo ( performed by R.E.M . ) You Have Placed a Chill in My Heart - Sophie Muller ( performed by Eurythmics )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dear_God_(XTC_song)', 'summary': "Dear God is a song written by Andy Partridge of the English rock band XTC , first released as a non-album single with the A-side Grass . It was inspired by a series of books with the same title , seen by Partridge as exploitation of children . The song was originally intended for the album Skylarking , but left off due to concerns from Partridge and Virgin Records . After college radio DJs across America picked up the song , US distributor Geffen Records recalled and re-pressed Skylarking with the track included . Partridge was dissatisfied with Dear God as he felt the lyrics were not representative of his views on religion , which was partly the reason why it was left off Skylarking . The song 's anti-religious message ultimately provoked some violent reactions . In the US , one radio station received a bomb threat , and in another incident , a student forced their school to play the song over its public-address system while holding a faculty member hostage . Partridge also received a plethora of hate mail . He stated that he felt sorry for whoever he upset , however , if you ca n't have a different opinion without them wanting to firebomb your house then that 's their problem . The music video for Dear God , one of the first to be directed by photographer Nick Brandt , received the 1987 Billboard Best Video award and was also nominated for three categories at the MTV Video Music Awards . In 2009 , the song was ranked at No . 62 on VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s , despite the fact that XTC had higher charting singles in the decade ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nick_Brandt', 'summary': 'Nick Brandt ( born 1964 ) is an English photographer and video music director , whose photographic themes always relate to the disappearing natural world , before much of it is destroyed by mankind .'}, {'url': '/wiki/XTC', 'summary': "XTC were an English rock band formed in Swindon in 1972 . Fronted by songwriters Andy Partridge ( guitars , vocals ) and Colin Moulding ( bass , vocals ) , the band gained popularity during the rise of punk and new wave in the 1970s , later playing in a variety of styles that ranged from angular guitar riffs to elaborately arranged pop . Partly because the group did not fit into contemporary trends , they achieved only sporadic commercial success in the UK and US , but attracted a considerable cult following . They have since been recognised for their influence on Britpop and later power pop acts . Partridge and Moulding first met in the early 1970s and subsequently formed a glam outfit with drummer Terry Chambers . The band 's name and line-up changed frequently , and it was not until 1975 that they were known as XTC . In 1977 , the group debuted on Virgin Records and , for the next five years , were noted for their energetic live performances . They aspired to be completely original and refused to play conventional punk rock , instead synthesising influences from ska , 1960s pop , dub music and the avant-garde . The single Making Plans for Nigel ( 1979 ) marked their commercial breakthrough and heralded the reverberating drum sound associated with 1980s popular music . After 1982 's English Settlement , the band stopped concert touring and became a studio-based project centred on Partridge , Moulding , and guitarist Dave Gregory . They continued to produce more progressive records , including the albums Skylarking ( produced by Todd Rundgren , 1986 ) , Oranges & Lemons ( 1989 ) , Nonsuch ( 1992 ) and Apple Venus Volume 1 ( 1999 ) . A spin-off group , the Dukes of Stratosphear , was invented as a one-off excursion into 1960s-style psychedelia , but as XTC 's music evolved , the distinctions between the two bands lessened ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Learning_to_Fly_(Pink_Floyd_song)', 'summary': "Learning to Fly is a song by the English progressive rock band Pink Floyd , written by David Gilmour , Anthony Moore , Bob Ezrin , and Jon Carin . It was the first single from the band 's thirteenth studio album A Momentary Lapse of Reason . It reached number 70 on the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 1 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart in September , 1987 , remaining three consecutive weeks at the top position in the autumn of the same year . Meanwhile , the song failed to chart on the official U.K. top 40 singles charts . On the other hand , in Spain , the song peaked at number 1 on the Los 40 Principales chart ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Storm_Thorgerson', 'summary': 'Storm Elvin Thorgerson ( 28 February 1944 - 18 April 2013 ) was an English graphic designer and music video director . He is best known for closely working with the group Pink Floyd through most of their career , and also created album or other art for Led Zeppelin , Phish , Black Sabbath , Peter Gabriel , The Alan Parsons Project , Genesis , Yes , Muse , and Ween .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pink_Floyd', 'summary': "Pink Floyd were an English rock band formed in London in 1965 . Gaining a following as a psychedelic rock group , they were distinguished for their extended compositions , sonic experimentation , philosophical lyrics and elaborate live shows , and became a leading band of the progressive rock genre . They are one of the most commercially successful and influential bands in popular music history . Pink Floyd were founded by students Syd Barrett ( guitar , lead vocals ) , Nick Mason ( drums ) , Roger Waters ( bass guitar , vocals ) , and Richard Wright ( keyboards , vocals ) . Under Barrett 's leadership , they released two charting singles and a successful debut album , The Piper at the Gates of Dawn ( 1967 ) . Guitarist and vocalist David Gilmour joined in December 1967 ; Barrett left in April 1968 due to deteriorating mental health . Waters became the primary lyricist and thematic leader , devising the concepts behind the albums The Dark Side of the Moon ( 1973 ) , Wish You Were Here ( 1975 ) , Animals ( 1977 ) , The Wall ( 1979 ) , and The Final Cut ( 1983 ) . The band also composed several film scores . Following personal tensions , Wright left Pink Floyd in 1979 , followed by Waters in 1985 . Gilmour and Mason continued as Pink Floyd , rejoined later by Wright . The three produced two more albums - A Momentary Lapse of Reason ( 1987 ) and The Division Bell ( 1994 ) - and toured both albums before entering a long period of inactivity . In 2005 , all but Barrett reunited for a one-off performance at the global awareness event Live 8 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_One_I_Love_(R.E.M._song)', 'summary': "The One I Love is a song by American alternative rock band R.E.M . It was released on the band 's fifth full-length studio album , Document , and also as a 7 vinyl single in 1987 . The song was their first hit single , reaching No . 9 in the US Billboard Hot 100 , No . 14 in Canada , and later reached No . 16 in the UK singles chart on its UK re-release ( 1991 ) . The song was included in Activision 's Guitar Hero World Tour and is in Guitar Hero on Tour : Decades , as well as Harmonix 's Rock Band 4 . The accompanying video 's director was artist Robert Longo . The director of photography was Alton Brown , who later became a Food Network personality . In March 2005 , Q magazine placed The One I Love at number 57 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks . In 2012 , Slant Magazine listed the song as the 38th best single of the 1980s . The song is included on R.E.M ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_Longo', 'summary': 'Robert Longo ( born January 7 , 1953 ) is an American painter and sculptor . Longo became a rising star in the 1980s for his Men in the Cities series , which depicted sharply dressed men and women writhing in contorted emotion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/R.E.M.', 'summary': "R.E.M . was an American rock band from Athens , Georgia , formed in 1980 by drummer Bill Berry , guitarist Peter Buck , bassist Mike Mills , and lead vocalist Michael Stipe . Additionally , many liner notes from the band 's albums list attorney Bertis Downs and manager Jefferson Holt as non-musical members . One of the first alternative rock bands , R.E.M . was noted for Buck 's ringing , arpeggiated guitar style , Stipe 's distinctive vocals and obscure lyrics , Mills 's melodic basslines and backing vocals , and Berry 's tight , economical drumming . R.E.M . released its first single , Radio Free Europe , in 1981 on the independent record label Hib-Tone . It was followed by the Chronic Town EP in 1982 , the band 's first release on I.R.S . Records . In 1983 , the group released its critically acclaimed debut album , Murmur , and built its reputation over the next few years through subsequent releases , constant touring , and the support of college radio . Following years of underground success , R.E.M . achieved a mainstream hit with the 1987 single The One I Love ."}, {'url': '/wiki/You_Have_Placed_a_Chill_in_My_Heart', 'summary': "You Have Placed a Chill in My Heart is a song recorded by British pop duo Eurythmics . It was written by group members Annie Lennox and David A. Stewart , and appears on the duo 's album Savage . It was released as the fourth and final single from the album in the UK , and the second in the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sophie_Muller', 'summary': 'Sophie Luise Elisabeth Muller ( born 31 January 1962 ) is an English music video director , who has produced videos for Ellie Goulding , Selena Gomez , Cheryl , Beyoncé , Dido , Coldplay , Maroon 5 , No Doubt , Gwen Stefani , Sade , Shakira , Kylie Minogue , Sugababes , Shakespears Sister , Weezer , Garbage , The Killers , Radiohead , Sophie Ellis-Bextor , Annie Lennox , Björk , Leona Lewis , Eurythmics , Pink , Sarah McLachlan , Birdy and Blur .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eurythmics', 'summary': "Eurythmics were a British pop duo consisting of members Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart . Stewart and Lennox were both previously in the band the Tourists , which broke up in 1980 ; the Eurythmics were formed later that year in Wagga Wagga , Australia . The duo released their first studio album , In the Garden , in 1981 to little success , but went on to achieve global success when their second album Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) , was released in 1983 . The title track became a worldwide hit which topped the charts in various countries including the US . The duo went on to release a string of hit singles and albums before they split up in 1990 . By this time Stewart was a sought-after record producer , while Lennox began a solo recording career in 1992 with her debut album Diva . After almost a decade apart , the Eurythmics reunited to record their ninth album , Peace , released in late 1999 . They reunited again in 2005 to release the single I 've Got a Life , as part of a new Eurythmics compilation album , Ultimate Collection . The duo have won an MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist in 1984 , the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1987 , the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music in 1999 , and in 2005 were inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame . The Eurythmics have sold an estimated 75 million records worldwide . In 2017 , the group was nominated for induction into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame , and were nominated again in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_MTV_Video_Music_Awards', 'summary': "The 1989 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 6 , 1989 , honoring the best music videos from April 2 , 1988 , to June 1 , 1989 . The show was hosted by Arsenio Hall at the Universal Amphitheatre in Los Angeles . This year four new genre categories ( Best Heavy Metal Video , Best Rap Video , Best Dance Video , and Best Post-Modern Video ) were added , alongside the International Viewer 's Choice awards . Also , the award for Best Concept Video was retired this year , and the eligibility cutoff date was moved two months down from April to June , making this a 14-month eligibility year . In terms of the awards , Madonna and Paula Abdul were the night 's biggest winners with four awards each , while rock group Living Colour was the second biggest winner , taking home three moonmen that night . On the other hand , Michael Jackson was the most nominated artist of 1989 , receiving nine nominations for two of his videos : six for Leave Me Alone and three for Smooth Criminal , but only took home one award for Best Special Effects . The award for Video of the Year , went to Neil Young 's controversial video for This Note 's for You , making this the first time since The Cars ' win in 1984 that an act takes home the main award without winning any other one . Unlike The Cars , though , Young 's video did not have any other nominations that night except for Viewer 's Choice , which until 1994 had exactly the same nominees as Video of the Year . The Viewer 's Choice award , however , went to another video that also stirred up controversy : Madonna 's Like a Prayer . The ceremony is notable for comedian Andrew Dice Clay 's stand-up routine that included adult versions of Mother Goose nursery rhymes , leading MTV executives to ban him from ever appearing on the network again , and Def Leppard 's performance of Tear It Down would be the last live appearance of guitarist Steve Clark before his death on Tuesday January 8 , 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'David Fincher - Express Yourself by Madonna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Fincher', 'summary': 'David Andrew Leo Fincher ( born August 28 , 1962 ) is an American director and producer of films , television , and music videos . His work has received multiple nominations in the Academy Awards and Golden Globe Awards . Born in Denver , Colorado , Fincher developed a passion for filmmaking at an early age . He first gained recognition from directing numerous music videos . He then made his directorial debut with the feature film Alien 3 ( 1992 ) , which garnered mixed reviews , followed by the thriller Seven ( 1995 ) , which was better received . Fincher found lukewarm success with The Game ( 1997 ) and Fight Club ( 1999 ) , with the latter eventually becoming a cult classic . In 2002 , he returned with a critical and box office success , Panic Room ( 2002 ) . Fincher also directed Zodiac ( 2007 ) , the biographical drama The Social Network ( 2010 ) and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) . For The Social Network , he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director and BAFTA Award for Best Direction . His greatest commercial successes have been The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) and Gone Girl ( 2014 ) , both grossing more than $ 300 million worldwide , and the former earning him thirteen nominations at the Academy Awards , and eleven at the British Academy Film Awards . He also served as an executive producer and director for the acclaimed Netflix series House of Cards ( 2013-2018 ) and Mindhunter ( 2017-2019 ) , winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for the pilot episode of House of Cards . Fincher was the co-founder of Propaganda Films , a production company of film and music videos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Express_Yourself_(Madonna_song)', 'summary': "Express Yourself is a song by American singer-songwriter Madonna , from her fourth studio album Like a Prayer ( 1989 ) . It was released as the second single from the album on May 9 , 1989 by Sire Records . The song was included on the greatest hits compilation albums The Immaculate Collection ( 1990 ) , and Celebration ( 2009 ) . Express Yourself was the first song that Madonna and producer Stephen Bray collaborated on for Like a Prayer . Written and produced by them , the song was a tribute to American funk and soul band Sly and the Family Stone . The main inspiration behind the song is female empowerment , urging women never to go for second-best and to always express their inner feelings . Express Yourself is an upbeat dance-pop and deep funk song that features instrumentation from brass , handclaps and drum beats , while the chorus is backed by the sound of saxophone and percussion . The lyrics talk about rejecting material pleasures and only accepting the best for oneself ; subtexts are employed throughout the song . Express Yourself received positive reviews from critics , who applauded the gender equality message of the song and complimented the song for being a hymn to freedom and encouragement to women and all oppressed minorities . Commercially , the song peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and became Madonna 's sixth number-one hit on the European Hot 100 Singles chart . It also reached the top of the singles charts in Canada and Switzerland , and the top five elsewhere . The accompanying music video , directed by David Fincher , was inspired by the Fritz Lang classic film Metropolis ( 1927 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)', 'summary': "Madonna Louise Ciccone ( /tʃɪˈkoʊni/ , Italian : [ tʃikˈkoːne ] ; born August 16 , 1958 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and businesswoman . Referred to as the Queen of Pop since the 1980s , Madonna is known for pushing the boundaries of songwriting in mainstream popular music and for the imagery she uses onstage and in music videos . She has frequently reinvented her music and image while maintaining autonomy within the recording industry . Her works have been praised by music critics and have sparked controversy . Madonna is often cited as an influence by other artists . Born and raised in Michigan , Madonna moved to New York City in 1978 to pursue a career in modern dance . After performing as a drummer , guitarist , and vocalist in the rock bands Breakfast Club and Emmy , Madonna signed with Sire Records in 1982 and released her eponymous debut album the next year . She followed it with a series of successful albums , including global bestsellers Like a Virgin ( 1984 ) and True Blue ( 1986 ) as well as Grammy Award winners Ray of Light ( 1998 ) and Confessions on a Dance Floor ( 2005 ) . Many of her songs have reached the top of record charts worldwide , including Like a Virgin , La Isla Bonita , Like a Prayer , Vogue , Take a Bow , Frozen , Music , Hung Up , and 4 Minutes . Madonna 's popularity was further enhanced by her roles in films such as Desperately Seeking Susan ( 1985 ) , Dick Tracy ( 1990 ) , A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) , and Evita ( 1996 ) . While Evita earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress , many of her other films received poor reviews . As a businesswoman , Madonna founded an entertainment company called Maverick ( including the label Maverick Records ) in 1992 ."}]}, {'value': "Finish What Ya Started - Andy Morahan ( performed by Van Halen ) Parents Just Do n't Understand - Scott Kalvert ( performed by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince ) Real Love - David Fincher ( performed by Jody Watley ) Roll with It - David Fincher ( performed by Steve Winwood )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finish_What_Ya_Started', 'summary': 'Finish What Ya Started is a song by Van Halen taken from their 1988 album OU812 . Despite the album being seemingly complete , Eddie Van Halen came up with the riff at 2 in the morning and went down to his then-neighbor Sammy Hagar to show it . Hagar let Eddie in , and the two played guitars in his balcony until they had a completed song . Once Eddie left , Hagar decided to write the lyrics despite being late at night . The theme wound up being unfulfilled sex , summed up by Hagar as blue balls . In the song , Eddie recorded his guitar part on a Fender Stratocaster plugged direct into the studio mixing console . The song is one of only two Van Halen tracks featuring Hagar playing a rhythm guitar part , which he played on a Gibson acoustic . [ citation needed ] The official music video for the song was directed by Andy Morahan . It features the band playing against a plain white background with quick cuts to women dancing . The version of the song on their 2004 compilation The Best of Both Worlds stops midway through the outro , unlike the fade out on the OU812 version . In 1988 , the song peaked at # 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 and # 2 on the Billboard rock chart .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andy_Morahan', 'summary': 'Andrew Douglas Andy Morahan ( born 25 July 1958 in Kensington , London ) is a British commercial , film and music video director . He is the son of director Christopher Morahan and the half-brother of actress Hattie Morahan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Van_Halen', 'summary': "Van Halen is an American rock band formed in Pasadena , California in 1972 . Credited with restoring hard rock to the forefront of the music scene , Van Halen is known for its energetic live shows and for the work of its acclaimed lead guitarist , Eddie Van Halen . The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2007 . From 1974 until 1985 , Van Halen consisted of Eddie Van Halen ; Eddie 's brother , drummer Alex Van Halen ; vocalist David Lee Roth ; and bassist Michael Anthony . Upon its release , the band 's self-titled debut album reached No . 19 on the Billboard pop music charts . By the early 1980s , Van Halen was one of the most successful rock acts of the time . The album 1984 was a hit ; its lead single , Jump , is the band 's only U.S. number one single to date and was internationally known . In 1985 , Van Halen replaced Roth with former Montrose lead vocalist Sammy Hagar . With Hagar , the group released four U.S. number-one albums over the course of 11 years ( 5150 in 1986 , OU812 in 1988 , For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge in 1991 , and Balance in 1995 ) . Hagar left the band in 1996 shortly before the release of the band 's first greatest hits collection , Best Of - Volume I . Former Extreme frontman Gary Cherone replaced Hagar , remaining with the band until 1999 ; Van Halen then went on hiatus until reuniting with Hagar for a worldwide tour in 2003 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Parents_Just_Don't_Understand", 'summary': "Parents Just Do n't Understand is the second single from DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince 's second studio album , He 's the DJ , I 'm the Rapper . The song won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance at the 1989 Grammy Awards , one of the two songs to do so before the award was discontinued in 1991 . It peaked at # 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song was released as a single in spring 1988 . The song was referenced several times in the television show The Fresh Prince Of Bel-Air . The song was ranked # 96 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop , and the music video was featured in the 2003 film Malibu 's Most Wanted ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scott_Kalvert', 'summary': "Scott Kalvert ( August 15 , 1964 - March 5 , 2014 ) was an American film director , known mainly for his 1995 film The Basketball Diaries , starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Mark Wahlberg , and 2002 's Deuces Wild . He was also a successful music video director , collaborating with artists such as Cyndi Lauper , Jetboy , Snoop Doggy Dogg , DJ Jazzy Jeff and The Fresh Prince , Bobby Brown , Taylor Dayne , Deep Blue Something , Billy Ocean , Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch , LL Cool J , Samantha Fox , Eric B . & Rakim and Salt ' n ' Pepa . Kalvert was found dead in his home in Woodland Hills , Los Angeles on March 5 , 2014 from an apparent suicide . He left behind his wife and two daughters ."}, {'url': '/wiki/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff_&_The_Fresh_Prince', 'summary': "DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince was an American hip hop duo from West Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Rapper Will Smith ( the Fresh Prince ) met disc jockey Jeff Townes ( DJ Jazzy Jeff ) in the 1980s , when they were both trying to make names for themselves in West Philadelphia 's local hip hop scene . They had as a support live member Clarence Holmes ( Ready Rock C ) - who was not officially credited to the duo . Holmes left the group in 1990 and later sued unsuccessfully for earnings , claiming a breach of oral contract . The group received the first Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance in 1989 for Parents Just Do n't Understand ( 1988 ) , though their most successful single was Summertime ( 1991 ) , which earned the group their second Grammy and peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Will Smith and Jeff Townes are still friends and claim that they never split up , having made songs under Smith 's solo performer credit . DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince have sold over 5.5 million albums in the US . They also performed together as recently as September 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Real_Love_(Jody_Watley_song)', 'summary': 'Real Love is a song by American singer Jody Watley from her second studio album Larger Than Life ( 1989 ) . Real Love became one of the biggest pop and R & B singles of 1989 . The single reached number-one on the US Billboard Hot R & B Singles chart and dance chart .'}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Fincher', 'summary': 'David Andrew Leo Fincher ( born August 28 , 1962 ) is an American director and producer of films , television , and music videos . His work has received multiple nominations in the Academy Awards and Golden Globe Awards . Born in Denver , Colorado , Fincher developed a passion for filmmaking at an early age . He first gained recognition from directing numerous music videos . He then made his directorial debut with the feature film Alien 3 ( 1992 ) , which garnered mixed reviews , followed by the thriller Seven ( 1995 ) , which was better received . Fincher found lukewarm success with The Game ( 1997 ) and Fight Club ( 1999 ) , with the latter eventually becoming a cult classic . In 2002 , he returned with a critical and box office success , Panic Room ( 2002 ) . Fincher also directed Zodiac ( 2007 ) , the biographical drama The Social Network ( 2010 ) and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) . For The Social Network , he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director and BAFTA Award for Best Direction . His greatest commercial successes have been The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) and Gone Girl ( 2014 ) , both grossing more than $ 300 million worldwide , and the former earning him thirteen nominations at the Academy Awards , and eleven at the British Academy Film Awards . He also served as an executive producer and director for the acclaimed Netflix series House of Cards ( 2013-2018 ) and Mindhunter ( 2017-2019 ) , winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for the pilot episode of House of Cards . Fincher was the co-founder of Propaganda Films , a production company of film and music videos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jody_Watley', 'summary': 'Jody Vanessa Watley ( born January 30 , 1959 ) is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , and artist whose music crosses genres including pop , R & B , jazz , dance , and electronic soul . In 1987 , she won the Grammy Award for Best New Artist and has been nominated for three Grammy awards . In 2008 , she was the recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award from Billboard magazine , and was also prominently featured in the historic black issue of Vogue Italia in 2008 . Her early music influences are Diana Ross , Marvin Gaye , Stevie Wonder , Michael Jackson , The Jackson 5 , The Carpenters , Roberta Flack , Prince , Grace Jones and various jazz artists including Nancy Wilson . In December 2016 Billboard ranked her as the 21st most successful dance artist of all-time . and in 2017 Black Music Honors TV special recognized Watley as Crossover Music Icon Honoree for her groundbreaking achievements and influence . In August 2018 Billboard ranked Jody Watley as one of the top female artists of all-time , at number 53 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Roll_with_It_(Steve_Winwood_song)', 'summary': "Roll with It is a song recorded by Steve Winwood for his album , Roll with It , released on Virgin Records . It was written by Winwood and songwriter Will Jennings . Publishing rights organization BMI later had Motown songwriters Holland-Dozier-Holland credited with co-writing the song due to its resemblance to the Junior Walker hit ( I 'm a ) Roadrunner . The single spent four weeks at No . 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in the summer of 1988 . It topped the Billboard adult contemporary chart for two weeks , and also spent four weeks at No . 1 on the Billboard mainstream rock chart . In addition , the song reached No . 30 on the R & B chart . In the United Kingdom , the song reached No . 53 on the UK Singles Chart . Roll with It was nominated for two Grammy Awards in 1989 , Record of the Year and Best Male Pop Vocal performance ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Fincher', 'summary': 'David Andrew Leo Fincher ( born August 28 , 1962 ) is an American director and producer of films , television , and music videos . His work has received multiple nominations in the Academy Awards and Golden Globe Awards . Born in Denver , Colorado , Fincher developed a passion for filmmaking at an early age . He first gained recognition from directing numerous music videos . He then made his directorial debut with the feature film Alien 3 ( 1992 ) , which garnered mixed reviews , followed by the thriller Seven ( 1995 ) , which was better received . Fincher found lukewarm success with The Game ( 1997 ) and Fight Club ( 1999 ) , with the latter eventually becoming a cult classic . In 2002 , he returned with a critical and box office success , Panic Room ( 2002 ) . Fincher also directed Zodiac ( 2007 ) , the biographical drama The Social Network ( 2010 ) and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) . For The Social Network , he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director and BAFTA Award for Best Direction . His greatest commercial successes have been The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) and Gone Girl ( 2014 ) , both grossing more than $ 300 million worldwide , and the former earning him thirteen nominations at the Academy Awards , and eleven at the British Academy Film Awards . He also served as an executive producer and director for the acclaimed Netflix series House of Cards ( 2013-2018 ) and Mindhunter ( 2017-2019 ) , winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for the pilot episode of House of Cards . Fincher was the co-founder of Propaganda Films , a production company of film and music videos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Steve_Winwood', 'summary': 'Stephen Lawrence Winwood ( born 12 May 1948 ) is an English singer and musician whose genres include progressive rock , blue-eyed soul , rhythm and blues , blues rock , pop rock , and jazz . Though primarily a vocalist and keyboard player , Winwood also plays a wide variety of other instruments ; on several of his solo albums he has played all instrumentation , including drums , mandolin , guitars , bass and saxophone . Winwood was a key member of The Spencer Davis Group , Traffic , Blind Faith and Go . He also had a successful solo career with hits including While You See a Chance , Valerie , Back in the High Life Again and two US Billboard Hot 100 number ones , Higher Love and Roll with It charting 20 years after the start of his recording career . He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Traffic in 2004 . In 2005 Winwood was honoured as a BMI Icon at the annual BMI London Awards for his enduring influence on generations of music makers . In 2008 , Rolling Stone ranked Winwood No . 33 in its 100 Greatest Singers of All Time . Winwood has won two Grammy Awards . He was nominated twice for a Brit Award for Best British Male Artist : 1988 and 1989 . In 2011 he received the Ivor Novello Award from the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors for Outstanding Song Collection .'}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1990_MTV_Video_Music_Awards', 'summary': "The 1990 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 6 , 1990 , honoring the best music videos from June 2 , 1989 , to June 1 , 1990 . The show was hosted by Arsenio Hall at the Universal Amphitheatre in Los Angeles . This year saw the elimination of yet another one of the show 's original categories , Best Stage Performance in a Video . This would turn out to be the last time an award from 1984 would be permanently eliminated ( although Breakthrough Video was eliminated in 2006 and then brought back in 2009 ) . Janet Jackson was presented the Video Vanguard Award for her contributions and influence within music and popular culture . She also performed a controversial rendition of Black Cat , considered her first shocking public statement . For the second year in a row , Madonna was one of the night 's biggest winners , taking home three technical awards , while Sinéad O'Connor was the other most rewarded artist of 1990 , also winning three Moonmen including Video of the Year . Meanwhile , most other winners that night took home two awards , including Aerosmith , Don Henley , The B-52s , Tears for Fears , and MC Hammer . Regarding nominations , Madonna also had the distinction of being the most nominated artist of the night , as her video for Vogue received nine nominations , making it also the most nominated video of 1990 . Closely following in nominations came Aerosmith , whose video for Janie 's Got a Gun earned eight nominations that night and took home two awards , including Viewer 's Choice ."}]}, {'value': 'David Fincher - Vogue by Madonna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Fincher', 'summary': 'David Andrew Leo Fincher ( born August 28 , 1962 ) is an American director and producer of films , television , and music videos . His work has received multiple nominations in the Academy Awards and Golden Globe Awards . Born in Denver , Colorado , Fincher developed a passion for filmmaking at an early age . He first gained recognition from directing numerous music videos . He then made his directorial debut with the feature film Alien 3 ( 1992 ) , which garnered mixed reviews , followed by the thriller Seven ( 1995 ) , which was better received . Fincher found lukewarm success with The Game ( 1997 ) and Fight Club ( 1999 ) , with the latter eventually becoming a cult classic . In 2002 , he returned with a critical and box office success , Panic Room ( 2002 ) . Fincher also directed Zodiac ( 2007 ) , the biographical drama The Social Network ( 2010 ) and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) . For The Social Network , he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director and BAFTA Award for Best Direction . His greatest commercial successes have been The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) and Gone Girl ( 2014 ) , both grossing more than $ 300 million worldwide , and the former earning him thirteen nominations at the Academy Awards , and eleven at the British Academy Film Awards . He also served as an executive producer and director for the acclaimed Netflix series House of Cards ( 2013-2018 ) and Mindhunter ( 2017-2019 ) , winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for the pilot episode of House of Cards . Fincher was the co-founder of Propaganda Films , a production company of film and music videos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vogue_(Madonna_song)', 'summary': "Vogue is a song by American singer Madonna from her second soundtrack album I 'm Breathless ( 1990 ) . It was released as the first single from the album on March 27 , 1990 , by Sire Records . Madonna was inspired by vogue dancers and choreographers Jose Gutierez Xtravaganza and Luis Xtravaganza from the Harlem House Ball community , the origin of the dance form , and they introduced Vogueing to her at the Sound Factory club in New York City . Vogue is an upbeat house song which set trends in dance music in the 1990s with strong influences of 1970s disco within its composition . Vogue also contains a spoken section , in which Madonna name-checks various golden-era Hollywood celebrities . Lyrically , the song is about enjoying oneself on the dance floor no matter who one is , and it contains a theme of escapism . Critically , Vogue has been met with appreciation ever since its release ; reviewers have praised its anthemic nature and listed it as one of Madonna 's career highlights . Commercially , the song remains one of Madonna 's biggest international hits , topping the charts in over 30 countries , including Australia , Canada , Japan , the United Kingdom , and the United States . It became the world 's best-selling single of 1990 , selling over six million copies . The music video for Vogue , directed by David Fincher , was shot in black-and-white and takes stylistic inspiration from the 1920s and 1930s . Madonna and her dancers can be seen voguing to different choreographed moves . The video has been ranked as one of the greatest of all time in different critic lists and polls and won three awards at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards out of a total of nine nominations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)', 'summary': "Madonna Louise Ciccone ( /tʃɪˈkoʊni/ , Italian : [ tʃikˈkoːne ] ; born August 16 , 1958 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and businesswoman . Referred to as the Queen of Pop since the 1980s , Madonna is known for pushing the boundaries of songwriting in mainstream popular music and for the imagery she uses onstage and in music videos . She has frequently reinvented her music and image while maintaining autonomy within the recording industry . Her works have been praised by music critics and have sparked controversy . Madonna is often cited as an influence by other artists . Born and raised in Michigan , Madonna moved to New York City in 1978 to pursue a career in modern dance . After performing as a drummer , guitarist , and vocalist in the rock bands Breakfast Club and Emmy , Madonna signed with Sire Records in 1982 and released her eponymous debut album the next year . She followed it with a series of successful albums , including global bestsellers Like a Virgin ( 1984 ) and True Blue ( 1986 ) as well as Grammy Award winners Ray of Light ( 1998 ) and Confessions on a Dance Floor ( 2005 ) . Many of her songs have reached the top of record charts worldwide , including Like a Virgin , La Isla Bonita , Like a Prayer , Vogue , Take a Bow , Frozen , Music , Hung Up , and 4 Minutes . Madonna 's popularity was further enhanced by her roles in films such as Desperately Seeking Susan ( 1985 ) , Dick Tracy ( 1990 ) , A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) , and Evita ( 1996 ) . While Evita earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress , many of her other films received poor reviews . As a businesswoman , Madonna founded an entertainment company called Maverick ( including the label Maverick Records ) in 1992 ."}]}, {'value': "The End of the Innocence - David Fincher ( performed by Don Henley ) Janie 's Got a Gun - David Fincher ( performed by Aerosmith ) Opposites Attract - Michael Patterson and Candace Reckinger ( performed by Paula Abdul )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_End_of_the_Innocence_(song)', 'summary': "The End of the Innocence is the lead single and title track from Don Henley 's third solo studio album of the same name , released in 1989. Henley co-wrote and co-produced the song with Bruce Hornsby , who also performed piano ; both artists perform the song live in their respective concerts . Henley 's version peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming his fifth solo top ten hit on the chart . The End of the Innocence also became his fourth number-one single on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and peaked at number two on the Hot Adult Contemporary chart ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Fincher', 'summary': 'David Andrew Leo Fincher ( born August 28 , 1962 ) is an American director and producer of films , television , and music videos . His work has received multiple nominations in the Academy Awards and Golden Globe Awards . Born in Denver , Colorado , Fincher developed a passion for filmmaking at an early age . He first gained recognition from directing numerous music videos . He then made his directorial debut with the feature film Alien 3 ( 1992 ) , which garnered mixed reviews , followed by the thriller Seven ( 1995 ) , which was better received . Fincher found lukewarm success with The Game ( 1997 ) and Fight Club ( 1999 ) , with the latter eventually becoming a cult classic . In 2002 , he returned with a critical and box office success , Panic Room ( 2002 ) . Fincher also directed Zodiac ( 2007 ) , the biographical drama The Social Network ( 2010 ) and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) . For The Social Network , he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director and BAFTA Award for Best Direction . His greatest commercial successes have been The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) and Gone Girl ( 2014 ) , both grossing more than $ 300 million worldwide , and the former earning him thirteen nominations at the Academy Awards , and eleven at the British Academy Film Awards . He also served as an executive producer and director for the acclaimed Netflix series House of Cards ( 2013-2018 ) and Mindhunter ( 2017-2019 ) , winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for the pilot episode of House of Cards . Fincher was the co-founder of Propaganda Films , a production company of film and music videos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Don_Henley', 'summary': "Donald Hugh Henley ( born July 22 , 1947 ) is an American musician , singer , songwriter , record producer and founding member of the Eagles . He was the drummer and co-lead vocalist for the Eagles from 1971 until the band broke up in 1980 , and has reprised those duties for the group 's reunions since 1994 . He has been the only constant member of the band since its formation . Henley sang the lead vocals on Eagles hits such as Witchy Woman , Desperado , Best of My Love , One of These Nights , Hotel California , Life in the Fast Lane , The Long Run and Get Over It . After the Eagles broke up in 1980 , Henley pursued a solo career and released his debut album I Ca n't Stand Still , in 1982 . He has released five studio albums , two compilation albums , and one live DVD . His solo hits include Dirty Laundry , The Boys of Summer , All She Wants to Do Is Dance , The Heart of the Matter , The Last Worthless Evening , Sunset Grill , Not Enough Love in the World , and The End of the Innocence . The Eagles have sold over 150 million albums worldwide , won six Grammy Awards , had five number-one singles , 17 top-40 singles , and six number-one albums . They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998 and are the highest-selling American band in history . As a solo artist , Henley has sold over 10 million albums worldwide , had eight top-40 singles , won two Grammy Awards and five MTV Video Music Awards . Combined with the Eagles and as a solo artist , Henley has released 25 top-40 singles on the Billboard Hot 100 . He has also released seven studio albums with the Eagles and five as a solo artist ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Janie's_Got_a_Gun", 'summary': "Janie 's Got a Gun is a song performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith and written by Steven Tyler and Tom Hamilton . The song was released as the second single from Pump in 1989 , peaking at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart in 1990 . In Australia , the song reached number one , becoming Aerosmith 's first of two number-one singles there . It also reached number two in Canada , number 12 in Poland and Sweden , and number 13 in New Zealand . The song won the band a 1990 Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Fincher', 'summary': 'David Andrew Leo Fincher ( born August 28 , 1962 ) is an American director and producer of films , television , and music videos . His work has received multiple nominations in the Academy Awards and Golden Globe Awards . Born in Denver , Colorado , Fincher developed a passion for filmmaking at an early age . He first gained recognition from directing numerous music videos . He then made his directorial debut with the feature film Alien 3 ( 1992 ) , which garnered mixed reviews , followed by the thriller Seven ( 1995 ) , which was better received . Fincher found lukewarm success with The Game ( 1997 ) and Fight Club ( 1999 ) , with the latter eventually becoming a cult classic . In 2002 , he returned with a critical and box office success , Panic Room ( 2002 ) . Fincher also directed Zodiac ( 2007 ) , the biographical drama The Social Network ( 2010 ) and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) . For The Social Network , he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director and BAFTA Award for Best Direction . His greatest commercial successes have been The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) and Gone Girl ( 2014 ) , both grossing more than $ 300 million worldwide , and the former earning him thirteen nominations at the Academy Awards , and eleven at the British Academy Film Awards . He also served as an executive producer and director for the acclaimed Netflix series House of Cards ( 2013-2018 ) and Mindhunter ( 2017-2019 ) , winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for the pilot episode of House of Cards . Fincher was the co-founder of Propaganda Films , a production company of film and music videos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Aerosmith', 'summary': "Aerosmith is an American rock band formed in Boston , Massachusetts in 1970 . The group consists of Steven Tyler ( vocals , keyboards ) , Joe Perry ( guitar ) , Tom Hamilton ( bass ) , Joey Kramer ( drums ) and Brad Whitford ( guitar ) . Their style , which is rooted in blues-based hard rock , has come to also incorporate elements of pop rock , heavy metal , and rhythm and blues , and has inspired many subsequent rock artists . They are sometimes referred to as the Bad Boys from Boston and America 's Greatest Rock and Roll Band . As a partnership , the primary songwriting team of Tyler and Perry is often collectively known as the Toxic Twins . Perry and Hamilton , originally in a band together called the Jam Band , met up with Tyler , Kramer , and guitarist Ray Tabano , and formed Aerosmith . In 1971 , Tabano was replaced by Whitford , and the band began developing a following in Boston . They were signed to Columbia Records in 1972 , and released a string of gold and platinum albums , beginning with their 1973 eponymous debut album , followed by Get Your Wings in 1974 . In 1975 , the band broke into the mainstream with the album Toys in the Attic , and their 1976 follow-up Rocks cemented their status as hard rock superstars . Draw the Line and Night in the Ruts followed in 1977 and 1979 respectively . Their first five albums have since attained multi-platinum status . Throughout the 1970s , the band toured extensively and charted a dozen Billboard Hot 100 singles , including their first Top 40 hit Sweet Emotion and the Top 10 hits Dream On and Walk This Way ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Opposites_Attract', 'summary': 'Opposites Attract is a song recorded by Paula Abdul , featured on her debut album Forever Your Girl . It was written and produced by Oliver Leiber . Vocals on the song , in addition to Abdul , were provided by Bruce DeShazer and Marv Gunn , also known as The Wild Pair . Opposites Attract was the sixth and final single from the album , and achieved success in many countries , including the United States , Canada and Australia , where it was a number-one hit .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Patterson', 'summary': "Michael Patterson is an American director , designer and animation artist working in visual music . He currently teaches at the Division of Animation and Digital Arts at the USC School of Cinematic Arts . He animated the A-Ha Take On Me music video and created the characters MC Skat Kat and the Stray Mob . After graduate studies with Jules Engel at CalArts , Mike was brought to the attention of record executives with his Student Academy Award-winning animated short 'Commuter ' . He began his career in music videos in 1985 , directing a-ha 's videos for Take On Me and Train of Thought . He then animated and directed Paula Abdul 's Opposites Attract , which was nominated for six MTV awards and won the Grammy for best music video of the year . In 1990 , Patterson created some characters for the Take It Back Foundation 's public-service video about recycling : Yakety Yak - Take It Back ! In the 1990s , Mike shifted his focus to commercials , combining animation with live action . During 1993-2002 he directed at Rhythm and Hues Studios . Patterson earned his M.F.A . from the program in Experimental Animation at the California Institute of the Arts ( 1981-84 ) , and received his BFA from University of Illinois Champaign/Urbana in 1980 . Patterson served as a judge for the 7th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Paula_Abdul', 'summary': "Paula Julie Abdul ( born June 19 , 1962 ) is an American singer , songwriter , dancer , choreographer , actress , and television personality . She began her career as a cheerleader for the Los Angeles Lakers at the age of 18 and later became the head choreographer for the Laker Girls , where she was discovered by The Jacksons . After choreographing music videos for Janet Jackson , Abdul became a choreographer at the height of the music video era and soon thereafter she was signed to Virgin Records . Her debut studio album Forever Your Girl ( 1988 ) became one of the most successful debut albums at that time , selling 7 million copies in the United States and setting a record for the most number-one singles from a debut album on the Billboard Hot 100 chart : Straight Up , Forever Your Girl , Cold Hearted , and Opposites Attract . Her six number one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 tie her with Diana Ross for seventh among the female solo performers who have topped the chart . Abdul was one of the original judges on the television series American Idol from 2002 to 2009 , and has since appeared as a judge on The X Factor , Live to Dance , and So You Think You Can Dance . Notably , she received choreography credits in numerous films , including Ca n't Buy Me Love ( 1987 ) , The Running Man ( 1987 ) , Big ( 1988 ) , Coming to America ( 1988 ) , Action Jackson ( 1988 ) , The Doors ( 1991 ) , Jerry Maguire ( 1996 ) , and American Beauty ( 1999 ) . She has received five MTV Video Music Award nominations , winning twice , as well as receiving the Grammy Award for Best Music Video for Opposites Attract in 1991 . She received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography twice for her work on The Tracey Ullman Show , and her own performance at the American Music Awards in 1990 . Abdul was honored with her own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , and is the first entertainer to be honored with the Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards ' Hall of Fame Award ."}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_MTV_Video_Music_Awards', 'summary': "The 1991 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 5 , 1991 , honoring the best music videos from June 2 , 1990 , to June 15 , 1991 . The show was hosted by Arsenio Hall at the Universal Amphitheatre in Los Angeles . This year saw the introduction of a new category , Best Long Form Video ; however , this category would not be handed out again until the 2016 ceremony where it was renamed Breakthrough Long Form Video . Meanwhile , the award for Best Post-Modern Video was renamed Best Alternative Video , and The Video Vanguard Award was renamed the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award in honor of Michael Jackson′s contributions to the culture of music videos . R.E.M . led the night both in awards and in nominations . Their video for Losing My Religion not only won Video of the Year , but it also took home a total of six awards , making them the biggest winners of the night . Furthermore , R.E.M . 's ten nominations also made them the most nominated artist that night and Losing My Religion the most nominated video of the night ."}]}, {'value': 'Tarsem - Losing My Religion by R.E.M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tarsem_Singh', 'summary': 'Tarsem Singh Dhandwar ( born 26 May 1961 ) , known professionally as Tarsem , is an Indian director who has worked on films , music videos , and commercials .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Losing_My_Religion', 'summary': "Losing My Religion is a song by the American alternative rock band R.E.M . The song was released as the first single from the group 's 1991 album Out of Time . Built on a mandolin riff , Losing My Religion was an unlikely hit for the group , garnering extensive airplay on radio as well as on MTV and VH1 due to its critically acclaimed music video . The song became R.E.M . 's highest-charting hit in the United States , reaching No . 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 and expanding the group 's popularity beyond its original fanbase . Out of Time garnered R.E.M . seven nominations at the 1992 Grammy Awards , the most nominations of any artist that year . The band won three awards : one for Best Alternative Music Album and two for Losing My Religion , Best Short Form Music Video and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/R.E.M.', 'summary': "R.E.M . was an American rock band from Athens , Georgia , formed in 1980 by drummer Bill Berry , guitarist Peter Buck , bassist Mike Mills , and lead vocalist Michael Stipe . Additionally , many liner notes from the band 's albums list attorney Bertis Downs and manager Jefferson Holt as non-musical members . One of the first alternative rock bands , R.E.M . was noted for Buck 's ringing , arpeggiated guitar style , Stipe 's distinctive vocals and obscure lyrics , Mills 's melodic basslines and backing vocals , and Berry 's tight , economical drumming . R.E.M . released its first single , Radio Free Europe , in 1981 on the independent record label Hib-Tone . It was followed by the Chronic Town EP in 1982 , the band 's first release on I.R.S . Records . In 1983 , the group released its critically acclaimed debut album , Murmur , and built its reputation over the next few years through subsequent releases , constant touring , and the support of college radio . Following years of underground success , R.E.M . achieved a mainstream hit with the 1987 single The One I Love ."}]}, {'value': "Freedom ! '90 - David Fincher ( performed by George Michael ) Silent Lucidity - Matt Mahurin ( performed by Queensrÿche ) Wicked Game ( Concept ) - Herb Ritts ( performed by Chris Isaak )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Freedom!_'90", 'summary': "Freedom ! '90 ( also known simply as Freedom ! ) is a song written , produced , and performed by George Michael , and released on Columbia Records in 1990 . The '90 added to the end of the title is to prevent confusion with a hit by Michael 's former band Wham ! , also titled Freedom . The song 's backing beat is a sample from James Brown 's song Funky Drummer . It was the third single taken from Listen Without Prejudice Vol . 1 , though released as the second single from the album in the United States and Australia . Freedom ! '90 was one of a few uptempo songs on this album . It was a major hit and peaked at No . 8 on the United States Billboard Hot 100 . The song refers to Michael 's past success with Wham ! , yet also shows a new side of himself as a new man , who is more cynical about the music business than he had been before ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Fincher', 'summary': 'David Andrew Leo Fincher ( born August 28 , 1962 ) is an American director and producer of films , television , and music videos . His work has received multiple nominations in the Academy Awards and Golden Globe Awards . Born in Denver , Colorado , Fincher developed a passion for filmmaking at an early age . He first gained recognition from directing numerous music videos . He then made his directorial debut with the feature film Alien 3 ( 1992 ) , which garnered mixed reviews , followed by the thriller Seven ( 1995 ) , which was better received . Fincher found lukewarm success with The Game ( 1997 ) and Fight Club ( 1999 ) , with the latter eventually becoming a cult classic . In 2002 , he returned with a critical and box office success , Panic Room ( 2002 ) . Fincher also directed Zodiac ( 2007 ) , the biographical drama The Social Network ( 2010 ) and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) . For The Social Network , he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director and BAFTA Award for Best Direction . His greatest commercial successes have been The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) and Gone Girl ( 2014 ) , both grossing more than $ 300 million worldwide , and the former earning him thirteen nominations at the Academy Awards , and eleven at the British Academy Film Awards . He also served as an executive producer and director for the acclaimed Netflix series House of Cards ( 2013-2018 ) and Mindhunter ( 2017-2019 ) , winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for the pilot episode of House of Cards . Fincher was the co-founder of Propaganda Films , a production company of film and music videos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/George_Michael', 'summary': "George Michael ( born Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou ; 25 June 1963 - 25 December 2016 ) was an English singer , songwriter , record producer , and philanthropist who rose to fame as a member of the music duo Wham ! and later embarked on a solo career . Michael sold over 80 million records worldwide making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time . He achieved seven number one songs on the UK Singles Chart and eight number one songs on the US Billboard Hot 100 . He was widely known for his success in the 1980s and 1990s , including Wham ! singles such as Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go and Last Christmas and solo singles such as Careless Whisper and Faith . Michael formed the duo Wham ! with Andrew Ridgeley in 1981 . The band 's first two albums , Fantastic ( 1983 ) and Make It Big ( 1984 ) , reached number one on the UK Albums Chart and the US Billboard 200 . Michael 's first solo single Careless Whisper reached number one in over 20 countries , including the UK and US . Michael 's debut solo album , Faith , was released in 1987 , topping the UK Albums Chart and staying at number one on the Billboard 200 for 12 weeks . Four singles from the album -- Faith , Father Figure , One More Try , and Monkey -- reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Silent_Lucidity', 'summary': "Silent Lucidity is a single by the American progressive metal band Queensrÿche from the 1990 album Empire . The song was the biggest hit for the band , peaking at # 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at # 1 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart . The power ballad was composed by lead guitarist Chris DeGarmo . Queensrÿche performed the song live at the Grammy Awards of 1992 , for being nominated in the category of Best Rock Song , and featured a supporting orchestra . The song did not win the Grammy ; it did however win the MTV Viewer 's Choice Award for its music video . Because of the lyrical content , and the title of the song , it is assumed to be based on the subject of lucid dreaming . During the middle eight , a distorted voice even explains a method for this : Visualize your dream . Record it in the present tense . Put it into a permanent form . If you persist in your efforts , you can achieve dream control . The song was recorded with sweeping orchestrations . Often the orchestra is not relegated to the background but instead is very prominent such as during the second half of the instrumental section ( timestamp 3:16 - 3:51 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Matt_Mahurin', 'summary': "Matt Mahurin ( born January 31 , 1959 , Santa Cruz , California ) is an American illustrator , photographer and film director . Mahurin 's illustrations appear in Time , Newsweek , Mother Jones , Rolling Stone , Esquire , Forbes , and The New York Times . Mahurin 's work as a photo essayist has dealt with subjects such as homelessness , people with AIDS , the Texas prison system , abortion clinics , Nicaragua , Haiti , and Belfast . His extensive work directing music videos since 1986 have resulted in working with U2 , Queensrÿche , Metallica , Dreams So Real , Jaye Muller ( J . ) , Tracy Chapman , Tom Waits , R.E.M. , Alice In Chains and many other popular music performers . Photographs by Mahurin , including Clemmons Prison , Texas ( 1985 ) , Texas Prison ( 1988 ) , Woman 's Face in Darkness ( 1989 ) and Paris ( 1984 ) , are included in the permanent collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art . Mahurin has a reputation for photographing himself and manipulating his own likeness in his commercial photo-illustration work . Examples of his own image appearing on magazine covers are the November 29 , 1993 cover of Time , with Mahurin as Sigmund Freud , the March 14 , 1994 cover of Time , with himself as a caveman and the May 17 , 2004 Time cover where Mahurin posed and photographed himself as an Abu Ghraib prisoner . Mahurin is also credited with a notorious Time cover of O.J . Simpson , featuring an altered mugshot which removed the photograph 's color saturation ( inadvertently making Simpson 's skin darker ) , burned the corners , and reduced the size of the prisoner ID number . This appeared on newsstands next to an unaltered copy on the cover of Newsweek , which occasioned some controversy over photo manipulation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Queensrÿche', 'summary': 'Queensrÿche /ˈkwiːnzraɪk/ is an American heavy metal band . It formed in 1980 in Bellevue , Washington , out of the local band The Mob . The band has released 15 studio albums , one EP , and several DVDs , and continues to tour and record . The original lineup consisted of guitarists Michael Wilton and Chris DeGarmo , drummer Scott Rockenfield , bassist Eddie Jackson , and lead vocalist Geoff Tate . Queensrÿche has sold over 20 million albums worldwide , including over 6 million albums in the United States . The band received worldwide acclaim after the release of their 1988 album Operation : Mindcrime , which is often considered one of the greatest heavy metal concept albums of all time . Their follow-up release , Empire , released in 1990 , was also very successful and included the hit single Silent Lucidity . The band has received three Grammy Award nominations for songs from both albums . In 1998 , drummer Rockenfield received an individual Grammy nomination . In 1998 , guitarist and primary songwriter DeGarmo left the band for personal reasons , returning briefly in 2003 to write and record the Tribe album . Over the years , his replacements have been Kelly Gray , Mike Stone , and Parker Lundgren . Following a highly publicized backstage altercation before a show in São Paulo , Brazil , in April 2012 , Tate was fired from the band and replaced with then-Crimson Glory singer Todd La Torre .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wicked_Game', 'summary': "Wicked Game is a song by American rock musician Chris Isaak , released from his third studio album Heart Shaped World ( 1989 ) . Despite being released as a single in 1990 , it did not become a hit until it was later featured in the David Lynch film Wild at Heart ( 1990 ) . Lee Chesnut , an Atlanta radio station music director who loved David Lynch films , began playing the song , and it quickly became a nationwide top-ten hit in January 1991 , reaching number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , making it the first hit song of Isaak 's career . It has subsequently been covered by many other artists and been featured in numerous high-profile movies and television series and advertisements , so much so that Dazed magazine questioned whether it might be the most influential love song in modern music . It has subsequently received retrospective critical acclaim , being listed in the 2010 book 1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die , and noted by Dave Marsh in an updated edition of his 1989 book The Heart of Rock & Soul : The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Herb_Ritts', 'summary': 'Herbert Herb Ritts Jr. ( August 13 , 1952 - December 26 , 2002 ) was an American fashion photographer and director prolific for his photographs of celebrities , models , and other cultural figures throughout the 1980s and 1990s . His work concentrated on black and white photography and portraits , often in the style of classical Greek sculpture , which emphasized the human shape .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chris_Isaak', 'summary': "Christopher Joseph Isaak ( born June 26 , 1956 ) is an American musician and occasional actor . He is widely known for his hit Wicked Game , as well as the songs Baby Did A Bad Bad Thing and Somebody 's Crying . He is known for his signature 1950s rock & roll style and crooner sound , as well as his falsetto and reverb-laden music . He is closely associated with film director David Lynch , who has used his music in numerous films and gave him a role in the film Twin Peaks : Fire Walk With Me . His songs generally focus on the themes of love , loss , and heartbreak . With a career spanning four decades , he has released a total of 12 studio albums , toured , and received numerous award nominations . He has been called the Roy Orbison of the 1990s and is often also compared to Elvis Presley , Ricky Nelson , and Duane Eddy ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_MTV_Video_Music_Awards', 'summary': "The 1992 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 9 , 1992 , honoring the best music videos from June 16 , 1991 , to June 15 , 1992 . The show was hosted by Dana Carvey at UCLA 's Pauley Pavilion in Los Angeles . The night 's biggest winners were Van Halen and the Red Hot Chili Peppers , as each group earned three moonmen that night . Particularly , Van Halen 's video for Right Now took home the main award of the night , Video of the Year , and received seven nominations , making it the most nominated video of the night . The Red Hot Chili Peppers , meanwhile , won the award for Viewer 's Choice and received a total of nine nominations for two of their videos , becoming the most nominated act of the night . Six of the Peppers ' nominations were for Give It Away , and the remaining three went to Under the Bridge . The show was notable for a feud between Axl Rose and members of Nirvana as well as Courtney Love . It began backstage before the awards show , when Love jokingly offered to make Rose the godfather of Frances Bean Cobain . Rose threatened Cobain , telling him to quiet his wife , and barbs were exchanged between Love and Rose 's then-girlfriend Stephanie Seymour . Bassists Krist Novoselic and Duff McKagan almost came to blows over the incident , just before Nirvana were to take the stage . The spat went public onstage immediately after Nirvana 's performance of Lithium , as drummer Dave Grohl taunted Rose . Cobain then raised the dispute in post-show interviews at the VMA ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark Fenske - Right Now by Van Halen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Right_Now_(Van_Halen_song)', 'summary': "Right Now is a rock song written by the group Van Halen for their album For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge . The song reflects on living for the moment and not being afraid of making a change . Vocalist Sammy Hagar has said that he was writing the lyrics to this song at the studio very late one night , and he heard Eddie Van Halen in an adjacent room working on a piano melody . Hagar said he suddenly realized that we were writing the same song , so he walked into the room and began singing his words over Eddie 's music . [ citation needed ] According to Eddie , the instrumental dates back to 1983 , before I wrote Jump - it did n't come out until about '92 , '93 or something like that , cause nobody wanted anything to do with it . An early version of the melody appears in the 1984 movie The Wild Life which was scored by Eddie . Eddie also stated that before Hagar was hired to replace David Lee Roth , he considered an album that would feature various guest singers , with Joe Cocker assigned to Right Now . Hagar says the lyrics for Right Now were the best he ever wrote for a Van Halen song . I was tired of writing cheap sex songs , he recalled almost two decades later . Eddie and I wanted to get serious and talk about world issues . Different edits of the video had been used in Van Halen 's 2004 tour to make more explicitly political statements in later years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Van_Halen', 'summary': "Van Halen is an American rock band formed in Pasadena , California in 1972 . Credited with restoring hard rock to the forefront of the music scene , Van Halen is known for its energetic live shows and for the work of its acclaimed lead guitarist , Eddie Van Halen . The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2007 . From 1974 until 1985 , Van Halen consisted of Eddie Van Halen ; Eddie 's brother , drummer Alex Van Halen ; vocalist David Lee Roth ; and bassist Michael Anthony . Upon its release , the band 's self-titled debut album reached No . 19 on the Billboard pop music charts . By the early 1980s , Van Halen was one of the most successful rock acts of the time . The album 1984 was a hit ; its lead single , Jump , is the band 's only U.S. number one single to date and was internationally known . In 1985 , Van Halen replaced Roth with former Montrose lead vocalist Sammy Hagar . With Hagar , the group released four U.S. number-one albums over the course of 11 years ( 5150 in 1986 , OU812 in 1988 , For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge in 1991 , and Balance in 1995 ) . Hagar left the band in 1996 shortly before the release of the band 's first greatest hits collection , Best Of - Volume I . Former Extreme frontman Gary Cherone replaced Hagar , remaining with the band until 1999 ; Van Halen then went on hiatus until reuniting with Hagar for a worldwide tour in 2003 ."}]}, {'value': "Baby Got Back - Adam Bernstein ( performed by Sir Mix-a-Lot ) Give It Away - Stéphane Sednaoui ( performed by Red Hot Chili Peppers ) My Lovin ' ( You 're Never Gon na Get It ) - Matthew Rolston ( performed by En Vogue )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baby_Got_Back', 'summary': "Baby Got Back is a 1992 hip hop song written and recorded by American rapper Sir Mix-a-Lot , which appeared on his album Mack Daddy . The song samples the 1986 Detroit techno single Technicolor by Channel One . At the time of its original release , the song caused controversy with its outspoken and blatantly sexual lyrics about women , as well as specific references to the female buttocks which some people found objectionable . The song 's music video was briefly banned by MTV . It was the second best-selling song in the US in 1992 , behind Boyz II Men 's End of the Road . In 2008 , it was ranked number 17 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop . The song debuted at number 75 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart dated April 11 , 1992 and hit number one twelve weeks later . The single spent five weeks at the top of the chart ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Adam_Bernstein', 'summary': 'Adam Bernstein ( born May 7 , 1960 ) is an American film director , music video director and television director . For his work on the television show Fargo in 2014 , he received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Dramatic Special . In 2007 , he won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series for his work on 30 Rock .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sir_Mix-a-Lot', 'summary': 'Anthony L. Ray ( born August 12 , 1963 ) , better known by his stage name Sir Mix-a-Lot , is an American rapper , songwriter , and recording producer . He is best known for his 1992 hit song Baby Got Back , which peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Give_It_Away_(Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_song)', 'summary': "Give It Away is a song by American rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers from the group 's fifth studio album , Blood Sugar Sex Magik . It was released as the lead single from their album on September 4 , 1991 , by Warner Bros. Records . The music was written by guitarist John Frusciante and bassist Flea during a jam session months prior to the album recording sessions . Vocalist Anthony Kiedis wrote the song 's most prevalent lyrical refrain in response to an experience he shared with former girlfriend Nina Hagen regarding altruistic behavior and the value of selflessness . Give It Away went on to achieve international fame , reaching number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks in late 1991 , giving the band their first ever number one single . In 1992 the single charted inside the top 75 of the US Hot 100 in the wake of the huge success of the record 's second single Under the Bridge . Give It Away also became the band 's first top ten hit in the United Kingdom , where it peaked at number nine on the UK Singles Chart ; this did n't occur until February 1994 , nearly 2 and a half years after it was first released in the US . The accompanying music video , which was directed by French film-maker Stéphane Sednaoui , was put into heavy rotation on music-television stations such as MTV and added to the band 's success . Since its release , Give It Away has gone on to receive numerous accolades , including a Grammy Award for the Best Hard Rock Performance With Vocals in 1992 . Steve Huey of AllMusic noted that while the single did n't achieve the massive pop success of its follow-up , 'Under the Bridge ' [ . ] it did become one of the band 's most instantly recognizable songs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stéphane_Sednaoui', 'summary': 'Stéphane Sednaoui is a French director , photographer , producer and actor . Over the years Sednaoui has redefined his artistic approach to focus on his fine-art and cinematographic projects . New and existing work have been exhibited recently at the MoMA , New York ( 2015 ) - the National September 11 Memorial & Museum ( 2013-2015 ) , New York - the Brooklyn Museum , New York ( 2013 - the ( Barbican Center , London ( 2014 ) - Le Grand Palais , Paris ( 2015 ) - the National Gallery of Victoria , Melbourne ( 2014 ) and in a solo exhibition at the Sam Art Projects Foundation , Paris ( 2013 ) . Stéphane Sednaoui career started 30 years ago exploring various film and photographic territories . He covered with success the genres of music video , photojournalism , portrait photography and pop culture . As a music video director , he made Give It Away ( Red Hot Chili Peppers ) , Sly ( Massive Attack ) , Mysterious Ways ( U2 ) , Big Time Sensuality ( Björk ) , Fever ( Madonna ) and German Bold Italic ( Towa Tei feat . Kylie Minogue ) . As a photojournalist he covered such events as the Romanian Revolution of 1989 and the 2001 September 11 attack of the World Trade Center . He has also been a regular contributor to Vogue Italia , Vogue China , Vanity Fair , The New York Times Magazine , Interview and Visionaire as a fashion and portrait photographer . In 2005 , Palm Pictures added to Directors Label , its DVD series dedicated to the best music video directors , a retrospective of his work , The Work of Director Stéphane Sednaoui .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers', 'summary': "Red Hot Chili Peppers ( commonly abbreviated as RHCP ) are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983 . Their music incorporates elements of alternative rock , funk , punk rock and psychedelic rock . The band comprises vocalist Anthony Kiedis , bassist Flea , drummer Chad Smith , and guitarist John Frusciante . With over 80 million records sold worldwide , Red Hot Chili Peppers are one of the best-selling bands of all time . They are the most successful band in the history of alternative rock radio , with the records for most number-one singles ( 13 ) , most cumulative weeks at number one ( 85 ) and most top-ten songs ( 25 ) on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart . They have won six Grammy Awards , and in 2012 were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in Los Angeles by Kiedis , Flea , guitarist Hillel Slovak and drummer Jack Irons . Because of commitments to other bands , Slovak and Irons did not play on the band 's 1984 self-titled debut album ; instead , the album featured Jack Sherman on guitar and Cliff Martinez on drums . Slovak rejoined shortly after its release and performed on the albums Freaky Styley ( 1985 ) and The Uplift Mofo Party Plan ( 1987 ) , the latter of which saw a reunion of the original lineup . Slovak died of a drug overdose on June 25 , 1988 ; devastated , Irons left the band . With new recruits Frusciante and Smith , Red Hot Chili Peppers recorded two albums , Mother 's Milk ( 1989 ) and their first major commercial success , Blood Sugar Sex Magik ( 1991 ) . Frusciante was uncomfortable with the newfound popularity and left abruptly during the 1992 Blood Sugar Sex Magik tour ."}, {'url': "/wiki/My_Lovin'_(You're_Never_Gonna_Get_It)", 'summary': "My Lovin ' ( You 're Never Gon na Get It ) is a song by American female group En Vogue , released in 1992 as the lead single from their multi-platinum hit album , Funky Divas . The single reached number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming their joint highest-peaking single on the chart alongside Hold On and Do n't Let Go ( Love ) , and it peaked atop the Billboard Hot R & B Singles chart for two weeks . Internationally , the song reached number four in the United Kingdom and peaked within the top 10 on the charts of Canada , Ireland and the Netherlands . The single was certified gold in the US by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales/shipments of over 500,000 units . VH1 ranked it number 43 on its list for the 100 Greatest Songs of the '90s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Rolston', 'summary': 'Matthew Russell Rolston is an American artist , photographer , director and creative director . He is known for his signature lighting techniques and detailed approach to art direction and design and has been repeatedly identified throughout his career with the revival and modern expression of Hollywood glamour .'}, {'url': '/wiki/En_Vogue', 'summary': "En Vogue is an American R & B/pop vocal group whose original lineup consisted of singers Terry Ellis , Dawn Robinson , Cindy Herron , and Maxine Jones . Formed in Oakland , California in 1989 , En Vogue reached number two on the US Hot 100 with the single Hold On , taken from their 1990 debut album Born To Sing . The group 's 1992 follow-up album Funky Divas reached the top 10 in both the US and UK , and included their second US number two hit My Lovin ' ( You 're Never Gon na Get It ) as well as the US top 10 hits Giving Him Something He Can Feel and Free Your Mind . In 1996 , Do n't Let Go ( Love ) became the group 's third , and most successful single , to reach number two in the US , and became their sixth number one on the US R & B chart . Robinson left the group in 1997 shortly before the release of their third album EV3 , which reached the US and UK top 10 . Jones left the group in 2001 , Amanda Cole joined shortly thereafter . However , in 2003 , Cole left the group , and Rhona Bennett joined the group during the recording of their album Soul Flower . In 2005 , the original members briefly united before disassembling again . In 2009 , the original members once again reunited for their En Vogue : 20th Anniversary . Shortly after the tour , Robinson and Jones again departed from En Vogue , with Bennett rejoining the group as a trio . En Vogue has sold more than 20 million records worldwide to date , and are often considered one of the best female vocal groups of all time . The group has won seven MTV Video Music Awards , three Soul Train Awards , two American Music Awards , and received seven Grammy nominations ."}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1993_MTV_Video_Music_Awards', 'summary': "The 1993 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 2 , 1993 , honoring the best music videos from June 16 , 1992 , to June 15 , 1993 . The show was hosted by Christian Slater at the Gibson Amphitheatre in Los Angeles . This would be Kurt Cobain 's final VMA appearance . This year marked the introduction of yet another new category with the addition of Best R & B Video ballot . However , this would be the first time that a new award was added to the list of genre categories , a move that was mainly propelled by the success and popularity of MTV Jams . The night 's biggest winner was Pearl Jam , whose video for Jeremy earned four awards that night , including Video of the Year . Closely following were En Vogue with three Moonmen and Madonna and Peter Gabriel with two awards apiece . All other winners took one award each . Meanwhile , in terms of nominations R & B group En Vogue and their video for Free Your Mind were the most nominated act and video ( respectively ) that night , receiving a total of eight nominations . The second most nominated artists of the night were Peter Gabriel , Aerosmith , and R.E.M. , who received six nominations that night . Gabriel split his six nominations evenly between his videos for Digging in the Dirt and Steam . All of R.E.M ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark Pellington - Jeremy by Pearl Jam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Pellington', 'summary': 'Mark Pellington ( born March 17 , 1962 ) is an American film director , writer , and producer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeremy_(song)', 'summary': "Jeremy is a song by the American rock band Pearl Jam , with lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music written by bassist Jeff Ament . Jeremy was released in 1992 as the third single from Pearl Jam 's debut album Ten ( 1991 ) . The song was inspired by a newspaper article Vedder read about Jeremy Wade Delle , a high school student who shot himself in front of his English class on January 8 , 1991 . It reached the number five spot on both the Mainstream and Modern Rock Billboard charts . It did not originally chart on the regular Billboard Hot 100 singles chart since it was not released as a commercial single in the US at the time , but a re-release in July 1995 brought it up to number 79 . The song gained popularity for its music video , directed by Mark Pellington and released in 1992 , which received heavy rotation by MTV and became a hit . The original music video for Jeremy was directed and produced by Chris Cuffaro . Epic Records and MTV later rejected the music video , and released the version directed by Pellington instead . In 1993 , the Jeremy video was awarded four MTV Video Music Awards , including Best Video of the Year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pearl_Jam', 'summary': "Pearl Jam is an American rock band formed in 1990 in Seattle , Washington . As of 2020 [ update ] , the band 's lineup consists of founding members Eddie Vedder ( lead vocals , guitar ) , Mike McCready ( lead guitar ) , Stone Gossard ( rhythm guitar ) and Jeff Ament ( bass ) as well as drummer Matt Cameron , who joined in 1998 . Keyboardist Boom Gaspar has also been a session/touring member with the band since 2002 . Drummers Jack Irons , Dave Krusen , Matt Chamberlain and Dave Abbruzzese are former members of the band . Formed after the demise of Gossard and Ament 's previous band , Mother Love Bone , Pearl Jam broke into the mainstream with its debut album , Ten , in 1991 . One of the key bands in the grunge movement of the early 1990s , its members often shunned popular music industry practices such as making music videos or giving interviews . The band also sued Ticketmaster , claiming it had monopolized the concert-ticket market . In 2006 , Rolling Stone described the band as having spent much of the past decade deliberately tearing apart their own fame . The band had sold nearly 32 million albums in the United States by 2012 , and by 2018 , they had sold more than 85 million albums worldwide . Pearl Jam outsold many of its contemporary alternative rock bands from the early 1990s , and is considered one of the most influential bands of the decade . AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine referred to Pearl Jam as the most popular American rock & roll band of the '90s . Pearl Jam was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 7 , 2017 , in its first year of eligibility ."}]}, {'value': 'Free Your Mind - Mark Romanek ( performed by En Vogue ) Kiko and the Lavender Moon - Ondrej Rudavsky ( performed by Los Lobos ) Man on the Moon - Peter Care ( performed by R.E.M . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Free_Your_Mind_(song)', 'summary': "Free Your Mind is a song by American female group En Vogue . Released on September 24 , 1992 , Free Your Mind is the third single released from their critically acclaimed hit album Funky Divas . The anti-prejudice song became a top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 and a top 20 hit on the UK Singles Chart . AllMusic 's review critic , Jose F. Promis , voted the single very favorable and rated the album its highest rating at five . Billboard named the song No . 41 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mark_Romanek', 'summary': "Mark Romanek ( born September 18 , 1959 ) is an American filmmaker whose directing work includes feature films , television , music videos and commercials . Romanek wrote and directed the 2002 film One Hour Photo and directed the 2010 film Never Let Me Go . His most notable music videos include Hurt ( Johnny Cash ) , Closer ( Nine Inch Nails ) , Ca n't Stop ( Red Hot Chili Peppers ) , Bedtime Story ( Madonna ) , Scream ( Michael & Janet Jackson ) , Criminal ( Fiona Apple ) , and Shake It Off ( Taylor Swift ) . He also co-directed Sandcastles from Beyoncés Lemonade album . Romanek 's music videos have won 20 MTV Video Music Awards , including Best Direction for Jay-Z 's 99 Problems , and he has won three Grammy Awards for Best Short Form Music Video - more than any other director ."}, {'url': '/wiki/En_Vogue', 'summary': "En Vogue is an American R & B/pop vocal group whose original lineup consisted of singers Terry Ellis , Dawn Robinson , Cindy Herron , and Maxine Jones . Formed in Oakland , California in 1989 , En Vogue reached number two on the US Hot 100 with the single Hold On , taken from their 1990 debut album Born To Sing . The group 's 1992 follow-up album Funky Divas reached the top 10 in both the US and UK , and included their second US number two hit My Lovin ' ( You 're Never Gon na Get It ) as well as the US top 10 hits Giving Him Something He Can Feel and Free Your Mind . In 1996 , Do n't Let Go ( Love ) became the group 's third , and most successful single , to reach number two in the US , and became their sixth number one on the US R & B chart . Robinson left the group in 1997 shortly before the release of their third album EV3 , which reached the US and UK top 10 . Jones left the group in 2001 , Amanda Cole joined shortly thereafter . However , in 2003 , Cole left the group , and Rhona Bennett joined the group during the recording of their album Soul Flower . In 2005 , the original members briefly united before disassembling again . In 2009 , the original members once again reunited for their En Vogue : 20th Anniversary . Shortly after the tour , Robinson and Jones again departed from En Vogue , with Bennett rejoining the group as a trio . En Vogue has sold more than 20 million records worldwide to date , and are often considered one of the best female vocal groups of all time . The group has won seven MTV Video Music Awards , three Soul Train Awards , two American Music Awards , and received seven Grammy nominations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Lobos', 'summary': "Los Lobos ( pronounced [ los ˈloβos ] , Spanish for the Wolves ) is an American rock band from East Los Angeles , California , United States . Their music is influenced by rock and roll , Tex-Mex , country , zydeco , folk , R & B , blues , brown-eyed soul , and traditional music such as cumbia , boleros and norteños . The band gained international stardom in 1987 , when their cover version of Ritchie Valens ' La Bamba topped the charts in the U.S. , the UK and several other countries . In 2015 , they were nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . In 2018 , they were inducted into Austin City Limits Hall of Fame ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Man_on_the_Moon_(song)', 'summary': "Man on the Moon is a song by the American alternative rock band R.E.M. , released as the second single from their 1992 album Automatic for the People . The lyrics were written by lead singer Michael Stipe , and the music by drummer Bill Berry and guitarist Peter Buck , and credited to the whole band as usual . The song was well received by critics and peaked at number 30 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , number 18 on the UK Singles Chart and number one in Iceland . It remains one of R.E.M . 's most popular songs and was included on the compilations In Time : The Best of R.E.M . 1988-2003 and Part Lies , Part Heart , Part Truth , Part Garbage 1982-2011 . Lyrically , the song is a tribute to the comedian and performer Andy Kaufman , with numerous references to his career , including his Elvis impersonation , wrestling , and the film My Breakfast with Blassie . The song 's title and chorus refer to the Moon landing conspiracy theories , as an oblique allusion to rumors that Kaufman 's death in 1984 was faked . The song gave its name to Man on the Moon ( 1999 ) , Miloš Forman 's film based on Kaufman 's life , and was featured prominently in the film 's soundtrack ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Peter_Care', 'summary': 'Peter Alan Care ( born 28 April 1953 ) is an English director of music videos , commercials and film . He has directed music videos for Cabaret Voltaire , R.E.M. , Bruce Springsteen , Roy Orbison , Depeche Mode and New Order , amongst others .'}, {'url': '/wiki/R.E.M.', 'summary': "R.E.M . was an American rock band from Athens , Georgia , formed in 1980 by drummer Bill Berry , guitarist Peter Buck , bassist Mike Mills , and lead vocalist Michael Stipe . Additionally , many liner notes from the band 's albums list attorney Bertis Downs and manager Jefferson Holt as non-musical members . One of the first alternative rock bands , R.E.M . was noted for Buck 's ringing , arpeggiated guitar style , Stipe 's distinctive vocals and obscure lyrics , Mills 's melodic basslines and backing vocals , and Berry 's tight , economical drumming . R.E.M . released its first single , Radio Free Europe , in 1981 on the independent record label Hib-Tone . It was followed by the Chronic Town EP in 1982 , the band 's first release on I.R.S . Records . In 1983 , the group released its critically acclaimed debut album , Murmur , and built its reputation over the next few years through subsequent releases , constant touring , and the support of college radio . Following years of underground success , R.E.M . achieved a mainstream hit with the 1987 single The One I Love ."}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994_MTV_Video_Music_Awards', 'summary': "The 1994 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 8 , 1994 , honoring the best music videos from June 16 , 1993 , to June 15 , 1994 . The show was hosted by Roseanne Barr at Radio City Music Hall in New York City , and this would be the last time there was a female host for the VMAs until Chelsea Handler hosted in 2010 . Kurt Cobain , frontman of grunge band Nirvana , was honored this night after his death on April 5 . Michael Jackson and Lisa Marie Presley opened the show by Michael giving a speech . They ended it by taking a long kiss in front of everyone . In another notable moment , David Letterman escorted Madonna onto the stage and told the singer to watch her language , poking fun at Madonna 's controversial appearance on the Late Show with David Letterman five months earlier . R.E.M . was , for the second time in their careers , the biggest winner of the night , taking home four technical awards for their video Everybody Hurts . Closely following were hip-hop group Salt-n-Pepa and rock band Aerosmith , both of which earned three moonmen that night . Aerosmith 's video for Cryin ' , in fact , won the two main awards of the night , Video of the Year and Viewer 's Choice , making it the second video in VMA history to achieve this feat . This would also be the last time that the nominees for Viewer 's Choice were the same as those for Video of the Year , as MTV discontinued this rule the next year . In terms of nominations , meanwhile , Aerosmith was the night 's biggest nominee , earning a total of nine nominations for two of their videos : Cryin ' received four general nominations , while Amazing earned five professional ones ."}]}, {'value': 'Jake Scott - Everybody Hurts by R.E.M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jake_Scott_(director)', 'summary': 'Jake Scott ( born 1965 ) is an English film director who works primarily in the field of music videos . His father is film director Ridley Scott .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Everybody_Hurts', 'summary': "Everybody Hurts is a song by American rock band R.E.M. , originally released on the band 's 1992 album Automatic for the People and was also released as a single in 1993 . It peaked at number 29 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and reached the top ten on the charts of Australia , Canada , France , Iceland , the Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom ."}, {'url': '/wiki/R.E.M.', 'summary': "R.E.M . was an American rock band from Athens , Georgia , formed in 1980 by drummer Bill Berry , guitarist Peter Buck , bassist Mike Mills , and lead vocalist Michael Stipe . Additionally , many liner notes from the band 's albums list attorney Bertis Downs and manager Jefferson Holt as non-musical members . One of the first alternative rock bands , R.E.M . was noted for Buck 's ringing , arpeggiated guitar style , Stipe 's distinctive vocals and obscure lyrics , Mills 's melodic basslines and backing vocals , and Berry 's tight , economical drumming . R.E.M . released its first single , Radio Free Europe , in 1981 on the independent record label Hib-Tone . It was followed by the Chronic Town EP in 1982 , the band 's first release on I.R.S . Records . In 1983 , the group released its critically acclaimed debut album , Murmur , and built its reputation over the next few years through subsequent releases , constant touring , and the support of college radio . Following years of underground success , R.E.M . achieved a mainstream hit with the 1987 single The One I Love ."}]}, {'value': 'Amazing - Marty Callner ( performed by Aerosmith ) Sabotage - Spike Jonze ( performed by Beastie Boys ) Sweet Lullaby - Tarsem ( performed by Deep Forest )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amazing_(Aerosmith_song)', 'summary': "Amazing is a power ballad performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith . Don Henley lends his vocals , shadowing lead singer Steven Tyler in parts of this song . It was written by Tyler and longtime band friend and collaborator Richie Supa . It peaked at number 24 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , number three on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart , number nine on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 . The song was also successful abroad , peaking at number two in Iceland , number four in Canada , number five in Norway , and the top 20 in the Netherlands and Switzerland . On the album Get a Grip , as soon as the song ends , a radio is heard being tuned into a recording of Who Threw the Whiskey in the Well , recorded by Lucky Millinder . Tyler says , So from all of us at Aerosmith to all of you out there , wherever you are , remember : the light at the end of the tunnel may be you . Good night . Millinder 's orchestra plays as the music fades out ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marty_Callner', 'summary': "Marty Callner ( born 1950 in Cincinnati , Ohio ) is an American television director . He has made music videos , comedy specials , concert specials , and created television shows . Marty has directed some of the biggest artists in the world , and has work recorded back as far as 1977 and as recent as 2015 . He is the creator of HBO 's Hard Knocks and has been nominated and won numerous Emmys , MTV Video Music Awards , DGAs and CableACE Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Aerosmith', 'summary': "Aerosmith is an American rock band formed in Boston , Massachusetts in 1970 . The group consists of Steven Tyler ( vocals , keyboards ) , Joe Perry ( guitar ) , Tom Hamilton ( bass ) , Joey Kramer ( drums ) and Brad Whitford ( guitar ) . Their style , which is rooted in blues-based hard rock , has come to also incorporate elements of pop rock , heavy metal , and rhythm and blues , and has inspired many subsequent rock artists . They are sometimes referred to as the Bad Boys from Boston and America 's Greatest Rock and Roll Band . As a partnership , the primary songwriting team of Tyler and Perry is often collectively known as the Toxic Twins . Perry and Hamilton , originally in a band together called the Jam Band , met up with Tyler , Kramer , and guitarist Ray Tabano , and formed Aerosmith . In 1971 , Tabano was replaced by Whitford , and the band began developing a following in Boston . They were signed to Columbia Records in 1972 , and released a string of gold and platinum albums , beginning with their 1973 eponymous debut album , followed by Get Your Wings in 1974 . In 1975 , the band broke into the mainstream with the album Toys in the Attic , and their 1976 follow-up Rocks cemented their status as hard rock superstars . Draw the Line and Night in the Ruts followed in 1977 and 1979 respectively . Their first five albums have since attained multi-platinum status . Throughout the 1970s , the band toured extensively and charted a dozen Billboard Hot 100 singles , including their first Top 40 hit Sweet Emotion and the Top 10 hits Dream On and Walk This Way ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sabotage_(song)', 'summary': "Sabotage is a 1994 song by American hip-hop group Beastie Boys , released as the first single from their fourth studio album Ill Communication . The song features traditional rock instrumentation ( Ad-Rock on guitar , MCA on bass , and Mike D on drums ) , turntable scratches , heavily distorted bass guitar riffs and lead vocals by Ad-Rock . A moderate commercial success , the song was notable as well for its video , directed by Spike Jonze and nominated in five categories at the 1994 MTV Music Video Awards . In 2004 , Rolling Stone magazine ranked Sabotage # 480 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . In March 2005 , Q magazine placed it at # 46 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks , and was ranked # 19 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of the 90s list . Pitchfork Media included the song at # 39 on their Top 200 Tracks of the 90s list ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Spike_Jonze', 'summary': "Adam Spiegel ( born October 22 , 1969 ) , known professionally as Spike Jonze ( pronounced as the common English name Jones ) , is an American filmmaker , photographer , and actor , whose work includes music videos , commercials , film and television . Jonze began his career as a teenager photographing BMX riders and skateboarders for Freestylin ' Magazine and Transworld Skateboarding , and co-founded the youth culture magazine Dirt . Moving into filmmaking , he began shooting street skateboarding films , including the influential Video Days ( 1991 ) . Jonze co-founded the skateboard company Girl Skateboards in 1993 with riders Rick Howard and Mike Carroll . Jonze 's filmmaking style made him an in-demand director of music videos for much of the 1990s , resulting in collaborations with Sonic Youth , Beastie Boys , Fatboy Slim , Daft Punk , Weezer , Björk , Kanye West and Arcade Fire . Jonze began his feature film directing career with Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) and Adaptation . ( 2002 ) , both written by Charlie Kaufman ; the former earned Jonze an Academy Award nomination for Best Director . He was a co-creator and executive producer of MTV 's Jackass reality franchise . Jonze later began directing films based on his own screenplays , including Where the Wild Things Are ( 2009 ) and Her ( 2013 ) ; for the latter film , he won the Academy Award , Golden Globe , and the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay , while receiving Academy Award nominations for Best Picture and Best Original Song ( The Moon Song ) . He has worked as an actor sporadically throughout his career , co-starring in David O. Russell 's war comedy Three Kings ( 1999 ) and appeared in supporting roles in Bennett Miller 's Moneyball ( 2011 ) and Martin Scorsese 's The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 ) , in addition to a recurring role in comedy series The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret ( 2010-2012 ) and cameo appearances in his own films . Jonze co-founded Directors Label , with filmmakers Chris Cunningham and Michel Gondry , and the Palm Pictures company . He is currently the creative director of Vice Media , Inc. and its multinational television channel Viceland ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Beastie_Boys', 'summary': "The Beastie Boys were an American hip hop group from New York City formed in 1981 . The group was composed of Michael Mike D Diamond ( vocals , drums ) , Adam MCA Yauch ( vocals , bass ) and Adam Ad-Rock Horovitz ( vocals , guitar , programming ) . The Beastie Boys were formed as a four-piece hardcore punk band , the Young Aborigines , in 1978 by Mike D ( vocals ) , MCA ( bass ) , John Berry ( guitar ) and Kate Schellenbach ( drums ) . They appeared on the compilation cassette New York Thrash , contributing two songs from their first EP , Polly Wog Stew , in 1982 . Berry left shortly thereafter and was replaced by Horovitz . After achieving local success with the 1983 experimental hip hop single Cooky Puss , the Beastie Boys made a full transition to hip hop , and Schellenbach left the group soon after . They toured with Madonna in 1985 and a year later released their debut album Licensed to Ill . It was followed by Paul 's Boutique , Check Your Head , Ill Communication , Hello Nasty , To the 5 Boroughs , The Mix-Up , and Hot Sauce Committee Part Two . The Beastie Boys have sold 26 million records in the United States and 50 million records worldwide , making them the biggest-selling rap group since Billboard began recording sales in 1991 . With seven platinum-selling albums from 1986 to 2004 , the Beastie Boys were one of the longest-lived hip hop acts worldwide . In 2012 , they became the third rap group to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . In the same year , MCA died of cancer ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sweet_Lullaby', 'summary': 'Sweet Lullaby is a song by French world music/ethnic electronica Deep Forest which originally appeared on their eponymous album . The song gained popularity in 1992 and 1993 when it was released as a single , becoming a top 30 hit in many European and Oceanian countries . In 1994 , it was re-released in remixed versions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tarsem_Singh', 'summary': 'Tarsem Singh Dhandwar ( born 26 May 1961 ) , known professionally as Tarsem , is an Indian director who has worked on films , music videos , and commercials .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Deep_Forest', 'summary': "Deep Forest is a musical group originally consisting of two French musicians , Michel Sanchez and Éric Mouquet . They compose a style of world music , sometimes called ethnic electronica , mixing ethnic with electronic sounds and dance beats or chillout beats . Their sound has been described as an ethno-introspective ambient world music . They were nominated for a Grammy Award in 1994 for Best World Music Album , and in 1995 they won the Award for the album Boheme . The group also became World Music Awards Winner - French group with the highest 1995 world sales . Their albums have sold over 10 million copies . Sanchez started his own career as a singer on 2005 , while Mouquet continued working under the band 's original name ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995_MTV_Video_Music_Awards', 'summary': "The 1995 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 7 , 1995 , honoring the best music videos from June 16 , 1994 , to June 15 , 1995 . The show was hosted by Dennis Miller at Radio City Music Hall in New York City . David Sandlin was commissioned to design the program catalogue . TLC and Weezer were the biggest winners of the night , with each taking home four awards . TLC , though , won the two main awards of the night - Viewer 's Choice Award and Video of the Year - for Waterfalls , while Weezer 's video for Buddy Holly took home the two main technical awards : Best Direction and Breakthrough Video . Meanwhile , the sibling pair of Michael and Janet Jackson was right behind both groups in terms of wins , as their video for Scream earned them three moonmen . Also Michael performed for over fifteen minutes to a medley of his main songs at the ceremony . As mentioned above , TLC 's Waterfalls won both Video of the Year and Viewer 's Choice , becoming the third and last video to accomplish this feat in a single year . Ironically , this occurred on the very first year that MTV decided to have different sets of nominees for these categories ( as until 1994 the practice had been to have both categories have exactly the same set of nominees ) . Curiously , though , the award for Breakthrough Video would end up having the same four nominees as Video of the Year in 1995 , marking the only time this ever happened in VMA history . In terms of nominations , the four videos and acts that were up for Video of the Year dominated the night . Michael and Janet Jackson 's Scream was the most nominated video of the night , earning a grand total of eleven nominations , including a nomination in each of the seven professional categories ."}]}, {'value': 'Spike Jonze - Buddy Holly by Weezer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spike_Jonze', 'summary': "Adam Spiegel ( born October 22 , 1969 ) , known professionally as Spike Jonze ( pronounced as the common English name Jones ) , is an American filmmaker , photographer , and actor , whose work includes music videos , commercials , film and television . Jonze began his career as a teenager photographing BMX riders and skateboarders for Freestylin ' Magazine and Transworld Skateboarding , and co-founded the youth culture magazine Dirt . Moving into filmmaking , he began shooting street skateboarding films , including the influential Video Days ( 1991 ) . Jonze co-founded the skateboard company Girl Skateboards in 1993 with riders Rick Howard and Mike Carroll . Jonze 's filmmaking style made him an in-demand director of music videos for much of the 1990s , resulting in collaborations with Sonic Youth , Beastie Boys , Fatboy Slim , Daft Punk , Weezer , Björk , Kanye West and Arcade Fire . Jonze began his feature film directing career with Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) and Adaptation . ( 2002 ) , both written by Charlie Kaufman ; the former earned Jonze an Academy Award nomination for Best Director . He was a co-creator and executive producer of MTV 's Jackass reality franchise . Jonze later began directing films based on his own screenplays , including Where the Wild Things Are ( 2009 ) and Her ( 2013 ) ; for the latter film , he won the Academy Award , Golden Globe , and the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay , while receiving Academy Award nominations for Best Picture and Best Original Song ( The Moon Song ) . He has worked as an actor sporadically throughout his career , co-starring in David O. Russell 's war comedy Three Kings ( 1999 ) and appeared in supporting roles in Bennett Miller 's Moneyball ( 2011 ) and Martin Scorsese 's The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 ) , in addition to a recurring role in comedy series The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret ( 2010-2012 ) and cameo appearances in his own films . Jonze co-founded Directors Label , with filmmakers Chris Cunningham and Michel Gondry , and the Palm Pictures company . He is currently the creative director of Vice Media , Inc. and its multinational television channel Viceland ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Buddy_Holly_(song)', 'summary': "Buddy Holly is a song by the American rock band Weezer , written by Rivers Cuomo . It was released as the second single from the band 's debut album Weezer ( The Blue Album ) in 1994 . The single was released on what would have been Buddy Holly 's 58th birthday . The lyrics reference the song 's 1950s namesake and actress Mary Tyler Moore . It reached number two and number 34 on the US Modern Rock Tracks chart and the US Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , respectively . The song also reached number six in Canada , number 12 in the United Kingdom , number 13 in Iceland and number 14 in Sweden . Rolling Stone ranked Buddy Holly number 499 in its list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time ( 2010 ) . The digital version of the single for Buddy Holly was certified gold by the RIAA in 2006 . VH1 ranked it as one of the 100 Greatest Songs of the 90s at number 59 in December 2007 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Weezer', 'summary': "Weezer is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles , California , in 1992 . Since 2001 , the band has consisted of Rivers Cuomo ( lead vocals , lead guitar , keyboards ) , Patrick Wilson ( drums ) , Brian Bell ( guitar , backing vocals , keyboards ) , and Scott Shriner ( bass , backing vocals ) . After signing to Geffen Records in 1993 , Weezer released its self-titled debut album , also known as the Blue Album , in 1994 . Backed by music videos for the singles Buddy Holly , Undone - The Sweater Song , and Say It Ai n't So , the Blue Album became a multiplatinum success . Weezer 's second album , Pinkerton ( 1996 ) , featuring a darker , more abrasive sound , was a commercial failure and initially received mixed reviews , but went on to achieve cult status and critical acclaim years later . Both the Blue Album and Pinkerton are now frequently cited among the best albums of the 1990s . Following the tour for Pinkerton , bassist Matt Sharp left the band and Weezer went on hiatus . In 2001 , Weezer returned with the Green Album , with new bassist Mikey Welsh . With a more pop sound , and promoted by singles Hash Pipe and Island in the Sun , the album was a commercial success and received mostly positive reviews . After the Green Album tour , Welsh left the band and was replaced by current bassist Scott Shriner . Weezer 's fourth album , Maladroit ( 2002 ) , achieved mostly positive reviews , but weaker sales . Make Believe ( 2005 ) received mixed reviews , but its single Beverly Hills became Weezer 's first single to top the US Modern Rock Tracks chart and the first to reach the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 ."}]}, {'value': 'Basket Case - Mark Kohr ( performed by Green Day ) Scream - Mark Romanek ( performed by Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson ) Waterfalls - F. Gary Gray ( performed by TLC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basket_Case_(song)', 'summary': "Basket Case is a song by the American rock band Green Day . It is the seventh track and second single from their third studio album , Dookie ( 1994 ) . The song spent five weeks at the top of Billboard 's Alternative Songs chart . In 2001 , the song appeared as the fifth track on their greatest hits album , International Superhits ! ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Green_Day', 'summary': "Green Day is an American rock band formed in the East Bay of California in 1987 by lead vocalist and guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong and bassist and backing vocalist Mike Dirnt . For much of the band 's career , they have been a trio with drummer Tré Cool , who replaced John Kiffmeyer in 1990 prior to the recording of the band 's second studio album , Kerplunk ( 1991 ) . Touring guitarist Jason White became a full-time member in 2012 , but returned to his role as a touring member in 2016 . Green Day was originally part of the late 80s-early 90s punk scene at the DIY 924 Gilman Street club in Berkeley , California . The band 's early releases were with the independent record label Lookout ! Records . In 1994 , their major label debut Dookie , released through Reprise Records , became a breakout success and eventually shipped over 10 million copies in the U.S. Green Day is credited alongside fellow California punk bands NOFX , Sublime , Bad Religion , the Offspring , and Rancid with popularizing mainstream interest in punk rock in the U.S . Though the albums Insomniac ( 1995 ) , Nimrod ( 1997 ) , and Warning ( 2000 ) did not match the success of Dookie , they were still successful with the former two reaching triple platinum status while the latter achieved gold . Green Day 's seventh album , a rock opera called American Idiot ( 2004 ) , found popularity with a younger generation , selling six million copies in the U.S. Their next album , 21st Century Breakdown , was released in 2009 and achieved the band 's best chart performance . It was followed by a trilogy of albums , ¡Uno ! , ¡Dos ! , and ¡Tré ! , released in September , November , and December 2012 respectively . The trilogy did not perform as well as expected commercially in comparison to their previous albums largely due to lack of promotion and lead singer and guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong going into rehab . Their twelfth studio album , Revolution Radio , was released in October 2016 and became their third to debut at No ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scream/Childhood', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mark_Romanek', 'summary': "Mark Romanek ( born September 18 , 1959 ) is an American filmmaker whose directing work includes feature films , television , music videos and commercials . Romanek wrote and directed the 2002 film One Hour Photo and directed the 2010 film Never Let Me Go . His most notable music videos include Hurt ( Johnny Cash ) , Closer ( Nine Inch Nails ) , Ca n't Stop ( Red Hot Chili Peppers ) , Bedtime Story ( Madonna ) , Scream ( Michael & Janet Jackson ) , Criminal ( Fiona Apple ) , and Shake It Off ( Taylor Swift ) . He also co-directed Sandcastles from Beyoncés Lemonade album . Romanek 's music videos have won 20 MTV Video Music Awards , including Best Direction for Jay-Z 's 99 Problems , and he has won three Grammy Awards for Best Short Form Music Video - more than any other director ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Jackson', 'summary': "Michael Joseph Jackson ( August 29 , 1958 - June 25 , 2009 ) was an American singer , songwriter , and dancer . Dubbed the King of Pop , he is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century and one of the greatest entertainers in the history of music . Jackson 's contributions to music , dance , and fashion , along with his publicized personal life , made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades . His sound and style have influenced artists of various genres . The eighth child of the Jackson family , Jackson made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie , Tito , Jermaine , and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5 . Jackson began his solo career in 1971 while at Motown Records , and rose to solo stardom with his fifth studio album Off the Wall ( 1979 ) . By the early 1980s , Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music . His music videos , including those for Beat It , Billie Jean , and Thriller from his sixth studio album Thriller ( 1982 ) , are credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool . Their popularity helped propel the television channel MTV into a significant factor of 1980s pop culture . The album won a record-breaking eight Grammy Awards at the 26th Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year . Jackson continued to innovate with videos including Leave Me Alone and Smooth Criminal from Bad ( 1987 ) , Black or White and Remember the Time from Dangerous ( 1991 ) , Scream from HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I ( 1995 ) and Ghosts from the remix album Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix ( 1997 ) . Jackson forged a reputation as a global touring artist ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Janet_Jackson', 'summary': "Janet Damita Jo Jackson ( born May 16 , 1966 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and dancer . A prominent figure in popular culture , she is known for sonically innovative , socially conscious and sexually provocative records , and elaborate stage shows . The ninth and youngest child of the Jackson family , she began her career with the variety television series The Jacksons in 1976 and went on to appear in other television shows throughout the 1970s and early 1980s , including Good Times , Diff'rent Strokes , and Fame . After signing a recording contract with A & M Records in 1982 , she became a pop icon following the release of her third and fourth studio albums Control ( 1986 ) and Rhythm Nation 1814 ( 1989 ) . Her collaborations with record producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis incorporated elements of rhythm and blues , funk , disco , rap and industrial beats , which led to crossover success in popular music . In 1991 , Jackson signed the first of two record-breaking multimillion-dollar contracts with Virgin Records , establishing her as one of the highest-paid artists in the industry . Her fifth album Janet ( 1993 ) saw her develop a public image as a sex symbol as she began to explore sexuality in her music . That same year , she appeared in her first starring film role in Poetic Justice , and has since continued to act in feature films . Jackson then released her sixth studio album The Velvet Rope ( 1997 ) , which is distinguished for its innovative production and dark lyrical content . By the end of the 1990s , she was named by Billboard magazine as the second most successful recording artist of the decade after Mariah Carey . Her seventh album All for You ( 2001 ) coincided with a celebration of her impact on the recording industry as the inaugural MTV Icon . After parting ways with Virgin Records , she released her tenth album Discipline ( 2008 ) , her first and only album with Island Records ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Waterfalls_(TLC_song)', 'summary': "Waterfalls is a song by American recording group TLC . It was written by band member Lisa Left Eye Lopes with Marqueze Etheridge and Organized Noize for TLC 's second album , CrazySexyCool ( 1994 ) , featuring production by the latter . The song was released as the third single from the album on May 29 , 1995 in the United States , followed by a United Kingdom release on August 5 , 1995 . Often considered the group 's signature song , Waterfalls was an international hit , topping the charts in many different territories . The song spent seven weeks at No . 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 , giving the group their second US No . 1 . The song was the No . 2 song of the year on the Billboard 1995 year-end chart . Waterfalls also peaked at No . 1 in New Zealand and Switzerland while reaching the top ten in many other countries . Waterfalls received critical acclaim , earning two Grammy nominations at the 38th Annual Grammy Awards in 1996 for Record of the Year and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/F._Gary_Gray', 'summary': "Felix Gary Gray ( born July 17 , 1969 ) is an American film director , film producer , music video director , and actor . Gray began his career as a director on numerous critically acclaimed and award-winning music videos , including It Was a Good Day by Ice Cube , Natural Born Killaz by Dr. Dre and Ice Cube , Keep Their Heads Ringin ' by Dr. Dre , Waterfalls by TLC , and Ms. Jackson by Outkast . Gray made his feature film directorial debut with the comedy Friday ( 1995 ) . He has since directed the films Set It Off ( 1996 ) , The Negotiator ( 1998 ) , The Italian Job ( 2003 ) , Be Cool ( 2005 ) , Law Abiding Citizen ( 2009 ) , and Straight Outta Compton ( 2015 ) . He also directed the eighth installment of the Fast and the Furious franchise , The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) , which is the 18th highest-grossing film of all-time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/TLC_(band)', 'summary': "TLC is an American girl group whose original line-up consisted of Tionne T-Boz Watkins , Lisa Left Eye Lopes , and Rozonda Chilli Thomas . Formed in Atlanta , Georgia in 1991 , the group was very successful during the 1990s . They scored nine top-ten hits on the Billboard Hot 100 , including four number-one singles Creep , Waterfalls , No Scrubs , and Unpretty . The group also recorded four multi-platinum albums , including CrazySexyCool ( 1994 ) , which received a diamond certification from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . TLC also became the first R & B group in history to receive the Million certification from the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) for FanMail ( 1999 ) . Having sold over 65 million records worldwide , TLC is the best-selling American girl group . VH1 ranked TLC as the greatest female group , placing them at number 12 on the list of 100 Greatest Women in Music . Billboard magazine ranked TLC as one of the greatest musical trios , as well as the seventh most successful act of the 1990s . The group 's accolades include four career Grammy Awards , five MTV Video Music Awards , and five Soul Train Music Awards . Twenty years after their debut , TLC was honored with Outstanding Contribution to Music at the 17th MOBO Awards and Legend Award at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards Japan . All three members of TLC are considered irreplaceable by the other members , and each of them has contributed equally to the group . [ citation needed ] Following Lopes ' death in 2002 , instead of replacing her , the remaining members chose to continue as a duo ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_MTV_Video_Music_Awards', 'summary': "The 1996 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 4 , 1996 , honoring the best music videos from June 16 , 1995 , to June 14 , 1996 . The show was hosted by Dennis Miller at Radio City Music Hall in New York City . The show centered on The Smashing Pumpkins , who led the pack that night with nine nominations . Having lost their touring keyboardist days before this appearance to a heroin overdose , and kicked longtime , original drummer Jimmy Chamberlin out of the band , the band opened the show as a three-piece , performing an awe-inspiring , emotional version of Tonight , Tonight . What is more , the Pumpkins ended up winning seven of the awards they were up for : Tonight , Tonight earned six wins out of its eight nominations , including Video of the Year , thus making it the night 's most nominated and biggest winning video ; while their video for 1979 earned the one Moonman it was nominated for : Best Alternative Video . The next biggest nominee and winner that night was Canadian singer Alanis Morissette , who won three out of her six nominations for her video Ironic . Tying with her in terms of nominations was Icelandic singer Björk , who also received six ; however , her video for It 's Oh So Quiet only took home one Moonman for Best Choreography . Closely following with five nominations each were Coolio , the Foo Fighters , and Bone Thugs-n-Harmony . Out of these , though , only the former two ended up taking home some Moonmen for their videos . Coolio won three , as Gangsta 's Paradise won two out of its three nominations , and 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ( Sumpin ' New ) won one out of its two nominations , while the Foo Fighters ' Big Me took home one Moonman for Best Group Video . Bone Thugs-n-Harmony , meanwhile , went home empty-handed . Highlights of the show included a pre-show set by little-but-soon-to-be-widely known No Doubt , who performed on the entrance marquee of Radio City Music Hall ."}]}, {'value': 'Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris - Tonight , Tonight by The Smashing Pumpkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton_and_Valerie_Faris', 'summary': 'Jonathan Dayton ( born July 7 , 1957 ) and Valerie Faris ( born October 20 , 1958 ) are a team of American film and music video directors who received critical acclaim for their feature film directorial debut , Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) . Later the married couple directed the romantic comedy-drama Ruby Sparks ( 2012 ) , and the biographical sports drama Battle of the Sexes ( 2017 ) . Their most recent directing project is the Netflix comedy series , Living With Yourself , starring Paul Rudd , which premiered on October 17 , 2019 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tonight,_Tonight_(The_Smashing_Pumpkins_song)', 'summary': "Tonight , Tonight is a song by American alternative rock band The Smashing Pumpkins , written by the band 's frontman , Billy Corgan . It was the fourth single and second track on the first disc from their third album , Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness , and was released in April 1996 in Europe . Tonight , Tonight was critically acclaimed and commercially well-received upon its release , reaching number one in Iceland , number two in New Zealand , number seven in the United Kingdom and number 36 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . The music video accompanying the song was also successful and won several awards . A shorter acoustic version of the song , titled Tonite Reprise , was included as a B-side to the single and on the triple LP version of Mellon Collie . This single also later appeared in an extended form on the box set The Aeroplane Flies High . Additionally , the song appears on the band 's greatest hits release , Rotten Apples ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Smashing_Pumpkins', 'summary': "The Smashing Pumpkins ( or Smashing Pumpkins ) [ note 1 ] are an American alternative rock band from Chicago , Illinois . Formed in 1988 by frontman Billy Corgan ( lead vocals , guitar ) , D'arcy Wretzky ( bass ) , James Iha ( guitar ) , and Jimmy Chamberlin ( drums ) , the band has undergone many line-up changes . The current lineup features Corgan , Chamberlin , Iha and guitarist Jeff Schroeder . Disavowing the punk rock roots of many of their alt-rock contemporaries , they have a diverse , densely layered , and guitar-heavy sound , containing elements of gothic rock , heavy metal , dream pop , psychedelic rock , progressive rock , shoegazing , and electronica in later recordings . Corgan is the group 's primary songwriter ; his musical ambitions and cathartic lyrics have shaped the band 's albums and songs , which have been described as anguished , bruised reports from Billy Corgan 's nightmare-land . The Smashing Pumpkins broke into the musical mainstream with their second album , 1993 's Siamese Dream . The group built its audience with extensive touring and their 1995 follow-up , the double album Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness , debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 album chart . With 30 million albums sold worldwide , the Smashing Pumpkins were one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed bands of the 1990s . However , internal fighting , drug use , and diminishing record sales led to a 2000 break-up . In 2006 , Corgan and Chamberlin reconvened to record a new Smashing Pumpkins album , Zeitgeist . After touring throughout 2007 and 2008 with a lineup including new guitarist Jeff Schroeder , Chamberlin left the band in early 2009 . Later that year , Corgan began a new recording series with a rotating lineup of musicians entitled Teargarden by Kaleidyscope , which encompassed the release of stand-alone singles , compilation EP releases , and two full albums that also fell under the project 's scope - Oceania in 2012 and Monuments to an Elegy in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': "Big Me - Jesse Peretz ( performed by Foo Fighters ) Ironic - Stéphane Sednaoui ( performed by Alanis Morissette ) It 's Oh So Quiet - Spike Jonze ( performed by Björk )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Me', 'summary': 'Big Me is the fourth single by the Foo Fighters from their self-titled debut album Foo Fighters . Released in the spring of 1996 , the song became a crossover hit for the band on pop radio , when it reached # 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jesse_Peretz', 'summary': "Jesse W. Peretz ( born May 19 , 1968 ) is an American film and television director , TV producer and former musician . He first rose to prominence as a bass guitarist and founding member of The Lemonheads , a Cambridge , Massachusetts-based band which formed in 1986 . Peretz left the band as a musician shortly before their breakout album , It 's a Shame About Ray , was released , but stayed on as the band photographer . After leaving The Lemonheads , he began to work extensively as a director , first in short form works such as television commercials and music videos , later transitioning to feature films and television series . His directorial work includes the films Our Idiot Brother and Juliet , Naked , and the TV series Girls ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Foo_Fighters', 'summary': "Foo Fighters is an American rock band , formed in Seattle , Washington , in 1994 . It was founded by Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl as a one-man project following the dissolution of Nirvana after the suicide of Kurt Cobain . The group got its name from the UFOs and various aerial phenomena that were reported by Allied aircraft pilots in World War II , which were known collectively as foo fighters . Prior to the release of Foo Fighters ' 1995 debut album Foo Fighters , which featured Grohl as the only official member , Grohl recruited bassist Nate Mendel and drummer William Goldsmith , both formerly of Sunny Day Real Estate , as well as Nirvana touring guitarist Pat Smear to complete the lineup . The band began with performances in Portland , Oregon . Goldsmith quit during the recording of the group 's second album , The Colour and the Shape ( 1997 ) , when most of the drum parts were re-recorded by Grohl himself . Smear 's departure followed soon afterward , though he would appear as a guest with the band frequently starting in 2006 , and would rejoin as an official full-time member in 2011 . They were replaced by Taylor Hawkins and Franz Stahl , respectively , although Stahl was fired before the recording of the group 's third album , There Is Nothing Left to Lose ( 1999 ) . The band briefly continued as a trio until Chris Shiflett joined as the band 's lead guitarist after the completion of There Is Nothing Left to Lose . The band released its fourth album , One by One , in 2002 . The group followed that release with the two-disc In Your Honor ( 2005 ) , which was split between acoustic songs and heavier material . Foo Fighters released its sixth album , Echoes , Silence , Patience & Grace , in 2007 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ironic_(song)', 'summary': 'Ironic is a song by Canadian-American singer Alanis Morissette . It was released in February 1996 as the third single from her third studio album , Jagged Little Pill ( 1995 ) . It was written by Morissette and Glen Ballard , and was produced by him . Ironic is a song written in the key of B major , and includes a moderate tempo of eighty-five beats per minute . The lyrics present several situations that are described as ironic ; this has led to debate as to whether any of these actually match the accepted meaning of irony . However , some have argued that it does match what is known as situational irony . The track topped the Canadian RPM Top Singles chart for six weeks , and reached the top five in Australia , New Zealand and Norway . In the United States , the song reached number four on April 13 , 1996 , and currently is her highest-charting single on the Billboard Hot 100 . Ironic was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The song won the Juno Award for Single of the Year , and received two Grammy Award nominations in 1997 , for Record of the Year and Best Short Form Music Video . French director Stéphane Sednaoui filmed the music video . In it , Morissette drives through a winter landscape , and she plays multiple roles as her passengers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stéphane_Sednaoui', 'summary': 'Stéphane Sednaoui is a French director , photographer , producer and actor . Over the years Sednaoui has redefined his artistic approach to focus on his fine-art and cinematographic projects . New and existing work have been exhibited recently at the MoMA , New York ( 2015 ) - the National September 11 Memorial & Museum ( 2013-2015 ) , New York - the Brooklyn Museum , New York ( 2013 - the ( Barbican Center , London ( 2014 ) - Le Grand Palais , Paris ( 2015 ) - the National Gallery of Victoria , Melbourne ( 2014 ) and in a solo exhibition at the Sam Art Projects Foundation , Paris ( 2013 ) . Stéphane Sednaoui career started 30 years ago exploring various film and photographic territories . He covered with success the genres of music video , photojournalism , portrait photography and pop culture . As a music video director , he made Give It Away ( Red Hot Chili Peppers ) , Sly ( Massive Attack ) , Mysterious Ways ( U2 ) , Big Time Sensuality ( Björk ) , Fever ( Madonna ) and German Bold Italic ( Towa Tei feat . Kylie Minogue ) . As a photojournalist he covered such events as the Romanian Revolution of 1989 and the 2001 September 11 attack of the World Trade Center . He has also been a regular contributor to Vogue Italia , Vogue China , Vanity Fair , The New York Times Magazine , Interview and Visionaire as a fashion and portrait photographer . In 2005 , Palm Pictures added to Directors Label , its DVD series dedicated to the best music video directors , a retrospective of his work , The Work of Director Stéphane Sednaoui .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alanis_Morissette', 'summary': 'Alanis Nadine Morissette ( born June 1 , 1974 ) is a Canadian-American singer , songwriter , record producer , and actress . Known for her emotive mezzo-soprano voice , Morissette began her career in Canada in the early 1990s with two mildly successful dance-pop albums . Afterwards , as part of a recording deal , she moved to Holmby Hills , Los Angeles and in 1995 released Jagged Little Pill , a more rock-oriented album which sold more than 33 million copies globally and is her most critically acclaimed work . Her follow-up album , Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie , was released in 1998 . Morissette assumed creative control and producing duties for her subsequent studio albums , including Under Rug Swept ( 2002 ) , So-Called Chaos ( 2004 ) , and Flavors of Entanglement ( 2008 ) . Her eighth studio album and most recent to date , Havoc and Bright Lights , was released in 2012 . Morissette has sold more than 75 million records worldwide and has been dubbed the Queen of Alt-Rock Angst by Rolling Stone .'}, {'url': "/wiki/It's_Oh_So_Quiet", 'summary': "It 's Oh So Quiet is a song by American singer Betty Hutton , released in 1951 as the B-side to the single Murder , He Says . It is a cover of the German song Und jetzt ist es still , performed by Horst Winter in 1948 , with music written by Austrian composer Hans Lang and German lyrics by Erich Meder . The English lyrics were written by Bert Reisfeld . A French title , Tout est tranquille , was performed in 1949 by Ginette Garcin and the Jacques Hélian Orchestra . The song was covered by Icelandic musician Björk in 1995 . It was released as the third single from her second album Post and remains her biggest hit , reaching number 4 in the UK and spending 15 weeks on the UK Singles Chart . Fuelled by the Spike Jonze-directed music video clip ( see below ) , the single also shot Björk into the spotlight in Australia , where it reached number 6 . In the United Kingdom the single has been certified as Gold , having sold upwards of 400,000 copies . Despite being her biggest hit among the general public , the song did not appear on Björk 's 2002 compilation Greatest Hits , which includes singles chosen by fans via online survey . In an interview on BBC Radio 1 with Chris Evans in 1995 , Björk said the song had been played on the bus she had used on a recent tour and she recorded it as a thank you to the team that worked with her on that tour . In 2002 , Brittany Murphy made a performance of this song , joined by The Pussycat Dolls . In 2005 , Lucy Woodward covered the song for the soundtrack for the film Ice Princess ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Spike_Jonze', 'summary': "Adam Spiegel ( born October 22 , 1969 ) , known professionally as Spike Jonze ( pronounced as the common English name Jones ) , is an American filmmaker , photographer , and actor , whose work includes music videos , commercials , film and television . Jonze began his career as a teenager photographing BMX riders and skateboarders for Freestylin ' Magazine and Transworld Skateboarding , and co-founded the youth culture magazine Dirt . Moving into filmmaking , he began shooting street skateboarding films , including the influential Video Days ( 1991 ) . Jonze co-founded the skateboard company Girl Skateboards in 1993 with riders Rick Howard and Mike Carroll . Jonze 's filmmaking style made him an in-demand director of music videos for much of the 1990s , resulting in collaborations with Sonic Youth , Beastie Boys , Fatboy Slim , Daft Punk , Weezer , Björk , Kanye West and Arcade Fire . Jonze began his feature film directing career with Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) and Adaptation . ( 2002 ) , both written by Charlie Kaufman ; the former earned Jonze an Academy Award nomination for Best Director . He was a co-creator and executive producer of MTV 's Jackass reality franchise . Jonze later began directing films based on his own screenplays , including Where the Wild Things Are ( 2009 ) and Her ( 2013 ) ; for the latter film , he won the Academy Award , Golden Globe , and the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay , while receiving Academy Award nominations for Best Picture and Best Original Song ( The Moon Song ) . He has worked as an actor sporadically throughout his career , co-starring in David O. Russell 's war comedy Three Kings ( 1999 ) and appeared in supporting roles in Bennett Miller 's Moneyball ( 2011 ) and Martin Scorsese 's The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 ) , in addition to a recurring role in comedy series The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret ( 2010-2012 ) and cameo appearances in his own films . Jonze co-founded Directors Label , with filmmakers Chris Cunningham and Michel Gondry , and the Palm Pictures company . He is currently the creative director of Vice Media , Inc. and its multinational television channel Viceland ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Björk', 'summary': "Björk Guðmundsdóttir OTF ( /bjɜːrk/ BYURK , Icelandic : [ pjœr̥k ˈkvʏðmʏntsˌtouʰtɪr̥ ] ( listen ) ; born 21 November 1965 ) is an Icelandic singer , songwriter , record producer , actress , and DJ . Over her four-decade career , she has developed an eclectic musical style that draws on a range of influences and genres spanning electronic , pop , experimental , classical , trip hop , IDM , and avant-garde music . Born and raised in Reykjavík , Björk began her music career at the age of 11 and first gained international recognition as the lead singer of the alternative rock band The Sugarcubes , whose 1987 single Birthday was a hit on UK and US indie stations and a favourite among music critics . After the band 's breakup , Björk embarked on a solo career in 1993 , coming to prominence as a solo artist with albums such as Debut ( 1993 ) , Post ( 1995 ) , and Homogenic ( 1997 ) , while collaborating with a range of artists and exploring a variety of multimedia projects . Several of Björk 's albums have reached the top 20 on the US Billboard 200 chart , the most recent being Vulnicura ( 2015 ) . Björks fourth studio album , Vespertine , was released in August 2001 . She has had 31 singles reach the top 40 on pop charts around the world , with 22 top 40 hits in the UK , including the top 10 hits It 's Oh So Quiet , Army of Me , and Hyperballad . In 2004 , Björk released her fifth studio album , Medúlla , followed by her sixth studio album , Volta , in May 2007 . Björk is reported to have sold between 20 and 40 million records worldwide as of 2015 [ update ] . She has won the 2010 Polar Music Prize from the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in recognition of her deeply personal music and lyrics , her precise arrangements , and her unique voice . Björk was included in Time 's 2015 list of the 100 most influential people in the world . She was ranked both sixtieth and eighty-first in Rolling Stone 's 100 greatest singers and songwriters lists respectively ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1997_MTV_Video_Music_Awards', 'summary': "The 1997 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 4 , 1997 , honoring the best music videos from June 17 , 1996 , to June 16 , 1997 . The show was hosted by Chris Rock at Radio City Music Hall in New York City . American singer Beck took home the most Moonmen of the night , winning a total of five awards . British acid jazz band Jamiroquai closely followed , though , taking home four awards including the coveted Video of the Year prize . The only other multiple winner that night was British dance outfit The Prodigy , which took home both the American and European Viewer 's Choice awards - making them the first act in VMA history to win two Viewer 's Choice awards in the same year . As for nominations , Jamiroquai dominated the field with a total of ten nominations for their video for Virtual Insanity . In second place was Beck , who received a total of seven mentions : five for The New Pollution and two for Devils Haircut . Lastly , Nine Inch Nails came in third with five nominations for The Perfect Drug . Unlike Beck and Jamiroquai , though , Nine Inch Nails went home empty-handed that night ."}]}, {'value': 'Beck - The New Pollution by Beck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beck', 'summary': "Beck Hansen ( born Bek David Campbell ; July 8 , 1970 ) is an American singer , songwriter , musician , and record producer . He rose to fame in the early 1990s with his experimental and lo-fi style , and became known for creating musical collages of wide-ranging genres . He has musically encompassed folk , funk , soul , hip hop , electronic , alternative rock , country , and psychedelia . He has released 14 studio albums , as well as several non-album singles and a book of sheet music . Born and raised in Los Angeles , Beck grew towards hip-hop and folk in his teens and began to perform locally at coffeehouses and clubs . He moved to New York City in 1989 and became involved in the city 's small but fiery anti-folk movement . Returning to Los Angeles in the early 1990s , he cut his breakthrough single Loser , which became a worldwide hit in 1994 , and released his first major album , Mellow Gold , the same year . Odelay , released in 1996 , topped critic polls and won several awards . He released the country-influenced , twangy Mutations in 1998 , and the funk-infused Midnite Vultures in 1999 . The soft-acoustic Sea Change in 2002 showcased a more serious Beck , and 2005 's Guero returned to Odelay 's sample-based production . The Information in 2006 was inspired by electro-funk , hip hop , and psychedelia ; 2008 's Modern Guilt was inspired by '60s pop music ; and 2014 's folk-infused Morning Phase won Album of the Year at the 57th Grammy Awards on February 8 , 2015 . His thirteenth studio album , Colors , was released in October 2017 after a long production process , and won awards for Best Alternative Album and Best Engineered Album at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_New_Pollution', 'summary': 'The New Pollution is a song by Beck . The song appears on his album Odelay and was also released as a single . The song samples the single Venus by Joe Thomas .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Beck', 'summary': "Beck Hansen ( born Bek David Campbell ; July 8 , 1970 ) is an American singer , songwriter , musician , and record producer . He rose to fame in the early 1990s with his experimental and lo-fi style , and became known for creating musical collages of wide-ranging genres . He has musically encompassed folk , funk , soul , hip hop , electronic , alternative rock , country , and psychedelia . He has released 14 studio albums , as well as several non-album singles and a book of sheet music . Born and raised in Los Angeles , Beck grew towards hip-hop and folk in his teens and began to perform locally at coffeehouses and clubs . He moved to New York City in 1989 and became involved in the city 's small but fiery anti-folk movement . Returning to Los Angeles in the early 1990s , he cut his breakthrough single Loser , which became a worldwide hit in 1994 , and released his first major album , Mellow Gold , the same year . Odelay , released in 1996 , topped critic polls and won several awards . He released the country-influenced , twangy Mutations in 1998 , and the funk-infused Midnite Vultures in 1999 . The soft-acoustic Sea Change in 2002 showcased a more serious Beck , and 2005 's Guero returned to Odelay 's sample-based production . The Information in 2006 was inspired by electro-funk , hip hop , and psychedelia ; 2008 's Modern Guilt was inspired by '60s pop music ; and 2014 's folk-infused Morning Phase won Album of the Year at the 57th Grammy Awards on February 8 , 2015 . His thirteenth studio album , Colors , was released in October 2017 after a long production process , and won awards for Best Alternative Album and Best Engineered Album at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'The End Is the Beginning Is the End - Joel Schumacher , Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris ( performed by The Smashing Pumpkins ) The Perfect Drug - Mark Romanek ( performed by Nine Inch Nails ) The Rain ( Supa Dupa Fly ) - Hype Williams ( performed by Missy Elliott ) Virtual Insanity - Jonathan Glazer ( performed by Jamiroquai )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_End_Is_the_Beginning_Is_the_End', 'summary': "The End Is the Beginning Is the End is a Grammy Award-winning song by American alternative rock band The Smashing Pumpkins . It is the first full-band song released as a single by the Smashing Pumpkins in the aftermath of their 1995 album , Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness . It is their first release with drummer Matt Walker , who later drummed on several tracks of Adore and all of James Iha 's Let It Come Down . The song reached the top 10 in eight countries and won the Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joel_Schumacher', 'summary': "Joel T. Schumacher ( /ˈʃuːmɑːkər/ ; born August 29 , 1939 ) is an American filmmaker . Schumacher rose to fame after directing three hit films : St. Elmo 's Fire ( 1985 ) , The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) , and Flatliners ( 1990 ) . He later went on to direct the John Grisham adaptations The Client ( 1994 ) and A Time to Kill ( 1996 ) . His films Falling Down ( 1993 ) and 8mm ( 1999 ) competed for Palme d'Or and Golden Bear , respectively . In 1993 , he signed on to direct the next installments of the Batman film series . The Schumacher-directed Batman films Batman Forever ( 1995 ) and Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) received mixed-to-negative reactions from both critics and the public . After the Batman films , Schumacher pulled back from blockbusters and returned to making minimalist films such as Tigerland ( 2000 ) and Phone Booth ( 2002 ) , both earning positive reviews . He also directed The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) , The Number 23 ( 2007 ) , and two episodes of House of Cards . Known for casting young actors , Schumacher helped actors like Colin Farrell , Kiefer Sutherland , and Matthew McConaughey to launch careers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton_and_Valerie_Faris', 'summary': 'Jonathan Dayton ( born July 7 , 1957 ) and Valerie Faris ( born October 20 , 1958 ) are a team of American film and music video directors who received critical acclaim for their feature film directorial debut , Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) . Later the married couple directed the romantic comedy-drama Ruby Sparks ( 2012 ) , and the biographical sports drama Battle of the Sexes ( 2017 ) . Their most recent directing project is the Netflix comedy series , Living With Yourself , starring Paul Rudd , which premiered on October 17 , 2019 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Smashing_Pumpkins', 'summary': "The Smashing Pumpkins ( or Smashing Pumpkins ) [ note 1 ] are an American alternative rock band from Chicago , Illinois . Formed in 1988 by frontman Billy Corgan ( lead vocals , guitar ) , D'arcy Wretzky ( bass ) , James Iha ( guitar ) , and Jimmy Chamberlin ( drums ) , the band has undergone many line-up changes . The current lineup features Corgan , Chamberlin , Iha and guitarist Jeff Schroeder . Disavowing the punk rock roots of many of their alt-rock contemporaries , they have a diverse , densely layered , and guitar-heavy sound , containing elements of gothic rock , heavy metal , dream pop , psychedelic rock , progressive rock , shoegazing , and electronica in later recordings . Corgan is the group 's primary songwriter ; his musical ambitions and cathartic lyrics have shaped the band 's albums and songs , which have been described as anguished , bruised reports from Billy Corgan 's nightmare-land . The Smashing Pumpkins broke into the musical mainstream with their second album , 1993 's Siamese Dream . The group built its audience with extensive touring and their 1995 follow-up , the double album Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness , debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 album chart . With 30 million albums sold worldwide , the Smashing Pumpkins were one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed bands of the 1990s . However , internal fighting , drug use , and diminishing record sales led to a 2000 break-up . In 2006 , Corgan and Chamberlin reconvened to record a new Smashing Pumpkins album , Zeitgeist . After touring throughout 2007 and 2008 with a lineup including new guitarist Jeff Schroeder , Chamberlin left the band in early 2009 . Later that year , Corgan began a new recording series with a rotating lineup of musicians entitled Teargarden by Kaleidyscope , which encompassed the release of stand-alone singles , compilation EP releases , and two full albums that also fell under the project 's scope - Oceania in 2012 and Monuments to an Elegy in 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Perfect_Drug', 'summary': "The Perfect Drug is a song by Nine Inch Nails written for the David Lynch film Lost Highway . It was released in 1997 on the Lost Highway soundtrack as well as a single from the score . Remixes of the song were released as an EP , The Perfect Drug Versions . Though The Perfect Drug Versions acts as a single for the titular song , the original version does not appear on the EP . The track has also been included on international singles We 're in This Together , Part 3 and Into the Void without the ending truncated ; the only audio release of it in North America being on the Lost Highway soundtrack . A music video for it was directed by Mark Romanek , included with Closure , a VHS compilation and The Work of Director Mark Romanek . In 2002 , American post-hardcore band the Blood Brothers sampled the song in their song Kiss of the Octopus . In 2011 , the song was used as the entrance song for Japanese mixed martial artist Michihiro Omigawa at UFC 131 . American deathcore band Fit for an Autopsy covered the song for the split EP The Depression Sessions in 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mark_Romanek', 'summary': "Mark Romanek ( born September 18 , 1959 ) is an American filmmaker whose directing work includes feature films , television , music videos and commercials . Romanek wrote and directed the 2002 film One Hour Photo and directed the 2010 film Never Let Me Go . His most notable music videos include Hurt ( Johnny Cash ) , Closer ( Nine Inch Nails ) , Ca n't Stop ( Red Hot Chili Peppers ) , Bedtime Story ( Madonna ) , Scream ( Michael & Janet Jackson ) , Criminal ( Fiona Apple ) , and Shake It Off ( Taylor Swift ) . He also co-directed Sandcastles from Beyoncés Lemonade album . Romanek 's music videos have won 20 MTV Video Music Awards , including Best Direction for Jay-Z 's 99 Problems , and he has won three Grammy Awards for Best Short Form Music Video - more than any other director ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails', 'summary': "Nine Inch Nails , commonly abbreviated as NIN ( stylized as NIИ ) , is an American industrial rock band formed in 1988 in Cleveland , Ohio . Singer , songwriter , multi-instrumentalist , and producer Trent Reznor was the only permanent member of the band until the addition of English musician Atticus Ross in 2016 . Reznor recorded the band 's debut album , Pretty Hate Machine ( 1989 ) , while working overnight as a janitor at a Cleveland recording studio . After feuding with the label TVT Records about promotion , Reznor signed with Interscope Records and released the EP Broken ( 1992 ) . The following albums , The Downward Spiral ( 1994 ) and The Fragile ( 1999 ) , were released to critical acclaim and commercial success . Following a hiatus , Nine Inch Nails resumed touring in 2005 and released their fourth album , With Teeth ( 2005 ) . Following the release of Year Zero ( 2007 ) , Reznor left Interscope after a feud . Nine Inch Nails continued touring and independently released Ghosts I-IV ( 2008 ) and The Slip ( 2008 ) before a second hiatus . Their eighth album , Hesitation Marks ( 2013 ) , was followed by a trilogy consisting of the EPs Not the Actual Events ( 2016 ) and Add Violence ( 2017 ) and their ninth album Bad Witch ( 2018 ) . Reznor typically assembles a live band to perform with him . The band has varied over the decades , and as of 2019 includes Robin Finck , Alessandro Cortini , and Ilan Rubin . Nine Inch Nails concerts since 2005 often employ thematic visual elements , extensive use of special effects , and elaborate light shows ; songs are often rearranged for performance , and elements of songs that are not scheduled to be performed in their entirety are occasionally assimilated other songs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Rain_(Supa_Dupa_Fly)', 'summary': "The Rain ( Supa Dupa Fly ) is a song recorded by American rapper Missy Misdemeanor Elliott . It was written and composed by Don Bryant , Bernard Bernie Miller , Elliott , and producer Timbaland for her debut album Supa Dupa Fly ( 1997 ) and contains a sample of Ann Peebles ' 1973 single I Ca n't Stand the Rain , whose lyrics serve as the chorus . The song was released to US radio stations on May 20 , 1997 , and the Hype Williams-directed video was released to video shows starting June 3 , 1997 . The song entered the Hot R & B Airplay chart in mid-June , and peaked at number 6 the week of August 9 , 1997 . It peaked at number 51 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart the following week . The song was released as the album 's lead single on July 2 , 1997 , and reached the top twenty in the United Kingdom and New Zealand . VH1 ranked the song 99th on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of the '90s . And in 2010 Pitchfork Media included the song at number 33 on their Top 200 Tracks of the 90s . In 2000 , The Rain ( Supa Dupa Fly ) was named the fourth-best single of 1999 by The Village Voice 's annual-year end Pazz & Jop critics ' poll . The song 's moans are used as a sample in Method Man & Redman 's The ? [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Hype_Williams', 'summary': 'Harold Hype Williams ( born July 1 , 1970 ) is an American music video director , film director , film producer , and screenwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Missy_Elliott', 'summary': "Melissa Missy Arnette Elliott ( born July 1 , 1971 ) is an American rapper , singer , songwriter , record producer , dancer , and philanthropist . She embarked on her music career with all-female R & B group Sista in the early-mid 1990s and later became a member of the Swing Mob collective along with childhood friend and longtime collaborator Timbaland , with whom she worked on projects for Aaliyah , 702 , Total , and SWV . Following several collaborations and guest appearances , she launched her solo career on July 15 , 1997 with her debut album Supa Dupa Fly , which spawned the top 20 single Sock It 2 Me . The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 , the highest charting debut for a female rapper at the time . Elliott 's second album , Da Real World , was released on June 22 , 1999 and produced the singles She 's a Bitch , All n My Grill , and top five hit Hot Boyz . The remix of the latter song broke the record for most weeks at number-one on the US R & B chart on the issue dated January 15 , 2000 ; as well as spending 18 weeks at number one on the Hot Rap Singles chart , from December 4 , 1999 to March 25 , 2000 . With the release of Miss E. So Addictive ( 2001 ) , Under Construction ( 2002 ) , and This Is Not a Test ( 2003 ) , Elliott established an international career that yielded hits including Get Ur Freak On , One Minute Man , 4 My People , Gossip Folks , and Work It . The latter won her a Grammy Award for Best Female Rap Solo Performance . Elliott went on to win five Grammy Awards and sell over 30 million records in the United States . She is the best-selling female rapper in Nielsen Music history , according to Billboard in 2017 . In 2019 , she became the first female rapper inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame , and received the MTV VMAs Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award for her impact on the music video landscape ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Virtual_Insanity', 'summary': "Virtual Insanity is a song by British funk band Jamiroquai . It was released as the second single from their third studio album , Travelling Without Moving ( 1996 ) , on 19 August 1996 . The song 's award-winning music video was released in September 1996 . Virtual Insanity was a number-one hit in Iceland and reached number three on the UK Singles Chart . Peaking within the top 10 in Finland and Ireland , the song also peaked at number 38 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart upon the single 's release in the US in 1997 . The sight of underground town in Sapporo , Northern Japan provided inspiration to this song ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Glazer', 'summary': 'Jonathan Glazer ( born 26 March 1965 ) is an English filmmaker , whose directing work includes feature films , music videos and advertisements .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jamiroquai', 'summary': "Jamiroquai ( /dʒəˈmɪrəkwaɪ/ ( listen ) ) are an English funk and acid jazz band from London , formed in 1992 . Fronted by singer-songwriter Jay Kay , the band were a prominent component of the London-based funk/jazz movement of the 1990s . Their sound draws from black music of the 1970s , and their lyrics and visual concepts occasionally deal with social and environmental idealism . They also drew from rock , electronica and Latin music , and on stage perform with several musicians in the band playing live . Over the years , Kay has consistently remained as the leader through several line-up changes . The band débuted with When You Gon na Learn under Acid Jazz records , which led to Kay signing a record deal with Sony Soho2 . While under this label , the group released a string of million-selling albums containing singles that have reached various charts worldwide , including the 1998 single Deeper Underground which topped in the UK , while having moderate success in the US within the Dance charts . All eight of the band 's albums have entered the UK top 10 . Three of them , Emergency on Planet Earth ( 1993 ) , Synkronized ( 1999 ) , A Funk Odyssey ( 2001 ) along with their greatest hits compilation , charted at number 1 . Jamiroquai have sold more than 26 million albums worldwide as of 2017 . Their third album Travelling Without Moving ( 1996 ) , received a Guinness World Record for the best-selling funk album in history . The music video for the album 's lead single Virtual Insanity , was named Video of the Year at the 1997 MTV Video Music Awards ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_MTV_Video_Music_Awards', 'summary': "The 1998 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 10 , 1998 , honoring the best music videos from June 17 , 1997 , to June 12 , 1998 . The show was hosted by Ben Stiller at Gibson Amphitheatre in Los Angeles . Madonna was the most successful winner and nominee of the night , winning six awards out of a total nine nominations : five ( out of eight ) for Ray of Light , including Video of the Year and Best Female Video , and one for Frozen ( its only nomination ) . Other than Madonna , only Will Smith and The Prodigy won multiple awards that night , winning two apiece . With regard to nominations , the two biggest nominees aside from Madonna were alt-rock band Garbage and rapper Will Smith . Smith split his nominations between two videos : Gettin ' Jiggy wit It ( five ) and Just the Two of Us ( one ) , each of which earned a Moonman . In contrast , Garbage received all eight nominations for Push It but went home completely empty-handed at the end of the night . The mesh dress that actress Rose McGowan wore to the award show was the subject of much media attention following the awards . The dress went on to become one of the most iconic and controversial outfits in the history of the VMA 's . [ not verified in body ]"}]}, {'value': 'Jonas Åkerlund - Ray of Light by Madonna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonas_Åkerlund', 'summary': "Hans Uno Jonas Åkerlund ( Swedish : [ hɑːns ˈʉ̌ːnʊ ˈjûːnas ˈôːkɛˌɭɵnd ] ; born 10 November 1965 ) is a Swedish film director , screenwriter , music video director , and drummer . His video for Madonna 's song Ray of Light won a Grammy Award for Best Music Video , Short Form , and a record seven awards at 1998 MTV Video Music Awards , including the Video of the Year . In 2008 he won another Grammy Award , this time around for Best Long Form Music Video for another work with Madonna - directing The Confessions Tour DVD . In 2014 he won this Grammy Award again ( that meanwhile changed the name to Best Music Film ) , this time for Live Kisses Paul McCartney concert film . Jonas Åkerlund , David Mallet and Bob Smeaton are the only directors to have won this award twice sharing the record for most wins in this category ( check here all winners and nominees of Grammy Award for Best Music Film ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ray_of_Light_(song)', 'summary': "Ray of Light is a song by American singer Madonna . It is the title track from her seventh studio album Ray of Light ( 1998 ) , and was released as the album 's second single on May 6 , 1998 , by Maverick Records . The song was also included on the compilation albums GHV2 ( 2001 ) and Celebration ( 2009 ) . Written by Madonna , William Orbit , Clive Maldoon , Dave Curtiss , Christine Leach , and produced by Madonna and Orbit , Ray of Light is based on Curtiss Maldoon 's Sepheryn and is an electronic dance song with techno , trance , Eurodance , and disco influences . Ray of Light consists of a main synth sound oscillating on the primary musical note , and an electric guitar riff . Lyrically , the song has a theme of freedom . The song has received critical acclaim by music critics , for its club-friendly , electronic sound , lyrics , and emotional warmth . The song was also nominated for three Grammy Awards ; for Record of the Year , Best Dance Recording , and Best Short Form Music Video , winning the last two . Ray of Light debuted and peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Madonna 's highest debut on the chart to date . It also reached number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart . Internationally , the song reached the top five in Canada , Finland and the United Kingdom , and peaked at number one in Greece , Scotland , and Spain . An accompanying music video for Ray of Light was directed by Jonas Åkerlund and shows scenes from different cities around the world , with Madonna singing the song in front of them ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)', 'summary': "Madonna Louise Ciccone ( /tʃɪˈkoʊni/ , Italian : [ tʃikˈkoːne ] ; born August 16 , 1958 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and businesswoman . Referred to as the Queen of Pop since the 1980s , Madonna is known for pushing the boundaries of songwriting in mainstream popular music and for the imagery she uses onstage and in music videos . She has frequently reinvented her music and image while maintaining autonomy within the recording industry . Her works have been praised by music critics and have sparked controversy . Madonna is often cited as an influence by other artists . Born and raised in Michigan , Madonna moved to New York City in 1978 to pursue a career in modern dance . After performing as a drummer , guitarist , and vocalist in the rock bands Breakfast Club and Emmy , Madonna signed with Sire Records in 1982 and released her eponymous debut album the next year . She followed it with a series of successful albums , including global bestsellers Like a Virgin ( 1984 ) and True Blue ( 1986 ) as well as Grammy Award winners Ray of Light ( 1998 ) and Confessions on a Dance Floor ( 2005 ) . Many of her songs have reached the top of record charts worldwide , including Like a Virgin , La Isla Bonita , Like a Prayer , Vogue , Take a Bow , Frozen , Music , Hung Up , and 4 Minutes . Madonna 's popularity was further enhanced by her roles in films such as Desperately Seeking Susan ( 1985 ) , Dick Tracy ( 1990 ) , A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) , and Evita ( 1996 ) . While Evita earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress , many of her other films received poor reviews . As a businesswoman , Madonna founded an entertainment company called Maverick ( including the label Maverick Records ) in 1992 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gone Till November - Francis Lawrence ( performed by Wyclef Jean ) Karma Police - Jonathan Glazer ( performed by Radiohead ) Push It - Andrea Giacobbe ( performed by Garbage ) Smack My Bitch Up - Jonas Åkerlund ( performed by The Prodigy )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gone_Till_November', 'summary': "Gone till November is the third single released from Wyclef Jean 's debut solo album , The Carnival . It peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart , its highest chart position . In the US , it peaked at number seven on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . It also peaked at number two on the Hot Rap Songs chart and number nine in the US Hot R & B/Hip-Hop Songs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Francis_Lawrence', 'summary': 'Francis Lawrence ( born March 26 , 1971 ) is an American filmmaker and producer . After establishing himself as a director of music videos and commercials , Lawrence made his feature-length directorial debut with the supernatural thriller Constantine ( 2005 ) and has since directed the post-apocalyptic horror film I Am Legend ( 2007 ) , the romantic drama Water for Elephants ( 2011 ) , three of the four films in the Hunger Games film series , and the spy thriller Red Sparrow ( 2018 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wyclef_Jean', 'summary': "Nel Ust Wyclef Jean ( /ˈwaɪklɛf ˈʒɒ̃/ ; born on October 17 , 1969 ) is a Haitian rapper , musician and actor . At the age of nine , Jean immigrated to the United States with his family . He first achieved fame as a member of the New Jersey hip hop group the Fugees . Jean has won three Grammy Awards for his musical work . On August 5 , 2010 , Jean filed for candidacy in the 2010 Haitian presidential election . The Electoral Commission ruled him ineligible to stand for office , as he had not met the constitutional requirement to have been a resident in Haiti for five years prior to the election . Jean 's efforts at earthquake relief , highly publicized in 2010 throughout Haiti and the United States , were channeled through his charitable organization , Yéle Haiti . The charity , which conducted education and welfare activities in Haiti between 2005 and 2010 , effectively closed in 2012 . It was investigated for failure to file tax returns and mismanagement of funds ; a high proportion of its money went to travel and administrative expense . The New York Times reported that much of the money raised by the organization in the Hope for Haiti Now telethon was retained by Jean for his own benefit . In 2012 , Jean published his memoir Purpose : An Immigrant 's Story . Along with Carlos Santana , Avicii and Alexandre Pires , Jean was chosen to perform the closing ceremony at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Karma_Police', 'summary': 'Karma Police is a song by the English alternative rock band Radiohead , released as the second single from their third studio album OK Computer ( 1997 ) on 25 August 1997 . The song charted at number 8 on the UK Singles Chart and at 14 on the US Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart . It was included on the Radiohead : The Best Of ( 2008 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Glazer', 'summary': 'Jonathan Glazer ( born 26 March 1965 ) is an English filmmaker , whose directing work includes feature films , music videos and advertisements .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Radiohead', 'summary': "Radiohead are an English rock band formed in Abingdon , Oxfordshire in 1985 . The band consists of Thom Yorke ( vocals , guitar , piano , keyboards ) , brothers Jonny Greenwood ( lead guitar , keyboards , other instruments ) and Colin Greenwood ( bass ) , Ed O'Brien ( guitar , backing vocals ) and Philip Selway ( drums , percussion ) . They have worked with producer Nigel Godrich and cover artist Stanley Donwood since 1994 . After signing to EMI in 1991 , Radiohead released their debut single Creep in 1992 . It became a worldwide hit after the release of their debut album , Pablo Honey ( 1993 ) . Their popularity and critical standing rose in the United Kingdom with the release of their second album , The Bends ( 1995 ) . Radiohead 's third album , OK Computer ( 1997 ) , brought them international fame ; noted for its complex production and themes of modern alienation , it is often acclaimed as a landmark record of the 1990s and one of the best albums in popular music . Kid A ( 2000 ) and Amnesiac ( 2001 ) , recorded simultaneously , marked a dramatic change in style , incorporating influences from experimental electronic music , 20th-century classical music , krautrock , and jazz . Kid A divided listeners but was named the best album of the decade by Rolling Stone , Pitchfork and The Times . Hail to the Thief ( 2003 ) mixed rock and electronic music with lyrics inspired by the War on Terror , and was Radiohead 's final album for EMI . Their subsequent releases have pioneered alternative release platforms such as pay-what-you-want and BitTorrent ; Radiohead self-released their seventh album , In Rainbows ( 2007 ) , as a download for which customers could set their own price , to critical and chart success . Their eighth album , The King of Limbs ( 2011 ) , an exploration of rhythm , was developed using extensive looping and sampling ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Push_It_(Garbage_song)', 'summary': "Push It is a song by alternative rock band Garbage from their second studio album , Version 2.0 ( 1998 ) . It was released on April 20 , 1998 as the album 's lead single . Lead singer Shirley Manson elaborated on the song 's dreamy verse structure versus the confrontational chorus : [ It 's about ] the schizophrenia that exists when you try to reconcile your desires and demons with the need to fit in . It 's a song of reassurance . The track contains a musical quotation of the Beach Boys ' 1964 song Do n't Worry Baby . The music video for Push It received thirteen nominations between the MTV Video Music Awards , MTV Europe Music Awards , and the MVPA Music Video Awards . Push It was also nominated as Best Alternative Records at Miami 's Winter Music Conference . In 2007 , Push It was remixed for Garbage 's greatest hits album Absolute Garbage ; some elements were made more noticeable , while some elements were reduced or edited out . A rock version was also serviced to UK radio stations to promote the compilation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Garbage_(band)', 'summary': "Garbage is an American rock band formed in Madison , Wisconsin , in 1993 . The band consists of Scottish singer and musician Shirley Manson and American musicians Duke Erikson , Steve Marker , and Butch Vig . All four members are involved in songwriting and production . Garbage has sold over 17 million albums worldwide . The band 's eponymous debut album was critically acclaimed upon its release , selling over four million copies and achieving double platinum certification in the UK , US and Australia . It was accompanied by a string of increasingly successful singles from 1995 to 1996 , including Stupid Girl and Only Happy When It Rains . Follow-up Version 2.0 , released in 1998 after a year in production , was equally successful , topping the UK Albums Chart and receiving two Grammy Award nominations . Garbage followed this by performing and co-producing the theme song to the nineteenth James Bond film The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) . Despite critical acclaim , Garbage 's third album Beautiful Garbage failed to match the commercial success achieved by its predecessors . Garbage quietly disbanded amidst the troubled production of their fourth album Bleed Like Me , but regrouped to complete the album , which was released in 2005 and peaked at a career-high number four in the US . The band cut short their concert tour of Bleed Like Me , announcing an indefinite hiatus , emphasizing that they had not broken up , but wished to pursue personal interests . The hiatus was briefly interrupted in 2007 , when Garbage recorded new tracks for their greatest hits retrospective Absolute Garbage ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Smack_My_Bitch_Up', 'summary': 'Smack My Bitch Up is a song by English rave group the Prodigy . It was released in November 1997 as the third and final single from the album The Fat of the Land . The song was voted by Mixmag readers as the third greatest dance track of all time . Although the song was not as big a commercial success as their previous singles , it gained a cult following . The song caused considerable controversy because of its suggestive title and explicit music video , which depicted scenes of drunken and drug-fuelled sexual excess and violence . The refrain , which consists only of the line Change my pitch up / Smack my bitch up , was sampled from the song Give the Drummer Some by the Ultramagnetic MCs . In 2010 , the song was voted as the most controversial of all-time in a survey conducted by PRS for Music . Prior to the release of the single , Liam Howlett was presented with three remixes of the title song , one by Jonny L , one by DJ Hype and one by Slacker . Howlett chose the DJ Hype remix to be released on the single . The Jonny L remix was released through a free CD that came along with an issue of Muzik magazine , while the Slacker remix was never officially released , although it surfaced on a rare and limited set of white labels .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jonas_Åkerlund', 'summary': "Hans Uno Jonas Åkerlund ( Swedish : [ hɑːns ˈʉ̌ːnʊ ˈjûːnas ˈôːkɛˌɭɵnd ] ; born 10 November 1965 ) is a Swedish film director , screenwriter , music video director , and drummer . His video for Madonna 's song Ray of Light won a Grammy Award for Best Music Video , Short Form , and a record seven awards at 1998 MTV Video Music Awards , including the Video of the Year . In 2008 he won another Grammy Award , this time around for Best Long Form Music Video for another work with Madonna - directing The Confessions Tour DVD . In 2014 he won this Grammy Award again ( that meanwhile changed the name to Best Music Film ) , this time for Live Kisses Paul McCartney concert film . Jonas Åkerlund , David Mallet and Bob Smeaton are the only directors to have won this award twice sharing the record for most wins in this category ( check here all winners and nominees of Grammy Award for Best Music Film ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Prodigy', 'summary': "The Prodigy are an English electronic dance music band from Braintree , Essex , formed in 1990 by keyboardist and songwriter Liam Howlett . The line-up of the band has included MC and vocalist Maxim , dancer and vocalist Keith Flint ( until his death in March 2019 ) , dancer and live keyboardist Leeroy Thornhill ( who left to pursue a solo career in 1999 ) , and dancer and vocalist Sharky ( 1990-1991 ) . Along with the Chemical Brothers and Fatboy Slim , The Prodigy are credited as pioneers of the breakbeat-influenced genre big beat , which achieved mainstream popularity in the 1990s . Howlett 's rock-inspired drum rhythms infused with electronic rave music beats/breaks were combined with Maxim 's omnipresent mystique , Thornhill 's shuffle dancing style and Flint 's modern punk appearance . The Prodigy first emerged in the underground rave scene in the early 1990s and achieved popularity and worldwide recognition with UK number one singles such as Firestarter and Breathe , both singles coming from their UK and US chart topping album The Fat of the Land ( 1997 ) . A third single from the album , Smack My Bitch Up , was also successful . They earned titles like the premiere dance act for the alternative masses and the Godfathers of Rave , and remain one of the most successful electronic acts of all time . They have sold an estimated 25 million records worldwide , and won numerous music awards during their career , including two Brit Awards for Best British Dance Act , three MTV Video Music Awards , two Kerrang ! Awards , five MTV Europe Music Awards , and received two Grammy Award nominations ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_MTV_Video_Music_Awards', 'summary': "The 1999 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 9 , 1999 , honoring the best music videos from June 13 , 1998 , to June 11 , 1999 . The show was hosted by Chris Rock at Metropolitan Opera House in New York City . Lauryn Hill was the big winner of the night , taking home four Moonmen , including Best Female Video and the big one , Video of the Year Highlights of the show included Diana Ross jiggling Lil ' Kim 's exposed breast in response to her outfit , which left her entire left breast uncovered , but for a small pastie on her nipple . The mothers of slain rappers Tupac Shakur and The Notorious B.I.G. , Afeni Shakur and Voletta Wallace , came together to present the Best Rap Video Award . The Beastie Boys ' Adam Horovitz made a plea for peace in the wake of the sexual assaults at Woodstock '99 . Near the end of the night , MTV staged a tribute to Madonna , the most-nominated artist in VMA history , by presenting a host of male drag performers dressed as the singer in her past music videos . Rapper DMX was scheduled to perform but was a no-show ; as a result , Jay-Z 's solo set was extended . Another moment of the ceremony was the debut of Britney Spears performing her debut single .Baby One More Time , and then , NSYNC , performed their song Tearin ' Up My Heart . As Backstreet Boys came up and accepted their award for Viewer 's Choice , a stranger came onto the stage and said , Wake up at 3 . This person was later revealed to be John Del Signore , who crashed the ceremony in a failed attempt to sell Viacom a show idea . The awards show featured a line-up of sponsors and cross-promotions , most notably with SEGA , as the date of the show also coincided with the launch of their Dreamcast game console ."}]}, {'value': 'Torrance Community Dance Group - Praise You by Fatboy Slim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spike_Jonze', 'summary': "Adam Spiegel ( born October 22 , 1969 ) , known professionally as Spike Jonze ( pronounced as the common English name Jones ) , is an American filmmaker , photographer , and actor , whose work includes music videos , commercials , film and television . Jonze began his career as a teenager photographing BMX riders and skateboarders for Freestylin ' Magazine and Transworld Skateboarding , and co-founded the youth culture magazine Dirt . Moving into filmmaking , he began shooting street skateboarding films , including the influential Video Days ( 1991 ) . Jonze co-founded the skateboard company Girl Skateboards in 1993 with riders Rick Howard and Mike Carroll . Jonze 's filmmaking style made him an in-demand director of music videos for much of the 1990s , resulting in collaborations with Sonic Youth , Beastie Boys , Fatboy Slim , Daft Punk , Weezer , Björk , Kanye West and Arcade Fire . Jonze began his feature film directing career with Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) and Adaptation . ( 2002 ) , both written by Charlie Kaufman ; the former earned Jonze an Academy Award nomination for Best Director . He was a co-creator and executive producer of MTV 's Jackass reality franchise . Jonze later began directing films based on his own screenplays , including Where the Wild Things Are ( 2009 ) and Her ( 2013 ) ; for the latter film , he won the Academy Award , Golden Globe , and the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay , while receiving Academy Award nominations for Best Picture and Best Original Song ( The Moon Song ) . He has worked as an actor sporadically throughout his career , co-starring in David O. Russell 's war comedy Three Kings ( 1999 ) and appeared in supporting roles in Bennett Miller 's Moneyball ( 2011 ) and Martin Scorsese 's The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 ) , in addition to a recurring role in comedy series The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret ( 2010-2012 ) and cameo appearances in his own films . Jonze co-founded Directors Label , with filmmakers Chris Cunningham and Michel Gondry , and the Palm Pictures company . He is currently the creative director of Vice Media , Inc. and its multinational television channel Viceland ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Praise_You', 'summary': "Praise You is a song by British big beat musician Fatboy Slim . It was released as the third single from his second studio album , You 've Come a Long Way , Baby , in 1999 . It reached number one on the UK Singles Chart and in Iceland , number four in Canada , number six in the Republic of Ireland and number 36 in the United States . As of 1999 it has sold over 150,000 units in United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fatboy_Slim', 'summary': "Norman Quentin Cook ( born Quentin Leo Cook ; 31 July 1963 ) , known by his stage name Fatboy Slim , is an English DJ , musician , and record producer who helped to popularise the big beat genre in the 1990s . In the 1980s , Cook was the bassist for the Hull-based indie rock band The Housemartins , who achieved a UK number-one single with their a cappella cover of Caravan of Love . After the Housemartins split , Norman Cook formed the electronic band Beats International in Brighton , who produced the number-one single Dub Be Good to Me . Cook then played in Freak Power , Pizzaman , and the Mighty Dub Katz with moderate success . In 1996 , Cook adopted the name Fatboy Slim and released Better Living Through Chemistry to critical acclaim . Follow-up albums You 've Come a Long Way , Baby , Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars , and Palookaville , as well as singles such as The Rockafeller Skank , Praise You , Right Here , Right Now , Weapon of Choice , and Wonderful Night , achieved commercial and critical success . In 2008 , Cook formed The Brighton Port Authority with David Byrne . Cook has been responsible for successful remixes for Cornershop , Beastie Boys , A Tribe Called Quest , Groove Armada , and Wildchild . In 2010 , in partnership with Byrne , he released the concept album Here Lies Love . Cook holds the Guinness World Record for the most top 40 hits under different names . As a solo act , he has won ten MTV Video Music Awards and two Brit Awards ."}]}, {'value': "Freak on a Leash - Todd McFarlane , Graham Morris , Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris ( performed by Korn ) My Name Is - Dr. Dre and Phillip Atwell ( performed by Eminem ) No Scrubs - Hype Williams ( performed by TLC ) What 's It Gon na Be ? ! - Hype Williams and Busta Rhymes ( performed by Busta Rhymes featuring Janet Jackson )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freak_on_a_Leash', 'summary': "Freak on a Leash is a song by the American nu metal band Korn , featured on the group 's 1998 studio album , Follow the Leader . Prior to the album 's release , Korn had an instrumental section of the song , described as a noisy guitar break . The section was taken out of the song after their fans requested it be taken out . After Follow the Leader 's release , the song was released as a single on May 25 , 1999 , and since then , it has been re-released over ten times . The song uses dissonance , distortion , various guitar effects , and a heavy , aggressive style . The Freak on a Leash music video was released on February 5 , 1999 . Directed by Todd McFarlane in Los Angeles , California , the video explores both animations and live performances mixed together . As a result , the band released a music video that won three awards , and was retired from Total Request Live . The single peaked at number six on the Alternative Songs chart , 10 on the Mainstream Rock Songs chart , and 24 on the UK Singles Chart ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Todd_McFarlane', 'summary': "Todd McFarlane ( /məkˈfɑːrlɪn/ ; born March 16 , 1961 ) is a Canadian comic book creator and entrepreneur , best known for his work as the artist on The Amazing Spider-Man and as the writer and artist on the horror-fantasy series Spawn . In the late 1980s and early 1990s , McFarlane became a comic book superstar due to his work on Marvel Comics ' Spider-Man franchise , on which he was the artist to draw the first full appearances of the supervillain Venom . In 1992 , he helped form Image Comics , pulling the occult anti-hero character Spawn from his high school portfolio and updating him for the 1990s . Spawn was a popular hero in the 1990s and encouraged a trend in creator-owned comic book properties . Since leaving inking duties on Spawn with issue No . 70 ( February 1998 ) , McFarlane has illustrated comic books less often , focusing on entrepreneurial efforts , such as McFarlane Toys and Todd McFarlane Entertainment , a film and animation studio . In September 2006 , it was announced that McFarlane would be the Art Director of the newly formed 38 Studios , formerly Green Monster Games , founded by major league baseball pitcher Curt Schilling . McFarlane used to be a co-owner of the National Hockey League 's Edmonton Oilers before selling his shares to Daryl Katz . He is also a high-profile collector of record-breaking baseballs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton_and_Valerie_Faris', 'summary': 'Jonathan Dayton ( born July 7 , 1957 ) and Valerie Faris ( born October 20 , 1958 ) are a team of American film and music video directors who received critical acclaim for their feature film directorial debut , Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) . Later the married couple directed the romantic comedy-drama Ruby Sparks ( 2012 ) , and the biographical sports drama Battle of the Sexes ( 2017 ) . Their most recent directing project is the Netflix comedy series , Living With Yourself , starring Paul Rudd , which premiered on October 17 , 2019 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Korn', 'summary': "Korn ( stylized as KoЯn ) is an American nu metal band from Bakersfield , California , formed in 1993 . The band is notable for pioneering the nu metal genre and bringing it into the mainstream . Originally formed in 1993 by three members of the band L.A.P.D. , Korn 's current lineup features founding members James Munky Shaffer ( rhythm guitar ) , Reginald Fieldy Arvizu ( bass ) , Brian Head Welch ( lead guitar , backing vocals ) , and Jonathan Davis ( lead vocals , bagpipes ) , with the addition of Ray Luzier ( drums ) in 2007 , replacing the band 's first drummer , David Silveria . Korn made a demo tape , Neidermayer 's Mind , in 1993 , which was distributed free to record companies and on request to members of the public . Their debut album , Korn , was released in 1994 , followed by Life Is Peachy in 1996 . The band first experienced mainstream success with Follow the Leader ( 1998 ) and Issues ( 1999 ) , both of which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 . The band 's mainstream success continued with Untouchables ( 2002 ) , Take a Look in the Mirror ( 2003 ) and See You on the Other Side ( 2005 ) . A compilation album , Greatest Hits Vol . 1 , was released in 2004 , spanning a decade of singles and concluding the band 's recording contract with Immortal Records and Epic Records . They signed to Virgin Records , releasing See You on the Other Side in 2005 , and an untitled album in 2007 . Korn 's other recent albums , Korn III : Remember Who You Are ( 2010 ) and The Path of Totality ( 2011 ) , were released via Roadrunner Records , The Paradigm Shift ( 2013 ) being released via Prospect Park and Caroline Records . The Serenity of Suffering , saw their return to Roadrunner Records ."}, {'url': '/wiki/My_Name_Is', 'summary': "My Name Is is a song by American rapper Eminem from his second studio album The Slim Shady LP ( 1999 ) . It is also the opening song of that album . The song samples British singer Labi Siffre 's 1975 track I Got The . The song was ranked at # 26 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of the '90s . My Name Is was also ranked # 6 on Q Magazine 's 1001 Best Songs Ever . The song was placed at number 39 by Rolling Stone on their list of 100 Greatest Hip-Hop songs of all time in April 2016 . The recording garnered Eminem his first Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance at the 42nd Grammy Awards in 2000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dr._Dre', 'summary': "Andre Romelle Young:1 ( born February 18 , 1965 ) , known professionally as Dr. Dre , is an American rapper , songwriter , record producer , entrepreneur , record executive , actor , and audio engineer . He is the founder and CEO of Aftermath Entertainment and Beats Electronics , and was previously co-owner of Death Row Records . Dr. Dre began his career as a member of the World Class Wreckin ' Cru in 1985 , but found fame with the influential gangsta rap group N.W.A , which popularized explicit lyrics in rap to detail the violence of street life . He is credited as a key figure in the crafting and popularization of West Coast G-funk , a subgenre of hip hop characterized by a synthesizer foundation and slow , heavy beats . He was the second-richest figure in hip hop as of 2018 with an estimated net worth of US $ 800 million . Dr. Dre 's solo debut studio album The Chronic ( 1992 ) , released under Death Row Records , made him one of the best-selling American music artists of 1993 . It earned him a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for the single Let Me Ride , as well as several accolades for the single Nuthin ' but a ' G ' Thang . That year , he produced Death Row labelmate Snoop Doggy Dogg 's quadruple platinum debut Doggystyle , and mentored producers such as his step-brother Warren G ( leading to the multi-platinum debut Regulate.G Funk Era in 1994 ) and Snoop Dogg 's cousin Daz Dillinger ( leading to the double-platinum debut Dogg Food by Tha Dogg Pound in 1995 ) . In 1996 , Dr. Dre left Death Row Records to establish his own label , Aftermath Entertainment . He produced a compilation album , Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath , in 1996 , and released a solo album , 2001 , in 1999 . During the 2000s , Dr. Dre focused on producing other artists , occasionally contributing vocals . Dr. Dre signed Eminem in 1998 and 50 Cent in 2002 , and co-produced their albums ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Phillip_Atwell', 'summary': "Philip G. Atwell is an American music video , television commercial and feature film director . Starting out as a music video producer , he took up directing in 1998 . Often co-directing with Dr. Dre , he has helmed many music videos for Eminem and other hip hop artists . In 2000 Atwell directed and executive-produced the concert documentary The Up in Smoke Tour . He also produced and co-wrote Murder Was the Case , a short movie released in 1995 by Death Row Records , directed by Dr. Dre and starring Snoop Dogg . In 2001 , he produced DJ Pooh 's feature film The Wash featuring Dr. Dre , Snoop Dogg , Xzibit and Eminem , among others . In 2005 , he executive-produced both Damon Johnson 's The Game : Documentary and Donn J. Viola 's Eminem Presents : The Anger Management Tour . In 2003 Atwell directed The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious , a short film bridging The Fast and the Furious with its sequel , as well as Severance Pay , a one-minute-movie for NBC 's 1MMs series . Atwell also directed two episodes of The Shield and served as second unit director on both National Treasure movies . In 2007 , he directed his first fiction feature , War , which starred Jet Li and Jason Statham . He is a 1987 graduate of the University of Delaware , where he was a member of the football team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eminem', 'summary': "Marshall Bruce Mathers III ( born October 17 , 1972 ) , known professionally as Eminem ( /ˌɛmɪˈnɛm/ ; often stylized as EMINƎM ) , is an American rapper , songwriter , record producer , record executive and actor . He is one of the most successful musical artists of the 21st century . In addition to his solo career , Eminem was a member of the hip hop group D12 . He is also known for collaborations with fellow Detroit-based rapper Royce da 5 ' 9 ; the two are collectively known as Bad Meets Evil . After his debut album Infinite ( 1996 ) and the extended play Slim Shady EP ( 1997 ) , Eminem signed with Dr. Dre 's Aftermath Entertainment and subsequently achieved mainstream popularity in 1999 with The Slim Shady LP and its lead single My Name Is . His next two releases The Marshall Mathers LP ( 2000 ) and The Eminem Show ( 2002 ) were worldwide successes and were both nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year . As a result of being a leading figure in a form of black music , Eminem was subject to comparisons to Elvis Presley at the time . After the release of Encore in 2004 , which faced heavy criticism by fans and critics for its lackluster quality , Eminem went on hiatus in 2005 partly due to a prescription drug addiction . He released Relapse in 2009 and Recovery the following year , which both won Grammy Awards for Best Rap Album . Recovery was the best-selling album of 2010 worldwide , making it his second album , after The Eminem Show in 2002 , to be the best-selling album worldwide . In the following years , he released the US number one albums The Marshall Mathers LP 2 , Revival , Kamikaze and Music to Be Murdered By . Eminem starred in the drama film 8 Mile ( 2002 ) playing a fictionalized version of himself , which won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for Lose Yourself , making him the first hip hop artist to ever win the award ."}, {'url': '/wiki/No_Scrubs', 'summary': "No Scrubs is a song recorded by American girl group TLC for their third studio album FanMail ( 1999 ) . The lyrics posit that a man who does not have his own car is a scrub ( also known as a buster ) and is undesirable as a romantic or sexual partner . LaFace Records and Arista Records released it as the album 's lead single on February 2 , 1999 . The song was written by Kevin She'kspere Briggs alongside former Xscape members , Kandi Burruss and Tameka Tiny Cottle . The single version containing self-written rap by Lisa Left Eye Lopes was not included on the album FanMail , and later appeared in a slightly shorter edit on Now and Forever : The Hits and 20 . No Scrubs was the first time Rozonda Chilli Thomas took the sole lead vocals on any TLC single . The album version of the song won Best R & B Performance by a Duo or Group and Best R & B Song at 42nd Annual Grammy Awards . No Scrubs met with international success . It became TLC 's third number-one single and eighth top 10 single on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also earned them their second Grammy Award nomination for Record of the Year . No Scrubs is one of TLC 's signature songs and was the second-biggest Hot 100 single of 1999 in the U.S. , only behind Cher 's Believe , according to Billboard 's year-end charts . On the decade end chart for 1990-99 , No Scrubs was ranked at number 33 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hype_Williams', 'summary': 'Harold Hype Williams ( born July 1 , 1970 ) is an American music video director , film director , film producer , and screenwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/TLC_(band)', 'summary': "TLC is an American girl group whose original line-up consisted of Tionne T-Boz Watkins , Lisa Left Eye Lopes , and Rozonda Chilli Thomas . Formed in Atlanta , Georgia in 1991 , the group was very successful during the 1990s . They scored nine top-ten hits on the Billboard Hot 100 , including four number-one singles Creep , Waterfalls , No Scrubs , and Unpretty . The group also recorded four multi-platinum albums , including CrazySexyCool ( 1994 ) , which received a diamond certification from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . TLC also became the first R & B group in history to receive the Million certification from the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) for FanMail ( 1999 ) . Having sold over 65 million records worldwide , TLC is the best-selling American girl group . VH1 ranked TLC as the greatest female group , placing them at number 12 on the list of 100 Greatest Women in Music . Billboard magazine ranked TLC as one of the greatest musical trios , as well as the seventh most successful act of the 1990s . The group 's accolades include four career Grammy Awards , five MTV Video Music Awards , and five Soul Train Music Awards . Twenty years after their debut , TLC was honored with Outstanding Contribution to Music at the 17th MOBO Awards and Legend Award at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards Japan . All three members of TLC are considered irreplaceable by the other members , and each of them has contributed equally to the group . [ citation needed ] Following Lopes ' death in 2002 , instead of replacing her , the remaining members chose to continue as a duo ."}, {'url': "/wiki/What's_It_Gonna_Be?!", 'summary': "What 's It Gon na Be ? ! is the third single released by American rapper Busta Rhymes from his third studio album E.L.E . ( Extinction Level Event ) : The Final World Front ( 1999 ) , featuring guest vocals from American singer Janet Jackson . The song was a commercial and critical success , reaching number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and the top ten of various countries . It also hit number one on the Billboard Hot Rap Tracks and Hot R & B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks charts , and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the 2000 Grammy Awards . The music video , directed by Rhymes & Hype Williams , was critically lauded , and received four MTV Video Music Awards nominations at the 1999 MTV Video Music Awards . It is one of the most expensive music videos ever made . The song appears on Rhymes ' compilation albums Total Devastation : The Best of Busta Rhymes and Turn It Up ! The Very Best of Busta Rhymes as well as Jackson 's Number Ones greatest hits album . Jackson included the song as an interlude on her Number Ones : Up Close and Personal tour and sang it for the first time on the second leg of her 2018 State of the World Tour ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hype_Williams', 'summary': 'Harold Hype Williams ( born July 1 , 1970 ) is an American music video director , film director , film producer , and screenwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Busta_Rhymes', 'summary': "Trevor George Smith Jr. ( born May 20 , 1972 ) , known professionally as Busta Rhymes , is an American rapper , singer , record producer , record executive , and actor . Chuck D of Public Enemy gave him the moniker Busta Rhymes , after NFL and CFL wide receiver George Buster Rhymes . He is known for his outlandish style and fashion sense as well as his intricate and high-speed rhyming technique . He has received 11 Grammy Award nominations for his work . About.com included him on its list of the 50 Greatest MCs of Our Time ( 1987-2007 ) , while Steve Huey of AllMusic called him one of the best and most prolific rappers of the 1990s . In 2012 , The Source placed him on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time . MTV has called him one of hip-hop 's greatest visual artists . Busta Rhymes was an original member of Leaders of the New School . He later went on and founded the record label Conglomerate ( initially Flipmode Entertainment ) and production crew The Conglomerate ( formerly Flipmode Squad ) . In November 2011 , Busta Rhymes signed a deal with Cash Money Records . On July 23 , 2014 , Busta Rhymes announced that he left Cash Money Records due to creative differences and was no longer on Republic . He has released nine studio albums , with the first being the 1996 platinum-selling album The Coming ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Busta_Rhymes', 'summary': "Trevor George Smith Jr. ( born May 20 , 1972 ) , known professionally as Busta Rhymes , is an American rapper , singer , record producer , record executive , and actor . Chuck D of Public Enemy gave him the moniker Busta Rhymes , after NFL and CFL wide receiver George Buster Rhymes . He is known for his outlandish style and fashion sense as well as his intricate and high-speed rhyming technique . He has received 11 Grammy Award nominations for his work . About.com included him on its list of the 50 Greatest MCs of Our Time ( 1987-2007 ) , while Steve Huey of AllMusic called him one of the best and most prolific rappers of the 1990s . In 2012 , The Source placed him on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time . MTV has called him one of hip-hop 's greatest visual artists . Busta Rhymes was an original member of Leaders of the New School . He later went on and founded the record label Conglomerate ( initially Flipmode Entertainment ) and production crew The Conglomerate ( formerly Flipmode Squad ) . In November 2011 , Busta Rhymes signed a deal with Cash Money Records . On July 23 , 2014 , Busta Rhymes announced that he left Cash Money Records due to creative differences and was no longer on Republic . He has released nine studio albums , with the first being the 1996 platinum-selling album The Coming ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Janet_Jackson', 'summary': "Janet Damita Jo Jackson ( born May 16 , 1966 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and dancer . A prominent figure in popular culture , she is known for sonically innovative , socially conscious and sexually provocative records , and elaborate stage shows . The ninth and youngest child of the Jackson family , she began her career with the variety television series The Jacksons in 1976 and went on to appear in other television shows throughout the 1970s and early 1980s , including Good Times , Diff'rent Strokes , and Fame . After signing a recording contract with A & M Records in 1982 , she became a pop icon following the release of her third and fourth studio albums Control ( 1986 ) and Rhythm Nation 1814 ( 1989 ) . Her collaborations with record producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis incorporated elements of rhythm and blues , funk , disco , rap and industrial beats , which led to crossover success in popular music . In 1991 , Jackson signed the first of two record-breaking multimillion-dollar contracts with Virgin Records , establishing her as one of the highest-paid artists in the industry . Her fifth album Janet ( 1993 ) saw her develop a public image as a sex symbol as she began to explore sexuality in her music . That same year , she appeared in her first starring film role in Poetic Justice , and has since continued to act in feature films . Jackson then released her sixth studio album The Velvet Rope ( 1997 ) , which is distinguished for its innovative production and dark lyrical content . By the end of the 1990s , she was named by Billboard magazine as the second most successful recording artist of the decade after Mariah Carey . Her seventh album All for You ( 2001 ) coincided with a celebration of her impact on the recording industry as the inaugural MTV Icon . After parting ways with Virgin Records , she released her tenth album Discipline ( 2008 ) , her first and only album with Island Records ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_MTV_Video_Music_Awards', 'summary': "The 2000 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 7 , 2000 , honoring the best music videos from June 12 , 1999 , to June 9 , 2000 . The show was hosted by Marlon and Shawn Wayans at Radio City Music Hall in New York City . The 2000 show is best remembered for Tim Commerford of Rage Against the Machine climbing a piece of set scaffolding and refusing to come down after his band lost the award for Best Rock Video to Limp Bizkit . The show went to commercial while security removed Commerford , who was later arrested and forced to spend a night in jail . Britney Spears performed her hit single Oops ! .I Did It Again which went on to become one of the VMA 's most iconic and controversial performances , due to her skin-colored performance attire . NSYNC also performed their hit single Bye Bye Bye . Bizkit vocalist Fred Durst later joined Christina Aguilera onstage as a surprise guest during her performance of Come On Over Baby ( All I Want Is You ) . For the second year in a row DMX did not show up for his scheduled performance ; as a result , Nelly 's performance , originally scheduled for the pre-show , was promoted to the main event . Other highlights included Eminem performing amidst an army of Slim Shady lookalikes and a humorous montage dedicated to past VMA winners who had failed to repeat their previous success . This was Aaliyah 's last appearance at the VMA awards before her death a year later in August 2001 in a plane crash in the Bahamas . She won her two and only VMA awards that night , for Best Female Video and Best Video from a Film for Try Again ."}]}, {'value': 'Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris - Californication by Red Hot Chili Peppers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton_and_Valerie_Faris', 'summary': 'Jonathan Dayton ( born July 7 , 1957 ) and Valerie Faris ( born October 20 , 1958 ) are a team of American film and music video directors who received critical acclaim for their feature film directorial debut , Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) . Later the married couple directed the romantic comedy-drama Ruby Sparks ( 2012 ) , and the biographical sports drama Battle of the Sexes ( 2017 ) . Their most recent directing project is the Netflix comedy series , Living With Yourself , starring Paul Rudd , which premiered on October 17 , 2019 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Californication_(song)', 'summary': "Californication is a song by the Red Hot Chili Peppers , from their seventh album , Californication ( 1999 ) . Released as a single in 2000 , it reached number 69 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , number 16 on the UK Singles Chart and number one on both the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks . The song also debuted at number one in Iceland , becoming the third number-one single from the album there . Californication has remained one of the band 's most popular and most performed live songs , appearing in almost every setlist since its live debut and making it the band 's third-most performed song , with over 500 performances ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers', 'summary': "Red Hot Chili Peppers ( commonly abbreviated as RHCP ) are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983 . Their music incorporates elements of alternative rock , funk , punk rock and psychedelic rock . The band comprises vocalist Anthony Kiedis , bassist Flea , drummer Chad Smith , and guitarist John Frusciante . With over 80 million records sold worldwide , Red Hot Chili Peppers are one of the best-selling bands of all time . They are the most successful band in the history of alternative rock radio , with the records for most number-one singles ( 13 ) , most cumulative weeks at number one ( 85 ) and most top-ten songs ( 25 ) on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart . They have won six Grammy Awards , and in 2012 were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in Los Angeles by Kiedis , Flea , guitarist Hillel Slovak and drummer Jack Irons . Because of commitments to other bands , Slovak and Irons did not play on the band 's 1984 self-titled debut album ; instead , the album featured Jack Sherman on guitar and Cliff Martinez on drums . Slovak rejoined shortly after its release and performed on the albums Freaky Styley ( 1985 ) and The Uplift Mofo Party Plan ( 1987 ) , the latter of which saw a reunion of the original lineup . Slovak died of a drug overdose on June 25 , 1988 ; devastated , Irons left the band . With new recruits Frusciante and Smith , Red Hot Chili Peppers recorded two albums , Mother 's Milk ( 1989 ) and their first major commercial success , Blood Sugar Sex Magik ( 1991 ) . Frusciante was uncomfortable with the newfound popularity and left abruptly during the 1992 Blood Sugar Sex Magik tour ."}]}, {'value': "Everything is Everything - Sanji ( performed by Lauryn Hill ) Learn to Fly - Jesse Peretz ( performed by Foo Fighters ) The Real Slim Shady - Dr. Dre and Phillip Atwell ( performed by Eminem ) Untitled ( How Does It Feel ) - Paul Hunter and Dominique Trenier ( performed by D'Angelo )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Everything_Is_Everything_(Lauryn_Hill_song)', 'summary': "Everything Is Everything is the third and final single from American recording artist Lauryn Hill 's debut album , The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill ( 1998 ) . Released on May 4 , 1999 by Ruffhouse and Columbia Records , the song was written by Hill and Johari Newton , and produced by Hill . The song contains elements of R & B , '60s soul , and hip hop influences . Everything is Everything garnered acclaim from critics , many of whom praised its lyrical themes and genre variance . The song marked the first commercial appearance of pianist John Legend , who was still 19 years old when the song was recorded . During the recording sessions , Hill wanted to write a song about injustice and struggles amongst youth communities in inner-city Urban America . Everything Is Everything reached number 35 on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Chart , number 14 on the Hot R & B/Hip-Hop Songs , number 18 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart , and number 19 on the UK Singles Chart upon release . The Recording Industry Association of America certified the song Gold in shipping 500,000 units and in 2007 , the song was ranked number 66 in About.com 's list of the Top 100 Rap Songs . A music video , directed by Sanji , was filmed in Los Angeles ' Method Studios depicting Hill walking through New York City . In 2000 , Everything Is Everything was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video , along with a Soul Train Lady of Soul Award nomination and 3 MTV Video Music Award nominations for Best Hip-Hop Video , Best Direction ( Sanji ) , and Best Special Effects ( Method Studios ) . The song is covered by The Roots and Booker T. Jones for the latter 's album The Road from Memphis ( 2011 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sanji_(director)', 'summary': "Sanji Senaka is a music video director who has won MTV award for best video , and was nominated for a Grammy for video of year . He has directed award-winning ( and nominated ) music videos for Nicki Minaj , David Guetta , Lauryn Hill , Mary J Blige , Common , Jennifer Lopez and more . He is credited for having a unique visual style , with dazzling and surreal storytelling flare . He 's created videos with the collaboration of some of the world 's best Academy Award-winning cinematographers . He 's helmed pieces shot by Claudio Miranda ( Life of Pi , Curious Case of Benjamin Button ) , Darius Khondji ( Se7en , Panic Room ) as well Jeff Cronenweth ( Gone Girl , The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ) . Numerous studios from UNIVERSAL , FOX , & MGM have all sought Sanji to direct Major studio films . Sanji was represented by CAA ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lauryn_Hill', 'summary': "Lauryn Noelle Hill ( born May 26 , 1975 ) is an American singer , songwriter and rapper , known for being a member of Fugees , and for her solo album The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill , which won many awards and broke several sales records . Raised mostly in South Orange , New Jersey , Hill began singing with her music-oriented family during her childhood . In high school , Hill was approached by Pras Michel for a band he started , which his friend , Wyclef Jean , soon joined . They renamed themselves the Fugees and released the albums Blunted on Reality ( 1994 ) , and the Grammy Award-winning The Score ( 1996 ) , which sold six million copies in the U.S. Hill rose to prominence with her African-American and Caribbean music influences , her rapping and singing , and her rendition of the hit Killing Me Softly . Her tumultuous romantic relationship with Wyclef Jean led to the split of the band in 1997 , after which she began to focus on solo projects . The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill ( 1998 ) remains Hill 's only solo studio album . It received critical acclaim showcasing a representation of life and relationships and locating a contemporary voice within the neo soul genre . The album debuted at number one on the U.S . Billboard 200 and has sold approximately eight million copies there . This included the singles Doo Wop ( That Thing ) ( also a number one ) , Ex-Factor ( became her biggest solo hit in the UK ) , and Everything Is Everything . At the 41st Grammy Awards , the record earned her five awards , including Album of the Year and Best New Artist . During this time , she won several other awards and became a common sight on the cover of magazines ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Learn_to_Fly', 'summary': "Learn to Fly is a song by American rock band Foo Fighters . It was released as the lead single from their third studio album There Is Nothing Left to Lose ( 1999 ) , on September 18 , 1999 . It was the band 's first song to enter the Billboard Hot 100 , as well as their second-highest charting song on the Hot 100 , peaking at number 19 . It also peaked within the top 40 in Australia , Canada , Hungary , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Poland , Scotland , and the United Kingdom . The song 's music video won Best Short Form Video award at the 43rd Grammy Awards in 2000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jesse_Peretz', 'summary': "Jesse W. Peretz ( born May 19 , 1968 ) is an American film and television director , TV producer and former musician . He first rose to prominence as a bass guitarist and founding member of The Lemonheads , a Cambridge , Massachusetts-based band which formed in 1986 . Peretz left the band as a musician shortly before their breakout album , It 's a Shame About Ray , was released , but stayed on as the band photographer . After leaving The Lemonheads , he began to work extensively as a director , first in short form works such as television commercials and music videos , later transitioning to feature films and television series . His directorial work includes the films Our Idiot Brother and Juliet , Naked , and the TV series Girls ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Foo_Fighters', 'summary': "Foo Fighters is an American rock band , formed in Seattle , Washington , in 1994 . It was founded by Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl as a one-man project following the dissolution of Nirvana after the suicide of Kurt Cobain . The group got its name from the UFOs and various aerial phenomena that were reported by Allied aircraft pilots in World War II , which were known collectively as foo fighters . Prior to the release of Foo Fighters ' 1995 debut album Foo Fighters , which featured Grohl as the only official member , Grohl recruited bassist Nate Mendel and drummer William Goldsmith , both formerly of Sunny Day Real Estate , as well as Nirvana touring guitarist Pat Smear to complete the lineup . The band began with performances in Portland , Oregon . Goldsmith quit during the recording of the group 's second album , The Colour and the Shape ( 1997 ) , when most of the drum parts were re-recorded by Grohl himself . Smear 's departure followed soon afterward , though he would appear as a guest with the band frequently starting in 2006 , and would rejoin as an official full-time member in 2011 . They were replaced by Taylor Hawkins and Franz Stahl , respectively , although Stahl was fired before the recording of the group 's third album , There Is Nothing Left to Lose ( 1999 ) . The band briefly continued as a trio until Chris Shiflett joined as the band 's lead guitarist after the completion of There Is Nothing Left to Lose . The band released its fourth album , One by One , in 2002 . The group followed that release with the two-disc In Your Honor ( 2005 ) , which was split between acoustic songs and heavier material . Foo Fighters released its sixth album , Echoes , Silence , Patience & Grace , in 2007 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Real_Slim_Shady', 'summary': "The Real Slim Shady is a song by American rapper Eminem from his third album The Marshall Mathers LP ( 2000 ) . It was released as the lead single a week before the album 's release . The song was later released in 2005 on Eminem 's greatest hits album Curtain Call : The Hits . The Real Slim Shady was Eminem 's first song to reach number one in the United Kingdom and it also peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 , giving him his biggest hit up to that point . The song was the 14th best selling of 2000 in the United Kingdom . It won multiple awards , including MTV Video Music Awards for Best Video and Best Male Video , as well as a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance . In October 2011 , NME placed it at number 80 on its list 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years . It was listed at number 396 on NME 's 500 greatest songs of all time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dr._Dre', 'summary': "Andre Romelle Young:1 ( born February 18 , 1965 ) , known professionally as Dr. Dre , is an American rapper , songwriter , record producer , entrepreneur , record executive , actor , and audio engineer . He is the founder and CEO of Aftermath Entertainment and Beats Electronics , and was previously co-owner of Death Row Records . Dr. Dre began his career as a member of the World Class Wreckin ' Cru in 1985 , but found fame with the influential gangsta rap group N.W.A , which popularized explicit lyrics in rap to detail the violence of street life . He is credited as a key figure in the crafting and popularization of West Coast G-funk , a subgenre of hip hop characterized by a synthesizer foundation and slow , heavy beats . He was the second-richest figure in hip hop as of 2018 with an estimated net worth of US $ 800 million . Dr. Dre 's solo debut studio album The Chronic ( 1992 ) , released under Death Row Records , made him one of the best-selling American music artists of 1993 . It earned him a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for the single Let Me Ride , as well as several accolades for the single Nuthin ' but a ' G ' Thang . That year , he produced Death Row labelmate Snoop Doggy Dogg 's quadruple platinum debut Doggystyle , and mentored producers such as his step-brother Warren G ( leading to the multi-platinum debut Regulate.G Funk Era in 1994 ) and Snoop Dogg 's cousin Daz Dillinger ( leading to the double-platinum debut Dogg Food by Tha Dogg Pound in 1995 ) . In 1996 , Dr. Dre left Death Row Records to establish his own label , Aftermath Entertainment . He produced a compilation album , Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath , in 1996 , and released a solo album , 2001 , in 1999 . During the 2000s , Dr. Dre focused on producing other artists , occasionally contributing vocals . Dr. Dre signed Eminem in 1998 and 50 Cent in 2002 , and co-produced their albums ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Phillip_Atwell', 'summary': "Philip G. Atwell is an American music video , television commercial and feature film director . Starting out as a music video producer , he took up directing in 1998 . Often co-directing with Dr. Dre , he has helmed many music videos for Eminem and other hip hop artists . In 2000 Atwell directed and executive-produced the concert documentary The Up in Smoke Tour . He also produced and co-wrote Murder Was the Case , a short movie released in 1995 by Death Row Records , directed by Dr. Dre and starring Snoop Dogg . In 2001 , he produced DJ Pooh 's feature film The Wash featuring Dr. Dre , Snoop Dogg , Xzibit and Eminem , among others . In 2005 , he executive-produced both Damon Johnson 's The Game : Documentary and Donn J. Viola 's Eminem Presents : The Anger Management Tour . In 2003 Atwell directed The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious , a short film bridging The Fast and the Furious with its sequel , as well as Severance Pay , a one-minute-movie for NBC 's 1MMs series . Atwell also directed two episodes of The Shield and served as second unit director on both National Treasure movies . In 2007 , he directed his first fiction feature , War , which starred Jet Li and Jason Statham . He is a 1987 graduate of the University of Delaware , where he was a member of the football team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eminem', 'summary': "Marshall Bruce Mathers III ( born October 17 , 1972 ) , known professionally as Eminem ( /ˌɛmɪˈnɛm/ ; often stylized as EMINƎM ) , is an American rapper , songwriter , record producer , record executive and actor . He is one of the most successful musical artists of the 21st century . In addition to his solo career , Eminem was a member of the hip hop group D12 . He is also known for collaborations with fellow Detroit-based rapper Royce da 5 ' 9 ; the two are collectively known as Bad Meets Evil . After his debut album Infinite ( 1996 ) and the extended play Slim Shady EP ( 1997 ) , Eminem signed with Dr. Dre 's Aftermath Entertainment and subsequently achieved mainstream popularity in 1999 with The Slim Shady LP and its lead single My Name Is . His next two releases The Marshall Mathers LP ( 2000 ) and The Eminem Show ( 2002 ) were worldwide successes and were both nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year . As a result of being a leading figure in a form of black music , Eminem was subject to comparisons to Elvis Presley at the time . After the release of Encore in 2004 , which faced heavy criticism by fans and critics for its lackluster quality , Eminem went on hiatus in 2005 partly due to a prescription drug addiction . He released Relapse in 2009 and Recovery the following year , which both won Grammy Awards for Best Rap Album . Recovery was the best-selling album of 2010 worldwide , making it his second album , after The Eminem Show in 2002 , to be the best-selling album worldwide . In the following years , he released the US number one albums The Marshall Mathers LP 2 , Revival , Kamikaze and Music to Be Murdered By . Eminem starred in the drama film 8 Mile ( 2002 ) playing a fictionalized version of himself , which won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for Lose Yourself , making him the first hip hop artist to ever win the award ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Untitled_(How_Does_It_Feel)', 'summary': "Untitled ( How Does It Feel ) is a song by American singer D'Angelo , released January 1 , 2000 on Virgin Records in the United States . It was issued as a radio single in promotion of his second studio album , Voodoo ( 2000 ) . Written and produced by D'Angelo and Raphael Saadiq , the song was originally composed as a tribute to musician Prince . Untitled ( How Does It Feel ) contains a vintage style and sound similar to that of Prince 's early musical work . The song 's lyrics concern a man 's plea to his lover for sex . The song received generally favorable reviews from music critics and it earned D'Angelo a number of awards . Untitled ( How Does It Feel ) also earned notice for its controversial music video . Directed by Paul Hunter and Dominique Trenier , the video consists entirely of one shot featuring a muscular D'Angelo appearing nude and lip-synching to the track . While initial reaction from viewers was divided with praise for its sexuality and accusations of sexual objectification , the video received considerable airplay on music video networks such as MTV and BET , and it helped increase mainstream notice of D'Angelo and Voodoo . The music video for Untitled ( How Does It Feel ) had a considerable impact on D'Angelo 's recording career , as it helped engender an image of him as a sex icon to a younger generation of fans . However , his discontent with this image led to his period of absence from the music scene following the conclusion of the supporting tour for Voodoo . The song won a Grammy Award for Best Male R & B Vocal Performance at the 43rd Grammy Awards in 2001 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Paul_Hunter_(director)', 'summary': "Paul Hunter is an American film director , screenwriter , and music video director . He has directed over 100 music videos , television advertisements and was nominated for an Emmy for Nike 's Freestyle commercial . Hunter graduated from Cal State Northridge with a degree in Radio , TV & Film . Hunter has worked with musical artists including Whitney Houston , Aaliyah , Pharrell , Dr. Dre , TLC , Tyrese Gibson , Beyoncé , LL Cool J , Justin Timberlake , Lenny Kravitz , Janet Jackson , Mariah Carey , and Michael Jackson . Hunter made his feature-length directorial debut with Bulletproof Monk , starring Chow Yun Fat and Seann William Scott . Hunter 's directed the music video of Michael Jackson 's come-back single , 'You Rock My World ' and the award-winning Lady Marmalade video for the soundtrack to the film Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) ."}, {'url': "/wiki/D'Angelo", 'summary': "Michael Eugene Archer ( born February 11 , 1974 ) , better known by his stage name D'Angelo ( pronounced di-Angelo ) , is an American singer , songwriter , multi-instrumentalist and record producer . D'Angelo is associated with the neo soul movement , along with artists like Erykah Badu , Lauryn Hill , Maxwell , and collaborator Angie Stone . Born in Richmond , Virginia , the son of a Pentecostal minister , D'Angelo taught himself piano as a child . At eighteen , he won the amateur talent competition at Harlem 's Apollo Theater three weeks in a row . After a brief affiliation with hip-hop group I.D.U. , his first major success came in 1994 as the co-writer and co-producer of the song U Will Know . His debut solo album , Brown Sugar ( 1995 ) , received positive reviews and sold over two million copies . His next album , Voodoo ( 2000 ) , debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 . Its lead single Untitled ( How Does It Feel ) , entered the R & B charts and won a Grammy for Best Male R & B Vocal ; likewise , Voodoo won Best R & B Album . D'Angelo was hailed as the next Marvin Gaye by GQ in 2014 . Following the release of the music video for Untitled ( How Does It Feel ) , D'Angelo became more than uncomfortable with his growing status as a sex symbol . This was followed by numerous personal struggles including alcoholism , and a fourteen-year long musical hiatus . D'Angelo released his third studio album , Black Messiah , in December 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_MTV_Video_Music_Awards', 'summary': "The 2001 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 6 , 2001 , honoring the best music videos from June 10 , 2000 , to June 8 , 2001 . The show was hosted by Jamie Foxx at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City . This was also the last awards show to be held prior to the September 11 attacks , which occurred five days later , and it featured the World Trade Center towers in Limp Bizkit 's winning rock video . Highlights of the show included a surprise appearance by Michael Jackson at the end of NSYNC 's performance and a controversial performance from Britney Spears , in which she danced to I 'm a Slave 4 U while utilizing a host of live animals , including a large albino snake draped over her shoulders . Macy Gray wore a dress with a promotional message , instructing viewers to buy her new album . Andy Dick portrayed a fictional cousin of Christina Aguilera , Daphne Aguilera , who , in a skit , attacked Aguilera in the audience . The show also featured memorials for Aaliyah and Joey Ramone . Many of the night 's winners dedicated awards to the two fallen musicians over the course of the telecast . Fatboy Slim took home six Moonmen , the most of the evening , for his Weapon of Choice video , which featured the dancing talents of actor Christopher Walken . NSYNC 's Pop took home four awards . Christina Aguilera , Lil ' Kim , Mýa , Pink and Missy Misdemeanor Elliott took home two awards , including the Video of the Year award , for their collaborative rendition of Lady Marmalade ."}]}, {'value': 'Spike Jonze - Weapon of Choice by Fatboy Slim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spike_Jonze', 'summary': "Adam Spiegel ( born October 22 , 1969 ) , known professionally as Spike Jonze ( pronounced as the common English name Jones ) , is an American filmmaker , photographer , and actor , whose work includes music videos , commercials , film and television . Jonze began his career as a teenager photographing BMX riders and skateboarders for Freestylin ' Magazine and Transworld Skateboarding , and co-founded the youth culture magazine Dirt . Moving into filmmaking , he began shooting street skateboarding films , including the influential Video Days ( 1991 ) . Jonze co-founded the skateboard company Girl Skateboards in 1993 with riders Rick Howard and Mike Carroll . Jonze 's filmmaking style made him an in-demand director of music videos for much of the 1990s , resulting in collaborations with Sonic Youth , Beastie Boys , Fatboy Slim , Daft Punk , Weezer , Björk , Kanye West and Arcade Fire . Jonze began his feature film directing career with Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) and Adaptation . ( 2002 ) , both written by Charlie Kaufman ; the former earned Jonze an Academy Award nomination for Best Director . He was a co-creator and executive producer of MTV 's Jackass reality franchise . Jonze later began directing films based on his own screenplays , including Where the Wild Things Are ( 2009 ) and Her ( 2013 ) ; for the latter film , he won the Academy Award , Golden Globe , and the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay , while receiving Academy Award nominations for Best Picture and Best Original Song ( The Moon Song ) . He has worked as an actor sporadically throughout his career , co-starring in David O. Russell 's war comedy Three Kings ( 1999 ) and appeared in supporting roles in Bennett Miller 's Moneyball ( 2011 ) and Martin Scorsese 's The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 ) , in addition to a recurring role in comedy series The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret ( 2010-2012 ) and cameo appearances in his own films . Jonze co-founded Directors Label , with filmmakers Chris Cunningham and Michel Gondry , and the Palm Pictures company . He is currently the creative director of Vice Media , Inc. and its multinational television channel Viceland ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Weapon_of_Choice_(song)', 'summary': 'Weapon of Choice is a song by English big beat musician Fatboy Slim from his third studio album , Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars . It features American funk musician Bootsy Collins . It was released as a double A-side single with Star 69 on 23 April 2001 , as well as a standalone single release , and a 2010 re-release with remixes . The single peaked at No . 10 on the UK Singles Chart . The music video , directed by Spike Jonze , features actor Christopher Walken dancing around a deserted hotel lobby . It won multiple awards at the 2001 MTV Video Music Awards and won the 2002 Grammy Award for Best Music Video .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fatboy_Slim', 'summary': "Norman Quentin Cook ( born Quentin Leo Cook ; 31 July 1963 ) , known by his stage name Fatboy Slim , is an English DJ , musician , and record producer who helped to popularise the big beat genre in the 1990s . In the 1980s , Cook was the bassist for the Hull-based indie rock band The Housemartins , who achieved a UK number-one single with their a cappella cover of Caravan of Love . After the Housemartins split , Norman Cook formed the electronic band Beats International in Brighton , who produced the number-one single Dub Be Good to Me . Cook then played in Freak Power , Pizzaman , and the Mighty Dub Katz with moderate success . In 1996 , Cook adopted the name Fatboy Slim and released Better Living Through Chemistry to critical acclaim . Follow-up albums You 've Come a Long Way , Baby , Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars , and Palookaville , as well as singles such as The Rockafeller Skank , Praise You , Right Here , Right Now , Weapon of Choice , and Wonderful Night , achieved commercial and critical success . In 2008 , Cook formed The Brighton Port Authority with David Byrne . Cook has been responsible for successful remixes for Cornershop , Beastie Boys , A Tribe Called Quest , Groove Armada , and Wildchild . In 2010 , in partnership with Byrne , he released the concept album Here Lies Love . Cook holds the Guinness World Record for the most top 40 hits under different names . As a solo act , he has won ten MTV Video Music Awards and two Brit Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Imitation of Life - Garth Jennings ( performed by R.E.M . ) Crawling - Brothers Strause ( performed by Linkin Park ) Ms. Jackson - F. Gary Gray ( performed by OutKast ) Stan - Dr. Dre and Phillip Atwell ( performed by Eminem featuring Dido )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imitation_of_Life_(song)', 'summary': "Imitation of Life is a song recorded by American alternative rock band R.E.M . It was released on April 30 , 2001 in the United Kingdom and the United States on May 8 , 2001 as the lead single from the band 's 12th studio album , Reveal ( 2001 ) . The song peaked at number 83 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 22 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart . It was the lowest Hot 100 peak of a lead single from an R.E.M . album since Fall on Me from Lifes Rich Pageant in 1986 . Imitation of Life was more successful internationally . It reached number six on the UK Singles Charts , giving R.E.M . their eighth top-ten single in Britain . It was also very successful in Italy , Poland and Spain , reaching the top three in these counties , as well as in Norway , where it peaked at number four and became the band 's third top-five single , after Losing My Religion and Drive . The song was nominated for a 2002 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals but lost to U2 's Stuck in a Moment You Ca n't Get Out Of ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hammer_&_Tongs', 'summary': "Hammer & Tongs is the pseudonym of British director and producer duo , promo and film director Garth Jennings and producer Nick Goldsmith , as well as the name of their production company . Best known for their work on music videos for Blur ( Coffee & TV ) and Supergrass ( Pumping on Your Stereo ) , Hammer & Tongs have moved on to directing movies , their debut being the 2005 film version of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . Due to the success of his debut feature Jennings raised £3.5 million to produce Son of Rambow . After making two feature films and many music videos and adverts , the duo announced in July 2012 that they would be taking an extended break from working together in order to pursue different ventures on their own . In 2016 , Jennings wrote and directed the computer-animated musical comedy film Sing ."}, {'url': '/wiki/R.E.M.', 'summary': "R.E.M . was an American rock band from Athens , Georgia , formed in 1980 by drummer Bill Berry , guitarist Peter Buck , bassist Mike Mills , and lead vocalist Michael Stipe . Additionally , many liner notes from the band 's albums list attorney Bertis Downs and manager Jefferson Holt as non-musical members . One of the first alternative rock bands , R.E.M . was noted for Buck 's ringing , arpeggiated guitar style , Stipe 's distinctive vocals and obscure lyrics , Mills 's melodic basslines and backing vocals , and Berry 's tight , economical drumming . R.E.M . released its first single , Radio Free Europe , in 1981 on the independent record label Hib-Tone . It was followed by the Chronic Town EP in 1982 , the band 's first release on I.R.S . Records . In 1983 , the group released its critically acclaimed debut album , Murmur , and built its reputation over the next few years through subsequent releases , constant touring , and the support of college radio . Following years of underground success , R.E.M . achieved a mainstream hit with the 1987 single The One I Love ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Crawling_(song)', 'summary': 'Crawling is a song by American rock band Linkin Park . It is the second single from their debut album Hybrid Theory and is the fifth track on the album . It was released in 2000 as their second single and won a Grammy for Best Hard Rock Performance in 2002 . In January 2011 , Crawling was released in a Linkin Park DLC pack for Rock Band 3 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brothers_Strause', 'summary': 'Greg and Colin Strause , collectively self-titled as the Brothers Strause , are a duo of American brother film directors , producers and special effects artists , most known for directing Aliens vs . Predator : Requiem and Skyline , which were both commercially successful but critical failures . They are the founders of Hydraulx , a special effects company .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Linkin_Park', 'summary': "Linkin Park is an American rock band from Agoura Hills , California . The band 's current lineup comprises vocalist/rhythm guitarist Mike Shinoda , lead guitarist Brad Delson , bassist Dave Farrell , DJ/keyboardist Joe Hahn and drummer Rob Bourdon , all of whom are founding members . Vocalists Mark Wakefield and Chester Bennington and bassist Kyle Christner are former members of the band . Categorized as alternative rock , Linkin Park has experimented with their music throughout their career by incorporating heavy metal , hard rock , hip hop , pop , and electronica . Formed in 1996 , Linkin Park rose to international fame with their debut studio album , Hybrid Theory ( 2000 ) , which became certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Their second album , Meteora ( 2003 ) , continued the band 's success , topping the Billboard 200 , and was followed by extensive touring and charity work . Having adapted nu metal and rap metal to a radio-friendly yet densely layered style in their first two albums , the band explored other genres on their third album , Minutes to Midnight ( 2007 ) , which also topped the Billboard 200 . Linkin Park continued to explore a wider variation of musical types in their fourth album , A Thousand Suns ( 2010 ) , layering their music with more electronic sounds . The band 's fifth album , Living Things ( 2012 ) , combined musical elements from all of their previous records . Their sixth album , The Hunting Party ( 2014 ) , returned to a heavier rock sound , and their seventh album , One More Light ( 2017 ) , is a more electronic and pop-oriented record . Linkin Park is among the best-selling bands of the 21st century and the world 's best-selling music artists , having sold over 100 million records worldwide . They have won two Grammy Awards , six American Music Awards , four MTV Video Music Awards and three World Music Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ms._Jackson', 'summary': 'Ms. Jackson is a song by American alternative hip hop duo OutKast . It was released on October 17 , 2000 , as the second single from OutKasts fourth album , Stankonia . It topped the US chart for 1 week on February 17 , 2001 , and also reached number one in Germany and number two in the United Kingdom . In October 2015 , NME placed it at number 81 on its list of the 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years and in June of the same year Rolling Stone ranked it at number 55 in their 100 Best Songs of the 2000s . Ms. Jackson won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the 44th Annual Grammy Awards . The music video , directed by F. Gary Gray , features animals nodding along to the song , won the BET Award for Video of the Year and MTV Video Music Award for Best Hip-Hop Video . The single helped sell the album following the commercial underperformance of the lead single B.O.B. , which , despite near universal acclaim from critics , failed to chart on the US Billboard Hot 100 and only reached number 69 on the Billboard Hot R & B/Hip-Hop Songs chart .'}, {'url': '/wiki/F._Gary_Gray', 'summary': "Felix Gary Gray ( born July 17 , 1969 ) is an American film director , film producer , music video director , and actor . Gray began his career as a director on numerous critically acclaimed and award-winning music videos , including It Was a Good Day by Ice Cube , Natural Born Killaz by Dr. Dre and Ice Cube , Keep Their Heads Ringin ' by Dr. Dre , Waterfalls by TLC , and Ms. Jackson by Outkast . Gray made his feature film directorial debut with the comedy Friday ( 1995 ) . He has since directed the films Set It Off ( 1996 ) , The Negotiator ( 1998 ) , The Italian Job ( 2003 ) , Be Cool ( 2005 ) , Law Abiding Citizen ( 2009 ) , and Straight Outta Compton ( 2015 ) . He also directed the eighth installment of the Fast and the Furious franchise , The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) , which is the 18th highest-grossing film of all-time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/OutKast', 'summary': "Outkast ( stylized as OutKast ) is an American hip hop duo formed in 1992 in East Point , Georgia , composed of Atlanta-based rappers André André 3000 Benjamin ( formerly known as Dré ) and Antwan Big Boi Patton . The duo achieved both critical acclaim and commercial success from the mid-1990s to the early 2000s , helping to popularize Southern hip hop while experimenting with diverse genres such as funk , psychedelia , jazz , and techno . Benjamin and Patton formed the group as high school students in 1992 . Outkast released their debut album Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik in 1994 , which gained popularity after the single Player 's Ball reached number one on the Billboard Hot Rap Tracks chart . With successive releases including ATLiens ( 1996 ) and Aquemini ( 1998 ) , the duo further developed their sound , experimenting with a variety of styles and achieving commercial success . In 2000 , Outkast released the critically acclaimed Stankonia , which included the singles Ms. Jackson and B.O.B . In September 2003 , the duo released the double album Speakerboxxx/The Love Below , which featured the number one singles Hey Ya ! and The Way You Move . The album won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year and was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America . Outkast next released the soundtrack for the 2006 musical film Idlewild , which they also starred in . In 2007 , the duo went on hiatus and both members have since pursued solo careers . In 2014 , Outkast reunited to celebrate their 20th anniversary by performing at more than 40 festivals worldwide , beginning at the Coachella Festival in April ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stan_(song)', 'summary': "Stan is a song by American rapper Eminem featuring British singer Dido . It was released on November 21 , 2000 as the third single from Eminem 's third album The Marshall Mathers LP ( 2000 ) . It reached number one in twelve countries , including United Kingdom , Germany , Ireland and Australia . Dido 's lyrics are a remix of the opening lines from her song Thank You . The 45 King-produced track also uses a slightly modified break from Thank You as its base sample ; both songs were released as singles in late 2000 . Stan has been called one of Eminem 's best songs and is considered one of his signature songs . Rolling Stone magazine ranked Stan at # 296 in their list in The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The song was also listed at # 15 on VH1 's list of the greatest hip hop songs of all-time and was also named in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . The song was nominated for multiple awards , including Best Song at the MTV Europe Music Awards , Video of the Year , Best Rap Video , Best Direction , Best Cinematography at the MTV Video Music Awards , but only won Best International Artist Video at the MuchMusic Video Awards . In April 2011 , Complex magazine put together a list of the 100 greatest Eminem songs , ranking Stan at # 2 . The name of the eponymous character has given rise to a slang term online which refers to overzealous , maniacal , overly obsessed fans of a celebrity or personality ; the term has since been included in the Oxford English Dictionary ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dr._Dre', 'summary': "Andre Romelle Young:1 ( born February 18 , 1965 ) , known professionally as Dr. Dre , is an American rapper , songwriter , record producer , entrepreneur , record executive , actor , and audio engineer . He is the founder and CEO of Aftermath Entertainment and Beats Electronics , and was previously co-owner of Death Row Records . Dr. Dre began his career as a member of the World Class Wreckin ' Cru in 1985 , but found fame with the influential gangsta rap group N.W.A , which popularized explicit lyrics in rap to detail the violence of street life . He is credited as a key figure in the crafting and popularization of West Coast G-funk , a subgenre of hip hop characterized by a synthesizer foundation and slow , heavy beats . He was the second-richest figure in hip hop as of 2018 with an estimated net worth of US $ 800 million . Dr. Dre 's solo debut studio album The Chronic ( 1992 ) , released under Death Row Records , made him one of the best-selling American music artists of 1993 . It earned him a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for the single Let Me Ride , as well as several accolades for the single Nuthin ' but a ' G ' Thang . That year , he produced Death Row labelmate Snoop Doggy Dogg 's quadruple platinum debut Doggystyle , and mentored producers such as his step-brother Warren G ( leading to the multi-platinum debut Regulate.G Funk Era in 1994 ) and Snoop Dogg 's cousin Daz Dillinger ( leading to the double-platinum debut Dogg Food by Tha Dogg Pound in 1995 ) . In 1996 , Dr. Dre left Death Row Records to establish his own label , Aftermath Entertainment . He produced a compilation album , Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath , in 1996 , and released a solo album , 2001 , in 1999 . During the 2000s , Dr. Dre focused on producing other artists , occasionally contributing vocals . Dr. Dre signed Eminem in 1998 and 50 Cent in 2002 , and co-produced their albums ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Phillip_Atwell', 'summary': "Philip G. Atwell is an American music video , television commercial and feature film director . Starting out as a music video producer , he took up directing in 1998 . Often co-directing with Dr. Dre , he has helmed many music videos for Eminem and other hip hop artists . In 2000 Atwell directed and executive-produced the concert documentary The Up in Smoke Tour . He also produced and co-wrote Murder Was the Case , a short movie released in 1995 by Death Row Records , directed by Dr. Dre and starring Snoop Dogg . In 2001 , he produced DJ Pooh 's feature film The Wash featuring Dr. Dre , Snoop Dogg , Xzibit and Eminem , among others . In 2005 , he executive-produced both Damon Johnson 's The Game : Documentary and Donn J. Viola 's Eminem Presents : The Anger Management Tour . In 2003 Atwell directed The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious , a short film bridging The Fast and the Furious with its sequel , as well as Severance Pay , a one-minute-movie for NBC 's 1MMs series . Atwell also directed two episodes of The Shield and served as second unit director on both National Treasure movies . In 2007 , he directed his first fiction feature , War , which starred Jet Li and Jason Statham . He is a 1987 graduate of the University of Delaware , where he was a member of the football team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eminem', 'summary': "Marshall Bruce Mathers III ( born October 17 , 1972 ) , known professionally as Eminem ( /ˌɛmɪˈnɛm/ ; often stylized as EMINƎM ) , is an American rapper , songwriter , record producer , record executive and actor . He is one of the most successful musical artists of the 21st century . In addition to his solo career , Eminem was a member of the hip hop group D12 . He is also known for collaborations with fellow Detroit-based rapper Royce da 5 ' 9 ; the two are collectively known as Bad Meets Evil . After his debut album Infinite ( 1996 ) and the extended play Slim Shady EP ( 1997 ) , Eminem signed with Dr. Dre 's Aftermath Entertainment and subsequently achieved mainstream popularity in 1999 with The Slim Shady LP and its lead single My Name Is . His next two releases The Marshall Mathers LP ( 2000 ) and The Eminem Show ( 2002 ) were worldwide successes and were both nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year . As a result of being a leading figure in a form of black music , Eminem was subject to comparisons to Elvis Presley at the time . After the release of Encore in 2004 , which faced heavy criticism by fans and critics for its lackluster quality , Eminem went on hiatus in 2005 partly due to a prescription drug addiction . He released Relapse in 2009 and Recovery the following year , which both won Grammy Awards for Best Rap Album . Recovery was the best-selling album of 2010 worldwide , making it his second album , after The Eminem Show in 2002 , to be the best-selling album worldwide . In the following years , he released the US number one albums The Marshall Mathers LP 2 , Revival , Kamikaze and Music to Be Murdered By . Eminem starred in the drama film 8 Mile ( 2002 ) playing a fictionalized version of himself , which won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for Lose Yourself , making him the first hip hop artist to ever win the award ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dido_(singer)', 'summary': "Dido Florian Cloud de Bounevialle O'Malley Armstrong ( born 25 December 1971 ) , known professionally as Dido ( /ˈdaɪdoʊ/ DY-doh ) , is an English singer and songwriter . Dido attained international success with her debut album No Angel ( 1999 ) . Hit singles from the album include Here with Me and Thank You . It sold over 21 million copies worldwide , and won her several awards , including two Brit Awards : Best British Female and Best British Album , and the MTV Europe Music Award for Best New Act . The first verse of Thank You is sampled in Stan , a collaboration with Eminem . Her next album , Life for Rent ( 2003 ) , continued her success with the hit singles White Flag and Life for Rent . In 2004 Dido performed with other British and Irish artists in the Band Aid 20 version of the charity single Do They Know It 's Christmas ? . Dido 's first two albums are among the best-selling albums in UK chart history , and both are in the top 10 best-selling albums of the 2000s in the UK . Her third studio album , Safe Trip Home ( 2008 ) , received critical acclaim but failed to duplicate the commercial success of her previous efforts . She was nominated for an Academy Award for the song If I Rise . Dido was ranked No . 98 on the Billboard chart of the top Billboard 200 artists of the 2000s ( 2000-2009 ) based on the success of her albums in the first decade of the 21st century ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_MTV_Video_Music_Awards', 'summary': "The 2002 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on August 29 , 2002 , honoring the best music videos from June 9 , 2001 , to May 31 , 2002 . The show was hosted by Jimmy Fallon at the Radio City Music Hall in New York City . During the show , Michael Jackson accepted a birthday statue in hands of Britney Spears , which he believed to be an Artist of the Millennium Award due to a misunderstanding . Performers included Eminem , who won four awards including Video of the Year , and Axl Rose with a new lineup of Guns N ' Roses . The show also saw the debut solo performance from Justin Timberlake , performing his soon to be hit single Like I Love You alongside rap duo Clipse . TLC members Tionne T-Boz Watkins and Rozonda Chili Thomas appeared , paying tribute to their fallen member Lisa Left Eye Lopes , who died in a car accident in Honduras on April 25 , 2002 , four months before the event ."}]}, {'value': 'Joseph Kahn - Without Me by Eminem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Kahn', 'summary': "Joseph Jun-hee Kahn ( born Ahn Jun-hee , Korean : 안준희 ; born October 12 , 1972 ) is a Korean-American film and music video director . Kahn has worked with various artists such as Eminem , Britney Spears , Jennifer Lopez , Lady Gaga , Kylie Minogue , Samantha Mumba , Taylor Swift , Shakira , Aaliyah , Dr. Dre , Snoop Dogg , Kelly Clarkson , Ava Max , Mariah Carey , Christina Aguilera , 50 Cent , Destiny 's Child , Backstreet Boys , George Michael and Jonas Brothers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Without_Me_(Eminem_song)', 'summary': "Without Me is a song by American rapper Eminem from his fourth studio album The Eminem Show ( 2002 ) . Without Me was released on May 14 , 2002 as the lead single from the album , and re-released on his greatest hits compilation album Curtain Call : The Hits ( 2005 ) . Without Me is one of Eminem 's most successful singles , reaching number two in the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 , and number one in fifteen countries . It is one of his most well-known and most recognizable songs . The song is included in the soundtrack for the 2016 film Suicide Squad ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eminem', 'summary': "Marshall Bruce Mathers III ( born October 17 , 1972 ) , known professionally as Eminem ( /ˌɛmɪˈnɛm/ ; often stylized as EMINƎM ) , is an American rapper , songwriter , record producer , record executive and actor . He is one of the most successful musical artists of the 21st century . In addition to his solo career , Eminem was a member of the hip hop group D12 . He is also known for collaborations with fellow Detroit-based rapper Royce da 5 ' 9 ; the two are collectively known as Bad Meets Evil . After his debut album Infinite ( 1996 ) and the extended play Slim Shady EP ( 1997 ) , Eminem signed with Dr. Dre 's Aftermath Entertainment and subsequently achieved mainstream popularity in 1999 with The Slim Shady LP and its lead single My Name Is . His next two releases The Marshall Mathers LP ( 2000 ) and The Eminem Show ( 2002 ) were worldwide successes and were both nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year . As a result of being a leading figure in a form of black music , Eminem was subject to comparisons to Elvis Presley at the time . After the release of Encore in 2004 , which faced heavy criticism by fans and critics for its lackluster quality , Eminem went on hiatus in 2005 partly due to a prescription drug addiction . He released Relapse in 2009 and Recovery the following year , which both won Grammy Awards for Best Rap Album . Recovery was the best-selling album of 2010 worldwide , making it his second album , after The Eminem Show in 2002 , to be the best-selling album worldwide . In the following years , he released the US number one albums The Marshall Mathers LP 2 , Revival , Kamikaze and Music to Be Murdered By . Eminem starred in the drama film 8 Mile ( 2002 ) playing a fictionalized version of himself , which won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for Lose Yourself , making him the first hip hop artist to ever win the award ."}]}, {'value': "Alive - Francis Lawrence ( performed by P.O.D . ) By the Way - Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris ( performed by Red Hot Chili Peppers ) One Minute Man - Dave Meyers ( performed by Missy Elliott featuring Ludacris and Trina ) This Train Do n't Stop There Anymore - David LaChapelle ( performed by Elton John )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alive_(P.O.D._song)', 'summary': "Alive is a song by P.O.D . It was released in July 2001 as the lead single from their second major label studio album Satellite . It is one of the band 's most popular songs . The Alive CD single was first released in 2001 and then again in 2002 with alternative cover art and tracks . A semi-acoustic remix was included as a bonus track on the special edition re-release of Satellite available August 27 , 2002 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Francis_Lawrence', 'summary': 'Francis Lawrence ( born March 26 , 1971 ) is an American filmmaker and producer . After establishing himself as a director of music videos and commercials , Lawrence made his feature-length directorial debut with the supernatural thriller Constantine ( 2005 ) and has since directed the post-apocalyptic horror film I Am Legend ( 2007 ) , the romantic drama Water for Elephants ( 2011 ) , three of the four films in the Hunger Games film series , and the spy thriller Red Sparrow ( 2018 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/P.O.D.', 'summary': "Payable on Death ( abbreviated P.O.D . ) is an American Christian nu metal band formed in 1992 and based in San Diego , California . The band 's line-up consists of drummer and rhythm guitarist Wuv Bernardo , vocalist Sonny Sandoval , bassist Traa Daniels , and lead guitarist Marcos Curiel . They have sold over 12 million records worldwide . Over the course of their career , the band has received three Grammy Award nominations , contributed to numerous motion picture soundtracks and toured internationally . With their third studio album , The Fundamental Elements of Southtown , they achieved their initial mainstream success ; the album was certified platinum by the RIAA in 2000 . Their following studio album , Satellite , continued the band 's success with the singles , Alive and Youth of the Nation , pushing it to go triple platinum ."}, {'url': '/wiki/By_the_Way_(Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_song)', 'summary': "By the Way is a song by American funk rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers . It 's the title track and first single released from the band 's eighth studio album of the same name . The song was the band 's sixth number 1 hit on the Modern Rock Tracks chart , staying at the summit for 14 weeks , tying it with Dani California as the band 's second-longest stay at the top , behind only Scar Tissue , which was at the top for 16 weeks . It also spent seven weeks at number 1 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , the band 's fourth song to top this chart . The song also reached number 2 in the UK , becoming the band 's highest-peaking single there alongside Dani California , and peaked atop the Italian chart . Regarding its release , guitarist John Frusciante noted : It was n't really our decision to put that song out first , but our managers thought it was an exciting song and their enthusiasm convinced us . I guess they thought that it combined the wild part of our sound with the melodic part of our sound . Vocalist Anthony Kiedis elaborated : I thought that single was an über-bombastic assault of non-commercialism . For it to be so well-received [ in the United Kingdom ] was shocking to me , but thrilling at the same time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton_and_Valerie_Faris', 'summary': 'Jonathan Dayton ( born July 7 , 1957 ) and Valerie Faris ( born October 20 , 1958 ) are a team of American film and music video directors who received critical acclaim for their feature film directorial debut , Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) . Later the married couple directed the romantic comedy-drama Ruby Sparks ( 2012 ) , and the biographical sports drama Battle of the Sexes ( 2017 ) . Their most recent directing project is the Netflix comedy series , Living With Yourself , starring Paul Rudd , which premiered on October 17 , 2019 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers', 'summary': "Red Hot Chili Peppers ( commonly abbreviated as RHCP ) are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983 . Their music incorporates elements of alternative rock , funk , punk rock and psychedelic rock . The band comprises vocalist Anthony Kiedis , bassist Flea , drummer Chad Smith , and guitarist John Frusciante . With over 80 million records sold worldwide , Red Hot Chili Peppers are one of the best-selling bands of all time . They are the most successful band in the history of alternative rock radio , with the records for most number-one singles ( 13 ) , most cumulative weeks at number one ( 85 ) and most top-ten songs ( 25 ) on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart . They have won six Grammy Awards , and in 2012 were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in Los Angeles by Kiedis , Flea , guitarist Hillel Slovak and drummer Jack Irons . Because of commitments to other bands , Slovak and Irons did not play on the band 's 1984 self-titled debut album ; instead , the album featured Jack Sherman on guitar and Cliff Martinez on drums . Slovak rejoined shortly after its release and performed on the albums Freaky Styley ( 1985 ) and The Uplift Mofo Party Plan ( 1987 ) , the latter of which saw a reunion of the original lineup . Slovak died of a drug overdose on June 25 , 1988 ; devastated , Irons left the band . With new recruits Frusciante and Smith , Red Hot Chili Peppers recorded two albums , Mother 's Milk ( 1989 ) and their first major commercial success , Blood Sugar Sex Magik ( 1991 ) . Frusciante was uncomfortable with the newfound popularity and left abruptly during the 1992 Blood Sugar Sex Magik tour ."}, {'url': '/wiki/One_Minute_Man', 'summary': "One Minute Man is a song written by American recording artist Missy Misdemeanor Elliott . It was written and produced by Elliott and Timbaland for her third studio album Miss E. So Addictive ( 2001 ) and features guest vocals by rapper Ludacris . Incorporating elements of oriental music , the song deals with premature ejaculation . Elliott , a rapper , also sings on the record . The track was released as the album 's second single in 2001 and peaked at number 15 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . In the United Kingdom , the single reached number 10 and became Elliott 's second consecutive song to reach the top ten . Elsewhere One Minute Man failed to chart within the top 20 . Rapper Trina appears alongside Elliott and Ludacris in the video version remix of the song . A third version featuring Jay-Z was included as a bonus track on Miss E. So Addictive . Elliott performed One Minute Man and Get Ur Freak On at the 2001 MTV Video Music Awards as a medley and a tribute to Aaliyah . The song includes samples from the 1976 David Pomeranz song Greyhound Mary ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dave_Meyers_(director)', 'summary': 'David Charles Meyers ( born October 19 , 1972 ) is an American music video , commercial and film director .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Missy_Elliott', 'summary': "Melissa Missy Arnette Elliott ( born July 1 , 1971 ) is an American rapper , singer , songwriter , record producer , dancer , and philanthropist . She embarked on her music career with all-female R & B group Sista in the early-mid 1990s and later became a member of the Swing Mob collective along with childhood friend and longtime collaborator Timbaland , with whom she worked on projects for Aaliyah , 702 , Total , and SWV . Following several collaborations and guest appearances , she launched her solo career on July 15 , 1997 with her debut album Supa Dupa Fly , which spawned the top 20 single Sock It 2 Me . The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 , the highest charting debut for a female rapper at the time . Elliott 's second album , Da Real World , was released on June 22 , 1999 and produced the singles She 's a Bitch , All n My Grill , and top five hit Hot Boyz . The remix of the latter song broke the record for most weeks at number-one on the US R & B chart on the issue dated January 15 , 2000 ; as well as spending 18 weeks at number one on the Hot Rap Singles chart , from December 4 , 1999 to March 25 , 2000 . With the release of Miss E. So Addictive ( 2001 ) , Under Construction ( 2002 ) , and This Is Not a Test ( 2003 ) , Elliott established an international career that yielded hits including Get Ur Freak On , One Minute Man , 4 My People , Gossip Folks , and Work It . The latter won her a Grammy Award for Best Female Rap Solo Performance . Elliott went on to win five Grammy Awards and sell over 30 million records in the United States . She is the best-selling female rapper in Nielsen Music history , according to Billboard in 2017 . In 2019 , she became the first female rapper inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame , and received the MTV VMAs Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award for her impact on the music video landscape ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ludacris', 'summary': "Christopher Brian Bridges ( born September 11 , 1977 ) , known professionally as Ludacris ( /ˈluːdəkrɪs/ ) , is an American rapper and actor . Ludacris is the founder of the Disturbing tha Peace record label . Ludacris has won Screen Actors Guild , Critic 's Choice , MTV , and 3 Grammy Awards . Along with fellow Atlanta-based rappers Big Boi and André 3000 of OutKast , Ludacris was one of the first and most influential Dirty South rappers to achieve mainstream success during the early 2000s . In 2014 , Ludacris was featured in Forbes list titled Hip-Hop Cash Kings , as he earned $ 8 million . Born in Champaign , Illinois , Ludacris moved to Atlanta at age nine , where he began rapping . After a brief stint as a DJ , he released his first album Incognegro in 1999 , followed by Back for the First Time also in 2000 , which contained the singles Southern Hospitality and What 's Your Fantasy . In 2001 , he released Word of Mouf , followed by Chicken-n-Beer in 2003 and The Red Light District in 2004 . He took a more serious approach with his next two albums , Release Therapy ( 2006 ) , and Theater of the Mind ( 2008 ) . His next record , Battle of the Sexes , was released in 2010 and featured the tone of his previous albums . Ludaversal was released on March 31 , 2015 . As an actor , he has appeared in films including Crash ( 2004 ) , Gamer ( 2009 ) , and New Year 's Eve ( 2011 ) and is best known for playing Tej Parker in The Fast and the Furious film series ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Trina', 'summary': "Katrina Laverne Taylor ( born December 3 , 1974 ) , known professionally as Trina , is an American rapper and television personality . She first gained notoriety in 1998 with her appearance on the single Nann Nigga from Trick Daddy 's second studio album www.thug.com . Trina has been described by XXL Magazine as the most consistent female rapper of all time . The Source celebrated Trina 's career for the 2012 Women 's History Month . In 2013 , Complex ranked Pull Over at # 27 in their Top 50 Best Rap Songs by Women . In 2014 , Trina was included in Billboard 's list of the 31 Female Rappers Who Changed Hip-Hop ."}, {'url': "/wiki/This_Train_Don't_Stop_There_Anymore", 'summary': "This Train Do n't Stop There Anymore is the final track on Elton John 's 2001 album Songs from the West Coast . The song was written by John and Bernie Taupin . The music video was directed by David LaChapelle , and with Pierre Rouger as cinematographer , and presents a younger John played by Justin Timberlake dressed in outfits typical of John in the 1970s ; the video also features Paul Reubens of Pee-Wee Herman fame as John Reid , John 's manager of 25 years . The song 's lyrics detail John 's coming to terms with getting older . It was released as a single and reached # 24 in the UK Singles chart and was a Top 10 Adult Contemporary chart hit in the US . Gary Barlow provided backing vocals for the track . The arrangement was simple , a throwback to John 's early piano-bass-drums combination prior to the arrival of Davey Johnstone . On the track , John plays piano , Paul Bushnell provides bass and backing vocals , and Matt Chamberlain plays drums . Country music artists Rosanne Cash and Emmylou Harris covered the song for the 2018 tribute album Restoration : Reimagining the Songs of Elton John and Bernie Taupin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_LaChapelle', 'summary': 'David LaChapelle ( born March 11 , 1963 ) is an American commercial photographer , fine-art photographer , music video director , and film director . He is best known for his photography , which often references art history and sometimes conveys social messages . His photographic style has been described as hyper-real and slyly subversive and as kitsch pop surrealism . Once called the Fellini of photography , LaChapelle has worked for international publications and has had his work exhibited in commercial galleries and institutions around the world .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Elton_John', 'summary': "Sir Elton Hercules John CH CBE ( born Reginald Kenneth Dwight ; 25 March 1947 ) is an English singer , songwriter , pianist , and composer . He has worked with lyricist Bernie Taupin since 1967 ; they have collaborated on more than 30 albums . John has sold more than 300 million records , making him one of the best-selling music artists . He has more than fifty Top 40 hits in the UK Singles Chart and US Billboard Hot 100 , including seven numbers ones in the UK and nine in the US , as well as seven consecutive number-one albums in the US . His tribute single Candle in the Wind 1997 , rewritten in dedication to Diana , Princess of Wales , sold over 33 million copies worldwide and is the best-selling single in the history of the UK and US singles charts . He has also produced records and occasionally acted in films . John owned Watford F.C . from 1976 to 1987 and from 1997 to 2002 , and is an honorary life president of the club . Raised in the Pinner area of London , John learned to play piano at an early age , and by 1962 had formed Bluesology , an R & B band with whom he played until 1967 . He met his longtime musical partner Taupin in 1967 , after they both answered an advert for songwriters . For two years , they wrote songs for artists including Lulu , and John worked as a session musician for artists including the Hollies and the Scaffold . In 1969 , John 's debut album , Empty Sky , was released ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_MTV_Video_Music_Awards', 'summary': "The 2003 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on August 28 , 2003 , honoring the best music videos from June 1 , 2002 , to June 9 , 2003 . The show was hosted by Chris Rock at the Radio City Music Hall in New York City . This year 's ceremony is best remembered for Madonna kissing Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera during the show 's opening performance ."}]}, {'value': 'Jamie Thraves - The Scientist by Coldplay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamie_Thraves', 'summary': 'Jamie Thraves ( born James Thraves , 2 June 1969 in Romford , Essex ) is a British film writer and director .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Scientist_(song)', 'summary': "The Scientist is a song by British rock band Coldplay . The song was written collaboratively by all the band members for their second album , A Rush of Blood to the Head . It is built around a piano ballad , with lyrics telling the story about a man 's desire to love and an apology . The song was released in the United Kingdom as the second single from A Rush of Blood to the Head and reached number 10 in the UK Charts . It was released in the United States as the third single and reached number 18 on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart and number 34 on the Adult Top 40 chart . Critics were highly positive towards The Scientist and praised the song 's piano ballad and falsetto . Several remixes of the track exist , and its riff has been widely sampled . The single 's music video won three MTV Music Video Awards , for the video 's use of reverse narrative . The song was also featured on the band 's 2003 live album Live 2003 and has been a permanent fixture in the band 's live set lists since 2002 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Coldplay', 'summary': "Coldplay are a British rock band formed in London in 1996 . Vocalist and pianist Chris Martin , guitarist Jonny Buckland , bassist Guy Berryman , and drummer Will Champion met at University College London and began playing music together from 1996 to 1998 , first calling themselves Pectoralz and then Starfish before finally changing their name to Coldplay . Creative director and former manager Phil Harvey is often referred to as the fifth member by the band . After changing their name to Coldplay , they recorded and released two EPs : Safety in 1998 and The Blue Room in 1999 . The latter was their first release on a major record label , after signing to Parlophone . Coldplay achieved worldwide fame with the release of the song Yellow in 2000 , followed in the same year by their debut album Parachutes , which was nominated for the Mercury Prize . The band 's second album , A Rush of Blood to the Head ( 2002 ) , was released to critical acclaim and won many awards , including NME 's Album of the Year . Their next release , X & Y , the best-selling album worldwide in 2005 , received mostly positive reviews , though some critics felt it was inferior to its predecessor . Their fourth studio album , Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends ( 2008 ) , the best-selling album worldwide of 2008 , was produced by Brian Eno and released to largely positive reviews , earning three Grammy Awards . In October 2011 , Coldplay released their fifth studio album , Mylo Xyloto , which topped the charts in over 34 countries , was the UK 's best-selling rock album of 2011 , and received moderately positive reviews . Their sixth album , Ghost Stories , released in 2014 , received mixed reviews and topped several national album charts . The following year the band released their seventh album , A Head Full of Dreams , which reached the top two in most major markets , but received generally mixed reviews ."}]}, {'value': 'Cry Me a River - Francis Lawrence ( performed by Justin Timberlake ) The Hell Song - Marc Klasfeld ( performed by Sum 41 ) Hurt - Mark Romanek ( performed by Johnny Cash ) Work It - Dave Meyers and Missy Elliott ( performed by Missy Elliott )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cry_Me_a_River_(Justin_Timberlake_song)', 'summary': "Cry Me a River is a song by American singer-songwriter Justin Timberlake for his debut solo album , Justified ( 2002 ) . It was written by Timberlake and Scott Storch with producer Timbaland and was inspired by Timberlake 's former relationship with singer Britney Spears . Jive Records released the song to contemporary hit and rhythmic radio in the United States on November 26 , 2002 , as the album 's second single . Accompanied by an electric piano , beatbox , guitars , synthesizers , Arabian-inspired riffs and Gregorian chants , Cry Me a River is an R & B song about a brokenhearted man who moves on from his last girlfriend , who had cheated on him . Cry Me a River received acclaim from music critics , who considered it a stand-out track on Justified and praised Timbaland 's production . The song earned several lists of best of the year and the decade ( 2000s ) , while Rolling Stone included it on their 500 Greatest Songs of All Time at 484 . It won a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 2004 ceremony . The song peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 and Pop Songs charts and charted in the top ten in other countries . It was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) and platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . Filmmaker Francis Lawrence directed the music video for Cry Me a River in Malibu , California . In the controversial video , Timberlake 's character invades the home of his ex-lover and films himself having sexual relations with another woman . Spears alleged that the video was a publicity stunt , but Timberlake maintained that she did not inspire the production ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Francis_Lawrence', 'summary': 'Francis Lawrence ( born March 26 , 1971 ) is an American filmmaker and producer . After establishing himself as a director of music videos and commercials , Lawrence made his feature-length directorial debut with the supernatural thriller Constantine ( 2005 ) and has since directed the post-apocalyptic horror film I Am Legend ( 2007 ) , the romantic drama Water for Elephants ( 2011 ) , three of the four films in the Hunger Games film series , and the spy thriller Red Sparrow ( 2018 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Justin_Timberlake', 'summary': 'Justin Randall Timberlake ( born January 31 , 1981 ) , occasionally known by his initials JT , is an American singer , songwriter , actor , and record producer . Raised in Tennessee , he appeared on the television shows Star Search and The All-New Mickey Mouse Club as a child . In the late 1990s , Timberlake rose to prominence as one of the two lead vocalists and youngest member of NSYNC , which eventually became one of the best-selling boy bands of all time . Timberlake began to adopt a more mature image as an artist with the release of his debut solo album , the R & B-focused Justified ( 2002 ) , which yielded the successful singles Cry Me a River and Rock Your Body , and earned his first two Grammy Awards . His critically acclaimed second album FutureSex/LoveSounds ( 2006 ) , characterized by its diversity in music genres , debuted atop the U.S . Billboard 200 and produced the Hot 100 number-one singles SexyBack , My Love , and What Goes Around . Comes Around . Established as a solo artist worldwide , his first two albums both exceeded sales of 10 million copies , and he continued producing records and collaborating with other artists . From 2008 through 2012 , Timberlake focused on his acting career , effectively putting his music career on hiatus . He held starring roles in the films The Social Network , Bad Teacher , Friends with Benefits , and In Time . Timberlake resumed his music career in 2013 with his third and fourth albums The 20/20 Experience and The 20/20 Experience - 2 of 2 , exploring neo soul styles , partly inspired by the expansive song structures of 1960s and 1970s rock . The former became the best-selling album of the year in the US with the largest sales week , and spawned the top-three singles Suit & Tie and Mirrors , while the latter produced the top-ten song Not a Bad Thing .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Hell_Song', 'summary': "The Hell Song is a song by Canadian rock band Sum 41 . The song was released in February 2003 as the second single of the band 's album Does This Look Infected ? . The Hell Song was released to radio on February 18 , 2003 . The song was featured in the films American Wedding and Punk 's Not Dead and in the video game Backyard Wrestling : Do n't Try This at Home . The Hell Song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on May 29 , 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marc_Klasfeld', 'summary': "Marc Klasfeld is an American music video director . He has directed over two hundred music videos for artists such as Slipknot , Sum 41 , Katy Perry , Jay-Z , Red Hot Chili Peppers , Britney Spears , Kid Rock , Michael Bublé , Nelly , Foo Fighters , Kelly Clarkson , Charli XCX , Little Mix , Nick Jonas , Twenty One Pilots , Avril Lavigne , Aerosmith and many others with multiple award wins and nominations . His hit video for Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth 's See You Again is currently the 2nd most viewed video on YouTube at 3 billion views , surpassing Psy 's Gangnam Style on July 10 , 2017 , but later surpassed by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee 's Despacito on August 4 , 2017 . He is also the founder of Rockhard , a music video production company that has produced videos for Justin Bieber , Lady Gaga , LMFAO , Britney Spears , Aerosmith , Prince , Mariah Carey , Kelly Rowland , Jessie J , Pixie Lott , Adam Lambert , and Big Time Rush among others ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sum_41', 'summary': "Sum 41 is a Canadian rock band from Ajax , Ontario . Originally called Kaspir , the band was formed in 1996 and currently consists of Deryck Whibley ( lead vocals , guitars , keyboards ) , Dave Baksh ( lead guitar , backing vocals ) , Tom Thacker ( guitars , keyboards , backing vocals ) , Jason Cone McCaslin ( bass , backing vocals ) , and Frank Zummo ( drums , occasional backing vocals ) . In 1999 , Sum 41 signed an international record deal with Island Records and released its first EP , Half Hour of Power , in 2000 . The band released its debut album , All Killer No Filler , in 2001 . The album achieved mainstream success with its first single , Fat Lip , which reached number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart and remains the band 's most successful single to date . The album 's next singles In Too Deep and Motivation also achieved commercial success . All Killer No Filler was certified platinum in both the United States and the United Kingdom and triple platinum in Canada . In 2002 , the band released Does This Look Infected ? , which was also a commercial and critical success . The singles The Hell Song and Still Waiting both charted highly on the modern rock charts . The band released its next album , Chuck , in 2004 , led by singles We 're All to Blame and Pieces . The album proved successful , peaking at number 10 on the Billboard 200 . In 2007 , the band released Underclass Hero , which was met with a mixed reception , but gained some commercial success , becoming the band 's highest charting album to date ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hurt_(Nine_Inch_Nails_song)', 'summary': "Hurt is a song by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails from their second studio album , The Downward Spiral ( 1994 ) , written by Trent Reznor . It was released on April 17 , 1995 as a promotional single from the album . The song received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock Song in 1996 . In 2002 , Johnny Cash covered Hurt to commercial and critical acclaim ; it was one of Cash 's final hits released before his death , and the related music video is considered one of the greatest of all time by publications such as NME . Reznor praised Cash 's interpretation of the song for its sincerity and meaning , going as far as to say that song is n't mine anymore ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mark_Romanek', 'summary': "Mark Romanek ( born September 18 , 1959 ) is an American filmmaker whose directing work includes feature films , television , music videos and commercials . Romanek wrote and directed the 2002 film One Hour Photo and directed the 2010 film Never Let Me Go . His most notable music videos include Hurt ( Johnny Cash ) , Closer ( Nine Inch Nails ) , Ca n't Stop ( Red Hot Chili Peppers ) , Bedtime Story ( Madonna ) , Scream ( Michael & Janet Jackson ) , Criminal ( Fiona Apple ) , and Shake It Off ( Taylor Swift ) . He also co-directed Sandcastles from Beyoncés Lemonade album . Romanek 's music videos have won 20 MTV Video Music Awards , including Best Direction for Jay-Z 's 99 Problems , and he has won three Grammy Awards for Best Short Form Music Video - more than any other director ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Cash', 'summary': "John R. Cash ( born J. R. Cash ; February 26 , 1932 - September 12 , 2003 ) was an American singer , songwriter , musician , actor , and author . He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time , having sold more than 90 million records worldwide . His genre-spanning songs and sound embraced country , rock and roll , rockabilly , blues , folk , and gospel . This crossover appeal won Cash the rare honor of being inducted into the Country Music , Rock and Roll , and Gospel Music Halls of Fame . Born in Arkansas to poor cotton farmers , Cash rose to fame in the prominent country music scene in Memphis , Tennessee , after four years in the United States Air Force . Cash was known for his deep , calm bass-baritone voice , [ a ] the distinctive sound of his Tennessee Three backing band characterized by train-like chugging guitar rhythms , a rebelliousness coupled with an increasingly somber and humble demeanor , free prison concerts , and a trademark , all-black stage wardrobe , which earned him the nickname The Man in Black . [ b ] He traditionally began his concerts by simply introducing himself , Hello , I 'm Johnny Cash , [ c ] followed by his signature song Folsom Prison Blues . Much of Cash 's music contained themes of sorrow , moral tribulation , and redemption , especially in the later stages of his career . His other signature songs include I Walk the Line , Ring of Fire , Get Rhythm , and Man in Black . He also recorded humorous numbers like One Piece at a Time and A Boy Named Sue ; a duet with his future wife , June Carter , called Jackson ( followed by many further duets after their wedding ) ; and railroad songs including Hey , Porter , Orange Blossom Special , and Rock Island Line . During the last stage of his career , Cash covered songs by several late-20th-century rock artists , notably Hurt by Nine Inch Nails and Rusty Cage by Soundgarden ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Work_It_(Missy_Elliott_song)', 'summary': "Work It is a hip hop song written by American rapper Missy Elliott and her producer Tim Timbaland Mosley for Elliott 's fourth studio album Under Construction ( 2002 ) . The song 's musical style , and production by Timbaland , were heavily inspired by old school hip hop from the early 1980s , and includes a portion that samples Run-D.M.C . 's Peter Piper . The beginning of the song samples Rock Master Scott & the Dynamic Three 's Request Line . Released as the album 's first single in September 2002 , the track reached the number two position on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Missy Elliott 's most successful single to date . A remix of this song features 50 Cent . The end of the song samples Take Me to the Mardi Gras by Bob James and was also sampled in one of Missy 's first features The Things That You Do , and the synth pattern in the rhythm track samples the intro of Heart of Glass by Blondie ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dave_Meyers_(director)', 'summary': 'David Charles Meyers ( born October 19 , 1972 ) is an American music video , commercial and film director .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Missy_Elliott', 'summary': "Melissa Missy Arnette Elliott ( born July 1 , 1971 ) is an American rapper , singer , songwriter , record producer , dancer , and philanthropist . She embarked on her music career with all-female R & B group Sista in the early-mid 1990s and later became a member of the Swing Mob collective along with childhood friend and longtime collaborator Timbaland , with whom she worked on projects for Aaliyah , 702 , Total , and SWV . Following several collaborations and guest appearances , she launched her solo career on July 15 , 1997 with her debut album Supa Dupa Fly , which spawned the top 20 single Sock It 2 Me . The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 , the highest charting debut for a female rapper at the time . Elliott 's second album , Da Real World , was released on June 22 , 1999 and produced the singles She 's a Bitch , All n My Grill , and top five hit Hot Boyz . The remix of the latter song broke the record for most weeks at number-one on the US R & B chart on the issue dated January 15 , 2000 ; as well as spending 18 weeks at number one on the Hot Rap Singles chart , from December 4 , 1999 to March 25 , 2000 . With the release of Miss E. So Addictive ( 2001 ) , Under Construction ( 2002 ) , and This Is Not a Test ( 2003 ) , Elliott established an international career that yielded hits including Get Ur Freak On , One Minute Man , 4 My People , Gossip Folks , and Work It . The latter won her a Grammy Award for Best Female Rap Solo Performance . Elliott went on to win five Grammy Awards and sell over 30 million records in the United States . She is the best-selling female rapper in Nielsen Music history , according to Billboard in 2017 . In 2019 , she became the first female rapper inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame , and received the MTV VMAs Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award for her impact on the music video landscape ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Missy_Elliott', 'summary': "Melissa Missy Arnette Elliott ( born July 1 , 1971 ) is an American rapper , singer , songwriter , record producer , dancer , and philanthropist . She embarked on her music career with all-female R & B group Sista in the early-mid 1990s and later became a member of the Swing Mob collective along with childhood friend and longtime collaborator Timbaland , with whom she worked on projects for Aaliyah , 702 , Total , and SWV . Following several collaborations and guest appearances , she launched her solo career on July 15 , 1997 with her debut album Supa Dupa Fly , which spawned the top 20 single Sock It 2 Me . The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 , the highest charting debut for a female rapper at the time . Elliott 's second album , Da Real World , was released on June 22 , 1999 and produced the singles She 's a Bitch , All n My Grill , and top five hit Hot Boyz . The remix of the latter song broke the record for most weeks at number-one on the US R & B chart on the issue dated January 15 , 2000 ; as well as spending 18 weeks at number one on the Hot Rap Singles chart , from December 4 , 1999 to March 25 , 2000 . With the release of Miss E. So Addictive ( 2001 ) , Under Construction ( 2002 ) , and This Is Not a Test ( 2003 ) , Elliott established an international career that yielded hits including Get Ur Freak On , One Minute Man , 4 My People , Gossip Folks , and Work It . The latter won her a Grammy Award for Best Female Rap Solo Performance . Elliott went on to win five Grammy Awards and sell over 30 million records in the United States . She is the best-selling female rapper in Nielsen Music history , according to Billboard in 2017 . In 2019 , she became the first female rapper inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame , and received the MTV VMAs Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award for her impact on the music video landscape ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Recipients', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Direction_0', 'intro': "The MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction is a craft award given to the artist, the artist's manager, and the director of the music video. From 1984 to 2006, the full name of the award was Best Direction in a Video, and in 2007, it was briefly renamed Best Director. The category acquired its current name starting with the 2008 awards. The biggest winners are Spike Jonze and David Fincher with three wins each, although one of Jonze's wins is credited as the Torrance Community Dance Group. The most nominated director is David Fincher with eight nominations. Remarkably, seven of Fincher's nominations were achieved in a three-year span (1989-1991), as he was nominated a record three times in both 1989 and 1990. Fincher's latest nomination (and win) occurred over twenty years later in 2013 for his work on Justin Timberlake's Suit & Tie. Closely following them is Francis Lawrence with six nominations. Hype Williams is the director with most nominations and no wins at five. The performer whose videos have won the most awards is Madonna, whose videos have garnered three direction Moonmen. However, Eminem's videos have received the most nominations with seven. Four performers have won a Moonman in this category for their work directing/co-directing their videos: George Michael (Father Figure), Beck (The New Pollution), Erykah Badu (Honey), and Adam Yauch of the Beastie Boys (Make Some Noise)."} | null | null | What year did the Orange Bowl college football bowl game play the winning song that was a winner the same year Herbie Hancock was the night 's biggest winner ? | 2008 |
07bcf0616debd52c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TQ_postcode_area', 'title': 'TQ postcode area', 'header': ['Postcode district', 'Post town', 'Coverage', 'Local authority area'], 'data': [{'value': 'TQ1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TORQUAY', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torquay ( centre ) , St Marychurch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St_Marychurch', 'summary': 'St Marychurch in Torquay , Devon , England , is one of the oldest settlements in South Devon . Its earliest documentary record dates from around 1050 AD . Its name derives from the church of St Mary , which was founded in Anglo-Saxon times . The ward population taken at the 2011 census was 11,262 .'}]}, {'value': 'Torbay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torbay', 'summary': "Torbay /tɔːrˈbeɪ/ is a borough in Devon , England , administered by the unitary authority of Torbay Council . It consists of 62.87 square kilometres ( 24.27 sq mi ) of land , spanning the towns of Torquay , Paignton and Brixham , located around an east-facing natural harbour ( Tor Bay ) on the English Channel . A popular tourist destination with a tight conurbation of resort towns , Torbay 's sandy beaches , mild climate and recreational and leisure attractions have given rise to the nickname of the English Riviera ."}]}, {'value': 'TQ2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TORQUAY', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torquay ( west , north )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torbay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torbay', 'summary': "Torbay /tɔːrˈbeɪ/ is a borough in Devon , England , administered by the unitary authority of Torbay Council . It consists of 62.87 square kilometres ( 24.27 sq mi ) of land , spanning the towns of Torquay , Paignton and Brixham , located around an east-facing natural harbour ( Tor Bay ) on the English Channel . A popular tourist destination with a tight conurbation of resort towns , Torbay 's sandy beaches , mild climate and recreational and leisure attractions have given rise to the nickname of the English Riviera ."}]}, {'value': 'TQ3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PAIGNTON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paignton ( north , Preston area )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torbay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torbay', 'summary': "Torbay /tɔːrˈbeɪ/ is a borough in Devon , England , administered by the unitary authority of Torbay Council . It consists of 62.87 square kilometres ( 24.27 sq mi ) of land , spanning the towns of Torquay , Paignton and Brixham , located around an east-facing natural harbour ( Tor Bay ) on the English Channel . A popular tourist destination with a tight conurbation of resort towns , Torbay 's sandy beaches , mild climate and recreational and leisure attractions have given rise to the nickname of the English Riviera ."}]}, {'value': 'TQ4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PAIGNTON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paignton ( centre ) , Goodrington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goodrington', 'summary': 'Goodrington is a coastal village in Devon , England . It is situated in Tor Bay and lies between Torquay and Brixham , less than 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) south of Paignton .'}]}, {'value': 'Torbay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torbay', 'summary': "Torbay /tɔːrˈbeɪ/ is a borough in Devon , England , administered by the unitary authority of Torbay Council . It consists of 62.87 square kilometres ( 24.27 sq mi ) of land , spanning the towns of Torquay , Paignton and Brixham , located around an east-facing natural harbour ( Tor Bay ) on the English Channel . A popular tourist destination with a tight conurbation of resort towns , Torbay 's sandy beaches , mild climate and recreational and leisure attractions have given rise to the nickname of the English Riviera ."}]}, {'value': 'TQ5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BRIXHAM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brixham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brixham', 'summary': "Brixham /ˈbrɪksəm/ is a small fishing town and civil parish in the district of Torbay in the county of Devon , in the south-west of England . Brixham is at the southern end of Torbay , across the bay ( Tor Bay ) from Torquay , and fishing and tourism are the major industries of the town . At the time of the 2011 census it had a population of 16,693 . It is thought that the name 'Brixham ' came from Brioc 's village . 'Brioc ' was an old English or Brythonic personal name and '-ham ' is an ancient term for home derived from Old English . The town is hilly and built around the harbour which remains in use as a dock for fishing trawlers . It has a focal tourist attraction in the replica of Sir Francis Drake 's ship Golden Hind that is permanently moored there . Historically , Brixham was two separate communities with only a marshy lane to connect them . Cowtown was the area on top of the hill where the farmers lived , while a mile away around the harbour was Fishtown where the fishermen and seamen lived . Cowtown , the St Mary 's Square area , is on the road leaving Brixham to the south west , in the direction of Kingswear , upon which stands a church built on the site of a Saxon original . The town holds a yearly pirate event which competes for the title of most pirates in one place and this draws visitors from far and wide . King William III landed in England at Brixham on 5 November 1688 on his way to become king as part of the Glorious Revolution ."}]}, {'value': 'Torbay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torbay', 'summary': "Torbay /tɔːrˈbeɪ/ is a borough in Devon , England , administered by the unitary authority of Torbay Council . It consists of 62.87 square kilometres ( 24.27 sq mi ) of land , spanning the towns of Torquay , Paignton and Brixham , located around an east-facing natural harbour ( Tor Bay ) on the English Channel . A popular tourist destination with a tight conurbation of resort towns , Torbay 's sandy beaches , mild climate and recreational and leisure attractions have given rise to the nickname of the English Riviera ."}]}, {'value': 'TQ6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DARTMOUTH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dartmouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dartmouth,_Devon', 'summary': 'Dartmouth /ˈdɑːrtməθ/ is a town and civil parish in the English county of Devon . It is a tourist destination set on the western bank of the estuary of the River Dart , which is a long narrow tidal ria that runs inland as far as Totnes . It lies within the South Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and South Hams district , and had a population of 5,512 in 2001 , reducing to 5,064 at the 2011 census There are two electoral wards in the Dartmouth area ( Townstal & Kingswear ) . Their combined population at the above census was 6,822 .'}]}, {'value': 'South Hams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Hams', 'summary': 'South Hams is a local government district on the south coast of Devon , England . Services divide between those provided by its own Council headquartered in Totnes , and those provided by Devon County Council headquartered in the city of Exeter . Beside Totnes are its towns of Dartmouth , Kingsbridge , Salcombe , and Ivybridge - the most populous with 11,851 residents , as at the 2011 Census . To the north , it includes part of Dartmoor National Park , to the east borders Torbay , and to the west Plymouth . It contains some of the most unspoilt coastline on the south coast , including the promontories of Start Point and Bolt Head The entire coastline , along with the lower Avon and Dart valleys , form most of the South Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . The South Hams , along with nearby Broadsands in Paignton , is the last British refuge of the cirl bunting . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'TQ7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KINGSBRIDGE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kingsbridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingsbridge', 'summary': 'Kingsbridge is a market town and tourist hub in the South Hams district of Devon , England , with a population of 6,116 at the 2011 census . Two electoral wards bear the name of Kingsbridge ( East & North ) . Their combined population at the above census was 4,381 . It is situated at the northern end of the Kingsbridge Estuary , a ria that extends to the sea six miles south of the town . It is the third largest settlement in the South Hams and is 32 miles ( 51 km ) south-southwest of Exeter .'}]}, {'value': 'South Hams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Hams', 'summary': 'South Hams is a local government district on the south coast of Devon , England . Services divide between those provided by its own Council headquartered in Totnes , and those provided by Devon County Council headquartered in the city of Exeter . Beside Totnes are its towns of Dartmouth , Kingsbridge , Salcombe , and Ivybridge - the most populous with 11,851 residents , as at the 2011 Census . To the north , it includes part of Dartmoor National Park , to the east borders Torbay , and to the west Plymouth . It contains some of the most unspoilt coastline on the south coast , including the promontories of Start Point and Bolt Head The entire coastline , along with the lower Avon and Dart valleys , form most of the South Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . The South Hams , along with nearby Broadsands in Paignton , is the last British refuge of the cirl bunting . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'TQ8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SALCOMBE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salcombe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salcombe', 'summary': "Salcombe is a popular resort town in the South Hams district of Devon , south west England . The town is close to the mouth of the Kingsbridge Estuary , mostly built on the steep west side of the estuary . It lies within the South Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONB ) . The town 's extensive waterfront and the naturally sheltered harbour formed by the estuary gave rise to its success as a boat and shipbuilding and sailing port and , in modern times , tourism especially in the form of pleasure sailing and yachting . The town is also home to a traditional shellfish fishing industry . The town is part of the electoral ward of Salcombe and Malborough , for which the 2011 census recorded a total population of 3,353 . Kingsbridge Estuary ( actually a ria or drowned valley ) lies between Bolt Head and Sharpitor on the west and Portlemouth Down on the east , and runs inland for some 8.6 kilometres ( 5.3 mi ) . The estuary was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in February 1987 and is also a Local Nature Reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'South Hams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Hams', 'summary': 'South Hams is a local government district on the south coast of Devon , England . Services divide between those provided by its own Council headquartered in Totnes , and those provided by Devon County Council headquartered in the city of Exeter . Beside Totnes are its towns of Dartmouth , Kingsbridge , Salcombe , and Ivybridge - the most populous with 11,851 residents , as at the 2011 Census . To the north , it includes part of Dartmoor National Park , to the east borders Torbay , and to the west Plymouth . It contains some of the most unspoilt coastline on the south coast , including the promontories of Start Point and Bolt Head The entire coastline , along with the lower Avon and Dart valleys , form most of the South Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . The South Hams , along with nearby Broadsands in Paignton , is the last British refuge of the cirl bunting . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'TQ9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TOTNES', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Totnes , Dartington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Totnes', 'summary': "Totnes ( /ˈtɒtnɪs/ or /tɒtˈnɛs/ ) is a market town and civil parish at the head of the estuary of the River Dart in Devon , England within the South Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . It is about 21 miles ( 34 km ) south-southwest of Exeter and is the administrative centre of the South Hams District Council . Totnes has a long recorded history , dating back to 907 , when its first castle was built . By the twelfth century it was already an important market town , and its former wealth and importance may be seen from the number of merchants ' houses built in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries . Today , the town is a thriving centre for music , art , theatre and natural health . It has a sizeable alternative and New Age community , and is known as a place where one can live a bohemian lifestyle . Two electoral wards mention Totnes ( Bridgetown and Town ) . Their combined populations at the 2011 UK Census was 8,076 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dartington', 'summary': 'Dartington is a village in Devon , England . Its population is 876 . The electoral ward of Dartington includes the surrounding area and had a population of 1,753 at the 2011 census . It is located west of the River Dart , south of Dartington Hall and about two miles ( 3 km ) north-west of Totnes . Dartington is home to an obsolete cider press ( now the centrepiece of a shopping centre named after it ) , the Cott Inn , a public house dating from 1320 , and Dartington Hall .'}]}, {'value': 'South Hams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Hams', 'summary': 'South Hams is a local government district on the south coast of Devon , England . Services divide between those provided by its own Council headquartered in Totnes , and those provided by Devon County Council headquartered in the city of Exeter . Beside Totnes are its towns of Dartmouth , Kingsbridge , Salcombe , and Ivybridge - the most populous with 11,851 residents , as at the 2011 Census . To the north , it includes part of Dartmoor National Park , to the east borders Torbay , and to the west Plymouth . It contains some of the most unspoilt coastline on the south coast , including the promontories of Start Point and Bolt Head The entire coastline , along with the lower Avon and Dart valleys , form most of the South Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . The South Hams , along with nearby Broadsands in Paignton , is the last British refuge of the cirl bunting . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'TQ9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SOUTH BRENT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'non-geographic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Non-geographic_postcodes', 'summary': 'Postal codes used in the United Kingdom are known as postcodes ( originally , postal codes ) . They are alphanumeric and were adopted nationally between 11 October 1959 and 1974 , having been devised by the General Post Office ( Royal Mail ) . A full postcode is known as a postcode unit and designates an area with a number of addresses or a single major delivery point . The structure of a postcode is two alphanumeric codes , the first having between two and four characters and the second , three characters . First , one or two letters indicate the postcode area , followed by one or two digits signifying a district within that area . This is followed by a space and then a number denoting a sector within said district , and finally by two letters which are allocated to streets or sides of a street . Postcode areas are often named for a major town or city ( such as B for Birmingham ) but may also be geographic in nature ( such as HS for Outer Hebrides ) . Each postcode area contains a number of post towns which are not themselves alphabetically denoted however each will generally constitute one ( or more ) postcode districts . ( Example : a sizeable part of Southern England is covered by the GU postcode area , named for the town of Guildford . Guildford comprises postal districts GU1 and GU2 . Nearby Woking , a major commuter town 6 miles distant , is a post town within postal district GU22 . ) The central part of the town or city the postcode area is named after will have the number one e.g .'}]}, {'value': 'TQ10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SOUTH BRENT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Brent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Brent', 'summary': 'South Brent is a large village on the southern edge of Dartmoor , England , in the valley of the River Avon . The parish includes the small hamlets of Aish , Harbourneford , Lutton , Brent Mill , and many scattered farmhouses . It is five miles ( 8 km ) north-east of Ivybridge and 14 miles ( 22 km ) east-northeast of Plymouth .'}]}, {'value': 'South Hams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Hams', 'summary': 'South Hams is a local government district on the south coast of Devon , England . Services divide between those provided by its own Council headquartered in Totnes , and those provided by Devon County Council headquartered in the city of Exeter . Beside Totnes are its towns of Dartmouth , Kingsbridge , Salcombe , and Ivybridge - the most populous with 11,851 residents , as at the 2011 Census . To the north , it includes part of Dartmoor National Park , to the east borders Torbay , and to the west Plymouth . It contains some of the most unspoilt coastline on the south coast , including the promontories of Start Point and Bolt Head The entire coastline , along with the lower Avon and Dart valleys , form most of the South Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . The South Hams , along with nearby Broadsands in Paignton , is the last British refuge of the cirl bunting . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'TQ11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BUCKFASTLEIGH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buckfastleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buckfastleigh', 'summary': 'Buckfastleigh is a small market town and civil parish in Devon , England situated beside the Devon Expressway ( A38 ) at the edge of the Dartmoor National Park . It is part of Teignbridge and , for ecclesiastical purposes , lies within the Totnes Deanery . It is 18 miles ( 29 km ) east-northeast of Plymouth , 20 miles ( 32 km ) southwest of Exeter and has a population of 3,661 . It is a centre of tourism and is home to Buckfast Abbey , the South Devon Railway , the Buckfastleigh Butterfly Farm and Otter Sanctuary , the Tomb of Squire Richard Cabell and The Valiant Soldier . With 13 letters , Buckfastleigh is the longest place name in England with no repeated letters , tied with Buslingthorpe , Leeds and Buslingthorpe , Lincolnshire .'}]}, {'value': 'Teignbridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teignbridge', 'summary': 'Teignbridge is a local government district in Devon , England . Its council is based in Newton Abbot . Other towns in the district include Ashburton , Dawlish and Teignmouth . It is named for the old Teignbridge hundred . The district was formed on 1 April 1974 , under the Local Government Act 1972 , as a merger of the Ashburton , Buckfastleigh , Dawlish , Newton Abbot and Teignmouth urban districts along with Newton Abbot Rural District and part of St Thomas Rural District .'}]}, {'value': 'TQ12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NEWTON ABBOT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newton Abbot , Kingsteignton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newton_Abbot', 'summary': 'Newton Abbot is a market town and civil parish on the River Teign in the Teignbridge District of Devon , England , with a population of 25,556 . It grew rapidly in the Victorian era as the home of the South Devon Railway locomotive works . This later became a major steam engine shed , retained to service British Railways diesel locomotives until 1981 . It now houses the Brunel industrial estate . The town has a race course nearby , the most westerly in England , and a country park , Decoy . It is twinned with Besigheim in Germany and Ay in France .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kingsteignton', 'summary': "Kingsteignton ( /kɪŋˈsteɪntən/ king-STAYN-tən ) , is a town and civil parish in South Devon , England . It lies at the head of the Teign Estuary to the west of Teignmouth in the Teignbridge district . It is bypassed by the A380 and is also on the A383 , A381 , B3193 and B3195 . Kingsteignton is currently represented in parliament by Anne Marie Morris , as part of the Newton Abbot Constituency . Kingsteignton has a population of over 11,000 . The threat of being incorporated into the nearby town of Newton Abbot prompted the parish council to change Kingsteignton 's status to a town . The change took effect from 1 January 2009 . The town has two electoral wards ( east and west ) . Their combined populations at the 2011 census was 11,147"}]}, {'value': 'Teignbridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teignbridge', 'summary': 'Teignbridge is a local government district in Devon , England . Its council is based in Newton Abbot . Other towns in the district include Ashburton , Dawlish and Teignmouth . It is named for the old Teignbridge hundred . The district was formed on 1 April 1974 , under the Local Government Act 1972 , as a merger of the Ashburton , Buckfastleigh , Dawlish , Newton Abbot and Teignmouth urban districts along with Newton Abbot Rural District and part of St Thomas Rural District .'}]}, {'value': 'TQ13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NEWTON ABBOT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashburton , Bovey Tracey , Chudleigh , Moretonhampstead , Widecombe in the Moor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashburton,_Devon', 'summary': 'Ashburton is a small town on the south-southeastern edge of Dartmoor in Devon , England , adjacent to the A38 . The town is 20 miles ( 32 km ) northeast of Plymouth and 17 miles ( 27 km ) southwest of Exeter . It was formerly important as a stannary town ( a centre for the administration of tin-mining ) , and remains the largest town within the National Park , with a population of around 3,800 , increasing to 4,170 in 2011 . [ citation needed ] Ashburton has five pubs within the centre of town and five restaurants/cafés . The town is also part of the electoral ward named Ashburton and Buckfastleigh , the population of which at the 2011 census was 7,718 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bovey_Tracey', 'summary': "Bovey Tracey ( /ˌbʌvi ˈtreɪsi/ ) is a small town and civil parish in Devon , England , on the edge of Dartmoor , its proximity to which gives rise to the slogan used on the town 's boundary signs , The Gateway to the Moor . It is often known locally as Bovey . It is about 10 miles south-west of Exeter and lies on the A382 road , about halfway between Newton Abbot and Moretonhampstead . The village is at the centre of the electoral ward of Bovey . At the 2011 census the population of this ward was 7,721 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chudleigh', 'summary': 'Chudleigh is an ancient wool village located within the Teignbridge District Council area of Devon , England between Newton Abbot and Exeter . The electoral ward with the same name had a population of 6,125 at the 2011 census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Moretonhampstead', 'summary': 'Moretonhampstead ( anciently Moreton Hampstead ) is a market town , [ a ] parish and ancient manor in Devon , situated on the north-eastern edge of Dartmoor , within the Dartmoor National Park . The parish now includes the hamlet of Doccombe ( /ˈdɒkəm/ ) , and it is surrounded clockwise from the north by the parishes of Drewsteignton , Dunsford , Bridford , Bovey Tracey , Lustleigh , North Bovey and Chagford . At the 2011 census the population of the parish was 1,703 , and Moorland electoral ward , in which Moretonhampstead lies , had a population of 2,806 . The parish church is dedicated to St. Andrew . Moretonhampstead is twinned with Betton in France .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Widecombe_in_the_Moor', 'summary': 'Widecombe in the Moor ( /ˌwɪdɪkəm . ˈmʊər/ ) is a village and large civil parish on Dartmoor National Park in Devon , England . Its church is known as the Cathedral of the Moors on account of its tall spire and its size , relative to the small population it serves . It is a favourite tourist centre , partly for its scenic character and partly for its connection to the popular song Widecombe Fair .'}]}, {'value': 'Teignbridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teignbridge', 'summary': 'Teignbridge is a local government district in Devon , England . Its council is based in Newton Abbot . Other towns in the district include Ashburton , Dawlish and Teignmouth . It is named for the old Teignbridge hundred . The district was formed on 1 April 1974 , under the Local Government Act 1972 , as a merger of the Ashburton , Buckfastleigh , Dawlish , Newton Abbot and Teignmouth urban districts along with Newton Abbot Rural District and part of St Thomas Rural District .'}]}, {'value': 'TQ14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TEIGNMOUTH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teignmouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teignmouth', 'summary': 'Teignmouth ( /ˈtɪnməθ/ TIN-məth ) is a large seaside town , fishing port and civil parish in the English county of Devon , situated on the north bank of the estuary mouth of the River Teign about 12 miles south of Exeter . It had a population of 14,749 at the last census . In 1690 , it was the last place in England to be invaded by a foreign power . From the 1800s onwards , the town rapidly grew in size from a fishing port associated with the Newfoundland cod industry to a fashionable resort of some note in Georgian times , with further expansion after the opening of the South Devon Railway in 1846 . Today , its port still operates and the town remains a popular seaside holiday location .'}]}, {'value': 'Teignbridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teignbridge', 'summary': 'Teignbridge is a local government district in Devon , England . Its council is based in Newton Abbot . Other towns in the district include Ashburton , Dawlish and Teignmouth . It is named for the old Teignbridge hundred . The district was formed on 1 April 1974 , under the Local Government Act 1972 , as a merger of the Ashburton , Buckfastleigh , Dawlish , Newton Abbot and Teignmouth urban districts along with Newton Abbot Rural District and part of St Thomas Rural District .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Coverage', 'section_text': 'The approximate coverage of the postcode districts :', 'uid': 'TQ_postcode_area_0', 'intro': 'The TQ postcode area, also known as the Torquay postcode area, is a group of fourteen postcode districts in South West England, which are subdivisions of eleven post towns. These postcode districts cover much of south Devon, including Torquay, Paignton, Newton Abbot, Brixham, Ashburton, Buckfastleigh, Dartmouth, Kingsbridge, Salcombe, South Brent, Teignmouth and Totnes.'} | null | null | The village in postcode district TQ10 is in the valley of which river ? | Avon |
07c309c96c185fff | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_at_the_Paralympics', 'title': 'Venezuela at the Paralympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Games', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yolmer Urdaneta', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992 Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Summer Paralympics ( Spanish : Juegos Paralímpicos de Verano de 1992 ; Catalan : Jocs Paralímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) were the ninth Paralympic Games to be held . They were held in Barcelona , Spain . In addition , the 1992 Paralympic Games for Persons with mental handicap were held immediately after the regular Paralympics in the Spanish capital , Madrid ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1992_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "Athletics at the 1992 Summer Paralympics consisted of 214 events , 152 for men and 62 for women . Because of a tie for third place in the men 's high jump B2 event , a total of 215 bronze medals were awarded . Swimming , athletics and table tennis used a medical based classification system for the Barcelona Games . This happened as the Games were in a transition period with a number of other sports starting to move to a fully functional based classification system . This medal table includes also the 1992 Paralympic Games for Persons with mental handicap , which held by the same organizing committee , and is part of same event , but in Madrid , between 15-22 September in the same year ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's Discus throw B2", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ricardo Santana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricardo_Santana', 'summary': 'Ricardo Santana is a Paralympian athlete from Venezuela competing mainly in category T12 sprint events . Ricardo has competed and medalled at three Paralympics . His first was in Sydney in 2000 where having competed in the T13 100m and 400m he picked up a bronze medal in the T13 200m . In the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens having been reclassified into T12 won a silver medal in the 100m and a bronze in the 200m and was part of the Venezuelan team that finished third in the T11-13 4 × 100 m relay . His third appearance was in 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing where he failed to win any medals in the T12 100m or 200m but did win a silver as part of the T11-13 4 × 100 m team .'}]}, {'value': '2000 Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Paralympic Games were held in Sydney , Australia , from 18 to 29 October . In September 1993 , Sydney won the rights to host the 2000 Paralympic Games . To secure this right it was expected that the New South Wales Government would underwrite the budget for the games . The Sydney games were the 11th Summer Paralympic Games , where an estimated 3,800 athletes took part in the programme . They commenced with the opening ceremony on 18 October 2000 . It was followed by the 11 days of fierce international competition and was the second largest sporting event ever held in Australia . They were also the first Paralympic Games outside the Northern Hemisphere .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2000_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2000 Summer Paralympics comprised a total of 234 events , 165 for men and 69 for women . Athletes were classified according to the extent and type of their disability .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 200 m T13", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ricardo Santana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricardo_Santana', 'summary': 'Ricardo Santana is a Paralympian athlete from Venezuela competing mainly in category T12 sprint events . Ricardo has competed and medalled at three Paralympics . His first was in Sydney in 2000 where having competed in the T13 100m and 400m he picked up a bronze medal in the T13 200m . In the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens having been reclassified into T12 won a silver medal in the 100m and a bronze in the 200m and was part of the Venezuelan team that finished third in the T11-13 4 × 100 m relay . His third appearance was in 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing where he failed to win any medals in the T12 100m or 200m but did win a silver as part of the T11-13 4 × 100 m team .'}]}, {'value': '2004 Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The 2004 Summer Paralympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Παραολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 ) , the 12th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Athens , Greece from 17 to 28 September 2004 . 3,806 athletes from 136 National Paralympic Committees competed . 519 medal events were held in 19 sports . Four new events were introduced to the Paralympics in Athens ; 5-a-side football for the blind , quads wheelchair tennis , and women 's competitions in judo and sitting volleyball . Following a scandal at the 2000 Summer Paralympics , in which the Spanish intellectually-disabled basketball team was stripped of their gold medal after it was found that multiple players had not met the eligibility requirements , ID-class events were suspended ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2004 Summer Paralympics included 17 events for men and 15 events for women , in 5 disciplines . Athletes competed in one of four disability categories :'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 100 m T12", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Paralympics_-_Men's_100_metres_T12", 'summary': "Men 's 100m races for blind & visually impaired athletes at the 2004 Summer Paralympics were held in the Athens Olympic Stadium . Events were held in three disability classes ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ricardo Santana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricardo_Santana', 'summary': 'Ricardo Santana is a Paralympian athlete from Venezuela competing mainly in category T12 sprint events . Ricardo has competed and medalled at three Paralympics . His first was in Sydney in 2000 where having competed in the T13 100m and 400m he picked up a bronze medal in the T13 200m . In the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens having been reclassified into T12 won a silver medal in the 100m and a bronze in the 200m and was part of the Venezuelan team that finished third in the T11-13 4 × 100 m relay . His third appearance was in 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing where he failed to win any medals in the T12 100m or 200m but did win a silver as part of the T11-13 4 × 100 m team .'}]}, {'value': '2004 Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The 2004 Summer Paralympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Παραολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 ) , the 12th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Athens , Greece from 17 to 28 September 2004 . 3,806 athletes from 136 National Paralympic Committees competed . 519 medal events were held in 19 sports . Four new events were introduced to the Paralympics in Athens ; 5-a-side football for the blind , quads wheelchair tennis , and women 's competitions in judo and sitting volleyball . Following a scandal at the 2000 Summer Paralympics , in which the Spanish intellectually-disabled basketball team was stripped of their gold medal after it was found that multiple players had not met the eligibility requirements , ID-class events were suspended ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2004 Summer Paralympics included 17 events for men and 15 events for women , in 5 disciplines . Athletes competed in one of four disability categories :'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 200 m T12", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Paralympics_-_Men's_200_metres_T12", 'summary': "Men 's 200m races for blind & visually impaired athletes at the 2004 Summer Paralympics were held in the Athens Olympic Stadium . Events were held in three disability classes ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aníbal Bello Oduver Daza Ricardo Santana José Villarreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aníbal_Bello', 'summary': 'Aníbal Bello is a paralympic athlete from Venezuela competing mainly in category F11 throws events . Although Anibal competed in the javelin and shot at the 2004 Summer Paralympics it was only when he ran as part of the Venezuelan T11-13 4 × 100 m relay team that he won his only Paralympic medal , a bronze .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oduver_Daza', 'summary': 'Odúver Daza is a Paralympian athlete from Venezuela competing mainly in category T12 sprint events . Oduver has competed in two Paralympics , firstly in 2004 in Athens and then in 2008 in Beijing . In Athens he competed in the T12 100m and F12 long jump failing to win any medals , in Beijing he again failed to win a medal in the F12 long jump , he however was a part of successful Venezuelan relay teams on both occasions winning a bronze in Athens in the T11-13 4 × 100 m and a silver in the same event in Beijing finishing behind the host country .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ricardo_Santana', 'summary': 'Ricardo Santana is a Paralympian athlete from Venezuela competing mainly in category T12 sprint events . Ricardo has competed and medalled at three Paralympics . His first was in Sydney in 2000 where having competed in the T13 100m and 400m he picked up a bronze medal in the T13 200m . In the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens having been reclassified into T12 won a silver medal in the 100m and a bronze in the 200m and was part of the Venezuelan team that finished third in the T11-13 4 × 100 m relay . His third appearance was in 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing where he failed to win any medals in the T12 100m or 200m but did win a silver as part of the T11-13 4 × 100 m team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/José_Villarreal_(athlete)', 'summary': 'José Villarreal is a paralympic track and field athlete from Venezuela competing mainly in category T12 sprint events .'}]}, {'value': '2004 Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The 2004 Summer Paralympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Παραολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 ) , the 12th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Athens , Greece from 17 to 28 September 2004 . 3,806 athletes from 136 National Paralympic Committees competed . 519 medal events were held in 19 sports . Four new events were introduced to the Paralympics in Athens ; 5-a-side football for the blind , quads wheelchair tennis , and women 's competitions in judo and sitting volleyball . Following a scandal at the 2000 Summer Paralympics , in which the Spanish intellectually-disabled basketball team was stripped of their gold medal after it was found that multiple players had not met the eligibility requirements , ID-class events were suspended ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2004 Summer Paralympics included 17 events for men and 15 events for women , in 5 disciplines . Athletes competed in one of four disability categories :'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 4x100m relay T11-13", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naomi Soazo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naomi_Soazo', 'summary': "Naomi Alejandra Soazo ( born 19 December 1988 ) is a visually impaired Venezuelan judoka . She competed in a number of international events , such as the International Blind Sports Federation World Championships , but is best known for being the only Venezuelan , in any sport , to have won a gold medal at the Paralympic Games . She made her Paralympic Games début at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , in the women 's up to 63 kg category . Defeating Zhou Qian of China by ippon within less than a minute in her first match , she then defeated Sweden 's Elvira Kivi by waza-ari-awasete-ippon in the semifinal . In the final , it took her just three seconds to defeat Spain 's completely blind Marta Arce by ippon and win Venezuela 's first ever Paralympic gold medal . At the 2012 Paralympics Soazo lost her first bout to the eventual gold medalist , but continued competing through repechage , and lost a bronze medal match to Daniele Bernardes Milan . At the 2016 Paralympics Soazo won a bronze medal in the 70 kg category ."}]}, {'value': '2008 Beijing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2008 Summer Paralympic Games ( Chinese : 第十三届残疾人奥林匹克运动会 ) , the 13th Paralympics , took place in Beijing , China from September 6 to 17 , 2008 . As with the 2008 Summer Olympics , equestrian events were held in Hong Kong and sailing events in Qingdao . 3,951 athletes from 146 countries took part , the largest number of nations ever ( ten more than the 2004 Games in Athens ) . Five countries competed for the first time . As host country , China fielded more athletes than any other country . The slogan for the 2008 Paralympics was the same as the 2008 Summer Olympics , One World , One Dream ( simplified Chinese : 同一个世界 同一个梦想 ; traditional Chinese : 同一個世界 同一個夢想 Pinyin Tóng yīge shìjìe tóng yīge mèngxiǎng , lit . One World , One Dream ) . China dominated the medal count , finishing with 89 gold medals and 211 total medals , more than double the next-ranked NPC in both cases . 339 Paralympic records and 279 world records were broken . International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) President Philip Craven declared the Games the greatest Paralympic Games ever . Beijing has been selected to host the 2022 Winter Paralympics ; it would then become the first city ever to host both a Summer and Winter Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The Judo competition of the 2008 Summer Paralympics was held in Beijing Workers ' Gymnasium from September 7 to September 9 . There were 13 events , corresponding to seven weight classes for men and six for women . At the Paralympics , judo is contested by visually impaired athletes ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's -63 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Judo_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics_-_Women's_63_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 63 kg judo competition at the 2008 Summer Paralympics was held on September 8 at the Beijing Workers ' Gymnasium . Preliminary rounds started at 12:00 pm CST . Repechage finals , semifinals , bouts for bronze medals , and the final were held at 5:00 pm CST . This event was the third-heaviest of the women 's judo weight classes , limiting competitors to a maximum of 63 kilograms of body mass . Like all other judo events , bouts lasted five minutes . If the bout was still tied at the end , it was extended for another five-minute , sudden-death period ; if neither judoka scored during that period , the match is decided by the judges . The tournament bracket consisted of a single-elimination contest culminating in a gold medal match . There was also a repechage to determine the winners of the two bronze medals . Each judoka who had lost to a semifinalist competed in the repechage . The two judokas who lost in the semifinals faced the winner of the opposite half of the bracket 's repechage in bronze medal bouts ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oduver Daza Fernando Ferrer Ricardo Santana Yoldani Silva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oduver_Daza', 'summary': 'Odúver Daza is a Paralympian athlete from Venezuela competing mainly in category T12 sprint events . Oduver has competed in two Paralympics , firstly in 2004 in Athens and then in 2008 in Beijing . In Athens he competed in the T12 100m and F12 long jump failing to win any medals , in Beijing he again failed to win a medal in the F12 long jump , he however was a part of successful Venezuelan relay teams on both occasions winning a bronze in Athens in the T11-13 4 × 100 m and a silver in the same event in Beijing finishing behind the host country .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fernando_Ferrer_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Fernando Ferrer is a Venezuelan Paralympian athlete competing mainly in category T11 sprint events . Fernando competed in the T12 100m at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , he also went on to win a silver medal with his Venezuelan teammates in the T11-13 4 × 100 m behind host nation China .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ricardo_Santana', 'summary': 'Ricardo Santana is a Paralympian athlete from Venezuela competing mainly in category T12 sprint events . Ricardo has competed and medalled at three Paralympics . His first was in Sydney in 2000 where having competed in the T13 100m and 400m he picked up a bronze medal in the T13 200m . In the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens having been reclassified into T12 won a silver medal in the 100m and a bronze in the 200m and was part of the Venezuelan team that finished third in the T11-13 4 × 100 m relay . His third appearance was in 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing where he failed to win any medals in the T12 100m or 200m but did win a silver as part of the T11-13 4 × 100 m team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yoldani_Silva', 'summary': 'Yoldani Silva is a Paralympian athlete from Venezuela competing mainly in category T12 sprint events . Yoldani competed in the T12 100m at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , he also went on to win a silver medal with his Venezuelan teammates in the T11-13 4 × 100 m behind host nation China .'}]}, {'value': '2008 Beijing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2008 Summer Paralympic Games ( Chinese : 第十三届残疾人奥林匹克运动会 ) , the 13th Paralympics , took place in Beijing , China from September 6 to 17 , 2008 . As with the 2008 Summer Olympics , equestrian events were held in Hong Kong and sailing events in Qingdao . 3,951 athletes from 146 countries took part , the largest number of nations ever ( ten more than the 2004 Games in Athens ) . Five countries competed for the first time . As host country , China fielded more athletes than any other country . The slogan for the 2008 Paralympics was the same as the 2008 Summer Olympics , One World , One Dream ( simplified Chinese : 同一个世界 同一个梦想 ; traditional Chinese : 同一個世界 同一個夢想 Pinyin Tóng yīge shìjìe tóng yīge mèngxiǎng , lit . One World , One Dream ) . China dominated the medal count , finishing with 89 gold medals and 211 total medals , more than double the next-ranked NPC in both cases . 339 Paralympic records and 279 world records were broken . International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) President Philip Craven declared the Games the greatest Paralympic Games ever . Beijing has been selected to host the 2022 Winter Paralympics ; it would then become the first city ever to host both a Summer and Winter Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics were held in Beijing National Stadium from September 8 to September 17 . There were 160 gold medals in this sport .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 4x100m Relay T11-T13", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reinaldo Caravallo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008 Beijing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2008 Summer Paralympic Games ( Chinese : 第十三届残疾人奥林匹克运动会 ) , the 13th Paralympics , took place in Beijing , China from September 6 to 17 , 2008 . As with the 2008 Summer Olympics , equestrian events were held in Hong Kong and sailing events in Qingdao . 3,951 athletes from 146 countries took part , the largest number of nations ever ( ten more than the 2004 Games in Athens ) . Five countries competed for the first time . As host country , China fielded more athletes than any other country . The slogan for the 2008 Paralympics was the same as the 2008 Summer Olympics , One World , One Dream ( simplified Chinese : 同一个世界 同一个梦想 ; traditional Chinese : 同一個世界 同一個夢想 Pinyin Tóng yīge shìjìe tóng yīge mèngxiǎng , lit . One World , One Dream ) . China dominated the medal count , finishing with 89 gold medals and 211 total medals , more than double the next-ranked NPC in both cases . 339 Paralympic records and 279 world records were broken . International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) President Philip Craven declared the Games the greatest Paralympic Games ever . Beijing has been selected to host the 2022 Winter Paralympics ; it would then become the first city ever to host both a Summer and Winter Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The Judo competition of the 2008 Summer Paralympics was held in Beijing Workers ' Gymnasium from September 7 to September 9 . There were 13 events , corresponding to seven weight classes for men and six for women . At the Paralympics , judo is contested by visually impaired athletes ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's -81 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Judo_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics_-_Men's_81_kg", 'summary': "The men 's 81 kg judo competition at the 2008 Summer Paralympics was held on 8 September at the Beijing Workers ' Gymnasium . This event was the median of the men 's judo weight classes , limiting competitors to a maximum of 81 kilograms of body mass . Like all other judo events , bouts lasted five minutes . If the bout was still tied at the end , it was extended for another five-minute , sudden-death period ; if neither judoka scored during that period , the match is decided by the judges . The tournament bracket consisted of a single-elimination contest culminating in a gold medal match . There was also a repechage to determine the winners of the two bronze medals . Each judoka who had lost to a semifinalist competed in the repechage . The two judokas who lost in the semifinals faced the winner of the opposite half of the bracket 's repechage in bronze medal bouts ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samuel Colmenares', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Colmenares', 'summary': "Samuel Colmenares ( Aragua ) is a Paralympic athlete from Venezuela competing mainly in category T46 sprint events . He competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , China . There he won a bronze medal in the men 's 400 metres - T46 event and went out in the first round of the men 's 800 metres - T46 event"}]}, {'value': '2008 Beijing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2008 Summer Paralympic Games ( Chinese : 第十三届残疾人奥林匹克运动会 ) , the 13th Paralympics , took place in Beijing , China from September 6 to 17 , 2008 . As with the 2008 Summer Olympics , equestrian events were held in Hong Kong and sailing events in Qingdao . 3,951 athletes from 146 countries took part , the largest number of nations ever ( ten more than the 2004 Games in Athens ) . Five countries competed for the first time . As host country , China fielded more athletes than any other country . The slogan for the 2008 Paralympics was the same as the 2008 Summer Olympics , One World , One Dream ( simplified Chinese : 同一个世界 同一个梦想 ; traditional Chinese : 同一個世界 同一個夢想 Pinyin Tóng yīge shìjìe tóng yīge mèngxiǎng , lit . One World , One Dream ) . China dominated the medal count , finishing with 89 gold medals and 211 total medals , more than double the next-ranked NPC in both cases . 339 Paralympic records and 279 world records were broken . International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) President Philip Craven declared the Games the greatest Paralympic Games ever . Beijing has been selected to host the 2022 Winter Paralympics ; it would then become the first city ever to host both a Summer and Winter Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics were held in Beijing National Stadium from September 8 to September 17 . There were 160 gold medals in this sport .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 400m - T46", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics_-_Men's_400_metres_T46", 'summary': "The Men 's 400m T46 had its First Round held on September 11 at 17:45 and the Final on September 12 at 18:42 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marcos Falcón', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012 London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Paralympics , the 14th Summer Paralympic Games , and also more generally known as the London 2012 Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) , that took place in London , United Kingdom from 29 August to 9 September 2012 . These Paralympics were one of the largest multi-sport events ever held in the United Kingdom after the 2012 Summer Olympics , and until the date the largest Paralympics ever : 4,302 athletes from 164 National Paralympic Committees participated , with fourteen countries appearing in the Paralympics for the first time ever . The lead-up to these games prominently emphasized the return of the Paralympic movement to its spiritual birthplace : in 1948 , the British village of Stoke Mandeville first hosted the Stoke Mandeville Games , an athletics event for disabled British veterans of the Second World War held to coincide with the opening of the Summer Olympics in London . They were the first-ever organized sporting event for disabled athletes and served as a precursor to the modern Paralympic Games . Stoke Mandeville also co-hosted the 1984 Summer Paralympics with Long Island , New York , after its original host , the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , pulled out due to financial issues . Organizers expected the Games to be the first Paralympics to achieve mass-market appeal , fuelled by continued enthusiasm from the British public following the country 's successful performance at the Summer Olympics , awareness of the United Kingdom 's role in the history of the Paralympics , public attention surrounding South African sprinter Oscar Pistorius ( who had recently become the first double amputee to compete in the Summer Olympics alongside able-bodied athletes ) , a major marketing campaign instituted by the Games ' local broadcaster , and growing media coverage of Paralympic sport . The games ultimately met these expectations , breaking records for ticket sales , heightening the profile of the Paralympics in relation to the Olympics , and prompting IPC president Philip Craven to declare them the greatest Paralympic Games ever . A total of 503 events in 20 sports were held during these games ; for the first time since their suspension after the 2000 Paralympics , events for the intellectually disabled were also held in selected sports . For the third Summer Paralympics in a row , China won the most medals overall , with a total of 231 ( 95 of them being gold ) , followed by Russia and Great Britain ."}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The Judo competition of the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held in ExCeL London from 30 August to 1 September . There were 13 events , corresponded to seven weight classes for men and six for women . At the Paralympics , judo was contested by visually impaired athletes .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 66 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Judo_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_-_Men's_66_kg", 'summary': "The men 's 66 kg judo competition at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held on 30 August at ExCeL London ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oscar Monterola', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012 London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Paralympics , the 14th Summer Paralympic Games , and also more generally known as the London 2012 Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) , that took place in London , United Kingdom from 29 August to 9 September 2012 . These Paralympics were one of the largest multi-sport events ever held in the United Kingdom after the 2012 Summer Olympics , and until the date the largest Paralympics ever : 4,302 athletes from 164 National Paralympic Committees participated , with fourteen countries appearing in the Paralympics for the first time ever . The lead-up to these games prominently emphasized the return of the Paralympic movement to its spiritual birthplace : in 1948 , the British village of Stoke Mandeville first hosted the Stoke Mandeville Games , an athletics event for disabled British veterans of the Second World War held to coincide with the opening of the Summer Olympics in London . They were the first-ever organized sporting event for disabled athletes and served as a precursor to the modern Paralympic Games . Stoke Mandeville also co-hosted the 1984 Summer Paralympics with Long Island , New York , after its original host , the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , pulled out due to financial issues . Organizers expected the Games to be the first Paralympics to achieve mass-market appeal , fuelled by continued enthusiasm from the British public following the country 's successful performance at the Summer Olympics , awareness of the United Kingdom 's role in the history of the Paralympics , public attention surrounding South African sprinter Oscar Pistorius ( who had recently become the first double amputee to compete in the Summer Olympics alongside able-bodied athletes ) , a major marketing campaign instituted by the Games ' local broadcaster , and growing media coverage of Paralympic sport . The games ultimately met these expectations , breaking records for ticket sales , heightening the profile of the Paralympics in relation to the Olympics , and prompting IPC president Philip Craven to declare them the greatest Paralympic Games ever . A total of 503 events in 20 sports were held during these games ; for the first time since their suspension after the 2000 Paralympics , events for the intellectually disabled were also held in selected sports . For the third Summer Paralympics in a row , China won the most medals overall , with a total of 231 ( 95 of them being gold ) , followed by Russia and Great Britain ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 200 m T37", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_200_metres", 'summary': "The Men 's 200m athletics events for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from August 31 to September 8 . A total of 13 events were contested over this distance for 13 different classifications ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luis Paiva', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016 Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2016 Summer Paralympics ( Brazilian Portuguese : Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , the 15th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 7 to 18 September 2016 . The Games marked the first time a Latin American and South American city hosted the event , the second Southern Hemisphere city and nation , the first one being the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , and also the first time a Lusophone ( Portuguese-speaking ) country hosted the event . These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program : canoeing and the paratriathlon . The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with financial shortcomings attributed to tepid sponsor interest and ticket sales , which resulted in cuts to volunteer staffing and transport , the re-location of events and the partial deconstruction of the Deodoro venue cluster . However , ticket sales began to increase as the Games drew nearer , and over 2 million tickets were sold in total - overtaking Beijing 2008 as the second-most-attended Paralympic Games on record . The Russian doping scandal also affected these Paralympics ; unlike the Olympics , which selectively allowed Russian athletes to participate , the entire Russian team was banned from the Paralympics . A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio , hosted by the Greek and American Paralympic Committees . For the fourth consecutive Summer Paralympics , China topped the medal table , winning 107 gold medals , while Georgia , Kazakhstan , Malaysia , Uzbekistan , and Vietnam won their first ever Paralympic gold medals . For the first time in Paralympic history , and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960 , an athlete - Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad - died during competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2016 Summer Paralympics were held in the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from September 2016 . 177 events were held across two of the genders , and 3 athletes competed . The athletics programme was the smallest element of the Games programme in terms of entrants and medals awarded .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 400 m T20", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics_-_Men's_400_metres_T20", 'summary': "The T20 category is for athletes with intellectual impairment . T20 athletes have an IQ score of 75 or less . The Athletics at the 2016 Summer Paralympics - Men 's 400 metres T20 event at the 2016 Paralympic Games took place on 8-9 September 2016 , at the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Omar Monterola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Omar_Monterola', 'summary': 'Omar Monterola ( born 1 August 1987 ) is a Paralympian athlete from Venezuela competing in category T37 sprinting events . Monterola qualified for the 2012 Summer Paralympics in the 100m , 200m and 400m sprints . He qualified for the finals of all three , winning the bronze medal in the 200m event .'}]}, {'value': '2016 Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2016 Summer Paralympics ( Brazilian Portuguese : Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , the 15th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 7 to 18 September 2016 . The Games marked the first time a Latin American and South American city hosted the event , the second Southern Hemisphere city and nation , the first one being the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , and also the first time a Lusophone ( Portuguese-speaking ) country hosted the event . These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program : canoeing and the paratriathlon . The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with financial shortcomings attributed to tepid sponsor interest and ticket sales , which resulted in cuts to volunteer staffing and transport , the re-location of events and the partial deconstruction of the Deodoro venue cluster . However , ticket sales began to increase as the Games drew nearer , and over 2 million tickets were sold in total - overtaking Beijing 2008 as the second-most-attended Paralympic Games on record . The Russian doping scandal also affected these Paralympics ; unlike the Olympics , which selectively allowed Russian athletes to participate , the entire Russian team was banned from the Paralympics . A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio , hosted by the Greek and American Paralympic Committees . For the fourth consecutive Summer Paralympics , China topped the medal table , winning 107 gold medals , while Georgia , Kazakhstan , Malaysia , Uzbekistan , and Vietnam won their first ever Paralympic gold medals . For the first time in Paralympic history , and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960 , an athlete - Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad - died during competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2016 Summer Paralympics were held in the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from September 2016 . 177 events were held across two of the genders , and 3 athletes competed . The athletics programme was the smallest element of the Games programme in terms of entrants and medals awarded .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 400 m T37", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics_-_Men's_400_metres_T37", 'summary': "The T37 category is for ambulant athletes with cerebral palsy . These athletes have movement and coordination problems on one half of their body . They have good ability in their dominant side of their body ( ie hemiplegia ) . The Athletics at the 2016 Summer Paralympics - Men 's 400 metres T37 event at the 2016 Paralympic Games took place on 15-16 September 2016 , at the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sol Rojas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016 Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2016 Summer Paralympics ( Brazilian Portuguese : Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , the 15th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 7 to 18 September 2016 . The Games marked the first time a Latin American and South American city hosted the event , the second Southern Hemisphere city and nation , the first one being the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , and also the first time a Lusophone ( Portuguese-speaking ) country hosted the event . These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program : canoeing and the paratriathlon . The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with financial shortcomings attributed to tepid sponsor interest and ticket sales , which resulted in cuts to volunteer staffing and transport , the re-location of events and the partial deconstruction of the Deodoro venue cluster . However , ticket sales began to increase as the Games drew nearer , and over 2 million tickets were sold in total - overtaking Beijing 2008 as the second-most-attended Paralympic Games on record . The Russian doping scandal also affected these Paralympics ; unlike the Olympics , which selectively allowed Russian athletes to participate , the entire Russian team was banned from the Paralympics . A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio , hosted by the Greek and American Paralympic Committees . For the fourth consecutive Summer Paralympics , China topped the medal table , winning 107 gold medals , while Georgia , Kazakhstan , Malaysia , Uzbekistan , and Vietnam won their first ever Paralympic gold medals . For the first time in Paralympic history , and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960 , an athlete - Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad - died during competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2016 Summer Paralympics were held in the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from September 2016 . 177 events were held across two of the genders , and 3 athletes competed . The athletics programme was the smallest element of the Games programme in terms of entrants and medals awarded .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 400 m T11", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics_-_Women's_400_metres_T11", 'summary': "The T11 category is for athletes with a visual impairment . A T11 athlete may be entirely without sight , or be able to perceive light , but have no ability to see the shape of a hand at any distance . T11 athletes commonly run with guides . The Athletics at the 2016 Summer Paralympics - Women 's 400 metres T11 event at the 2016 Paralympic Games took place on 16 September 2016 , at the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rafael Uribe', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016 Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2016 Summer Paralympics ( Brazilian Portuguese : Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , the 15th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 7 to 18 September 2016 . The Games marked the first time a Latin American and South American city hosted the event , the second Southern Hemisphere city and nation , the first one being the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , and also the first time a Lusophone ( Portuguese-speaking ) country hosted the event . These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program : canoeing and the paratriathlon . The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with financial shortcomings attributed to tepid sponsor interest and ticket sales , which resulted in cuts to volunteer staffing and transport , the re-location of events and the partial deconstruction of the Deodoro venue cluster . However , ticket sales began to increase as the Games drew nearer , and over 2 million tickets were sold in total - overtaking Beijing 2008 as the second-most-attended Paralympic Games on record . The Russian doping scandal also affected these Paralympics ; unlike the Olympics , which selectively allowed Russian athletes to participate , the entire Russian team was banned from the Paralympics . A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio , hosted by the Greek and American Paralympic Committees . For the fourth consecutive Summer Paralympics , China topped the medal table , winning 107 gold medals , while Georgia , Kazakhstan , Malaysia , Uzbekistan , and Vietnam won their first ever Paralympic gold medals . For the first time in Paralympic history , and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960 , an athlete - Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad - died during competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2016 Summer Paralympics were held in the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from September 2016 . 177 events were held across two of the genders , and 3 athletes competed . The athletics programme was the smallest element of the Games programme in terms of entrants and medals awarded .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's high jump T44", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics_-_Men's_high_jump", 'summary': "The Men 's high jump athletics events for the 2016 Summer Paralympics took place at the Rio Olympic Stadium from September 8 to September 17 , 2016 . A total of three events were contested for three different classifications ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yescarly Medina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yescarly_Medina', 'summary': "Yescarly Medina is a Venezuelan Paralympic athlete with cerebral palsy . She represented Venezuela at the 2016 Summer Paralympics and she won the bronze medal in the 100 metres T37 event . At the 2015 Parapan American Games held in Toronto , Canada she won the gold medal in the women 's 100 metres T37 event . At the 2019 Parapan American Games she won the bronze medal in that event ."}]}, {'value': '2016 Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2016 Summer Paralympics ( Brazilian Portuguese : Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , the 15th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 7 to 18 September 2016 . The Games marked the first time a Latin American and South American city hosted the event , the second Southern Hemisphere city and nation , the first one being the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , and also the first time a Lusophone ( Portuguese-speaking ) country hosted the event . These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program : canoeing and the paratriathlon . The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with financial shortcomings attributed to tepid sponsor interest and ticket sales , which resulted in cuts to volunteer staffing and transport , the re-location of events and the partial deconstruction of the Deodoro venue cluster . However , ticket sales began to increase as the Games drew nearer , and over 2 million tickets were sold in total - overtaking Beijing 2008 as the second-most-attended Paralympic Games on record . The Russian doping scandal also affected these Paralympics ; unlike the Olympics , which selectively allowed Russian athletes to participate , the entire Russian team was banned from the Paralympics . A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio , hosted by the Greek and American Paralympic Committees . For the fourth consecutive Summer Paralympics , China topped the medal table , winning 107 gold medals , while Georgia , Kazakhstan , Malaysia , Uzbekistan , and Vietnam won their first ever Paralympic gold medals . For the first time in Paralympic history , and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960 , an athlete - Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad - died during competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2016 Summer Paralympics were held in the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from September 2016 . 177 events were held across two of the genders , and 3 athletes competed . The athletics programme was the smallest element of the Games programme in terms of entrants and medals awarded .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 100 m T37", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics_-_Women's_100_metres_T37", 'summary': "The T37 category is for ambulant athletes with cerebral palsy . These athletes have movement and coordination problems on one half of their body . They have good ability in their dominant side of their body ( ie hemiplegia ) . The Athletics at the 2016 Summer Paralympics - Women 's 100 metres T37 event at the 2016 Paralympic Games took place on 9 September 2016 , at the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naomi Soazo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naomi_Soazo', 'summary': "Naomi Alejandra Soazo ( born 19 December 1988 ) is a visually impaired Venezuelan judoka . She competed in a number of international events , such as the International Blind Sports Federation World Championships , but is best known for being the only Venezuelan , in any sport , to have won a gold medal at the Paralympic Games . She made her Paralympic Games début at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , in the women 's up to 63 kg category . Defeating Zhou Qian of China by ippon within less than a minute in her first match , she then defeated Sweden 's Elvira Kivi by waza-ari-awasete-ippon in the semifinal . In the final , it took her just three seconds to defeat Spain 's completely blind Marta Arce by ippon and win Venezuela 's first ever Paralympic gold medal . At the 2012 Paralympics Soazo lost her first bout to the eventual gold medalist , but continued competing through repechage , and lost a bronze medal match to Daniele Bernardes Milan . At the 2016 Paralympics Soazo won a bronze medal in the 70 kg category ."}]}, {'value': '2016 Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2016 Summer Paralympics ( Brazilian Portuguese : Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , the 15th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 7 to 18 September 2016 . The Games marked the first time a Latin American and South American city hosted the event , the second Southern Hemisphere city and nation , the first one being the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , and also the first time a Lusophone ( Portuguese-speaking ) country hosted the event . These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program : canoeing and the paratriathlon . The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with financial shortcomings attributed to tepid sponsor interest and ticket sales , which resulted in cuts to volunteer staffing and transport , the re-location of events and the partial deconstruction of the Deodoro venue cluster . However , ticket sales began to increase as the Games drew nearer , and over 2 million tickets were sold in total - overtaking Beijing 2008 as the second-most-attended Paralympic Games on record . The Russian doping scandal also affected these Paralympics ; unlike the Olympics , which selectively allowed Russian athletes to participate , the entire Russian team was banned from the Paralympics . A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio , hosted by the Greek and American Paralympic Committees . For the fourth consecutive Summer Paralympics , China topped the medal table , winning 107 gold medals , while Georgia , Kazakhstan , Malaysia , Uzbekistan , and Vietnam won their first ever Paralympic gold medals . For the first time in Paralympic history , and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960 , an athlete - Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad - died during competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The Judo competition of the 2016 Summer Paralympics was held in Hall 3 at the Carioca Arena inside the Olympic Training Center in Barra cluster between 8 and 10 September . There were 13 events , corresponding to seven weight classes for men and six for women , and a total of 132 athletes will compete . At the Paralympics , judo is contested by visually impaired athletes .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 70 kg", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Venezuela_at_the_Paralympics_0', 'intro': "Venezuela made its Paralympic Games début at the 1984 Summer Paralympics in Stoke Mandeville and New York, sending five competitors in athletics and one in swimming. Absent from the Games in 1988, it returned in 1992, and has participated in every edition of the Summer Paralympics since then. Venezuela has never taken part in the Winter Paralympics. Although never a major medal contender, Venezuela has improved its medal intake over time. Having won no medals in 1984 or 1996, a single bronze in 1992 (Yolmer Urdaneta's in the men's discus) and a single bronze also in 2000 (Ricardo Santana's in the men's 200m T13 in athletics), it achieved its first silver (Santana in the 100m) and two bronze in 2004. The country's first -and so far only- Paralympic gold medal was won in 2008 by Naomi Soazo in the women's up to 63kg in judo. 2008 marked Venezuela's highest achievement to date, with one gold, four silver, and two bronze. The country's medal tally following the 2008 Games places it 92nd on the all-time Paralympic Games medal table."} | null | null | What is the award for the athlete who competed in the javelin and shot at the 2004 Summer Paralympic Games ? | bronze |
07c7258035fb4a64 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksys_Games', 'title': 'Aksys Games', 'header': ['Title', 'First release', 'Developer ( s )', 'Platform ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'BlazBlue : Calamity Trigger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BlazBlue:_Calamity_Trigger', 'summary': "BlazBlue : Calamity Trigger ( ブレイブルー カラミティ トリガー , BureiBurū : Karamiti Torigā ) is a fighting game developed by Arc System Works in 2008 . The game 's name is a portmanteau of blaze and blue , with the z sound omitted in the Japanese pronunciation , rendering it similar to the word bray in pronunciation . Originally released for the arcades , it was also released for the PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and Windows . A port for the PlayStation Portable , titled BlazBlue : Calamity Trigger Portable ( ブレイブルー カラミティ トリガー ポータブル , BureiBurū : Karamiti Torigā Pōtaburu ) , was released in 2010 . It was the first title in the BlazBlue game series and extended franchise ."}]}, {'value': 'June 30 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Battle Fantasia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_Fantasia', 'summary': "Battle Fantasia ( バトルファンタジア , Batoru Fantajia ) is a fighting video game developed by Arc System Works . Originally released in Japanese arcades in April 2007 , the title was ported to the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 home consoles in Japan in May 2008 , with a North American Xbox 360-exclusive version released in English in September 2008 by Aksys Games . It was later released in the PAL region in 2009 for both systems by 505 Games ( Europe ) and Aksys Games ( Australia ) . A Microsoft Windows version , ported in collaboration with DotEmu and distributed via Steam , was released on July 7 , 2015 as Battle Fantasia : Revised Edition . The game 's development was headed by Emiko Iwasaki , who had previously served as illustrator for the company 's Guilty Gear series , and features three-dimensional character models restricted to a two-dimensional plane . Battle Fantasia retains a number of features of its predecessor including fast-paced gameplay , colorful anime-style graphics , and over-the-top effects , yet was designed to be a more basic representation of the fighting genre . The game is notable for its stylistic departure from many fighting games , and is set in a fantasy world depicted as a storybook , and borrows many superficial elements from role-playing games including damage represented as numbers and a text-heavy story mode , which involves a number of heroes answering the call to battle to stop an evil force from once again attempting to destroy the world . Battle Fantasia met with relatively low sales in Japan and received mixed to average reviews from critics ."}]}, {'value': 'December 22 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 ( PSN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Network', 'summary': "PlayStation Network ( PSN ) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Launched in November 2006 , PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles , but soon extended to encompass smartphones , tablets , Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions . As of April 2016 , over 110 million users have been documented , with 103 million of them active monthly as of December 2019 . PlayStation Network 's services are dedicated to an online marketplace ( PlayStation Store ) , a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features ( PlayStation Plus ) , movie streaming , rentals and purchases ( PlayStation Video ) , music streaming ( PlayStation Music , powered by Spotify ) and a cloud gaming service ( PlayStation Now ) . The service is available in 73 territories ."}]}, {'value': 'Record of Agarest War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Record_of_Agarest_War', 'summary': 'Record of Agarest War ( アガレスト戦記 , Agaresuto Senki ) , known in Europe as Agarest : Generations of War , is a tactical role-playing game for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows . The game is a collaboration between Idea Factory , Red Entertainment and Compile Heart . An updated port of the game was released in Japan for the Xbox 360 on November 27 , 2008 . HyperDevbox released an Android port on December 19 , 2013 , and an iOS port on May 16 , 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 27 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Compile Heart , Red Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Compile_Heart', 'summary': "Compile Heart ( 株式会社コンパイルハート , Kabushiki gaisha Konpairu Hāto ) is a Japanese video game developer founded on June 2 , 2006 as a subsidiary of Idea Factory . The company was formerly managed by Compile 's former executive Masamitsu Moo Niitani , most well known as the creator of the Madou Monogatari and Puyo Puyo series , before his retirement in December 2012 . Compile Heart is primarily known for its Hyperdimension Neptunia and Record of Agarest War brands . As of 2010 , the company managed to acquire a licensing deal with D4 Enterprise ( the copyright holder of most property rights under Compile ) to create new video games based on franchises from the defunct developer . This does not affect the rights to the Puyo Puyo series which D4 does not own and remains the property of Sega ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Red_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Red Entertainment ( 株式会社レッド・エンタテインメント , Kabushiki-gaisha Reddo Entateinmento ) is a video game developer and publisher based in Japan . Formerly known as the Red Company ( レッドカンパニー , Reddo Kanpanī ) since its founding in 1976 ( though it did not begin doing business until 1985 ) , it was reorganized under its current moniker on December 4 , 2000 . While Red Company as a public corporation dates back to the mid-1980s , the first title released under the Red Entertainment brand was Gungrave on July 17 , 2002 . The name RED comes from Royal Emperor Dragon . In 2011 , the company was acquired by Chinese game developer UltiZen Games Limited . In 2014 , Red Entertainment was sold to Oizumi Corporation .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 ( PSN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Network', 'summary': "PlayStation Network ( PSN ) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Launched in November 2006 , PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles , but soon extended to encompass smartphones , tablets , Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions . As of April 2016 , over 110 million users have been documented , with 103 million of them active monthly as of December 2019 . PlayStation Network 's services are dedicated to an online marketplace ( PlayStation Store ) , a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features ( PlayStation Plus ) , movie streaming , rentals and purchases ( PlayStation Video ) , music streaming ( PlayStation Music , powered by Spotify ) and a cloud gaming service ( PlayStation Now ) . The service is available in 73 territories ."}]}, {'value': 'BlazBlue : Continuum Shift', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BlazBlue:_Continuum_Shift', 'summary': 'BlazBlue : Continuum Shift ( ブレイブルー コンティニュアム シフト , BureiBurū : Kontinyuamu Shifuto ) is a 2009 fighting game developed by Arc System Works as an official sequel to BlazBlue : Calamity Trigger . As with the previous game , the game first came to arcades before both the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions as the game was currently released for the Taito Type X2 arcade system board , with a 16:9 ratio and 768p resolution . Revisions entitled BlazBlue : Continuum Shift II ( ブレイブルー コンティニュアム シフト ツウ , BureiBurū : Kontinyuamu Shifuto Tsū ) and BlazBlue : Continuum Shift Extend ( ブレイブルー コンティニュアム シフト エクステンド , BureiBurū : Kontinyuamu Shifuto Ekusutendo ) were released in arcades in 2010-2011 . They were later ported to the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable , Nintendo 3DS , and Windows .'}]}, {'value': 'July 27 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Arcana Heart 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcana_Heart_3', 'summary': 'Arcana Heart 3 ( Japanese : アルカナハート3 , Hepburn : Arukana Hāto Surī ) is a 2011 2D arcade fighting game developed by Team Arcana ( the first three updates co-developed with Examu ( formerly Yuki Enterprise ) ) and published by Arc System Works . It is the third entry in the Arcana Heart series , following the events of Arcana Heart 2 . The game went through location tests in Japan starting in late 2011 , and was officially released on September 20 , 2011 . An official PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 version was later released on February 6 , 2013 . An American ( PlayStation Network only ) version was released on August 20 , 2013 by Aksys Games and in Europe on October 2 , 2013 by Zen United . An update for the game , called Arcana Heart 3 : Love Max ! ! ! ! ! ( Japanese : アルカナハート3 LOVE MAX ! ! ! ! ! , Hepburn : Arukana Hāto Surī Love Max ! ! ! ! ! , written with multiple exclamation marks ) , with rebalanced gameplay and new game modes was released in Japan on May 8 , 2013 for Arcades , and later released for PlayStation Vita , PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows . This was followed by Arcana Heart 3 : Love Max Six Stars ! ! ! ! ! ( Japanese : アルカナハート3 LOVE MAX SIX STARS ! ! ! ! ! , Hepburn : Arukana Hāto Surī Love Max Six Stars ! ! !'}]}, {'value': 'April 19 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works , Examu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Examu', 'summary': "Examu , formerly known as Yuki Enterprise , is a Japanese video game company created in 2000 who mostly produces fighting games for arcades and home consoles . It is known for owning Team Arcana , the developer of the original IP series Arcana Heart . Initially , they developed games for their own arcade system board called eX-Board , to then release their games almost exclusively on Taito 's NESiCAxLive arcade delivery system . Support for eX-Board ceased in December , 2013 . By the end of February 2020 , Examu will suspend business operations by the end of February 2020 . Any ongoing development works and product supports ( most particularly ongoing supported fighting games ( including licensed fighting games ) ) are migrating to Team Arcana ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 ( PSN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Network', 'summary': "PlayStation Network ( PSN ) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Launched in November 2006 , PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles , but soon extended to encompass smartphones , tablets , Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions . As of April 2016 , over 110 million users have been documented , with 103 million of them active monthly as of December 2019 . PlayStation Network 's services are dedicated to an online marketplace ( PlayStation Store ) , a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features ( PlayStation Plus ) , movie streaming , rentals and purchases ( PlayStation Video ) , music streaming ( PlayStation Music , powered by Spotify ) and a cloud gaming service ( PlayStation Now ) . The service is available in 73 territories ."}]}, {'value': 'Record of Agarest War Zero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Record_of_Agarest_War_Zero', 'summary': 'Record of Agarest War Zero , known as Agarest Senki Zero ( アガレスト戦記 ZERO , Agaresuto Senki Zero ) in Japan and Agarest : Generations of War Zero in Europe , is a tactical role-playing game developed by Compile Heart and Red Entertainment . It was published in Japan by Idea Factory on June 25 , 2009 for the PlayStation 3 . It is the prequel to the 2007 game Record of Agarest War . An enhanced port of Agarest Zero was released for the Xbox 360 titled Agarest Senki Zero : Dawn of War . The Xbox 360 version contained extra content not found in the PlayStation 3 version of the game , such as costumes , CGs and more . Both versions feature an extra mode where you can return to the maps from the previous game , and unlock characters via the PlayStation Store or Xbox Live Marketplace .'}]}, {'value': 'June 14 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Compile Heart , Red Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Compile_Heart', 'summary': "Compile Heart ( 株式会社コンパイルハート , Kabushiki gaisha Konpairu Hāto ) is a Japanese video game developer founded on June 2 , 2006 as a subsidiary of Idea Factory . The company was formerly managed by Compile 's former executive Masamitsu Moo Niitani , most well known as the creator of the Madou Monogatari and Puyo Puyo series , before his retirement in December 2012 . Compile Heart is primarily known for its Hyperdimension Neptunia and Record of Agarest War brands . As of 2010 , the company managed to acquire a licensing deal with D4 Enterprise ( the copyright holder of most property rights under Compile ) to create new video games based on franchises from the defunct developer . This does not affect the rights to the Puyo Puyo series which D4 does not own and remains the property of Sega ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Red_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Red Entertainment ( 株式会社レッド・エンタテインメント , Kabushiki-gaisha Reddo Entateinmento ) is a video game developer and publisher based in Japan . Formerly known as the Red Company ( レッドカンパニー , Reddo Kanpanī ) since its founding in 1976 ( though it did not begin doing business until 1985 ) , it was reorganized under its current moniker on December 4 , 2000 . While Red Company as a public corporation dates back to the mid-1980s , the first title released under the Red Entertainment brand was Gungrave on July 17 , 2002 . The name RED comes from Royal Emperor Dragon . In 2011 , the company was acquired by Chinese game developer UltiZen Games Limited . In 2014 , Red Entertainment was sold to Oizumi Corporation .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Record of Agarest War 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Record_of_Agarest_War_2', 'summary': 'Record of Agarest War 2 , known as Agarest Senki 2 ( アガレスト戦記2 , Agaresuto Senki 2 ) in Japan and as Agarest : Generations of War 2 in Europe , is a tactical role-playing game developed by Idea Factory and Red Entertainment . It was published in Japan by Compile Heart on November 18 , 2010 for the PlayStation 3 . A Windows version was released in February 19 , 2015 . It is the sequel to the 2007 game Record of Agarest War and the third game in the series . A patch via download allows for use of a PlayStation Move motion controller for certain mini-games . The Soul Breeding system receives a new additional feature with the implementation of a Dark Love ending which occurs if the relationship rate is low with the chosen mate . Rather than a happy wedding , the main character has a marriage with his bride for political interests and enters a loveless relationship to conceive a child , resulting in poor stats for the next protagonist .'}]}, {'value': 'June 26 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Compile Heart , Red Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Compile_Heart', 'summary': "Compile Heart ( 株式会社コンパイルハート , Kabushiki gaisha Konpairu Hāto ) is a Japanese video game developer founded on June 2 , 2006 as a subsidiary of Idea Factory . The company was formerly managed by Compile 's former executive Masamitsu Moo Niitani , most well known as the creator of the Madou Monogatari and Puyo Puyo series , before his retirement in December 2012 . Compile Heart is primarily known for its Hyperdimension Neptunia and Record of Agarest War brands . As of 2010 , the company managed to acquire a licensing deal with D4 Enterprise ( the copyright holder of most property rights under Compile ) to create new video games based on franchises from the defunct developer . This does not affect the rights to the Puyo Puyo series which D4 does not own and remains the property of Sega ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Red_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Red Entertainment ( 株式会社レッド・エンタテインメント , Kabushiki-gaisha Reddo Entateinmento ) is a video game developer and publisher based in Japan . Formerly known as the Red Company ( レッドカンパニー , Reddo Kanpanī ) since its founding in 1976 ( though it did not begin doing business until 1985 ) , it was reorganized under its current moniker on December 4 , 2000 . While Red Company as a public corporation dates back to the mid-1980s , the first title released under the Red Entertainment brand was Gungrave on July 17 , 2002 . The name RED comes from Royal Emperor Dragon . In 2011 , the company was acquired by Chinese game developer UltiZen Games Limited . In 2014 , Red Entertainment was sold to Oizumi Corporation .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Crazy Strike Bowling', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 21 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corecell Technology', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 ( PSN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Network', 'summary': "PlayStation Network ( PSN ) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Launched in November 2006 , PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles , but soon extended to encompass smartphones , tablets , Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions . As of April 2016 , over 110 million users have been documented , with 103 million of them active monthly as of December 2019 . PlayStation Network 's services are dedicated to an online marketplace ( PlayStation Store ) , a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features ( PlayStation Plus ) , movie streaming , rentals and purchases ( PlayStation Video ) , music streaming ( PlayStation Music , powered by Spotify ) and a cloud gaming service ( PlayStation Now ) . The service is available in 73 territories ."}]}, {'value': 'Bit.Trip Presents ... Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bit.Trip_Presents..._Runner2:_Future_Legend_of_Rhythm_Alien', 'summary': 'Bit.Trip Presents . Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien , generally shortened as Runner2 , is a 2013 side-scrolling platformer developed by Gaijin Games . The game is the direct sequel to Bit.Trip Runner and has been released as a downloadable title available on the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita , Xbox 360 and Wii U consoles , Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux and on iOS . The PC , Mac , Linux , and Wii U versions were self-published by Gaijin Games , and the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions were published by Aksys Games . Cutscenes and menus are narrated by Charles Martinet . While Runner2 has a lot in common with its predecessor , its polygonal graphics mark a significant departure from past entries in the Bit.Trip series . In an interview with Push Square , Gaijin Games co-founder Mike Roush cited the studios urge to spread its wings a bit as the inspiration behind the change . Runner2 has been well received by video game critics . The game received a sequel , Runner3 , for the Nintendo Switch and PC platforms in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 5 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gaijin Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaijin_Games', 'summary': 'Choice Provisions Inc. , formerly known as Gaijin Games Inc. prior to June 2014 , is an independent video game development studio , best known for their Bit.Trip series of video games . The studio was founded in 2007 by Alex Neuse , Mike Roush , and Chris Osborn and is located in Santa Cruz , California .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 ( PSN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Network', 'summary': "PlayStation Network ( PSN ) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Launched in November 2006 , PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles , but soon extended to encompass smartphones , tablets , Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions . As of April 2016 , over 110 million users have been documented , with 103 million of them active monthly as of December 2019 . PlayStation Network 's services are dedicated to an online marketplace ( PlayStation Store ) , a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features ( PlayStation Plus ) , movie streaming , rentals and purchases ( PlayStation Video ) , music streaming ( PlayStation Music , powered by Spotify ) and a cloud gaming service ( PlayStation Now ) . The service is available in 73 territories ."}]}, {'value': 'Magus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magus_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Magus ( pronounced may-jus ) , is an action role-playing game for the PlayStation 3 , co-developed by Black Tower and Aksys Games . The title has become infamous due to the negative reception it received from critics upon release .'}]}, {'value': 'February 25 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Tower_Studios', 'summary': 'Black Tower Studios is a Japanese game developer based in Tokyo and Australia . It was started by former Acquire creative director Richie Casper . Black Tower primarily creates action role-playing games for smartphones and tablets . Black Tower co-developed their first full game for the PlayStation 3 with Aksys Games .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BlazBlue:_Chrono_Phantasma', 'summary': 'BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma , released in Japan as BlazBlue : Chronophantasma ( ブレイブルー クロノファンタズマ , BureiBurū Kuronofantazuma ) , is a 2-D fighting game developed by Arc System Works . It is the third game of the Blazblue series , set after the events of BlazBlue : Continuum Shift . The game was originally to be released first as an arcade game in the early fourth quarter of 2012 , which was later pushed forward to November 2012 . A PlayStation 3 version of the game was released in Japan on October 24 , 2013 , while it was released in the United States on March 25 , 2014 . Due to limited hardware and disc space the game was not released on the Xbox 360 . An updated version of the game titled BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma Extend ( ブレイブルー クロノファンタズマ エクステンド , BureiBurū : Kuronofantazuma Ekusutendo , BlazBlue : Chronophantasma Extend ) , dubbed as BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma 2.0 ( ブレイブルー クロノファンタズマ ２.０ , BureiBurū : Kuronofantazuma 2.0 , BlazBlue : Chronophantasma 2.0 ) in the Arcade version , was originally released for Arcades in October 2014 , and for the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One in April 2015 . It was released on June 30 , 2015 in North America , with the European region version releasing on October 23 , 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 25 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Hakuoki : Stories of the Shinsengumi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hakuōki', 'summary': 'Hakuoki ( 薄桜鬼 〜新選組奇譚〜 , Hakuoki ~Shinsengumi Kitan~ , Demon of the Fleeting Blossom : The Mysterious Tale of the Shinsengumi ) is an otome video game series by Idea Factory , released for the PlayStation 2 and ported to PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable ( VITA ) , Nintendo DS , and Nintendo 3DS . It has been adapted into an anime series by Studio Deen ; the first season began airing in Japan on the TV Kanagawa and UHF stations on April 4 , 2010 . The second season began airing on October 10 , 2010 and ended on December 12 , 2010 . The series has been adapted as two different manga series . A third series based on the prequel , Hakuoki Reimeiroku aired in summer of 2012 . Two films were released in 2013 and 2014 . The first was released in August 2013 and was released on DVD February 2014 . The film is a retelling of both seasons in greater detail and with a slightly different ending . The second film was released on March 8 , 2014 . The anime television series and films have been licensed by Sentai Filmworks in North America .'}]}, {'value': 'May 6 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Idea Factory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idea_Factory', 'summary': 'Idea Factory ( アイディアファクトリー株式会社 , Aidia Fakutorī Kabushiki-gaisha ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher founded by former employees of Data East on October 26 , 1994 headed by company chairman Shingo Kuwana and president Yoshiteru Sato . On 30 September 2013 , Idea Factory opened their international branch based in California , under the name Idea Factory International . A subsection of Idea Factory develops otome games , under the name of Otomate .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Xblaze Code : Embryo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xblaze_Code:_Embryo', 'summary': "XBlaze Code : Embryo ( エクスブレイズ コード：エンブリオ , EkusuBureizu Kōdo : Enburio ) is a prequel visual novel of the fighting game series BlazBlue by Arc System Works . It was released in Japan for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on July 23 , 2013 and North America on June 24 , 2014 by Aksys Games . The Microsoft Windows 's version was released worldwide on March 1 , 2016 . A sequel titled XBlaze Lost : Memories has been released for the PS3 and Vita in 2015 and on Windows in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 24 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Arcana Heart 3 : Love Max ! ! ! ! !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcana_Heart_3', 'summary': 'Arcana Heart 3 ( Japanese : アルカナハート3 , Hepburn : Arukana Hāto Surī ) is a 2011 2D arcade fighting game developed by Team Arcana ( the first three updates co-developed with Examu ( formerly Yuki Enterprise ) ) and published by Arc System Works . It is the third entry in the Arcana Heart series , following the events of Arcana Heart 2 . The game went through location tests in Japan starting in late 2011 , and was officially released on September 20 , 2011 . An official PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 version was later released on February 6 , 2013 . An American ( PlayStation Network only ) version was released on August 20 , 2013 by Aksys Games and in Europe on October 2 , 2013 by Zen United . An update for the game , called Arcana Heart 3 : Love Max ! ! ! ! ! ( Japanese : アルカナハート3 LOVE MAX ! ! ! ! ! , Hepburn : Arukana Hāto Surī Love Max ! ! ! ! ! , written with multiple exclamation marks ) , with rebalanced gameplay and new game modes was released in Japan on May 8 , 2013 for Arcades , and later released for PlayStation Vita , PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows . This was followed by Arcana Heart 3 : Love Max Six Stars ! ! ! ! ! ( Japanese : アルカナハート3 LOVE MAX SIX STARS ! ! ! ! ! , Hepburn : Arukana Hāto Surī Love Max Six Stars ! ! !'}]}, {'value': 'September 23 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works , Examu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Examu', 'summary': "Examu , formerly known as Yuki Enterprise , is a Japanese video game company created in 2000 who mostly produces fighting games for arcades and home consoles . It is known for owning Team Arcana , the developer of the original IP series Arcana Heart . Initially , they developed games for their own arcade system board called eX-Board , to then release their games almost exclusively on Taito 's NESiCAxLive arcade delivery system . Support for eX-Board ceased in December , 2013 . By the end of February 2020 , Examu will suspend business operations by the end of February 2020 . Any ongoing development works and product supports ( most particularly ongoing supported fighting games ( including licensed fighting games ) ) are migrating to Team Arcana ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Guilty Gear Xrd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guilty_Gear_Xrd', 'summary': 'Guilty Gear Xrd [ a ] ( Japanese : ギルティギア イグザード , Hepburn : Giruti Gia Iguzādo ) is a fighting video game developed by Arc System Works . The 5th main ( 16th overall ) installment in the Guilty Gear series , Guilty Gear Xrd was developed using Unreal Engine 3 , with cel-shaded graphics in place of the series traditional hand drawn sprites . Following the storyline of the last game in the series , Guilty Gear 2 : Overture , it introduced seven new characters . The first Xrd game , Guilty Gear Xrd -Sign- was released in arcades on February 20 , 2014 , and for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 in Japan and North America in December of the same year . A digital-only release happened in Europe in June 2015 , and it was brought to Microsoft Windows via Steam on December 9 , 2015 . The game has been praised for its cel-shaded graphics and approachable gameplay , but criticized for its non-interactive story mode and smaller roster of characters . A sequel follow-up , [ b ] titled Guilty Gear Xrd -Revelator- , was released on consoles in May-June 2016 . An update title to Revelator titled Guilty Gear Xrd Rev 2 was announced at Arc System Works Fighting Game Award 2016 on January 14 , 2017 and released for Arcades in March 2017 , while PS3 , PS4 and PC versions were released worldwide at the end of May 2017 . The Rev 2 update patch for those who bought Revelator on PlayStation Store or Steam was released as a paid-DLC . The PS4 also received an exclusive physical disc version .'}]}, {'value': 'December 16 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Under Night In-Birth Exe : Late', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Under_Night_In-Birth', 'summary': 'Under Night In-Birth ( アンダーナイトインヴァース , Andā naito invāsu ) is a visual novel and 2D fighting game co-developed by Ecole Software and French-Bread , known for the licensed fighting game , Type-Moons Melty Blood series . Since its initial arcade release in Japan , Under Night In-Birth has received numerous version updates , adjusting various system features and character attributes as well as adding several new playable characters to the roster .'}]}, {'value': 'February 24 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ecole Software , French Bread', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ecole_Software', 'summary': 'Ecole Software ( 株式会社エコールソフトウェア ECOLE SOFTWARE CORPORATION ) , commonly known as Ecole , is a Japanese corporation dealing in the development and sale of arcade and console video games , which was established on March 31 , 1989 , with representative director Yoshiyuki Manabe . Although the company was initially established in the Harbor Ward of Osaka City , the company is currently headquartered in Nishinomiya City of Hyogo Prefecture . Prior to entering the video game industry , Ecole was involved in CAD software development . The company marked its entrance into the industry by its release of Pappara : Paoon on November 22 , 1995 . That was shortly followed by the release of light gun shooter Death Crimson , which became an instant hit . In addition , the puzzle game Musapeys Choco Marker received high rankings among puzzle gamers . Ecole is also known for its role in gal games like Raindia , which features attractive characters , and gay games like Coxbax . However , the company has shifted its industry focus ever since the release of its greatly-successful arcade game Melty Blood . Act Cadenza . Ecole is mostly known associate with a video game developer company French Bread on mostly producing 2D fighting game products .'}, {'url': '/wiki/French_Bread_(game_developer)', 'summary': 'French Bread is a video game developer founded in 1995 as Watanabe Production ( 渡辺製作所 , Watanabe Seisakujo ) . Originally a dōjin circle , French Bread became well known for their work in 2D fighting games , particularly the Melty Blood series . In recent years , they have also worked on other licensed-based fighting games such as Dengeki Bunko Fighting Climax and their own original IP , Under Night In-Birth .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo Twilight Ghost Hunters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_Twilight_Ghost_Hunters', 'summary': 'Tokyo Twilight Ghost Hunters ( 魔都紅色幽撃隊 , Mato Kurenai Yūgekitai ) is a video game produced by Toybox Inc. for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita . It was originally released on 10 April 2014 in Japan by Arc System Works , and was released in North America by Aksys Games on 10 March 2015 and in Europe by NIS America on 13 March 2015 . An updated version with a reworked battle system , titled Tokyo Twilight Ghost Hunters Daybreak : Special Gigs , was released in Japan on 26 November 2015 , in North America on 20 September 2016 and in Europe on 21 October 2016 for PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita . A Microsoft Windows version of Daybreak : Special Gigs , published by PQube , was released worldwide on 17 March 2017 . The game includes adventure game and visual novel gameplay , as well as strategy role-playing elements .'}]}, {'value': 'March 10 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma Extend', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BlazBlue:_Chrono_Phantasma', 'summary': 'BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma , released in Japan as BlazBlue : Chronophantasma ( ブレイブルー クロノファンタズマ , BureiBurū Kuronofantazuma ) , is a 2-D fighting game developed by Arc System Works . It is the third game of the Blazblue series , set after the events of BlazBlue : Continuum Shift . The game was originally to be released first as an arcade game in the early fourth quarter of 2012 , which was later pushed forward to November 2012 . A PlayStation 3 version of the game was released in Japan on October 24 , 2013 , while it was released in the United States on March 25 , 2014 . Due to limited hardware and disc space the game was not released on the Xbox 360 . An updated version of the game titled BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma Extend ( ブレイブルー クロノファンタズマ エクステンド , BureiBurū : Kuronofantazuma Ekusutendo , BlazBlue : Chronophantasma Extend ) , dubbed as BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma 2.0 ( ブレイブルー クロノファンタズマ ２.０ , BureiBurū : Kuronofantazuma 2.0 , BlazBlue : Chronophantasma 2.0 ) in the Arcade version , was originally released for Arcades in October 2014 , and for the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One in April 2015 . It was released on June 30 , 2015 in North America , with the European region version releasing on October 23 , 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 30 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Xblaze : Lost Memories', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xblaze:_Lost_Memories', 'summary': "XBlaze Lost : Memories ( エクスブレイズ ロスト：メモリーズ , EkusuBureizu Rosuto : Memorīzu ) is a sequel to the 2013 visual novel Xblaze Code : Embryo developed by Arc System Works . It was released in Japan for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on April 9 , 2015 , in North America on August 11 , 2015 and in Europe on June 21 , 2016 by Aksys Games . The Microsoft Windows 's version was released worldwide on August 11 , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 11 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Aegis of Earth : Protonovus Assault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aegis_of_Earth:_Protonovus_Assault', 'summary': 'Aegis of Earth : Protonovus Assault ( 絶対迎撃ウォーズ , Zettai Geigeki Wars : Metropolis Defenders ) is a 2015 real-time tactics video game developed and published by Acquire in Japan , with a western release by Aksys Games ( North America ) and PQube ( Europe ) coming the following year .'}]}, {'value': 'March 15 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Acquire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acquire_(company)', 'summary': 'Acquire Corp. ( 株式会社アクワイア , Kabushikigaisha Akuwaia ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher , mainly known for their Tenchu and Way of the Samurai series .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Video games -- Console games', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Aksys_Games_1', 'intro': "Aksys Games Localization, Inc. is a video game publisher that specializes in translating and localizing Japanese video games for English-speaking markets. It was founded by Akibo Shieh in 2006. Some of its clients include Namco Bandai Games, Xseed Games, and Atlus USA. Aksys Games is best known for its involvement in the Guilty Gear series. It has become a full-fledged game publisher with the announcement of Eagle Eye Golf for PlayStation 2, and has expressed a desire to publish for all current platforms from Microsoft, Nintendo, and Sony. The company's name is coincidentally similar to Arc System Works, with whom it has a partnership. Despite their similar names, and the partnership between them, neither company owns the other. Aksys Games publishes many games for Arc System Works in North America, and has even assisted the latter in releasing the Bit.Trip series in Japan. Aksys is also the North American distributor for the European publisher Rising Star Games."} | null | null | Where is the developer of BlazBlue : Continuum Shift based ? | Yokohama |
07c7f3f203996624 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_ON_67', 'title': 'Convoy ON 67', 'header': ['Name', 'Flag', 'Tonnage ( GRT )', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Adellen ( 1930 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_February_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in February 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during February 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '7,984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk by U-155 22 Feb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-155_(1941)', 'summary': "German submarine U-155 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine built for service during World War II . Her keel was laid down on 1 October 1940 by DeSchiMAG AG Weser in Bremen as yard number 997 . She was launched on 12 May 1941 and commissioned on 23 August with Kapitänleutnant Adolf Piening in command . Piening was relieved in February 1944 ( after being promoted to Korvettenkapitän ) , by Oberleutnant zur See Johannes Rudolph ."}]}, {'value': 'Anadara ( 1935 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_February_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in February 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during February 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '8,009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk by U-558 & U-587 24 Feb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-558', 'summary': "The German submarine U-558 was a Type VIIC U-boat in the service of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She sank 19 merchant ships and military vessels totalling nearly 100,000 tons before being sunk by bombers in July 1943 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-587', 'summary': "German submarine U-587 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II . She was laid down on 31 October 1940 by Blohm & Voss , Hamburg as yard number 563 , launched on 23 July 1941 and commissioned on 11 September 1941 under Korvettenkapitän Ulrich Borcherdt ."}]}, {'value': 'Belinda ( 1939 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': '8,325', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Destination West Indies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Consuelo ( 1937 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '4,847', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Destination New York City ; survived this convoy and convoy HX 228', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Convoy_HX_228', 'summary': 'HX 228 was a North Atlantic convoy of the HX series which ran during the Battle of the Atlantic in World War II . It was one of a series of four convoy battles that occurred during the crisis month of March 1943 and is notable for the loss of the Escort Group leader Commander AA Harry Tait .'}]}, {'value': 'Cristales ( 1926 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '5,389', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carried convoy vice-commodore Capt R H R MacKay OBE ; in collision 24 Feb ; destination Halifax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire', 'summary': 'The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry , rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences , work with charitable and welfare organisations , and public service outside the civil service . It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V and comprises five classes across both civil and military divisions , the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male or dame if female . There is also the related British Empire Medal , whose recipients are affiliated with , but not members of the order . Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were originally made on the nomination of the United Kingdom , the self-governing Dominions of the Empire ( later Commonwealth ) and the Viceroy of India . Nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British ( Imperial ) honours . Most Commonwealth countries ceased recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire when they created their own honours . [ a ]'}]}, {'value': 'Daghestan ( 1941 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '7,248', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CAM ship ; destination Halifax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CAM_ship', 'summary': 'CAM ships were World War II-era British merchant ships used in convoys as an emergency stop-gap until sufficient escort carriers became available . CAM ship is an acronym for catapult aircraft merchant ship . They were equipped with a rocket-propelled catapult launching a single Hawker Hurricane , dubbed a Hurricat or Catafighter to destroy or drive away an attacking bomber . Normally the Hurricane fighter would be lost when the pilot then bailed out or ditched in the ocean near the convoy . CAM ships continued to carry their normal cargoes after conversion . The concept was developed and tested by the five fighter catapult ships , commissioned as warships and commanded and crewed by the Royal Navy - but the CAM ships were merchant vessels , commanded and crewed by the Merchant Navy .'}]}, {'value': 'Dekabrist ( 1903 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soviet Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Union', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': '7,363', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Destination New York City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diloma ( 1939 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '8,146', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damaged by U-158 ; made Halifax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-158_(1941)', 'summary': "German submarine U-158 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine built for service during World War II . Her keel was laid down on 1 November 1940 by DeSchiMAG AG Weser in Bremen as yard number 1000 . She was commissioned on 25 September 1941 , with Kapitänleutnant Erwin Rostin ( Knights Cross ) in command ."}]}, {'value': 'Dolabella ( 1939 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '8,142', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Destination Curaçao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curaçao', 'summary': 'Curaçao ( /ˈkjʊərəsoʊ , -saʊ , ˌkjʊərəˈsoʊ , -ˈsaʊ/ KEWR-əss-oh , -\u2060ow , -\u2060OH , -\u2060OW , Dutch : [ kyraːˈsʌu , kur- ] ( listen ) ; Papiamento : Kòrsou [ ˈkɔrsɔu̯ ] ) is a Lesser Antilles island in the southern Caribbean Sea and the Dutch Caribbean region , about 65 km ( 40 mi ) north of the Venezuelan coast . It is a constituent country ( Dutch : land ) of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . Together with Aruba and Bonaire it forms the ABC islands . Collectively , Curaçao and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean . The country was formerly part of the Curaçao and Dependencies colony in 1815-1954 and later the Netherlands Antilles in 1954-2010 , as Island Territory of Curaçao ( Dutch : Eilandgebied Curaçao , Papiamento : Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou ) and is now formally called the Country of Curaçao ( Dutch : Land Curaçao , Papiamento : Pais Kòrsou ) . It includes the main island of Curaçao and the much smaller , uninhabited island of Klein Curaçao ( Little Curaçao ) . Curaçao has a population of 158,665 ( January 2019 est . ) and an area of 444 km2 ( 171 sq mi ) ; its capital is Willemstad .'}]}, {'value': 'Dromus ( 1938 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '8,036', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Destination Curaçao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curaçao', 'summary': 'Curaçao ( /ˈkjʊərəsoʊ , -saʊ , ˌkjʊərəˈsoʊ , -ˈsaʊ/ KEWR-əss-oh , -\u2060ow , -\u2060OH , -\u2060OW , Dutch : [ kyraːˈsʌu , kur- ] ( listen ) ; Papiamento : Kòrsou [ ˈkɔrsɔu̯ ] ) is a Lesser Antilles island in the southern Caribbean Sea and the Dutch Caribbean region , about 65 km ( 40 mi ) north of the Venezuelan coast . It is a constituent country ( Dutch : land ) of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . Together with Aruba and Bonaire it forms the ABC islands . Collectively , Curaçao and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean . The country was formerly part of the Curaçao and Dependencies colony in 1815-1954 and later the Netherlands Antilles in 1954-2010 , as Island Territory of Curaçao ( Dutch : Eilandgebied Curaçao , Papiamento : Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou ) and is now formally called the Country of Curaçao ( Dutch : Land Curaçao , Papiamento : Pais Kòrsou ) . It includes the main island of Curaçao and the much smaller , uninhabited island of Klein Curaçao ( Little Curaçao ) . Curaçao has a population of 158,665 ( January 2019 est . ) and an area of 444 km2 ( 171 sq mi ) ; its capital is Willemstad .'}]}, {'value': 'Eidanger ( 1938 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_February_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in February 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during February 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': '9,432', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk by U-558 24 Feb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-558', 'summary': "The German submarine U-558 was a Type VIIC U-boat in the service of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She sank 19 merchant ships and military vessels totalling nearly 100,000 tons before being sunk by bombers in July 1943 ."}]}, {'value': 'Empire Celt ( 1941 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Empire_Celt', 'summary': 'Empire Celt was an 8,032 GRT tanker which was built in 1941 for the Ministry of War Transport ( MoWT ) . Completed in January 1942 , she had a short career , being torpedoed and sunk on 24 February 1942 by U-158 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '8,032', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk by U-158 24 Feb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-158_(1941)', 'summary': "German submarine U-158 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine built for service during World War II . Her keel was laid down on 1 November 1940 by DeSchiMAG AG Weser in Bremen as yard number 1000 . She was commissioned on 25 September 1941 , with Kapitänleutnant Erwin Rostin ( Knights Cross ) in command ."}]}, {'value': 'Empire Druid ( 1941 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Empire_Druid', 'summary': 'Norholm was a 9,813 GRT tanker that was built in 1942 as Empire Druid by Sir J Laing & Sons Ltd , Sunderland , Co Durham , United Kingdom for the Ministry of War Transport ( MoWT ) . In 1942 , she was transferred to the Norwegian Government and renamed Norholm . She was sold into merchant service in 1946 , and renamed Haukefjell . Fitted with a new engine in 1949 , she was sold to Panama in 1952 and renamed Bluewater . She served until 1959 , when she was scrapped in Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '9,813', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Destination Port Arthur', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Empire ( 1941 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '8,134', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Destination Baton Rouge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Empire Spray ( 1941 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '7,242', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CAM ship ; destination Halifax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CAM_ship', 'summary': 'CAM ships were World War II-era British merchant ships used in convoys as an emergency stop-gap until sufficient escort carriers became available . CAM ship is an acronym for catapult aircraft merchant ship . They were equipped with a rocket-propelled catapult launching a single Hawker Hurricane , dubbed a Hurricat or Catafighter to destroy or drive away an attacking bomber . Normally the Hurricane fighter would be lost when the pilot then bailed out or ditched in the ocean near the convoy . CAM ships continued to carry their normal cargoes after conversion . The concept was developed and tested by the five fighter catapult ships , commissioned as warships and commanded and crewed by the Royal Navy - but the CAM ships were merchant vessels , commanded and crewed by the Merchant Navy .'}]}, {'value': 'Empire Steel ( 1941 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '8,138', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Destination Port Arthur', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finnanger ( 1928 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_February_1942', 'summary': 'The list of shipwrecks in February 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during February 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': '9,551', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunk by U-558 24 Feb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-558', 'summary': "The German submarine U-558 was a Type VIIC U-boat in the service of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She sank 19 merchant ships and military vessels totalling nearly 100,000 tons before being sunk by bombers in July 1943 ."}]}, {'value': 'Glittre ( 1928 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': '6,409', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Destination Aruba ; survived to be sunk one year later in convoy ON 166', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Convoy_ON_166', 'summary': 'Convoy ON 166 was the 166th of the numbered ON series of merchant ship convoys Outbound from the British Isles to North America . Sixty-three ships departed Liverpool 11 February 1943 and were met the following day by Mid-Ocean Escort Force Group A-3 consisting of the Treasury-class cutters Campbell and Spencer and the Flower-class corvettes Dianthus , Chilliwack , Rosthern , Trillium and Dauphin .'}]}, {'value': 'Gloucester City ( 1919 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '3,071', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Destination Philadelphia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamlet ( 1934 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': '6,578', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joined from Iceland 19 Feb', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Ships in convoy -- Allied merchant ships', 'section_text': 'A total of 39 cargo vessels ( 37 merchant , 2 US Navy ) joined the convoy , either in Liverpool or later in the voyage . [ 21 ] [ 12 ]', 'uid': 'Convoy_ON_67_0', 'intro': 'Convoy ON 67 was a trade convoy of merchant ships during the Second World War. It was the 67th of the numbered series of ON convoys Outbound from the British Isles to North America. The ships departed from Liverpool on 14 February 1942 with convoy rescue ship Toward, and were escorted to the Mid-Ocean Meeting Point by escort group B4.'} | null | null | What is the shipwreck whose notes location 's capital is Willemstad ? | Dolabella ( 1939 ) |
07c966fafd41fe4d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_films_of_1985', 'title': 'List of LGBT-related films of 1985', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Country', 'Genre', 'Cast', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'The Angelic Conversation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Angelic_Conversation_(film)', 'summary': "The Angelic Conversation is a 1985 arthouse drama film directed by Derek Jarman . Its tone is set by the juxtaposition of slow moving photographic images and Shakespeare 's sonnets read by Judi Dench . The film consists primarily of homoerotic images and opaque landscapes through which two men take a journey into their own desires . Jarman himself described the film as a dream world , a world of magic and ritual , yet there are images there of the burning cars and radar systems , which remind you there is a price to be paid in order to gain this dream in the face of a world of violence . The soundtrack to the film was composed and performed by Coil , and it was released as an album of the same name . In 2008 Peter Christopherson of Coil ( with David Tibet , Othon Mataragas and Ernesto Tomasini ) performed a new live soundtrack to the movie during a special screening at the Turin Lesbian and Gay Film Festival . The film 's music track also includes Benjamin Britten 's Sea Interludes from Peter Grimes , performed by The Chorus and Orchestra of The Royal Opera House Covent Garden , conducted by Colin Davis ."}]}, {'value': 'Derek Jarman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derek_Jarman', 'summary': 'Michael Derek Elworthy Jarman ( 31 January 1942 - 19 February 1994 ) was an English film director , stage designer , diarist , artist , gardener , and author .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dave Baby , Timothy Burke , Simon Costin , Christopher Hobbs , Philip McDonald , Toby Mott , Steve Randall , Robert Sharp , Tony Wood , Judi Dench ( narrator ) and Paul Reynolds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christopher_Hobbs', 'summary': 'Christopher Hobbs ( born 9 September 1950 ) is an English experimental composer , best known as a pioneer of British Systems music .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Toby_Mott', 'summary': "Toby Victor Mott ( born 12 January 1964 ) is a British artist , designer and sometime Punk historian known for his work with the Grey Organisation , an artists ' collective that was active in the 1980s , and for his fashion brand Toby Pimlico . More recently he has become known for his Mott Collection , an archive of UK punk rock and political ephemera that includes over 1,000 posters , flyers and fanzines ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Judi_Dench', 'summary': "Dench was born in Heworth , York . Her mother , Eleanora Olive ( née Jones ) , was born in Dublin , Ireland . Her father , Reginald Arthur Dench ( 1897-1964 ) , a doctor , was born in Dorset , England , and later moved to Dublin , where he was brought up . He met Dench 's mother while he was studying medicine at Trinity College , Dublin . Dench attended the Mount School , a Quaker independent secondary school in York , and became a Quaker . Her brothers , one of whom was actor Jeffery Dench , were born in Tyldesley , Lancashire . Her niece , Emma Dench , is a historian of ancient Rome ."}]}, {'value': 'Juxtaposition of slow moving photographic images while Dench reads the sonnets of William Shakespeare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juxtaposition', 'summary': 'Juxtaposition is an act or instance of placing two elements close together or side by side . This is often done in order to compare/contrast the two , to show similarities or differences , etc .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Shakespeare's_sonnets", 'summary': "Shakespeare 's sonnets are poems that William Shakespeare wrote on a variety of themes . When discussing or referring to Shakespeare 's sonnets , it is almost always a reference to the 154 sonnets that were first published all together in a quarto in 1609 ; however , there are six additional sonnets that Shakespeare wrote and included in the plays Romeo and Juliet , Henry V and Love 's Labour 's Lost . There is a partial sonnet found in the play Edward III ."}]}, {'value': 'The Berlin Affair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Berlin_Affair', 'summary': "The Berlin Affair ( Italian : Interno Berlinese ) is a 1985 Italo-German film , directed by Liliana Cavani and starring Gudrun Landgrebe , Kevin McNally and Mio Takaki . Set in Berlin , 1938 , it sees the wife of a rising Nazi diplomat fall in love with Mitsuko Matsugae , the daughter of the Japanese ambassador and an artist . Her husband finds out , and moves to break up the affair . However he soon falls in love with Mitsuko himself , leading to the intervention of officials higher in the system . The film is based upon the novel Quicksand by Jun'ichirō Tanizaki ."}]}, {'value': 'Liliana Cavani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liliana_Cavani', 'summary': 'Liliana Cavani ( born 12 January 1933 , Carpi , Italy ) is an Italian film director and screenwriter . She belongs to a generation of Italian filmmakers from Emilia-Romagna that came into prominence in the 1970s , including Bernardo Bertolucci , Pier Paolo Pasolini and Marco Bellocchio . Cavani became internationally known after the success of her 1974 feature film Il portiere di notte ( The Night Porter ) . Her films are intellectual and have historical concerns . In addition to feature films and documentaries , she has also directed opera .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy West Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gudrun Landgrebe , Kevin McNally , Mio Takaki , Hanns Zischler , Andrea Prodan , Massimo Girotti , Pieter Daniel , William Berger , John Steiner , Edward Farrelly , Philippe Leroy and Claudio Lorimer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gudrun_Landgrebe', 'summary': "Gudrun Landgrebe ( born 20 June 1950 ) is a German actress . Landgrebe was born in Göttingen , grew up in Bochum , and attended theatre school in Cologne from 1968 until 1971 . In 1971 she made her debut at Stadttheater Bielefeld . She also appeared in Heimat as the character Klärchen Sisse . Since 1981 she has frequently appeared in German movies - her first film role was in the comedy Dabbel Trabbel . In 1983 she gained international fame in the Robert van Ackerens movie Die flambierte Frau . Further movies such as Istvan Szabo 's Oberst Redl ( 1985 ) , Yerma ( 1984 ) and Burkhard Driest 's Annas Mutter [ de ] ( 1984 ) followed . In 1985 she appeared alongside Kevin McNally in Liliana Cavani 's The Berlin Affair . She appeared in 1998 in the TV movie Opera Ball with Heiner Lauterbach and Franka Potente . In 1997 she was in Rossini - oder die mörderische Frage , wer mit wem schlief [ de ] , with Mario Adorf , Veronica Ferres , Heiner Lauterbach , Jan Josef Liefers and Götz George , directed by Helmut Dietl . Landgrebe has been married to Dr. Ulrich von Nathusius since June 2001 and lives in Hunsrück ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kevin_McNally', 'summary': 'Kevin Robert McNally ( born 27 April 1956 ) is an English actor who has worked in theatre and radio as well as in film and television . He is best known for portraying Joshamee Gibbs in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mio_Takaki', 'summary': 'Mio Takaki ( 高樹 澪 , Takaki Mio , born December 31 , 1959 ) is a Japanese actress and singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hanns_Zischler', 'summary': "Hanns Zischler ( born 18 June 1947 ) is a German actor most famous in America for his portrayal of Hans in Steven Spielberg 's film Munich . According to the Internet Movie Database , Zischler has appeared in 171 movies since 1968 . He is known in Sweden for his role as Josef Hillman in the second season of the Martin Beck movies , though his voice is dubbed . He is sometimes credited as Hans Zischler , Johann Zischler , or Zischler ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Andrea_Prodan', 'summary': "Andrea Prodan ( born 16 November 1961 ) Scottish-Italian film actor , composer and musician is the younger brother of Argentine rock star Luca Prodan . The Prodan family , after suffering internment in a Japanese concentration camp during WW II , was expelled from China due to Mao . Andrea 's Italian father was an author and talented sportsman , and had run a prosperous business , with expertise in ancient Chinese pottery . His mother is Scottish . The family moved to Rome and Tuscany in 1948 where Andrea spent his early years . He was educated in England , and aged 12 , became head chorister at The King 's School , Canterbury . As solo voice he recorded A Song for All Seasons . He started in films as a sound assistant on Krull and also on The Vatican Story , with Gregory Peck . In 1983 , he dropped out of Exeter University to join his elder sister Michela on the set of Italian International Films production in Monastir , Tunisia , producing with NBC a sequel to Franco Zeffirelli 's Jesus of Nazareth . A.D. , an NBC miniseries , the story of the Acts of the Apostles was directed by Stuart Cooper . Andrea Prodan became ( for two years ) , the assistant operator and interpreter for the Italian director of photography , Ennio Guarnieri . A.D. stars included Ava Gardner , James Mason , Denis Quilley and Fernando Rey ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Massimo_Girotti', 'summary': "Massimo Girotti ( 18 May 1918 - 5 January 2003 ) was an Italian film actor whose career spanned seven decades . Born in Mogliano , in the province of Macerata , Girotti developed his athletic physique by swimming and playing polo . While studying engineering , he attracted the attention of Mario Soldati , who offered him a small part in the film Dora Nelson ( 1939 ) , but it was not until later , in Alessandro Blasetti 's La corona di ferro ( The Iron Crown ) ( 1941 ) and Roberto Rossellini 's Un Pilota ritorna ( A Pilot Returns ) ( 1942 ) , that he began to make an impression as a serious actor . In 1943 came a turning point in his career when Luchino Visconti cast him opposite the torrid Clara Calamai in Ossessione ( Obsession ) , an earlier adaptation of the same novel on which Hollywood 's The Postman Always Rings Twice is based . The film marked , in a sense , the birth of Italian neo-realism . Some of his notable post-war films include Caccia tragica ( The Tragic Hunt ) ( 1946 ) by Giuseppe De Santis and In nome della legge ( 1949 ) ( In the Name of the Law ) by Pietro Germi . In 1950 , he starred opposite Lucia Bosé in Michelangelo Antonioni 's first full-length feature , Cronaca di un amore ( Story of a Love Affair ) ( 1950 ) . In 1953 , he played Spartacus in an Italian epic film known in the US as Sins of Rome and then , returned to work again for Visconti , in Senso ( 1954 ) , giving perhaps the finest performance of his career . In the years which followed , he appeared in many mainly Italian films for directors such as Lizzani , Bolognini , Vittorio Cottafavi , Lattuada , but it was not until 1968 that he once again played a role worthy of his talents - that of the father in Pasolini 's Teorema ( Theorem ) with Terence Stamp and Silvana Mangano . Two years later , Pasolini cast him as Creonte opposite Maria Callas in his Medea ( 1969 ) . In 1972 , he was in Bernardo Bertolucci 's Last Tango in Paris . That same year he made a rare appearance in a horror film when he agreed to a supporting role in Baron Blood as a favor to its director Mario Bava ."}, {'url': '/wiki/William_Berger_(actor)', 'summary': 'William Berger , also known as Bill Berger and Wilhelm Berger , born Wilhelm Thomas Berger ( June 20 , 1928 - October 2 , 1993 ) was an Austrian American actor , mostly associated with Euro and spaghetti Westerns , as well as travel documentaries .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Steiner', 'summary': 'John Steiner ( born 7 January 1941 in Chester , Cheshire ) is an English actor . Tall , thin and gaunt , Steiner attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art , worked for a few years at the BBC and later appeared mostly in Italian films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Philippe_Leroy_(actor)', 'summary': 'Philippe Leroy , full name Philippe Leroy-Beaulieu ( born 15 October 1930 ) is a French film actor . He has appeared in over 150 films since 1960 . Leroy has been living mostly in Italy since the 1960s and has worked extensively in Italian cinema , as well as in his native country . He is sometimes credited under his full name .'}]}, {'value': "Based on the novel Quicksand by Jun'ichirō Tanizaki", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quicksand_(Tanizaki_novel)', 'summary': "Quicksand ( 卍 , Manji ) is a novel by the Japanese author Jun'ichirō Tanizaki . It was written in serial format between 1928 and 1930 for the magazine Kaizō . The last of Tanizaki 's major novels translated into English , it concerns a four-way bisexual love affair between upper-crust denizens of Osaka ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Jun'ichirō_Tanizaki", 'summary': "Jun'ichirō Tanizaki ( 谷崎 潤一郎 , Tanizaki Jun'ichirō , 24 July 1886 - 30 July 1965 ) was one of the major writers of modern Japanese literature , and perhaps the most popular Japanese novelist after Natsume Sōseki . Some of his works present a shocking world of sexuality and destructive erotic obsessions . Others , less sensational , subtly portray the dynamics of family life in the context of the rapid changes in 20th-century Japanese society . Frequently his stories are narrated in the context of a search for cultural identity in which constructions of the West and Japanese tradition are juxtaposed . He was one of six authors on the final shortlist for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1964 , the year before his death ."}]}, {'value': 'The Boys Next Door', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Boys_Next_Door_(1985_film)', 'summary': 'The Boys Next Door is a 1985 American adventure-crime drama film about two teenage boys who leave their small town home on the day of their high school graduation and embark on a crime and murder spree .'}]}, {'value': 'Penelope Spheeris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penelope_Spheeris', 'summary': "Penelope Spheeris ( born December 2 , 1945 or 1946 ; sources differ ) is an American film director , producer and screenwriter . She has directed both documentary film and scripted films . Her best known works include the trilogy titled The Decline of Western Civilization , each covering an aspect of Los Angeles underground culture , and Wayne 's World , her highest-grossing film ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlie Sheen , Maxwell Caulfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlie_Sheen', 'summary': "Carlos Irwin Estévez ( born September 3 , 1965 ) , known professionally as Charlie Sheen , is an American actor . Sheen has appeared in films including Platoon ( 1986 ) , Wall Street ( 1987 ) , Young Guns ( 1988 ) , Eight Men Out ( 1988 ) , Major League ( 1989 ) , Hot Shots ! ( 1991 ) , and The Three Musketeers ( 1993 ) . In the 2000s , when Sheen replaced Michael J . Fox in Spin City , his performance earned him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy . He then starred in Two and a Half Men which earned him several Golden Globe and Emmy Award nominations . He most recently starred in the FX comedy series Anger Management , which concluded its 100-episode run in 2014 . In 2010 , Sheen was the highest paid actor on television and earned US $ 1.8 million per episode of Two and a Half Men . Sheen 's personal life has made headlines , including reports of alcohol and drug abuse and marital problems , as well as allegations of domestic violence . In March 2011 , his contract for Two and a Half Men was terminated by CBS and Warner Bros following his derogatory comments about the series ' creator , Chuck Lorre . On November 17 , 2015 , Sheen publicly revealed that he is HIV positive , having been diagnosed about four years earlier ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Maxwell_Caulfield', 'summary': 'Maxwell Caulfield ( né Newby ; born 23 November 1959 ) is a British-American film , stage , and television actor and singer . He has appeared in films such as Grease 2 ( 1982 ) , Electric Dreams ( 1984 ) , The Boys Next Door ( 1985 ) , The Supernaturals ( 1986 ) , Sundown : The Vampire in Retreat ( 1989 ) , Waxwork 2 ( 1992 ) , Gettysburg ( 1993 ) , Empire Records ( 1995 ) , The Real Blonde ( 1997 ) , and The Man Who Knew Too Little ( 1997 ) . He recently appeared as the King in A Prince for Christmas ( 2015 ) . Beginning 28 May 2015 , he toured Australia with his wife , Juliet Mills , and sister-in-law , Hayley Mills , in the comedy Legends ! by Pulitzer Prize winner James Kirkwood . He voiced James Bond in the video game James Bond 007 : Nightfire ( 2002 ) .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buddies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buddies_(1985_film)', 'summary': 'Buddies is a 1985 American drama film . It is the first film to deal with the AIDS pandemic , preceding the television film An Early Frost ( also released in 1985 ) . Directed by Arthur J. Bressan Jr. , who died of complications from AIDS two years after the film was released , the film follows a New York City gay man in a monogamous relationship becoming a buddy or a volunteer friend to another gay man dying of AIDS and the friendship that develops . The film stars Geoff Edholm , David Schachter , Billy Lux , and David Rose .'}]}, {'value': 'Arthur J. Bressan Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_J._Bressan_Jr.', 'summary': 'Arthur J. Bressan Jr. ( 1943-1987 ) was an American filmmaker .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Geoff Edholm , Damon Hairston , Joyce Korn , Billy Lux , David Rose , Libby Saines , David Schachter , Susan Schneider and Tracy Vivat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First film to deal with the AIDS pandemic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS', 'summary': 'HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic . As of 2018 , approximately 37.9 million people are infected with HIV globally . In 2018 , approximately 57% are men . There were about 770,000 deaths from AIDS in 2018 . The 2015 Global Burden of Disease Study , in a report published in The Lancet , estimated that the global incidence of HIV infection peaked in 1997 at 3.3 million per year . Global incidence fell rapidly from 1997 to 2005 , to about 2.6 million per year , but remained stable from 2005 to 2015 . Sub-Saharan Africa is the region most affected . In 2018 , an estimated 61% of new HIV infections occurred in this region . Prevalence ratios are In western and central Europe and North America , low and declining incidence of HIV and mortality among people infected with HIV over the last 17 years has seen the incidence : prevalence ratio fall from 0.06 in 2000 to 0.03 in 2017 . Strong and steady reductions in new HIV infections and mortality among people infected with HIV in eastern and southern Africa has pushed the ratio down from 0.11 in 2000 to 0.04 in 2017 . Progress has been more gradual in Asia and the Pacific ( 0.05 in 2017 ) , Latin America ( 0.06 in 2017 ) , the Caribbean ( 0.05 in 2017 ) and western and central Africa ( 0.06 in 2017 ) . The incidence : prevalence ratios of the Middle East and North Africa ( 0.08 in 2017 ) and eastern Europe and central Asia ( 0.09 in 2017 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'La Cage aux Folles 3 : The Wedding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Cage_aux_Folles_3:_The_Wedding', 'summary': "La Cage aux Folles 3 : The Wedding ( French : La cage aux folles 3 - 'Elles ' se marient ) is a 1985 comedy film and the third and final installment in the La Cage aux Folles series . Unlike the first two films , which were directed by Édouard Molinaro , this third installment is directed by Georges Lautner ."}]}, {'value': 'Georges Lautner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georges_Lautner', 'summary': "Georges Lautner ( French : [ lotnɛʁ ] ; 24 January 1926 - 22 November 2013 ) was a French film director and screenwriter , known primarily for his comedies created in collaboration with screenwriter Michel Audiard . Lautner 's ventures into other genres were less successful though the thriller Le Professionnel starring Jean-Paul Belmondo was a big commercial hit in France in 1981 . He was born in Nice , the son of actress Renée Saint-Cyr ."}]}, {'value': 'France Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michel Serrault , Ugo Tognazzi , Antonella Interlenghi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michel_Serrault', 'summary': 'Michel Serrault ( 24 January 1928 - 29 July 2007 ) was a French stage and film actor who appeared from 1954 until 2007 in more than 130 films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ugo_Tognazzi', 'summary': 'Ugo Tognazzi ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈuːɡo toɲˈɲattsi ] ; 23 March 1922 - 27 October 1990 ) was an Italian film , TV , and theatre actor , director , and screenwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Antonella_Interlenghi', 'summary': 'Antonella Interlenghi ( born 6 August 1960 ) is an Italian stage , film and television actress . She is also known as Antonellina Interlenghi .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Chorus Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Chorus_Line_(film)', 'summary': 'A Chorus Line is a 1985 American musical drama film directed by Richard Attenborough and starring Michael Douglas . The screenplay by Arnold Schulman is based on the book of the 1975 stage production of the same name by James Kirkwood Jr. and Nicholas Dante . The songs were composed by Marvin Hamlisch and Edward Kleban . The film was released theatrically on December 13 , 1985 by Columbia Pictures . It received mixed to negative reviews from critics and was a box office bomb , grossing only $ 14 million from a $ 25 million budget .'}]}, {'value': 'Richard Attenborough', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Attenborough', 'summary': "Richard Samuel Attenborough , Baron Attenborough , CBE , FRSA ( /ˈætənbərə/ ; 29 August 1923 - 24 August 2014 ) was an English actor , filmmaker , entrepreneur , and politician . He was the President of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) and the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) . Attenborough joined the Royal Air Force during the Second World War and served in the film unit . He went on several bombing raids over Europe and filmed action from the rear gunner 's position . He was the older brother of Sir David Attenborough , a naturalist , documenter , and broadcaster , and John Attenborough , an executive at Alfa Romeo . He was married to actress Sheila Sim from 1945 until his death . As a film director and producer , Attenborough won two Academy Awards for Gandhi in 1983 , receiving awards for Best Picture and Best Director . The BFI ranked Gandhi the 34th greatest British film of the 20th century . He also won four BAFTA Awards and four Golden Globe Awards . As an actor , he is best known for his roles in Brighton Rock , The Great Escape , 10 Rillington Place , The Sand Pebbles , Doctor Dolittle ( 1967 ) , Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) and Jurassic Park ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Musical , comedy , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Douglas , Alyson Reed , Terrence Mann , Sharon Brown , Michael Blevins , Yamil Borges , Jan Gan Boyd , Gregg Burge , Cameron English , Tony Fields , Audrey Landers , Nicole Fosse , Vicki Frederick , Michelle Johnston , Janet Jones , Pam Klinger , Charles McGowan , Justin Ross , Blane Savage and Matt West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Douglas', 'summary': "Michael Kirk Douglas ( born September 25 , 1944 ) is an American actor and producer . He has received numerous accolades , including two Academy Awards , five Golden Globe Awards , a Primetime Emmy Award , the Cecil B. DeMille Award , and the AFI Life Achievement Award . The elder son of Kirk Douglas and Diana Dill , Douglas received his Bachelor of Arts in Drama from the University of California , Santa Barbara . His early acting roles included film , stage , and television productions . Douglas first achieved prominence for his performance in the ABC police procedural television series The Streets of San Francisco , for which he received three consecutive Emmy Award nominations . In 1975 , Douglas produced One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , having acquired the rights to the Ken Kesey novel from his father . The film received critical and popular acclaim , and won the Academy Award for Best Picture , earning Douglas his first Oscar as one of the film 's producers . After leaving The Streets of San Francisco in 1976 , Douglas went on to produce films including The China Syndrome ( 1979 ) and Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) . He won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy for Romancing the Stone , in which he also starred , thus reintroducing himself to audiences as a capable leading man . After reprising his Romancing the Stone role as Jack Colton in the 1985 sequel The Jewel of the Nile , which he also produced , and along with appearing in the musical A Chorus Line ( 1985 ) and the psychological thriller Fatal Attraction ( 1987 ) , Douglas received critical acclaim for his portrayal of Gordon Gekko in Oliver Stone 's Wall Street ( 1987 ) , for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor . He reprised the role in the sequel Wall Street : Money Never Sleeps ( 2010 ) . His subsequent film roles included : Black Rain ( 1989 ) ; The War of the Roses ( 1989 ) ; Basic Instinct ( 1992 ) ; Falling Down ( 1993 ) ; The American President ( 1995 ) ; The Game ( 1997 ) ; Traffic and Wonder Boys ( both 2000 ) ; Solitary Man ( 2009 ) ; Ant-Man ( 2015 ) , Ant-Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) , and Avengers : Endgame ( 2019 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alyson_Reed', 'summary': 'Alyson Reed ( born January 11 , 1958 ) is an American dancer and actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Terrence_Mann', 'summary': 'Terrence Vaughan Mann ( born July 1 , 1951 ) is an American actor , theatre director , and singer . He is known for his appearances on the Broadway stage , which include Chester Lyman in Barnum , Rum Tum Tugger in Cats , Javert in Les Miserables , Beast in Beauty and the Beast , Chauvelin in The Scarlet Pimpernel , Charles in Pippin , Mal Beineke in The Addams Family , and The Man in the Yellow Suit in Tuck Everlasting . He has received three Tony Award nominations , an Emmy Award nomination , and an Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical . He is a distinguished professor of musical theatre at Western Carolina University , and is an artistic director of the Carolina Arts Festival and the North Carolina Theatre . His film credits include Critters , A Chorus Line , Big Top Pee-wee and Solarbabies . He stars as the villain Whispers in the Netflix series Sense8 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sharon_Brown_(actress)', 'summary': 'Sharon Catherine Brown ( born January 11 , 1962 ) , also known as Sharon Catherine Blanks , is an American actress of stage , film , and television .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jan_Gan_Boyd', 'summary': "Jan Gan Boyd ( sometimes credited as Jan Gan ) is American film and television actress best known for starring roles in such films as A Chorus Line , Assassination , and Steele Justice and guest roles on the television series Sisters and Cheers . In 1986 Boyd was featured in a profile in The Hollywood Reporter about the challenges of Asian American actresses finding roles in Hollywood . Boyd said in the article , There are two major problems for Asian actresses in movies and TV , she said . The first and hardest to understand is the practice of hiring Caucasians to play Asian roles . It brings to mind the old days when whites played black characters by wearing blackface . Boyd then said , A good example of that was Joel Grey playing an ancient Chinese in the 'Remo Williams ' picture . There were dozens of Asians who could have played that role . Another example is the South American actress who was hired to play an Asian in Eddie Murphy 's new picture . Boyd met her husband , John Boyd , a veterinarian , while both were attending the University of California , Davis ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gregg_Burge', 'summary': 'Gregg Burge ( November 14 , 1957 - July 4 , 1998 ) was an American tap dancer and choreographer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tony_Fields', 'summary': 'Tony Fields ( 28 December 1958 - 27 February 1995 ) was an American dancer , famous for his performances on the television show Solid Gold , several Michael Jackson music videos , and the film version of the American musical A Chorus Line .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Audrey_Landers', 'summary': 'Audrey Landers ( born Audrey Hamburg , July 18 , 1956 ) is an American actress and singer , best known for her role as Afton Cooper on the television series Dallas and her role as Val Clarke in the film version of A Chorus Line ( 1985 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nicole_Fosse', 'summary': "Nicole Fosse ( born March 3 , 1963 ) is an American actress , dancer and producer . She is the only daughter of Gwen Verdon and Bob Fosse . Fosse appeared in Miami Vice in the role of Lani Mueller and played Kristine in the film version of A Chorus Line . Fosse has participated in productions involving her parents , including All That Jazz directed by her father , the 2009 Broadway revival of her father 's musical revue Dancin ' and the biographical miniseries Fosse/Verdon ( 2019 ) . For her work as co-executive producer on the latter , she received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series . Fosse 's husband , stagehand Andreas Greiner , died in 2000 . She has three sons ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vicki_Frederick', 'summary': "Vicki Frederick ( born 1949 ) is an American television and film actress who has appeared in a number of popular TV shows such as Mork and Mindy and Happy Days in 1979 , and Murder She Wrote in 1990 . She starred in Robert Aldrich 's final film .All the Marbles ( 1981 ) , and in the 1984 rock musical film Body Rock , and had a bit part in All That Jazz . Frederick may be most remembered for her role as the sassy , elegant , long-haired dancer Sheila Bryant in the 1985 movie A Chorus Line ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michelle_Johnston', 'summary': "Michelle Johnston ( born October 4 , 1964 ) is an American dancer , actress and film director . She rose up the ranks from chorus gypsy to choreographer of film and TV and featured performer herself . She got her first break in 1982 as a dancer in One from the Heart , directed by Francis Ford Coppola , and then danced with John Travolta in Staying Alive ( 1983 ) . Two years later , she was chosen by choreographer Jeffrey Hornaday as a dancer in A Chorus Line , directed by Sir Richard Attenborough . Johnston became Bebe Benson , singing At the Ballet , and also assisted Hornaday on the film . She went on to become Hornaday 's assistant choreographer on Madonna 's Who 's That Girl Tour , on the Michael Jackson film Captain EO , and on various music videos . Johnston then assisted Hornaday on Dick Tracy , and danced in the film as well . She began choreographing on her own with an episode of Tales from the Crypt in 1990 , and , when Hornaday was chosen to direct Shout , a John Travolta vehicle , he gave Johnston the nod to choreograph the film on her own - the plot offered the story of a fugitive hired as a music teacher in a Texas town . She also played a lead role of a dancer in the independent comedy , California Casanova ( 1991 film ) . Johnston went on to choreograph an episode of Great Scott ! on Fox in 1992 , as well as the Ray Liotta film , Article 99 that same year . Also a singer as well as a dancer , Johnston was a mere 17 years old when she toured Japan performing and choreographing a stage show ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Janet_Jones', 'summary': 'Janet Marie Gretzky ( née Jones ; born January 10 , 1961 ) is an American actress . She is married to retired ice hockey Hall of Famer Wayne Gretzky .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Matt_West', 'summary': 'Matt West is a choreographer and actor . He choreographed the first Broadway production of Beauty and the Beast . He won a Drama-Logue Award for his work on that show . His acting credits include the role of Bobby in the Broadway musical A Chorus Line . He reprised this role in the 1985 movie version directed by Richard Attenborough . [ citation needed ] West co-produced and choreographed Lestat , a musical based on the Vampire Lestat stories by Ann Rice . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Based on the musical of the same name', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Chorus_Line', 'summary': "A Chorus Line is a musical directed by Michael Bennett and co-choreographed by Bennett and Bob Avian , with music by Marvin Hamlisch , lyrics by Edward Kleban , and a book by James Kirkwood Jr. and Nicholas Dante . Set on the bare stage of a Broadway theater , the musical is centered around seventeen Broadway dancers auditioning for spots on a chorus line . A Chorus Line provides a glimpse into the personalities of the performers and the choreographer , as they describe the events that have shaped their lives and their decisions to become dancers . Following several workshops and an Off-Broadway production , A Chorus Line opened at the Shubert Theatre on Broadway July 25 , 1975 . An unprecedented box office and critical hit , the musical received twelve Tony Award nominations and won nine , in addition to the 1976 Pulitzer Prize for Drama . The original Broadway production ran for 6,137 performances , becoming the longest-running production in Broadway history until surpassed by Cats in 1997 , and the longest-running Broadway musical originally produced in the US , until surpassed in 2011 by the revival of Chicago . It remains the seventh longest-running Broadway show ever . A Chorus Line 's success has spawned many successful productions worldwide . It began a lengthy run in the West End in 1976 and was revived on Broadway in 2006 , and in the West End in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Colonel Redl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonel_Redl', 'summary': "Colonel Redl ( German : Oberst Redl ( original title ) ; Hungarian : Redl ezredes ) is a 1985 biographical drama film by Hungarian director István Szabó . The plot , set in the period before World War I , follows the rise of Alfred Redl , an officer in the Austro-Hungarian Empire . Redl , who comes from a humble background , enters military school as a boy and has an illustrious military career pushed forward by his loyalty to the crown . He is appointed the head of an intelligence gathering unit , but his attraction to men eventually causes his downfall . The screenplay , loosely inspired from British playwright John Osborne 's play A Patriot for Me , charts the rise of inter-ethnic tensions in Austro-Hungary , which were to bring about the assassination in Sarajevo and the empire 's eventual disintegration . The film stars Klaus Maria Brandauer , Jan Niklas and Gudrun Landgrebe . It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Film and won the Jury Prize at Cannes Film Festival in 1985 ."}]}, {'value': 'István Szabó', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/István_Szabó', 'summary': "István Szabó ( Hungarian : [ ˈsɒboː ˈiʃtvaːn ] ; born 18 February 1938 ) is a Hungarian film director , screenwriter , and opera director . Szabó is the most internationally famous Hungarian filmmaker since the late 1960s . Working in the tradition of European auteurism , he has made films that represent many of the political and psychological conflicts of Central Europe 's recent history , as well as of his own personal history . He made his first short film in 1959 as a student at the Hungarian Academy of Theatrical and Cinematic Arts , and his first feature film in 1964 . He achieved his greatest international success with Mephisto ( 1981 ) , which won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . Since then , most of Szabó 's films have been international co-productions filmed in a variety of languages and European locations . He has continued to make some films in Hungarian , however , and even in his international co-productions , he often films in Hungary and uses Hungarian talent . Szabó became involved in a national controversy in 2006 when the Hungarian newspaper Life and Literature revealed that he had been an informant of the Communist regime 's secret police ."}]}, {'value': 'Austria Hungary West Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Klaus Maria Brandauer , Hans Christian Blech , Armin Mueller-Stahl , Gudrun Landgrebe , Jan Niklas , László Mészáros , András Bálint , László Gálffi , Dorottya Udvaros , Károly Eperjes , Róbert Rátonyi and Flóra Kádár', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klaus_Maria_Brandauer', 'summary': 'Klaus Maria Brandauer ( German pronunciation : [ klaʊ̯s maˈʀiːa ˈbʀandaʊ̯ɐ ] ( listen ) ; born Klaus Georg Steng ; 22 June 1943 ) is an Austrian actor and director . He is also a professor at the Max Reinhardt Seminar . Brandauer is known internationally for his roles in Mephisto ( 1981 ) , Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) , Out of Africa ( 1985 ) , Hanussen ( 1988 ) , Burning Secret ( 1988 ) , and Introducing Dorothy Dandridge ( 1999 ) . For his supporting role as Bror von Blixen-Finecke in the drama film Out of Africa ( 1985 ) , Brandauer was nominated for an Academy Award and won a Golden Globe Award .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hans_Christian_Blech', 'summary': 'Hans Christian Blech ( 20 February 1915 - 5 March 1993 ) was a German film , stage and television character actor who found success in both Germany and Hollywood . He made his English film debut in the 1951 picture Decision Before Dawn . In this and many of his other Hollywood films , he played a German soldier . He had a prominent role in the 1962 World War 2 blockbuster film , The Longest Day . He served in the Germany Army and fought on the Eastern Front in World War II , where he may have acquired his facial scars . [ citation needed ] Another possible origin of his scars was a car accident on the Darmstadt Luisenplatz when Blech was 14 years old . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Armin_Mueller-Stahl', 'summary': 'Armin Mueller-Stahl ( born 17 December 1930 ) is a German film actor , painter and author . He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Shine .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gudrun_Landgrebe', 'summary': "Gudrun Landgrebe ( born 20 June 1950 ) is a German actress . Landgrebe was born in Göttingen , grew up in Bochum , and attended theatre school in Cologne from 1968 until 1971 . In 1971 she made her debut at Stadttheater Bielefeld . She also appeared in Heimat as the character Klärchen Sisse . Since 1981 she has frequently appeared in German movies - her first film role was in the comedy Dabbel Trabbel . In 1983 she gained international fame in the Robert van Ackerens movie Die flambierte Frau . Further movies such as Istvan Szabo 's Oberst Redl ( 1985 ) , Yerma ( 1984 ) and Burkhard Driest 's Annas Mutter [ de ] ( 1984 ) followed . In 1985 she appeared alongside Kevin McNally in Liliana Cavani 's The Berlin Affair . She appeared in 1998 in the TV movie Opera Ball with Heiner Lauterbach and Franka Potente . In 1997 she was in Rossini - oder die mörderische Frage , wer mit wem schlief [ de ] , with Mario Adorf , Veronica Ferres , Heiner Lauterbach , Jan Josef Liefers and Götz George , directed by Helmut Dietl . Landgrebe has been married to Dr. Ulrich von Nathusius since June 2001 and lives in Hunsrück ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jan_Niklas', 'summary': 'Jan Niklas ( born 15 October 1947 ) is a German film and television actor . He is best known for appearing in TV films such as Peter The Great , Anastasia : The Mystery of Anna and Anne Frank : The Whole Story . He won a Golden Globe Award for his appearance in the TV miniseries Anastasia : The Mystery of Anna . He also played in the Hungarian film Colonel Redl which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film .'}, {'url': '/wiki/László_Mészáros', 'summary': 'László Mészáros ( born 12 May 1977 ) is a former Hungarian football player .'}, {'url': '/wiki/András_Bálint', 'summary': 'András Bálint ( born 26 April 1943 ) is a Hungarian actor . He has appeared in more than 75 films and television shows since 1958 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/László_Gálffi', 'summary': "László Gálffi ( born 16 November 1952 ) is a Hungarian actor . He was born in Budapest . One of his better known roles is that of King Ludwig II of Bavaria in Tony Palmer 's epic film production of Wagner , in which Galffi acted alongside Richard Burton , John Gielgud , Ralph Richardson , Laurence Olivier and Vanessa Redgrave . He played the part of Frédéric Chopin in the 1982 Hungarian TV film Liszt Ferenc , about the life of Franz Liszt . Galffi also plays Rossa in the 1999 film , Sunshine , also starring Ralph Fiennes ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dorottya_Udvaros', 'summary': 'Dorottya Udvaros ( born 4 August 1954 ) is a Hungarian actress . She has appeared in more than 60 films and television shows since 1976 . She won the award for Best Actress at the 15th Moscow International Film Festival for her role in Love , Mother .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Károly_Eperjes', 'summary': 'Károly Eperjes ( born 17 February 1954 in Hegykő ) is a Kossuth Prize winner Hungarian stage and film actor , member of the National Theatre in Budapest . Eperjes appeared in more than fifty films since 1982 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Flóra_Kádár', 'summary': "Flóra Kádár ( Hungarian : [ ˈfloːrɒ ˈkaːdaːr ] ; August 4 , 1928 - January 3 , 2003 ) was a Hungarian stage , film , television , dubbing and voice actress . She died on January 3 , 2003 at the age of 74 . She was known for her roles of Mrs. Hackl in the film Sunshine , of Redl 's sister in the film Colonel Redl , and of Erzsi , Jóska 's wife in the film Adoption ."}]}, {'value': 'Based on the play A Patriot for Me by John Osborne , which itself is based on the true story of Alfred Redl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Patriot_for_Me', 'summary': "A Patriot for Me is a 1965 play by the English playwright John Osborne , based on the true story of Alfred Redl . It was notable for being denied a licence for performance by the censor of the time . The play depicts Redl , a homosexual in the Austro-Hungarian intelligence service in the 1890s , as he is blackmailed by the Russians into a series of treasonous betrayals . Its dramatic climax , and the scene that most excited the censor , is the Drag Ball , in which members of the upper echelons of Viennese society appear in drag . Mary McCarthy , the American novelist , wrote in The Observer that the play 's chief merit is to provide work for a number of homosexual actors , or normal actors who can pass as homosexual . A Patriot for Me remains rarely performed because of the large cast required . When the Royal Court Theatre produced A Patriot For Me in 1965 , it was forced to change from a public theatre to a private members ' club . The play was deemed too sexually transgressive by the Lord Chamberlain 's Office , and denied a licence for performance . The Royal Court suffered a considerable financial loss because of this denial . George Devine , founder of the English Stage Company , was performing in this play when he died of a heart attack . A musical adaptation of A Patriot for Me , with music by Laurence Rosenthal , was produced on Broadway in 1969 . The play was an influence on the later film Colonel Redl ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Osborne', 'summary': "John James Osborne ( Fulham , London , 12 December 1929 - 24 December 1994 ) was an English playwright , screenwriter and actor , known for his excoriating prose and intense critical stance towards established social and political norms . The success of his 1956 play Look Back in Anger transformed English theatre . In a productive life of more than 40 years , Osborne explored many themes and genres , writing for stage , film and TV . His personal life was extravagant and iconoclastic . He was notorious for the ornate violence of his language , not only on behalf of the political causes he supported but also against his own family , including his wives and children . Osborne was one of the first writers to address Britain 's purpose in the post-imperial age . During his peak ( 1956-1966 ) , he helped make contempt an acceptable onstage emotion . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Alfred_Redl', 'summary': "Alfred Redl ( 14 March 1864 - 25 May 1913 ) was an Austrian military officer who rose to head the Evidenzbureau , the counter-intelligence wing of the General Staff of the Austro-Hungarian Army . Redl was one of the leading figures of pre-World War I espionage ; his term in office was marked by radical innovations and the use of advanced technology to ensnare foreign spies . Due to the innovations he introduced , Redl 's successor , Major Maximilian Ronge , ultimately learned in 1913 that Redl was himself a lavishly paid spy for the intelligence services of the Imperial Russian Army . Soon after his exposure , Redl committed suicide . Although his motivations remain mysterious , some historians believe that Redl may have been blackmailed by Russian intelligence with evidence of his homosexuality . Other possible reasons may have been greed , career frustrations , or even a narcissistic desire to outsmart his superiors and subordinates . Although the full extent of his disclosures to Russian intelligence also remains unknown , Col. Redl is believed to have been largely responsible for Austria-Hungary 's catastrophic military defeats and devastating combat losses during the First World War and even for the subsequent collapse of the Empire in 1918 . For this reason , many historians of the Habsburg Empire , as well as espionage historians such as the American Allen Dulles and Soviet General Mikhail Milstein , agree in calling Redl an arch-traitor ."}]}, {'value': 'The Color Purple', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Color_Purple_(1985_film)', 'summary': "The Color Purple is a 1985 American coming-of-age period drama film directed by Steven Spielberg with a screenplay by Menno Meyjes , based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning 1982 novel of the same name by Alice Walker . It was Spielberg 's eighth film as a director , and was a change from the summer blockbusters for which he had become famous . The film was also the first feature-length film directed by Spielberg for which John Williams did not compose the music . The film stars Danny Glover , Whoopi Goldberg , Desreta Jackson , Margaret Avery , Oprah Winfrey , Rae Dawn Chong , Willard Pugh , and Adolph Caesar in one of his final film roles . Filmed in Anson and Union counties in North Carolina , the film tells the story of a young African American girl named Celie Harris and shows the problems African American women faced during the early 20th century , including domestic violence , incest , pedophilia , poverty , racism , and sexism . Celie is transformed as she finds her self-worth through the help of two strong female companions . The film was a box office success , raising $ 142 million from a budget of $ 15 million . The film received positive reviews from critics , receiving praise for its acting , direction , screenplay , score , and production merits ; but it was also criticized by some critics for being over-sentimental and stereotypical . The film was nominated for eleven Academy Awards , including Best Picture , without winning any ; it also received four Golden Globe Award nominations , with Whoopi Goldberg winning Best Actress in a Drama . Steven Spielberg did n't receive an Academy Award nomination for his directing , but did receive a Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement , and a Golden Globe nomination . The film was later included in Roger Ebert 's book series The Great Movies ."}]}, {'value': 'Steven Spielberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steven_Spielberg', 'summary': "Steven Allan Spielberg ( /ˈspiːlbɜːrɡ/ ; born December 18 , 1946 ) is an American filmmaker . He is considered one of the founding pioneers of the New Hollywood era and one of the most popular directors and producers in film history . Spielberg started in Hollywood directing television and several minor theatrical releases . He became a household name as the director of Jaws ( 1975 ) , which was critically and commercially successful and is considered the first summer blockbuster . His subsequent releases focused typically on science fiction/adventure films such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 ) , Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) , E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) , and Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) , which became archetypes of modern Hollywood escapist filmmaking . Spielberg transitioned into addressing serious issues in his later work with The Color Purple ( 1985 ) , Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) , Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) , Amistad ( 1997 ) , and Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) . He has largely adhered to this practice during the 21st century , with Munich ( 2005 ) , Lincoln ( 2012 ) , Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) , and The Post ( 2017 ) . He co-founded Amblin Entertainment and DreamWorks Studios , where he has also served as a producer or executive producer for several successful film trilogies , tetralogies and more including the Gremlins , Back to the Future , Men in Black , and the Transformers series . He later transitioned into producing several video games . Spielberg is one of the American film industry 's most critically successful filmmakers , with praise for his directing talent and versatility , and he has won the Academy Award for Best Director twice . Some of his movies are also among the highest-grossing films , while his total work makes him the highest-grossing film director in history ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whoopi Goldberg , Desreta Jackson , Danny Glover , Oprah Winfrey , Margaret Avery , Táta Vega , Akosua Busia , Adolph Caesar , Willard Pugh , Rae Dawn Chong , Laurence Fishburne , Grand Bush , Dana Ivey , Leon Rippy , Bennet Guillory , James Tillis and Leonard Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg', 'summary': "Caryn Elaine Johnson ( born November 13 , 1955 ) , known professionally as Whoopi Goldberg ( /ˈwʊpi/ ) , is an American actor , comedian , author , and television personality . She has been nominated for 13 Emmy Awards and is one of the few entertainers to have won an Emmy Award , a Grammy Award , an Academy Award , and a Tony Award . She is also the second black woman to win an Academy Award for acting . Goldberg 's breakthrough came in 1985 for her role as Celie , a mistreated woman in the Deep South , in Steven Spielberg 's period drama film The Color Purple , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress and won her first Golden Globe Award . For her performance in the romantic fantasy film Ghost ( 1990 ) as Oda Mae Brown , an eccentric psychic , Goldberg won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and a second Golden Globe , her first for Best Supporting Actress . In 1992 , Goldberg starred in the comedy Sister Act , earning a third Golden Globe nomination , her first for Best Actress - Motion Picture Comedy or Musical . She reprised the role in Sister Act 2 : Back in the Habit ( 1993 ) , making her the highest-paid actress at the time . Her other film roles include Made in America ( 1993 ) , Corrina , Corrina ( 1994 ) , The Lion King ( 1994 ) , The Little Rascals ( 1994 ) , Boys on the Side ( 1995 ) , Theodore Rex ( 1995 ) , Ghosts of Mississippi ( 1996 ) , How Stella Got Her Groove Back ( 1998 ) , Girl , Interrupted ( 1999 ) , For Colored Girls ( 2010 ) , Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) , Nobody 's Fool ( 2018 ) , and Furlough ( 2018 ) . In television , Goldberg is known for her role as Guinan on Star Trek : The Next Generation and for co-hosting and moderating the talk show The View since 2007 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Desreta_Jackson', 'summary': 'Desreta Jackson ( born April 19 , 1971 ) is a Virgin Islander actress , producer and entrepreneur . She is best known for her role as Young Celie in the movie The Color Purple .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Danny_Glover', 'summary': 'Daniel Lebern Glover ( /ˈɡlʌvər/ ; born July 22 , 1946 ) is an American actor , film director , and political activist . He is known for his lead role as Roger Murtaugh in the Lethal Weapon film series . He also has leading roles in the films The Color Purple ( 1985 ) , To Sleep with Anger ( 1990 ) , Predator 2 ( 1990 ) , Angels in the Outfield ( 1994 ) and Operation Dumbo Drop ( 1995 ) . Glover has prominent supporting roles in Silverado ( 1985 ) , Witness ( 1985 ) , Saw ( 2004 ) , Shooter ( 2007 ) , 2012 ( 2009 ) , Death at a Funeral ( 2010 ) , Beyond the Lights ( 2014 ) , Dirty Grandpa ( 2016 ) , and Sorry to Bother You ( 2018 ) . He is an active supporter of various political causes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey', 'summary': "Oprah Gail Winfrey ( born Orpah Gail Winfrey ; January 29 , 1954 ) is an American media executive , actress , talk show host , television producer , and philanthropist . She is best known for her talk show , The Oprah Winfrey Show , broadcast from Chicago , which was the highest-rated television program of its kind in history and ran in national syndication for 25 years from 1986 to 2011 . Dubbed the Queen of All Media , she was the richest African American of the 20th century and North America 's first black multi-billionaire , and she has been ranked the greatest black philanthropist in American history . By 2007 , she was sometimes ranked as the most influential woman in the world . Winfrey was born into poverty in rural Mississippi to a teenage single mother and later raised in inner-city Milwaukee . She has stated that she was molested during her childhood and early teens and became pregnant at 14 ; her son was born prematurely and died in infancy . Winfrey was then sent to live with the man she calls her father , Vernon Winfrey , a barber in Tennessee , and landed a job in radio while still in high school . By 19 , she was a co-anchor for the local evening news . Winfrey 's often emotional , extemporaneous delivery eventually led to her transfer to the daytime talk show arena , and after boosting a third-rated local Chicago talk show to first place , she launched her own production company and became internationally syndicated . Credited with creating a more intimate , confessional form of media communication , Winfrey popularized and revolutionized the tabloid talk show genre pioneered by Phil Donahue . Through this medium , Winfrey broke 20th-century taboos and allowed LGBT people to enter the mainstream through television appearances . In 1994 , she was inducted into the National Women 's Hall of Fame ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Margaret_Avery', 'summary': "Margaret Avery ( born January 20 , 1944 ) is an American actress and singer . She began her career appearing on stage and later had starring roles in films including Cool Breeze ( 1972 ) , Which Way Is Up ? ( 1977 ) , Scott Joplin ( 1977 ) , and The Fish That Saved Pittsburgh ( 1979 ) . Avery is best known for her performance as Shug Avery in the 1985 period drama film The Color Purple for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role . She continued appearing in films include Blueberry Hill ( 1988 ) , White Man 's Burden ( 1995 ) , Welcome Home Roscoe Jenkins ( 2008 ) , Meet the Browns ( 2008 ) , and Proud Mary ( 2018 ) . In 2013 , Avery began starring as Helen Patterson , lead character 's mother , in the BET drama series Being Mary Jane ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Táta_Vega', 'summary': 'Táta Vega ( born Carmen Rosa Vega , October 7 , 1951 ) is an American vocalist whose career spans theater , film , and a variety of musical genres .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Akosua_Busia', 'summary': 'Akosua Gyamama Busia ( born 30 December 1966 ) is a Ghanaian actress , film director , author and songwriter who lives in the EU . She is best known for her role as Nettie Harris in the 1985 film The Color Purple alongside Whoopi Goldberg .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Adolph_Caesar', 'summary': "Adolph Caesar ( December 5 , 1933 - March 6 , 1986 ) was an American actor , voice-over artist , theatre director , dancer , and choreographer . He was nominated for an Oscar and a Golden Globe for his supporting role in the film A Soldier 's Story ( 1984 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Willard_E._Pugh', 'summary': 'Willard Earl Pugh ( born June 16 , 1959 ) is an American actor with numerous film and television credits . He has appeared in notable mainstream Hollywood films such as The Color Purple and Air Force One as well as genre films such as RoboCop 2 and Mil Mascaras vs. the Aztec Mummy . In the latter film his excellence as an ensemble actor was specifically cited by PopMatters film critic Bill Gibron . Teaching : Taught broadcasting and film classes at Chaffey College for 11years in Rancho Cucamonga , California in the early 1990s . Pugh was born in Memphis , Tennessee , the son of Pearlie ( née Harris ) and Henry Minor Pugh and he graduated from Hamilton High School .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rae_Dawn_Chong', 'summary': 'Rae Dawn Chong ( born February 28 , 1961 ) is a Canadian-American actress best known for her roles in the films Quest for Fire ( 1981 ) , Beat Street ( 1984 ) , The Color Purple and Commando ( both 1985 ) , Boulevard ( 1994 ) and Time Runner ( 1993 ) . She is the daughter of comedian and actor Tommy Chong .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Laurence_Fishburne', 'summary': "Laurence John Fishburne III ( born July 30 , 1961 ) is an American actor , playwright , producer , screenwriter , and film director . He is known for playing Morpheus in The Matrix trilogy , Jason Furious Styles in the 1991 drama film Boyz n the Hood , Tyrone Mr. Clean Miller in the 1979 war film Apocalypse Now , and most recently The Bowery King in the John Wick film series . For his portrayal of Ike Turner in What 's Love Got to Do With It , Fishburne was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor . He won a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play for his performance in Two Trains Running ( 1992 ) , and an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series for his performance in TriBeCa ( 1993 ) . Fishburne became the first African American to portray Othello in a motion picture by a major studio when he appeared in Oliver Parker 's 1995 film adaptation of the Shakespeare play . Fishburne starred in several cult classics , including Deep Cover and King of New York . From 2008 to 2011 , he starred as Dr. Raymond Langston on the CBS crime drama CSI : Crime Scene Investigation and from 2013 to 2015 starred as Special Agent Jack Crawford in the NBC thriller series Hannibal . In 2013 , he portrayed Perry White in the Zack Snyder-directed Superman reboot Man of Steel and in 2016 reprised his role in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice as part of the DC Extended Universe . Fishburne played Bill Foster in the film Ant-Man and the Wasp , released in 2018 as part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Grand_L._Bush', 'summary': 'Grand Lee Bush ( born December 24 , 1955 ) is an American actor of stage , television and major motion pictures .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dana_Ivey', 'summary': 'Dana Robins Ivey ( born August 12 , 1941 ) is an American actress . She is a five-time Tony Award nominee for her work on Broadway , and won the 1997 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play for her work in both Sex and Longing and The Last Night of Ballyhoo . Her film appearances include The Color Purple ( 1985 ) , Dirty Rotten Scoundrels ( 1988 ) , The Addams Family ( 1991 ) , Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) , Two Weeks Notice ( 2002 ) , Rush Hour 3 ( 2007 ) , and The Help ( 2011 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Leon_Rippy', 'summary': 'Leon Rippy ( born October 30 , 1949 ) is an American actor . Active on screen since 1983 , Rippy has appeared in numerous films and recurring roles on television . He is best known for his roles as Earl the Angel on the series Saving Grace , saloon owner Tom Nuttall on the series Deadwood and militiaman John Billings in The Patriot ( 2000 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ben_Guillory', 'summary': 'Ben Guillory ( born Bennet Guillory on November 7 , 1949 in Baton Rouge , Louisiana ) is an American actor and theatre producer and director .'}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Tillis', 'summary': "James Tillis ( born July 5 , 1957 ) is a retired professional boxer . Known as Quick , he was known for his fast hand speed , quite astonishing for a man of this size and build . A natural southpaw , Tillis turned around to orthodox midway his amateur career , and as his left remained the stronger hand , for that reason he had a powerful jab and left hook , together with the ability to switch stances while fighting . Tillis challenged for the WBA world heavyweight title in 1981 , but was defeated by fifteen round unanimous decision to Mike Weaver . Tillis was the first man to go the distance with a prime Mike Tyson in 1986 , breaking his knockout-streak , and giving him a relatively close fight , nearly a draw , with two of three judges scored the fight 6-to-4 . ( in the words of Hall of Fame 's Gil Clancy , Tillis was one punch away from victory . ) He holds notable wins over Ron Stander by TKO 7 in 1980 , and the hard punching Earnie Shavers by ten-round decision in 1982 . Tillis fought for the last time in 2001 at the age of 44 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Leonard_Jackson_(actor)', 'summary': 'Leonard Jackson ( February 7 , 1928 - December 22 , 2013 ) was an African American stage , film , and television actor , perhaps most widely known for his roles in several PBS television series for children as well as his roles in films such as The Brother from Another Planet , Car Wash , and The Color Purple .'}]}, {'value': 'Based on the epistolary novel of the same name by Alice Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Color_Purple', 'summary': "The Color Purple is a 1982 epistolary novel by American author Alice Walker which won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and the National Book Award for Fiction . [ a ] It was later adapted into a film and musical of the same name . Taking place mostly in rural Georgia , the story focuses on the life of African-American women in the Southern United States in the 1930s , addressing numerous issues including their exceedingly low position in American social culture . The novel has been the frequent target of censors and appears on the American Library Association list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 2000-2009 at number seventeen because of the sometimes explicit content , particularly in terms of violence . In 2003 the book was listed on the BBC 's The Big Read poll of the UK 's best-loved novels ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alice_Walker', 'summary': 'Alice Walker ( born February 9 , 1944 ) is an American novelist , short story writer , poet , and social activist . In 1982 , she wrote the novel The Color Purple , for which she won the National Book Award for hardcover fiction , and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction . She also wrote the novels Meridian ( 1976 ) and The Third Life of Grange Copeland ( 1970 ) . An avowed feminist , Walker coined the term womanist to mean A black feminist or feminist of color in 1983 .'}]}, {'value': 'Consenting Adult', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Consenting_Adult_(film)', 'summary': "Consenting Adult is a 1985 American made-for-television drama film directed by Gilbert Cates and starring Marlo Thomas and Martin Sheen as parents who must come to terms with their teenage son 's coming out . The film is based on the 1975 novel of the same name written by Laura Z. Hobson ( Gentleman 's Agreement ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gilbert Cates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gilbert_Cates', 'summary': 'Gilbert Gil Cates ( né Katz ; June 6 , 1934 - October 31 , 2011 ) was an American film director and television producer , director of the Geffen Playhouse , and founding dean of the UCLA School of Theater , Film and Television . Cates is most known for having produced the Academy Awards telecast a record 14 times between 1990 and 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marlo Thomas , Martin Sheen , Barry Tubb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marlo_Thomas', 'summary': "Margaret Julia Marlo Thomas ( born November 21 , 1937 ) is an American actress , producer , author , and social activist best known for starring on the sitcom That Girl ( 1966-1971 ) and her award-winning children 's franchise Free to Be . You and Me . She has received four Emmys , a Golden Globe , and the George Foster Peabody Award for her work in television , and she has been inducted into the Broadcasting and Cable Hall of Fame . She has also received a Grammy Award for her childrens album Marlo Thomas and Friends : Thanks & Giving All Year Long . In 2014 , she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama at a White House ceremony . Thomas serves as National Outreach Director for St. Jude Children 's Research Hospital , which was founded by her father Danny Thomas in 1962 . She created the Thanks & Giving campaign in 2004 to support the hospital ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Martin_Sheen', 'summary': "Ramón Gerardo Antonio Estévez ( born August 3 , 1940 ) , known professionally as Martin Sheen , is an American actor who first became known for his roles in the films The Subject Was Roses ( 1968 ) and Badlands ( 1973 ) , and later achieved wide recognition for his leading role in Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) , as President Josiah Bartlet in the television series The West Wing ( 1999-2006 ) , and recently as Robert Hanson in the Netflix television series Grace and Frankie ( 2015-present ) . In film , Sheen has won the Best Actor award at the San Sebastián International Film Festival for his performance as Kit Carruthers in Badlands . Sheen 's portrayal of Capt . Willard in Apocalypse Now earned a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor . Sheen has worked with a wide variety of film directors , including Richard Attenborough , Francis Ford Coppola , Terrence Malick , David Cronenberg , Mike Nichols , Martin Scorsese , Steven Spielberg , and Oliver Stone . Sheen received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1989 . In television , Sheen has won a Golden Globe and two Screen Actors Guild awards for playing the role of President Josiah Bartlet in The West Wing , and an Emmy for guest starring in the sitcom Murphy Brown . In 2012 , he portrayed Uncle Ben in The Amazing Spider-Man directed by Marc Webb . Born and raised in the United States by immigrant parents , he adopted the stage name Martin Sheen to help him gain acting parts . He is the father of four children , all of whom are actors . Sheen has directed one film , Cadence ( 1990 ) , in which he appears alongside his sons Charlie and Ramón . He has narrated , produced , and directed documentary television , earning two Daytime Emmy awards in the 1980s , and has been active in liberal politics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Barry_Tubb', 'summary': 'Barry York Tubb ( born February 13 , 1963 ) is an American actor and director . He has worked in both television and film between 1983 and 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'TV movie ; based on the novel of the same name by Laura Z. Hobson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laura_Z._Hobson', 'summary': "Laura Zametkin Hobson ( June 19 , 1900 - February 28 , 1986 ) was an American writer , best known for her novels Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) and Consenting Adult ( 1975 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Desert Hearts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Desert_Hearts', 'summary': 'Desert Hearts is a 1985 American romantic drama film directed by Donna Deitch . The screenplay written by Natalie Cooper is an adaptation of the 1964 lesbian-themed novel Desert of the Heart by Jane Rule . Set in Reno , Nevada in 1959 , it tells the story of a university professor awaiting a divorce who finds her true self when she meets a free-spirited younger woman self-confident in her romantic and sexual attraction . The film stars Helen Shaver and Patricia Charbonneau with a supporting performance by Audra Lindley . Desert Hearts was released theatrically in the United States on March 7 , 1986 . It was released in the United Kingdom on June 6 , 1986 . It is regarded as one of the first wide-release films to present a positive portrayal of lesbian sexuality .'}]}, {'value': 'Donna Deitch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donna_Deitch', 'summary': 'Donna Deitch ( born June 8 , 1945 in San Francisco , California ) is an American film and television director , producer , and writer best known for her 1985 film Desert Hearts . The movie was the first feature film to depict a lesbian love story in a generally mainstream vein , with positive and respectful themes .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romance , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helen Shaver , Patricia Charbonneau , Audra Lindley , Andra Akers , Gwen Welles , Dean Butler , James Staley , Katie La Bourdette , Alex McArthur , Tyler Tyhurst , Denise Crosby and Antony Ponzini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helen_Shaver', 'summary': 'Helen Shaver ( born February 24 , 1951 ) is a Canadian actress and film and television director . She has received Emmy and Saturn Award nominations , among other honours .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Patricia_Charbonneau', 'summary': 'Patricia Charbonneau ( born April 19 , 1959 ) is an American actress , perhaps best known for playing the part of Cay Rivvers in Desert Hearts , her first film role .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Audra_Lindley', 'summary': "Audra Marie Lindley ( September 24 , 1918 - October 16 , 1997 ) was an American actress , most famous for her role as landlady Helen Roper on the sitcom Three 's Company and its spin-off The Ropers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gwen_Welles', 'summary': 'Gwen Welles ( March 4 , 1951 - October 13 , 1993 ) was an American actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dean_Butler_(actor)', 'summary': 'Dean Butler ( born May 20 , 1956 ) is a Canadian-American actor and producer of entertainment , sports and documentary programming .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alex_McArthur', 'summary': "Alex McArthur ( born March 6 , 1957 ) is an American actor . He was born in Telford , Pennsylvania , the son of Bruce , a contractor , and Dolores McArthur . He studied acting at De Anza College and San Jose State University , and worked as a bartender at the legendary nightclub Studio 54 in New York . He is well known for playing the serial killer Charles Reece in the film Rampage , and the honest cowboy Duell McCall in the western TV film series Desperado , whose original screenplay was written by Elmore Leonard . He was nominated for Gemini Awards for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role , for the television film Woman on Trial : The Lawrentia Bemberke Story . He also appeared in the music video for Madonna 's song Papa Do n't Preach , a segment of The Immaculate Collection video compilation , as Madonna 's boyfriend and the father of her child in the video ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Denise_Crosby', 'summary': "Denise Michelle Crosby ( /ˈkrɒzbi/ ; born November 24 , 1957 ) is an American actress and model , best known for portraying Security Chief Tasha Yar mainly in season one of Star Trek : The Next Generation as well as Yar 's daughter , the half-Romulan Commander Sela , in subsequent seasons . She is also known for her numerous film and television roles , and for starring in and producing the film Trekkies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Antony_Ponzini', 'summary': "Antony Ponzini ( June 1 , 1933 - December 30 , 2002 ) was an American actor . Some of Ponzini 's credits include stints on soap operas The Edge of Night , Another World , and being a member of the original cast of One Life to Live as Vince Wolek , the latter of which lasted from 1968 through 1975 . He would later go on to co-star on successful television series such as Kojak and Hawaii Five-O . He also appeared in Friday the 13th Part 4 as Vincent . [ citation needed ] Ponzini also played Enzo , the title role , in the Seinfeld episode The Barber ."}]}, {'value': 'Based on the novel Desert of the Heart by Jane Rule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Desert_of_the_Heart', 'summary': 'Desert of the Heart is a 1964 novel written by Jane Rule . The story was adapted into the 1985 film Desert Hearts , directed by Donna Deitch . The book was originally published in hardback by Macmillan Canada . It was one of the very few novels addressing lesbianism that was published in hardback form ; most books during this period with female homosexuality as a topic were considered lesbian pulp fiction until 1969 . At the time the novel was published , Rule was a lecturer at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver , and because the novel dealt with sapphic romance , her job was threatened . Desert of the Heart was first republished in paperback form by Talonbooks in 1977 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jane_Rule', 'summary': 'Jane Vance Rule , CM , OBC ( 28 March 1931 - 27 November 2007 ) was a Canadian writer of lesbian-themed novels and non-fiction .'}]}, {'value': 'Dona Herlinda and Her Son', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaime Humberto Hermosillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaime_Humberto_Hermosillo', 'summary': "Jaime Humberto Hermosillo Delgado ( 22 January 1942 - 13 January 2020 ) was a Mexican film director , often compared to Spain 's Pedro Almodóvar . Born in Aguascalientes , Aguascalientes , in central Mexico , Hermosillo 's films often explore the hypocrisy of middle-class Mexican values . He worked with Gabriel García Márquez on Mary My Dearest ( 1979 ) and The Summer of Miss Forbes ( 1988 ) . His film Homework ( 1991 ) was entered into the 17th Moscow International Film Festival where it won a Special Mention . At the time of his death Hermosillo was teaching film-making at the University of Guadalajara and had recently collaborated with his students on several projects . On 13 January 2020 , Hermosillo died at the age of 77 , 9 days before his 78th birthday ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romance , comedy , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arturo Meza , Marco Treviño ( credited as Marco Antonio Treviño ) , Guadalupe Del Toro , Letícia Lupercio , Josefina González , Lucha Villa and Guillermina Alba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arturo_Meza', 'summary': 'Arturo Meza ( Tocumbo , Michoacán , December 12 , 1956 ) is a Mexican songwriter , musician , composer , singer , poet and writer . He is a prolific artist and inventor of musical instruments , such as the teclaedro , yeloguerlizet , mezáfono and oglio . The base of his songs is folk music , usually only his own voice and guitar . Meza is an independent and prolific artist , and has published 32 albums , always removed from the musical mainstream . He is one of the most accomplished independent composers in Mexico .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lucha_Villa', 'summary': 'Luz Elena Ruiz Bejarano ( born November 30 , 1936 ) , more commonly known by her stage name Lucha Villa , is a Mexican singer and actress .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An Early Frost', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/An_Early_Frost', 'summary': 'An Early Frost is a 1985 American made-for-television drama film and the first major film , made for television or feature films , to deal with the topic of AIDS . It was first broadcast on the NBC television network on November 11 , 1985 . It was directed by John Erman , from the Emmy Award-winning teleplay written by Ron Cowen and Daniel Lipman ( story by Sherman Yellen ) . Aidan Quinn stars as Michael Pierson , a Chicago attorney who goes home to break the news that he is gay and has AIDS to his parents , played by Ben Gazzara and Gena Rowlands .'}]}, {'value': 'John Erman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Erman', 'summary': 'John Erman ( born August 3 , 1935 ) is an American television and film director , actor and producer .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Aidan Quinn , Sylvia Sidney , Ben Gazzara , Gena Rowlands , Sydney Walsh , Terry O'Quinn , John Glover , Bill Paxton , D.W. Moffett , Cheryl Anderson , Christopher Bradley , Sue Ann Gilfillan , Don Hood , Barbara Hey and Scott Jaeck", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aidan_Quinn', 'summary': "Aidan Quinn ( born March 8 , 1959 ) is an Irish American actor , who made his film debut in Reckless ( 1984 ) . He has starred in over 80 feature films , including Desperately Seeking Susan ( 1985 ) , The Mission ( 1986 ) , Stakeout ( 1987 ) , Avalon ( 1990 ) , Benny & Joon ( 1993 ) , Legends of the Fall ( 1994 ) , Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ( 1994 ) , Michael Collins ( 1996 ) , Practical Magic ( 1998 ) , Song for a Raggy Boy ( 2003 ) and Unknown ( 2011 ) . Quinn has received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his work in An Early Frost ( 1985 ) and Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee ( 2007 ) . He played Captain Thomas Tommy Gregson in the CBS television series Elementary ( 2012-2019 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sylvia_Sidney', 'summary': "Sylvia Sidney ( born Sophia Kosow , August 8 , 1910 - July 1 , 1999 ) was an American stage , screen and film actress whose career spanned over 70 years . She rose to prominence in dozens of leading roles in the 1930s . She later gained attention for her role as Juno , a case worker in the afterlife , in Tim Burton 's film Beetlejuice , for which she won a Saturn Award as Best Supporting Actress . She also was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Summer Wishes , Winter Dreams ( 1973 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ben_Gazzara', 'summary': "Biagio Anthony Gazzarra ( August 28 , 1930 - February 3 , 2012 ) , known as Ben Gazzara , was an American film , stage , and television actor and director . His best known films include Anatomy of a Murder ( 1959 ) , Voyage of the Damned ( 1976 ) , Inchon ( 1981 ) , Road House ( 1989 ) , The Big Lebowski ( 1998 ) , Buffalo '66 ( 1998 ) , Happiness ( 1998 ) , The Thomas Crown Affair ( 1999 ) , Summer of Sam ( 1999 ) , Dogville ( 2003 ) and Paris , je t'aime ( 2006 ) . He was a recurring collaborator with John Cassavetes , working with him on Husbands ( 1970 ) , The Killing of a Chinese Bookie ( 1976 ) and Opening Night ( 1977 ) . As the star of the television series Run for Your Life ( 1965-1968 ) , Gazzara was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards and two Emmy Awards . He won his first , and only , Emmy Award for his role in the television film Hysterical Blindness ( 2002 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gena_Rowlands', 'summary': 'Virginia Cathryn Gena Rowlands ( born June 19 , 1930 ) is an American actress , whose career in film , stage , and television has spanned over six decades . A four-time Emmy and two-time Golden Globe winner , she is known for her collaborations with her late actor-director husband John Cassavetes in ten films , including A Woman Under the Influence ( 1974 ) and Gloria ( 1980 ) , which earned her nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress . She also won the Silver Bear for Best Actress for Opening Night ( 1977 ) . In November 2015 , Rowlands received an Honorary Academy Award in recognition of her unique screen performances .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Walsh', 'summary': "Sydney Walsh ( born June 6 , 1961 in Manhattan , New York ) is an American actress . She is perhaps best known for her role as Maureen Mo DeMott , a police officer who tries to save her gay patrol partner ( Joseph Gian ) by making passes at him , in the television series Hooperman . She has also made guest appearances on numerous television series including The Twilight Zone , T. J. Hooker , Hunter , Who 's the Boss ? , Equal Justice , The Young Riders , Murder , She Wrote , Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman , Beyond Belief : Fact or Fiction and The Practice . In 1990 , she appeared in the short-lived ABC police drama Sunset Beat . She was also a series regular on the sitcom Daddy Dearest and appeared recurringly on Melrose Place and The Young and the Restless . Some of her film credits are American Gun , Auggie Rose , Point Break , Three Men and a Little Lady and A Nightmare on Elm Street 2 : Freddy 's Revenge . Walsh has taught acting at The Acting Corps located in North Hollywood , California . She is an alumna of Williams College ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Terry_O'Quinn", 'summary': "Terrance Quinn ( born July 15 , 1952 ) , known professionally as Terry O'Quinn , is an American actor . He played John Locke on the TV series Lost , the title role in The Stepfather and Stepfather II , and Peter Watts in Millennium , which ran for three seasons ( 1996-1999 ) . He has also hosted Mysteries of the Missing on The Science Channel ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Glover_(actor)', 'summary': 'John Soursby Glover Jr. ( /ˈɡlʌvər/ ; born August 7 , 1944 ) is an American actor , known for a range of villainous roles in films and television , including Lionel Luthor on the Superman-inspired television series Smallville . In 1993 , he co-starred in the dark comedy Ed and His Dead Mother with Steve Buscemi and Ned Beatty .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bill_Paxton', 'summary': "William Paxton ( May 17 , 1955 - February 25 , 2017 ) was an American actor and director . He appeared in films such as The Terminator ( 1984 ) , Commando ( 1985 ) , Weird Science ( 1985 ) , Aliens ( 1986 ) , Near Dark ( 1987 ) , Predator 2 ( 1990 ) , Tombstone ( 1993 ) , True Lies ( 1994 ) , Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) , Twister ( 1996 ) , Titanic ( 1997 ) , Mighty Joe Young ( 1998 ) , U-571 ( 2000 ) , Vertical Limit ( 2000 ) , Frailty ( 2001 ) , Edge of Tomorrow ( 2014 ) , Nightcrawler ( 2014 ) , and Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . ( 2014 ) . He also starred in the HBO drama series Big Love ( 2006-2011 ) , earning three Golden Globe Award nominations during the show 's run . He was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for portraying Randall McCoy in the History channel miniseries Hatfields & McCoys ( 2012 ) . His final film appearance was in The Circle ( 2017 ) , released two months after his death ."}, {'url': '/wiki/D.W._Moffett', 'summary': 'Donald Warren Moffett ( born October 26 , 1954 ) is an American actor known for the recurring role of Joe McCoy on the NBC series Friday Night Lights , as Dean Winston on NBC/The WB series For Your Love , as John Kennish on the ABC Family series Switched at Birth and as Elliott in the TVLand sitcom Happily Divorced .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Scott_Jaeck', 'summary': 'Scott Jaeck ( born October 29 , 1954 in Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) is an American actor . He attended New Trier High School in Winnetka , Illinois , graduating in 1973 . He attended the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee . He was married to actress Mariann Mayberry , a member of the Steppenwolf Theater Company ensemble in Chicago , Illinois , until her death on August 1 , 2017 . His venture into soap operas lasted from 1987 to 1988 , when he portrayed Cain Garver on Santa Barbara . He had recurring appearances on Charmed as Samuel Wilder and ER as Dr. Steven Flint . He appeared in The Finale episode of Seinfeld as an officer , and in episodes of two Star Trek spinoffs , Star Trek : The Next Generation and Star Trek : Voyager . He has appeared on Broadway in August : Osage County . Regionally he has appeared at theaters including Milwaukee Repertory Theater , Pasadena Playhouse , Indiana Repertory Theatre , Alliance Theatre and The Shakespeare Theatre Company in Washington , D.C. Scott has also worked with the Royal Shakespeare Company at Stratford-upon-Avon .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extramuros', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miguel Picazo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miguel_Picazo', 'summary': 'Miguel Picazo de Dios ( 27 March 1927 - 23 April 2016 ) was a Spanish film director , screenwriter and actor . He is best known for his first feature film La tía Tula ( Aunt Tula ) ( 1964 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carmen Maura , Mercedes Sampietro , Aurora Bautista , Assumpta Serna , Antonio Ferrandis , Manuel Alexandre , Conrado San Martín , Valentín Paredes , Marta Fernández Muro , Beatriz Elorrieta , Cándida Losada , Maite Brik , Amparo Valle , Maria Caro and Mari Paz Molinero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carmen_Maura', 'summary': 'María del Carmen García Maura OAXS ( born 15 September 1945 ) is a Spanish actress . In a career that has spanned six decades , Maura is best known for her collaborations with noted Spanish film directors Pedro Almodóvar and Álex de la Iglesia . Maura holds the record ( with three ) for most Goya Awards for Best Leading Actress than any other actress in the history of Spanish film . She also won a Cesar Award in 2013 and a Cannes Film Festival Award in 2006 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_Sampietro', 'summary': "Mercedes Sampietro Marro ( born 24 January 1947 in Barcelona ) is a Spanish actress . Her debut on stage was in 1979 , and in cinema , seven years later , with Jaime Chávarri 's A un dios desconocido . She has worked five times with Pilar Miró . In 1981 she won the award for Best Actress at the 12th Moscow International Film Festival for her role in Gary Cooper , Who Art in Heaven . She won one Goya Award for Best Actress thanks to her role in Argentinian-Spanish film Lugares comunes She has dubbed into Spanish actresses including Meryl Streep , Diane Keaton , Kim Basinger , and Catherine Deneuve . She was the president of the Academia de las Artes y las Ciencias Cinematográficas de España from 9 October 2003 to 18 December 2006 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Aurora_Bautista', 'summary': 'Aurora Bautista Zúmel ( 15 October 1925 - 27 August 2012 ) was a Spanish film actress . Bautista was born in Valladolid , and died in Madrid , aged 86 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Assumpta_Serna', 'summary': 'María Asunción Rodés Serna ( 16 September 1957 ) , better known as Assumpta Serna , is a Spanish actress and author . Born in Barcelona , Serna has performed in 20 different countries in six languages and is the recipient of more than 20 international awards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Ferrandis', 'summary': 'Antonio Ferrandis Monrabal ( 28 February 1921 - 16 October 2000 ) was a Spanish actor , remembered especially for the role of Chanquete in the Spanish television serie Verano azul .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Manuel_Alexandre', 'summary': 'Manuel Alexandre Abarca OAXS MML ( 11 November 1917 - 12 October 2010 ) was a Spanish film and television actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Conrado_San_Martín', 'summary': 'Conrado San Martín Prieto ( 20 February 1921 - 24 April 2019 ) was a Spanish actor with a long and prolific career . He made his film debut in 1941 and was particularly popular during the 1950s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Amparo_Valle', 'summary': 'Amparo Valle Vicente ( 15 July 1937 - 29 September 2016 ) was a Spanish actress . She appeared in more than eighty films from 1964 to 2016 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Just One of the Guys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Just_One_of_the_Guys', 'summary': "Just One of the Guys is a 1985 teen comedy film directed by Lisa Gottlieb and co-written by Dennis Feldman and Jeff Franklin , although according to Gottlieb , she also co-wrote the screenplay together with her writing partner Mitch Giannunzio but then was supposedly denied writing credit by the producers . Just One of the Guys is a loose adaptation of William Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night . The film ranked number 48 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the 50 Best High School Movies ."}]}, {'value': 'Lisa Gottlieb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Gottlieb', 'summary': 'Lisa Gottlieb is an American film , television director and college professor . She is best known for directing the 1985 film Just One of the Guys . She went on to direct the films Across the Moon ( 1995 ) starring Christina Applegate and Elizabeth Peña and Cadillac Ranch ( 1996 ) starring Christopher Lloyd and Suzy Amis . Gottlieb is now an associate professor at the Ringling College of Art and Design . She taught filmmaking and directing at the University of Miami School of Communication , University of Southern California School of Cinema and at Columbia College Chicago . She holds a Master of Fine Arts degree in Creative Writing from Antioch University .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joyce Hyser , Clayton Rohner , Billy Jacoby , Toni Hudson , William Zabka , Leigh McCloskey , Sherilyn Fenn , Arye Gross and Kenneth Tigar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joyce_Hyser', 'summary': 'Joyce Hyser ( born December 20 , 1957 ) is an American actress . This actress is best known for her role in the 1985 cult classic Just One of the Guys . She also dated Bruce Springsteen in the early 1980s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clayton_Rohner', 'summary': "Clayton Rohner ( born August 5 , 1957 ) is an American actor . Rohner was born in Palo Alto , California . He is known for his role as Rick Morehouse in the 1985 comedy movie Just One of the Guys . He also starred in the 1986 film Modern Girls as Clifford and Bruno X . He is a main character in the 1994 film Caroline at Midnight . Other credits include the films April Fool 's Day , Destroyer , The Relic , and The Human Centipede 3 ( Final Sequence ) . Clayton starred in the short-lived science fiction series E.A.R.T.H . Force and G vs E. He starred in the 2005 film role in Formosa . Rohner appeared on the TV series Murder One as Detective Vince Biggio from 1996 to 1997 . His television guest appearances include Miami Vice , Star Trek : The Next Generation , Beverly Hills , 90210 , Charmed , Crossing Jordan , Angel , and Weeds . He also appeared in the award-winning series Into the West and The X-Files ( season 6 , episode 8 ) . He also appeared in the TV role of Jared Pryor in the short-lived ABC midseason replacement Day Break ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Billy_Jayne', 'summary': 'William Jayne ( born April 10 , 1969 ) is an American actor . He has been in many films and has sometimes been credited as Billy Jacoby . His siblings , Robert Jayne , Susan Jayne , Laura Jacoby , as well as his half-brother Scott Jacoby are also actors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Toni_Hudson', 'summary': "Toni Hudson ( born November 9 , 1960 ) is an American actress , who has appeared in films and on television . Her first role was in the daytime soap opera Capitol . Her best known part was in the 1985 film Just One of the Guys as Denise . She has made guest appearances on TV shows like The Greatest American Hero , T.J. Hooker , Knight Rider , The A-Team , and The Love Boat . Toni Hudson has also choreographed for singer/actor Dwight Yoakam on many of his music videos and for the Country Music Awards ( CMA 'S ) in Nashville as well as a couple of independent films , 'Out of these Rooms ' and 'Cahoots ' . Toni is currently producing and starring in a feature film with her production partner Sue Ann Taylor titled Charlie 's Christmas Wish . She has launched a website that focuses on information for leading a healthy lifestyle through food and a positive mindset ( www.kerektliving.com ) . She is the author of the ebook ' ( Ke-rekt ) Living ' available on her site . Her first book , Racquetball for Women , was published when she was 19 years old by Wilshire Book Co ."}, {'url': '/wiki/William_Zabka', 'summary': 'William Michael Billy Zabka ( /ˈzæbkə/ ; born October 20 , 1965 ) is an American actor , screenwriter , director and producer . He is best known for his roles in several iconic 1980s films , such as his role as Johnny Lawrence in The Karate Kid ( 1984 ) and The Karate Kid Part II ( 1986 ) , and the spin-off TV series Cobra Kai ( 2018-present ) . In 2004 , he was nominated for an Academy Award for co-writing and producing the short film Most .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Leigh_McCloskey', 'summary': 'Leigh Joseph McCloskey ( born June 21 , 1955 ) is an American actor , visionary artist , author and philosopher . Throughout his acting career , McCloskey appeared in numerous television series and movies , including the popular American soap opera Dallas and a leading role in the Dario Argento-helmed supernatural horror film Inferno . As a painter and visionary artist , McCloskey has produced a number of works focused on occult , alchemical , and esoteric themes , including his own Tarot deck and the The Hieroglyph of the Human Soul , a mixed-media art installation painted on the walls of his home library . His art work has been featured in popular music , including Flying Lotus 2010 release Cosmogramma and The Rolling Stones A Bigger Bang Tour in the 2000s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sherilyn_Fenn', 'summary': 'Sherilyn Fenn ( born Sheryl Ann Fenn ; February 1 , 1965 ) is an American actress . She came to attention for her performance as Audrey Horne on the TV series Twin Peaks ( 1990-1991 , 2017 ) for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and an Emmy Award . She is also known for her roles in Wild at Heart ( 1990 ) , Of Mice and Men ( 1992 ) , Boxing Helena ( 1993 ) and the television sitcom Rude Awakening ( 1998-2001 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arye_Gross', 'summary': 'Arye Gross ( born March 17 , 1960 ) is an American actor , who has appeared on a variety of television shows in numerous roles , most notably Adam Greene in ABC Sitcom Ellen .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kenneth_Tigar', 'summary': 'Kenneth Tigar ( born September 24 , 1942 ) is an American actor , primarily on American television , and translator .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kiss of the Spider Woman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kiss_of_the_Spider_Woman_(film)', 'summary': "Kiss of the Spider Woman ( Portuguese : O Beijo da Mulher Aranha ) is a 1985 drama film directed by Argentine-Brazilian filmmaker Héctor Babenco , and adapted by Leonard Schrader from the Manuel Puig novel of the same name . William Hurt , Raul Julia , and Sônia Braga star in the leading roles , with supporting roles by José Lewgoy , Milton Gonçalves , Míriam Pires , Nuno Leal Maia , Fernando Torres , and Herson Capri . The film premiered at the 1985 Cannes Film Festival , where Hurt won the Best Actor award and Babenco was nominated for the Palme d'Or , and was released in the United States on July 26 , 1985 . It received widespread critical acclaim ; Hurt won the Academy Award and BAFTA Award for Best Actor , and the film received a further three Oscar nominations including Best Picture ."}]}, {'value': 'Hector Babenco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hector_Babenco', 'summary': "Héctor Eduardo Babenco ( February 7 , 1946 - July 13 , 2016 ) was an Argentine-Brazilian film director , screenwriter , producer and actor who worked in worked in several countries including Brazil , Argentina , and the United States . He was one of the first Brazilian filmmakers to gain international critical acclaim , through his films which often dealt with social outcasts on the fringes of society . His best-known works include Pixote ( 1980 ) , Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1985 ) , Ironweed ( 1987 ) , At Play in the Fields of the Lord ( 1990 ) and Carandiru ( 2003 ) . Barbenco 's films brought him several accolades . He was nominated three times for the Palme d'Or of the Cannes Film Festival , and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Director for Kiss of the Spider Woman . He won the Grande Prêmio do Cinema Brasileiro twice , and the Prêmio ACIE de Cinema once ."}]}, {'value': 'Brazil United states', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Hurt , Raúl Juliá , Sonia Braga , José Lewgoy , Milton Gonçalves , Míriam Pires , Nuno Leal Maia , Fernando Torres , Patricio Bisso , Herson Capri , Denise Dumont , Antônio Petrin , Wilson Grey and Miguel Falabella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Hurt', 'summary': "William McChord Hurt ( born March 20 , 1950 ) is an American actor , director , producer , and screenwriter . He studied at the Juilliard School and began acting on stage in the 1970s . Hurt made his film debut in 1980 as a troubled scientist in Ken Russell 's science-fiction feature Altered States , for which he received a Golden Globe nomination for New Star of the Year . In 1981 he played a leading role , as a lawyer who succumbs to the temptations of Kathleen Turner , in the neo-noir Body Heat . He played another leading role , as Arkady Renko , in Gorky Park ( 1983 ) . In 1985 Hurt garnered critical acclaim and multiple acting awards , including an Academy Award and a BAFTA Award for Best Actor , for Kiss of the Spider Woman . He received another two Academy Award nominations for his lead performances in Children of a Lesser God ( 1986 ) and Broadcast News ( 1987 ) . Hurt remained an active stage actor throughout the 1980s , appearing in Off-Broadway productions including Henry V , Fifth of July , Richard II and A Midsummer Night 's Dream . Hurt received his first Tony Award nomination in 1985 for the Broadway production of Hurlyburly . After a variety of character roles in the following decade , Hurt earned his fourth Academy Award nomination for his supporting performance in David Cronenberg 's crime thriller A History of Violence ( 2005 ) . Other notable recent films include A.I . Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) , The Village ( 2004 ) , Syriana ( 2005 ) , The Good Shepherd ( 2006 ) , Mr. Brooks ( 2007 ) , Into the Wild ( 2007 ) , Robin Hood ( 2010 ) , and the Marvel Cinematic Universe films The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) , Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , Avengers : Endgame ( 2019 ) and Black Widow ( 2020 ) , in which he portrays Thaddeus Thunderbolt Ross ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Raúl_Juliá', 'summary': "Raúl Rafael Juliá y Arcelay ( March 9 , 1940 - October 24 , 1994 ) was a Puerto Rican actor who received international recognition . Born in San Juan , Puerto Rico , he took an interest in acting while still in school . Upon completing his studies , Julia decided to pursue a career in acting . After performing locally for some time , he was convinced by entertainment personality Orson Bean to move and work in New York City . Julia , who had been bilingual since his childhood , soon gained interest in Broadway and Off-Broadway plays . He took over the role of Orson in the Off-Broadway hit Your Own Thing , a rock musical updating of Twelfth Night . He performed in mobile projects , including the Puerto Rican Traveling Theater . Julia was eventually noticed by Joseph Papp , who offered him work in the New York Shakespeare Festival . After gaining visibility , he received roles in two television series , Love of Life and Sesame Street . For his performance in Two Gentlemen of Verona , he received a nomination for the Tony Award and won a Drama Desk Award . Between 1974 and 1982 , Julia received Tony Award nominations for Where 's Charley ? , The Threepenny Opera and Nine . During the 1980s , he worked in several films , receiving nominations for the Golden Globe Awards , for his performance in Tempest , and Kiss of the Spider Woman , winning the National Board of Review Award for Best Actor for the latter ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sonia_Braga', 'summary': 'Sônia Maria Campos Braga ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈsõnjɐ ˈbɾaɡɐ ] ; born 8 June 1950 ) is a Brazilian-American actress . She is known in the English-speaking world for her Golden Globe Award nominated performances in Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1985 ) and Moon over Parador ( 1988 ) . She also received a BAFTA Award nomination in 1981 for Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands ( first released in 1976 ) . For the 1994 television film The Burning Season , she was nominated for an Emmy Award and a third Golden Globe Award . Her other television and film credits include The Cosby Show ( 1986 ) , Sex and the City ( 2001 ) , American Family ( 2002 ) , Alias ( 2005 ) , Aquarius ( 2016 ) and Bacurau ( 2019 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/José_Lewgoy', 'summary': "José Lewgoy ( November 16 , 1920 - February 10 , 2003 ) was a Brazilian actor . He is recognizable to many art-house cinema fans as the man who played Don Aquilino in Werner Herzog 's 1982 film Fitzcarraldo ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Milton_Gonçalves', 'summary': 'Milton Gonçalves ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈmiwtõ ɡõˈsawvis ] ; born December 9 , 1933 ) is a Brazilian actor . He is one of the most famous black actors in Brazil , having collaborated twice with acclaimed director Hector Babenco . One notable role with Babenco was that alongside William Hurt and Raúl Juliá as a police chief in Kiss of the Spider Woman . He worked in many telenovelas , including A Cabana do Pai Tomás , Irmãos Coragem , O Bem Amado , O Espigão , Pecado Capital , Sinal de Alerta , O Pulo do Gato , Baila Comigo , Partido Alto , Mandala , Araponga and Felicidade . He has also worked as director in Escrava Isaura and O Bem Amado .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Míriam_Pires', 'summary': 'Miriam Pires ( April 20 , 1926 - September 7 , 2004 ) was a Brazilian actress . She acted in over 40 telenovelas , including prominent roles in Irmãos Coragem , Pecado Capital , Gabriela , Pedra sobre Pedra , Sonho Meu , and Casarão . Having won the Festival de Brasília Best Supporting Actress Award in 1978 for A Summer Rain , Pires acted in twelve films during her career . She was born in Rio de Janeiro , where she died from toxoplasmosis .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nuno_Leal_Maia', 'summary': 'Nuno Leal Maia ( born 17 October 1947 ) is a Brazilian actor . Born in Santos , São Paulo , Maia started his career as a stage actor in the 1970s , and then debuting on cinema in the 1973 film Anjo Loiro starred by Vera Fischer . Maia became notorious for his role on the 1979 pornochanchada film Bem Dotado - O Homem de Itu , having appeared in more than 30 films since then as well as in television series and telenovelas .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fernando_Torres_(actor)', 'summary': "Fernando Torres ( November 14 , 1927 - September 4 , 2008 ) was a Brazilian actor and voice-over artist , as well as a television , film and theater director and producer . Torres ' career in Brazilian film , stage and television spanned over five decades . He was best known to international movie audiences for his supporting role as Americo in the 1985 film , Kiss of the Spider Woman , which won several awards . Fernando Monteiro Torres was born in Guaçuí , Espírito Santo , Brazil , on November 14 , 1927 . Torres was married to Academy Award-nominated Brazilian actress Fernanda Montenegro from 1954 until his death . The couple had two children together , film director Cláudio Torres ( pt ) and actress Fernanda Torres . Torres founded the Teatro dos Sete in 1959 . Fernando Torres died in his home in Rio de Janeiro of pulmonary emphysema on September 4 , 2008 , at the age of 80 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Herson_Capri', 'summary': 'Herson Capri Freire ( born November 8 , 1951 ) is a Brazilian actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Denise_Dumont', 'summary': 'Denise Dumont ( born 20 March 1955 in Fortaleza , Ceará ) is a Brazilian television and film actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miguel_Falabella', 'summary': 'Miguel Falabella ( born October 10 , 1956 in Rio de Janeiro ) is a Brazilian TV , cinema and theater actor , producer , writer and director .'}]}, {'value': 'Based on the novel of the same name by Manuel Puig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kiss_of_the_Spider_Woman_(novel)', 'summary': "Kiss of the Spider Woman ( Spanish : El beso de la mujer araña ) is a 1976 novel by Argentine writer Manuel Puig . It depicts the daily conversations between two cellmates in an Argentine prison , Molina and Valentín , and the intimate bond they form in the process . It is generally considered Puig 's most successful work . The novel 's form is unusual in that there is no traditional narrative voice , one of the primary features of fiction . It is written in large part as dialogue , without any indication of who is speaking , except for a dash ( - ) to show a change of speaker . There are also significant portions of stream-of-consciousness writing . What is not written as dialogue or stream-of-consciousness is written as meta-fictional government documentation . The conversations between the characters , when not focused on the moment at hand , are recountings of films that Molina has seen , which act as a form of escape from their environment . Thus there are a main plot , several subplots , and five additional stories that comprise the novel . Puig adapted the novel into a stage play in 1983 , with an English translation by Allan Baker . It was also made into an Academy Award-winning film in 1985 and a Broadway musical in 1993 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Manuel_Puig', 'summary': 'Juan Manuel Puig Delledonne ( December 28 , 1932 - July 22 , 1990 ) , commonly called Manuel Puig , was an Argentine author . Among his best-known novels are La traición de Rita Hayworth ( Betrayed by Rita Hayworth , 1968 ) , Boquitas pintadas ( Heartbreak Tango , 1969 ) , and El beso de la mujer araña ( Kiss of the Spider Woman , 1976 ) which was adapted into the film released in 1985 , directed by the Argentine-Brazilian director Héctor Babenco ; and a Broadway musical in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'La corte de Faraón', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Luis García Sánchez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Luis_García_Sánchez', 'summary': 'José Luis García Sánchez ( born 22 September 1941 ) is a Spanish film director , screenwriter and producer . He has directed 30 films since 1968 . He wrote for the 1973 film Habla , mudita , which was entered into the 23rd Berlin International Film Festival . In 1978 , he directed Las truchas , which won the Golden Bear at the 28th Berlin International Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy , musical', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ana Belén , Fernando Fernán Gómez , Antonio Banderas , Josema Yuste , Agustín González , Quique Camoiras , Mary Carmen Ramírez , Juan Diego , Guillermo Montesinos , María Luisa Ponte , Millán Salcedo , Antonio Gamero , Luis Ciges , Guillermo Marín and Pedro Farrés', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ana_Belén', 'summary': 'María del Pilar Cuesta Acosta ( born 27 May 1951 , Madrid ) known professionally as Ana Belén is a Spanish actress and singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fernando_Fernán_Gómez', 'summary': 'Fernando Fernández Gómez ( 28 August 1921 - 21 November 2007 ) better known as Fernando Fernán-Gómez was a Spanish actor , screenwriter , film director , theater director and member of the Royal Spanish Academy for seven years . He was born in Argentina while his mother , Spanish actress Carola Fernán-Gómez , was making a tour in Latin America . He would later use her surname for his stage name when he moved to Spain in 1924 . After the Spanish Civil War he began to study law but interrupted his studies to work in theater . In 1942 he began to act in movies but also continued working on plays . He formed his own theater company and received awards for directing and writing . In the 1950s he began to direct movies , including the film of his novel , El viaje a ninguna parte . He received praise for his 1958 comedy La vida por delante , which led to a sequel , La vida alrededor . In 1977 , he won the Silver Bear for Best Actor at the 27th Berlin International Film Festival for his role in The Anchorite . He won the award again at the 35th Berlin International Film Festival in 1985 for his role in Stico and finally the Honorary Golden Bear at the 55th Berlin International Film Festival in 2005 . Having been very much in demand during the 1970s and 1980s , the 1990s was a less active period for him , but towards the end of his life , he enjoyed something of a revival , featuring in three major projects : Todo sobre mi madre , Plenilunio , and a starring role in the hit La lengua de las mariposas . He married María Dolores Pradera in 1945 ; they divorced in 1959 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Banderas', 'summary': 'José Antonio Domínguez Bandera [ a ] ( born 10 August 1960 ) , known professionally as Antonio Banderas , is a Spanish actor , film producer and director . He is the recipient of numerous accolades , including a Cannes Best Actor Award and nominations for a Tony Award , an Academy Award , two Primetime Emmy Awards and five Golden Globe Awards . Banderas began his acting career with a series of films by director Pedro Almodóvar in the 1980s and then appeared in several Hollywood films , such as Philadelphia ( 1993 ) , Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) , Desperado ( 1995 ) , Assassins ( 1995 ) , Evita ( 1996 ) , and The Mask of Zorro ( 1998 ) . He also appeared in the Spy Kids series and provided the voice of Puss in Boots in the Shrek franchise as well as its spin-off film Puss in Boots . In 2003 , Banderas made his theatre debut as Guido Contini in Nine , for which he was nominated for a Tony Award and won a Drama Desk Award . He received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his roles in the television film And Starring Pancho Villa as Himself ( 2004 ) and the second season of Genius ( 2018 ) ; his portrayal of Pablo Picasso in the latter garnered him critical praise . For the 2019 film Pain and Glory , he earned the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor , and received nominations for the Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Agustín_González', 'summary': 'Agustín González Martínez ( 24 March 1930 in Linares - 16 January 2005 in Madrid ) was a Spanish actor who appeared in more than 180 films , including El nido ( 1980 ) , by Jaime de Armiñan ; Volver a empezar ( 1981 ) , by José Luis Garci ; La colmena ( 1982 ) , by Mario Camús ; Dos mejor que uno ( 1984 ) , by Ángel Llorente and Las bicicletas son para el verano ( 1984 ) , by Fernando Fernán Gómez .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Juan_Diego_(actor)', 'summary': 'Juan Diego Ruiz Moreno ( born 14 December 1942 in Bormujos , Seville , Spain ) , is a Spanish actor who has appeared on stage , in television and film productions since 1957 . Among his leading roles are San Juan de la Cruz in La noche oscura ( 1989 ) , Cabeza de Vaca in Cabeza de Vaca ( 1991 ) , Cochero in Déjeme que le cuente ( 1998 ) , Gildo in La Vida que te espera ( 2004 ) ; and Damián in Remake ( 2006 ) . Among his awards is the Silver Biznaga for Best Actor for Smoking Room ( 2002 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/María_Luisa_Ponte', 'summary': 'María Luisa Ponte Mancini ( 21 June 1918 - 2 May 1996 ) was a Spanish actress . She appeared in over 135 films and television shows between 1952 and 1995 . She appeared in the 1977 film Black Litter , which was entered into the 27th Berlin International Film Festival .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Luis_Ciges', 'summary': 'Luis Ciges Martínez ( 10 May 1921 - 11 December 2002 ) was a Spanish film actor . He appeared in 140 films between 1958 and 2002 . His father was Manuel Ciges .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Guillermo_Marín', 'summary': 'Guillermo Marín ( 12 August 1905 - 21 May 1988 ) was a classic Spanish film and theater actor . He was one of the leading men in Spanish cinema of the 1940s , and in stages in the 1950s . He played several characters in successful films directed by Edgar Neville , but eventually preferred stage before screen .'}]}, {'value': "a.k.a . Pharaoh 's Court", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mishima:_A_Life_in_Four_Chapters', 'summary': "Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters is a 1985 American biographical drama film co-written and directed by Paul Schrader . The film is based on the life and work of Japanese writer Yukio Mishima ( portrayed by Ken Ogata ) , interweaving episodes from his life with dramatizations of segments from his books The Temple of the Golden Pavilion , Kyoko 's House , and Runaway Horses . Francis Ford Coppola and George Lucas were executive producers of the film ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul Schrader', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Schrader', 'summary': 'Paul Joseph Schrader ( /ˈʃreɪdər/ ) ( born July 22 , 1946 ) is an American screenwriter , film director , and film critic . Schrader wrote or co-wrote screenplays for four Martin Scorsese films : Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) , Raging Bull ( 1980 ) , The Last Temptation of Christ ( 1988 ) , and Bringing Out the Dead ( 1999 ) . He has directed 18 feature films , including his directing debut , the crime drama Blue Collar ( co-written with his brother , Leonard Schrader ) , the crime drama Hardcore ( a loosely autobiographical film also written by Schrader ) , his 1982 remake of the horror classic Cat People , the crime drama American Gigolo ( 1980 ) , the biographical drama Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) , the true life biopic Patty Hearst ( 1988 ) , the cult film Light Sleeper ( 1992 ) , the drama Affliction ( 1997 ) , the biographical film Auto Focus ( 2002 ) , the erotic dramatic thriller The Canyons ( 2013 ) , and the dramatic thriller First Reformed ( 2017 ) , which earned him his first Academy Award nomination .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biography , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ken Ogata , Kenji Sawada , Toshiyuki Nagashima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_Ogata', 'summary': 'Akinobu Ogata ( 緒形 明伸 , Ogata Akinobu , 20 July 1937 - 5 October 2008 ) , better known by his stage name Ken Ogata ( 緒形 拳 , Ogata Ken ) , was a Japanese actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kenji_Sawada', 'summary': 'Kenji Sawada ( 沢田 研二 , Sawada Kenji , born June 25 , 1948 ; real surname written as 澤田 ) is a Japanese singer , composer , lyricist and actor , best known for being the vocalist for the Japanese rock band The Tigers . Nicknamed Julie ( ジュリー , Jurī ) because of his self professed adoration of Julie Andrews , he was born in Tsunoi , Iwami ( now part of Tottori ) , Tottori Prefecture , Japan , and raised in Sakyo-ku , Kyoto at age 3 . As a singer ( often he also worked as a songwriter ) and actor , Sawada prospered greatly on Japanese popular culture in the last three decades of the Shōwa era . At the end of the 1960s , he had great success as the lead singer of the band The Tigers . After the breakup of The Tigers and another project Pyg , he began his own solo career .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Toshiyuki_Nagashima', 'summary': 'Toshiyuki Nagashima ( 永島敏行 , Nagashima Toshiyuki ) is a Japanese actor . He won the award for Best Newcomer at the 3rd Hochi Film Awards for Kaerazaru hibi and for Best Actor at the 6th Hochi Film Awards for Enrai .'}]}, {'value': 'Based on the life and work of Yukio Mishima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yukio_Mishima', 'summary': "Kimitake Hiraoka ( 平岡 公威 , Hiraoka Kimitake , January 14 , 1925 - November 25 , 1970 ) , known also under the pen name Yukio Mishima [ a ] ( 三島 由紀夫 , Mishima Yukio ) , was a Japanese author , poet , playwright , actor , model , film director , nationalist , and founder of the Tatenokai . Mishima is considered one of the most important Japanese authors of the 20th century . He was considered for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1968 , but the award went to his countryman Yasunari Kawabata . His works include the novels Confessions of a Mask and The Temple of the Golden Pavilion , and the autobiographical essay Sun and Steel . Mishima 's work is characterized by its luxurious vocabulary and decadent metaphors , its fusion of traditional Japanese and modern Western literary styles , and its obsessive assertions of the unity of beauty , eroticism and death . Mishima 's personal life was controversial , which makes him still a contested figure today . Ideologically a right wing nationalist , Mishima formed the Tatenokai , an unarmed civilian militia , for the avowed purpose of restoring power to the Japanese Emperor . On November 25 , 1970 , Mishima and four members of his militia entered a military base in central Tokyo , took the commandant hostage , and attempted to inspire the Japan Self-Defense Forces to overturn Japan 's 1947 Constitution . When this was unsuccessful , Mishima committed seppuku ."}]}, {'value': 'My Beautiful Laundrette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Beautiful_Laundrette', 'summary': "My Beautiful Laundrette is a 1985 British comedy-drama film directed by Stephen Frears from a screenplay by Hanif Kureishi . The film was also one of the first films released by Working Title Films . The story is set in London during the Thatcher years , as reflected in the complex - and often comical - relationships between members of the Pakistani and English communities . The story focuses on Omar , played by Gordon Warnecke , a young Pakistani man living in London , and his reunion and eventual romance with his old friend , a street punk named Johnny , played by Daniel Day-Lewis . The two become the caretakers and business managers of a launderette originally owned by Omar 's uncle Nasser . The British Film Institute ranked My Beautiful Laundrette the 50th greatest British film of the 20th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Stephen Frears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Frears', 'summary': 'Stephen Arthur Frears ( born 20 June 1941 ) [ citation needed ] is an English film and television director . Frears has directed numerous films since the 1980s including My Beautiful Laundrette , Dangerous Liaisons , High Fidelity , The Queen , Philomena , and Florence Foster Jenkins . He has been nominated for two Academy Awards for Best Director : for The Grifters and The Queen . In 2008 The Daily Telegraph named him among the 100 most influential people in British culture .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romance , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gordon Warnecke , Daniel Day-Lewis , Saeed Jaffrey , Roshan Seth , Derrick Branche , Rita Wolf , Souad Faress , Richard Graham , Shirley Anne Field and Stephen Marcus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gordon_Warnecke', 'summary': "Gordon Warnecke ( born 24 August 1962 in London ) is a British actor of Indo-Guyanese and German descent . He may be best known for his role as Omar in the 1985 film My Beautiful Laundrette , co-starring as the lover of Johnny ( Daniel Day-Lewis ) . Other film credits include Franco Zeffirelli 's Young Toscanini and Hanif Kureishi 's London Kills Me . Television credits include Boon , Doctor Who ( in the serial Mindwarp ) , Only Fools and Horses , Virtual Murder , Birds of a Feather , EastEnders , Holby City and The Bill . An experienced theatre actor , he has performed with the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Royal Court Theatre ; he most recently returned to the stage with a national tour of Ibsen 's An Enemy of the People for Tara Arts and two new contemporary adaptations of Christmas productions at the Trinity Theatre in Tunbridge Wells , Kent . He has written and directed a short film The Magician which was to be released in March 2012 . He was also in an episode of Holby City in March 2017 . Since 2014 , he has been actor-in-residence at East Barnet School in North London , providing workshops and masterclasses to pupils ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Day-Lewis', 'summary': "Sir Daniel Michael Blake Day-Lewis ( born 29 April 1957 ) is a retired English actor . One of the most respected actors of his generation , he has also been hailed as one of the greatest actors in cinema history . He has received numerous awards throughout his career , including three Academy Awards for Best Actor , making him the only male actor to have three wins in the Best Actor category and one of only three male actors to win three Oscars . He won four BAFTA Awards for Best Actor , three Screen Actors Guild Awards and two Golden Globe Awards . In June 2014 , he received a knighthood for services to drama . Born and raised in London , Day-Lewis excelled on stage at the National Youth Theatre before being accepted at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School , which he attended for three years . Despite his traditional training at the Bristol Old Vic , he is considered a method actor , known for his constant devotion to and research of his roles . Displaying a mercurial intensity , he would often remain completely in character throughout the shooting schedules of his films , even to the point of adversely affecting his health . He is one of the most selective actors in the film industry , having starred in only six films since 1998 , with as many as five years between roles . Protective of his private life , he rarely gives interviews , and makes very few public appearances . Day-Lewis shifted between theatre and film for most of the early 1980s , joining the Royal Shakespeare Company and playing Romeo in Romeo and Juliet and Flute in A Midsummer Night 's Dream , before appearing in the 1984 film The Bounty . He starred in My Beautiful Laundrette ( 1985 ) , his first critically acclaimed role , and gained further public notice with A Room with a View ( 1985 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Saeed_Jaffrey', 'summary': "Saeed Jaffrey OBE ( 8 January 1929 - 15 November 2015 ) was an Indian-British actor whose versatility and fluency in multiple languages allowed him to straddle radio , stage , television and film in a career that spanned over six decades and more than a hundred and fifty British , American , and Indian movies . He was able to breathe life into the smallest of roles through intense preparation and a nuanced performance , like that of the interpreter and guide Billy Fish in The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) , an act that brought him international attention . His seductive , resonant voice combined with a gift for mimicry and a sharp ear for accents made him the natural choice as narrator for audio books . His narration of the Kama Sutra titled The Art of Love ( 1996 ) was listed by Time magazine as one of the five best spoken word records ever made . He voiced all 86 characters in the 1997 BBC World Service broadcast of Vikram Seth 's novel , A Suitable Boy . During the 1980s and 1990s he was considered to be Britain 's highest-profile Asian actor , thanks to his leading roles in the movie My Beautiful Laundrette ( 1985 ) and television series The Jewel in the Crown ( 1984 ) , Tandoori Nights ( 1985-87 ) and Little Napoleons ( 1994 ) . He played an instrumental part in bringing together film makers James Ivory and Ismail Merchant and acted in several of their Merchant Ivory Productions films such as The Guru ( 1969 ) , Hullabaloo Over Georgie and Bonnie 's Pictures ( 1978 ) , The Courtesans of Bombay ( 1983 ) and The Deceivers ( 1988 ) . He broke into Indian films with Satyajit Ray 's Shatranj Ke Khilari ( 1977 ) for which he won the Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award in 1978 . His cameo role as the paanwala Lallan Miyan in Chashme Buddoor ( 1981 ) won him popularity with Indian audiences . He became a household name in India with his roles in Raj Kapoor 's Ram Teri Ganga Maili ( 1985 ) and Henna ( 1991 ) , both of which won him nominations for the Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award . He was the first Asian to receive British and Canadian film award nominations . In 1995 he was awarded an OBE in recognition of his services to drama , the first Asian to receive this honour ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roshan_Seth', 'summary': "Roshan Seth is an Indian-English actor , who appears mainly in British and American films . Best known for his role as antagonist Chattar Lal in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and Jawaharlal Nehru in Gandhi and DD National 's Bharat Ek Khoj , he is also noted for his critically acclaimed performances as in the films Mississippi Masala , Not Without My Daughter , My Beautiful Laundrette , Such a Long Journey , and Street Fighter : The Movie ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Derrick_Branche', 'summary': 'Derrick Branche ( born 1947 ) is a British actor , best known for his role in the film My Beautiful Laundrette and television roles in The Jewel in the Crown and Father Ted .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rita_Wolf', 'summary': 'Rita Wolf ( born Rita Ghose , 25 February 1960 in Calcutta , India ) is a British-Indian actress and theatre producer . Wolf moved to London as a child and trained at the Royal Court Youth Theatre alongside Tim Roth . She has appeared on British television and in several London theatre productions before her first leading film role came in 1984 in the movie Majdha . Since then , she has had major parts on stage and screen in both the United States and the United Kingdom . She is best known for her role as Tania in My Beautiful Laundrette ( 1985 ) . In 1990 , Wolf and Rukhsana Ahmad founded the Kali Theatre Company in London , which is a registered charity whose goal is to encourage , develop , promote and produce the works of Asian female writers . The Kali is supported in part by grants from the London Arts and the Arts Council of England . She now lives in New York City with her two children , Kiran and Anjeli . Anjeli Chapman had a major role in The War Within . Kiran Chapman was featured in A Heartbeat to Baghdad , a play about the Iraq War .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Souad_Faress', 'summary': 'Souad Adel Faress ( born 25 March 1948 ) is a Ghanaian stage , radio , television and film actress . She is best known for her portrayal of the solicitor Usha Gupta , in the long-running BBC Radio 4 serial The Archers and for her role as the High Priestess of the Dosh Khaleen in the sixth season of the HBO series Game of Thrones .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Graham_(actor)', 'summary': 'Richard Graham ( born 10 May 1960 ) is an English actor . He played George T. Rowe in the biopic film Titanic . He has also appeared in In the Name of the Father ( 1993 ) , Gangs of New York ( 2002 ) and Vera Drake ( 2004 ) , as well as playing Trevor Clyner in football hooligan films ID ( 1994 ) and ID2 : Shadwell Army ( 2016 ) . He appeared in all 12 episodes of Maisie Raine as Mickey Farrel , and in 16 episodes of Hollyoaks as William Alexander . He has also appeared in Inspector Morse and Pie in the Sky . In 2019 , he appeared in the BBC soap opera EastEnders as Jonno Highway .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shirley_Anne_Field', 'summary': 'Shirley Anne Field ( born 27 June 1936 ) is an English actress who has performed on stage , film and television since 1955 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Marcus', 'summary': 'Stephen Marcus ( born Stephen Mark Scott ; 18 June 1962 ) is a British actor , best known for his role as Nick the Greek in the film Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No Sad Songs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No_Sad_Songs', 'summary': "No Sad Songs is a Canada documentary film , directed by Nik Sheehan and released in 1985 . Billed as the first documentary film about the HIV/AIDS crisis , the film explored the LGBT community 's early response to the issue particularly but not exclusively through the personal testimony of Jim Black , a man with AIDS who died several months after the film 's release , and Catherine Hunt , the sister of another person with AIDS . Several other community figures , including musician David Sereda and HIV/AIDS activist Jim St. James , also appear in smaller capacities in the film . The film was produced by Cell Productions in conjunction with the AIDS Committee of Toronto . Through much of the film and in the original promotional poster , Black wore a Choose Life T-shirt by artist Katharine Hamnett ; however , during the time between the film 's production and its release , Christian evangelist Ken Campbell had registered Choose Life Canada as the name of an anti-abortion lobby group , and the AIDS Committee faced controversy when it chose to withdraw the posters rather than risk having them misconstrued as an endorsement of Campbell ."}]}, {'value': 'Nik Sheehan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nik_Sheehan', 'summary': "Nik Sheehan is a Canadian documentary filmmaker , who established an international reputation with No Sad Songs ( 1985 ) , the first major documentary on AIDS . The film cited by world-renowned specialist Dr. Balfour Mount as the best film on the planet this year . In 1995 , he produced and directed Symposium , inspired by Platos classic and featuring multiple views of gay love as performed by Canadian artists and writers including Brad Fraser , Stan Persky , Patricia Rozema , Tomson Highway , Daniel MacIvor and others . Premiering at the Montréal Film Festival , it was broadcast extensively by the CBC , and created national headlines . Gods Fool ( 1997 ) , shot in Morocco , tells the story of Scott Symons , a renegade writer of the Canadian establishment who had exiled himself to the seaside town of Essaouira . It premiered at the Toronto International Festival of Authors , where artistic director Greg Gatenby judged it the best film biography of a writer I have ever seen . Gods Fool was broadcast nationally in prime time on Bravo TV . In 2002 , the film opened Freedom to Read Week on the BookTelevision digital channel , where it remains in rotation . Following Symons ' death in February 2009 , Sheehan wrote and published an obituary in Xtra ! Sheehan has worked as a literary critic , essayist , and biographer , publishing in Montage , POV , the National Post , Now , Toronto Life , Quill & Quire , Masthead and fab ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Black , Catherine Hunt , Jim St. James and David Sereda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_St._James', 'summary': "Jim Bozyk ( 1954-1990 ) , known professionally as Jim St. James , was a Canadian actor and HIV/AIDS activist . He was best known as the star of a series of public service announcements on AIDS awareness which aired on Canadian television in the 1980s , and as the subject of June Callwood 's 1988 book Jim : A Life with AIDS ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Sereda', 'summary': "David Sereda ( born c. 1957 ) is a Canadian musician , singer , actor , playwright , pianist and composer . Sereda was born and raised in Edmonton , Alberta . He graduated from the Playhouse Acting School in Vancouver ( 1977 ) under teacher Powys Thomas , and has since worked in music , music theatre and alternative theatre across Canada . He released his first album in 1981 , Chivalry Lives , which gave Sereda critical acclaim in Canadian newspapers both for the range of music and the openness of the lyrics : Mark and Underage Blues both speak from a gay male perspective , a rarity at the time . He resettled in Toronto , Ontario and worked in theatre again both as actor and as music director and composer at Buddies in Bad Times Theatre , the Theatre Centre and the Tarragon Theatre , where he co-wrote two musicals , Love Jive ! ( nominated for a Dora Award ) and Siren Song with playwright and novelist Don Hannah . He released The Price of Love in 1985 and The Blue Guide in 1994 . He relocated to Grey County where he works with the community arts company Sheatre . He co-produces the occasional Stray Dog Salons in Toronto , evenings of music , poetry and theatre . Other works : with Sheatre , the musical with Joan Chandler entitled TOM , based on the life and passion of painter Tom Thomson , Be Our Ally , a Forum theatre play with music about homophobia , and the Dementia Play ; in performance with novelist and poet Anne Michaels , Dialogues of readings and songs including two based on Michaels ' works All We Saw and Infinite Gradation . Their most recent collaboration is The Woods Are Burning ( original text by Michaels , songs by and collected by sereda , on Tom Thomson ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Novembermond', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandra von Grote', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Germany France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romance , war , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maurice Arama , Daniel Berlioux , Denise Boulet , Antonin Brunel , Nicole Camus , Marc Delestre , Danièle Delorme , Albert Delpy , Ingrid Dupont , Wolfgang Finck , Robert Florent , Stéphane Garcin , René Geney , Andreas Grothusen and Alexander Hauff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danièle_Delorme', 'summary': 'Gabrielle Danièle Marguerite Andrée Girard ( 9 October 1926 - 17 October 2015 ) , known by her stage name Danièle Delorme , was a French actress and film producer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Albert_Delpy', 'summary': 'Albert Delpy ( born 13 September 1941 ) is a French actor and writer . He has appeared in more than one hundred films since 1970 .'}]}, {'value': 'aka November Moon', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Films', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_lesbian,_gay,_bisexual_or_transgender-related_films_of_1985_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender-related films released in 1985. It contains theatrically released films that deal with important gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender characters or issues and may have same-sex romance or relationships as a plot device.'} | null | null | Which No Sad Songs cast member is younger ? | David Sereda |
07cba87fecf6599f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_NFL_Draft', 'title': '1971 NFL Draft', 'header': ['Original NFL team', 'Player', 'Pos', 'College', 'Conf'], 'data': [{'value': 'Atlanta Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1971_Atlanta_Falcons_season', 'summary': "The 1971 Atlanta Falcons season was the franchise 's sixth year in the National Football League ( NFL ) . It was the first winning season in franchise history ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike Lewis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Lewis_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Mike Lewis ( born July 14 , 1949 ) is a former defensive lineman who played ten seasons in the National Football League . Currently resides in Houston , TX and is enjoying the retired life .'}]}, {'value': 'DT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_tackle', 'summary': "A defensive tackle ( DT ) is typically the largest and strongest of the defensive players in American football . The defensive tackle typically lines up opposite one of the offensive guards . Depending on a team 's individual defensive scheme , a defensive tackle may be called upon to fill several different roles . These roles may include merely holding the point of attack by refusing to be moved or penetrating a certain gap between offensive linemen to break up a play in the opponent 's backfield . If a defensive tackle reads a pass play , his primary responsibility is to pursue the quarterback , or simply knock the pass down at the line if it is within arm 's reach . Other responsibilities of the defensive tackle may be to pursue the screen pass or drop into coverage in a zone blitz scheme . In a traditional 4-3 defense , there is no nose tackle . Instead there is a left and right defensive tackle . Some teams , especially in the National Football League ( NFL ) , do have a nose tackle in this scheme , but most of them do not ."}]}, {'value': 'Arkansas AM & N', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas–Pine_Bluff_Golden_Lions_football', 'summary': 'The UAPB Golden Lions are the college football team representing the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff . The Golden Lions play in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind . ( Coll . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_II_independent_schools', 'summary': 'NCAA Division II independent schools are four-year institutions that are not formally affiliated with any athletic conference . Schools that are members of a conference may also field intercollegiate teams in football , lacrosse , soccer , wrestling , and other sports not affiliated with a conference , usually due to their primary conference not having enough teams in a certain sport to enable sponsorship of the sport by that conference .'}]}, {'value': 'Buffalo Bills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1971_Buffalo_Bills_season', 'summary': "The 1971 Buffalo Bills season was the franchise 's 2nd season in the National Football League , and the 12th overall . For the second time in four seasons , the Bills finished with only one victory . The Bills 1-13 record ( a 0.071 winning percentage ) remains the worst in franchise history . The team allowed 394 points , the most in franchise history for a 14-game season . The season began in turmoil when coach John Rauch resigned , forcing pro personnel director Harvey Johnson to assume the position for the second time on an interim basis . Buffalo lost their first ten games of the season , extending their losing streak to 15 and winless streak to 17 , dating back to the previous season . They were held scoreless in four games ; their minus-210 point differential is the worst in the team 's history , and one of the forty worst point-differentials in NFL history . Running back O.J . Simpson would have a stellar year , despite the Bills poor team record . Simpson would rush for 742 yards on 183 attempts . However , Simpson would only score 5 touchdowns , the fewest of his career in one season . The Bills would only score 21 touchdowns as a team during the 1971 season , the fewest in franchise history ."}]}, {'value': 'Tony Greene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Greene', 'summary': 'Anthony Greene ( born August 29 , 1949 in Gaithersburg , Maryland ) is an American football former safety in the NFL who played for the Buffalo Bills . He played college football at the University of Maryland . Greene holds the record for the longest interception return in Bills history , when he scored on a 101-yard interception against the Kansas City Chiefs in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1970_Maryland_Terrapins_football_team', 'summary': "The 1970 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in the 1970 NCAA University Division football season . In their second season under head coach Roy Lester , the Terrapins compiled a 2-9 record ( 2-4 in conference ) , finished in seventh place in the Atlantic Coast Conference , and were outscored by their opponents 241 to 112 . The team 's statistical leaders included Jeff Shugars with 836 passing yards , Art Seymore with 945 rushing yards and 309 receiving yards ."}]}, {'value': 'ACC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference', 'summary': "The Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) is a collegiate athletic conference located in the eastern United States . Headquartered in Greensboro , North Carolina , the conference consists of fifteen member universities , each of whom compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I , with its football teams competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest levels for athletic competition in US-based collegiate sports . The ACC sponsors competition in twenty-five sports with many of its member institutions ' athletic programs held in high regard nationally . Current members of the conference are Boston College , Clemson University , Duke University , Georgia Institute of Technology , Florida State University , North Carolina State University , Syracuse University , the University of Louisville , the University of Miami , the University of North Carolina , the University of Notre Dame , the University of Pittsburgh , the University of Virginia , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , and Wake Forest University . ACC teams and athletes have claimed dozens of national championships in multiple sports throughout the conference 's history . Generally , the ACC 's top athletes and teams in any particular sport in a given year are considered to be among the top collegiate competitors in the nation . Also , the conference enjoys extensive media coverage . The ACC was one of the five collegiate power conferences , which had automatic qualifying for their football champion into the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014 , the ACC is one of five conferences with a contractual tie-in to a New Year 's Six bowl game , the successors to the BCS . The ACC was founded on May 8 , 1953 , by seven universities located in the South Atlantic States , with the University of Virginia joining in early December 1953 to bring the membership to eight . The loss of South Carolina in 1971 dropped membership to seven , while the addition of Georgia Tech in 1979 for non-football sports and 1983 for football brought it back to eight , and Florida State 's arrival in 1991 for non-football sports and 1992 for football increased the membership to nine . Since 2000 , with the widespread reorganization of the NCAA , seven additional schools have joined , and one original member ( Maryland ) has left to bring it to the current membership of 15 schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1971_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': "The 1971 Dallas Cowboys season was the franchise 's 12th season in the National Football League , the first at the new Texas Stadium in suburban Irving , Texas and the 12th season under head coach Tom Landry . The cowboys led the NFL with 406 points scored . Their defense allowed 222 points . For the sixth consecutive season , the Cowboys had a first-place finish . They won their second-consecutive NFC championship , then defeated the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VI to capture their first Super Bowl championship . They were the first team from the NFC to win a Super Bowl since the 1970 merger of the National Football League and the American Football League , and subsequently , the first team from the NFC East division to win the title ."}]}, {'value': 'Toni Fritsch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toni_Fritsch', 'summary': 'Anton K. Toni Fritsch ( 10 July 1945 - 14 September 2005 ) was an Austrian footballer who later started a successful career in American football in the United States . He is distinguished as being the first Austrian to play in the National Football League . He is the only player in history to win professional titles in both association football and American football : he won the Austrian League in 1964 , 1967 and 1968 , and the Super Bowl in 1972 .'}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Green Bay Packers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1971_Green_Bay_Packers_season', 'summary': 'The 1971 Green Bay Packers season was their 53rd season overall and their 51st season in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The club posted a 4-8-2 record under first-year coach Dan Devine , earning them a fourth-place finish in the NFC Central division .'}]}, {'value': 'Jim DeLisle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_DeLisle', 'summary': 'James Roger DeLisle ( born January 20 , 1949 ) is a former American football defensive tackle and current Runstad Professor of real estate and Director of Graduate Real Estate Studies at the University of Washington . He played college football at the University of Wisconsin-Madison .'}]}, {'value': 'DT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_tackle', 'summary': "A defensive tackle ( DT ) is typically the largest and strongest of the defensive players in American football . The defensive tackle typically lines up opposite one of the offensive guards . Depending on a team 's individual defensive scheme , a defensive tackle may be called upon to fill several different roles . These roles may include merely holding the point of attack by refusing to be moved or penetrating a certain gap between offensive linemen to break up a play in the opponent 's backfield . If a defensive tackle reads a pass play , his primary responsibility is to pursue the quarterback , or simply knock the pass down at the line if it is within arm 's reach . Other responsibilities of the defensive tackle may be to pursue the screen pass or drop into coverage in a zone blitz scheme . In a traditional 4-3 defense , there is no nose tackle . Instead there is a left and right defensive tackle . Some teams , especially in the National Football League ( NFL ) , do have a nose tackle in this scheme , but most of them do not ."}]}, {'value': 'Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1970_Wisconsin_Badgers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1970 Wisconsin Badgers football team represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1970 Big Ten Conference football season .'}]}, {'value': 'Big Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Ten Conference ( stylized B1G , formerly the Western Conference and the Big Nine Conference ) is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States . It is based in Rosemont , Illinois . For decades the conference consisted of 10 universities , while the present conference has 14 member institutions . They compete in the NCAA Division I ; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A , the highest level of NCAA competition in that sport . The conference includes the flagship public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska , as well as two additional public land-grant schools and a private university . The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H. Smart and representatives from the University of Chicago , University of Illinois , University of Michigan , University of Minnesota , Northwestern University , and University of Wisconsin gathered at Chicago 's Palmer House Hotel to set policies aimed at regulating intercollegiate athletics . In 1899 , Indiana University and the University of Iowa joined the conference to increase the membership to nine schools . In 1905 , the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives . The conference is one of the nation 's oldest , predating the founding of the NCAA by a decade , and was one of the first collegiate conferences to sponsor men 's basketball . Big Ten member institutions are major research universities with large financial endowments and strong academic reputations . All institutions except full member University of Nebraska and associate member Notre Dame are members of the Association of American Universities . Large student enrollment is a hallmark of Big Ten Universities , as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students ."}]}, {'value': 'Green Bay Packers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1971_Green_Bay_Packers_season', 'summary': 'The 1971 Green Bay Packers season was their 53rd season overall and their 51st season in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The club posted a 4-8-2 record under first-year coach Dan Devine , earning them a fourth-place finish in the NFC Central division .'}]}, {'value': 'Tim Webster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tim_Webster_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Tim Webster is a former placekicker in the National Football League . He played with the Green Bay Packers during the 1971 NFL season .'}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1970_Arkansas_Razorbacks_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1970 Arkansas Razorbacks football team represented the University of Arkansas in the Southwest Conference ( SWC ) during the 1970 NCAA University Division football season . In their 13th year under head coach Frank Broyles , the Razorbacks compiled a 9-2 record ( 6-1 against SWC opponents ) , finished in second place behind Texas in the SWC , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 402 to 144 . The team finished the season ranked # 11 in the final AP Poll and # 12 in the final UPI Coaches Poll . Tackle Dick Bumpas was a consensus All-American for Arkansas in 1970 , with Chuck Dicus also earning first-team honors . Bill McClard averaged 7.3 points per game from the kicking position , the best in the nation for 1970 . McClard converted on 50 of 51 extra points and 10 of 15 field goals . McClard connected on a 60-yard field goal against the Mustangs of SMU . This is the third-longest field goal in Arkansas history . Quarterback Bill Montgomery completed 80% of his pass attempts ( 12 of 15 ) against Oklahoma State , tied for sixth-best in Arkansas history in that category . Arkansas gained 658 yards ( 296 pass 362 rush ) against TCU , the third most in the history of the Razorbacks .'}]}, {'value': 'SWC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwest_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwest Conference ( SWC ) was an NCAA Division I college athletic conference in the United States that existed from 1914 to 1996 . Composed primarily of schools from Texas , at various times the conference included schools from Oklahoma and Arkansas as well , but not from the actual Southwestern United States . For most of its history , the core members of the conference were Texas-based schools plus one in Arkansas : Rice University , Southern Methodist University , Texas A & M University , Texas Christian University , Baylor University , the University of Arkansas , and the University of Texas . After a long period of stability , the conference 's overall athletic prowess began to decline throughout the 1980s , due in part to numerous member schools violating NCAA recruiting rules , culminating in the suspension of the entire SMU football program ( death penalty ) for the 1987 and 1988 seasons . Arkansas , after years of feeling like an outsider in the conference , left after the 1990-91 school year to join the Southeastern Conference , although they did compete in the SWC in football for the 1991 season . Five years later , the conference precipitously broke up as Baylor , Texas , Texas A & M , and Texas Tech ( which had entered in 1956 ) combined with the members of the former Big Eight Conference to form a new league , the Big 12 Conference , while Rice , SMU , TCU , and Houston ( which entered the SWC in 1976 ) found homes in less prominent conferences ( although TCU later joined the Big 12 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Rams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1971_Los_Angeles_Rams_season', 'summary': "The 1971 Los Angeles Rams season was the team 's 34th year with the National Football League and the 26th season in Los Angeles . The team looked to improve on its 9-4-1 record from 1970 , but finished one game below their goal , as they finished 8-5-1 and finished 2nd in the NFC West , behind the San Francisco 49ers ( 9-5 ) . The Rams started out strong at 4-1-1 , but split their final eight games . Despite sweeping the 49ers on the season , a crucial tie against the Atlanta Falcons in week 2 proved to doom the Rams , because had they beaten Atlanta , they would 've clinched the NFC West by virtue of their sweep over the 49ers . Team owner Dan Reeves died of cancer prior to the season in April ."}]}, {'value': 'Matt Maslowski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Maslowski', 'summary': 'Matthew Anthony Maslowski ( born September 10 , 1949 ) is a former American football wide receiver who played for the Los Angeles Rams and Chicago Bears of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He also played for Florida Blazers of the ( WFL ) . He played college football at University of San Diego .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'San Diego', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego_Toreros_football', 'summary': "The San Diego Toreros football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the University of San Diego located in the U.S. state of California . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Pioneer Football League . San Diego 's first football team was fielded in 1956 . The team plays its home games at the Torero Stadium in San Diego , California . The Toreros are coached by Dale Lindsey ."}]}, {'value': 'Ind . ( Coll . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_III_independent_schools', 'summary': "NCAA Division III independent schools are four-year institutions that compete in college athletics at the NCAA 's Division III level , but do so independently of an established athletic conference . These institutions often compete as members of an intercollegiate athletic conference in some sports . The reason for independent status varies among institutions , but it is frequently because the school 's primary athletic conference does not sponsor a particular sport ."}]}, {'value': 'Miami Dolphins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1971_Miami_Dolphins_season', 'summary': "The 1971 Miami Dolphins season was the team 's sixth , and second in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The team improved on their 10-4 record from 1970 and finished 10-3-1 . The Dolphins opened the season tying the Denver Broncos , before splitting their next 2 games to sit at 1-1-1 . The Dolphins then won 8 in a row to sit at 9-1-1 . The Dolphins won their first division title , finishing first in the AFC East , and then defeated the Kansas City Chiefs in the Divisional Round in 2 overtimes ( the game is considered the longest in NFL history by time ) . They advanced to their first ever AFC championship game , where they defeated the reigning champion Colts , 21-0 , and went on to play in their first Super Bowl . However , in Super Bowl VI , Miami was walloped 24-3 by Dallas ."}]}, {'value': 'Jim Del Gaizo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Del_Gaizo', 'summary': 'Jim Del Gaizo ( born May 31 , 1947 ) is a former professional American football quarterback for the Miami Dolphins , Green Bay Packers , and New York Giants . His career in the National Football League lasted five seasons ( 1971-1975 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Tampa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1970_Tampa_Spartans_football_team', 'summary': "The 1970 Tampa Spartans football team represented the University of Tampa in the 1970 NCAA College Division football season . It was the Spartans ' 34th season and competed as a College Division Independent . The team was led by head coach Fran Curci , in his third year , and played their home games at Tampa Stadium in Tampa , Florida . They finished with a record of ten wins and one loss ( 10-1 ) . The Spartans opened the season with a 45-12 victory Delta State , and in the win Leon McQuay ran for 177 yards for Tampa in the win . In their second game , Tampa shutout New Mexico Highlands 20-0 in what was the Cowboys ' first loss since the 1966 season . After victories at Youngstown State and against North Texas State , the Spartans traveled to play at Miami on a Friday evening in their fifth game of the season . Against the Hurricanes , Tampa had one of the bigger upsets of the season with their 31-14 win . Former Miami quarterback Lew Pytel started for the Spartans , and the upset was considered unlikely to happen as Miami played in the University Division and the Spartans played in the lower College Division . After their upset at Miami , Tampa was ranked as the No . 1 team in the College Division , returned home and defeated Xavier 33-10 to remain undefeated . The Spartans then won a pair of games in Louisiana against Louisiana Tech and Southwestern Louisiana before they returned home for the final three games of the season ."}]}, {'value': 'Ind . ( Coll . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_II_independent_schools', 'summary': 'NCAA Division II independent schools are four-year institutions that are not formally affiliated with any athletic conference . Schools that are members of a conference may also field intercollegiate teams in football , lacrosse , soccer , wrestling , and other sports not affiliated with a conference , usually due to their primary conference not having enough teams in a certain sport to enable sponsorship of the sport by that conference .'}]}, {'value': 'Miami Dolphins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1971_Miami_Dolphins_season', 'summary': "The 1971 Miami Dolphins season was the team 's sixth , and second in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The team improved on their 10-4 record from 1970 and finished 10-3-1 . The Dolphins opened the season tying the Denver Broncos , before splitting their next 2 games to sit at 1-1-1 . The Dolphins then won 8 in a row to sit at 9-1-1 . The Dolphins won their first division title , finishing first in the AFC East , and then defeated the Kansas City Chiefs in the Divisional Round in 2 overtimes ( the game is considered the longest in NFL history by time ) . They advanced to their first ever AFC championship game , where they defeated the reigning champion Colts , 21-0 , and went on to play in their first Super Bowl . However , in Super Bowl VI , Miami was walloped 24-3 by Dallas ."}]}, {'value': 'Maulty Moore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maulty_Moore', 'summary': "Maulty Moore ( born August 12 , 1946 ) , is a former professional American football defensive tackle who played for five seasons with the Miami Dolphins , the Cincinnati Bengals , and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Undrafted on graduating Bethune-Cookman College in 1970 , he began a year of conditioning that added 50 pounds to his undersized frame before trying out for the Dolphins as a free agent . He was signed to the Dolphins ' taxi squad in 1971 , and promoted to special teams the next year . He blocked a Roy Gerela field goal attempt during the Dolphins ' 1972 AFC Championship Game victory over the Pittsburgh Steelers . Waived by the Dolphins in 1975 , he spent a year with the Bengals before finishing his career in 1976 with the then expansion Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Moore went on to teach in the Broward County school system ."}]}, {'value': 'DT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_tackle', 'summary': "A defensive tackle ( DT ) is typically the largest and strongest of the defensive players in American football . The defensive tackle typically lines up opposite one of the offensive guards . Depending on a team 's individual defensive scheme , a defensive tackle may be called upon to fill several different roles . These roles may include merely holding the point of attack by refusing to be moved or penetrating a certain gap between offensive linemen to break up a play in the opponent 's backfield . If a defensive tackle reads a pass play , his primary responsibility is to pursue the quarterback , or simply knock the pass down at the line if it is within arm 's reach . Other responsibilities of the defensive tackle may be to pursue the screen pass or drop into coverage in a zone blitz scheme . In a traditional 4-3 defense , there is no nose tackle . Instead there is a left and right defensive tackle . Some teams , especially in the National Football League ( NFL ) , do have a nose tackle in this scheme , but most of them do not ."}]}, {'value': 'Bethune-Cookman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethune-Cookman_Wildcats_football', 'summary': 'The Bethune-Cookman Wildcats football team represents Bethune-Cookman University in the sport of college football . The Wildcats compete in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the south division of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) . They play their home games at Daytona Stadium . The Wildcats have won two black college football national championships and seven MEAC titles in the history of their football program .'}]}, {'value': 'SIAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( SIAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference consisting mostly of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) , with all but one member located in the Southern United States . Formed in 1913 , the SIAC is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and competes in Division II . Only three charter members are still part of the conference - Clark Atlanta University ( formerly Clark College ) , Tuskegee University , and Morehouse ( which briefly left before returning ) . Before 2014 , all members had been southern HBCUs , but two of the SIAC 's three newest members include its only non-HBCU , Spring Hill College ( joined in 2014 ) , and its only member outside the South , Central State University of Ohio ( joined in 2015 ) . The newest member , Savannah State University , returned to the SIAC in 2019 after a nearly 20-year absence . The U.S. Army 's 24th Infantry Division teams competed as members of the SIAC from 1930 until 1935 . The SIAC leads all NCAA Division II conferences in football attendance ."}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota Vikings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1971_Minnesota_Vikings_season', 'summary': "The 1971 Minnesota Vikings season was the franchise 's 11th season in the National Football League . The Vikings won the NFC Central title as they finished with a record of 11 wins and three losses , before losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion Dallas Cowboys at home , 20-12 , in the NFC Divisional Playoff game . In 2007 , ESPN.com ranked the 1971 Vikings as the fourth-greatest defense in NFL history , saying , [ c ] onsidering that their motto was 'Meet at the quarterback , ' it 's no surprise that the Purple People Eaters held opposing QBs to a 40.4 rating , one of the lowest ever . ESPN also noted that the 1971 Vikings shut out three opponents , and only one team scored more than 20 points against them . As a result , Alan Page became the first defensive player to ever be named NFL MVP . Carl Eller , Jim Marshall and safety Paul Krause joined Page on the All-Pro team ."}]}, {'value': 'Chuck Winfrey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chuck_Winfrey', 'summary': 'Chuck Winfrey is a former linebacker in the National Football League . Winfrey played the 1971 NFL season with the Minnesota Vikings . The following season , he was a member of the Pittsburgh Steelers .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1970_Wisconsin_Badgers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1970 Wisconsin Badgers football team represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1970 Big Ten Conference football season .'}]}, {'value': 'Big Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Ten Conference ( stylized B1G , formerly the Western Conference and the Big Nine Conference ) is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States . It is based in Rosemont , Illinois . For decades the conference consisted of 10 universities , while the present conference has 14 member institutions . They compete in the NCAA Division I ; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A , the highest level of NCAA competition in that sport . The conference includes the flagship public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska , as well as two additional public land-grant schools and a private university . The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H. Smart and representatives from the University of Chicago , University of Illinois , University of Michigan , University of Minnesota , Northwestern University , and University of Wisconsin gathered at Chicago 's Palmer House Hotel to set policies aimed at regulating intercollegiate athletics . In 1899 , Indiana University and the University of Iowa joined the conference to increase the membership to nine schools . In 1905 , the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives . The conference is one of the nation 's oldest , predating the founding of the NCAA by a decade , and was one of the first collegiate conferences to sponsor men 's basketball . Big Ten member institutions are major research universities with large financial endowments and strong academic reputations . All institutions except full member University of Nebraska and associate member Notre Dame are members of the Association of American Universities . Large student enrollment is a hallmark of Big Ten Universities , as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students ."}]}, {'value': 'New England Patriots', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1971_New_England_Patriots_season', 'summary': "The 1971 New England Patriots season was the franchise 's 2nd season in the National Football League and 12th overall . The 1971 season was the first that the team played as the New England Patriots , changing their name from the Boston Patriots , briefly to the Bay State Patriots before changing it again to the New England Patriots , in an effort to regionalize the franchise 's equal distance from Boston and Providence . The Patriots finished with six wins and eight losses , third place in the AFC East Division . It was the first season the Patriots played in the new Schaefer Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , after playing in three different stadiums the previous three seasons in Boston . During training camp , the Dallas Cowboys traded disgruntled running back Duane Thomas to the Patriots for Carl Garrett and Halvor Hagen on July 31 . Thomas became embroiled in a conflict with head coach John Mazur , prompting Patriots general manager Upton Bell to request that Commissioner Pete Rozelle void the trade three days after it had been made . Rozelle granted Bell 's request , and the traded players returned to where they had been prior to the deal ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenny Price', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenny_Price_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Kenneth James Price ( born April 7 , 1950 ) is a former American football linebacker who played for the New England Patriots of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at University of Iowa .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1970_Iowa_Hawkeyes_football_team', 'summary': "The 1970 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 1970 Big Ten Conference football season . This was Ray Nagel 's fifth and final season as head coach of the Hawkeyes ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Ten Conference ( stylized B1G , formerly the Western Conference and the Big Nine Conference ) is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States . It is based in Rosemont , Illinois . For decades the conference consisted of 10 universities , while the present conference has 14 member institutions . They compete in the NCAA Division I ; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A , the highest level of NCAA competition in that sport . The conference includes the flagship public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska , as well as two additional public land-grant schools and a private university . The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H. Smart and representatives from the University of Chicago , University of Illinois , University of Michigan , University of Minnesota , Northwestern University , and University of Wisconsin gathered at Chicago 's Palmer House Hotel to set policies aimed at regulating intercollegiate athletics . In 1899 , Indiana University and the University of Iowa joined the conference to increase the membership to nine schools . In 1905 , the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives . The conference is one of the nation 's oldest , predating the founding of the NCAA by a decade , and was one of the first collegiate conferences to sponsor men 's basketball . Big Ten member institutions are major research universities with large financial endowments and strong academic reputations . All institutions except full member University of Nebraska and associate member Notre Dame are members of the Association of American Universities . Large student enrollment is a hallmark of Big Ten Universities , as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students ."}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Steelers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1971_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season', 'summary': "The 1971 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the team 's 39th in the National Football League . The Steelers showed improvement finishing in second Place with a 6-8 record . But Terry Bradshaw struggled with turnovers in his second season throwing 22 interceptions to 13 touchdown passes . The Steelers that year drafted wide receiver Frank Lewis , Hall of Fame linebacker Jack Ham , guard Gerry Mullins , defensive end Dwight White , tight end/tackle Larry Brown , defensive tackle Ernie Holmes , and safety Mike Wagner , all key contributors during the Steelers Super Bowl teams of the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Glen Edwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glen_Edwards_(American_football)', 'summary': "Glen Edwards ( born July 31 , 1947 ) is an American former professional football player who was a safety for the Pittsburgh Steelers from 1971 to 1977 , and for the San Diego Chargers from 1978 to 1981 . Edwards is a Gibbs High School alumnus . Edwards became a full-time starter with the Steelers as a free safety in 1973 , and in 1974 won the award as Most Valuable Steeler . Edwards won two championship rings ( Super Bowl IX and Super Bowl X ) and made two Pro Bowl appearances after the 1975 and 1976 seasons . Edwards made two key plays in his Super Bowl appearances . In Super Bowl IX , he laid a hit on Minnesota Vikings receiver John Gilliam just as Gilliam caught a pass near the goal line . The ball popped out of Gilliam 's hands and into the arms of Steelers cornerback Mel Blount for an interception . In Super Bowl X , he sealed a victory for Pittsburgh by intercepting a pass from Dallas Cowboys quarterback Roger Staubach in the end zone as time expired in the game . Edwards was a member of Pittsburgh 's famed Steel Curtain defense , and he also returned punts and kickoffs for the Steelers . He was traded to the Chargers for a 1979 6th round pick in August 1978 . With the Chargers , he recorded an interception in their famous 1982 AFC playoff victory known as The Epic in Miami . Edwards finished his 11 NFL seasons with 39 interceptions , which he returned for 961 yards and 3 touchdowns ."}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida A & M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_A&M_Rattlers_football', 'summary': "The Florida A & M Rattlers football team represents Florida A & M University in the sport of American football . The Rattlers compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) and the south division of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) . They play their home games at Bragg Memorial Stadium in Tallahassee . The Rattlers have won fifteen black college football national championship , twenty nine Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( SIAC ) titles , eight Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) titles and one I-AA national title in the history of their football program . During the 2004 season , the Rattlers briefly attempted to move up to Division I-A ( now known as the FBS ) and become the only HBCU at college football 's highest level , but the team was forced to abort its bid ."}]}, {'value': 'SIAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( SIAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference consisting mostly of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) , with all but one member located in the Southern United States . Formed in 1913 , the SIAC is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and competes in Division II . Only three charter members are still part of the conference - Clark Atlanta University ( formerly Clark College ) , Tuskegee University , and Morehouse ( which briefly left before returning ) . Before 2014 , all members had been southern HBCUs , but two of the SIAC 's three newest members include its only non-HBCU , Spring Hill College ( joined in 2014 ) , and its only member outside the South , Central State University of Ohio ( joined in 2015 ) . The newest member , Savannah State University , returned to the SIAC in 2019 after a nearly 20-year absence . The U.S. Army 's 24th Infantry Division teams competed as members of the SIAC from 1930 until 1935 . The SIAC leads all NCAA Division II conferences in football attendance ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable undrafted players', 'section_text': '† = Pro Bowler [ 3 ]', 'uid': '1971_NFL_Draft_0', 'intro': 'The 1971 National Football League draft was held January 28-29, 1971, at the Belmont Plaza Hotel in New York City, New York. It was the first time that three quarterbacks were selected with the three first draft choices. The Boston Patriots were renamed New England Patriots after the draft in March 1971.'} | null | null | Which conference did the holder of the record for the longest interception return in Bills history play in ? | ACC |
07cbdb40390b3155 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_International_Cross_Country_Championships', 'title': '1966 International Cross Country Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Country', 'Team', 'Points'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Roy Fowler Ron Hill Tim Johnston Mike Freary Tim Briault Gerry North', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roy_Fowler_(runner)', 'summary': "Henry Roy Fowler ( 26 March 1934 - 27 June 2009 ) was an English long-distance runner who competed mainly in track and cross country running competition . His greatest achievement was a gold medal at the International Cross Country Championships in 1963 . He won five other medals at that competition , including an individual bronze in 1968 and team gold medals with England in 1966 and 1968 . Fowler 's sole high level track medal was a bronze in the 10,000 metres at the 1962 European Athletics Championships . He had won that event at the AAA Championships that year in a Commonwealth record time of 27:49.8 minutes . He also represented England at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games and was a four-time champion at the World Masters Athletics Championships in the over-40s category ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ron_Hill', 'summary': 'Ronald Ron Hill MBE ( born 25 September 1938 ) is an English runner and clothing entrepreneur . He was the second man to break 2:10 in the marathon ; he set world records at four other distances , but never laid claim to the marathon world record . [ nb 1 ] He has run two Olympic Marathons ( Tokyo 1964 and Munich 1972 ) , and has a personal marathon record of 2:09:28 . In 1970 , Hill won the 74th Boston Marathon in a course record 2:10:30 . He also won gold medals for the marathon at the European Championships in 1969 and the Commonwealth Games in 1970 . Hill lays claim to the longest streak of consecutive days running , running every day for 52 years and 39 days from 1964 to 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tim_Johnston_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Tim Johnston ( born 11 March 1941 ) is a British long-distance runner . He competed in the marathon at the 1968 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '59', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Michel Jazy Guy Texereau Noel Tijou Bernard Maroquin Guy Caillet Yves Martinage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michel_Jazy', 'summary': 'Michel Jazy ( born 13 June 1936 ) is a French former middle-distance runner and long-distance runner . He won the 1500 metres silver medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics , as well as two golds ( in 1962 and 1966 ) and one silver ( in 1966 ) at the European Championships . He set nine world records in the mile ( once ) , 2000 metres ( twice ) and 3000 metres ( twice ) , the two miles ( twice ) and the 4×1500 metres relay ( twice ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Noel_Tijou', 'summary': "Noël Tijou ( born 12 December 1941 ) is a French long-distance runner . He competed in the men 's 10,000 metres at the 1972 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '79', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Ben Assou El Ghazi Ahmed Oukbouch Mohamed Bensaid Hammadi Ben Mohamed Mohamed Said Moha Ouali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Assou_El_Ghazi', 'summary': "Ben Assou El Ghazi ( Arabic : بن أسو الغازي ; born 1938 ) is a Moroccan long-distance runner who competed in track and cross country running events . He represented his country in the 3000 metres steeplechase at the 1964 Summer Olympics . He was the winner of the 1966 International Cross Country Championships - the second African to do so after Rhadi Ben Abdesselam . He also led the Moroccan team to African 's first team medal at the tournament . He won two gold medals on the track at the 1965 Pan Arab Games ."}]}, {'value': '184', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tunisia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tunisia', 'summary': "Tunisia [ a ] , officially the Republic of Tunisia [ b ] , is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa , covering 163,610 square kilometres ( 63,170 square miles ) . Its northernmost point , Cape Angela , is also the northernmost point on the African continent . Tunisia is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest , Libya to the southeast , and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east . Tunisia 's population was 11.5 million in 2017 . Tunisia 's name is derived from its capital city , Tunis ( Berber native name : Tunest ) , which is located on its northeast coast . Geographically , Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains , and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert . Much of the rest of the country 's land is fertile soil . Its 1,300 kilometres ( 810 miles ) of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin and , by means of the Sicilian Strait and Sardinian Channel , feature the African mainland 's second and third nearest points to Europe after Gibraltar . Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic . It is considered to be the only fully democratic sovereign state in the Arab world . It has a high human development index . It has an association agreement with the European Union ; is a member of La Francophonie , the Union for the Mediterranean , the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa , the Arab Maghreb Union , the Arab League , the OIC , the Greater Arab Free Trade Area , the Community of Sahel-Saharan States , the African Union , the Non-Aligned Movement , the Group of 77 ; and has obtained the status of major non-NATO ally of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Ahmed Zammel Ali Khamassi Hedi Hamrouni Labidi Ayachi Mhedheb Hannachi Rabah Ben Othman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ahmed_Zammel', 'summary': "Ahmed Zairi Zammel ( born 12 October 1944 ) is a Tunisian long-distance runner . He competed in the men 's 5000 metres at the 1968 Summer Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Labidi_Ayachi', 'summary': 'Labidi Djaouadi Ayachi ( born 15 March 1938 ) is a Tunisian middle-distance runner . He competed in the 3000 metres steeplechase at the 1964 Summer Olympics and the 1968 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '186', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': "Tracy Smith Doug Brown Eamon O'Reilly Tom Bache Michael Kimball Herb Lorenz", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tracy_Smith_(long-distance_runner)', 'summary': 'Tracy Evans Smith ( born March 15 , 1945 , in Altadena , California ) is a former American distance runner . He was a member of the 1968 U.S. Olympic Track and Field Team , competing in the 10,000 meters . He was ranked multiple times by Track & Field News as the No . 1 U.S. 5,000- and 10,000-meter runner in the mid- to late 60s , and was a six-time AAU National Champion from 1966 to 1973 , winning outdoors in the 3-mile , 6-mile and 10,000 meters , and three times in the indoor 3-mile . He was a three-time world record holder in the indoor 3-mile .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Doug_Brown_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Charles Douglas Doug Brown ( born March 1 , 1952 in Detroit , Michigan ) is a retired American track and field athlete , whose specialty was the Steeplechase .'}]}, {'value': '194', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Lachie Stewart Ian McCafferty Jim Alder John Linaker Andy Brown James Johnstone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lachie_Stewart', 'summary': "Joseph Laughlin ( Lachie ) Stewart ( born 22 June 1943 in Vale of Leven , West Dunbartonshire ) is a Scottish former distance runner , and an inductee in the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame . Stewart 's athletic career saw him compete at the 1970 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh , where he won Gold in the 10,000 meters over Ron Clarke of Australia , and the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich"}, {'url': '/wiki/Ian_McCafferty', 'summary': 'Ian John McCafferty ( born 24 November 1944 ) is a Scottish former long-distance runner . He won the silver medal at the 1970 Commonwealth Games 5000 metres when he recorded a time of 13:23.34 . This was one of the greatest races of all time . Reigning European 5000 metres champion Ian Stewart set a new European record and the two Scots , moved up to second and third on the world all-time list . In the race McCafferty defeated the current world record holder Ron Clarke , and Olympic 1,500 metres champion Kip Keino . McCafferty also finished sixth in the Commonwealth 1,500 metres in a time of 3:42.2 . McCafferty was Scottish 5000 metres champion in 1971 , and was also three times the Scottish champion in the mile run . He also won the AAA Indoor Championships on three occasions for two miles/3000 metres . He won the Junior race at the 1964 International Cross Country Championships . He represented Great Britain at the 1972 Munich Olympics . Competing over the 5000 m , he finished in 11th place with a time of 13:43.2 minutes . He was quicker in the heats , having won that race in a time of 13:38.2 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jim_Alder', 'summary': 'James Noel Carroll Alder MBE ( born 10 June 1940 ) is a British former distance runner , from Morpeth . Alder , who was born in Glasgow , was a foster child . His mother died of tuberculosis and his father was killed on the last day of World War II . He moved to Morpeth , north of Newcastle , and became interested in running .'}]}, {'value': '202', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Federal Republic of Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Gottfried Arnold Hans Gerlach Hans-Joachim Liess Arno Krausse Alfons Ida Peter Kubicki', 'urls': []}, {'value': '269', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'Henri Clerckx Leon Moreels Albien van Holsbeek Cyrille van Geert Denis Jouret Frans van der Hoeven', 'urls': []}, {'value': '289', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( /ˈaɪərlənd/ ( listen ) ; Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Airlann [ ˈɑːrlən ] ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George 's Channel . Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles , the third-largest in Europe , and the twentieth-largest on Earth . Geopolitically , Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland ( officially named Ireland ) , which covers five-sixths of the island , and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom . In 2011 , the population of Ireland was about 6.6 million , ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain . As of 2016 , 4.8 million live in the Republic of Ireland , and 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland . The geography of Ireland comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . Its lush vegetation is a product of its mild but changeable climate which is free of extremes in temperature . Much of Ireland was woodland until the end of the Middle Ages . Today , woodland makes up about 10% of the island , compared with a European average of over 33% , and most of it is non-native conifer plantations . There are twenty-six extant land mammal species native to Ireland . The Irish climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and thus very moderate , and winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area , although summers are cooler than those in continental Europe ."}]}, {'value': "Derek Graham Tom O'Riordan Jim McNamara Harry Simpson Tony Murphy Tony Hopkins", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derek_Graham', 'summary': 'Derek Graham ( born 3 September 1941 ) is a retired distance athlete from Northern Ireland . The first Northern Irish runner to break 4 minutes for the mile , he was ranked number 1 in the U.K. and Ireland over 2 miles/3000 m , 3 miles/5000 m and cross country at various periods in the 1960s . He was selected for nine consecutive International cross country races ( later to be recognised as the World Cross country ) , finishing second in 1966 in Rabat , Morocco . He competed in the 1964 Tokyo Olympics for Great Britain , finishing seventh in his initial heat for the 5000m race . He also competed in the 1966 European Championships , and the 1966 and 1970 Commonwealth Games . He was the Irish record holder for various distances [ which ? ] through this time . At the 1970 Commonwealth Games , Graham picked up a virus which later developed into myalgic encephalomyelitis , ultimately ending his athletics career .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Tom_O'Riordan", 'summary': "Thomas O'Riordan ( born 12 July 1937 ) is an Irish long-distance runner . He competed in the men 's 5000 metres at the 1964 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '325', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': "Antonio Ambu Luigi Conti Osvaldo Segrada Alberto Bargnani Gioacchino De Palma Donato D'Agostino", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Ambu', 'summary': 'Antonio Ambu ( born 10 May 1936 ) is an Italian former long-distance runner who competed in the 1964 Summer Olympics and in the 1968 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '345', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': 'Werner Dössegger Oskar Leupi Hansruedi Knill Hans Rüdisühli Edgar Friedli Walter Dietiker', 'urls': []}, {'value': '378', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Loosley Gerry Williams Hedydd Davies Fred Bell Roy Mack Tom Edmunds', 'urls': []}, {'value': '422', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gibraltar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gibraltar', 'summary': "Gibraltar ( /dʒɪˈbrɔːltər/ jih-BRAWL-tər , Spanish : [ xiβɾalˈtaɾ ] ) is a British Overseas Territory located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula . It has an area of 6.7 km2 ( 2.6 sq mi ) and is bordered to the north by Spain . The landscape is dominated by the Rock of Gibraltar at the foot of which is a densely populated town area , home to over 32,000 people , primarily Gibraltarians . In 1704 , Anglo-Dutch forces captured Gibraltar from Spain during the War of the Spanish Succession on behalf of the Habsburg claim to the Spanish throne . The territory was ceded to Great Britain in perpetuity under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 . During World War II it was an important base for the Royal Navy as it controlled the entrance and exit to the Mediterranean Sea , the Strait of Gibraltar , which is only 14.3 km ( 8.9 mi ) wide at this naval choke point . It remains strategically important , with half the world 's seaborne trade passing through the strait . Today Gibraltar 's economy is based largely on tourism , online gambling , financial services and cargo ship refuelling . The sovereignty of Gibraltar is a point of contention in Anglo-Spanish relations because Spain asserts a claim to the territory . Gibraltarians rejected proposals for Spanish sovereignty in a 1967 referendum and , in a 2002 referendum , the idea of shared sovereignty was also rejected ."}]}, {'value': 'J. Evans J. Macedo A. Ryan J. Chappory Gomez de Torres', 'urls': []}, {'value': '567', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Team Results -- Men 's", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1966_International_Cross_Country_Championships_2', 'intro': 'The 1966 International Cross Country Championships was held in Rabat, Morocco, at the Souissi Racecourse on March 20, 1966. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald. Complete results for men, junior men, medallists, \n and the results of British athletes were published.'} | null | null | On what continent was the 8th place team ? | Europe |
07cc31e8937b30b2 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Fighting_Saints_football', 'title': 'Carroll Fighting Saints football', 'header': ['Year', 'Coach', 'Result', 'Score', 'Opponent'], 'data': [{'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Van Diest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Van_Diest', 'summary': "Mike Van Diest is an American football coach , currently working as an assistant coach for the Mary Marauders . He served as the head football coach at Carroll College in Helena , Montana from 1999 to 2018 , compiling record of 203-54 . Van Diest 's Carroll Fighting Saints won six NAIA National Championships , four consecutively from 2002 to 2005 , a fifth in 2007 , and a sixth in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28-7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgetown College ( KY )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgetown_Tigers_football', 'summary': 'The Georgetown Tigers football program represents Georgetown College of Georgetown , Kentucky in college football . The Tigers have been one of the most successful football teams playing NAIA .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Van Diest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Van_Diest', 'summary': "Mike Van Diest is an American football coach , currently working as an assistant coach for the Mary Marauders . He served as the head football coach at Carroll College in Helena , Montana from 1999 to 2018 , compiling record of 203-54 . Van Diest 's Carroll Fighting Saints won six NAIA National Championships , four consecutively from 2002 to 2005 , a fifth in 2007 , and a sixth in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41-28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northwestern Oklahoma State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northwestern_Oklahoma_State_University', 'summary': "Northwestern Oklahoma State University ( NWOSU ) is a public university in Alva , Oklahoma , with satellite campuses in Enid and Woodward . It offers both bachelor 's and master 's degrees ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Van Diest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Van_Diest', 'summary': "Mike Van Diest is an American football coach , currently working as an assistant coach for the Mary Marauders . He served as the head football coach at Carroll College in Helena , Montana from 1999 to 2018 , compiling record of 203-54 . Van Diest 's Carroll Fighting Saints won six NAIA National Championships , four consecutively from 2002 to 2005 , a fifth in 2007 , and a sixth in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15-13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Francis ( IN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Francis_Cougars', 'summary': "The Saint Francis Cougars is the athletic name of the teams that compete for the University of Saint Francis , located in Fort Wayne , Indiana , United States . The teams compete in the NAIA 's Crossroads League and the Mideast League of the Mid-States Football Association ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Van Diest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Van_Diest', 'summary': "Mike Van Diest is an American football coach , currently working as an assistant coach for the Mary Marauders . He served as the head football coach at Carroll College in Helena , Montana from 1999 to 2018 , compiling record of 203-54 . Van Diest 's Carroll Fighting Saints won six NAIA National Championships , four consecutively from 2002 to 2005 , a fifth in 2007 , and a sixth in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Francis ( IN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Francis_Cougars', 'summary': "The Saint Francis Cougars is the athletic name of the teams that compete for the University of Saint Francis , located in Fort Wayne , Indiana , United States . The teams compete in the NAIA 's Crossroads League and the Mideast League of the Mid-States Football Association ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Van Diest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Van_Diest', 'summary': "Mike Van Diest is an American football coach , currently working as an assistant coach for the Mary Marauders . He served as the head football coach at Carroll College in Helena , Montana from 1999 to 2018 , compiling record of 203-54 . Van Diest 's Carroll Fighting Saints won six NAIA National Championships , four consecutively from 2002 to 2005 , a fifth in 2007 , and a sixth in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17-9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sioux Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sioux_Falls_Cougars', 'summary': 'The Sioux Falls Cougars are the athletic teams that represent the University of Sioux Falls . They currently compete in NCAA Division II after participating in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics through 2011 . They were formally members of the Great Plains Athletic Conference from 2000 to 2011 and the South Dakota Interstate Conference ( SDIC ) until the year 2000 . The university is a member of the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference ( NSIC ) .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Van Diest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Van_Diest', 'summary': "Mike Van Diest is an American football coach , currently working as an assistant coach for the Mary Marauders . He served as the head football coach at Carroll College in Helena , Montana from 1999 to 2018 , compiling record of 203-54 . Van Diest 's Carroll Fighting Saints won six NAIA National Championships , four consecutively from 2002 to 2005 , a fifth in 2007 , and a sixth in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'lost', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23-7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sioux Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sioux_Falls_Cougars', 'summary': 'The Sioux Falls Cougars are the athletic teams that represent the University of Sioux Falls . They currently compete in NCAA Division II after participating in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics through 2011 . They were formally members of the Great Plains Athletic Conference from 2000 to 2011 and the South Dakota Interstate Conference ( SDIC ) until the year 2000 . The university is a member of the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference ( NSIC ) .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Van Diest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Van_Diest', 'summary': "Mike Van Diest is an American football coach , currently working as an assistant coach for the Mary Marauders . He served as the head football coach at Carroll College in Helena , Montana from 1999 to 2018 , compiling record of 203-54 . Van Diest 's Carroll Fighting Saints won six NAIA National Championships , four consecutively from 2002 to 2005 , a fifth in 2007 , and a sixth in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10-7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sioux Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sioux_Falls_Cougars', 'summary': 'The Sioux Falls Cougars are the athletic teams that represent the University of Sioux Falls . They currently compete in NCAA Division II after participating in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics through 2011 . They were formally members of the Great Plains Athletic Conference from 2000 to 2011 and the South Dakota Interstate Conference ( SDIC ) until the year 2000 . The university is a member of the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference ( NSIC ) .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Van Diest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Van_Diest', 'summary': "Mike Van Diest is an American football coach , currently working as an assistant coach for the Mary Marauders . He served as the head football coach at Carroll College in Helena , Montana from 1999 to 2018 , compiling record of 203-54 . Van Diest 's Carroll Fighting Saints won six NAIA National Championships , four consecutively from 2002 to 2005 , a fifth in 2007 , and a sixth in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'lost', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24-20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Xavier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Xavier_University', 'summary': 'Saint Xavier University ( SXU ) is a private Roman Catholic university in Chicago , Illinois . Founded in 1846 by the Sisters of Mercy , the university currently enrolls 3,896 students .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Championships -- National Championship appearances', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Carroll_Fighting_Saints_football_0', 'intro': 'The Carroll Fighting Saint football program represents Carroll College of Helena, Montana in college football. The team competes in the Frontier Conference, which is affiliated with the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). The Carroll Fighting Saints football team began playing in 1920 and is one of the most successful programs in the NAIA division of college football. The program has won six NAIA Football National Championships (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2010) and 40 conference championships, 14 while a member of the Montana Collegiate Conference and 26 as a member of the Frontier Conference. The team is currently coached by Troy Purcell who in his 1st season at Carroll. The Carroll College Fighting Saints plays their home games on campus at Nelson Stadium. Brandon Day, a linebacker on the team in 2007, made the December 24, 2007 cover of Sports Illustrated.'} | null | null | What are the mascot of the team that coach Mike Van Diest scored the least points against ? | Cougars |
07ccdcfd52882750 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Brazilian_Grand_Prix', 'title': '2000 Brazilian Grand Prix', 'header': ['Pos', 'No', 'Driver', 'Constructor', 'Time', 'Gap'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mika Häkkinen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mika_Häkkinen', 'summary': "Mika Pauli Häkkinen ( Finnish : [ ˈmikɑ ˈhækːinen ] ( listen ) ; born 28 September 1968 ) , nicknamed The Flying Finn , is a Finnish former racing driver . He was the 1998 and 1999 Formula One World Champion , driving for McLaren and has been ranked among the greatest Formula One drivers in various motorsport polls . Häkkinen currently works in driver management and is a brand ambassador for various companies . Häkkinen began his career in karting at the age of five and achieved success by winning regional and national kart championships . He progressed to car racing when he entered the Formula Ford and Formula Three series in Italy and the United Kingdom . After success in the series , Häkkinen entered Formula One in 1991 with the Team Lotus where he remained until 1992 . The following year , he moved to McLaren as test driver before he was promoted to the race team following the departure of Michael Andretti . After four years which yielded minor success for Häkkinen , he scored his first Formula One victory in 1997 . He went on to win eight races of the 1998 season , securing the World Drivers ' Championship at the season ending Japanese Grand Prix ; his success also helped McLaren secure the World Constructors ' Championship . Häkkinen repeated his World Championship success in 1999 , taking five victories . He finished as runner-up in the Drivers ' Championship in 2000 , behind Michael Schumacher and secured two more victories in 2001 before announcing a sabbatical from the sport , which became full-time retirement in mid-2002 . For 2005 , he moved to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) series , where he secured his first victory that year ."}]}, {'value': 'McLaren - Mercedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLaren', 'summary': "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_HighPerformanceEngines', 'summary': "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:14.111', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Coulthard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Coulthard', 'summary': "David Marshall Coulthard , MBE ( /ˈkoʊlθɑːrt/ ; born 27 March 1971 ) , known as DC , is a Scottish former Formula One racing driver turned presenter , commentator and journalist . He was runner-up in the 2001 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for McLaren . Coulthard began karting at the age of eleven and achieved early success before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the Formula 3000 series . He first drove in Formula One with Williams in the 1994 season succeeding the late Ayrton Senna . The following year he won his first Grand Prix in Portugal , and then for the 1996 season he moved to McLaren . After winning two races in the 1997 season , he finished 3rd in the World Drivers ' Championship in the 1998 season . He won five races throughout 1999 and 2000 before finishing 2nd in the Drivers ' Championship to Michael Schumacher in 2001 . Two more victories followed between 2002 and 2003 before he left McLaren at the end of 2004 . He moved to Red Bull in 2005 and secured their first podium a year later . Coulthard retired from Formula One racing at the end of 2008 . After retiring from Formula One Coulthard continued working with Red Bull as a consultant and joined the BBC as a commentator and pundit for their coverage of Formula One . He returned to active motorsports in 2010 joining Mücke Motorsport in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters and retired at the end of 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'McLaren - Mercedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLaren', 'summary': "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_HighPerformanceEngines', 'summary': "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:14.285', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.174', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Schumacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Schumacher', 'summary': "Michael Schumacher ( /ˈʃuːmɑːkər/ ; German : [ ˈmɪçaːʔeːl ˈʃuːmaxɐ ] ( listen ) ; born 3 January 1969 ) is a retired German racing driver who raced in Formula One for Jordan Grand Prix , Benetton and Ferrari , where he spent most of his career , as well as for Mercedes upon his return to the sport . Widely regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers ever , and regarded by some as the greatest of all time , Schumacher is the only driver in history to win seven Formula One World Championships , five of which he won consecutively . The most successful driver in the history of the sport , Schumacher holds the records for the most World Championship titles ( 7 ) , the most Grand Prix wins ( 91 ) , the most fastest laps ( 77 ) and the most races won in a single season ( 13 ) , and according to the official Formula One website ( Formula1.com ) , Schumacher was statistically the greatest driver the sport has ever seen at the time of his retirement from the sport . After success in karting as a child , Schumacher won titles in Formula König and Formula Three before joining Mercedes in the World Sportscar Championship . In 1991 his Mercedes-funded race debut for the Jordan Formula One team resulted in Schumacher being signed by Benetton for the rest of that season . He finished third in 1992 and fourth in 1993 , before becoming the first German World Drivers ' Champion in 1994 by one point over Damon Hill , albeit in controversial circumstances . In 1995 he repeated the success , this time with a greater margin . In 1996 Schumacher moved to Ferrari , who had last won the Drivers ' Championship in 1979 , and helped them transform into the most successful team in Formula One history , as he came close to winning the 1997 and 1998 titles , before breaking his leg at the 1999 British Grand Prix , ending another title run . Schumacher won five consecutive drivers ' titles from 2000 to 2004 , including an unprecedented sixth and seventh title . In 2002 Schumacher won the title with a record six races remaining and finished on the podium in every race . In 2004 Schumacher won twelve out of the first thirteen races and went on to win a record 13 times as he won his final title . Schumacher retired from Formula One in 2006 , after finishing runner-up to Renault 's Fernando Alonso ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:14.508', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.397', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rubens Barrichello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rubens_Barrichello', 'summary': "Rubens Rubinho Gonçalves Barrichello ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈʁubẽjz ɡõ'sawviz baʁiˈkɛlʊ ] , [ ʁuˈbĩjʊ ] ; born 23 May 1972 ) is a Brazilian racing driver who competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2011 , scoring 11 Grand Prix wins and 68 podiums . Barrichello drove for Ferrari from 2000 to 2005 , as Michael Schumacher 's teammate , enjoying considerable success including finishing as championship runner-up in 2002 and 2004 . He also finished third in 2001 and 2009 . Barrichello holds the record for most race starts in Formula One ( 322 ) and has scored the eleventh highest points total in Formula One history . Schumacher 's retirement at the end of 2006 made Barrichello the most experienced driver on the grid , and at the 2008 Turkish Grand Prix he became the most experienced driver in F1 history . He became the first driver to reach 300 Grand Prix entries and 300 starts , doing so in 2010 . During his six years with Ferrari , Barrichello was involved in winning five constructors ' titles , as Schumacher won five drivers ' titles in a row between 2000 and 2004 . At the end of 2005 Barrichello left Ferrari to sign a contract with Honda . In 2009 , he finished third in the Drivers ' Championship for Brawn GP , as his teammate Jenson Button won the title . This meant Barrichello was involved in a sixth Constructors ' title . He was also appointed chairman of the Grand Prix Drivers ' Association in 2010 , but after losing his seat in Formula One , he was replaced by Pedro de la Rosa . Barrichello was renowned for his mechanical and technical expertise , with a sixth sense of predicting and detecting technical issues and opportunities for improvement in a car ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:14.636', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.525', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giancarlo Fisichella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giancarlo_Fisichella', 'summary': "Giancarlo Fisichella ( Italian pronunciation : [ dʒaŋˈkarlo fiziˈkɛlla ] ; born 14 January 1973 ) , also known as Fisico , Giano or Fisi , is an Italian professional racing driver . He has driven in Formula One for Minardi , Jordan , Benetton , Sauber , Renault , Force India and Ferrari . Since then he has driven for AF Corse in their Ferrari 458 GTE at various sportscar events , becoming twice a Le Mans 24 Hour class winner , and a GT class winner of the Petit Le Mans at Road Atlanta . He was also Ferrari 's F1 reserve driver for 2010 . Fisichella won three races in his Formula One career , the first of which was at the chaotic 2003 Brazilian Grand Prix , a race abandoned for safety reasons with 15 laps remaining . After several days of confusion regarding rules and technicalities , Fisichella was eventually declared the winner in the following week , and collected his trophy in an unofficial ceremony at the following race . He was brought into the Renault team to replace fellow Italian Jarno Trulli , and won his first race with the team in Australia in 2005 . However , after that race it was his teammate , the Spanish driver Fernando Alonso , that would win the greater share of races for Renault . Although highly rated as a driver , Fisichella was unable to keep pace with eventual champion Alonso , managing just one further race win following his debut . Outside of driving , he has backed his own GP2 team , FMS International . On 17 June 2012 Fisichella won the GTE Pro division of the Le Mans 24hrs for AF Corse and followed this up with the Manufacturers ' title in the WEC at the end of the season ."}]}, {'value': 'Benetton - Playlife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benetton_Formula', 'summary': 'Benetton Formula Ltd. , commonly referred to simply as Benetton , was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001 . The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name . In 2000 , the team was purchased by Renault , but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . In 2002 , the team became Renault F1 . The Benetton Formula team was chaired by Alessandro Benetton from 1988 to 1998 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Playlife', 'summary': "Playlife is a fashion company based in Treviso , Italy . The company is owned by the Benetton family and is the sporting label of the clothes manufacturer . Playlife put their name to the engine supply of Formula One team Benetton 's cars from 1998 to 2000 . Playlife engines were re-badged Renault engines that had been acquired by Mecachrome in 1998 and Supertec in 1999 and 2000 . Other teams ran the same engines but kept the Mecachrome/Supertec name such as Williams , Arrows and BAR ."}]}, {'value': '1:15.375', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.264', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddie Irvine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Irvine', 'summary': "Edmund Irvine Jr. ( born 10 November 1965 ) is a former racing driver from Northern Ireland . He competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2002 , and finished runner-up in the 1999 World Drivers ' Championship , driving for Scuderia Ferrari . He began his career at the age of seventeen when he entered the Formula Ford Championship , achieving early success , before progressing to the Formula Three and Formula 3000 Championships . He made his Formula One debut in 1993 with Jordan Grand Prix , where he achieved early notoriety for his involvement in incidents on and off the track . He scored his first podium in 1995 with Jordan , before moving to Ferrari in 1996 . His most successful season was in 1999 when he took four victories and challenged McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen for the World Championship . He moved to Jaguar Racing in 2000 , scoring the team 's first podium in 2001 and his final podium in 2002 . Irvine retired from competitive motorsport at the end of the 2002 season . Since retiring , Irvine became a media personality in Great Britain . He was linked with the takeover of the Jordan and Minardi Formula One teams in 2005 , but talks came to nothing . Irvine also expanded his interests in the property market , having built up an investment portfolio during his racing career ."}]}, {'value': 'Jaguar - Cosworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaguar_Racing', 'summary': "Jaguar Racing is the name given to Jaguar 's racing interests . It currently competes in Formula E under the name Panasonic Jaguar Racing . It was previously a Formula One constructor that competed in the FIA Formula One World Championship from 2000 to 2004 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cosworth', 'summary': 'Cosworth is a British automotive engineering company founded in London in 1958 ; 62 years ago ( 1958 ) , specialising in high-performance internal combustion engines , powertrain , and electronics ; for automobile racing ( motorsport ) and mainstream automotive industries . Cosworth is based in Northampton , England , with American facilities in Indianapolis , Shelby Charter Township , Michigan and Mooresville , North Carolina . Cosworth has collected 176 wins in Formula One ( F1 ) as engine supplier , ranking third with most wins , behind Ferrari and Mercedes .'}]}, {'value': '1:15.425', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.314', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heinz-Harald Frentzen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinz-Harald_Frentzen', 'summary': "Heinz-Harald Frentzen ( born 18 May 1967 ) , nicknamed HHF , is a German former racing driver . He finished runner-up in the 1997 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for Williams ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Mugen-Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mugen_Motorsports', 'summary': "Mugen Motorsports ( M-TEC Co. , Ltd ) ( 無限 ) is a Japanese company formed in 1973 by Hirotoshi Honda , the son of Honda Motor Company founder Soichiro Honda , and Masao Kimura . Mugen , meaning Without Limit , Unlimited or Vast , ( hence the commonly placed word Power after , denoting Unlimited Power ) is an engine tuner and parts manufacturer that manufactures OEM parts such as body kits and sports exhausts for Honda Motor Company . Despite the family connections , however , Mugen is not , and has never been , owned by Honda Motor Company ; Mugen owner Hirotoshi Honda has been the biggest shareholder in Honda since his father 's death in 1991 . The company tunes and races Honda vehicles in the Super GT championship , and , additionally , sells aftermarket parts to amateur enthusiasts . It was part of partnerships that won the Formula 3000 championship in 1990 and 1991 , and that eventually led to Mugen 's involvement in Formula One , from 1992 to 2000 , and up to 2005 was the exclusive supplier of Formula Nippon engines ."}]}, {'value': '1:15.455', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.344', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ricardo Zonta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricardo_Zonta', 'summary': 'Ricardo Luiz Zonta ( born March 23 , 1976 ) is a Brazilian professional racing driver .'}]}, {'value': 'BAR - Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_American_Racing', 'summary': "British American Racing , abbreviated as BAR , was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005 . BAR began by acquiring Tyrrell , and used Supertec engines for their first year . Subsequently , they formed a partnership with Honda which lasted for the next six years . The team was named after British American Tobacco plc ( BAT ) , which owned and sponsored it in order to display its Lucky Strike and 555 brands . The headquarters were in Brackley , Northamptonshire , United Kingdom . In mid-November 2004 , Japanese automobile manufacturer Honda purchased 45% of the team , and in September 2005 , purchased the remaining 55% share to become the sole owner . Consequently , BAR Honda became Honda Racing F1 Team for the 2006 Formula One season . BAT continued as title sponsor with the Lucky Strike brand , but due to new tobacco advertising regulations worldwide , pulled its sponsorship from Formula One entirely at the end of the 2006 season . Honda ran the team for the 2006 , 2007 and 2008 seasons . During 2008 , the Honda RA109 was being developed for the following year while Honda attempted to sell the team . A management buy-out by team principal Ross Brawn and an engine supply deal with Mercedes-Benz resulted in a remarkable 2009 season in which Brawn GP team won the Constructors ' Championship with Jenson Button winning the Drivers ' Championship . Mercedes bought the team in November 2009 and as of January 2020 [ update ] , the team competes as Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Honda_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "Honda has participated in Formula One , as an entrant , constructor and engine supplier , for various periods since 1964 . Honda 's involvement in Formula One began with the 1964 season , and in 1965 they achieved their first victory at the Mexican Grand Prix . After further success with John Surtees , Honda withdrew at the end of the 1968 season due to difficulties selling road cars in the United States and Honda driver Jo Schlesser 's fatal accident . Honda returned in 1983 as an engine supplier , which started a very successful period for Honda . After winning races in 1984 and 1985 , Honda won the Constructors ' Championship every year between 1986 and 1991 with Williams and McLaren , and the Drivers ' Championship every year from 1987 to 1991 with Nelson Piquet , Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost . Honda withdrew at the end of 1992 after having achieved their targets . Honda returned again in 2000 , providing engines for British American Racing ( BAR ) . BAR-Honda finished second in the Constructors ' Championship in 2004 , and by the end of 2005 Honda had bought out the BAR team , which became the Honda team for 2006 . After a good 2006 season where Jenson Button won the Hungarian Grand Prix , Honda announced in December 2008 that they would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the global financial crisis , following two difficult seasons in 2007 and 2008 . In May 2013 , Honda announced their intention to return to the sport in the 2015 season under a works agreement with McLaren to supply power units . The first iterations of the Honda engines proved to be uncompetitive , and Honda spent their first three years under the harsh scrutiny of the public eye as they developed their power unit . McLaren and Honda split after three years , Toro Rosso however , agreed to use Honda engines for the 2018 season as a works outfit ."}]}, {'value': '1:15.484', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.373', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jenson Button', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jenson_Button', 'summary': "Jenson Alexander Lyons Button MBE ( born 19 January 1980 ) is a British racing driver and former Formula One driver . He won the 2009 Formula One World Championship , driving for Brawn GP . He currently competes in the Japanese Super GT Series driving a Honda NSX-GT for Team Kunimitsu , in which he won the title in 2018 . Button began karting at the age of eight and achieved early success , before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the British Formula 3 Championship . He first drove in Formula One with Williams for the 2000 season . The following year he switched to Benetton , which in 2002 became Renault , and then for the 2003 season he moved to BAR . In 2004 he finished 3rd in the World Drivers ' Championship , with only the two Ferraris ahead of him . BAR was subsequently renamed Honda for the 2006 season , during which Button won his first Grand Prix in Hungary , after 113 races . Following the withdrawal of Honda from the sport in December 2008 , he was left without a drive for the 2009 season , until Ross Brawn led a management buyout of the team in February 2009 , and Button suddenly found himself in a highly competitive , Mercedes-engined car . He went on to win a record-tying six of the first seven races of the 2009 season , securing the World Drivers ' Championship at the Brazilian Grand Prix , having led on points all season ; his success also helped Brawn GP to secure the World Constructors ' Championship . For 2010 , he moved to McLaren , partnering fellow British racer and former World Champion Lewis Hamilton . After finishing fifth for the team in 2010 , Button finished the 2011 season as runner-up ."}]}, {'value': 'Williams - BMW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering', 'summary': "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/BMW_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "BMW has been involved in Formula One in a number of capacities since the inauguration of the World Drivers ' Championship in 1950 . The company entered occasional races in the 1950s and 1960s ( often under Formula Two regulations ) , before building the BMW M12/13 inline-four turbocharged engine in the 1980s . This engine was the result of a deal between BMW and Brabham , which resulted in the team 's chassis being powered by BMW engines from 1982 until 1987 , a period in which Nelson Piquet won the 1983 championship driving a Brabham BT52-BMW . BMW also supplied the M12/13 on a customer basis to the ATS , Arrows , Benetton and Ligier teams during this period , with various degrees of success . In 1988 , Brabham temporarily withdrew from the sport and BMW withdrew its official backing from the engines , which were still used by the Arrows team under the Megatron badge . Turbocharged engines were banned by the revised Formula One Technical Regulations for 1989 , rendering the M12/13 obsolete . BMW decided to return to Formula One in the late 1990s by signing an exclusive contract with the Williams team , which needed a new long-term engine supplier after the withdrawal of Renault in 1997 . The programme resulted in the creation of a new V10 engine which made its race début in the Williams FW22 in 2000 . The following year saw the partnership move from the midfield to challenging for race victories , but the desired championship remained elusive due to the dominance of Michael Schumacher and Ferrari in the first half of the 2000s . By 2005 , the relationship between BMW and Williams had deteriorated , and BMW chose to part company and buy the rival Sauber team outright . The BMW Sauber project lasted from 2006 until 2009 , and resulted in a substantial increase in competitiveness for the Swiss former privateer team . Two podium finishes in the first year were followed by a solid third in the Constructors ' Championship in 2007 ( which became second when McLaren was disqualified ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:15.490', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.379', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacques Villeneuve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Villeneuve', 'summary': "Jacques Joseph Charles Villeneuve OQ ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒɑk vilnœv ] ; born April 9 , 1971 ) is a Canadian professional auto racing driver and amateur musician . Villeneuve currently competes in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series , driving the # 32 Chevrolet Camaro for Go Fas Racing in the Elite 1 class . He is the son of Formula One driver Gilles Villeneuve , and is the namesake of his uncle , who was also a racer . Villeneuve won the 1995 CART Championship , the 1995 Indianapolis 500 and the 1997 Formula One World Championship , making him only the third driver after Mario Andretti and Emerson Fittipaldi to achieve such a feat . As of 2019 [ update ] , no other Canadian has won the Indianapolis 500 or the Formula One Drivers ' title . Following two successful years in CART , Villeneuve moved into Formula One with the front-running Williams team , alongside Damon Hill . In his debut season , Villeneuve challenged teammate Hill for the title , winning four races and taking the fight to the final round in Japan , where Villeneuve retired and Hill won the race and the title . Villeneuve , however , did win the following year 's title , this time challenging Michael Schumacher and once again taking it to the final round in Jerez , where Schumacher retired after the two collided . 1997 would be the last year in which Villeneuve would win a championship level race and finish the season in the top three . For 1998 , Villeneuve 's Williams team had to fare with less competitive Mecachrome engines , and Villeneuve moved to the newly formed British American Racing team in 1999 . He stayed there for the next four seasons but , following poor results he was replaced by former British Formula Three Champion Takuma Sato . Villeneuve also drove for Renault at the end of 2004 , and Sauber in the 2005 season and eleven races of the 2006 season before suffering an injury in Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'BAR - Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_American_Racing', 'summary': "British American Racing , abbreviated as BAR , was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005 . BAR began by acquiring Tyrrell , and used Supertec engines for their first year . Subsequently , they formed a partnership with Honda which lasted for the next six years . The team was named after British American Tobacco plc ( BAT ) , which owned and sponsored it in order to display its Lucky Strike and 555 brands . The headquarters were in Brackley , Northamptonshire , United Kingdom . In mid-November 2004 , Japanese automobile manufacturer Honda purchased 45% of the team , and in September 2005 , purchased the remaining 55% share to become the sole owner . Consequently , BAR Honda became Honda Racing F1 Team for the 2006 Formula One season . BAT continued as title sponsor with the Lucky Strike brand , but due to new tobacco advertising regulations worldwide , pulled its sponsorship from Formula One entirely at the end of the 2006 season . Honda ran the team for the 2006 , 2007 and 2008 seasons . During 2008 , the Honda RA109 was being developed for the following year while Honda attempted to sell the team . A management buy-out by team principal Ross Brawn and an engine supply deal with Mercedes-Benz resulted in a remarkable 2009 season in which Brawn GP team won the Constructors ' Championship with Jenson Button winning the Drivers ' Championship . Mercedes bought the team in November 2009 and as of January 2020 [ update ] , the team competes as Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Honda_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "Honda has participated in Formula One , as an entrant , constructor and engine supplier , for various periods since 1964 . Honda 's involvement in Formula One began with the 1964 season , and in 1965 they achieved their first victory at the Mexican Grand Prix . After further success with John Surtees , Honda withdrew at the end of the 1968 season due to difficulties selling road cars in the United States and Honda driver Jo Schlesser 's fatal accident . Honda returned in 1983 as an engine supplier , which started a very successful period for Honda . After winning races in 1984 and 1985 , Honda won the Constructors ' Championship every year between 1986 and 1991 with Williams and McLaren , and the Drivers ' Championship every year from 1987 to 1991 with Nelson Piquet , Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost . Honda withdrew at the end of 1992 after having achieved their targets . Honda returned again in 2000 , providing engines for British American Racing ( BAR ) . BAR-Honda finished second in the Constructors ' Championship in 2004 , and by the end of 2005 Honda had bought out the BAR team , which became the Honda team for 2006 . After a good 2006 season where Jenson Button won the Hungarian Grand Prix , Honda announced in December 2008 that they would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the global financial crisis , following two difficult seasons in 2007 and 2008 . In May 2013 , Honda announced their intention to return to the sport in the 2015 season under a works agreement with McLaren to supply power units . The first iterations of the Honda engines proved to be uncompetitive , and Honda spent their first three years under the harsh scrutiny of the public eye as they developed their power unit . McLaren and Honda split after three years , Toro Rosso however , agreed to use Honda engines for the 2018 season as a works outfit ."}]}, {'value': '1:15.515', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.404', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ralf Schumacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralf_Schumacher', 'summary': "Ralf Schumacher ( born 30 June 1975 ) is a German former racing driver . He is the younger brother of seven-time Formula One World Champion Michael Schumacher and the pair are the only siblings to win Formula One races . Schumacher began karting at the age of three and achieved early success before making the transition to automobile racing in the German Formula Three Championship and the Formula Nippon series . He first drove in Formula One with Jordan Grand Prix for the 1997 season . Schumacher moved to the Williams F1 team in 1999 , finishing sixth in the Drivers ' Championship that year . He won his first Grand Prix in 2001 , en route to fourth place in the Drivers ' Championship , and subsequently won five more races over the course of two years . Schumacher left Williams at the end of 2004 and joined Toyota Racing in 2005 . However , his performance throughout 2006 and 2007 resulted in Schumacher leaving Formula One , as a result of internal pressure . After leaving Formula One , Schumacher joined the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters in 2008 , achieving minor success , and retired from motorsport at the end of 2012 to enter a managerial role within DTM , mentoring young drivers ."}]}, {'value': 'Williams - BMW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering', 'summary': "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/BMW_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "BMW has been involved in Formula One in a number of capacities since the inauguration of the World Drivers ' Championship in 1950 . The company entered occasional races in the 1950s and 1960s ( often under Formula Two regulations ) , before building the BMW M12/13 inline-four turbocharged engine in the 1980s . This engine was the result of a deal between BMW and Brabham , which resulted in the team 's chassis being powered by BMW engines from 1982 until 1987 , a period in which Nelson Piquet won the 1983 championship driving a Brabham BT52-BMW . BMW also supplied the M12/13 on a customer basis to the ATS , Arrows , Benetton and Ligier teams during this period , with various degrees of success . In 1988 , Brabham temporarily withdrew from the sport and BMW withdrew its official backing from the engines , which were still used by the Arrows team under the Megatron badge . Turbocharged engines were banned by the revised Formula One Technical Regulations for 1989 , rendering the M12/13 obsolete . BMW decided to return to Formula One in the late 1990s by signing an exclusive contract with the Williams team , which needed a new long-term engine supplier after the withdrawal of Renault in 1997 . The programme resulted in the creation of a new V10 engine which made its race début in the Williams FW22 in 2000 . The following year saw the partnership move from the midfield to challenging for race victories , but the desired championship remained elusive due to the dominance of Michael Schumacher and Ferrari in the first half of the 2000s . By 2005 , the relationship between BMW and Williams had deteriorated , and BMW chose to part company and buy the rival Sauber team outright . The BMW Sauber project lasted from 2006 until 2009 , and resulted in a substantial increase in competitiveness for the Swiss former privateer team . Two podium finishes in the first year were followed by a solid third in the Constructors ' Championship in 2007 ( which became second when McLaren was disqualified ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:15.561', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.450', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jarno Trulli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jarno_Trulli', 'summary': "Jarno Trulli ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈjarno ˈtrulli ] ; born 13 July 1974 ) is an Italian racing driver . He regularly competed in Formula One from 1997 to 2011 , driving for Minardi , Prost , Jordan , Renault , Toyota , Lotus Racing and Team Lotus . His best result in the World Drivers ' Championship was sixth place in 2004 ; this was also the year in which he scored the only win of his Formula One career at the 2004 Monaco Grand Prix . Throughout his Formula One career , Trulli was renowned for his skill in qualifying , regularly achieving far better grid positions than rivals with superior cars to his own . He was also known for his defensive driving style which allowed him to successfully hold off quicker drivers , sometimes for an entire race . The combination of being able to achieve high grid positions in comparatively slow cars and his ability to hold off faster drivers would often result in a line of vehicles forming behind him during a race , which was commonly referred to as the 'Trulli Train ' by commentators , fans and journalists . Trulli was slated to compete in the 2012 Formula One season , but retired before the season began . In 2014-15 he competed in the inaugural season of the FIA Formula E Championship , driving for Trulli GP , a team he founded himself ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Mugen-Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mugen_Motorsports', 'summary': "Mugen Motorsports ( M-TEC Co. , Ltd ) ( 無限 ) is a Japanese company formed in 1973 by Hirotoshi Honda , the son of Honda Motor Company founder Soichiro Honda , and Masao Kimura . Mugen , meaning Without Limit , Unlimited or Vast , ( hence the commonly placed word Power after , denoting Unlimited Power ) is an engine tuner and parts manufacturer that manufactures OEM parts such as body kits and sports exhausts for Honda Motor Company . Despite the family connections , however , Mugen is not , and has never been , owned by Honda Motor Company ; Mugen owner Hirotoshi Honda has been the biggest shareholder in Honda since his father 's death in 1991 . The company tunes and races Honda vehicles in the Super GT championship , and , additionally , sells aftermarket parts to amateur enthusiasts . It was part of partnerships that won the Formula 3000 championship in 1990 and 1991 , and that eventually led to Mugen 's involvement in Formula One , from 1992 to 2000 , and up to 2005 was the exclusive supplier of Formula Nippon engines ."}]}, {'value': '1:15.627', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.516', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander Wurz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Wurz', 'summary': "Alexander Wurz ( born 15 February 1974 ) is an Austrian former professional racing driver , driver training expert and businessman . He competed in Formula One from 1997 until 2007 , and is also a two-time winner of the Le Mans 24 Hours . He is currently under contract to race for the Toyota factory racing team in the WEC ( World Endurance Championship ) . In Formula 1 , he is a commentator for TV and media , as well as being Williams F1 Team 's driver coach , [ citation needed ] chairman of the Grand Prix Drivers ' Association , and occasionally a driver steward ."}]}, {'value': 'Benetton - Playlife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benetton_Formula', 'summary': 'Benetton Formula Ltd. , commonly referred to simply as Benetton , was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001 . The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name . In 2000 , the team was purchased by Renault , but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . In 2002 , the team became Renault F1 . The Benetton Formula team was chaired by Alessandro Benetton from 1988 to 1998 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Playlife', 'summary': "Playlife is a fashion company based in Treviso , Italy . The company is owned by the Benetton family and is the sporting label of the clothes manufacturer . Playlife put their name to the engine supply of Formula One team Benetton 's cars from 1998 to 2000 . Playlife engines were re-badged Renault engines that had been acquired by Mecachrome in 1998 and Supertec in 1999 and 2000 . Other teams ran the same engines but kept the Mecachrome/Supertec name such as Williams , Arrows and BAR ."}]}, {'value': '1:15.664', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.553', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jos Verstappen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jos_Verstappen', 'summary': 'Johannes Franciscus Jos Verstappen ( born 4 March 1972 ) is a Dutch former racing driver . After his F1 career Jos Verstappen has won races in A1 Grand Prix and Le Mans Series LMP2 races ( winning the 24 hours of Le Mans LMP2 class in 2008 ) . Prior to his F1 debut in 1994 , he was also the German Formula Three champion and Masters of Formula Three winner in 1993 . Jos was considered the most successful Dutch F1 racing driver before he retired and began mentoring his son Max in Formula 1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Arrows - Supertec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrows_Grand_Prix_International', 'summary': 'Arrows Grand Prix International was a British Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002 . It was known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Supertec', 'summary': "Supertec was a brand of Formula One engines supplied by Dutch company Super Performance Competition Engineering BV , managed by Flavio Briatore and Bruno Michel . Supertec engines were updated 1998 Renault RS9 units , built by Mecachrome . In May 1998 Super Performance Competition Engineering signed an exclusive distribution agreement with Mecachrome to begin in the 1999 season . The engines were purchased and rebadged as Supertec . Supertecs powered Williams , Benetton and BAR in 1999 , and Benetton and Arrows in 2000 . The Benetton team rebadged the engines as Playlife . After the 2000 season , Supertec were collapsed due to financial problems and thus Renault Sport F1 bought Supertec 's assets in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': '1:15.704', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.593', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean Alesi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Alesi', 'summary': "Jean Alesi ( born Giovanni Alesi ; 11 June 1964 ) is a French racing driver of Italian origin . His father , Franco , was a mechanic from Alcamo , Sicily , and his mother was from Riesi . After successes in the minor categories , notably winning the 1989 Formula 3000 Championship , his Formula One career included spells at Tyrrell , Benetton , Sauber , Prost , Jordan and Ferrari , where he proved very popular among the tifosi . During his spell at Ferrari from 1991 to 1995 , his aggressive driving style , combined with the use of the number 27 on his car , led some journalists , and the tifosi , to compare him to Gilles Villeneuve and he won the 1995 Canadian Grand Prix , but this proved to be the only win of his Formula One career . During his time in Formula One , Alesi was particularly good in the wet , and was a mercurial and passionate racer , whose emotions sometimes got the better of him . After leaving Formula One , from 2002 to 2006 Alesi raced in the DTM championship , winning some races , and his best result was a fifth place in the drivers ' championship . He raced in the Speedcar Series in 2008 and 2009 , and raced at Le Mans in 2010 . He raced in the Indianapolis 500 in 2012 and became the oldest professional driver to perform the rookie test for admission to the competition . For several years he was also a commentator for the Italian TV show Pole Position . In 2006 Alesi was awarded Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ."}]}, {'value': 'Prost - Peugeot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prost_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Prost Grand Prix was a Formula One racing team owned and managed by four-time Formula One world champion Alain Prost . The team participated in five seasons from 1997 to 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peugeot', 'summary': "Peugeot ( UK : /ˈpɜːʒoʊ/ , US : /p ( j ) uːˈʒoʊ/ ( listen ) , French : [ pøʒo ] ) is a French automotive manufacturer , part of Groupe PSA . The family business that preceded the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810 in France , and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles . On 20 November 1858 , Émile Peugeot applied for the lion trademark . Armand Peugeot built the company 's first car , an unreliable steam tricycle , in collaboration with Léon Serpollet in 1889 ; this was followed in 1890 by an internal combustion car with a Panhard-Daimler engine . Due to family discord , Armand Peugeot founded the Société des Automobiles Peugeot , in 1896 . The Peugeot company and family are originally from Sochaux , France . Peugeot retains a large manufacturing plant and Peugeot museum there . In February 2014 , the shareholders agreed to a recapitalisation plan for Groupe PSA , in which Dongfeng Motors and the French government each bought a 14% stake in the company . Peugeot has received many international awards for its vehicles , including five European Car of the Year awards . In 2013 and 2014 , Peugeot ranked the second lowest for average CO2 emissions among generalist brands in Europe , the Renault car maker group being ranked first , with 114.9g CO2/km . Peugeot is known as a very reliable brand , citing how its 1950s and 1960s models are still running in Africa and Cuba in the 2010s , where Peugeot is called the lion . Peugeot has been involved successfully in motor sport for more than a century ."}]}, {'value': '1:15.715', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.604', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedro de la Rosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_de_la_Rosa', 'summary': 'Pedro Martínez de la Rosa ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈpeðɾo ðe la ˈrosa ] ; born 24 February 1971 ) is a Spanish former Formula One driver who has participated in 107 Grands Prix for the Arrows , Jaguar , McLaren , Sauber and HRT teams , debuting on 7 March 1999 , becoming one of very few drivers to score a point at his first race . He has scored a total of 35 championship points , which includes a podium finish at the 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix . On 21 November 2011 , De la Rosa signed a two-year contract to drive for the HRT F1 team , but he only remained with the team for one season , after HRT withdrew from the 2013 team list , leaving him without a drive for the 2013 season . On 16 January 2013 , De la Rosa was announced as the Ferrari development driver for the 2013 Formula One season . De la Rosa , along with Michael Schumacher was the last F1 driver that had raced in the sport in the 1990s .'}]}, {'value': 'Arrows - Supertec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrows_Grand_Prix_International', 'summary': 'Arrows Grand Prix International was a British Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002 . It was known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Supertec', 'summary': "Supertec was a brand of Formula One engines supplied by Dutch company Super Performance Competition Engineering BV , managed by Flavio Briatore and Bruno Michel . Supertec engines were updated 1998 Renault RS9 units , built by Mecachrome . In May 1998 Super Performance Competition Engineering signed an exclusive distribution agreement with Mecachrome to begin in the 1999 season . The engines were purchased and rebadged as Supertec . Supertecs powered Williams , Benetton and BAR in 1999 , and Benetton and Arrows in 2000 . The Benetton team rebadged the engines as Playlife . After the 2000 season , Supertec were collapsed due to financial problems and thus Renault Sport F1 bought Supertec 's assets in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': '1:16.002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.891', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnny Herbert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Herbert', 'summary': 'John Paul Johnny Herbert ( born 25 June 1964 ) is a retired British racing driver and television announcer . He raced in Formula One from 1989 to 2000 , for 7 different teams , winning three races and placed 4th in the 1995 championship . He also raced sports cars winning the Le Mans 24 Hours in 1991 driving a Mazda 787B . He enjoyed much success in lower-level motor racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Jaguar - Cosworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaguar_Racing', 'summary': "Jaguar Racing is the name given to Jaguar 's racing interests . It currently competes in Formula E under the name Panasonic Jaguar Racing . It was previously a Formula One constructor that competed in the FIA Formula One World Championship from 2000 to 2004 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cosworth', 'summary': 'Cosworth is a British automotive engineering company founded in London in 1958 ; 62 years ago ( 1958 ) , specialising in high-performance internal combustion engines , powertrain , and electronics ; for automobile racing ( motorsport ) and mainstream automotive industries . Cosworth is based in Northampton , England , with American facilities in Indianapolis , Shelby Charter Township , Michigan and Mooresville , North Carolina . Cosworth has collected 176 wins in Formula One ( F1 ) as engine supplier , ranking third with most wins , behind Ferrari and Mercedes .'}]}, {'value': '1:16.250', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.139', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marc Gené', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marc_Gené', 'summary': "Marc Gené i Guerrero ( born 29 March 1974 ) is a Spanish professional racing driver . He is best known as a tester for Williams and Ferrari in Formula One , Minardi Formula One driver and factory driver for Peugeot 's Le Mans team , with which he won the 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans . His brother Jordi is also a racing driver , competing in the WTCC for SEAT . He had 36 starts in Formula One , mostly through two seasons with the Minardi team , with which he scored a sixth-place finish at the attrition-filled 1999 European Grand Prix . Starting from the 2010 season , Gené commented on Formula One races for Spanish television on Antena 3 . In 2013 he became an expert analyst for Sky Sport F1 HD in Italy ."}]}, {'value': 'Minardi - Fondmetal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minardi', 'summary': "Minardi was an Italian automobile racing team and constructor founded in Faenza in 1979 by Giancarlo Minardi . It competed in the Formula One World Championship from 1985 until 2005 with little success , nevertheless acquiring a loyal following of fans . In 2001 , to save the team from folding , Minardi sold it to Australian businessman Paul Stoddart , who ran the team for five years before selling it on to Red Bull GmbH in 2005 who renamed it Scuderia Toro Rosso . From 2001 , all of Minardi chassis are called PS then a number , the PS being the initials of team owner , Paul Stoddart . During its time in F1 , the team scored a total of 38 championship points ; 16 of these were earned by the team 's first driver , Pierluigi Martini . Martini also recorded the team 's only front row start , qualifying 2nd at the 1990 United States Grand Prix , and he led a lap during the 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix , the only time a Minardi led a lap . The team never achieved a podium finish , only managing three 4th-place finishes : Martini twice in 1991 and Christian Fittipaldi in 1993 . In the 21 seasons , Minardi entered 37 drivers . Thirteen had Italian nationality , the others came with 13 different nationalities ( discounting Doornbos racing under a Monaco license in 2005 ) . Martini started in 103 Grands Prix for the team , while Morbidelli and Gené started 33 times . Before Minardi 's demise , the team was a particularly well-liked team within Formula One circles for its friendliness , accessibility , and lack of corporate culture . On the track , their cars were regarded by many as well-designed for their tiny budget , their low position recognised as a result of a lack of funds ( and engine power ) rather than a poor car ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fondmetal', 'summary': 'Fondmetal S.p.A. is an Italian manufacturer of alloy wheels , founded in 1972 by Gabriele Rumi . A Formula One constructor of the same name , also owned by Rumi , competed in the 1991 and 1992 seasons , scoring no championship points . The company also sponsored , and supplied wheels to , numerous other constructors from the mid-1980s to the early 2000s . In 2014 the Fondmetal brand expanded to the United States and became known as Fondmetal USA . All wheels continue to be made in Italy and are TUV approved .'}]}, {'value': '1:16.380', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.269', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nick Heidfeld', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Heidfeld', 'summary': 'Nick Lars Heidfeld ( born 10 May 1977 ) is a German professional racing driver . Despite scoring regular podium finishes in 2005 with Williams , and in 2007 and 2008 with BMW Sauber , Heidfeld never won a race after debuting in Formula One in 2000 . Heidfeld currently holds three Formula One records ; most podium finishes without a Grand Prix win ( 13 ) , most second-place finishes without a win ( 8 ) , and the most consecutive race classifications ( 41 ) . In 2011 , Heidfeld raced in Formula One for the Renault team as a replacement for the injured Robert Kubica , his former BMW Sauber teammate , before being replaced by Bruno Senna . He currently drives for the Rebellion Racing team in the FIA World Endurance Championship and for Mahindra Racing Formula E Team in Formula E .'}]}, {'value': 'Prost - Peugeot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prost_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Prost Grand Prix was a Formula One racing team owned and managed by four-time Formula One world champion Alain Prost . The team participated in five seasons from 1997 to 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peugeot', 'summary': "Peugeot ( UK : /ˈpɜːʒoʊ/ , US : /p ( j ) uːˈʒoʊ/ ( listen ) , French : [ pøʒo ] ) is a French automotive manufacturer , part of Groupe PSA . The family business that preceded the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810 in France , and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles . On 20 November 1858 , Émile Peugeot applied for the lion trademark . Armand Peugeot built the company 's first car , an unreliable steam tricycle , in collaboration with Léon Serpollet in 1889 ; this was followed in 1890 by an internal combustion car with a Panhard-Daimler engine . Due to family discord , Armand Peugeot founded the Société des Automobiles Peugeot , in 1896 . The Peugeot company and family are originally from Sochaux , France . Peugeot retains a large manufacturing plant and Peugeot museum there . In February 2014 , the shareholders agreed to a recapitalisation plan for Groupe PSA , in which Dongfeng Motors and the French government each bought a 14% stake in the company . Peugeot has received many international awards for its vehicles , including five European Car of the Year awards . In 2013 and 2014 , Peugeot ranked the second lowest for average CO2 emissions among generalist brands in Europe , the Renault car maker group being ranked first , with 114.9g CO2/km . Peugeot is known as a very reliable brand , citing how its 1950s and 1960s models are still running in Africa and Cuba in the 2010s , where Peugeot is called the lion . Peugeot has been involved successfully in motor sport for more than a century ."}]}, {'value': '1:17.112', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20*', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedro Diniz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_Diniz', 'summary': "Pedro Paulo Falleiros dos Santos Diniz ( born 22 May 1970 ) is a Brazilian businessman and former racing driver . Diniz began karting at the age of eighteen and achieved minor success , before progressing to car racing in the Brazilian Formula Ford Championship and the British Formula 3 Championship . He first drove in Formula One with Forti for the 1995 season . The following year he switched to Ligier and moved to Arrows for 1997 . In 1998 , he finished 14th in the Drivers ' Championship , and subsequently moved to Sauber for 1999 . He left Sauber after the 2000 season and bought a share in the Prost team , which folded a year later . Since leaving motorsport , Diniz founded the Formula Renault 2.0 Brazil Championship which he ran from 2002 and 2006 , later becoming a partner in Pão de Açúcar and operates an organic produce and dairy farm alongside his wife Tatiana Diniz . He is a Board Member of Food Tank , a non-profit organization that spotlights environmentally , socially , and economically sustainable ways of alleviating hunger , obesity , and poverty and works to create networks of people , organizations , and content to push for food system change . Diniz was considered a pay driver during his career due to his family backing , but he scored ten points during his Formula One career while most pay drivers did not score any ."}]}, {'value': 'Sauber - Petronas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sauber', 'summary': "Sauber Motorsport AG is a Swiss motorsport engineering company . It was founded in 1970 ( as PP Sauber AG ) by Peter Sauber , who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sportscar Championship to reach Formula One in 1993 . In 2019 , following a sponsorship deal , Sauber Motorsport AG renamed their Formula One racing team to Alfa Romeo Racing after operating it under their own name from 1993 until 2018 . Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent , the team was sold to BMW in 2005 , and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009 , scoring one victory . At the end of the 2009 season BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team 's future remained uncertain for several months , until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry . Due to issues with the Concorde Agreement , the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season . In March 2010 , Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season , but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name . At the beginning of the 2011 season the team dropped BMW from their name . Until mid-2016 Peter Sauber held a controlling 66.6% stake in the team , with the remainder belonging to then CEO Monisha Kaltenborn ; she had been a leading figure in the team since BMW 's withdrawal . The team was sold during the 2016 season to Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A , with Pascal Picci taking over Peter Sauber 's role as chairman of the board and president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sauber_Petronas_Engineering', 'summary': 'Sauber Petronas Engineering AG ( SPE ) was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufacturer Sauber ( 60% ) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas ( 40% ) . It was founded in 1996 for the purpose of supplying engines to the Sauber Formula One team but at the same time the company began work on the design of production car engines for the Malaysian national car company Proton . The company also helped develop racing motorcycles like Petronas GP1 . Former Honda and Ferrari engineer Osamu Goto was in charge of the Powertrain Division , including the F1 engine program . The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded Petronas . Sauber licensed nearly every legally licensable part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff . Many pointed out suspicious similarities between Ferrari and Sauber chassis , but no formal accusations were ever made , even if FIA rules require each team to design their own chassis . The long-term aim of Sauber Petronas was to design and build its own F1 engines for the 1999 season but the programme was abandoned , choosing instead to continue with the Ferrari units . In 1998 , Petronas commissioned the Powertrain Division of SPE to design their own first commercial automotive engine , the Petronas E01e engine . After the 2005 season , Sauber was bought by BMW and the co-operation with Ferrari ended .'}]}, {'value': '1:17.178', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.067', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Qualifying -- Qualifying classification', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2000_Brazilian_Grand_Prix_0', 'intro': 'The 2000 Brazilian Grand Prix (officially the XXIX Grande Prêmio Marlboro do Brasil) was a Formula One motor race held on 26 March 2000 at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace in São Paulo, Brazil. 72,000 people attended the race. It was the second round of the 2000 Formula One World Championship and the 29th overall edition of the event. Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher won the 71-lap race from a third position start. Giancarlo Fisichella of the Benetton team finished in second and Heinz-Harald Frentzen of Jordan was third. Mika Häkkinen of the McLaren team took the 23rd pole position of his career by recording the fastest lap in qualifying. He held the lead for the first lap until Michael Schumacher passed him at the beginning of lap two. Thereafter, Michael Schumacher opened up a 17.6 second lead before his first of two pit stops for fuel and tyres on lap 20. He retook the lead after Häkkinen retired with a loss of engine oil pressure ten laps later. David Coulthard in the other McLaren reduced the advantage of Michael Schumacher in the final 12 laps as the latter slowed to manage an oil pressure problem. He was not close enough to make a pass for the win as Michael Schumacher took his second consecutive victory of the season, his third at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace and the 37th of his career. After the race, Coulthard was disqualified from second place due to an illegal front wing endplate.'} | null | null | Which driver holds the record for most World Championships ? | Michael Schumacher |
07cd029c585d4cd8 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_at_the_Paralympics', 'title': 'Croatia at the Paralympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name ( s )', 'Games', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milka Milinković', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992 Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Summer Paralympics ( Spanish : Juegos Paralímpicos de Verano de 1992 ; Catalan : Jocs Paralímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) were the ninth Paralympic Games to be held . They were held in Barcelona , Spain . In addition , the 1992 Paralympic Games for Persons with mental handicap were held immediately after the regular Paralympics in the Spanish capital , Madrid ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1992_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "Athletics at the 1992 Summer Paralympics consisted of 214 events , 152 for men and 62 for women . Because of a tie for third place in the men 's high jump B2 event , a total of 215 bronze medals were awarded . Swimming , athletics and table tennis used a medical based classification system for the Barcelona Games . This happened as the Games were in a transition period with a number of other sports starting to move to a fully functional based classification system . This medal table includes also the 1992 Paralympic Games for Persons with mental handicap , which held by the same organizing committee , and is part of same event , but in Madrid , between 15-22 September in the same year ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's javelin throw THW5", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mihovil Španja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mihovil_Španja', 'summary': 'Mihovil Španja ( born 20 April 1984 ) is a retired Croatian Paralympic swimmer .'}]}, {'value': '2004 Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The 2004 Summer Paralympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Παραολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 ) , the 12th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Athens , Greece from 17 to 28 September 2004 . 3,806 athletes from 136 National Paralympic Committees competed . 519 medal events were held in 19 sports . Four new events were introduced to the Paralympics in Athens ; 5-a-side football for the blind , quads wheelchair tennis , and women 's competitions in judo and sitting volleyball . Following a scandal at the 2000 Summer Paralympics , in which the Spanish intellectually-disabled basketball team was stripped of their gold medal after it was found that multiple players had not met the eligibility requirements , ID-class events were suspended ."}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2004_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 2004 Summer Paralympics , in the Olympic Aquatic Centre was competed in freestyle , backstroke and butterfly ( classes Sn ) , the breaststroke ( classes SBn ) and individual medley ( classes SMn ) .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 100 m backstroke S8", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mihovil Španja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mihovil_Španja', 'summary': 'Mihovil Španja ( born 20 April 1984 ) is a retired Croatian Paralympic swimmer .'}]}, {'value': '2004 Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The 2004 Summer Paralympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Παραολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 ) , the 12th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Athens , Greece from 17 to 28 September 2004 . 3,806 athletes from 136 National Paralympic Committees competed . 519 medal events were held in 19 sports . Four new events were introduced to the Paralympics in Athens ; 5-a-side football for the blind , quads wheelchair tennis , and women 's competitions in judo and sitting volleyball . Following a scandal at the 2000 Summer Paralympics , in which the Spanish intellectually-disabled basketball team was stripped of their gold medal after it was found that multiple players had not met the eligibility requirements , ID-class events were suspended ."}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2004_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 2004 Summer Paralympics , in the Olympic Aquatic Centre was competed in freestyle , backstroke and butterfly ( classes Sn ) , the breaststroke ( classes SBn ) and individual medley ( classes SMn ) .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 200 m individual medley SM8", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mihovil Španja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mihovil_Španja', 'summary': 'Mihovil Španja ( born 20 April 1984 ) is a retired Croatian Paralympic swimmer .'}]}, {'value': '2004 Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The 2004 Summer Paralympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Παραολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 ) , the 12th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Athens , Greece from 17 to 28 September 2004 . 3,806 athletes from 136 National Paralympic Committees competed . 519 medal events were held in 19 sports . Four new events were introduced to the Paralympics in Athens ; 5-a-side football for the blind , quads wheelchair tennis , and women 's competitions in judo and sitting volleyball . Following a scandal at the 2000 Summer Paralympics , in which the Spanish intellectually-disabled basketball team was stripped of their gold medal after it was found that multiple players had not met the eligibility requirements , ID-class events were suspended ."}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2004_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 2004 Summer Paralympics , in the Olympic Aquatic Centre was competed in freestyle , backstroke and butterfly ( classes Sn ) , the breaststroke ( classes SBn ) and individual medley ( classes SMn ) .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 400 m freestyle S8", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jelena Vuković', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jelena_Vuković', 'summary': 'Jelena Vuković ( born 1975 ) is a paralympic athlete from Croatia competing mainly in category F42 shot putt and discus events . Vuković has competed in the shot and discus in three Paralympics firstly in 2000 , then in 2004 where she won the bronze medal in the discus for F42-46 and then again in 2008 . In 2008 , she won the seventh place .'}]}, {'value': '2004 Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The 2004 Summer Paralympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Παραολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 ) , the 12th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Athens , Greece from 17 to 28 September 2004 . 3,806 athletes from 136 National Paralympic Committees competed . 519 medal events were held in 19 sports . Four new events were introduced to the Paralympics in Athens ; 5-a-side football for the blind , quads wheelchair tennis , and women 's competitions in judo and sitting volleyball . Following a scandal at the 2000 Summer Paralympics , in which the Spanish intellectually-disabled basketball team was stripped of their gold medal after it was found that multiple players had not met the eligibility requirements , ID-class events were suspended ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2004 Summer Paralympics included 17 events for men and 15 events for women , in 5 disciplines . Athletes competed in one of four disability categories :'}]}, {'value': "Women 's discus throw F42-46", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonia Balek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonia_Balek', 'summary': "Antonia Balek ( born 29 May 1968 ) is a Paralympian athlete from Croatia competing mainly in F52 shot putt and discus throw events . She competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , China . There she won a gold medals in both the women 's shot putt F32-34/52-53 event and F33-34/52-53 javelin throw event ."}]}, {'value': '2008 Beijing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2008 Summer Paralympic Games ( Chinese : 第十三届残疾人奥林匹克运动会 ) , the 13th Paralympics , took place in Beijing , China from September 6 to 17 , 2008 . As with the 2008 Summer Olympics , equestrian events were held in Hong Kong and sailing events in Qingdao . 3,951 athletes from 146 countries took part , the largest number of nations ever ( ten more than the 2004 Games in Athens ) . Five countries competed for the first time . As host country , China fielded more athletes than any other country . The slogan for the 2008 Paralympics was the same as the 2008 Summer Olympics , One World , One Dream ( simplified Chinese : 同一个世界 同一个梦想 ; traditional Chinese : 同一個世界 同一個夢想 Pinyin Tóng yīge shìjìe tóng yīge mèngxiǎng , lit . One World , One Dream ) . China dominated the medal count , finishing with 89 gold medals and 211 total medals , more than double the next-ranked NPC in both cases . 339 Paralympic records and 279 world records were broken . International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) President Philip Craven declared the Games the greatest Paralympic Games ever . Beijing has been selected to host the 2022 Winter Paralympics ; it would then become the first city ever to host both a Summer and Winter Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics were held in Beijing National Stadium from September 8 to September 17 . There were 160 gold medals in this sport .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's javelin throw F33-34/52-53", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_javelin_throw_F33–34/52–53", 'summary': "The 'Women 's javelin throw F33-34/52-53 had its Final held on September 13 at 17:00 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonia Balek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonia_Balek', 'summary': "Antonia Balek ( born 29 May 1968 ) is a Paralympian athlete from Croatia competing mainly in F52 shot putt and discus throw events . She competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , China . There she won a gold medals in both the women 's shot putt F32-34/52-53 event and F33-34/52-53 javelin throw event ."}]}, {'value': '2008 Beijing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2008 Summer Paralympic Games ( Chinese : 第十三届残疾人奥林匹克运动会 ) , the 13th Paralympics , took place in Beijing , China from September 6 to 17 , 2008 . As with the 2008 Summer Olympics , equestrian events were held in Hong Kong and sailing events in Qingdao . 3,951 athletes from 146 countries took part , the largest number of nations ever ( ten more than the 2004 Games in Athens ) . Five countries competed for the first time . As host country , China fielded more athletes than any other country . The slogan for the 2008 Paralympics was the same as the 2008 Summer Olympics , One World , One Dream ( simplified Chinese : 同一个世界 同一个梦想 ; traditional Chinese : 同一個世界 同一個夢想 Pinyin Tóng yīge shìjìe tóng yīge mèngxiǎng , lit . One World , One Dream ) . China dominated the medal count , finishing with 89 gold medals and 211 total medals , more than double the next-ranked NPC in both cases . 339 Paralympic records and 279 world records were broken . International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) President Philip Craven declared the Games the greatest Paralympic Games ever . Beijing has been selected to host the 2022 Winter Paralympics ; it would then become the first city ever to host both a Summer and Winter Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics were held in Beijing National Stadium from September 8 to September 17 . There were 160 gold medals in this sport .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's shot put F32-34/52-53", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_shot_put_F32–34/52–53", 'summary': "The Women 's Shot Put F33-34/52/53 had its Final held on September 15 at 9:10 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darko Kralj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darko_Kralj', 'summary': "Darko Kralj ( born 6 June 1971 in Garešnica ) is a Croatian Paralympic athlete competing mainly in shot put events . He lost his left leg in a missile attack in 1991 . At the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , he won a gold medal in the men 's F42 shot put event improving his world record with 14.43 metres . At the 2011 IPC Athletics World Championships held in Christchurch , Kralj won a silver medal . The King , a Croatian-language film about Kralj 's life directed by Dejan Aćimović , was released in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '2008 Beijing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2008 Summer Paralympic Games ( Chinese : 第十三届残疾人奥林匹克运动会 ) , the 13th Paralympics , took place in Beijing , China from September 6 to 17 , 2008 . As with the 2008 Summer Olympics , equestrian events were held in Hong Kong and sailing events in Qingdao . 3,951 athletes from 146 countries took part , the largest number of nations ever ( ten more than the 2004 Games in Athens ) . Five countries competed for the first time . As host country , China fielded more athletes than any other country . The slogan for the 2008 Paralympics was the same as the 2008 Summer Olympics , One World , One Dream ( simplified Chinese : 同一个世界 同一个梦想 ; traditional Chinese : 同一個世界 同一個夢想 Pinyin Tóng yīge shìjìe tóng yīge mèngxiǎng , lit . One World , One Dream ) . China dominated the medal count , finishing with 89 gold medals and 211 total medals , more than double the next-ranked NPC in both cases . 339 Paralympic records and 279 world records were broken . International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) President Philip Craven declared the Games the greatest Paralympic Games ever . Beijing has been selected to host the 2022 Winter Paralympics ; it would then become the first city ever to host both a Summer and Winter Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics were held in Beijing National Stadium from September 8 to September 17 . There were 160 gold medals in this sport .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's shot put F42", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_shot_put_F42", 'summary': "The Men 's Shot Put F42 had its Final held on September 10 at 17:30 ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Branimir Budetić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Branimir_Budetić', 'summary': 'Branimir Budetić ( born 20 April 1990 ) is a Paralympic athlete from Croatia . He competed in the javelin throw at the 2008 , 2012 and 2016 Olympics and finished second , third and fourth , respectively .'}]}, {'value': '2008 Beijing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2008 Summer Paralympic Games ( Chinese : 第十三届残疾人奥林匹克运动会 ) , the 13th Paralympics , took place in Beijing , China from September 6 to 17 , 2008 . As with the 2008 Summer Olympics , equestrian events were held in Hong Kong and sailing events in Qingdao . 3,951 athletes from 146 countries took part , the largest number of nations ever ( ten more than the 2004 Games in Athens ) . Five countries competed for the first time . As host country , China fielded more athletes than any other country . The slogan for the 2008 Paralympics was the same as the 2008 Summer Olympics , One World , One Dream ( simplified Chinese : 同一个世界 同一个梦想 ; traditional Chinese : 同一個世界 同一個夢想 Pinyin Tóng yīge shìjìe tóng yīge mèngxiǎng , lit . One World , One Dream ) . China dominated the medal count , finishing with 89 gold medals and 211 total medals , more than double the next-ranked NPC in both cases . 339 Paralympic records and 279 world records were broken . International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) President Philip Craven declared the Games the greatest Paralympic Games ever . Beijing has been selected to host the 2022 Winter Paralympics ; it would then become the first city ever to host both a Summer and Winter Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics were held in Beijing National Stadium from September 8 to September 17 . There were 160 gold medals in this sport .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's javelin throw F11-12", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_javelin_throw_F11-12", 'summary': "The Men 's Javelin Throw F11-12 had its Final held on 10 September at 17:25 ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darko Kralj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darko_Kralj', 'summary': "Darko Kralj ( born 6 June 1971 in Garešnica ) is a Croatian Paralympic athlete competing mainly in shot put events . He lost his left leg in a missile attack in 1991 . At the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , he won a gold medal in the men 's F42 shot put event improving his world record with 14.43 metres . At the 2011 IPC Athletics World Championships held in Christchurch , Kralj won a silver medal . The King , a Croatian-language film about Kralj 's life directed by Dejan Aćimović , was released in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '2012 London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Paralympics , the 14th Summer Paralympic Games , and also more generally known as the London 2012 Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) , that took place in London , United Kingdom from 29 August to 9 September 2012 . These Paralympics were one of the largest multi-sport events ever held in the United Kingdom after the 2012 Summer Olympics , and until the date the largest Paralympics ever : 4,302 athletes from 164 National Paralympic Committees participated , with fourteen countries appearing in the Paralympics for the first time ever . The lead-up to these games prominently emphasized the return of the Paralympic movement to its spiritual birthplace : in 1948 , the British village of Stoke Mandeville first hosted the Stoke Mandeville Games , an athletics event for disabled British veterans of the Second World War held to coincide with the opening of the Summer Olympics in London . They were the first-ever organized sporting event for disabled athletes and served as a precursor to the modern Paralympic Games . Stoke Mandeville also co-hosted the 1984 Summer Paralympics with Long Island , New York , after its original host , the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , pulled out due to financial issues . Organizers expected the Games to be the first Paralympics to achieve mass-market appeal , fuelled by continued enthusiasm from the British public following the country 's successful performance at the Summer Olympics , awareness of the United Kingdom 's role in the history of the Paralympics , public attention surrounding South African sprinter Oscar Pistorius ( who had recently become the first double amputee to compete in the Summer Olympics alongside able-bodied athletes ) , a major marketing campaign instituted by the Games ' local broadcaster , and growing media coverage of Paralympic sport . The games ultimately met these expectations , breaking records for ticket sales , heightening the profile of the Paralympics in relation to the Olympics , and prompting IPC president Philip Craven to declare them the greatest Paralympic Games ever . A total of 503 events in 20 sports were held during these games ; for the first time since their suspension after the 2000 Paralympics , events for the intellectually disabled were also held in selected sports . For the third Summer Paralympics in a row , China won the most medals overall , with a total of 231 ( 95 of them being gold ) , followed by Russia and Great Britain ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's shot put F42-44", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_shot_put", 'summary': "The Men 's Shot Put athletics events for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from August 31 to September 8 , 2012 . A total of 11 events were contested incorporating 19 different classifications ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zoran Talić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoran_Talić_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Zoran Talić ( born 23 June 1990 ) is a Paralympic athlete from Croatia who competes in T20 classification long jump events . Talić represented Croatia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , where he won silver in the long jump . He is also a multiple medal winner at both the IPC World and European Championships , and is a two time European champion in his T20 classification .'}]}, {'value': '2012 London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Paralympics , the 14th Summer Paralympic Games , and also more generally known as the London 2012 Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) , that took place in London , United Kingdom from 29 August to 9 September 2012 . These Paralympics were one of the largest multi-sport events ever held in the United Kingdom after the 2012 Summer Olympics , and until the date the largest Paralympics ever : 4,302 athletes from 164 National Paralympic Committees participated , with fourteen countries appearing in the Paralympics for the first time ever . The lead-up to these games prominently emphasized the return of the Paralympic movement to its spiritual birthplace : in 1948 , the British village of Stoke Mandeville first hosted the Stoke Mandeville Games , an athletics event for disabled British veterans of the Second World War held to coincide with the opening of the Summer Olympics in London . They were the first-ever organized sporting event for disabled athletes and served as a precursor to the modern Paralympic Games . Stoke Mandeville also co-hosted the 1984 Summer Paralympics with Long Island , New York , after its original host , the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , pulled out due to financial issues . Organizers expected the Games to be the first Paralympics to achieve mass-market appeal , fuelled by continued enthusiasm from the British public following the country 's successful performance at the Summer Olympics , awareness of the United Kingdom 's role in the history of the Paralympics , public attention surrounding South African sprinter Oscar Pistorius ( who had recently become the first double amputee to compete in the Summer Olympics alongside able-bodied athletes ) , a major marketing campaign instituted by the Games ' local broadcaster , and growing media coverage of Paralympic sport . The games ultimately met these expectations , breaking records for ticket sales , heightening the profile of the Paralympics in relation to the Olympics , and prompting IPC president Philip Craven to declare them the greatest Paralympic Games ever . A total of 503 events in 20 sports were held during these games ; for the first time since their suspension after the 2000 Paralympics , events for the intellectually disabled were also held in selected sports . For the third Summer Paralympics in a row , China won the most medals overall , with a total of 231 ( 95 of them being gold ) , followed by Russia and Great Britain ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's long jump F20", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_long_jump", 'summary': "The Men 's Long Jump athletics events for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from August 31 to September 5 . A total of 7 events were contested for 7 different classifications ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Branimir Budetić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Branimir_Budetić', 'summary': 'Branimir Budetić ( born 20 April 1990 ) is a Paralympic athlete from Croatia . He competed in the javelin throw at the 2008 , 2012 and 2016 Olympics and finished second , third and fourth , respectively .'}]}, {'value': '2012 London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Paralympics , the 14th Summer Paralympic Games , and also more generally known as the London 2012 Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) , that took place in London , United Kingdom from 29 August to 9 September 2012 . These Paralympics were one of the largest multi-sport events ever held in the United Kingdom after the 2012 Summer Olympics , and until the date the largest Paralympics ever : 4,302 athletes from 164 National Paralympic Committees participated , with fourteen countries appearing in the Paralympics for the first time ever . The lead-up to these games prominently emphasized the return of the Paralympic movement to its spiritual birthplace : in 1948 , the British village of Stoke Mandeville first hosted the Stoke Mandeville Games , an athletics event for disabled British veterans of the Second World War held to coincide with the opening of the Summer Olympics in London . They were the first-ever organized sporting event for disabled athletes and served as a precursor to the modern Paralympic Games . Stoke Mandeville also co-hosted the 1984 Summer Paralympics with Long Island , New York , after its original host , the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , pulled out due to financial issues . Organizers expected the Games to be the first Paralympics to achieve mass-market appeal , fuelled by continued enthusiasm from the British public following the country 's successful performance at the Summer Olympics , awareness of the United Kingdom 's role in the history of the Paralympics , public attention surrounding South African sprinter Oscar Pistorius ( who had recently become the first double amputee to compete in the Summer Olympics alongside able-bodied athletes ) , a major marketing campaign instituted by the Games ' local broadcaster , and growing media coverage of Paralympic sport . The games ultimately met these expectations , breaking records for ticket sales , heightening the profile of the Paralympics in relation to the Olympics , and prompting IPC president Philip Craven to declare them the greatest Paralympic Games ever . A total of 503 events in 20 sports were held during these games ; for the first time since their suspension after the 2000 Paralympics , events for the intellectually disabled were also held in selected sports . For the third Summer Paralympics in a row , China won the most medals overall , with a total of 231 ( 95 of them being gold ) , followed by Russia and Great Britain ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's javelin throw F12-13", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_javelin_throw", 'summary': "The Men 's Javelin Throw athletics events for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from September 1 to September 8 . A total of 8 events were contested incorporating 14 different classifications ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mikela Ristoski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikela_Ristoski', 'summary': 'Mikela Ristoski ( born 7 November 1989 ) is a Paralympic athlete from Croatia who competes in T20 classification track and field jump events . She won bronze for Croatia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in the long jump ( F20 ) . Ristoski is a multiple medalist at both World and European Championship levels , and has been World champion in both the long jump ( 2011 ) and triple jump ( 2015 ) .'}]}, {'value': '2012 London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Paralympics , the 14th Summer Paralympic Games , and also more generally known as the London 2012 Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) , that took place in London , United Kingdom from 29 August to 9 September 2012 . These Paralympics were one of the largest multi-sport events ever held in the United Kingdom after the 2012 Summer Olympics , and until the date the largest Paralympics ever : 4,302 athletes from 164 National Paralympic Committees participated , with fourteen countries appearing in the Paralympics for the first time ever . The lead-up to these games prominently emphasized the return of the Paralympic movement to its spiritual birthplace : in 1948 , the British village of Stoke Mandeville first hosted the Stoke Mandeville Games , an athletics event for disabled British veterans of the Second World War held to coincide with the opening of the Summer Olympics in London . They were the first-ever organized sporting event for disabled athletes and served as a precursor to the modern Paralympic Games . Stoke Mandeville also co-hosted the 1984 Summer Paralympics with Long Island , New York , after its original host , the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , pulled out due to financial issues . Organizers expected the Games to be the first Paralympics to achieve mass-market appeal , fuelled by continued enthusiasm from the British public following the country 's successful performance at the Summer Olympics , awareness of the United Kingdom 's role in the history of the Paralympics , public attention surrounding South African sprinter Oscar Pistorius ( who had recently become the first double amputee to compete in the Summer Olympics alongside able-bodied athletes ) , a major marketing campaign instituted by the Games ' local broadcaster , and growing media coverage of Paralympic sport . The games ultimately met these expectations , breaking records for ticket sales , heightening the profile of the Paralympics in relation to the Olympics , and prompting IPC president Philip Craven to declare them the greatest Paralympic Games ever . A total of 503 events in 20 sports were held during these games ; for the first time since their suspension after the 2000 Paralympics , events for the intellectually disabled were also held in selected sports . For the third Summer Paralympics in a row , China won the most medals overall , with a total of 231 ( 95 of them being gold ) , followed by Russia and Great Britain ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's long jump F20", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_long_jump", 'summary': "The Women 's Long Jump athletics events for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from August 31 to September 7 , 2012 . A total of 6 events were contested incorporating 9 different classifications ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mihovil Španja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mihovil_Španja', 'summary': 'Mihovil Španja ( born 20 April 1984 ) is a retired Croatian Paralympic swimmer .'}]}, {'value': '2012 London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Paralympics , the 14th Summer Paralympic Games , and also more generally known as the London 2012 Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) , that took place in London , United Kingdom from 29 August to 9 September 2012 . These Paralympics were one of the largest multi-sport events ever held in the United Kingdom after the 2012 Summer Olympics , and until the date the largest Paralympics ever : 4,302 athletes from 164 National Paralympic Committees participated , with fourteen countries appearing in the Paralympics for the first time ever . The lead-up to these games prominently emphasized the return of the Paralympic movement to its spiritual birthplace : in 1948 , the British village of Stoke Mandeville first hosted the Stoke Mandeville Games , an athletics event for disabled British veterans of the Second World War held to coincide with the opening of the Summer Olympics in London . They were the first-ever organized sporting event for disabled athletes and served as a precursor to the modern Paralympic Games . Stoke Mandeville also co-hosted the 1984 Summer Paralympics with Long Island , New York , after its original host , the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , pulled out due to financial issues . Organizers expected the Games to be the first Paralympics to achieve mass-market appeal , fuelled by continued enthusiasm from the British public following the country 's successful performance at the Summer Olympics , awareness of the United Kingdom 's role in the history of the Paralympics , public attention surrounding South African sprinter Oscar Pistorius ( who had recently become the first double amputee to compete in the Summer Olympics alongside able-bodied athletes ) , a major marketing campaign instituted by the Games ' local broadcaster , and growing media coverage of Paralympic sport . The games ultimately met these expectations , breaking records for ticket sales , heightening the profile of the Paralympics in relation to the Olympics , and prompting IPC president Philip Craven to declare them the greatest Paralympic Games ever . A total of 503 events in 20 sports were held during these games ; for the first time since their suspension after the 2000 Paralympics , events for the intellectually disabled were also held in selected sports . For the third Summer Paralympics in a row , China won the most medals overall , with a total of 231 ( 95 of them being gold ) , followed by Russia and Great Britain ."}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 2012 Paralympic Games was held from 30 August to 8 September 2012 at the London Aquatics Centre in London , UK . The competition consisted of 148 events , across multiple classifications , and all swum in a long course ( 50m ) pool . Up to 600 swimmers ( 340 males , 260 females ) swum in the Games .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 100 m backstroke S7", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_100_metre_backstroke_S7", 'summary': "The men 's 100 metre backstroke S7 event at the 2012 Paralympic Games took place on 30 August , at the London Aquatics Centre in the Olympic Park , London . The event was for athletes included in the S7 classification , which is for competitors with physical impairments . Sixteen swimmers took part , representing a total of eleven different nations . Great Britain 's Jonathan Fox set a new world record in the heats and went on to win the gold medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandra Paović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandra_Paović', 'summary': 'Sandra Paović ( born 15 April 1983 ) is a former Croatian para table tennis player . Sandra suffered critical injuries in a traffic accident on 30 January 2009 ( ) . As of December 2009 [ update ] she was still undergoing therapy in the effort to regain full use of her legs ( ) .'}]}, {'value': '2016 Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2016 Summer Paralympics ( Brazilian Portuguese : Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , the 15th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 7 to 18 September 2016 . The Games marked the first time a Latin American and South American city hosted the event , the second Southern Hemisphere city and nation , the first one being the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , and also the first time a Lusophone ( Portuguese-speaking ) country hosted the event . These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program : canoeing and the paratriathlon . The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with financial shortcomings attributed to tepid sponsor interest and ticket sales , which resulted in cuts to volunteer staffing and transport , the re-location of events and the partial deconstruction of the Deodoro venue cluster . However , ticket sales began to increase as the Games drew nearer , and over 2 million tickets were sold in total - overtaking Beijing 2008 as the second-most-attended Paralympic Games on record . The Russian doping scandal also affected these Paralympics ; unlike the Olympics , which selectively allowed Russian athletes to participate , the entire Russian team was banned from the Paralympics . A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio , hosted by the Greek and American Paralympic Committees . For the fourth consecutive Summer Paralympics , China topped the medal table , winning 107 gold medals , while Georgia , Kazakhstan , Malaysia , Uzbekistan , and Vietnam won their first ever Paralympic gold medals . For the first time in Paralympic history , and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960 , an athlete - Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad - died during competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Table tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Table tennis at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio took place in September 2016 . 276 athletes - 174 men and 102 women - are scheduled to compete in 29 events . Table tennis events have been held at the Paralympics since the first Games in Rome in 1960 . Team events will feature contests consisting of one doubles and two singles matches .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's individual C6", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_individual_–_Class_6", 'summary': "The women 's individual table tennis - Class 6 tournament at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro took place during 8-12 September 2016 at Riocentro Pavilion 3 . Classes 6-10 were for athletes with a physical impairment who competed from a standing position ; the lower the number , the greater the impact the impairment was on an athletes ability to compete . In the preliminary stage , athletes competed in two groups of three . Winners and runners-up of each group qualified to the semifinals ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mikela Ristoski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikela_Ristoski', 'summary': 'Mikela Ristoski ( born 7 November 1989 ) is a Paralympic athlete from Croatia who competes in T20 classification track and field jump events . She won bronze for Croatia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in the long jump ( F20 ) . Ristoski is a multiple medalist at both World and European Championship levels , and has been World champion in both the long jump ( 2011 ) and triple jump ( 2015 ) .'}]}, {'value': '2016 Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2016 Summer Paralympics ( Brazilian Portuguese : Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , the 15th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 7 to 18 September 2016 . The Games marked the first time a Latin American and South American city hosted the event , the second Southern Hemisphere city and nation , the first one being the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , and also the first time a Lusophone ( Portuguese-speaking ) country hosted the event . These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program : canoeing and the paratriathlon . The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with financial shortcomings attributed to tepid sponsor interest and ticket sales , which resulted in cuts to volunteer staffing and transport , the re-location of events and the partial deconstruction of the Deodoro venue cluster . However , ticket sales began to increase as the Games drew nearer , and over 2 million tickets were sold in total - overtaking Beijing 2008 as the second-most-attended Paralympic Games on record . The Russian doping scandal also affected these Paralympics ; unlike the Olympics , which selectively allowed Russian athletes to participate , the entire Russian team was banned from the Paralympics . A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio , hosted by the Greek and American Paralympic Committees . For the fourth consecutive Summer Paralympics , China topped the medal table , winning 107 gold medals , while Georgia , Kazakhstan , Malaysia , Uzbekistan , and Vietnam won their first ever Paralympic gold medals . For the first time in Paralympic history , and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960 , an athlete - Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad - died during competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2016 Summer Paralympics were held in the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from September 2016 . 177 events were held across two of the genders , and 3 athletes competed . The athletics programme was the smallest element of the Games programme in terms of entrants and medals awarded .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's long jump F20", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_long_jump", 'summary': "The women 's long jump athletics events for the 2016 Summer Paralympics take place at the Rio Olympic Stadium from 8 September . A total of 8 events are contested for 8 different classifications ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zoran Talić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoran_Talić_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Zoran Talić ( born 23 June 1990 ) is a Paralympic athlete from Croatia who competes in T20 classification long jump events . Talić represented Croatia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , where he won silver in the long jump . He is also a multiple medal winner at both the IPC World and European Championships , and is a two time European champion in his T20 classification .'}]}, {'value': '2016 Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2016 Summer Paralympics ( Brazilian Portuguese : Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , the 15th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 7 to 18 September 2016 . The Games marked the first time a Latin American and South American city hosted the event , the second Southern Hemisphere city and nation , the first one being the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , and also the first time a Lusophone ( Portuguese-speaking ) country hosted the event . These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program : canoeing and the paratriathlon . The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with financial shortcomings attributed to tepid sponsor interest and ticket sales , which resulted in cuts to volunteer staffing and transport , the re-location of events and the partial deconstruction of the Deodoro venue cluster . However , ticket sales began to increase as the Games drew nearer , and over 2 million tickets were sold in total - overtaking Beijing 2008 as the second-most-attended Paralympic Games on record . The Russian doping scandal also affected these Paralympics ; unlike the Olympics , which selectively allowed Russian athletes to participate , the entire Russian team was banned from the Paralympics . A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio , hosted by the Greek and American Paralympic Committees . For the fourth consecutive Summer Paralympics , China topped the medal table , winning 107 gold medals , while Georgia , Kazakhstan , Malaysia , Uzbekistan , and Vietnam won their first ever Paralympic gold medals . For the first time in Paralympic history , and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960 , an athlete - Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad - died during competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2016 Summer Paralympics were held in the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from September 2016 . 177 events were held across two of the genders , and 3 athletes competed . The athletics programme was the smallest element of the Games programme in terms of entrants and medals awarded .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's long jump F20", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_long_jump", 'summary': "The Men 's Long Jump athletics events for the 2016 Summer Paralympics take place at the Rio Olympic Stadium from September 8 . A total of 9 events are contested for 9 different classifications ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anđela Mužinić and Helena Dretar Karić', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016 Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2016 Summer Paralympics ( Brazilian Portuguese : Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , the 15th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 7 to 18 September 2016 . The Games marked the first time a Latin American and South American city hosted the event , the second Southern Hemisphere city and nation , the first one being the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , and also the first time a Lusophone ( Portuguese-speaking ) country hosted the event . These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program : canoeing and the paratriathlon . The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with financial shortcomings attributed to tepid sponsor interest and ticket sales , which resulted in cuts to volunteer staffing and transport , the re-location of events and the partial deconstruction of the Deodoro venue cluster . However , ticket sales began to increase as the Games drew nearer , and over 2 million tickets were sold in total - overtaking Beijing 2008 as the second-most-attended Paralympic Games on record . The Russian doping scandal also affected these Paralympics ; unlike the Olympics , which selectively allowed Russian athletes to participate , the entire Russian team was banned from the Paralympics . A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio , hosted by the Greek and American Paralympic Committees . For the fourth consecutive Summer Paralympics , China topped the medal table , winning 107 gold medals , while Georgia , Kazakhstan , Malaysia , Uzbekistan , and Vietnam won their first ever Paralympic gold medals . For the first time in Paralympic history , and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960 , an athlete - Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad - died during competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Table tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Table tennis at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio took place in September 2016 . 276 athletes - 174 men and 102 women - are scheduled to compete in 29 events . Table tennis events have been held at the Paralympics since the first Games in Rome in 1960 . Team events will feature contests consisting of one doubles and two singles matches .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's team C1-3", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_team_–_Class_1–3", 'summary': "The Women 's team table tennis - 1-3 tournament at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro took place during 14-16 September 2016 at Riocentro Pavilion 3 . Classes 1-5 were for athletes with a physical impairment that affected their legs , and who competed in a sitting position . The lower the number , the greater the impact the impairment was on an athlete 's ability to compete ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Velimir Šandor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Velimir_Šandor', 'summary': "Velimir Šandor is a Croatian Paralympic athlete . He represented Croatia at the 2016 Summer Paralympics and he won the bronze medal in the men 's discus throw F52 event ."}]}, {'value': '2016 Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 2016 Summer Paralympics ( Brazilian Portuguese : Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , the 15th Summer Paralympic Games , were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee , held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 7 to 18 September 2016 . The Games marked the first time a Latin American and South American city hosted the event , the second Southern Hemisphere city and nation , the first one being the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney , and also the first time a Lusophone ( Portuguese-speaking ) country hosted the event . These Games saw the introduction of two new sports to the Paralympic program : canoeing and the paratriathlon . The lead-up to these Paralympics were met with financial shortcomings attributed to tepid sponsor interest and ticket sales , which resulted in cuts to volunteer staffing and transport , the re-location of events and the partial deconstruction of the Deodoro venue cluster . However , ticket sales began to increase as the Games drew nearer , and over 2 million tickets were sold in total - overtaking Beijing 2008 as the second-most-attended Paralympic Games on record . The Russian doping scandal also affected these Paralympics ; unlike the Olympics , which selectively allowed Russian athletes to participate , the entire Russian team was banned from the Paralympics . A team of two refugee athletes also participated in Rio , hosted by the Greek and American Paralympic Committees . For the fourth consecutive Summer Paralympics , China topped the medal table , winning 107 gold medals , while Georgia , Kazakhstan , Malaysia , Uzbekistan , and Vietnam won their first ever Paralympic gold medals . For the first time in Paralympic history , and the first time in the Olympics or Paralympics since 1960 , an athlete - Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad - died during competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2016 Summer Paralympics were held in the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from September 2016 . 177 events were held across two of the genders , and 3 athletes competed . The athletics programme was the smallest element of the Games programme in terms of entrants and medals awarded .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's discus throw F52", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_discus_throw", 'summary': "The men 's discus throw athletics events for the 2016 Summer Paralympics take place at the Rio Olympic Stadium from 9 September . A total of five events are contested for eight different classifications ."}]}], 'section_title': 'List of medalists -- Summer sports', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Croatia_at_the_Paralympics_0', 'intro': "Croatia, following its independence, made its Paralympic Games début at the 1992 Summer Paralympics in Barcelona, sending three competitors in swimming, two in shooting and one in track and field. The latter, Milka Milinković, won Croatia's first Paralympic medal, and its only medal of the 1992 Games - a bronze in the women's javelin (THW5 category). Croatia has taken part in every subsequent edition of the Summer Paralympics. It first participated in the Winter Paralympics in 2002, with two representatives in alpine skiing, and has entered every edition of the Winter Games since then. Croatians have won a total of twenty-one Paralympic medals, of which six gold, five silver and ten bronze. Nineteen of these medals have been won at the Summer Games, in track and field, swimming or table tennis. And with the exception of Milinković's early bronze, all have been won from 2004 games onwards. At the Winter Games Croatia has won two medals, gold in alpine skiing and bronze in snowboarding."} | null | null | What type of medal did this retired olympian win ? | Bronze |
07cf4169ee0f3a7c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NBC_television_affiliates_(table)', 'title': 'List of NBC television affiliates (table)', 'header': ['City of license/Market', 'Station', 'Channel TV ( DT )', 'Year of affiliation', 'Owned since', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Los Angeles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': 'KNBC **', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KNBC', 'summary': "KNBC , virtual channel 4 ( UHF digital channel 36 ) , is an NBC owned-and-operated television station licensed to Los Angeles , California , United States , serving as the network 's West Coast flagship outlet . The station is owned by the NBC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of NBCUniversal ( itself a subsidiary of Comcast ) , as part of a duopoly with Corona-licensed Telemundo West Coast flagship KVEA ( channel 52 ) . The two stations share studios on Lankershim Boulevard in Universal City ; KNBC 's transmitter is located on Mount Wilson . In the few areas of the western United States where an NBC station is not receivable over-the-air , KNBC is available on satellite television through DirecTV ."}]}, {'value': '4 ( 36 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brands itself as NBC 4 Southern California', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Diego', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego,_California', 'summary': "San Diego ( /ˌsæn diˈeɪɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ san ˈdjeɣo ] ; Spanish for Saint Didacus ) is a city in the U.S. state of California on the coast of the Pacific Ocean , approximately 120 miles ( 190 km ) south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico . With an estimated population of 1,425,976 as of July 1 , 2018 , San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California . It is part of the San Diego-Tijuana conurbation , the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the U.S. and a bordering country after Detroit-Windsor , with a population of 4,922,723 people . The city is known for its mild year-round climate , natural deep-water harbor , extensive beaches , long association with the United States Navy , and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center . San Diego has been called the birthplace of California . Historically home to the Kumeyaay people , it was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States . Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542 , Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain , forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later . The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá , founded in 1769 , formed the first European settlement in what is now California . In 1821 , San Diego became part of the newly declared Mexican Empire , which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later . California became part of the United States in 1848 following the Mexican-American War and was admitted to the union as a state in 1850 . The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the economic center of the region as well as the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area . San Diego 's main economic engines are military and defense-related activities , tourism , international trade , and manufacturing ."}]}, {'value': 'KNSD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KNSD', 'summary': "KNSD , virtual channel 39 ( UHF digital channel 17 ) , is an NBC owned-and-operated television station licensed to San Diego , California , United States . Owned by the NBC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of NBCUniversal ( itself a subsidiary of Comcast ) , it is sister to Poway-licensed Telemundo owned-and-operated station KUAN-LD ( channel 48 ) . The two stations share studios on Granite Ridge Drive in the Serra Mesa section of San Diego and transmitter facilities southeast of Spring Valley . KNSD 's on-air branding , NBC 7 San Diego , is derived from its cable channel position in the market on Spectrum , Cox Communications and AT & T U-verse . The station is also available on channel 39 on satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network ."}]}, {'value': '39 ( 40 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brands itself as NBC 7 San Diego', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose - San Francisco - Oakland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose,_California', 'summary': "San Jose [ A ] ( /ˌsæn hoʊˈzeɪ , -ˈseɪ/ ; Spanish : [ saŋ xoˈse ] ; Spanish for Saint Joseph ) , officially the City of San José , [ B ] is the economic , cultural and political center of Silicon Valley , and the largest city in Northern California ( both by population and area ) . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,030,119 , it is the third-most populous city in California ( after Los Angeles and San Diego ) and the tenth-most populous in United States . Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley , on the southern shore of San Francisco Bay , San Jose covers an area of 179.97 square miles ( 466.1 km2 ) . San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County , the most affluent county in California and one of the most affluent counties in the United States . San Jose is the main component of the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara Metropolitan Statistical Area , with an estimated population of around 2 million residents in 2018 . It is also the most populous city in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area , which contain 7.7 million and 8.7 million people respectively . San Jose is a global city , notable as a center of innovation , for its affluence , Mediterranean climate , and extremely high cost of living . San Jose 's location within the booming high tech industry , as a cultural , political , and economic center has earned the city the nickname Capital of Silicon Valley . San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the United States and the world , and has the third highest GDP per capita in the world ( after Zürich , Switzerland and Oslo , Norway ) , according to the Brookings Institution . The San Jose Metropolitan Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita . With a median home price of $ 1,085,000 , San Jose has the most expensive housing market in the country and the fifth most expensive housing market in the world , according to the 2017 Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey . Major global tech companies including Cisco Systems , eBay , Adobe Systems , PayPal , Broadcom , Samsung , Acer , Hewlett Packard Enterprise , and Western Digital maintain their headquarters in San Jose , in the center of Silicon Valley ."}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco,_California', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oakland,_California', 'summary': "Oakland is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County , California , United States . A major West Coast port city , Oakland is the largest city in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area , the third largest city overall in the San Francisco Bay Area , the eighth most populated city in California , and the 45th largest city in the United States . With a population of 428,827 as of 2018 [ update ] , it serves as a trade center for the San Francisco Bay Area ; its Port of Oakland is the busiest port in the San Francisco Bay , the entirety of Northern California , and the fifth busiest in the United States of America . An act to incorporate the city was passed on May 4 , 1852 , and incorporation was later approved on March 25 , 1854 , which officially made Oakland a city . Oakland is a charter city . Oakland 's territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie , oak woodland , and north coastal scrub . Its land served as a rich resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco . Oakland 's fertile flatland soils helped it become a prolific agricultural region . In the late 1860s , Oakland was selected as the western terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad . Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake , many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland , enlarging the city 's population , increasing its housing stock , and improving its infrastructure . It continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port , shipyards , and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry ."}]}, {'value': 'KNTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KNTV', 'summary': "KNTV , virtual channel 11 ( VHF digital channel 12 ) , branded on-air as NBC Bay Area , is an NBC owned-and-operated television station licensed to San Jose , California , United States and serving the San Francisco Bay Area . The station is owned by the NBC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of NBCUniversal ( itself a subsidiary of Comcast ) , as part of a duopoly with Telemundo owned-and-operated station KSTS ( channel 48 ) , also licensed to San Jose ; it is also sister to regional sports networks NBC Sports Bay Area and NBC Sports California . KNTV and KSTS share studios on North 1st Street in San Jose ; KNTV 's transmitter is located on San Bruno Mountain . KNTV is available on Comcast Xfinity cable systems in the Bay Area on channel 3 ( 703 in HD ) ."}]}, {'value': '11 ( 12 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brands itself as NBC Bay Area', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Britain - Hartford - New Haven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Britain,_Connecticut', 'summary': "New Britain is a city in Hartford County , Connecticut , United States . It is located approximately 9 miles ( 14 km ) southwest of Hartford . According to 2010 Census , the population of the city is 73,206 . Among the southernmost of the communities encompassed within the Hartford-Springfield Knowledge Corridor metropolitan region , New Britain is home to Central Connecticut State University and Charter Oak State College . The city 's official nickname is the Hardware City because of its history as a manufacturing center and as the headquarters of Stanley Black & Decker . Because of its large Polish population , the city is often playfully referred to as New Britski ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut', 'summary': "Hartford is the capital city of the U.S. state of Connecticut . It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960 . It is the core city in the Greater Hartford metropolitan area . Census estimates since the 2010 United States Census have indicated that Hartford is the fourth-largest city in Connecticut , behind the coastal cities of Bridgeport , New Haven , and Stamford . Hartford was founded in 1635 and is among the oldest cities in the United States . It is home to the country 's oldest public art museum ( Wadsworth Atheneum ) , the oldest publicly funded park ( Bushnell Park ) , the oldest continuously published newspaper ( the Hartford Courant ) , and the second-oldest secondary school ( Hartford Public High School ) . It is also home to the Mark Twain House , where the author wrote his most famous works and raised his family , among other historically significant sites . Mark Twain wrote in 1868 , Of all the beautiful towns it has been my fortune to see this is the chief . Hartford was the richest city in the United States for several decades following the American Civil War . Today , it is one of the poorest cities in the U.S. , with 3 out of every 10 families living below the poverty threshold . In sharp contrast , the Greater Hartford metropolitan statistical area was ranked 32nd of 318 metropolitan areas in total economic production and 8th out of 280 metropolitan statistical areas in per capita income in 2015 . Nicknamed the Insurance Capital of the World , it hosts many insurance company headquarters and is the region 's major industry ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut', 'summary': "New Haven is a coastal city in the U.S. state of Connecticut . It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County , Connecticut , and is part of the New York metropolitan area . With a population of 129,779 as determined by the 2010 United States Census , it is the second-largest city in Connecticut after Bridgeport . New Haven is the principal municipality of Greater New Haven , which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010 . New Haven was the first planned city in America . A year after its founding by English Puritans in 1638 , eight streets were laid out in a four-by-four grid , creating what is commonly known as the Nine Square Plan . The central common block is the New Haven Green , a 16-acre ( 6 ha ) square at the center of Downtown New Haven . The Green is now a National Historic Landmark , and the Nine Square Plan is recognized by the American Planning Association as a National Planning Landmark . New Haven is the home of Yale University . As New Haven 's biggest taxpayer and employer , Yale serves as an integral part of the city 's economy . Health care ( hospitals and biotechnology ) , professional services ( legal , architectural , marketing , and engineering ) , financial services , and retail trade also contribute to the city 's economic activity . The city served as co-capital of Connecticut from 1701 until 1873 , when sole governance was transferred to the more centrally located city of Hartford ."}]}, {'value': 'WVIT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WVIT', 'summary': 'WVIT , virtual channel 30 ( UHF digital channel 31 ) , branded on-air as NBC Connecticut or NBC CT , is an NBC owned-and-operated television station licensed to New Britain , Connecticut , United States and serving the Hartford-New Haven television market . Owned by the NBC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of NBCUniversal ( itself a subsidiary of Comcast ) , it is sister to Hartford-licensed Class A Telemundo owned-and-operated station WRDM-CD ( channel 19 ) . The two stations share studios on New Britain Avenue in West Hartford and transmitter facilities on Rattlesnake Mountain in Farmington , Connecticut . On cable , WVIT is carried primarily on channel 4 throughout the Hartford-New Haven television market .'}]}, {'value': '30 ( 35 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Previously owned by NBC from 1956-1959 Brands itself as NBC Connecticut', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington , D.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': 'WRC-TV **', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WRC-TV', 'summary': "WRC-TV , virtual channel 4 ( UHF digital channel 34 ) , is an NBC owned-and-operated television station licensed to the American capital city of Washington , District of Columbia . Owned by the NBC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of NBCUniversal ( itself a subsidiary of Comcast ) , it is sister to Class A Telemundo owned-and-operated station WZDC-CD ( channel 44 ) and regional sports network NBC Sports Washington . WRC-TV and WZDC-CD share studios and transmitter facilities on Nebraska Avenue in the Tenleytown neighborhood of northwest Washington . WRC-TV houses and originates NBC News ' Washington bureau , out of which the network 's ( and television 's ) long-running political events program , Meet the Press , is based . On cable , the station is available on Comcast Xfinity channel 24 in Washington , D.C. ( C-SPAN is carried on cable channel 4 ) and channel 4 in the Maryland and Virginia suburbs , and on Cox Communications , RCN and Verizon FiOS channel 4 ."}]}, {'value': '4 ( 48 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brands itself as NBC 4 Washington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami - Fort Lauderdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami,_Florida', 'summary': 'Miami , officially the City of Miami , is the seat of Miami-Dade County , and the cultural , economic and financial center of South Florida in the United States . The city covers an area of about 56 square miles ( 150 km2 ) between the Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east . Miami is the sixth most densely populated major city in the United States with an estimated 2018 population of 470,914 . The Miami metropolitan area is home to 6.1 million people , the second-most populous in the southeastern United States and the seventh-largest in the nation . The city has the third tallest skyline in the U.S. with over 300 high-rises , 55 of which exceed 490 ft ( 149 m ) . Miami is a major center and leader in finance , commerce , culture , media , entertainment , the arts , and international trade . The metro area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States , with a GDP of $ 344.9 billion as of 2017 . In 2018 , Miami was classified as an Alpha level global city by the GaWC . In 2019 , Miami ranked seventh in the United States and 31st among global cities in terms of business activity , human capital , information exchange , cultural experience , and political engagement . According to a 2018 UBS study of 77 world cities , the city was ranked as the third-richest in the United States and the eighth-richest in the world in terms of purchasing power . Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality . Greater Downtown Miami has one of the largest concentrations of international banks in the United States , and is home to many large national and international companies .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida', 'summary': 'Fort Lauderdale ( /ˈlɔːdərdeɪl/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida , 28 miles ( 45 km ) north of Miami . It is the county seat of Broward County . As of the 2018 [ update ] census , the city has an estimated population of 182,595 . Fort Lauderdale is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,198,782 people in 2018 . The city is a popular tourist destination , with an average year-round temperature of 75.5 °F ( 24.2 °C ) and 3,000 hours of sunshine per year . Greater Fort Lauderdale , encompassing all of Broward County , hosted 13 million overnight visitors in 2018 . There were over 560 hotels , and nearly 36,000 hotel rooms . From that , the county collected nearly $ 87 million from its 5% hotel development tax it charges . Additionally , 3.89 million cruise passengers passed through its Port Everglades , making it the 3rd largest cruise port in the world.Greater Fort Lauderdale has over 4,000 restaurants , 63 golf courses , 12 shopping malls , 16 museums , 132 nightclubs , 278 parkland campsites , and 100 marinas housing 45,000 resident yachts . Fort Lauderdale is named after a series of forts built by the United States during the Second Seminole War . The forts took their name from Major William Lauderdale ( 1782-1838 ) , younger brother of Lieutenant Colonel James Lauderdale . William Lauderdale was the commander of the detachment of soldiers who built the first fort .'}]}, {'value': 'WTVJ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WTVJ', 'summary': "WTVJ , virtual channel 6 ( UHF digital channel 31 ) , is an NBC owned-and-operated television station licensed to Miami , Florida , United States and also serving Fort Lauderdale . The station is owned by the NBC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of NBCUniversal ( itself a subsidiary of Comcast ) , as part of a duopoly with Fort Lauderdale-licensed WSCV ( channel 51 ) , a flagship station of the co-owned Telemundo network . The two stations share studios on Southwest 27th Street ( off I-75 ) in Miramar ; WTVJ 's transmitter is located between Northwest 210th and 207th Streets in the Andover neighborhood of Miami Gardens ( northeast of Hard Rock Stadium ) ."}]}, {'value': '6 ( 31 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Previously with NBC ( secondary ) from 1948-1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Juan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "San Juan ( /ˌsæn ˈhwɑːn/ , Spanish : [ saŋ ˈxwan ] ; Saint John ) is the capital and most populous municipality in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , an unincorporated territory of the United States . As of the 2010 census , it is the 46th-largest city under the jurisdiction of the United States , with a population of 395,326 . San Juan was founded by Spanish colonists in 1521 , who called it Ciudad de Puerto Rico ( Rich Port City ) . Puerto Rico 's capital is the third oldest European-established capital city in the Americas , after Santo Domingo , in the Dominican Republic , founded in 1496 and Panama City , in Panama , founded in 1519 . Several historical buildings are located in San Juan ; among the most notable are the city 's former defensive forts , Fort San Felipe del Morro and Fort San Cristóbal , and La Fortaleza , the oldest executive mansion in continuous use in the Americas . Today , San Juan is Puerto Rico 's most important seaport and is the island 's manufacturing , [ citation needed ] financial , cultural , and tourism center . The population of the Metropolitan Statistical Area , including San Juan and the municipalities of Bayamón , Guaynabo , Cataño , Canóvanas , Caguas , Toa Alta , Toa Baja , Carolina and Trujillo Alto , is about 2.6 million inhabitants ; thus , about 80% of the population of Puerto Rico now lives and works in this area . San Juan is also a principal city of the San Juan-Caguas-Fajardo Combined Statistical Area . The city has been the host of events within the sports community , including the 1979 Pan American Games ; 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games ; events of the 2006 , 2009 and 2013 World Baseball Classics ; the Caribbean Series and the Special Olympics and MLB San Juan Series in 2010 . The damage caused in 2017 by Hurricane Maria was extensive . Significant progress had been made in the capital by April 2019 , and particularly by October 2019 . This was significant for tourism , which had rebounded by October of that year and was close to the pre-Maria era ."}]}, {'value': 'WKAQ-DT3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WKAQ-TV', 'summary': "WKAQ-TV , virtual channel 2 ( UHF digital channel 28 ) , is a Telemundo owned-and-operated television station licensed to San Juan , Puerto Rico . The station is owned by the Telemundo Station Group subsidiary of NBCUniversal ( itself a subsidiary of Comcast ) . WKAQ-TV 's studios are located on Roosevelt Avenue in San Juan , and its transmitter is located near the Bosque Estatal de Carite mountain reserve . WTIN-TV ( channel 2.11 ) in Ponce and WNJX-TV ( channel 2.12 ) in Mayagüez , branded on-air as Telemundo West , operate as full-time satellites of WKAQ-TV , which rebroadcast the station 's programming to the southern and western regions of Puerto Rico under an affiliation agreement with Hemisphere Media Group ( owner of parent station WAPA-TV , channel 4 ) . WKAQ-TV formerly operated WOLE-TV ( channel 12 ) in Aguadilla and WORA-TV ( channel 5 ) in Mayagüez as satellite stations . WKAQ-TV also has three low-power translator facilities : W09AT-D in Fajardo , W28EH-D in Adjuntas and W28EQ-D in Utuado . WKAQ-TV also simulcasts the signal of New York City sister station WNBC with the branding of NBC Puerto Rico ."}]}, {'value': '2.3 ( 28.3 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primary channel is a Telemundo owned-and-operated station Brands itself as NBC Puerto Rico Full satellite of WNBC , New York , NY', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WKAQ-TV', 'summary': "WKAQ-TV , virtual channel 2 ( UHF digital channel 28 ) , is a Telemundo owned-and-operated television station licensed to San Juan , Puerto Rico . The station is owned by the Telemundo Station Group subsidiary of NBCUniversal ( itself a subsidiary of Comcast ) . WKAQ-TV 's studios are located on Roosevelt Avenue in San Juan , and its transmitter is located near the Bosque Estatal de Carite mountain reserve . WTIN-TV ( channel 2.11 ) in Ponce and WNJX-TV ( channel 2.12 ) in Mayagüez , branded on-air as Telemundo West , operate as full-time satellites of WKAQ-TV , which rebroadcast the station 's programming to the southern and western regions of Puerto Rico under an affiliation agreement with Hemisphere Media Group ( owner of parent station WAPA-TV , channel 4 ) . WKAQ-TV formerly operated WOLE-TV ( channel 12 ) in Aguadilla and WORA-TV ( channel 5 ) in Mayagüez as satellite stations . WKAQ-TV also has three low-power translator facilities : W09AT-D in Fajardo , W28EH-D in Adjuntas and W28EQ-D in Utuado . WKAQ-TV also simulcasts the signal of New York City sister station WNBC with the branding of NBC Puerto Rico ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Telemundo', 'summary': "Telemundo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ teleˈmundo ] ( listen ) ; formerly NetSpan ) is an American Spanish-language terrestrial television network owned by Comcast through NBCUniversal . It is the second-largest provider of Spanish-language content nationally behind American competitor Univision , with programming syndicated worldwide to more than 100 countries in over 35 languages . The channel broadcasts programs and original content aimed at Latin American audiences in the United States and worldwide , consisting of telenovelas , sports , reality television , news programming and films - either imported or Spanish-dubbed . In addition , Telemundo operates NBC Universo , a separate channel directed towards young Hispanic audiences ; Telemundo Digital Media , which distributes original programming content across mass media , the Telemundo and NBC Universo websites ; Puerto Rico free-to-air station WKAQ-TV ; and international distribution arm Telemundo Internacional . Telemundo is headquartered in Miami and operates a studio and productions facility in the Miami suburb of Beacon Lakes , and has 1,900 employees worldwide . The majority of Telemundo 's programs are filmed at an operated studio facility in Miami , where 85% of the network 's telenovelas were filmed during 2011 . The average hourly primetime drama costs $ 70K to produce ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station', 'summary': 'In the broadcasting industry , an owned-and-operated station ( frequently abbreviated as O & O ) usually refers to a television or radio station that is owned by the network with which it is associated . This distinguishes such a station from an affiliate , which is independently owned and carries network programming by contract . The concept of an Owned and Operated is clearly defined in the United States and Canada ( and to some extent , several other countries such as the United Kingdom , Australia , Brazil , Argentina , Chile and Japan ) , where network-owned stations had historically been the exception rather than the rule . In such places , broadcasting licenses are generally issued on a local ( rather than national ) basis , and there is ( or was ) some sort of regulatory mechanism in place to prevent any company ( including a broadcasting network ) from owning stations in every market in the country . In other parts of the world , many television networks were given national broadcasting licenses at launch ; as such , they have traditionally been mostly ( or entirely ) composed of owned-and-operated stations , rendering a separate notion for such a concept redundant .'}, {'url': '/wiki/WNBC', 'summary': "WNBC , virtual channel 4 ( UHF digital channel 35 ) , is the flagship station of the NBC television network , licensed to New York , New York , United States . The station is owned by the NBC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of NBCUniversal ( itself a subsidiary of Comcast ) , as part of a duopoly with Linden , New Jersey-licensed Telemundo co-flagship WNJU ( channel 47 ) . WNBC 's studios and offices are co-located with NBC 's corporate headquarters at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in Midtown Manhattan ; it shares transmitter facilities with WNJU at One World Trade Center . WNBC holds the distinction as the oldest continuously operating commercial television station in the United States . In the few areas of the eastern United States where an NBC station is not receivable over-the-air , WNBC is available on satellite via DirecTV . It is carried on Dish Network and certain cable providers in markets where a local NBC affiliate is unavailable . The station is also relayed via WKAQ-DT3 in San Juan , Puerto Rico . DirecTV also allows subscribers in Greater Los Angeles to receive WNBC for an additional monthly fee ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': 'WMAQ-TV **', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WMAQ-TV', 'summary': "WMAQ-TV , virtual channel 5 ( UHF digital channel 33 ) , is an NBC owned-and-operated television station licensed to Chicago , Illinois , United States . The station is owned by the NBC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of NBCUniversal , as part of a duopoly with Telemundo owned-and-operated station WSNS-TV ( channel 44 ) ; NBCUniversal , a Comcast subsidiary , owns both networks , along with regional sports network NBC Sports Chicago . WMAQ-TV and WSNS-TV share studios at the NBC Tower on North Columbus Drive in the city 's Streeterville neighborhood and transmitter facilities atop the Willis Tower on South Wacker Drive in the Chicago Loop ."}]}, {'value': '5 ( 29 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brands itself as NBC 5 Chicago', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nashua , New Hampshire - Boston , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nashua,_New_Hampshire', 'summary': "Nashua is a city in southern New Hampshire , United States . As of the 2010 census , Nashua had a population of 86,494 , making it the second-largest city in the state and in northern New England after nearby Manchester . As of 2018 the population had risen to an estimated 89,246 . Nashua is , along with Manchester , one of two seats of New Hampshire 's most populous county , Hillsborough County . Built around the now-departed textile industry , in recent decades it has been swept up in southern New Hampshire 's economic expansion as part of the Boston region . Nashua was twice named Best Place to Live in America in annual surveys by Money magazine . It is the only city to get the No . 1 ranking on two occasions - in 1987 and 1998 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Hampshire', 'summary': "New Hampshire ( /ˈhæmpʃər/ ) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south , Vermont to the west , Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north . New Hampshire is the 5th smallest by area and the 10th least populous U.S. state . Concord is the state capital , while Manchester is the largest city . New Hampshire has no general sales tax , nor income tax other than on interest and dividends . The New Hampshire primary is the first primary in the U.S. presidential election cycle . Its license plates carry the state motto , Live Free or Die . The state 's nickname , The Granite State , refers to its extensive granite formations and quarries . In January 1776 , it became the first of the British North American colonies to establish a government independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain 's authority , and it was the first to establish its own state constitution . Six months later , it became one of the original 13 colonies that signed the United States Declaration of Independence , and in June 1788 it was the ninth state to ratify the United States Constitution , bringing that document into effect . Historically , New Hampshire was a major center for textile manufacturing , shoemaking , and papermaking , with Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester at one time being the largest cotton textile plant in the world . Numerous mills were located along various rivers in the state , especially the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}]}, {'value': 'WBTS-CD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WBTS-CD', 'summary': "WBTS-CD , virtual channel 15 ( UHF digital channel 32 ) , is a Class A NBC owned-and-operated television station serving Boston , Massachusetts , United States that is licensed to Nashua , New Hampshire . Owned by the NBC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of NBCUniversal ( itself a subsidiary of Comcast ) , it is sister to Merrimack , New Hampshire-licensed Telemundo owned-and-operated station WNEU ( channel 60 ) , as well as regional cable news channel New England Cable News ( NECN ) and regional sports network NBC Sports Boston . The four outlets share studios at the NBCU Boston Media Center on B Street in Needham , Massachusetts . Under a channel sharing arrangement , WBTS-CD shares transmitter facilities with Boston-licensed PBS member station WGBX-TV ( channel 44 ) on Cedar Street , also in Needham , on a tower also used by several other TV and radio stations . Despite WBTS-CD legally holding a low-power Class A license , it transmits using WGBX-TV 's full-power spectrum . This ensures complete reception across the Boston television market . WBTS-CD is carried on channel 10 by most local cable television providers ; hence the station 's on-air branding ( since 2018 ) as NBC 10 Boston ."}]}, {'value': '15 ( 43 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Class-A digital station ; operates at full-power due to a channel-sharing agreement with PBS member station WGBX Brands itself as NBC 10 Boston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service', 'summary': "The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor . It is a nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational television programming to public television stations in the United States , distributing series such as American Experience , America 's Test Kitchen , Antiques Roadshow , Arthur , Barney & Friends , Clifford the Big Red Dog , Downton Abbey , Finding Your Roots , Frontline , The Magic School Bus , Masterpiece , Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , Nature , Nova , the PBS NewsHour , Reading Rainbow , Sesame Street , Teletubbies , and This Old House . PBS is funded by a combination of member station dues , the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , National Datacast , pledge drives , and donations from both private foundations and individual citizens . All proposed funding for programming is subject to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source . Since the mid-2000s , Roper Opinion Research polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States . A 2016-2017 study by Nielsen Media Research found 80% of all US television households view the network 's programs over the course of a year . However , PBS is not responsible for all programming carried on public television stations , a large proportion of which may come from its member stations , including WGBH-TV , WETA-TV , WNET , WTTW , WHYY-TV , Twin Cities PBS , American Public Television , and independent producers . This distinction regarding the origin of different programs on the service present a frequent source of viewer confusion . PBS has more than 350 member television stations , many owned by educational institutions , nonprofit groups both independent or affiliated with one particular local public school district or collegiate educational institution , or entities owned by or related to state government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/WGBX', 'summary': "WGBX-TV , virtual channel 44 ( UHF digital channel 32 ) , is a Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) member television station licensed to Boston , Massachusetts , United States . Owned by the WGBH Educational Foundation , it is sister to fellow PBS member station and company flagship WGBH-TV ( channel 2 ) , Springfield , Massachusetts-based PBS member WGBY-TV ( channel 57 ) , Class A Biz TV affiliate WFXZ-CD ( channel 24 ) and public radio stations WGBH ( 89.7 FM ) and WCRB ( 99.5 FM ) in the Boston area , and WCAI radio ( and satellites WZAI and WNAN ) on Cape Cod . WGBX-TV , WGBH-TV and the WGBH and WCRB radio stations share studios on Guest Street in northwest Boston 's Brighton neighborhood ; WGBX-TV 's transmitter is located on Cedar Street ( southwest of I-95/MA 128 ) in Needham , Massachusetts , which is shared with sister station WGBH-TV as well as WBZ-TV , WCVB-TV , WBTS-CD ( which itself shares spectrum with WGBX ) and WSBK-TV . The X in WGBX 's callsign stands for eXperimental , as WGBX ( more primarily in the 1970s ) was home to programming that was given a trial run on the lower-rated UHF signal before possibly moving onto the more-established WGBH-TV . Such Eastern Educational Network imports from the United Kingdom as Doctor Who were seen first or more frequently on WGBX , and one late 1970s local nightclub-style variety show , Club 44 , proved popular enough to be moved over to WGBH and retitled The Club . The station airs PBS programs that are not aired by WGBH-TV as well as additional supplemental programming . Reruns of the previous night 's programming either from WGBH-TV or from WGBX-TV itself also makes up part of channel 44 's programming schedule . WGBX also carries most of the national digital subchannel networks ( except for World ) which are managed by the WGBH Educational Foundation ( along with an additional station , as described below ) ; this enables WGBH to maintain a high-bitrate 1080i high definition picture resolution on its main channel 2 signal , with little loss in visual quality ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': 'WNBC **', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WNBC', 'summary': "WNBC , virtual channel 4 ( UHF digital channel 35 ) , is the flagship station of the NBC television network , licensed to New York , New York , United States . The station is owned by the NBC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of NBCUniversal ( itself a subsidiary of Comcast ) , as part of a duopoly with Linden , New Jersey-licensed Telemundo co-flagship WNJU ( channel 47 ) . WNBC 's studios and offices are co-located with NBC 's corporate headquarters at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in Midtown Manhattan ; it shares transmitter facilities with WNJU at One World Trade Center . WNBC holds the distinction as the oldest continuously operating commercial television station in the United States . In the few areas of the eastern United States where an NBC station is not receivable over-the-air , WNBC is available on satellite via DirecTV . It is carried on Dish Network and certain cable providers in markets where a local NBC affiliate is unavailable . The station is also relayed via WKAQ-DT3 in San Juan , Puerto Rico . DirecTV also allows subscribers in Greater Los Angeles to receive WNBC for an additional monthly fee ."}]}, {'value': '4 ( 36 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': 'WCAU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WCAU', 'summary': 'WCAU , virtual channel 10 ( UHF digital channel 28 ) , is an NBC owned-and-operated television station licensed to Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States . The station is owned by the NBC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of NBCUniversal , as part of a duopoly with Mount Laurel , New Jersey-licensed Telemundo owned-and-operated station WWSI ( channel 62 ) ; NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of locally based media firm Comcast , owns both networks , along with regional sports network NBC Sports Philadelphia . WCAU and WWSI share studios within the Comcast Technology Center on Arch Street in Center City , with some operations remaining at their former main studio at the corner of City Avenue and Monument Road in Bala Cynwyd , along the Philadelphia-Montgomery county line . The two stations also share transmitter facilities in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia .'}]}, {'value': '10 ( 34 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Worth - Dallas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas', 'summary': "Fort Worth is the fifth-largest city in the U.S. state of Texas and the 13th-largest city in the United States . It is the county seat of Tarrant County , covering nearly 350 square miles ( 910 km2 ) into three other counties : Denton , Parker , and Wise . According to the 2018 census estimates , Fort Worth 's population was 898,919 . Fort Worth is the second-largest city in the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington metropolitan area , which is the 4th most populous metropolitan area in the United States . The city of Fort Worth was established in 1849 as an army outpost on a bluff overlooking the Trinity River . Fort Worth has historically been a center of the longhorn cattle trade . It still embraces its Western heritage and traditional architecture and design . USS Fort Worth ( LCS-3 ) is the first ship of the United States Navy named after the city . Fort Worth is home to the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition and several world-class museums designed by internationally known contemporary architects . The Kimbell Art Museum , considered to have one of the best art collections in Texas , is housed in what is widely regarded as one of the outstanding architectural achievements of the modern era . The museum was designed by the American architect Louis Kahn , with an addition designed by world-renowned Italian architect Renzo Piano opening November 2013 . Also of note is the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth , designed by Tadao Ando ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dallas,_Texas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'KXAS-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KXAS-TV', 'summary': "KXAS-TV , virtual channel 5 ( UHF digital channel 24 ) , is an NBC owned-and-operated television station licensed to Fort Worth , Texas , United States and serving the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex . The station is owned by the NBC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of NBCUniversal ( itself a subsidiary of Comcast ) , as part of a duopoly with Dallas-licensed Telemundo owned-and-operated station KXTX-TV ( channel 39 ) . The two stations share studios at the CentrePort Business Park on Amon Carter Boulevard ( near the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport ) in eastern Fort Worth ; KXAS-TV 's transmitter is located south of Belt Line Road in Cedar Hill ."}]}, {'value': '5 ( 24 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Owned-and-operated stations', 'section_text': 'Stations are listed in alphabetical order by state and city of license . Owned-and-operated stations broadcasting on digital subchannels are italicized .', 'uid': 'List_of_NBC_television_affiliates_(table)_0', 'intro': "The NBC Television Network is an American television network made up of 12 owned-and-operated stations and nearly 223 affiliates. This is a table listing of NBC's affiliates, with NBC-owned stations separated from privately-owned affiliates, and arranged in alphabetical order by city of license. There are links to and articles on each of the stations, describing their local programming, hosts and technical information, such as broadcast frequencies. The station's virtual (PSIP) channel number follows the call letters. The number in parentheses that follows is the station's actual digital channel number. Note: Two boldface asterisks appearing following a station's call letters (**) indicate a station that was built and signed-on by NBC."} | null | null | What is the on-air branding moniker of the station whose market city is the 45th largest city in the United States ? | NBC Bay Area |
07cf5565bcfd707e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baptist_churches', 'title': 'List of Baptist churches', 'header': ['Church', 'Dates', 'City , State'], 'data': [{'value': 'Baptist Society Meeting House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baptist_Society_Meeting_House', 'summary': "The Baptist Society Meeting House is a historic former Baptist meeting house at 3-5 Brattle Street in Arlington , Massachusetts . Built in 1790 , it is the town 's oldest surviving church building . Now in residential use , the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 ."}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arlington , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arlington,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Arlington is a town in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , United States , six miles ( 10 km ) northwest of Boston . The population was 42,844 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Osterville Baptist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Osterville_Baptist_Church', 'summary': 'The Osterville Baptist Church is an historic Baptist church building at 824 Main Street in the Osterville village of Barnstable , Massachusetts . The white clapboarded wood-frame structure was built in 1837 for a congregation formed two years earlier . It is one of the older buildings in Osterville , and is a fine example of the Greek Revival with Gothic Revival elements . The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barnstable , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barnstable,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Barnstable ( /ˈbɑːrnstəbəl/ BARN-stə-bəl ) is a city , referred to as the Town of Barnstable , in the U.S. state of Massachusetts and the county seat of Barnstable County . Barnstable is the largest community , both in land area and population , on Cape Cod . At the 2010 census it had a population of 45,193 . The town contains several villages ( one of which is also named Barnstable ) within its boundaries . Its largest village , Hyannis , is the central business district of the county and home to Barnstable Municipal Airport , the airline hub of Cape Cod and the islands of Martha 's Vineyard and Nantucket . Additionally , Barnstable is a 2007 winner of the All-America City Award ."}]}, {'value': 'North Shore Community Baptist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beverly , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beverly,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Beverly is a city in Essex County , Massachusetts , and a suburb of Boston . The population was 39,502 at the 2010 census . A resort , residential , and manufacturing community on the Massachusetts North Shore , Beverly includes Ryal Side , Beverly Farms and Prides Crossing . Beverly is a rival of Marblehead for the title of being the birthplace of the U.S. Navy .'}]}, {'value': 'Roslindale Baptist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roslindale_Baptist_Church', 'summary': 'Roslindale Baptist Church is an historic Baptist church at 52 Cummins Highway in the Roslindale neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts . The church was designed by Thomas Silloway in a Stick-Eastlake style , and built in 1884 . It is one of the best-preserved Stick style buildings in Roslindale , with decorative shingles and applied woodwork . The congregation was organized in 1875 , and met in a meeting hall ( no longer standing ) prior to the construction of this building . The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'First Baptist Church ( Boston , Massachusetts )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Baptist_Church_(Boston,_Massachusetts)', 'summary': "The First Baptist Church ( or Brattle Square Church ) is an historic American Baptist Churches USA congregation , established in 1665 . It is one of the oldest Baptist churches in the United States . It first met secretly in members homes , and the doors of the first church were nailed shut by a decree from the Puritans in March 1680 . The church was forced to move to Noddle 's Island . The church was forced to be disguised as a tavern and members traveled by water to worship . Rev . Dr. Stillman led the church in the North End for over 40 years , from 1764 to 1807 . The church moved to Beacon Hill in 1854 , where it was the tallest steeple in the city . After a slow demise under Rev . Dr. Rollin Heber Neale , the church briefly joined with the Shawmut Ave. Church , and the Warren Avenue Tabernacle , and merged and bought the current church in 1881 , for $ 100,000.00 [ citation needed ] . Since 1882 it has been located at the corner of Commonwealth Avenue and Clarendon Street in the Back Bay . The interior is currently a pending Boston Landmark through the Boston Landmarks Commission ."}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'Dorchester Temple Baptist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorchester_Temple_Baptist_Church', 'summary': 'Dorchester Temple Baptist Church is a historic African American Baptist church at 670 Washington Street in Boston , Massachusetts . It is now known as Global Ministry Christian Church . The church was designed in 1889 by Arthur H. Vinal in the shingle style and added to the National Historic Register in 1998 . The church was built for a Baptist congregation established in 1886 , and is the oldest Baptist church building in Dorchester . It suffered some damage in the 1938 New England hurricane , which was repaired . In January 2010 the church started media ministry reaching all of North America under the name Boston Praise Radio , which is available online and via Glorystar Satellite service on channel 1010 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'First Baptist Church ( Cambridge , Massachusetts )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Baptist_Church_(Cambridge,_Massachusetts)', 'summary': "The First Baptist Church is a historic American Baptist church at Magazine and River Street in Cambridge , Massachusetts within Central Square . In 1817 the church congregation was founded in the home of James Hovey . In 1844 several members of First Baptist Church left to found nearby Old Cambridge Baptist Church . First Baptist Church 's current Gothic building was constructed in 1881 to a design by Hartwell and Richardson . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cambridge , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , and part of the Boston metropolitan area . As of July 2014 [ update ] , it was the fifth most populous city in the state , behind Boston , Worcester , Springfield , and Lowell . According to the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 105,162. was one of two county seats of Middlesex County until the county government was abolished in Massachusetts in 1997 . Situated directly north of Boston , across the Charles River , it was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in England , an important center of the Puritan theology embraced by the town 's founders . :18 Harvard University , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , Lesley University , and Hult International Business School are in Cambridge , as was Radcliffe College before it merged with Harvard . Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called the most innovative square mile on the planet due to the high concentration of successful startups that have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Old Cambridge Baptist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Cambridge_Baptist_Church', 'summary': "The Old Cambridge Baptist Church is an historic American Baptist church at 400 Harvard Street in Cambridge , Massachusetts . The congregation was founded in 1844 when several members of First Baptist Church in Cambridge decided to start a new church . The original meeting house was sold to the Congregationalists and became North Avenue Congregational Church . In 1869 the church constructed the current meeting house , a larger Gothic revival stone building , designed by architect Alexander Rice Esty . Old Cambridge Baptist Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 . Built of local fieldstone and granite quarried in Somerville , Massachusetts , the building is a notable example of the muscular use of stone , typical of American Gothic Revival architecture . This solidity , coupled with Esty 's display of structural strength in the asymmetrical massing of forms , is further accentuated by the contrast between heavy gray stone and large , graceful , delicate stained glass windows , which the stone walls simultaneously reveal and protect . In 1897 , the original Parrish Hall was lost in a fire . The rebuild was under the direction of noted Boston Theater Architect , Clarence Blackall . The most notable feature of the reconstruction is an 1890 Tiffany & Company Window . This early Tiffany window bridges the gothic stained glass tradition and emerging art nouveau movement . The church is currently home to various organizations and ministries , such as the Homeless Empowerment Project which publishes the Spare Change News street newspaper , the José Mateo Ballet Theatre , the Adbar Ethiopian Women 's Alliance , the Cambridge Child and Family Associates , and others ."}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cambridge , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , and part of the Boston metropolitan area . As of July 2014 [ update ] , it was the fifth most populous city in the state , behind Boston , Worcester , Springfield , and Lowell . According to the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 105,162. was one of two county seats of Middlesex County until the county government was abolished in Massachusetts in 1997 . Situated directly north of Boston , across the Charles River , it was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in England , an important center of the Puritan theology embraced by the town 's founders . :18 Harvard University , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , Lesley University , and Hult International Business School are in Cambridge , as was Radcliffe College before it merged with Harvard . Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called the most innovative square mile on the planet due to the high concentration of successful startups that have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'First Baptist Church ( Fall River , Massachusetts )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Baptist_Church_(Fall_River,_Massachusetts)', 'summary': 'First Baptist Church is a historic church at located 200-228 N. Main Street in Fall River , Massachusetts . The church was built in 1850 and was a work of local architect Josiah Brown . It is built of wood with brick trim in the Gothic Revival style . The tower originally contained a tall spire and corner finials that were destroyed during Hurricane Carol in 1954 . In 1871 , extensive repairs were made and the Meeting House was enlarged . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fall River , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Fall River is a city in Bristol County , Massachusetts , United States . The City of Fall River is located approximately 53 miles ( 85 km ) south of Boston , 17 miles ( 27 km ) southeast of Providence , Rhode Island , 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of Taunton , 12 miles ( 19 km ) west of New Bedford , 20 miles ( 32 km ) north of Newport , Rhode Island , 200 miles ( 320 km ) northeast of New York City and 420 miles ( 680 km ) northeast of Washington D.C . The City of Fall River 's population was 88,857 at the 2010 census , making it the tenth-largest city in the state . Located along the eastern shore of Mount Hope Bay at the mouth of the Taunton River , the city became famous during the 19th century as the leading textile manufacturing center in the United States . While the textile industry has long since moved on , its impact on the city 's culture and landscape remains to this day . Fall River 's official motto is We 'll Try , dating back to the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1843 . It is also nicknamed the Scholarship City because Dr. Irving Fradkin founded Dollars for Scholars here in 1958 . In 2017 , Mayor Correia introduced the Make It Here slogan as part of a citywide rebranding effort . Fall River is known for the Lizzie Borden case , Portuguese culture , its numerous 19th-century textile mills and Battleship Cove , the world 's largest collection of World War II naval vessels and the home of the battleship USS Massachusetts . Fall River is also the only city in the United States to have its city hall located over an interstate highway , Interstate 195 ( Rhode Island-Massachusetts ) ."}]}, {'value': 'First Baptist Church ( Framingham , Massachusetts )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Baptist_Church_(Framingham,_Massachusetts)', 'summary': 'The First Baptist Church is an historic Baptist church on 1013 Worcester Road ( Massachusetts Route 9 ) in Framingham , Massachusetts .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Framingham , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Framingham,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Framingham ( /ˈfreɪmɪŋhæm/ ( listen ) ) is a city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States . Incorporated in 1700 , it is within Middlesex County and the MetroWest subregion of the Greater Boston metropolitan area . The city proper covers 25 square miles ( 65 km2 ) with a population of 68,318 in 2010 , making it the 14th most populous municipality in Massachusetts . As of 2017 the estimated population was 72,032 . Residents voted in favor of adopting a charter to transition from a representative town meeting system to a mayor-council government in April 2017 , and the municipality transitioned to city status on January 1 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Still River Baptist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Still_River_Baptist_Church', 'summary': "Still River Baptist Church ( also known as the Still River Meetinghouse ) is the home of the Harvard Historical Society . It is an historic Gothic Revival-style meeting house located at 213 Still River Road in Harvard , Massachusetts . The building houses the Harvard Historical Society 's museum and archival collections ."}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harvard , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvard,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Harvard is a town in Worcester County , Massachusetts . The town is located 25 miles west-northwest of Boston , in eastern Massachusetts . A farming community settled in 1658 and incorporated in 1732 , it has been home to several non-traditional communities , such as Harvard Shaker Village , the utopian transcendentalist center Fruitlands , and St. Benedict Abbey . Today it is an affluent residential town noted for its excellent public schools , with its students consistently ranking in the state 's top ten test results in English and math . The population was 6,520 at the 2010 census . The official seal of the town depicts the old town public library on The Common prior to renovations that removed the front steps ."}]}, {'value': 'First Baptist Church of Medfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Baptist_Church_of_Medfield', 'summary': 'The First Baptist Church of Medfield is a historic Baptist church building at 438 Main Street in Medfield , Massachusetts , United States . The church building , the second for the congregation , was constructed in 1838 , and originally had Greek Revival styling . In 1874 it was significantly renovated , and given its present Gothic Revival appearance . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003 . The congregation was established in 1752 . It was formally incorporated and given recognition in 1776 under Thomas Gair , its first pastor . Today it is a member of the American Baptists churches , and it theologically aligns with a Reformed Theology and movements such as The Gospel Coalition . Its worship today is a blend of Biblically founded , Gospel Centered preaching , and heartfelt praise . The music style is a blend of contemporary and traditional music . Worship starts at 10:00 a.m .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Medfield , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Medfield,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Medfield is a town in Norfolk County , Massachusetts , United States . The population is 12,024 according to the 2010 Census . It is a community about 17 miles southwest of Boston , Massachusetts , which is a 40-minute drive to Boston 's financial district . Attractions include the Hinkley Pond and the Peak House ."}]}, {'value': 'First Baptist Church ( Methuen , Massachusetts )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Baptist_Church_(Methuen,_Massachusetts)', 'summary': "First Baptist Church is an historic Baptist church building at 30 Park Street in Methuen , Massachusetts . Built in 1869 for a congregation established in 1815 , it is one of the town 's finest examples of Carpenter Gothic architecture . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Methuen , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methuen,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Methuen /mɛˈθuːɛn/ is a statutory city in Essex County , Massachusetts , United States . The population was 47,255 at the 2010 census . Methuen lies along the northwestern edge of Essex County , just east of Middlesex County and just south of Rockingham County , New Hampshire . The irregularly-shaped town is bordered by Haverhill to the northeast , North Andover to the east , Lawrence and Andover to the south , Dracut ( Middlesex County ) to the west , Pelham , New Hampshire ( Hillsborough County ) to the northwest , and Salem , New Hampshire ( Rockingham County ) to the north . Methuen is located 30 miles ( 48 km ) north-northwest of Boston and 25 miles ( 40 km ) south-southeast of Manchester , New Hampshire .'}]}, {'value': 'First Baptist Church ( New Bedford , Massachusetts )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Baptist_Church_(New_Bedford,_Massachusetts)', 'summary': "The First Baptist Church is a historic Baptist church meeting house at 149 William Street in New Bedford , Massachusetts . The Greek Revival building was constructed in 1829 , and has been a prominent landmark of the city ever since . Its tower appears on the city seal . The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 , and included in the County Street Historic District in 1976 . In 1863 Major Henry M. Robert attended the annual general meeting at the First Baptist Church in New Bedford and on the spot was elected the chairman pro tem of the meeting . He was embarrassed because he knew nothing of how to run a meeting . It was that meeting that caused him to begin studying parliamentary law , which culminated in the publication of the first edition of his book , Robert 's Rules of Order , in 1876 . In 2015 the landmark was declared a National Treasure by the National Trust for Historic Preservation ."}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Bedford , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "New Bedford is a city in Bristol County , Massachusetts , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 95,072 , making it the sixth-largest city in Massachusetts . New Bedford is nicknamed The Whaling City because it was one of the world 's most important whaling ports in the nineteenth century , along with Nantucket , Massachusetts and New London , Connecticut . New Bedford , Fall River and Taunton are the three largest cities in the South Coast region of Massachusetts . The city is known for its fishing fleet and accompanying seafood industry , as well as for its high concentration of Portuguese Americans ."}]}, {'value': 'Union Baptist Church ( New Bedford , Massachusetts )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Union_Baptist_Church_(New_Bedford,_Massachusetts)', 'summary': 'Union Baptist Church is a historic church at 109 Court Street in New Bedford , Massachusetts , USA . It was built in 1899 to a design by Nathaniel Cannon Smith in Shingle Style architecture . The congregation was founded in 1895 by a merger of two African American congregations that had split some four decades earlier . This historical church group was a leading New Bedford institution associated with the assistance of fugitive slaves in the pre-Civil War period . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Bedford , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "New Bedford is a city in Bristol County , Massachusetts , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 95,072 , making it the sixth-largest city in Massachusetts . New Bedford is nicknamed The Whaling City because it was one of the world 's most important whaling ports in the nineteenth century , along with Nantucket , Massachusetts and New London , Connecticut . New Bedford , Fall River and Taunton are the three largest cities in the South Coast region of Massachusetts . The city is known for its fishing fleet and accompanying seafood industry , as well as for its high concentration of Portuguese Americans ."}]}, {'value': 'First Baptist Church in Newton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Baptist_Church_in_Newton', 'summary': 'The First Baptist Church in Newton was founded in 1788 . Its historic building ( built 1888 ) is located at 848 Beacon Street in the village of Newton Centre , in Newton , Massachusetts . On April 15 , 1982 , it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newton , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Newton is a suburban city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , United States . It is approximately 7 miles ( 11 km ) west of downtown Boston and is bordered by Boston 's Brighton and West Roxbury neighborhoods to the east and south , respectively , and by the suburb of Brookline to the east , the suburbs of Watertown and Waltham to the north , and Weston , Wellesley and Needham to the west . Rather than having a single city center , Newton resembles a patchwork of thirteen villages . According to the 2010 U.S. Census , the population of Newton was 85,146 , making it the eleventh largest city in the state . [ not verified in body ]"}]}, {'value': 'Evangelical Baptist Church ( Newton , Massachusetts )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evangelical_Baptist_Church_(Newton,_Massachusetts)', 'summary': 'The Evangelical Baptist Church is an historic church located at 23 Chapel Street , in the village of Nonantum in Newton , Massachusetts . Built in 1873 in Gothic Revival style , it was designed by noted Boston architect Charles Edward Parker , who had in 1853 designed what today is the Architects Building of the Boston Society of Architects at 52 Broad Street , Boston . Evangelical Baptist Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 4 , 1986 . The Evangelical Baptist Church is still an active congregation .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newton , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Newton is a suburban city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , United States . It is approximately 7 miles ( 11 km ) west of downtown Boston and is bordered by Boston 's Brighton and West Roxbury neighborhoods to the east and south , respectively , and by the suburb of Brookline to the east , the suburbs of Watertown and Waltham to the north , and Weston , Wellesley and Needham to the west . Rather than having a single city center , Newton resembles a patchwork of thirteen villages . According to the 2010 U.S. Census , the population of Newton was 85,146 , making it the eleventh largest city in the state . [ not verified in body ]"}]}, {'value': 'Myrtle Baptist Church Neighborhood Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myrtle_Baptist_Church_Neighborhood_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Myrtle Baptist Church Neighborhood Historic District encompasses a historic center of the African-American community in West Newton , Massachusetts . The district includes all of Curve Street , where the Myrtle Baptist Church is located , as well as a few properties on adjacent Auburn and Prospect Streets . The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newton , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Newton is a suburban city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , United States . It is approximately 7 miles ( 11 km ) west of downtown Boston and is bordered by Boston 's Brighton and West Roxbury neighborhoods to the east and south , respectively , and by the suburb of Brookline to the east , the suburbs of Watertown and Waltham to the north , and Weston , Wellesley and Needham to the west . Rather than having a single city center , Newton resembles a patchwork of thirteen villages . According to the 2010 U.S. Census , the population of Newton was 85,146 , making it the eleventh largest city in the state . [ not verified in body ]"}]}, {'value': 'First Baptist Church of Wollaston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Baptist_Church_of_Wollaston', 'summary': "First Baptist Church of Wollaston is a historic Baptist church building at 187 Warren Avenue in Quincy , Massachusetts . Built in 1873 for a new congregation , and repeatedly enlarged , it is a fine example of Gothic Revival architecture , and one of the city 's finest remaining wood-frame churches . The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 ."}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quincy , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Quincy ( /ˈkwɪnzi/ KWIN-zee ) is a U.S. city in Norfolk County , Massachusetts . It is the largest city in the county and a part of Metropolitan Boston as one of Boston 's immediate southern suburbs . Its population in 2010 was 92,271 , making it the eighth-largest city in the state . Known as the City of Presidents , Quincy is the birthplace of two U.S. presidents - John Adams and his son John Quincy Adams - as well as John Hancock , a President of the Continental Congress and the first signer of the Declaration of Independence , as well as being the first and third Governor of Massachusetts . First settled in 1625 , Quincy was briefly part of Dorchester and Boston before becoming the north precinct of Braintree in 1640 . In 1792 , Quincy was split off from Braintree ; the new town was named after Colonel John Quincy , maternal grandfather of Abigail Adams and after whom John Quincy Adams was also named . Quincy became a city in 1888 . For more than a century , Quincy was home to a thriving granite industry ; the city was also the site of the Granite Railway , the United States ' first commercial railroad . Shipbuilding at the Fore River Shipyard was another key part of the city 's economy . In the 20th century , both Howard Johnson 's and Dunkin ' Donuts were founded in the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Hornbine Baptist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hornbine_Baptist_Church', 'summary': 'The Hornbine Baptist Church is an historic colonial church at 141 Hornbine Road in Rehoboth , Massachusetts . This modest vernacular structure was built in 1753 , and is the oldest Baptist meeting house in southeastern Massachusetts . It is a single-story wood frame structure , with a front-facing gable roof and clapboard siding , set at the northeast corner of Hornbine and Baker Streets , opposite the Hornbine School . A hip-roofed enclosed vestibule extends across the west-facing front facade , with a pair of entrances flanking a single sash window . A social hall addition extends northward from the northwestern corner of the building .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rehoboth , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rehoboth,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Rehoboth is a historic town in Bristol County , Massachusetts , United States . Established in 1643 , Rehoboth is one of the oldest towns in Massachusetts . The population was 11,608 at the 2010 census . Rehoboth is a mostly rural , suburban community with many historic sites including 53 historic cemeteries .'}]}], 'section_title': 'United States -- Massachusetts', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Baptist_churches_19', 'intro': 'This is a list of Baptist churches that are notable either as congregations or as buildings. The Baptist churches here are descended from the English dissenters who broke out Baptist church from other Protestant churches in Britain in the 1700s. There is an alternative view, that earlier Anabaptist churches started the Baptist church, but this list-article does not include those. (See List of Anabaptist churches).'} | null | null | When was the city incofporated that has a historical church that now contains the Harvard Historical Society 's museum and archival collections ? | 1732 |
07cf656e1b50e9b3 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_at_the_1990_Commonwealth_Games', 'title': 'India at the 1990 Commonwealth Games', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashok Pandit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_sports', 'summary': 'Shooting sports is a collective group of competitive and recreational sporting activities involving proficiency tests of accuracy , precision and speed in shooting - the art of using various types of ranged weapons , mainly referring to human-portable guns ( firearms and airguns , in forms such as handguns , rifles and shotguns ) and bows/crossbows . Different disciplines of shooting sports can be categorized by equipment , shooting distances , targets , time limits and degrees of athleticism involved . Shooting sports may involve both team and individual competition , and team performance is usually assessed by summing the scores of the individual team members . Due to the noise of shooting and the high ( and often lethal ) impact energy of the projectiles , shooting sports are typically conducted at either designated permanent shooting ranges or temporary shooting fields in the area away from settlements .'}]}, {'value': 'Centre-Fire Pistol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1990_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1990 Commonwealth Games were held in Auckland , New Zealand from 24 January - 3 February 1990 . It was the 14th Commonwealth Games , and part of New Zealand 's 1990 sesquicentennial celebrations . Participants competed in ten sports : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , judo , lawn bowls , shooting and weightlifting . The Triathlon was a demonstration event . The main venue was the Mount Smart Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chandersekaran Raghavan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': 'Flyweight-Snatch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1990_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1990 Commonwealth Games were held in Auckland , New Zealand from 24 January - 3 February 1990 . It was the 14th Commonwealth Games , and part of New Zealand 's 1990 sesquicentennial celebrations . Participants competed in ten sports : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , judo , lawn bowls , shooting and weightlifting . The Triathlon was a demonstration event . The main venue was the Mount Smart Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chandersekaran Raghavan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': 'Flyweight-Clean and Jerk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1990_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1990 Commonwealth Games were held in Auckland , New Zealand from 24 January - 3 February 1990 . It was the 14th Commonwealth Games , and part of New Zealand 's 1990 sesquicentennial celebrations . Participants competed in ten sports : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , judo , lawn bowls , shooting and weightlifting . The Triathlon was a demonstration event . The main venue was the Mount Smart Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chandersekaran Raghavan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': 'Flyweight-Overall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1990_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1990 Commonwealth Games were held in Auckland , New Zealand from 24 January - 3 February 1990 . It was the 14th Commonwealth Games , and part of New Zealand 's 1990 sesquicentennial celebrations . Participants competed in ten sports : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , judo , lawn bowls , shooting and weightlifting . The Triathlon was a demonstration event . The main venue was the Mount Smart Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rangaswamy Punnuswamy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': 'Bantamweight-Snatch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1990_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1990 Commonwealth Games were held in Auckland , New Zealand from 24 January - 3 February 1990 . It was the 14th Commonwealth Games , and part of New Zealand 's 1990 sesquicentennial celebrations . Participants competed in ten sports : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , judo , lawn bowls , shooting and weightlifting . The Triathlon was a demonstration event . The main venue was the Mount Smart Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rangaswamy Punnuswamy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': 'Bantamweight-Clean and Jerk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1990_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1990 Commonwealth Games were held in Auckland , New Zealand from 24 January - 3 February 1990 . It was the 14th Commonwealth Games , and part of New Zealand 's 1990 sesquicentennial celebrations . Participants competed in ten sports : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , judo , lawn bowls , shooting and weightlifting . The Triathlon was a demonstration event . The main venue was the Mount Smart Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rangaswamy Punnuswamy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': 'Bantamweight-Overall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1990_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1990 Commonwealth Games were held in Auckland , New Zealand from 24 January - 3 February 1990 . It was the 14th Commonwealth Games , and part of New Zealand 's 1990 sesquicentennial celebrations . Participants competed in ten sports : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , judo , lawn bowls , shooting and weightlifting . The Triathlon was a demonstration event . The main venue was the Mount Smart Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parvesh Chander Sharma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parvesh_Chander_Sharma', 'summary': "Parvesh Chander Sharma is an Indian weightlifter from Punjab . At the 1990 Commonwealth Games , he won two gold medals in the Men 's Featherweight - Clean and Jerk , Men 's Featherweight - Overall and one silver medal in Men 's Featherweight-Snatch ."}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': 'Featherweight-Clean and Jerk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1990_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1990 Commonwealth Games were held in Auckland , New Zealand from 24 January - 3 February 1990 . It was the 14th Commonwealth Games , and part of New Zealand 's 1990 sesquicentennial celebrations . Participants competed in ten sports : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , judo , lawn bowls , shooting and weightlifting . The Triathlon was a demonstration event . The main venue was the Mount Smart Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parvesh Chander Sharma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parvesh_Chander_Sharma', 'summary': "Parvesh Chander Sharma is an Indian weightlifter from Punjab . At the 1990 Commonwealth Games , he won two gold medals in the Men 's Featherweight - Clean and Jerk , Men 's Featherweight - Overall and one silver medal in Men 's Featherweight-Snatch ."}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': 'Featherweight-Overall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1990_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1990 Commonwealth Games were held in Auckland , New Zealand from 24 January - 3 February 1990 . It was the 14th Commonwealth Games , and part of New Zealand 's 1990 sesquicentennial celebrations . Participants competed in ten sports : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , judo , lawn bowls , shooting and weightlifting . The Triathlon was a demonstration event . The main venue was the Mount Smart Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paramjit Sharma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': 'Lightweight-Snatch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1990_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1990 Commonwealth Games were held in Auckland , New Zealand from 24 January - 3 February 1990 . It was the 14th Commonwealth Games , and part of New Zealand 's 1990 sesquicentennial celebrations . Participants competed in ten sports : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , judo , lawn bowls , shooting and weightlifting . The Triathlon was a demonstration event . The main venue was the Mount Smart Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paramjit Sharma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': 'Lightweight-Clean and Jerk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1990_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1990 Commonwealth Games were held in Auckland , New Zealand from 24 January - 3 February 1990 . It was the 14th Commonwealth Games , and part of New Zealand 's 1990 sesquicentennial celebrations . Participants competed in ten sports : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , judo , lawn bowls , shooting and weightlifting . The Triathlon was a demonstration event . The main venue was the Mount Smart Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paramjit Sharma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': 'Lightweight-Overall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1990_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1990 Commonwealth Games were held in Auckland , New Zealand from 24 January - 3 February 1990 . It was the 14th Commonwealth Games , and part of New Zealand 's 1990 sesquicentennial celebrations . Participants competed in ten sports : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , judo , lawn bowls , shooting and weightlifting . The Triathlon was a demonstration event . The main venue was the Mount Smart Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karnadhar Mondal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': 'Middleweight-Snatch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1990_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The 1990 Commonwealth Games were held in Auckland , New Zealand from 24 January - 3 February 1990 . It was the 14th Commonwealth Games , and part of New Zealand 's 1990 sesquicentennial celebrations . Participants competed in ten sports : athletics , aquatics , badminton , boxing , cycling , gymnastics , judo , lawn bowls , shooting and weightlifting . The Triathlon was a demonstration event . The main venue was the Mount Smart Stadium ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Medalists -- Gold medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'India_at_the_1990_Commonwealth_Games_0', 'intro': 'This was the 10th time India participating in the Commonwealth Games India ranked 5th in the final medal tally.'} | null | null | Paramjit Sharma and many other athletes at the 1990 commonwealth games competed in how many different sports ? | ten |
07cf9f74a468aadb | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rockingham_County,_Virginia', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, Virginia', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baxter House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baxter_House_(Edom,_Virginia)', 'summary': 'Baxter House is a historic home located near Edom , Rockingham County , Virginia . The house dates to about 1775 , and is a single pile , double-pen dwelling consisting of two abutted two-bay , two-story log structures set on limestone foundation . It was built by Scottish settler George Baxter , whose son George A. Baxter served as president of Washington and Lee University from 1799 to 1829 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 3 , 1973 ( # 73002057 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North of Harrisonburg on State Route 42 38°33′21″N 78°50′08″W / 38.555833°N 78.835694°W / 38.555833 ; -78.835694 ( Baxter House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_42', 'summary': 'State Route 42 ( SR 42 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . Running parallel to and west of Interstate 81 , SR 42 consists of three sections with gaps filled by secondary routes in between . Some of SR 42 lies along the old Fincastle Turnpike . Another major piece , from near Clifton Forge to Buffalo Gap , parallels the old Virginia Central Railroad .'}]}, {'value': 'Edom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edom,_Virginia', 'summary': 'Edom is an unincorporated community located in Rockingham County , in the U.S. state of Virginia . It is located along State Route 42 at the crossroads with State Route 721 , north of Harrisonburg and southeast of Singers Glen . Linville Creek flows through the village . Near Edom on January 14 , 1794 , Dr. Jesse Bennett performed the first Caesarian section and oophorectomy in the United States , operating on his wife to give birth to their daughter . A historical marker was erected by the state of Virginia in 1983 commemorating the event . Baxter House , John K. Beery Farm , and Edom Store and Post Office are listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John K. Beery Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_K._Beery_Farm', 'summary': 'John K. Beery Farm is a historic home and farm complex located near Edom , Virginia , United States . The main house dates to 1838 , and consists of a two-story , five bay , central-hall plan , main section with a one-story , three bay east wing . The main section measures 50 feet wide and 18 feet deep and features a long one-story , late-19th century porch . Also on the property are a number of contributing outbuildings including a stone bank barn , loom house , spring house , wash house / kitchen , granary , sheds , and an outhouse . The meeting room in the east wing of the house served a large congregation of Mennonites for a number of years . John K. Berry was a descendant of Swiss settlers in Pennsylvania . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 19 , 1973 ( # 73002058 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North of Harrisonburg off State Route 42 38°31′08″N 78°51′31″W / 38.518889°N 78.858611°W / 38.518889 ; -78.858611 ( John K. Beery Farm )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_42', 'summary': 'State Route 42 ( SR 42 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . Running parallel to and west of Interstate 81 , SR 42 consists of three sections with gaps filled by secondary routes in between . Some of SR 42 lies along the old Fincastle Turnpike . Another major piece , from near Clifton Forge to Buffalo Gap , parallels the old Virginia Central Railroad .'}]}, {'value': 'Edom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edom,_Virginia', 'summary': 'Edom is an unincorporated community located in Rockingham County , in the U.S. state of Virginia . It is located along State Route 42 at the crossroads with State Route 721 , north of Harrisonburg and southeast of Singers Glen . Linville Creek flows through the village . Near Edom on January 14 , 1794 , Dr. Jesse Bennett performed the first Caesarian section and oophorectomy in the United States , operating on his wife to give birth to their daughter . A historical marker was erected by the state of Virginia in 1983 commemorating the event . Baxter House , John K. Beery Farm , and Edom Store and Post Office are listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bethlehem Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethlehem_Church', 'summary': 'Bethlehem Church , also known as Bethlehem United Church of Christ , is a historic United Church of Christ church located at Broadway , Rockingham County , Virginia . It was built in 1844-1845 , and is a small , one-story , gable-roofed limestone structure . It measures 42 feet , 6 inches , by 32 feet , 6 inches . The original vaulted ceiling and gable roof were destroyed during the American Civil War . The present gable roof was built in 1914 . It was used as the primary church until a new church was constructed in 1952 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 27 , 1985 ( # 85001414 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tenth Legion Rd . 38°34′40″N 78°43′56″W / 38.577639°N 78.732222°W / 38.577639 ; -78.732222 ( Bethlehem Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Broadway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broadway,_Virginia', 'summary': 'Broadway is a town in Rockingham County , Virginia , United States . The population was 3,691 at the 2010 census . It is included in the Harrisonburg Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Run Quarry Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Run_Quarry_Site', 'summary': 'The Big Run Quarry Site is an archaeological site on the National Register of Historic Places near Luray , Virginia . It is located in Shenandoah National Park .'}]}, {'value': 'December 13 , 1985 ( # 85003177 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luray,_Virginia', 'summary': 'Luray is the county seat of Page County , Virginia , United States , in the Shenandoah Valley in the northern part of the commonwealth . The population was 4,895 at the 2010 census . The town was started by Willian Staige Marye in 1812 , a descendant of a family native to Luray , France .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bogota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bogota_(Port_Republic,_Virginia)', 'summary': 'Bogota , also known as Bogota Farm , is a historic home and farm and national historic district located near Port Republic , Rockingham County , Virginia . The main house was built between 1845 and 1847 , and is a two-story , five bay , brick Greek Revival style dwelling . It features a brick cornice , stepped-parapet gable end walls , and a low-pitched gable roof . The front facade has a two-story pedimented portico sheltering the center bay . Also on the property are the contributing smokehouse , two slave dwellings , a garden area , bank barn , log house , and two archaeological sites including a possible slave cemetery . On June 9 , 1862 , Bogota was the scene of action during the Battle of Port Republic . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 25 , 2009 ( # 09000162 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5375 Lynnwood Rd . 38°19′03″N 78°46′27″W / 38.317500°N 78.774167°W / 38.317500 ; -78.774167 ( Bogota )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Republic,_Virginia', 'summary': 'Port Republic is an unincorporated community in Rockingham County , Virginia , United States . The Battle of Port Republic occurred there in the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bon Air', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bon_Air_(Elkton,_Virginia)', 'summary': 'Bon Air , also known as the Adam and Susan Bear House and Bear Lithia , is a historic home located near Elkton , Rockingham County , Virginia . It was built about 1870 , and is a two-story , central-passage plan brick dwelling with Italianate and Greek Revival style decorative details . It has a metal-sheathed , hip-and-deck roof , a rear two story ell , front and back porches , and two one-story bay windows on the front facade . Also on the property is a contributing two-level meat house/storage building . The house stands next to Bear Lithia Springs , a boldly flowing water source acquired by the Bear family during the colonial period and commercially exploited in the late-19th and early-20th centuries . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 2 , 2007 ( # 07000399 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2477 Bear Lithia Rd . 38°26′10″N 78°37′08″W / 38.436111°N 78.618889°W / 38.436111 ; -78.618889 ( Bon Air )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elkton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elkton,_Virginia', 'summary': "Elkton ( formerly Conrad 's Store ) is an incorporated town in Rockingham County , Virginia , United States . It is included in the Harrisonburg Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 2,762 at the 2010 census . Elkton was named for the Elk Run stream . It is located along the south fork of the Shenandoah River at the intersections of east-west U.S. Route 33 and north-south U.S. Route 340 . The town celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Breneman-Turner Mill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Breneman-Turner_Mill', 'summary': 'Breneman-Turner Mill is a historic grist mill located near Harrisonburg , Rockingham County , Virginia . It was built about 1800 , and is a 2 1/2-story , Federal style brick building . The building retains its water wheel , measuring 16 feet in diameter and 5 feet wide , and three sets of burr stones . The mill survived General Philip Sheridans burning of the Shenandoah Valley in 1864 , and remained in operation until 1988 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 20 , 2006 ( # 06000325 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5036 Turners Mill Ln . 38°31′30″N 78°52′30″W / 38.525000°N 78.875000°W / 38.525000 ; -78.875000 ( Breneman-Turner Mill )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harrisonburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harrisonburg,_Virginia', 'summary': "Harrisonburg is an independent city in the Shenandoah Valley region of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . It is also the county seat of the surrounding Rockingham County , although the two are separate jurisdictions . As of the 2010 census , the population was 48,914 , with a census-estimated 2018 population of 54,033 . The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Harrisonburg with Rockingham County for statistical purposes into the Harrisonburg , Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area , which has a 2011 estimated population of 126,562 . Harrisonburg is home to James Madison University ( JMU ) , a public research university with an enrollment of over 20,000 students , and Eastern Mennonite University ( EMU ) , a private , Mennonite-affiliated liberal arts university . Although the city has no historical association with President James Madison , JMU was nonetheless named in his honor as Madison College in 1938 and renamed as James Madison University in 1977 . EMU largely owes it existence to the sizable Mennonite population in the Shenandoah Valley , to which many Pennsylvania Dutch settlers arrived beginning in the mid-18th century in search of rich , unsettled farmland . The city has become a bastion of ethnic and linguistic diversity in recent years . Over 1,900 refugees have been settled in Harrisonburg since 2002 . As of 2014 , Hispanics or Latinos of any race comprise 19% of the city 's population . Harrisonburg City Public Schools ( HCPS ) students speak 55 languages in addition to English , with Spanish , Arabic , and Kurdish being the most common languages spoken . Over one-third of HCPS students are English as a second language ( ESL ) learners ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridgewater Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgewater_Historic_District_(Bridgewater,_Virginia)', 'summary': "Bridgewater Historic District is a national historic district located at Bridgewater , Rockingham County , Virginia . The district encompasses 127 contributing buildings and 1 contributing site in the central business district and surrounding residential areas of the town of Bridgewater . It includes a variety of residential , commercial , and institutional buildings most of which date from the 19th century and early-20th century . Notable buildings include the Jacob Dinkle House , the St. Claire Kyle House , the J. G. Brown House , Dr. T. H. B . Brown House , the Hite House , Childress House , Whitmore House , the O. W. Miller House , Dr. Strickler House , Masonic Lodge , Methodist Church ( 1841 ) , Baptist Church ( 1855 , 1883 ) , Farmer 's Bank ( c. 1883 ) , Berlin Building ( 1883 ) , Geary Building ( 1887 ) , and the Lutheran Church ( 1881 ) . Also included is the oldest portion of the Bridgewater College campus , consisting of five fine brick collegiate buildings constructed before 1911 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 1 , 1984 ( # 84000477 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly Main St. from the North River to Crawford Ave. , and E. College , Gravel Lane , and Bank St. 38°22′56″N 78°58′36″W / 38.382222°N 78.976667°W / 38.382222 ; -78.976667 ( Bridgewater Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_River_(South_Fork_Shenandoah_River)', 'summary': 'The North River is a 55.3-mile-long ( 89.0 km ) river in the mountains and Shenandoah Valley of northern Virginia , the United States . It joins the South River at Port Republic to form the South Fork Shenandoah River .'}]}, {'value': 'Bridgewater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgewater,_Virginia', 'summary': 'Bridgewater is an incorporated town in Rockingham County , Virginia , United States . The population was 5,644 at the 2010 census . It is included in the Harrisonburg , Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area . Bridgewater is also home to Bridgewater College .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cave Hill Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cave_Hill_Farm', 'summary': 'Cave Hill Farm is a historical farm at 9780 Cave Hill Road in McGaheysville , Virginia . The centerpiece of the farm is its main house , a two-story brick house with Federal and Greek Revival characteristics . The farm is named for a cave that is located on a limestone outcrop on the north side of Cave Hill Road . It is the source of a spring on the property , and was historically used for food storage . Since 1868 the property has been in the hands of Kisling family descendants , the Hopkins , who operate a bed and breakfast inn . The farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'November 18 , 2011 ( # 11000839 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9780 Cave Hill Rd . 38°21′34″N 78°43′18″W / 38.359444°N 78.721667°W / 38.359444 ; -78.721667 ( Cave Hill Farm )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McGaheysville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McGaheysville,_Virginia', 'summary': 'McGaheysville ( /məˈɡækiːzvɪl/ mə-GAK-eez-vil ) is an unincorporated community located in Rockingham County , in the U.S. state of Virginia . It is located along U.S. Route 33 between Penn Laird and Elkton , and sits at the base of the Massanutten . According to a number derived from the 2010 census standard , McGaheysville had an estimated population of 4,354 people .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Chrisman House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Chrisman_House', 'summary': 'George Chrisman House is a historic home located near Linville , Rockingham County , Virginia . It was built about 1787 , and is a two-story , three bay , stone Federal style dwelling with flanking wings . The wings are an original 1 1/2-story kitchen wing to the west and a one-story east wing built from limestone taken from the ruins of Shaver Mill about 1960 . Also on the property are the ruins of Shaver Mill , built about 1830 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 1 , 2006 ( # 06001099 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5341 Shaver Mill Rd . 38°32′42″N 78°52′04″W / 38.545000°N 78.867778°W / 38.545000 ; -78.867778 ( George Chrisman House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Linville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linville,_Virginia', 'summary': 'Linville is an unincorporated community located in Rockingham County , in the U.S. state of Virginia . It is located 6 miles north of Harrisonburg , Virginia . It contains the Linville United Church of Christ .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Contentment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Contentment_(Mount_Crawford,_Virginia)', 'summary': 'Contentment , also known as the Grattan House , is a historic home located near Mount Crawford , Rockingham County , Virginia . It was built in 1823 , and is a two-story , five bay , brick Federal style dwelling . It has a pair of slightly-projecting interior end chimneys placed at each end of the standing-seam metal gable roof with a brick parapet between each pair . During the American Civil War , on June 2-3 , 1864 , the house served as the headquarters of Confederate General John D. Imboden the Battle of Piedmont . It was also the site of one of the major skirmishes before the Confederate defeat at Cedar Creek , near Winchester . That skirmish was initiated by General Jubal Early and began at Contentment on October 4 , 1864 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 19 , 2004 ( # 04000481 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '253 Contentment Ln . 38°20′31″N 78°56′06″W / 38.342083°N 78.935000°W / 38.342083 ; -78.935000 ( Contentment )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Crawford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Crawford,_Virginia', 'summary': "Mount Crawford is a town in Rockingham County , Virginia , United States . It is included in the Harrisonburg Metropolitan Statistical Area , and the town 's population was 433 at the 2010 census ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dayton Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dayton_Historic_District_(Dayton,_Virginia)', 'summary': 'Dayton Historic District is a national historic district located at Dayton , Rockingham County , Virginia . The district encompasses 154 contributing buildings and 1 contributing site in the central business district and surrounding residential areas of the town of Dayton . It includes a variety of residential , commercial , and institutional buildings most of which date from the late-19th century and early-20th century . Notable buildings include the Alberta Coffman Bouse , Layman House , the Samuel Shrum House , the Thomas House , W.J . Franklin House , Bank of Dayton ( 1911 ) , the Ruebush-Kieffer Printing Company , Dayton Drug Company , Howe Memorial Hall , the Administration Building ( 1910 ) , the Kieffer Alumni Gymnasium ( 1930 ) , Carpenter Store ( 1888 ) , Specialty Harness Company , Ruebush-Kieffer Company , and the Methodist , Presbyterian , and United Brethren churches . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 .'}]}, {'value': 'August 16 , 1984 ( # 84003590 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by Main , Mason , Walnut , Summit , and Bowman Sts . 38°24′58″N 78°56′27″W / 38.416111°N 78.940833°W / 38.416111 ; -78.940833 ( Dayton Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dayton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dayton,_Virginia', 'summary': 'Dayton is a town in Rockingham County , Virginia , United States . The population is 1,530 as of the 2010 census . It is included in the Harrisonburg , Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David and Catherine Driver Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_and_Catherine_Driver_Farm', 'summary': "The David and Catherine Driver Farm is a historic farmstead in rural Rockingham County , Virginia , near Timberville . The main house , a 2.5 story wood frame structure , was built c. 1845 and has Greek Revival styling . It was extended in the 1880s , giving it a T-shape and adding Victorian details such as bull 's eye window in the front gable . The farm 's most notable building is a c. 1839 barn , a rare survivor of the Valley Campaigns of 1864 through the area , in which the Union Army under General William Tecumseh Sherman destroyed most barns . The farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 8 , 2007 ( # 07000415 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3796 Long Meadow Dr. 38°37′20″N 78°45′19″W / 38.622222°N 78.755139°W / 38.622222 ; -78.755139 ( David and Catherine Driver Farm )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Timberville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timberville,_Virginia', 'summary': 'Timberville is a town in Rockingham County , Virginia , United States . The population was 2,522 at the 2010 census , which was a significant increase from the 1,739 reported in the 2000 census . It is part of the Harrisonburg Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edom Store and Post Office', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edom_Store_and_Post_Office', 'summary': 'Edom Store and Post Office , also known as John Chrisman Store and Myers and Company , is a historic store and post office located at Edom , Rockingham County , Virginia . It was built about 1835 , and is a two-story , brick commercial building . It features a metal-sheathed gable roof , a five-bay façade with center entries on the first and second stories , and a one-story entry porch and a storefront added in the late-19th century . It has a two-story rear ell . The interior is transitional Federal-Greek Revival . Also on the property is a contributing frame barn dated to about 1900 . The Edom Post Office operated out of the store until the late 1930s and the store closed about 1940 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 24 , 2007 ( # 07000768 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5375 Jesse Bennett Way 38°31′32″N 78°51′36″W / 38.525417°N 78.860000°W / 38.525417 ; -78.860000 ( Edom Store and Post Office )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edom,_Virginia', 'summary': 'Edom is an unincorporated community located in Rockingham County , in the U.S. state of Virginia . It is located along State Route 42 at the crossroads with State Route 721 , north of Harrisonburg and southeast of Singers Glen . Linville Creek flows through the village . Near Edom on January 14 , 1794 , Dr. Jesse Bennett performed the first Caesarian section and oophorectomy in the United States , operating on his wife to give birth to their daughter . A historical marker was erected by the state of Virginia in 1983 commemorating the event . Baxter House , John K. Beery Farm , and Edom Store and Post Office are listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Funk House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Funk_House', 'summary': "Joseph Funk House is a historic home located at Singers Glen , Rockingham County , Virginia . It was built about 1810 , and is a 1 1/2-story , log dwelling with a gable roof and an undercut front gallery . The house is sheathed with weatherboarding . Its builder Joseph Funk ( 1777-1862 ) , was a leader in the Mennonite faith and an influential musical theorist who was the grandson of a German Palatine settler of Bernese Swiss descent . The second-floor room where the printing press , formerly located in a separate building , was placed was originally a loom room . It was converted to a school room in 1837 . The building served as Funk 's publishing house from 1847 until 1878 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': 'February 24 , 1975 ( # 75002036 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singers Glen Rd . 38°33′04″N 78°55′03″W / 38.551111°N 78.917500°W / 38.551111 ; -78.917500 ( Joseph Funk House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singers Glen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singers_Glen,_Virginia', 'summary': 'Singers Glen is an unincorporated community located in Rockingham County , Virginia , and situated between Little North Mountain and Interstate 81 . Singers Glen is a historic settlement that is registered by both the Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission and the United States Department of the Interior . The community comprises one road ( Singers Glen Road ) , the Singers Glen Post Office , a recycling center , the Singers Glen School , the Singers Glen Volunteer Fire Company , Singers Glen volunteer rescue squad , one store , and a Methodist and Baptist Church .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harnsberger Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harnsberger_Farm', 'summary': 'Harnsberger Farm , also known as Golden Creek Farm , has two historic homes and farm located near Shenandoah , Rockingham County , Virginia . The main house was built between 1859 and 1861 , and is a two-story , three bay , brick Italianate style I-house . A library and bathroom were added in the early-20th century . The house features decorative interior painting , which probably dates from the 1890s . The second house is a rectangular , two-story , two-bay , log house dating to the second quarter of the 19th century . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'January 22 , 1992 ( # 91001974 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Junction of Point and Rinacas Corner Rds . 38°28′36″N 78°38′08″W / 38.476528°N 78.635556°W / 38.476528 ; -78.635556 ( Harnsberger Farm )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shenandoah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shenandoah,_Virginia', 'summary': 'Shenandoah /ˌʃɛnənˈdoʊə/ is a town in Page County , Virginia , United States . The population was 2,373 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephen Harnsberger House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Harnsberger_House', 'summary': "The Stephen Harnsberger House , also known as the Harnsberger Octagonal House , is an historic octagon house located on Holly Avenue in Grottoes , Virginia . The house was built in 1856 , three years after the publication of A Home For All , or the Gravel Wall and Octagon Mode of Building by Orson Squire Fowler . Rather than following the tenets of the book , which suggested a radially-oriented plan with functions for every side , the plan of the Harnsberger house is more akin to a traditional double-pile center-hall house of the kind that was prevalent in Virginia at the time . The center hall is flanked by two very deep rooms , with smaller rooms behind , divided from the front rooms by chimneys . On both the basement and second floor levels a central passage extends the depth of the house . This is in contrast to the wedge-shaped rooms advocated by Fowler . The house exhibits Greek Revival detailing , typical of the time . Interior woodwork is mostly intact . The house received an ell addition to the rear housing a kitchen by 1890 . The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 8 , 1982 . Harnsberger 's brother Robert built an octagonal barn a few miles away in 1867 , which is also listed on the National Register ."}]}, {'value': 'July 8 , 1982 ( # 82004593 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holly Ave. 38°16′31″N 78°49′48″W / 38.275222°N 78.830000°W / 38.275222 ; -78.830000 ( Stephen Harnsberger House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grottoes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grottoes,_Virginia', 'summary': "Grottoes is an incorporated town in Augusta and Rockingham counties in the U.S. state of Virginia . The population was 2,668 at the 2010 census . The Rockingham County portion of Grottoes is part of the Harrisonburg Metropolitan Statistical Area , while the small portion that extends into Augusta County is part of the Staunton-Waynesboro Micropolitan Statistical Area . Only seven of the town 's 2,668 residents reside in Augusta County . Grottoes is home to the Grand Caverns , America 's oldest show cave ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Harrison House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Harrison_House', 'summary': "Daniel Harrison House , also known as Fort Harrison , is a historic home located near Dayton , Rockingham County , Virginia . It was built in 1748 , and is a two-story , three bay limestone dwelling with a brick extension added in the early 1800s . It has a steep gable roof and wide chimney caps . It was originally surrounded by a palisade and stories of an underground passage to the nearby spring . During the French and Indian War , the legislature of Virginia designed the house Fort Harrison . The house is one of the oldest in the Shenandoah Valley , and is closely associated with the early history of Rockingham County . Captain Daniel Harrison was one of the first to use the plentiful supply of limestone for building . His stone house is referred to in one of his first deeds dated February 28 , 1749 in Rockingham County Deed Book 2 , p. 586 - Daniel Harrison , Gent . to Arthur Johnson , 190 acres ; 10 acres ; Cook 's Creek-Harrison 's stonehouse . Captain Harrison was appointed along with brother John and Robert Cravens as overseer by the Court of Orange County in 1745 to lay out and clear the old Indian Road - The Long Grey Trail - through what is now Rockingham County . This was destined to be the most traveled highway in the Shenandoah Valley . In 1751 Daniel became Under Sheriff of Augusta County Fort Harrison is open to the public on Friday and Saturday in the summer and by appointment ."}]}, {'value': 'July 24 , 1973 ( # 73002056 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northeast of Dayton on State Route 42 38°25′05″N 78°56′09″W / 38.418056°N 78.935833°W / 38.418056 ; -78.935833 ( Daniel Harrison House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_42', 'summary': 'State Route 42 ( SR 42 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . Running parallel to and west of Interstate 81 , SR 42 consists of three sections with gaps filled by secondary routes in between . Some of SR 42 lies along the old Fincastle Turnpike . Another major piece , from near Clifton Forge to Buffalo Gap , parallels the old Virginia Central Railroad .'}]}, {'value': 'Dayton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dayton,_Virginia', 'summary': 'Dayton is a town in Rockingham County , Virginia , United States . The population is 1,530 as of the 2010 census . It is included in the Harrisonburg , Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haugh House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haugh_House', 'summary': 'The Haugh House is a two-story , Greek-Revival lodge I-house residential building with a standing-seam gabled roof , wrapped in weatherboard , built about 1855 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 18 , 2011 . It is in the center of the Cross Keys Battlefield in Rockingham County , Virginia . It has six-over-six windows with double-hung wooden sash , exposed floor and ceiling joists , a large center hall , original , interior chambered moldings and hand-planed partition walls . It originally included two limestone chimneys , but they were damaged during the Battle of Cross Keys , during the American Civil War and subsequently removed . John Haugh purchased 80 acres of land from his father-in-law in 1844 , and began farming it . In about 1855 , the house was added . A two-story rear ell was added in about 1915 , and several outbuildings were added from the 1920s on . The front portion of the building is a two-story , single-pile antebellum log I-house built in the vernacular Greek Revival style , and remains largely intact . It is three bays on a continuous cut limestone foundation . It has seven windows with six-over-six , double-hung wooden sashes , the bay has three two-over-two double-hung wooden sashes . This portion of the building suffered significant structural damage from heavy shelling during the Battle of Cross Keys .'}]}, {'value': 'August 18 , 2011 ( # 11000552 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6529 State Route 253 38°21′05″N 78°49′27″W / 38.351389°N 78.824167°W / 38.351389 ; -78.824167 ( Haugh House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_253', 'summary': 'State Route 253 ( SR 253 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia . Known as Port Republic Road , the state highway runs 12.18 miles ( 19.60 km ) from U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in Harrisonburg east to US 340 near Port Republic . SR 253 is a northwest-southeast highway that connects Harrisonburg with Cross Keys and Port Republic in southeastern Rockingham County . The state highway also provides access to portions of James Madison University on either side of Interstate 81 ( I-81 ) . SR 253 is maintained by the Virginia Department of Transportation except for the portion in the independent city of Harrisonburg , which is municipally maintained . A small portion of Port Republic Road through Port Republic was included in the state highway system by the late 1920s as part of the highway between Waynesboro and Elkton . This section was paved in the early 1930s and carried three different route numbers until it was transferred to the secondary system in the early 1940s . Port Republic Road was placed on its modern alignment through Port Republic in the mid-1950s , by which time almost all of the highway was paved . SR 659 , which was assigned to Port Republic Road from Harrisonburg to near Cross Keys , was extended southeast through Port Republic by the mid-1970s . Port Republic Road was expanded to four lanes within Harrisonburg in the mid-1990s and mid-2000s and along a short stretch south from the city limits in the early 2010s . SR 659 was brought into the primary highway system as SR 253 in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Port Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Republic,_Virginia', 'summary': 'Port Republic is an unincorporated community in Rockingham County , Virginia , United States . The Battle of Port Republic occurred there in the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inglewood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inglewood_(Harrisonburg,_Virginia)', 'summary': 'Inglewood , also known as the Robert Gray House , is a historic home located near Harrisonburg , Rockingham County , Virginia . It was built between 1849 and 1851 , and is a two-story , five-bay , double pile brick Georgian style dwelling . It has a side gable roof and interior end chimneys . The house was restored in the 1940s . Also on the property are a contributing two-story , three-bay rectangular frame cabin , reportedly used as a schoolhouse , and a mid- to late 19th-century creamery . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 30 , 1985 ( # 85001172 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kratzler Rd . 38°28′51″N 78°50′43″W / 38.480833°N 78.845278°W / 38.480833 ; -78.845278 ( Inglewood )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harrisonburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harrisonburg,_Virginia', 'summary': "Harrisonburg is an independent city in the Shenandoah Valley region of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . It is also the county seat of the surrounding Rockingham County , although the two are separate jurisdictions . As of the 2010 census , the population was 48,914 , with a census-estimated 2018 population of 54,033 . The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Harrisonburg with Rockingham County for statistical purposes into the Harrisonburg , Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area , which has a 2011 estimated population of 126,562 . Harrisonburg is home to James Madison University ( JMU ) , a public research university with an enrollment of over 20,000 students , and Eastern Mennonite University ( EMU ) , a private , Mennonite-affiliated liberal arts university . Although the city has no historical association with President James Madison , JMU was nonetheless named in his honor as Madison College in 1938 and renamed as James Madison University in 1977 . EMU largely owes it existence to the sizable Mennonite population in the Shenandoah Valley , to which many Pennsylvania Dutch settlers arrived beginning in the mid-18th century in search of rich , unsettled farmland . The city has become a bastion of ethnic and linguistic diversity in recent years . Over 1,900 refugees have been settled in Harrisonburg since 2002 . As of 2014 , Hispanics or Latinos of any race comprise 19% of the city 's population . Harrisonburg City Public Schools ( HCPS ) students speak 55 languages in addition to English , with Spanish , Arabic , and Kurdish being the most common languages spoken . Over one-third of HCPS students are English as a second language ( ESL ) learners ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rockingham_County,_Virginia_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, Virginia. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Rockingham County, Virginia, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map. There are 42 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.'} | null | null | Which historic place is located in a town with a population of 2,522 ? | David and Catherine Driver Farm |
07d01244b6015f65 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_Academy_alumni', 'title': 'List of United States Air Force Academy alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Brian Billick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Billick', 'summary': "Brian Harold Billick ( born February 28 , 1954 ) is an American former football coach and commentator . Billick spent nine seasons in the National Football League ( NFL ) as head coach of the Baltimore Ravens from January 19 , 1999 to December 31 , 2007 ; he led the Ravens to a 34-7 victory over the New York Giants in Super Bowl XXXV , the franchise 's first Super Bowl appearance . He was also the offensive coordinator for the Minnesota Vikings ( 1994-1998 ) when they broke the scoring record in the 1998 season ."}]}, {'value': 'NA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Head coach of the NFL Baltimore Ravens ( 1999-2007 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens', 'summary': "The Baltimore Ravens are a professional American football team based in Baltimore , Maryland . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division . The team plays its home games at M & T Bank Stadium and is headquartered in Owings Mills . The Ravens were established in 1996 , after Art Modell , who was then the owner of the Cleveland Browns , announced plans to relocate the franchise from Cleveland to Baltimore in 1995 . As part of a settlement between the league and the city of Cleveland , Modell was required to leave the Browns ' history and records in Cleveland for a replacement team and replacement personnel that would take control in 1999 . In return , he was allowed to take his own personnel and team to Baltimore , where such personnel would then form an expansion team . The Ravens have been one of the more successful franchises since their inception , having qualified for the NFL playoffs 12 times since 2000 , with two Super Bowl championship titles ( Super Bowl XXXV and Super Bowl XLVII ) , two AFC Championship titles ( 2000 and 2012 ) , 15 playoff victories , four AFC Championship game appearances ( 2000 , 2008 , 2011 and 2012 ) , six AFC North division titles ( 2003 , 2006 , 2011 , 2012 , 2018 , and 2019 ) , and are currently the only team in the NFL to hold a perfect record in multiple Super Bowl appearances . The Ravens organization was led by general manager Ozzie Newsome from 1996 until his retirement following the 2018 season , and has had three head coaches : Ted Marchibroda , Brian Billick , and since 2008 , John Harbaugh . Starting with a record-breaking defensive performance in their 2000 season , the Ravens have established a reputation for strong defensive play throughout team history , featuring Hall of Fame players like middle linebacker Ray Lewis and safety Ed Reed as well as Pro Bowl players like defensive end Terrell Suggs and defensive tackle Haloti Ngata . The team is owned by Steve Bisciotti and valued at $ 2.59 billion , making the Ravens the 29th-most valuable sports franchise in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Harry Chapin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Chapin', 'summary': 'Harry Forster Chapin ( December 7 , 1942 - July 16 , 1981 ) was an American singer-songwriter , humanitarian , and producer best known for his folk rock and pop rock songs , who achieved worldwide success in the 1970s and became one of the most popular artists and highest paid performers . Chapin is also one of the best charting musical artists in the United States . Chapin , a Grammy Award winning artist and Grammy Hall of Fame inductee , has sold over 16 million records worldwide and has been described as one of the most beloved performers in music history . Chapin recorded a total of 11 albums from 1972 until his death in 1981 . All 14 singles that he released became hit singles on at least one national music chart . As a dedicated humanitarian , Chapin fought to end world hunger ; he was a key participant in the creation of the Presidential Commission on World Hunger in 1977 . Chapin is credited with being the most politically and socially active American performer of the 1970s . In 1987 , Chapin was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal for his humanitarian work .'}]}, {'value': 'NA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larry Cole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Cole', 'summary': 'Larry Rudolph Cole ( born November 15 , 1946 ) is a former American football defensive lineman in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys . He played in five Super Bowls , winning Super Bowl VI and XII . He played college football at the University of Hawaii and the Air Force Academy .'}]}, {'value': 'NA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NFL football player for the Dallas Cowboys ( 1968-1980 ) ; earned two Super Bowl rings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys', 'summary': "The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex . The Cowboys compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Frisco , Texas , and plays its home games at AT & T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , which opened for the 2009 season . The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season . The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960 . The team 's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell-outs . The Cowboys ' streak of 190 consecutive sold-out regular and post-season games ( home and away ) began in 2002 . The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times , tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Denver Broncos for second most Super Bowl appearances in history , just behind the New England Patriots record eleven Super Bowl appearances . This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships , most in the NFC . The Cowboys have won five of those Super Bowl appearances , tying them with their NFC rivals , the San Francisco 49ers ; both are second to Pittsburgh 's and New England 's record six Super Bowl championships . The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons ( 1966-85 ) , in which they missed the playoffs only twice ( 1974 and 1984 ) . In 2015 , the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $ 4 billion , making it the most valuable sports team in the world , according to Forbes ."}]}, {'value': 'Brian Dubie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Dubie', 'summary': 'Brian E. Dubie ( born 9 March 1959 ) is an American politician who was the 79th Lieutenant Governor of Vermont from 2003 to 2011 . He lost the 2010 election for Governor of Vermont by fewer than 5,000 votes . He is a captain for American Airlines and a strategic advisor to growing companies . In 2012 , he retired from the United States Air Force Reserve with the rank of colonel .'}]}, {'value': 'NA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pilot ; Lieutenant Governor of Vermont ( 2003- )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Vermont', 'summary': "The Lieutenant Governor of Vermont is elected for a two-year term and chosen separately from the Governor . The Vermont Lieutenant Governor 's main responsibilities include acting as governor when the latter is out of state or incapacitated , presiding over the Vermont Senate , casting tie-breaking votes in the Senate when required , and acceding to the governorship in case of a vacancy . As a member of the State Senate 's Committee on Committees , the Lieutenant Governor of Vermont plays a role in determining committee assignments for individual Senators , as well as selecting committee chairmen , vice chairmen , and clerks ."}]}, {'value': 'Derio Gambaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derio_Gambaro', 'summary': 'Derio L. Gambaro ( born December 6 , 1955 ) is an American politician . He previously served in the Missouri House of Representatives where he represented a portion of South St. Louis including The Hill and Dogtown neighborhoods . He is a Democrat . Gambaro grew up in St. Louis and graduated from St. Louis University High School . He attended the United States Air Force Academy for two years and graduated from St. Louis University in 1979 . Gambaro and his wife , Linda , live on the St. Louis Hill with their four children : Anna , Derio J. , Catherine , and Margaret . In 1998 , Gambaro was elected State Representative , defeating incumbent Tom Bauer in the Democratic primary election . Gambaro was re-elected in 2000 and did not seek re-election in 2002 . He later served on the St. Louis board of election commissioners . In 2006 , after several years out of elective office , Gambaro was an unsuccessful candidate for the 4th District Missouri State Senate seat being vacated by Pat Dougherty . The Democratic primary election was heavily contested , and no Republicans or third party candidates sought the seat . Gambaro finished third in the race , behind political science instructor Jeff Smith and State Representative Yaphett El-Amin , but ahead of State Representative Amber Boykins , and former St. Louis Alderman Kenny Jones .'}]}, {'value': 'NA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missouri House of Representatives member ( 1999-2003 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': "The Missouri House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the Missouri General Assembly . It has 163 members , representing districts with an average size of 37,000 residents . House members are elected for two-year terms during general elections held in even-numbered years . In 1992 Missouri approved a constitutional amendment providing term limits ( previously there were no limits ) . No Representative may serve more than eight years in the House . Each candidate for the office must be at least twenty-four years old , a registered qualified voter in the state for at least two years , and a resident of his or her district for at least one year . Missouri 's house is the fourth largest in the United States although the state ranks 18th in population . Legislation was introduced in 2011 to cut its size to 103 in 2020 . Larger legislatures in the United States are New Hampshire ( 400 ) , Pennsylvania ( 203 ) and Georgia ( 180 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Clarence Gilyard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarence_Gilyard', 'summary': "Clarence Alfred Gilyard Jr. ( born December 24 , 1955 ) is an American actor , college professor , and author who has been featured in movies , television and regional theatre since 1980 . He is sometimes credited as Clarence A. Gilyard . Gilyard is known for his roles as second private investigator and right-hand man Conrad McMasters to Ben Matlock ( played by Andy Griffith ) on the legal drama series Matlock from 1989 to 1993 ; Pastor Bruce Barnes in the Left Behind movie trilogy ; Cordell Walker 's ( played by Chuck Norris ) Texas Ranger partner , James Jimmy Trivette , in the 1990s crime drama Walker , Texas Ranger ; Theo , the terrorist computer expert in Die Hard ; and Lieutenant ( junior grade ) Marcus Sundown Williams in Top Gun ."}]}, {'value': 'NA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor ; Associate Professor in the College of Fine Arts Department of Theatre at the University of Nevada Las Vegas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Nevada_Las_Vegas', 'summary': "The University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) is a public land-grant research university in Paradise , Nevada . The 332-acre ( 134 ha ) campus is about 1.6 mi ( 2.6 km ) east of the Las Vegas Strip . It was formerly part of the University of Nevada from 1957 to 1969 . The university includes the Shadow Lane Campus , just east of the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada , which houses both School of Medicine and School of Dental Medicine . UNLV 's law school , the William S. Boyd School of Law , is also the only law school in the state . UNLV is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The William F. Harrah College of Hotel Administration is annually ranked among the top hospitality programs in the United States due in part to the university 's proximity to the Las Vegas Strip . Its Thomas & Mack Center hosted the 2007 NBA All-Star Game , concerts and lectures by Bill Clinton and Mikhail Gorbachev as part of various UNLV-affiliated lecture series ."}]}, {'value': 'Alberto Gonzales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales', 'summary': "Alberto R. Gonzales ( born August 4 , 1955 ) is an American lawyer who served as the 82nd United States Attorney General , appointed in February 2005 by President George W. Bush , becoming the highest-ranking Hispanic American in executive government to date . He was the first Hispanic to serve as White House Counsel . Earlier he had been Bush 's General Counsel during his governorship of Texas . Gonzales had also served as Secretary of State of Texas and then as a Texas Supreme Court Justice . Gonzales 's tenure as U.S. Attorney General was marked by controversy regarding warrantless surveillance of U.S. citizens and the legal authorization of so-called enhanced interrogation techniques , later generally acknowledged as constituting torture , in the U.S. government 's post-9/11 War on Terror . Gonzales had also presided over the firings of several U.S . Attorneys who had refused back-channel White House directives to prosecute political enemies , allegedly causing the office of Attorney General to become improperly politicized . Following calls for his removal , Gonzales resigned from the office in the best interests of the department , on August 27 , 2007 , effective September 17 , 2007 . In 2008 , Gonzales began a mediation and consulting practice . Additionally , he taught a political science course and served as a diversity recruiter at Texas Tech University . Gonzales is currently the Dean of Belmont University College of Law , in Nashville , Tennessee , where he currently teaches Constitutional Law , Separation of Powers , National Security Law and First Amendment Law . He was formerly Of Counsel at a Nashville-based law firm , Waller Lansden Dortch & Davis , LLP where he advised clients on special matters , government investigations and regulatory matters ."}]}, {'value': 'NA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Attorney General of the United States ( 2005-2007 ) , professor at Texas Tech University ( 2009- )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Attorney_General_of_the_United_States', 'summary': 'The United States Attorney General ( AG ) is the head of the United States Department of Justice , the chief lawyer of the federal government of the United States , and a member of the Cabinet of the United States . Under the Appointments Clause of the United States Constitution , the officeholder is nominated by the President of the United States and appointed with the advice and consent of the United States Senate . The Attorney General is supported by the Office of the Attorney General , which includes executive staff and several deputies . The 85th and current United States Attorney General is William Barr , appointed by President Donald J. Trump .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Texas_Tech_University', 'summary': "Texas Tech University ( Texas Tech , Tech , or TTU ) is a public research university in Lubbock , Texas . Established on February 10 , 1923 ( 1923-02-10 ) , and called until 1969 Texas Technological College , it is the main institution of the four-institution Texas Tech University System . The university 's student enrollment is the seventh-largest in Texas as of the Fall 2017 semester . The university offers degrees in more than 150 courses of study through 13 colleges and hosts 60 research centers and institutes . Texas Tech University has awarded over 200,000 degrees since 1927 , including over 40,000 graduate and professional degrees . The Carnegie Foundation classifies Texas Tech as having highest research activity . Research projects in the areas of epidemiology , pulsed power , grid computing , nanophotonics , atmospheric sciences , and wind energy are among the most prominent at the university . The Spanish Renaissance-themed campus , described by author James Michener as the most beautiful west of the Mississippi until you get to Stanford , has been awarded the Grand Award for excellence in grounds-keeping , and has been noted for possessing a public art collection among the ten best in the United States . The Texas Tech Red Raiders are charter members of the Big 12 Conference and compete in Division I for all varsity sports . The Red Raiders football team has made 36 bowl appearances , which is 17th most of any university . The Red Raiders basketball team has made 14 appearances in the NCAA Division I Tournament . Bob Knight has coached the second most wins in men 's NCAA Division I basketball history and served as the team 's head coach from 2001 to 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Stevin Hoover', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stevin_Hoover', 'summary': 'Stevin Ray Hoover ( born October 10 , 1948 ) is an American businessman , writer , philosopher , and former investment manager who wrote a Young Adult/Middle Grade novel entitled THE HANNAH CHRONICLES that was published in 2010 . Prior to becoming a full-time writer , Hoover , in 1989 , founded Hoover Capital Management , Inc. , a well respected investment management firm where he was CEO from 1989 to 2002 . He also founded and ran the Chestnut Fund LP , a hedge fund . Hoover was a highly regarded Boston-based investment manager whose reputation as a registered investment advisor was enhanced by the respect of other prominent investment advisors such as Peter Lynch . Hoover had a very respected and successful 26-year history in the investment business .'}]}, {'value': 'NA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'author', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Miles O'Keeffe", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Miles_O'Keeffe", 'summary': "Miles O'Keeffe ( born June 20 , 1954 ) is an American television and movie actor . O'Keeffe got his first big break playing the title role in the 1981 version of Tarzan , the Ape Man ."}]}, {'value': 'NA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'television and movie actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Justin Olsen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justin_Olsen', 'summary': "Justin Bradley Olsen ( born April 16 , 1987 ) is an American bobsledder who has competed since 2008 . He won two medals at the 2009 FIBT World Championships in Lake Placid , New York with a gold in the four-man and a bronze in the mixed team events . Olsen 's best event bobsleigh World Cup finish was second on three occasions in 2008-09 . Olsen won a gold medal at the 2010 Vancouver Olympics in the four-man bobsled with driver Steve Holcomb . Olsen is a native of San Antonio , Texas , and a graduate of Sandra Day O'Connor High School . Following a groin injury in June 2013 which left Olsen out of training for two months , he was later replaced on his original four-man bobsled team for the 2013-2014 season . His new team , composed of him , Nick Cunningham , Johnny Quinn , and Dallas Robinson , finished twelfth at the 2014 Winter Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'NA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olympic Gold Medalist ( 2010 ) and World Champion ( 2009 ) in Four-Man Bobsled', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jody Powell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Lester_Powell', 'summary': 'Joseph Lester Jody Powell , Jr. ( September 30 , 1943 - September 14 , 2009 ) was White House Press Secretary during the presidency of Jimmy Carter , the fourteenth person in history to serve in that role . Powell later co-founded a public relations firm .'}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'White House press secretary for President Jimmy Carter ; expelled from the Academy during his senior year for cheating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_House_press_secretary', 'summary': "The White House press secretary is a senior White House official whose primary responsibility is to act as spokesperson for the executive branch of the United States government administration , especially with regard to the president , senior aides and executives , as well as government policies . The press secretary is responsible for collecting information about actions and events within the president 's administration and issues the administration 's reactions to developments around the world . The press secretary interacts with the media , and deals with the White House press corps on a daily basis , generally in a daily press briefing . The press secretary serves by the appointment and at the pleasure of the president of the United States ; the office does not require the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate , though because of the frequent briefings given to the media , who in turn inform the public , the position is still a very prominent non-Cabinet post . Stephanie Grisham is the current press secretary , having replaced Sarah Sanders on July 1 , 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_President', 'summary': "The president of the United States ( POTUS ) [ B ] is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces . In contemporary times , the president is looked upon as one of the world 's most powerful political figures as the leader of the only remaining global superpower . The role includes responsibility for the world 's most expensive military , which has the second largest nuclear arsenal . The president also leads the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP . The president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power . Article II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government . It vests the executive power of the United States in the president . The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the Senate . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president directs the foreign and domestic policies of the United States , and takes an active role in promoting his policy priorities to members of Congress . In addition , as part of the system of checks and balances , Article I , Section 7 of the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Carter', 'summary': "James Earl Carter Jr. ( born October 1 , 1924 ) is an American politician , philanthropist , and former farmer who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981 . A member of the Democratic Party , he previously served as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967 and as the 76th governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975 . Since leaving the presidency , Carter has remained active in the private sector ; in 2002 , he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in co-founding the Carter Center . Raised in Plains , Georgia , Carter graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1946 with a Bachelor of Science degree and joined the United States Navy , where he served on submarines . After the death of his father in 1953 , Carter left his naval career and returned home to Georgia to take up the reins of his family 's peanut-growing business . Carter inherited comparatively little due to his father 's forgiveness of debts and the division of the estate among the children . Nevertheless , his ambition to expand and grow the Carters ' peanut business was fulfilled . During this period , Carter was motivated to oppose the political climate of racial segregation and support the growing civil rights movement . He became an activist within the Democratic Party . From 1963 to 1967 , Carter served in the Georgia State Senate , and in 1970 , he was elected as Governor of Georgia , defeating former Governor Carl Sanders in the Democratic primary on an anti-segregation platform advocating affirmative action for ethnic minorities . Carter remained as governor until 1975 . Despite being a dark-horse candidate who was little known outside of Georgia at the start of the campaign , Carter won the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination ."}]}, {'value': 'Anthony Schlegel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Schlegel', 'summary': 'Anthony Schlegel ( born March 1 , 1981 ) is a former American Football linebacker . He was originally drafted by the New York Jets in the third round of the 2006 NFL Draft . He played college football at The Ohio State University after transferring from the United States Air Force Academy . In January 2011 , Schlegel returned to his college Alma mater as an assistant strength and conditioning coach for the Buckeyes . He also founded his own fitness company , Schlegel Hardcore Elite Training . He has also played for the Cincinnati Bengals and the Florida Tuskers of the independent UFL .'}]}, {'value': 'NA', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Football player with the NFL 's New York Jets and Cincinnati Bengals ( 2006-2007 )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Jets', 'summary': "The New York Jets are a professional American football team based in the New York metropolitan area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Florham Park , New Jersey . In a unique arrangement for the league , the Jets share MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey with the New York Giants . The franchise is legally and corporately registered as New York Jets , LLC . The team was founded in 1959 as the Titans of New York , an original member of the American Football League ( AFL ) ; later , the franchise joined the NFL in the AFL-NFL merger in 1970 . The team began play in 1960 at the Polo Grounds . Under new ownership , the current name was adopted in 1963 and the franchise moved to Shea Stadium in 1964 and then to the Meadowlands Sports Complex in 1984 . The Jets advanced to the playoffs for the first time in 1968 and went on to compete in Super Bowl III where they defeated the Baltimore Colts , becoming the first AFL team to defeat an NFL club in an AFL-NFL World Championship Game . Since 1968 , the Jets have appeared in the playoffs 13 times , and in the AFC Championship Game four times , most recently losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2010 . However , the Jets have never returned to the Super Bowl , making them one of three NFL teams to win their lone Super Bowl appearance , along with the New Orleans Saints and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Apart from the Cleveland Browns and the Detroit Lions , who have never reached the Super Bowl ( although both won NFL championships prior to 1966 ) , the Jets ' drought is the longest among current NFL franchises ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati_Bengals', 'summary': "The Cincinnati Bengals are a professional American football franchise based in Cincinnati , Ohio . The Bengals compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division . Their home stadium is Paul Brown Stadium , located in downtown Cincinnati . Their divisional opponents are the Baltimore Ravens , Cleveland Browns and Pittsburgh Steelers . The Bengals were founded in 1966 as a member of the American Football League ( AFL ) by former Cleveland Browns head coach Paul Brown , and began play in the 1968 season . Brown was the Bengals ' head coach from their inception to 1975 . After being dismissed as the Browns ' head coach by Art Modell ( who had purchased majority interest in the team in 1961 ) in January 1963 , Brown had shown interest in establishing another NFL franchise in Ohio and looked at both Cincinnati and Columbus . He ultimately chose the former when a deal between the city , Hamilton County , and Major League Baseball 's Cincinnati Reds ( who were seeking a replacement for the obsolete Crosley Field ) was struck that resulted in an agreement to build a multipurpose stadium which could host both baseball and football games . Due to the impending merger of the AFL and the NFL , which was scheduled to take full effect in the 1970 season , Brown agreed to join the AFL as its tenth and final franchise . The Bengals , like the other former AFL teams , were assigned to the AFC following the merger . Cincinnati was also selected because , like their neighbors the Reds , they could draw from several large neighboring cities ( Louisville and Lexington , Kentucky ; Columbus , Dayton , and Springfield , Ohio ) that are all no more than 110 miles ( 180 km ) away from downtown Cincinnati , along with Indianapolis , until the Baltimore Colts relocated there prior to the 1984 NFL season . The Bengals won the AFC championship in 1981 and 1988 , but lost Super Bowls XVI and XXIII to the San Francisco 49ers ."}]}, {'value': 'Jamil Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamil_Walker', 'summary': 'Jamil Walker ( born April 21 , 1981 in Rochester , New York ) is a retired American soccer forward and midfielder , who played professionally in Major League Soccer and the USL First Division .'}]}, {'value': 'NA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major League Soccer player ( 2003-2007 ) ; 2003 MLS Cup champion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Soccer', 'summary': "Major League Soccer ( MLS ) is a men 's professional soccer league sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation which represents the sport 's highest level in the United States and Canada . The league comprises 26 teams - 23 in the U.S. and 3 in Canada and constitutes one of the major professional sports leagues in both countries . The league plans to expand to 30 teams with the additions of Austin FC and Charlotte in 2021 , then Sacramento Republic FC and a St. Louis franchise in 2022 . The regular season starts in late February or early March and goes through mid-October , with each team playing 34 games ; the team with the best record is awarded the Supporters ' Shield . Fourteen teams compete in the postseason MLS Cup Playoffs through October and November , culminating in the championship game , the MLS Cup . MLS teams also play in domestic competitions against teams from other divisions in the U.S. Open Cup and in the Canadian Championship . MLS teams also compete against continental rivals in the CONCACAF Champions League . With an average attendance of over 20,000 per game , MLS has the third highest average attendance of any sports league in the U.S. after the National Football League ( NFL ) and Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , and is the seventh highest attended professional soccer league worldwide . Major League Soccer was founded in 1993 as part of the United States ' successful bid to host the 1994 FIFA World Cup . The first season took place in 1996 with ten teams . MLS experienced financial and operational struggles in its first few years : the league lost millions of dollars , teams played in mostly empty American football stadiums , and two teams folded in 2002 . Since then , MLS has expanded to 26 teams , soccer-specific stadiums have proliferated around the league , average attendance exceeds that of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , the Designated Player Rule allows teams to sign star players such as David Beckham , MLS secured national TV contracts , and the league is now profitable ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2003_MLS_Cup', 'summary': "MLS Cup 2003 was the eighth edition of the MLS Cup , the championship match of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , which took place on November 23 , 2003 . It was hosted at the Home Depot Center in Carson , California , and was contested by the Chicago Fire and the San Jose Earthquakes to decide the champion of the 2003 season . Both teams had previously won the MLS Cup and were looking for their second championship . San Jose defeated Chicago 4-2 , clinching their second championship in three years ; Landon Donovan scored two goals and was named the match 's most valuable player . The match included a sequence of three goals scored within a five-minute period early in the second half and had the earliest goal scored in MLS Cup history , the competition 's first own goal , and the first penalty kick awarded in a final . It was also the highest-scoring final , with six goals in total ."}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Wasson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Wasson', 'summary': 'Daniel Wasson ( born June 15 , 1984 ) is an American soccer player who last played for Tulsa Athletic in the National Premier Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': 'NA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major League Soccer player', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Soccer', 'summary': "Major League Soccer ( MLS ) is a men 's professional soccer league sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation which represents the sport 's highest level in the United States and Canada . The league comprises 26 teams - 23 in the U.S. and 3 in Canada and constitutes one of the major professional sports leagues in both countries . The league plans to expand to 30 teams with the additions of Austin FC and Charlotte in 2021 , then Sacramento Republic FC and a St. Louis franchise in 2022 . The regular season starts in late February or early March and goes through mid-October , with each team playing 34 games ; the team with the best record is awarded the Supporters ' Shield . Fourteen teams compete in the postseason MLS Cup Playoffs through October and November , culminating in the championship game , the MLS Cup . MLS teams also play in domestic competitions against teams from other divisions in the U.S. Open Cup and in the Canadian Championship . MLS teams also compete against continental rivals in the CONCACAF Champions League . With an average attendance of over 20,000 per game , MLS has the third highest average attendance of any sports league in the U.S. after the National Football League ( NFL ) and Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , and is the seventh highest attended professional soccer league worldwide . Major League Soccer was founded in 1993 as part of the United States ' successful bid to host the 1994 FIFA World Cup . The first season took place in 1996 with ten teams . MLS experienced financial and operational struggles in its first few years : the league lost millions of dollars , teams played in mostly empty American football stadiums , and two teams folded in 2002 . Since then , MLS has expanded to 26 teams , soccer-specific stadiums have proliferated around the league , average attendance exceeds that of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , the Designated Player Rule allows teams to sign star players such as David Beckham , MLS secured national TV contracts , and the league is now profitable ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_United_States_Air_Force_Academy_alumni_17', 'intro': "The United States Air Force Academy is an undergraduate college in Colorado Springs, Colorado, with the mission of educating and commissioning officers for the United States Air Force. The Academy was established in 1954, entered its first class in 1955, and graduated its first class in 1959. All students hold the Air Force rank of Cadet. Sports media refer to the Academy as Air Force; this usage is officially endorsed. Most cadets are admitted through a congressional appointment system. The curriculum is broad-based but has traditionally emphasized science and engineering. Before the Academy's first graduating class in 1959, the United States Military Academy and United States Naval Academy were the primary sources of officers for the Air Force and its predecessors, the Army Air Corps and Army Air Forces. [citation needed] Though the primary focus of the Academy is for the Air Force, some graduates are given the option of cross-commissioning into the United States Army, United States Navy, United States Marine Corps, or United States Coast Guard. This list is drawn from graduates, non-graduate former cadets, current cadets, and faculty of the Air Force Academy. Over 410 noted scholars from a variety of academic fields are Academy graduates, including: 41 Rhodes Scholars, 9 Marshall Scholars, 13 Harry S. Truman Scholars, 115 John F. Kennedy School of Government Scholars, and 31 Gerahart Scholars. Additional notable graduates include 403 general officers, 164 graduates who were killed in combat, 36 repatriated prisoners of war, 1 Medal of Honor recipient, and 2 combat aces. Thirty-nine Academy graduates have become astronauts, second among institutions of higher learning only to the United States Naval Academy with 52."} | null | null | How many Canadian teams are in the sports league where Daniel Wasson plays ? | 3 |
07d12e1405cd9b39 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Linux_distributions', 'title': 'Comparison of Linux distributions', 'header': ['Distribution', 'Default Linux kernel', 'Default file system', 'Default init system', 'Install-time desktop environment or window manager selection', 'Reproducible builds'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alpine Linux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_Linux', 'summary': 'Alpine Linux is a Linux distribution based on musl and BusyBox , designed for security , simplicity , and resource efficiency . It uses a hardened kernel and compiles all user-space binaries as position-independent executables with stack-smashing protection . Because of its small size , it is heavily used in containers providing quick boot-up times . The postmarketOS project which is designed to run on mobile devices is based on Alpine Linux .'}]}, {'value': 'Binary blobs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ext4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'openrc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OpenRC', 'summary': 'On Unix-like systems , OpenRC is a dependency-based init - the first process started during booting of the computer system . Since 0.25 OpenRC includes openrc-init , which can replace /sbin/init , but the default provider for the init program is SysVinit for OpenRC . As well as Linux , OpenRC can also be used on several BSD systems . It was created by a NetBSD developer , who started the Gentoo/FreeBSD project . OpenRC is the default init system of TrueOS , Gentoo , Alpine Linux , Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre , Parabola GNU/Linux-libre , Artix Linux , Maemo Leste and other unix-like systems , while some others such as Devuan offer it as an option . That means that the software packages and daemons of those systems/distributions support it , coming with or using the available scripts . OpenRC provides the following features :'}]}, {'value': 'none', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ALT Linux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ALT_Linux', 'summary': 'ALT Linux is a set of Russian RPM-based operating systems built on top of the Linux kernel and Sisyphus packages repository . ALT Linux has been developed collectively by ALT Linux Team developers community and ALT Linux Ltd .'}]}, {'value': 'Binary blobs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ext3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'systemd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Systemd', 'summary': "systemd is a software suite that provides an array of system components for Linux operating systems . Its main aim is to unify service configuration and behavior across Linux distributions ; systemd 's primary component is a system and service manager - an init system used to bootstrap user space and manage user processes . It also provides replacements for various daemons and utilities , including device management , login management , network connection management , and event logging . The name systemd adheres to the Unix convention of naming daemons by appending the letter d. It also plays on the term System D , which refers to a person 's ability to adapt quickly and improvise to solve problems . Since 2015 , the majority of Linux distributions have adopted systemd , having replaced other systems such as the UNIX System V and BSD init systems . systemd has faced mixed reception from Linux users , with arguments that systemd suffers from mission creep and bloat , as well as criticism over software ( such as the GNOME desktop ) adding dependencies on systemd - frustrating compatibility with other Unix-like operating systems ."}]}, {'value': 'KDE Plasma Workspaces , Xfce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xfce', 'summary': 'Xfce or XFCE ( pronounced as four individual letters ) is a free and open-source desktop environment for Unix-like operating systems such as Linux and BSD . Xfce aims to be fast and lightweight while still being visually appealing and easy to use . Xfce embodies the traditional Unix philosophy of modularity and re-usability . It consists of separately packaged parts that together provide all functions of the desktop environment , but can be selected in subsets to suit user needs and preference . Another priority of Xfce is adherence to standards , specifically those defined at freedesktop.org .'}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arch Linux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arch_Linux', 'summary': 'Arch Linux ( /ɑːrtʃ/ ) is a Linux distribution for computers based on x86-64 architectures . The Arch Linux repositories contain both libre , and nonfree software , and the default Arch Linux kernel contains nonfree proprietary blobs , hence the distribution is not endorsed by the GNU project . Arch Linux adheres to five principles : simplicity , modernity , pragmatism , user centrality and versatility . In general , the principles maintain minimal distribution-specific changes , minimal breakage with updates , pragmatic over ideological design choices , user-friendliness , and minimal bloat . A package manager written specifically for Arch Linux , Pacman , is used to install , remove and update software packages . Arch Linux uses a rolling release model , meaning there are no major releases of completely new versions of the system ; a regular system update is all that is needed to obtain the latest Arch software ; the installation images released by the Arch team are simply up-to-date snapshots of the main system components . Arch Linux has comprehensive documentation , which consists of a community wiki known as the ArchWiki .'}]}, {'value': 'Binary blobs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'none', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'systemd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'none', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BLAG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BLAG_Linux_and_GNU', 'summary': 'BLAG Linux and GNU was a Linux distribution made by the Brixton Linux Action Group . BLAG was a single-CD distro with applications desktop users expect from a desktop including multimedia , graphics , desktop internet applications and more . BLAG also included a collection of server packages . BLAG was based on Fedora plus updates , adds apps from Dag , Dries , Freshrpms , NewRPMS , and includes custom packages . BLAG was one of the few operating systems listed as a completely free software distribution by the Free Software Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'Linux-libre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linux-libre', 'summary': 'Linux-libre ( /ˈlɪnəks ˈliːbrə/ ) is an operating system kernel and a GNU package . The GNU Project attempts to keep Linux-libre in synchronization with upstream development of the Linux kernel while removing any software that does not include its source code , has its source code obfuscated , or is released under a proprietary license . Software components with no available source code are called binary blobs and , as such , are mostly used for proprietary firmware images in the Linux kernel . While generally redistributable , binary blobs do not give the user the freedom to audit , modify or , consequently , redistribute their modified versions .'}]}, {'value': 'ext3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'sysvinit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GNOME', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bodhi Linux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bodhi_Linux', 'summary': 'Bodhi Linux is a lightweight Linux distribution based on Ubuntu that uses the Moksha window manager . The philosophy for the distribution is to provide a minimal base system so that users can populate it with the software they want . Thus , by default it only includes software that is essential to most Linux users , including a file browser ( PCManFM ) , a web browser ( Midori ) and a terminal emulator ( Terminology ) . It does not include software or features that its developers deem unnecessary . To make populating systems with software easy , Bodhi Linux developers maintain an online database of lightweight software that can be installed in one click via apturl . In addition to the standard version of Bodhi Linux , which is for Intel-compatible processors , there was an alpha release version for tablet devices with ARM processors , based on Debian . The tablet device version of Bodhi is not officially supported anymore , because of the amount of time needed to keep it up to date . Package and image updates will rarely be made , if at all , in the future .'}]}, {'value': 'Binary blobs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ext4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'systemd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moksha ( Enlightenment fork )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enlightenment_(window_manager)', 'summary': 'Enlightenment , also known simply as E , is a compositing window manager for the X Window System . Since version 20 , Enlightenment is also a Wayland compositor . Enlightenment developers have referred to it as the original eye-candy window manager . Enlightenment includes functions to provide a graphical shell , and it can be used in conjunction with programs written for GNOME or KDE . When used together with the Enlightenment Foundation Libraries ( EFL ) , Enlightenment can refer to an entire desktop environment .'}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canaima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canaima_(operating_system)', 'summary': 'Canaima GNU/Linux is an open source operating system . It is a Linux distribution based on the architecture of Debian . It was created as a solution to cover the needs of the Venezuelan Government as a response to presidential decree 3,390 that prioritizes the use of free and open source technologies in the public administration . In March 14 , 2011 , Canaima was officially established as the default operating system for the Venezuelan public administration . [ failed verification ] The operating system has gained a strong foothold and is one of the most used Linux distributions in Venezuela , largely because of its incorporation in public schools . It is being used in large scale projects as Canaima Educativo , a project aimed at providing school children with a basic laptop computer with educational software nicknamed Magallanes . Use of Canaima has been presented on international congresses about the use of open standards , Despite being a young development , it has been used on the Festival Latinoamericano de Instalación de Software Libre ( FLISOL ) . In February 2013 DistroWatch ranked it the 185th most popular Linux distribution among 319 for the last 12 months .'}]}, {'value': 'Binary blobs', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'systemd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cinnamon and MATE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cinnamon_(software)', 'summary': 'Cinnamon is a free and open-source desktop environment for the X Window System that derives from GNOME 3 but follows traditional desktop metaphor conventions . Cinnamon is the principal desktop environment of the Linux Mint distribution and is available as an optional desktop for other Linux distributions and other Unix-like operating systems as well . The development of Cinnamon began as a reaction to the April 2011 release of GNOME 3 in which the conventional desktop metaphor of GNOME 2 was abandoned in favor of GNOME Shell . Following several attempts to extend GNOME 3 such that it would suit the Linux Mint design goals , the Mint developers forked several GNOME 3 components to build an independent desktop environment . Separation from GNOME was completed in Cinnamon 2.0 , which was released in October 2013 . Applets and desklets are no longer compatible with GNOME 3 . As the distinguishing factor of Linux Mint , Cinnamon has generally received favorable coverage by the press , in particular for its ease-of-use and gentle learning curve . With respect to its conservative design model , Cinnamon is similar to the Xfce and GNOME 2 ( MATE and GNOME Flashback ) desktop environments .'}, {'url': '/wiki/MATE_(software)', 'summary': 'MATE ( /ˈmɑːteɪ/ ) is a desktop environment composed of free and open-source software that runs on Linux and BSD operating systems . An Argentine user of Arch Linux started the MATE project to fork and continue GNOME 2 in response to the negative reception of GNOME 3 , which had replaced its traditional taskbar ( GNOME Panel ) with GNOME Shell . MATE aims to maintain and continue the latest GNOME 2 code base , frameworks , and core applications .'}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CentOS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CentOS', 'summary': 'CentOS ( /ˈsɛntɒs/ , from Community Enterprise Operating System ) is a Linux distribution that provides a free , community-supported computing platform functionally compatible with its upstream source , Red Hat Enterprise Linux ( RHEL ) . In January 2014 , CentOS announced the official joining with Red Hat while staying independent from RHEL , under a new CentOS governing board . The first CentOS release in May 2004 , numbered as CentOS version 2 , was forked from RHEL version 2.1AS . CentOS version 7.0 officially supports only the x86-64 architecture , while versions older than 7.0-1406 also support IA-32 with Physical Address Extension ( PAE ) . As of December 2015 [ update ] , AltArch releases of CentOS 7 are available for the IA-32 architecture , Power ISA , and for the ARMv7hl and AArch64 variants of the ARM architecture . Building of CentOS 8 started at May 2019 . CentOS 8 was released on 24 September 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Binary blobs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'xfs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'systemd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GNOME', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chakra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chakra_(operating_system)', 'summary': 'Chakra ( officially Chakra GNU/Linux ) is a Linux distribution originally based on Arch Linux and focused on KDE software , intending to provide a KDE/Qt minimizing use of other widget toolkits where possible . It has been well-received by critics .'}]}, {'value': 'Binary blobs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ext4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'systemd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KDE Plasma Workspaces', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ClearOS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ClearOS', 'summary': 'ClearOS ( also known as the ClearOS System , formerly ClarkConnect ) is an operating system marketed by the software company ClearCenter . It is based on CentOS and Red Hat Enterprise Linux , designed for use in small and medium enterprises as a network gateway and network server with a web-based administration interface . It is positioned as an alternative to Windows Small Business Server . ClearOS succeeds ClarkConnect . The software is built by ClearFoundation , and support services can be purchased from ClearCenter . ClearOS 5.1 removes previous limitations to mail , DMZ , and MultiWAN functions . As of the ClearOS 6.1 release , the distribution is a full-featured operating system for gateway , network and servers built from source packages for Red Hat Enterprise Linux .'}]}, {'value': 'Binary blobs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ext3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'systemd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'none ( Web based )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CoreOS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CoreOS', 'summary': 'Container Linux ( formerly CoreOS Linux ) is an open-source lightweight operating system based on the Linux kernel and designed for providing infrastructure to clustered deployments , while focusing on automation , ease of application deployment , security , reliability and scalability . As an operating system , Container Linux provides only the minimal functionality required for deploying applications inside software containers , together with built-in mechanisms for service discovery and configuration sharing . Container Linux shares foundations with Gentoo Linux , Chrome OS , and Chromium OS through a common software development kit ( SDK ) . Container Linux adds new functionality and customization to this shared foundation to support server hardware and use cases . :7:02 As of January 2015 [ update ] , CoreOS is actively developed , primarily by Alex Polvi , Brandon Philips and Michael Marineau , with its major features available as a stable release .'}]}, {'value': 'Binary blobs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ext4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'systemd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CrunchBang Linux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CrunchBang_Linux', 'summary': "CrunchBang Linux ( abbreviated # ! ) was a Linux distribution derived from Debian by Philip Newborough ( who is more commonly known by his username , corenominal ) . CrunchBang was designed to use comparatively few system resources . Instead of a desktop environment it used a customized implementation of the Openbox window manager . Many of its preinstalled applications used the GTK+ widget toolkit . CrunchBang had its own software repository but drew the vast majority of packages from Debian 's repositories . Philip Newborough announced on 6 February 2015 that he had stopped developing CrunchBang and that users would benefit from using vanilla Debian . Some Linux distributions have arisen in its place in an effort to continue its environment . Among the most significant are BunsenLabs and CrunchBang++ ."}]}, {'value': 'Binary blobs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ext4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'sysvinit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Openbox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Openbox', 'summary': 'Openbox is a free , stacking window manager for the X Window System , licensed under the GNU General Public License . Originally derived from Blackbox 0.65.0 ( a C++ project ) , Openbox has now been totally re-written in the C programming language and since version 3.0 is no longer based upon any code from Blackbox . Openbox is designed to be small , fast , and fully compliant with the Inter-Client Communication Conventions Manual ( ICCCM ) and Extended Window Manager Hints ( EWMH ) . It supports many features such as menus by which the user can control applications or which display various dynamic information . Openbox is the standard window manager in LXDE , and is used in Linux distributions such as CrunchBang Linux , ArchBang , Lubuntu , TinyMe , Trisquel Mini and Manjaro Linux . The primary author of Openbox is Dana Jansens of Carleton University in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada . In August 16 , 2018 the Lubuntu team announced plans to port OpenBox to Mir to be ready for Lubuntu 20.10'}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damn Small Linux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damn_Small_Linux', 'summary': 'Damn Small Linux ( commonly abbreviated DSL ) is a computer operating system for the x86 family of personal computers . It is free and open source software under the terms of the GNU GPL and other free and open source licenses . It was designed to run graphical applications on older PC hardware - for example , machines with 486/early Pentium processors and very little memory . DSL is a Live CD with a size of 50 MB . What originally started as an experiment to see how much software could fit in 50 MB eventually became a full-fledged Linux distribution . It can be installed on storage media with small capacities , like bootable business cards , USB flash drives , various memory cards , and Zip drives .'}]}, {'value': 'Binary blobs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ext3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'sysvinit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JWM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JWM', 'summary': "JWM ( Joe 's Window Manager ) is a lightweight stacking window manager for the X Window System written by Joe Wingbermuehle . JWM is written in C and uses only Xlib at a minimum . Configuration is done by editing an XML file ; no graphical configuration is necessary or supplied . Support for the following can be added as compile-time options :"}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Debian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Debian', 'summary': 'Debian ( /ˈdɛbiən/ ) , also known as Debian GNU/Linux , is a Linux distribution composed of free and open-source software , developed by the community-supported Debian Project , which was established by Ian Murdock on August 16 , 1993 . The first version , Debian 0.01 , was released on September 15 , 1993 , and the first stable version , 1.1 , was released on June 17 , 1996 . The Debian Stable branch is the most popular edition for personal computers and servers , and is the basis for many other distributions . Debian is one of the oldest operating systems based on the Linux kernel . The project is coordinated over the Internet by a team of volunteers guided by the Debian Project Leader and three foundational documents : the Debian Social Contract , the Debian Constitution , and the Debian Free Software Guidelines . New distributions are updated continually , and the next candidate is released after a time-based freeze . Since its founding , Debian has been developed openly and distributed freely according to the principles of the GNU Project . Because of this , the Free Software Foundation sponsored the project from November 1994 to November 1995 . When the sponsorship ended , the Debian Project formed the nonprofit organization Software in the Public Interest to continue financially supporting development .'}]}, {'value': 'By default Linux-libre , but the Debian Project also hosts a non-free repository allowing blobs to be installed optionally . Built with Linux-libre tools', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linux-libre', 'summary': 'Linux-libre ( /ˈlɪnəks ˈliːbrə/ ) is an operating system kernel and a GNU package . The GNU Project attempts to keep Linux-libre in synchronization with upstream development of the Linux kernel while removing any software that does not include its source code , has its source code obfuscated , or is released under a proprietary license . Software components with no available source code are called binary blobs and , as such , are mostly used for proprietary firmware images in the Linux kernel . While generally redistributable , binary blobs do not give the user the freedom to audit , modify or , consequently , redistribute their modified versions .'}]}, {'value': 'ext4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'systemd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GNOME , KDE , Xfce , LXDE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KDE', 'summary': "KDE is an international free software community developing Free and Open Source software . As a central development hub , it provides tools and resources that allow collaborative work on this kind of software . Well-known products include the Plasma Desktop , Frameworks and a range of cross-platform applications like Krita or digiKam designed to run on Unix and Unix-like desktops , Microsoft Windows and Android . Being one of KDE 's most recognized projects , the Plasma Desktop is the default desktop environment on many Linux distributions , such as Fedora KDE Plasma Desktop Edition , KDE neon. , KaOS , Kubuntu , Manjaro KDE Edition , Netrunner , PCLinuxOS , openSUSE and Solus Plasma ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Xfce', 'summary': 'Xfce or XFCE ( pronounced as four individual letters ) is a free and open-source desktop environment for Unix-like operating systems such as Linux and BSD . Xfce aims to be fast and lightweight while still being visually appealing and easy to use . Xfce embodies the traditional Unix philosophy of modularity and re-usability . It consists of separately packaged parts that together provide all functions of the desktop environment , but can be selected in subsets to suit user needs and preference . Another priority of Xfce is adherence to standards , specifically those defined at freedesktop.org .'}, {'url': '/wiki/LXDE', 'summary': 'LXDE ( abbreviation for Lightweight X11 Desktop Environment ) is a free desktop environment with comparatively low resource requirements . This makes it especially suitable for use on older or resource-constrained personal computers such as netbooks or system on a chip computers .'}]}, {'value': 'In progress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Devuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Devuan', 'summary': 'Devuan is a fork of Debian that uses sysvinit or OpenRC instead of systemd , which is the default in newer Debian releases . The Devuan development team aim to maintain compatibility with other init systems in the future and not detach Linux from other Unix systems .'}]}, {'value': 'Binary blobs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ext4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ext4', 'summary': "The ext4 journaling file system or fourth extended filesystem is a journaling file system for Linux , developed as the successor to ext3 . ext4 was initially a series of backward-compatible extensions to ext3 , many of them originally developed by Cluster File Systems for the Lustre file system between 2003 and 2006 , meant to extend storage limits and add other performance improvements . However , other Linux kernel developers opposed accepting extensions to ext3 for stability reasons , and proposed to fork the source code of ext3 , rename it as ext4 , and perform all the development there , without affecting the current ext3 users . This proposal was accepted , and on 28 June 2006 , Theodore Ts ' o , the ext3 maintainer , announced the new plan of development for ext4 . A preliminary development version of ext4 was included in version 2.6.19 of the Linux kernel . On 11 October 2008 , the patches that mark ext4 as stable code were merged in the Linux 2.6.28 source code repositories , denoting the end of the development phase and recommending ext4 adoption . Kernel 2.6.28 , containing the ext4 filesystem , was finally released on 25 December 2008 . On 15 January 2010 , Google announced that it would upgrade its storage infrastructure from ext2 to ext4 . On 14 December 2010 , Google also announced it would use ext4 , instead of YAFFS , on Android 2.3 ."}]}, {'value': 'sysvinit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sysvinit', 'summary': 'In Unix-based computer operating systems , init ( short for initialization ) is the first process started during booting of the computer system . Init is a daemon process that continues running until the system is shut down . It is the direct or indirect ancestor of all other processes and automatically adopts all orphaned processes . Init is started by the kernel during the booting process ; a kernel panic will occur if the kernel is unable to start it . Init is typically assigned process identifier 1 . In Unix systems such as System III and System V , the design of init has diverged from the functionality provided by the init in Research Unix and its BSD derivatives . Up until recently , most Linux distributions employed a traditional init that is somewhat compatible with System V , while some distributions such as Slackware use BSD-style startup scripts , and others such as Gentoo have their own customized versions . Since then , several additional init implementations have been created , attempting to address design limitations in the traditional versions . These include launchd , the Service Management Facility , systemd and OpenRC .'}]}, {'value': 'Xfce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xfce', 'summary': 'Xfce or XFCE ( pronounced as four individual letters ) is a free and open-source desktop environment for Unix-like operating systems such as Linux and BSD . Xfce aims to be fast and lightweight while still being visually appealing and easy to use . Xfce embodies the traditional Unix philosophy of modularity and re-usability . It consists of separately packaged parts that together provide all functions of the desktop environment , but can be selected in subsets to suit user needs and preference . Another priority of Xfce is adherence to standards , specifically those defined at freedesktop.org .'}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dragora GNU/Linux-Libre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dragora_GNU/Linux-Libre', 'summary': 'Dragora GNU/Linux-Libre is an Argentine Linux distribution written from scratch sharing some similarities with Slackware . It has a simple packaging system that allows installing , removing , upgrading and creating packages , although the system may be challenging to new users . As it only packages free software and uses the Linux-libre kernel , the Free Software Foundation endorses Dragora . Dragora is considered to be based on the Keep it simple , stupid ( KISS ) principle , believed by the authors to be a strength . Dragora can be downloaded from the web site or bought on CD . Since Dragora 2 the init system Runit is used .'}]}, {'value': 'Linux-libre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linux-libre', 'summary': 'Linux-libre ( /ˈlɪnəks ˈliːbrə/ ) is an operating system kernel and a GNU package . The GNU Project attempts to keep Linux-libre in synchronization with upstream development of the Linux kernel while removing any software that does not include its source code , has its source code obfuscated , or is released under a proprietary license . Software components with no available source code are called binary blobs and , as such , are mostly used for proprietary firmware images in the Linux kernel . While generally redistributable , binary blobs do not give the user the freedom to audit , modify or , consequently , redistribute their modified versions .'}]}, {'value': 'ext4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'runit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Runit', 'summary': 'runit is an init scheme for Unix-like operating systems that initializes , supervises , and ends processes throughout the operating system . Runit is a reimplementation of the daemontools process supervision toolkit that runs on many Linux-based operating systems , as well as , the macOS , *BSD , and Solaris operating systems . Runit features parallelization of the start up of system services , which can speed up the boot time of the operating system . Runit is an init daemon , so it is the direct or indirect ancestor of all other processes . It is the first process started during booting , and continues running until the system is shut down .'}]}, {'value': 'Xfce', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'dyne : bolic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dyne:bolic', 'summary': 'dyne : bolic GNU/Linux is a Live CD/DVD distribution based on the Linux kernel . It is shaped by the needs of media activists , artists and creators to be a practical tool with a focus on multimedia production , that delivers a large assortment of applications . It allows manipulation and broadcast of both sound and video with tools to record , edit , encode , and stream . In addition to multimedia specific programs , dyne : bolic also provides word processors and common desktop computing tools . Termed Rastasoft [ citation needed ] by its author , it is based entirely on free software , and as such is recommended and endorsed by the GNU Project . dyne : bolic is created by volunteers and the author and maintainer Jaromil , who also included multimedia tools like MusE , HasciiCam , FreeJ in the distribution .'}]}, {'value': 'Linux-libre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linux-libre', 'summary': 'Linux-libre ( /ˈlɪnəks ˈliːbrə/ ) is an operating system kernel and a GNU package . The GNU Project attempts to keep Linux-libre in synchronization with upstream development of the Linux kernel while removing any software that does not include its source code , has its source code obfuscated , or is released under a proprietary license . Software components with no available source code are called binary blobs and , as such , are mostly used for proprietary firmware images in the Linux kernel . While generally redistributable , binary blobs do not give the user the freedom to audit , modify or , consequently , redistribute their modified versions .'}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'systemd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GNOME', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fedora', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fedora_(operating_system)', 'summary': 'Fedora or Fedora Linux is a Linux distribution developed by the community-supported Fedora Project which is sponsored primarily by Red Hat Inc. with minor support by other companies . Fedora contains software distributed under various free and open-source licenses and aims to be on the leading edge of free technologies . Fedora is the upstream source of the commercial Red Hat Enterprise Linux distribution . Since the release of Fedora 30 , five different editions are currently available : Workstation , focused on the personal computer , Server for servers , CoreOS , focused on cloud computing , Silverblue , focused on an immutable desktop specialized to container-based workflows and IoT , focused on IoT devices . As of February 2016 [ update ] , Fedora has an estimated 1.2 million users , including Linus Torvalds ( as of 2015 [ update ] ) , creator of the Linux kernel .'}]}, {'value': 'Binary blobs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ext4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'systemd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GNOME ( default Workstation Edition ) , Spins for : KDE Plasma Workspaces , Xfce , LXDE , MATE ( with Compiz ) , Cinnamon , Sugar on a Stick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sugar_(software)', 'summary': "Sugar is a free and open-source desktop environment designed for interactive learning by children . Copyright by SugarLabs . Developed as part of the One Laptop per Child ( OLPC ) project , Sugar was the default interface on OLPC XO-1 laptop computers . The OLPC XO-1.5 and later provided the option of either the Gnome or Sugar interfaces . Sugar is available as a Live CD , as Live USB , and a package installable through several Linux distributions . It can run in a Linux virtual machine under Windows and Mac OS . Unlike most other desktop environments , Sugar does not use the desktop , folder and window metaphors . Instead , Sugar 's default full-screen activities require users to focus on only one program at a time . Sugar implements a journal which automatically saves the user 's running program session and allows them to later use an interface to pull up their past works by date , an activity used , or file type ."}]}, {'value': 'In progress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Funtoo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Funtoo_Linux', 'summary': 'This is a list of Gentoo Linux derivatives .'}]}, {'value': 'Binary blobs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'none', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'openrc', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gentoo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gentoo_Linux', 'summary': "Gentoo Linux ( pronounced /ˈdʒɛntuː/ JEN-too ) is a Linux distribution built using the Portage package management system . Unlike a binary software distribution , the source code is compiled locally according to the user 's preferences and is often optimized for the specific type of computer . Precompiled binaries are available for some larger packages or those with no available source code . Gentoo Linux was named after the fast-swimming gentoo penguin . The name was chosen to reflect the potential speed improvements of machine-specific optimization , which is a major feature of Gentoo . Gentoo package management is designed to be modular , portable , easy to maintain , and flexible . Gentoo describes itself as a meta-distribution because of its adaptability , in that the majority of users have configurations and sets of installed programs which are unique to the system and the applications they use ."}]}, {'value': 'Binary blobs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'none', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'openrc', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awesome , Enlightenment , Fluxbox , GNOME , KDE , LXDE-Meta , Openbox , XBMC and Xfce ( live DVD )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Awesome_(window_manager)', 'summary': "AwesomeWM is a dynamic window manager for the X Window System developed in the C and Lua programming languages . Lua is also used for configuring and extending the window manager . Its development began as a fork of dwm . It aims to be extremely small and fast , yet extensively customizable . It makes it possible for the user to manage windows with the use of keyboard . The fork was initially nicknamed jdwm , with jd denoting the principal programmer 's initials , and with dwm reminding of the software project it forked from . The first git repository for what was to become awesome was set up in September 2007. jdwm was renamed to awesome , named after the same phrase used by the How I Met Your Mother character Barney Stinson . awesome was officially announced on the dwm mailing list on September 20 , 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'gNewSense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNewSense', 'summary': 'gNewSense is a Linux distribution based on Debian , and developed with sponsorship from the Free Software Foundation . Its goal is user-friendliness , but with all proprietary ( e.g . binary blobs ) and non-free software removed . The Free Software Foundation considers gNewSense to be composed entirely of free software . gNewSense takes a relatively strict stance against proprietary software . For example , any documentation that gives instructions on installing proprietary software is excluded .'}]}, {'value': 'Debian Linux kernel , and ( unlike Debian ) blobs can not be installed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ext3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'sysvinit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GNOME', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Technical', 'section_text': "The table below shows the default file system , but many Linux distributions support some or all of ext2 , ext3 , ext4 , Btrfs , ReiserFS , Reiser4 , JFS , XFS , GFS2 , OCFS2 , and NILFS . It is possible to install Linux onto most of these file systems . The ext file systems , namely ext2 , ext3 , and ext4 are based on the original Linux file system . File systems have been developed by companies to meet their specific needs , by hobbyists , or adapted from Unix , Microsoft Windows , and other operating systems . Linux has full support for XFS and JFS , FAT ( the DOS file system ) , and HFS , the main file system for the Macintosh . Support for Microsoft Windows NT 's NTFS file system has been developed and is now comparable with other native Unix file systems . CDs , DVDs , and Blu-ray discs ' ISO 9660 and Universal Disk Format ( UDF ) are supported . Unlike other operating systems , Linux and Unix allow any file system regardless of the medium it is stored on , whether that medium is a magnetic disk , an optical disk ( CD , DVD , etc . ) , a USB flash memory key , or even contained within a file located on another file system . Similarly , many C compilers ( mainly GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) ) , init systems ( mainly sysvinit ) , desktop environments and window managers are widely supported .", 'uid': 'List_of_Linux_distributions_endorsed_by_the_Free_Software_Foundation_1', 'intro': "Technical variations of Linux distributions include support for different hardware devices and systems or software package configurations. Organisational differences may be motivated by historical reasons. Other criteria include security, including how quickly security upgrades are available; ease of package management; and number of packages available. These tables compare notable distribution's latest stable release on wide-ranging objective criteria. It does not cover each operating system's subjective merits, branches marked as unstable or beta, nor compare Linux distributions with other operating systems."} | null | null | When was the most recent version of the distribution that uses xfs file systems released ? | 24 September 2019 |
07d1474ff6cd9e49 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_in_Australian_television', 'title': '2011 in Australian television', 'header': ['Program', 'Free-to-air network', 'Subscription network', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'The Gadget Show The Gadget Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gadget_Show', 'summary': "The Gadget Show is a British television series which focuses on consumer technology . The show , which is broadcast on Channel 5 , is currently presented by Craig Charles , Ortis Deley , Jon Bentley and Georgie Barrat . Originally a thirty-minute show , it was extended to forty-five minutes , then later to sixty minutes . Repeats have also aired on the digital channels 5Star and 5Spike , syndicated broadcasts on Discovery Science and Dave ( in edited down half-hour versions ) , and Channel 5 's on-demand service My5 . In Australia , it is aired on The Lifestyle Channel . The Gadget Show has received many Guinness World Records ."}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': 'LifeStyle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_LifeStyle_Channel', 'summary': 'Lifestyle ( formerly known as The LifeStyle Channel ) is an Australian television channel . The channel launched on 1 September 1997 . The channel has an emphasis on contemporary lifestyle interests . Its programming covers topics including food and wine , home and garden , real estate , shopping , leisure , travel and real life drama . Every Friday , articles , videos , etc. , are published with new content and information regarded these topics . Lifestyle has three subsidiary channels : Lifestyle Food , a channel dedicated to food and cooking , Lifestyle You , which is dedicated to fashion , health , makeover and wellbeing and Lifestyle Home which is dedicated to DIY and garden advice . Lifestyle also broadcasts other programs ranging from food , wine , home design , gardening , leisure , travel , and real life drama On 1 March 2011 a HD simulcast of Lifestyle launched on Austar and Foxtel on channel 216 . On 19 September 2016 , Lifestyle refreshed its look which included a new logo .'}]}, {'value': '15 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jersey Shore Jersey Shore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jersey_Shore_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Jersey Shore is an American reality television series that ran on MTV from December 3 , 2009 , to December 20 , 2012 , in the United States . The series follows the lives of eight housemates at a vacation home : in Seaside Heights , New Jersey in seasons one , three , five and six , and in South Beach , Florida and Florence , Italy in seasons two and four , respectively . The show debuted amid controversy regarding its use of the terms Guido/Guidette , its portrayal of Italian-Americans and allegations of perpetuating stereotypes , as well as criticism from locals that the cast members were not residents of the area . ( Most were from New York , and at least two of them were not Italian . ) The show became a pop culture phenomenon , with classes and conferences at universities about the show , and journalists listing it as one of the most notable shows of the time . The Shore franchise spawned several international adaptations in other countries . Four of the Jersey Shore cast members received spin-off shows on MTV , with the most successful being Snooki & JWOWW . Most of the cast would go on to appear in other reality programs or receive their own shows on various networks . On August 20 , 2017 , a one-off television special called Reunion Road Trip : Return to the Jersey Shore aired on the E ! network . On November 27 , 2017 , MTV announced that the cast ( with the exception of Giancola ) would be reuniting in Miami , Florida , for a new reunion series titled Jersey Shore : Family Vacation . The series premiered globally on April 5 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '7mate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/7mate', 'summary': '7mate is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , which was launched by the Seven Network on 25 September 2010 . The channel contains sport and regular programs aimed primarily to a male audience , with programming drawn from a combination of new shows , American network shows and other shows previously aired on its sister channels Seven and 7TWO . As of December 2018 , it is the number one multichannel free-to-air digital channel in Australia Due to the rebroadcast of 7HD on 10 May 2016 , 7mate was reduced to a standard definition broadcast in Melbourne and Adelaide . Sydney , Brisbane and Perth instead received a HD simulcast of 7mate until December 2016 , with breakaway programming used from that point to broadcast AFL matches in HD while keeping 7HD as the primary channel simulcast .'}]}, {'value': 'MTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MTV_Australia', 'summary': 'MTV is a 24-hour general entertainment channel specialising in music and youth culture programming which serves Australia and New Zealand . It is operated by parent company ViacomCBS International Media Networks headquartered in London with a local office in Sydney .'}]}, {'value': '11 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sons of Anarchy Sons of Anarchy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sons_of_Anarchy', 'summary': "Sons of Anarchy is an American crime tragedy television series created by Kurt Sutter that aired from 2008 to 2014 . It follows the lives of a close-knit outlaw motorcycle club operating in Charming , a fictional town in California 's Central Valley . The show stars Charlie Hunnam as Jackson Jax Teller , who is initially the vice president and subsequently the president of the club . He soon begins to question the club and himself . Brotherhood , loyalty , betrayal , and redemption are constant themes . Sons of Anarchy premiered on September 3 , 2008 , on the cable network FX . The series 's third season attracted an average of 4.9 million weekly viewers , making it FX 's highest rated series at the time , surpassing its other hits The Shield , Nip/Tuck , and Rescue Me . The season 4 and 5 premieres were the two highest-rated telecasts in FX 's history . The sixth season aired from September 10 , 2013 through December 10 , 2013 . The seventh and final season of the series premiered on September 9 , 2014 . The series finale premiered on December 9 , 2014 . This series explored vigilantism , government corruption and racism , and depicted an outlaw motorcycle club as an analogy for human transformation ."}]}, {'value': 'One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Bold is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel owned by Network 10 . It originally launched on 26 March 2009 as One with a focus on broadcasting sports-based programming and events , but changed in April 2011 to more reality , scripted and adventure-based programming aimed at males between the ages of 25 to 54 . As of October 2018 , the channel now primarily broadcasts dramatic programming aimed towards viewers 40 and older . Due to the relaunch of 10 HD on 2 March 2016 , it was reduced to a standard definition broadcast .'}]}, {'value': 'Showcase', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Showcase_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': "Fox Showcase ( formerly known as Showcase ) is an Australian premium drama cable and satellite television channel . It was initially part of the Showtime Australia channels and was managed by PMP chief executive officer Peter Rose . In 2007 Rose said Showcase provides a real home at last for quality drama in Australia , and this list of outstanding event television is just the start . Showcase launched with the Australian TV premieres of Dexter and Australian-made series Satisfaction . FOX Showcase is now owned and operated by Foxtel Networks ; and is their flagship entertainment channel . FOX Showcase can be found on channel 114 on Foxtel and Optus TV . Foxtel took over managing and producing Showcase and the other Showtime channels as of 31 October 2012 , with it purchasing assets of the PMP . On 9 December 2012 , it was announced that Movie Network and Showtime ( with the exception of Showcase ) would be replaced with a new lineup of Foxtel-branded movie channels to be named Foxtel Movies Showcase would continue to be the home of premium dramas from HBO and other international networks , original programming , documentaries , and independent films . On 3 November 2014 Showcase moved from Foxtel 's Premium Movies and Drama package to the newly founded Drama package . In addition , the channel moved from channel 404 to channel 115 and showcase + 2 moved from channel 414 to channel 158 . Following the closure of SoHo and the launch of the channel Binge on 5 October 2016 , showcase moved to channel 114 ."}]}, {'value': '11 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Penguins of Madagascar , The The Penguins of Madagascar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Penguins_of_Madagascar', 'summary': "The Penguins of Madagascar is an American CGI animated television series that had aired on Nickelodeon . It stars nine characters from the DreamWorks Animation animated film Madagascar : The penguins Skipper ( Tom McGrath ) , Rico ( John DiMaggio ) , Kowalski ( Jeff Bennett ) , and Private ( James Patrick Stuart ) ; the lemurs King Julien ( Danny Jacobs ) , Maurice ( Kevin Michael Richardson ) , and Mort ( Andy Richter ) ; and Mason ( Conrad Vernon ) and Phil the chimpanzees . Characters new to the series include Marlene the otter ( Nicole Sullivan ) and a zookeeper named Alice ( Mary Scheer ) . It is the first Nicktoon produced with DreamWorks Animation . The series was executive produced by Bob Schooley and Mark McCorkle , who were the creators of Pixar 's 2D-animated series Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and Disney Channel 's Kim Possible . The pilot episode , Gone in a Flash , aired as part of Superstuffed Nicktoons Weekend on November 29 , 2008 , and The Penguins of Madagascar became a regular series on March 28 , 2009 . The series premiere drew 6.1 million viewers , setting a new record as the most-watched premiere . Although the series occasionally alludes to the rest of the franchise , The Penguins of Madagascar does not take place at a precise time within it . McGrath , who is also the co-creator of the film characters , has said that the series takes place not specifically before or after the movie , I just wanted them all back at the zoo . I think of it as taking place in a parallel universe . At the end of 2010 , the show was the number two animated program on television among kids age 2-11 and in basic cable total viewers . In December 2014 , DiMaggio stated that the show has ended production ."}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': 'Nickelodeon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Australia)', 'summary': "Nickelodeon is an Australian children 's television channel operated by a joint venture of Foxtel Networks and ViacomCBS Networks UK & Australia . Being a version of the namesake television channel in the United States , the channel broadcasts Nickelodeon 's original series , as well as shows from third-party companies . The Australian version also offers a timeshift schedule to viewers in New Zealand since 1 December 2010 ; the New Zealand-specific version of Nickelodeon ceased broadcasting a day before ."}]}, {'value': '13 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Power Rangers Samurai Power Rangers Samurai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Power_Rangers_Samurai', 'summary': "Power Rangers Samurai is the eighteenth season of the American children 's television series Power Rangers . With Saban Brands buying back the franchise , the show was produced by SCG Power Rangers and began airing on Nickelodeon and Nicktoons on February 7 , 2011 , making it the first to use the Saban name since the first half of Power Rangers : Wild Force . As with all Power Rangers programs , Power Rangers Samurai is based on one of the entries of the Super Sentai Series ; in the case of Samurai , the source series is Samurai Sentai Shinkenger . Saban Brands have said the show will have a brighter tone and gets an infusion of fun and comedy that was n't present in seasons 16 and 17 . Power Rangers Samurai is the first Power Rangers season to be shot and broadcast in HD ( Boukenger being the first Super Sentai series to be in HD in Japan , with Operation Overdrive , Jungle Fury and RPM using HD footage of the Sentai and almost to be in HD ) and to be airing on Nickelodeon . Samurai is split into two 20-episode seasons ; the second set of 20 episodes began on February 18 , 2012 , and is called Power Rangers Super Samurai , Super Samurai is considered the nineteenth season . By 2012 , the show had an average of 2 million viewers on Nickelodeon . The highest rated episode was the May 15 , 2011 broadcast of The Blue and the Gold , with 3.7 million viewers ."}]}, {'value': 'GO !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Go!_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': '9Go ! is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , which was launched by the Nine Network on 9 August 2009 . It is a youthful channel that offers a mix of comedy , reality , general entertainment , movies , animation and drama aimed at people between the ages of 4 to 18 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nickelodeon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Australia)', 'summary': "Nickelodeon is an Australian children 's television channel operated by a joint venture of Foxtel Networks and ViacomCBS Networks UK & Australia . Being a version of the namesake television channel in the United States , the channel broadcasts Nickelodeon 's original series , as well as shows from third-party companies . The Australian version also offers a timeshift schedule to viewers in New Zealand since 1 December 2010 ; the New Zealand-specific version of Nickelodeon ceased broadcasting a day before ."}]}, {'value': '17 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teen Mom Teen Mom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teen_Mom', 'summary': "Teen Mom ( renamed Teen Mom OG from the fifth season ) is an American reality television series broadcast by MTV . It is the first spin-off of 16 and Pregnant , and it focuses on the lives of several young mothers as they navigate motherhood and strained family and romantic relationships . Its first run consists of four seasons originally aired between December 8 , 2009 , and October 9 , 2012 , while another four seasons have aired during its second run that began on March 23 , 2015 . The series originally focused on the lives of Maci Bookout ( now McKinney ) , Catelynn Lowell ( now Baltierra ) , Amber Portwood , and Farrah Abraham , who were featured on the first season of 16 and Pregnant . Are You the One ? participant Cheyenne Floyd and television personality Bristol Palin joined in the second half of the seventh season replacing Abraham who departed from the show . However , Palin departed the show following an announcement on Instagram in April 2019 . In August 2019 , Mackenzie McKee from Teen Mom 3 joined the cast as a guest mom for the last few episodes of season eight . Mackenzie McKee will officially be a main cast member on season 8B . The show 's success has allowed for the development of the spin-offs Teen Mom 2 , Teen Mom 3 , Teen Mom : Young and Pregnant , and Teen Mom : Young Moms Club ."}]}, {'value': 'GO !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Go!_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': '9Go ! is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel , which was launched by the Nine Network on 9 August 2009 . It is a youthful channel that offers a mix of comedy , reality , general entertainment , movies , animation and drama aimed at people between the ages of 4 to 18 .'}]}, {'value': 'MTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MTV_Australia', 'summary': 'MTV is a 24-hour general entertainment channel specialising in music and youth culture programming which serves Australia and New Zealand . It is operated by parent company ViacomCBS International Media Networks headquartered in London with a local office in Sydney .'}]}, {'value': '2 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeopardy ! Jeopardy !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeopardy!', 'summary': 'Jeopardy ! is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin . The show features a quiz competition in which contestants are presented with general knowledge clues in the form of answers , and must phrase their responses in the form of questions . The original daytime version debuted on NBC on March 30 , 1964 , and aired until January 3 , 1975 . A weekly nighttime syndicated edition aired from September 1974 to September 1975 , and a revival , The All-New Jeopardy ! , ran on NBC from October 1978 to March 1979 . The current version , a daily syndicated show produced by Sony Pictures Television , premiered on September 10 , 1984 . Both NBC versions and the weekly syndicated version were hosted by Art Fleming . Don Pardo served as announcer until 1975 , and John Harlan announced for the 1978-1979 season . Since its inception , the daily syndicated version has featured Alex Trebek as host and Johnny Gilbert as announcer . With over 8,000 episodes aired , the daily syndicated version of Jeopardy ! has won a record 33 Daytime Emmy Awards as well as a Peabody Award . In 2013 , the program was ranked No .'}]}, {'value': 'One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Bold is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel owned by Network 10 . It originally launched on 26 March 2009 as One with a focus on broadcasting sports-based programming and events , but changed in April 2011 to more reality , scripted and adventure-based programming aimed at males between the ages of 25 to 54 . As of October 2018 , the channel now primarily broadcasts dramatic programming aimed towards viewers 40 and older . Due to the relaunch of 10 HD on 2 March 2016 , it was reduced to a standard definition broadcast .'}]}, {'value': 'W', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W_Channel_(Australia)', 'summary': "SoHo was an Australian pay television channel . Originally launched a FX in 1995 and oriented towards classic programming , it was rebranded as W. and shifted its focus to women 's programming on 1 November 2003 . Later , on 20 August 2012 , it was again rebranded as SoHo and shifted its focus to drama television series . The channel closed down on 4 October 2016 , and was replaced by Binge ."}]}, {'value': '24 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Britain 's Next Top Model Britain 's Next Top Model", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Britain's_Next_Top_Model", 'summary': "Britain 's Next Top Model ( or Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model 2011-13 ) , often abbreviated as BNTM , BINTM , or Top Model , is a British-Irish reality television show in which a number of women compete for the title of Britain 's Next Top Model and a chance to start their career in the modelling industry . The first cycle premiered on 14 September 2005 on Sky Living . The winner normally receives a modelling contract , cosmetics campaign , and a spread within a fashion magazine which also includes appearing on the front cover . Other benefits which changed from cycle to cycle include a car , holiday , money , or an apartment among other things . As part of the Top Model franchise , it is based on the American television series America 's Next Top Model . From series 7 onwards , the show was named Britain and Ireland 's Next Top Model as it has begun to include contestants from Ireland . On 28 October 2013 , Sky Living confirmed that the show had been cancelled . In April 2015 , the show confirmed via its Twitter account that it would be returning in 2015 on Lifetime . The title was changed back to Britain 's Next Top Model due to licensing issues , but contestants from Ireland were still allowed to apply for the show ."}]}, {'value': 'Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)', 'summary': '10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10 . It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven . It is owned by ElevenCo , which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and CBS Studios International ; the latter would ultimately acquire Network Ten in 2017 . The channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience , and is the current home of Neighbours - the longest-running drama series on Australian television .'}]}, {'value': 'Fox8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox8', 'summary': "Fox8 ( corporately stylised as FOX8 , alternatively as Fox 8 or FOX 8 ) is an Australian pay television channel available on Foxtel , and Optus Television 's subscription platforms . It is the most watched subscription television channel in Australia ( with or without the timeshift ) and broadcasts the highest rating non-sporting related program or event on subscription television in Australia , Australia 's Next Top Model . A high definition version of the channel , Fox8HD , was launched on the Foxtel and Austar platforms on 15 November 2009 ."}]}, {'value': '31 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beyblade : Medal Masters Beyblade : Medal Masters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Beyblade:_Metal_Masters_episodes', 'summary': "Beyblade : Metal Masters , known in Japan as Metal Fight Beyblade Explosion ( メタルファイト ベイブレード 爆 , Metaru Faito Beiburēdo Bakuhatsu ) , is the 2010 sequel to the anime television series Beyblade : Metal Fusion . Like its predecessor , Beyblade : Metal Masters is based on Takafumi Adachi 's manga series Beyblade : Metal Fusion , which itself is based on the Beyblade spinning top game from Takara Tomy . The 51-episode series was produced by d-rights and Nelvana under the direction of Kunihisa Sugishima . The series was first broadcast on TV Tokyo in Japan between April 4 , 2010 and March 27 , 2011 . The English series with English opening in Australia on Cartoon Network July 25 , 2011 , later on Network Ten on November 8 , 2011 at 7:30 am and United States on Cartoon Network on August 20 , 2011 at 10:30 am . On Canada on YTV September 10 , 2011 at 11:30 am . This series began in Finland on MTV3 November 12 , 2011 and finished on August 25 , 2012 broadcasting every Saturday at 10:45 am . However , the previous series Beyblade : Metal Fusion was entirely skipped . It is presented with a Finnish dub . Latin America had sneak preview on July 7 , 2012 at 8 am and August 24 , 2012 on Disney XD and premiered September 3 , 2012 at 1:30 pm , and Brazil had sneak preview on August 12 , 2012 at 9 pm and premiered September 3 , 2012 on Disney XD . Two pieces of theme music were used for the opening and closing themes . The opening theme is Galaxy Heart ( ギャラクシーハート , Gyarakushī Hāto ) performed by YU+KI , and the ending theme is It Goes Over the Sky ( 大空を越えてゆけ , Ōzora wo Koete Yuke ) , performed by Odoriba Soul ."}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': 'Cartoon Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cartoon_Network_(Australia)', 'summary': 'Cartoon Network is an Australian pay television television channel created by Turner Broadcasting which primarily shows animated programming . It was launched on 3 October 1995 .'}]}, {'value': '8 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Glades The Glades', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Glades_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'The Glades is a crime drama television series , created by Clifton Campbell , that aired on the A & E network for four seasons from July 11 , 2010 to August 26 , 2013 . The police procedural show starred Matt Passmore as Jim Longworth , a Chicago police detective who becomes a state police detective in a Florida Everglades community . He leaves the Chicago Police Department after being shot in the buttocks by his captain , who thought Jim was sleeping with his wife . He receives a large settlement from the city of Chicago and settles in Florida for the golf and what he believes will be an easy life . However , Longworth soon discovers that his new hometown is more complex than meets the eye . A & E canceled the series after its season-four finale , effectively ending the series on a cliffhanger .'}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': 'W', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W_Channel_(Australia)', 'summary': "SoHo was an Australian pay television channel . Originally launched a FX in 1995 and oriented towards classic programming , it was rebranded as W. and shifted its focus to women 's programming on 1 November 2003 . Later , on 20 August 2012 , it was again rebranded as SoHo and shifted its focus to drama television series . The channel closed down on 4 October 2016 , and was replaced by Binge ."}]}, {'value': '28 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bakugan : Mechtanium Surge Bakugan : Mechtanium Surge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Bakugan:_Mechtanium_Surge_episodes', 'summary': "Bakugan : Mechtanium Surge is the fourth and final season of the Japanese anime television series Bakugan Battle Brawlers . The series originally had 26 episodes ordered , however , Nelvana recently announced that this series will be extended to 46 episodes total in length , with production by TMS Entertainment and Maxpire Entertainment . Unlike the other seasons , Mechtanium Surge is split into two separate stories . The series premiered in Canada on February 13 , 2011 , United States on March 5 , 2011 and Australia on March 8 , 2011 on Cartoon Network . On January 15 , 2012 CoroCoro Comics announced that a series was in production which will feature the characters from the BakuTech ! Manga . It premiered on April 7 , 2012 , on TV Tokyo . The original version of Mechtanium Surge began airing in Taiwan on August 11 , 2012 on YoYo TV every Saturday ; also , this program began airing in Hong Kong on October 25 , 2012 on TVB every weekday . Taiwan aired the original version of New Vestroia six months before Japan . The TW/HK version of Mechtanium Surge uses the original Japanese score , but the opening theme audio is Cho ! Saikyou ! Warriors which is New Vestroia 's OP ( and the Gundalian Invaders in overseas version including Taiwan and Hong Kong did the same , except for Japan version ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': 'Cartoon Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cartoon_Network_(Australia)', 'summary': 'Cartoon Network is an Australian pay television television channel created by Turner Broadcasting which primarily shows animated programming . It was launched on 3 October 1995 .'}]}, {'value': '14 December', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Programming changes -- Free-to-air premieres', 'section_text': 'This is a list of programs which made their premiere on Australian free-to-air television that had previously premiered on Australian subscription television . Programs may still air on the original subscription television network .', 'uid': '2011_in_Australian_television_6', 'intro': 'This is a list of Australian television events and premieres which occurred in 2011. This year will be the 56th year of continuous operation of television in Australia.'} | null | null | What is the date whose program had an average of 2 million viewers by 2012 ? | 17 July |
07d14d908da6015f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rasmus_discography', 'title': 'The Rasmus discography', 'header': ['Song', 'Releases', 'Intended Release'], 'data': [{'value': "Ca n't Stop Me", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B-Side of Chill Into Special Edition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chill_(The_Rasmus_song)', 'summary': "Chill is a song by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus , originally released on the band 's fourth album Into on October 29 , 2001 The single was released on June 18 , 2001 by the record label Playground Music . It was the second single from the album Into and features the tracks Chill and F-F-F-Falling ( Acoustic ) . The maxi single also includes the b-side Ca n't Stop Me and the music video to F-F-F-Falling . It was a number two hit in Finland . Chill is a slow and melodic song , like many others on the album Into ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Into_(album)', 'summary': "Into ( Enthusiasm ) is the fourth studio album by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus ( after Peep , Playboys and Hell of a Tester ) , and the first studio album to be released under the name The Rasmus . It was originally released on October 29 , 2001 by Playground Music . It is the band 's first studio album with their new drummer Aki Hakala , who replaced Janne Heiskanen in 1999 . The ( international only ) singles taken from it were F-F-F-Falling , Chill , Madness and Heartbreaker/Days . All of these were released in 2001 apart from Heartbreaker/Days , which was released in 2002 . For this fact and the name 's change , some fans consider this album the first of The Rasmus . The album has sold double platinum in Finland and was the first album by The Rasmus to be released in other European countries such as France and Spain . They won four EMMAs in 2002 ( the Finnish equivalent of Grammys ) for Best Group , Best Album , Best Pop/Rock Album and Best Song ( for F-F-F-Falling ) . On February 20 , 2007 , the album ( Special Edition ) was for the first time released in the United States by the record label DRT Entertainment . It did not contain any extra tracks ."}]}, {'value': 'Into', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Into_(album)', 'summary': "Into ( Enthusiasm ) is the fourth studio album by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus ( after Peep , Playboys and Hell of a Tester ) , and the first studio album to be released under the name The Rasmus . It was originally released on October 29 , 2001 by Playground Music . It is the band 's first studio album with their new drummer Aki Hakala , who replaced Janne Heiskanen in 1999 . The ( international only ) singles taken from it were F-F-F-Falling , Chill , Madness and Heartbreaker/Days . All of these were released in 2001 apart from Heartbreaker/Days , which was released in 2002 . For this fact and the name 's change , some fans consider this album the first of The Rasmus . The album has sold double platinum in Finland and was the first album by The Rasmus to be released in other European countries such as France and Spain . They won four EMMAs in 2002 ( the Finnish equivalent of Grammys ) for Best Group , Best Album , Best Pop/Rock Album and Best Song ( for F-F-F-Falling ) . On February 20 , 2007 , the album ( Special Edition ) was for the first time released in the United States by the record label DRT Entertainment . It did not contain any extra tracks ."}]}, {'value': 'Dancer in the Dark', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hide from the Sun Limited Edition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hide_from_the_Sun', 'summary': 'Hide from the Sun is the sixth studio album by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus . It was originally released in mainland Europe , the United Kingdom , Scandinavia and Japan on 12 September 2005 . It was later released in the United States on 10 October 2006 , and featured a selection of B-side remixes and special edition bonus tracks . The US edition also included the previously unseen video for Immortal . The name Hide from the Sun is a quotation from the song Dead Promises . The album cover was painted by guitarist Pauli Rantasalmi . It received Platinum status in Finland and sold more than 15,000 in the UK and 20,000 in the US . Overall the album has sold over 500,000 copies worldwide .'}]}, {'value': 'Hide from the Sun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hide_from_the_Sun', 'summary': 'Hide from the Sun is the sixth studio album by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus . It was originally released in mainland Europe , the United Kingdom , Scandinavia and Japan on 12 September 2005 . It was later released in the United States on 10 October 2006 , and featured a selection of B-side remixes and special edition bonus tracks . The US edition also included the previously unseen video for Immortal . The name Hide from the Sun is a quotation from the song Dead Promises . The album cover was painted by guitarist Pauli Rantasalmi . It received Platinum status in Finland and sold more than 15,000 in the UK and 20,000 in the US . Overall the album has sold over 500,000 copies worldwide .'}]}, {'value': 'Days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heartbreaker/Days Into Special Edition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heartbreaker/Days', 'summary': "Heartbreaker / Days is a single by Finnish rock band The Rasmus which is a composition of the two songs Heartbreaker and Days . It was released on March 11 , 2002 , by the record label Playground Music . Heartbreaker was originally released on the band 's fourth studio album Into on October 29 , 2001 . Days is a b-side track which first was released on this single , and later on Into ( Special Edition ) , 2003 . The single was the last one from the album , featuring the two remixed tracks of Heartbreaker : Rock Radio Remix and Pop Radio Remix . It went to number one on the Finland Singles Chart , although it has not been very popular on other chart lists . No music video has been made for any of these songs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Into_(album)', 'summary': "Into ( Enthusiasm ) is the fourth studio album by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus ( after Peep , Playboys and Hell of a Tester ) , and the first studio album to be released under the name The Rasmus . It was originally released on October 29 , 2001 by Playground Music . It is the band 's first studio album with their new drummer Aki Hakala , who replaced Janne Heiskanen in 1999 . The ( international only ) singles taken from it were F-F-F-Falling , Chill , Madness and Heartbreaker/Days . All of these were released in 2001 apart from Heartbreaker/Days , which was released in 2002 . For this fact and the name 's change , some fans consider this album the first of The Rasmus . The album has sold double platinum in Finland and was the first album by The Rasmus to be released in other European countries such as France and Spain . They won four EMMAs in 2002 ( the Finnish equivalent of Grammys ) for Best Group , Best Album , Best Pop/Rock Album and Best Song ( for F-F-F-Falling ) . On February 20 , 2007 , the album ( Special Edition ) was for the first time released in the United States by the record label DRT Entertainment . It did not contain any extra tracks ."}]}, {'value': 'Into', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Into_(album)', 'summary': "Into ( Enthusiasm ) is the fourth studio album by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus ( after Peep , Playboys and Hell of a Tester ) , and the first studio album to be released under the name The Rasmus . It was originally released on October 29 , 2001 by Playground Music . It is the band 's first studio album with their new drummer Aki Hakala , who replaced Janne Heiskanen in 1999 . The ( international only ) singles taken from it were F-F-F-Falling , Chill , Madness and Heartbreaker/Days . All of these were released in 2001 apart from Heartbreaker/Days , which was released in 2002 . For this fact and the name 's change , some fans consider this album the first of The Rasmus . The album has sold double platinum in Finland and was the first album by The Rasmus to be released in other European countries such as France and Spain . They won four EMMAs in 2002 ( the Finnish equivalent of Grammys ) for Best Group , Best Album , Best Pop/Rock Album and Best Song ( for F-F-F-Falling ) . On February 20 , 2007 , the album ( Special Edition ) was for the first time released in the United States by the record label DRT Entertainment . It did not contain any extra tracks ."}]}, {'value': 'Drum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dark Matters Limited Edition Bonus Track', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dark_Matters_(The_Rasmus_album)', 'summary': 'Dark Matters is the ninth album by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus , which was released in Finland on 8 October 2017 . It is their first album after five years of inactivity , as a continuation of their previous album The Rasmus ( 2012 ) . The album is characterized by the musical genres that predominate in the songs , between electropop and electronic rock , although they preserve their classic style of alternative rock .'}]}, {'value': 'Dark Matters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dark_Matters_(The_Rasmus_album)', 'summary': 'Dark Matters is the ninth album by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus , which was released in Finland on 8 October 2017 . It is their first album after five years of inactivity , as a continuation of their previous album The Rasmus ( 2012 ) . The album is characterized by the musical genres that predominate in the songs , between electropop and electronic rock , although they preserve their classic style of alternative rock .'}]}, {'value': "Elephant 's Weight", 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ Ellinoora Cover ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ellinoora', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Everything You Say', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B-Side of Funeral Song Dead Letters Limited Edition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Funeral_Song_(The_Rasmus_song)', 'summary': "Funeral Song ( The Resurrection ) ( originally simple Funeral Song ) is a power ballad by Finnish rock band The Rasmus , originally released on the band 's fifth album Dead Letters on 21 March 2003 . It was a number-two hit on the Finnish singles chart . The single was released on 25 April 2004 by the record label Playground Music Scandinavia . It was the fourth single from the album Dead Letters and features the B-side , If You Ever . The maxi single also includes Everything You Say ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dead_Letters', 'summary': "Dead Letters is the fifth album by Finnish alternative rock band The Rasmus released in 2003 . It was released later in 2004 in the US , UK and Australia . Their previous album , Into , had seen some success in some parts of Europe , particularly Scandinavia and Germany , but Dead Letters signified the band 's major break-through . The album received 8 Gold and 6 Platinum music certification awards . Lead single In the Shadows received 6 gold and 2 platinum awards , selling over 1 million copies and breaking the record for performance royalties received abroad on a Finnish composition ( overtaking the works of Jean Sibelius ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Dead Letters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dead_Letters', 'summary': "Dead Letters is the fifth album by Finnish alternative rock band The Rasmus released in 2003 . It was released later in 2004 in the US , UK and Australia . Their previous album , Into , had seen some success in some parts of Europe , particularly Scandinavia and Germany , but Dead Letters signified the band 's major break-through . The album received 8 Gold and 6 Platinum music certification awards . Lead single In the Shadows received 6 gold and 2 platinum awards , selling over 1 million copies and breaking the record for performance royalties received abroad on a Finnish composition ( overtaking the works of Jean Sibelius ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Funeral Song ( The Resurrection )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B-Side of Funeral Song Dead Letters USA/UK Edition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Funeral_Song_(The_Rasmus_song)', 'summary': "Funeral Song ( The Resurrection ) ( originally simple Funeral Song ) is a power ballad by Finnish rock band The Rasmus , originally released on the band 's fifth album Dead Letters on 21 March 2003 . It was a number-two hit on the Finnish singles chart . The single was released on 25 April 2004 by the record label Playground Music Scandinavia . It was the fourth single from the album Dead Letters and features the B-side , If You Ever . The maxi single also includes Everything You Say ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dead_Letters', 'summary': "Dead Letters is the fifth album by Finnish alternative rock band The Rasmus released in 2003 . It was released later in 2004 in the US , UK and Australia . Their previous album , Into , had seen some success in some parts of Europe , particularly Scandinavia and Germany , but Dead Letters signified the band 's major break-through . The album received 8 Gold and 6 Platinum music certification awards . Lead single In the Shadows received 6 gold and 2 platinum awards , selling over 1 million copies and breaking the record for performance royalties received abroad on a Finnish composition ( overtaking the works of Jean Sibelius ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Dead Letters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dead_Letters', 'summary': "Dead Letters is the fifth album by Finnish alternative rock band The Rasmus released in 2003 . It was released later in 2004 in the US , UK and Australia . Their previous album , Into , had seen some success in some parts of Europe , particularly Scandinavia and Germany , but Dead Letters signified the band 's major break-through . The album received 8 Gold and 6 Platinum music certification awards . Lead single In the Shadows received 6 gold and 2 platinum awards , selling over 1 million copies and breaking the record for performance royalties received abroad on a Finnish composition ( overtaking the works of Jean Sibelius ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Justify ( Brown Version )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Justify iTunes Bonus Track', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justify_(The_Rasmus_song)', 'summary': "Justify is the second single released from the 2008 album , Black Roses by the Finnish rock band , the Rasmus . The song is a symphonic rock song ( pehmorock or plush rock in Finnish . ) The first demo for Justify was created in Los Angeles , California at both James Michael 's and Desmond Child 's studios in January 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Black Roses', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Roses_(The_Rasmus_album)', 'summary': "Black Roses is the seventh studio album by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus , which was released on 29 September 2008 in the UK . In Germany the album was released on 26 September and in the Nordic countries two days before . The album immediately replaced Metallica 's Death Magnetic on the top spot of the Finnish Album Charts and went gold after one week . As of 2009 [ update ] , an estimated of 350,000 copies of the album have been sold worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'Holy Grail', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holy Grail', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'If You Ever', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B-Side of Funeral Song Dead Letters USA/UK Edition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Funeral_Song_(The_Rasmus_song)', 'summary': "Funeral Song ( The Resurrection ) ( originally simple Funeral Song ) is a power ballad by Finnish rock band The Rasmus , originally released on the band 's fifth album Dead Letters on 21 March 2003 . It was a number-two hit on the Finnish singles chart . The single was released on 25 April 2004 by the record label Playground Music Scandinavia . It was the fourth single from the album Dead Letters and features the B-side , If You Ever . The maxi single also includes Everything You Say ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dead_Letters', 'summary': "Dead Letters is the fifth album by Finnish alternative rock band The Rasmus released in 2003 . It was released later in 2004 in the US , UK and Australia . Their previous album , Into , had seen some success in some parts of Europe , particularly Scandinavia and Germany , but Dead Letters signified the band 's major break-through . The album received 8 Gold and 6 Platinum music certification awards . Lead single In the Shadows received 6 gold and 2 platinum awards , selling over 1 million copies and breaking the record for performance royalties received abroad on a Finnish composition ( overtaking the works of Jean Sibelius ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Dead Letters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dead_Letters', 'summary': "Dead Letters is the fifth album by Finnish alternative rock band The Rasmus released in 2003 . It was released later in 2004 in the US , UK and Australia . Their previous album , Into , had seen some success in some parts of Europe , particularly Scandinavia and Germany , but Dead Letters signified the band 's major break-through . The album received 8 Gold and 6 Platinum music certification awards . Lead single In the Shadows received 6 gold and 2 platinum awards , selling over 1 million copies and breaking the record for performance royalties received abroad on a Finnish composition ( overtaking the works of Jean Sibelius ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mysteria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mysteria The Rasmus Tour Edition Bonus Tracks', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Rasmus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Rasmus_(album)', 'summary': 'The Rasmus is the self-titled , eighth studio album by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus , which was released in Finland on 18 April 2012 . The album received two EMMA ( Finnish Grammy ) awards for Best Album Cover & Best Music Video ( Im a Mess ) .'}]}, {'value': 'October & April feat . Anette Olzon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/October_&_April', 'summary': "October & April is a song by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus , featuring Anette Olzon from Nightwish . The song was recorded during the same time as the other songs from the band 's latest studio album Black Roses , but was n't included as it did n't follow the album concept . Instead it was later released on the band 's new compilation album Best of 2001-2009 . It was also released as its own digital download on November 17 , 2009 . Another version of the song leaked in 2010 , recorded in 2006 and featuring Lena Katina of the Russian pop duo t.A.T.u. , but was never officially released . A video has also been made for the song , directed by Owe Lingvall who also directed the video for The Rasmus ' last single Justify ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anette_Olzon', 'summary': 'Anette Ingegerd Olsson ( born 21 June 1971 ) , known by the stage name Anette Olzon , is a Swedish singer , best known as the former lead vocalist of Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish from 2007 to 2012 . She is also the vocalist of Swedish classic rock band Alyson Avenue , and of the Finnish heavy metal band The Dark Element .'}]}, {'value': 'October & April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best of 2001-2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Best_of_2001-2009', 'summary': "Best of The Rasmus 2001-2009 , also referred to as Best of . 2001-2009 is a compilation album by the Finnish alternative rock band The Rasmus , it was released on November 2 , 2009 . The album contains the best songs between 2001 and 2009 . While most of the songs were already released , it features a new unreleased song called October & April which features vocals by Anette Olzon from Nightwish . This song was recorded during the same time as the other songs from the band 's latest studio album Black Roses , but was n't included as it did n't follow the album concept . Open My Eyes , appearing in acoustic live version on this album , is a b-side of the single Shot and originally taken from the UK edition of the album Hide from the Sun ( 2005 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'October & April feat . Lena Katina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/October_&_April', 'summary': "October & April is a song by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus , featuring Anette Olzon from Nightwish . The song was recorded during the same time as the other songs from the band 's latest studio album Black Roses , but was n't included as it did n't follow the album concept . Instead it was later released on the band 's new compilation album Best of 2001-2009 . It was also released as its own digital download on November 17 , 2009 . Another version of the song leaked in 2010 , recorded in 2006 and featuring Lena Katina of the Russian pop duo t.A.T.u. , but was never officially released . A video has also been made for the song , directed by Owe Lingvall who also directed the video for The Rasmus ' last single Justify ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lena_Katina', 'summary': "Elena Sergeevna Katina ( Russian : Елена Сергеевна Катина , born 4 October 1984 ) , better known as Lena Katina , is a Russian singer and songwriter who is best known for her work with Russian duo t.A.T.u . She started her career at the age of eight joining the Russian children 's act Avenue , and soon after that , joining Neposedi . In 1999 Ivan Shapovalov chose Lena Katina for his project , t.A.T.u. , as well as Julia Volkova . The duo would later become Russia 's most successful pop music act . The group produced several hits including All the Things She Said , Not Gon na Get Us and All About Us . Their first single All The Things She Said peaked at number one in 19 countries including the UK , Russia and Australia . In 2009 Katina began a solo career , which caused t.A.T.u . to go into a hiatus . In 2011 Katina and Volkova officially split to pursue solo careers . That year Katina released her first mainstream single Never Forget , which in 2011 reached No . 1 on the MTV Russia Top 10 and also won the MTV Russia - 2011 Video of the Year . The track also reached No ."}]}, {'value': 'October & April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best of 2001-2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Best_of_2001-2009', 'summary': "Best of The Rasmus 2001-2009 , also referred to as Best of . 2001-2009 is a compilation album by the Finnish alternative rock band The Rasmus , it was released on November 2 , 2009 . The album contains the best songs between 2001 and 2009 . While most of the songs were already released , it features a new unreleased song called October & April which features vocals by Anette Olzon from Nightwish . This song was recorded during the same time as the other songs from the band 's latest studio album Black Roses , but was n't included as it did n't follow the album concept . Open My Eyes , appearing in acoustic live version on this album , is a b-side of the single Shot and originally taken from the UK edition of the album Hide from the Sun ( 2005 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Open My Eyes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hide from the Sun UK Edition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hide_from_the_Sun', 'summary': 'Hide from the Sun is the sixth studio album by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus . It was originally released in mainland Europe , the United Kingdom , Scandinavia and Japan on 12 September 2005 . It was later released in the United States on 10 October 2006 , and featured a selection of B-side remixes and special edition bonus tracks . The US edition also included the previously unseen video for Immortal . The name Hide from the Sun is a quotation from the song Dead Promises . The album cover was painted by guitarist Pauli Rantasalmi . It received Platinum status in Finland and sold more than 15,000 in the UK and 20,000 in the US . Overall the album has sold over 500,000 copies worldwide .'}]}, {'value': 'Hide from the Sun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hide_from_the_Sun', 'summary': 'Hide from the Sun is the sixth studio album by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus . It was originally released in mainland Europe , the United Kingdom , Scandinavia and Japan on 12 September 2005 . It was later released in the United States on 10 October 2006 , and featured a selection of B-side remixes and special edition bonus tracks . The US edition also included the previously unseen video for Immortal . The name Hide from the Sun is a quotation from the song Dead Promises . The album cover was painted by guitarist Pauli Rantasalmi . It received Platinum status in Finland and sold more than 15,000 in the UK and 20,000 in the US . Overall the album has sold over 500,000 copies worldwide .'}]}, {'value': 'Play Dead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Play_Dead_(song)', 'summary': "Play Dead is a song by Icelandic singer Björk , and was released as the only single from the soundtrack of the 1993 crime drama The Young Americans . The song was not included in the first edition of Debut but was later included as a bonus track , and the album was re-issued October 11 , 1993 . The song was written by Jah Wobble , Björk featuring David Arnold , and was produced by Cannon , Arnold , receiving additional production and mixing by Tim Simenon . The song , inspired by the main character of the film , was released in October 1993 . A mainly trip hop-influenced track , the song charted in the top-20 in the United Kingdom , Ireland , the Netherlands , Poland , Denmark , Iceland , Norway and Sweden . An accompanying music video was released , featuring images from the film . Play Dead was included in Björk 's 2002 greatest hits album Greatest Hits ."}]}, {'value': 'B-Side of Madness Into Special Edition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Into_(album)', 'summary': "Into ( Enthusiasm ) is the fourth studio album by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus ( after Peep , Playboys and Hell of a Tester ) , and the first studio album to be released under the name The Rasmus . It was originally released on October 29 , 2001 by Playground Music . It is the band 's first studio album with their new drummer Aki Hakala , who replaced Janne Heiskanen in 1999 . The ( international only ) singles taken from it were F-F-F-Falling , Chill , Madness and Heartbreaker/Days . All of these were released in 2001 apart from Heartbreaker/Days , which was released in 2002 . For this fact and the name 's change , some fans consider this album the first of The Rasmus . The album has sold double platinum in Finland and was the first album by The Rasmus to be released in other European countries such as France and Spain . They won four EMMAs in 2002 ( the Finnish equivalent of Grammys ) for Best Group , Best Album , Best Pop/Rock Album and Best Song ( for F-F-F-Falling ) . On February 20 , 2007 , the album ( Special Edition ) was for the first time released in the United States by the record label DRT Entertainment . It did not contain any extra tracks ."}]}, {'value': 'Into', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Into_(album)', 'summary': "Into ( Enthusiasm ) is the fourth studio album by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus ( after Peep , Playboys and Hell of a Tester ) , and the first studio album to be released under the name The Rasmus . It was originally released on October 29 , 2001 by Playground Music . It is the band 's first studio album with their new drummer Aki Hakala , who replaced Janne Heiskanen in 1999 . The ( international only ) singles taken from it were F-F-F-Falling , Chill , Madness and Heartbreaker/Days . All of these were released in 2001 apart from Heartbreaker/Days , which was released in 2002 . For this fact and the name 's change , some fans consider this album the first of The Rasmus . The album has sold double platinum in Finland and was the first album by The Rasmus to be released in other European countries such as France and Spain . They won four EMMAs in 2002 ( the Finnish equivalent of Grammys ) for Best Group , Best Album , Best Pop/Rock Album and Best Song ( for F-F-F-Falling ) . On February 20 , 2007 , the album ( Special Edition ) was for the first time released in the United States by the record label DRT Entertainment . It did not contain any extra tracks ."}]}, {'value': 'Rakkauslaulu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st Hell of a Collection', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_(The_Rasmus_EP)', 'summary': "1st is the first EP by the Finnish rock band the Rasmus ( named just Rasmus when the EP was released ) . It was originally released independently through Teja G. Records in late 1995 , but after some months the band signed with Warner Music Finland and released the EP through there instead . 1st is often described as a regular single , but since the title is not a name of any songs from the album Peep ( where all songs appears on ) , it counts as an EP . The EP features the songs Frog , Funky Jam , Myself and Rakkauslaulu . All these songs got later released on the band 's debut album Peep in 1996 , except for Rakkauslaulu . However , it is available on a compilation album named Hell of a Collection ( 2001 ) . The EP did not reach any big chart lists , but Funky Jam was the first song to be played on the radio . It is also the song which the band made their first music video to ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hell_of_a_Collection', 'summary': "Hell of a Collection ( stylized Hellofacollection , as one word ) is the first compilation album by the Finnish band The Rasmus , released in 2001 by Warner Music Finland . The band recorded it when they still were Rasmus ( later they changed their name from Rasmus to The Rasmus ) . It is the first album that they made since Janne Heiskanen , the previous drummer who left the band , was replaced by Aki Hakala in 1998 . It is composed of eighteen songs , nearly all of which are revamped versions of songs from their previous three albums . The exceptions are the final track , Liquid ( Demo ) , which is a demo tape of their hit song Liquid , and the songs F-F-F-Falling and Chill which were the first new songs released after Aki replaced Janne . Rakkauslaulu ( Lovesong ) is a B-Side of the single 1st ( 1995 ) , and a non-album song . Life 705 was originally released on the band 's debut album Peep in 1996 . A new version was made in 1999 and is available on the single Swimming with the Kids . Except for all the revamped and remixed versions of songs , the album did not contain any new tracks . In 2004 the album was re-released with a different track list excluding the two songs from Into ."}]}, {'value': 'Peep', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peep_(album)', 'summary': 'Peep is the debut album by Finnish alternative rock band The Rasmus ( named just Rasmus back then ) , released on 23 September 1996 on Warner Music Finland . They met their first manager and record producer , Teja Kotilainen in 1995 and signed with Warner Music Finland in February 1996 . They released their first EP , called 1st , on Teja G. Records , in December 1995 , which featured the songs Frog , Myself , Funky Jam and Rakkauslaulu . The album was first released in Finland , where it went Gold , and later in Estonia and Russia , and subsequently worldwide .'}]}, {'value': "Since You 've Been Gone", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B-Side of First Day of My Life UK Edition Dead Letters Limited Edition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Day_of_My_Life_(The_Rasmus_song)', 'summary': "First Day of My Life is a song by the Finnish alternative rock band The Rasmus , originally released on the band 's fifth album Dead Letters on 21 March 2003 . It became one of numerous hit singles from the album , with the highest position being No . 4 in Finland . The single was released on 15 October 2003 by the record label Playground Music . The single ( which was the third from Dead Letters ) features the music video of the song . UK edition also includes Guilty ( live ) and the b-side Since You 've Been Gone ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dead_Letters', 'summary': "Dead Letters is the fifth album by Finnish alternative rock band The Rasmus released in 2003 . It was released later in 2004 in the US , UK and Australia . Their previous album , Into , had seen some success in some parts of Europe , particularly Scandinavia and Germany , but Dead Letters signified the band 's major break-through . The album received 8 Gold and 6 Platinum music certification awards . Lead single In the Shadows received 6 gold and 2 platinum awards , selling over 1 million copies and breaking the record for performance royalties received abroad on a Finnish composition ( overtaking the works of Jean Sibelius ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Dead Letters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dead_Letters', 'summary': "Dead Letters is the fifth album by Finnish alternative rock band The Rasmus released in 2003 . It was released later in 2004 in the US , UK and Australia . Their previous album , Into , had seen some success in some parts of Europe , particularly Scandinavia and Germany , but Dead Letters signified the band 's major break-through . The album received 8 Gold and 6 Platinum music certification awards . Lead single In the Shadows received 6 gold and 2 platinum awards , selling over 1 million copies and breaking the record for performance royalties received abroad on a Finnish composition ( overtaking the works of Jean Sibelius ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Supernova', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dark Matters Limited Edition Bonus Track', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dark_Matters_(The_Rasmus_album)', 'summary': 'Dark Matters is the ninth album by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus , which was released in Finland on 8 October 2017 . It is their first album after five years of inactivity , as a continuation of their previous album The Rasmus ( 2012 ) . The album is characterized by the musical genres that predominate in the songs , between electropop and electronic rock , although they preserve their classic style of alternative rock .'}]}, {'value': 'Dark Matters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dark_Matters_(The_Rasmus_album)', 'summary': 'Dark Matters is the ninth album by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus , which was released in Finland on 8 October 2017 . It is their first album after five years of inactivity , as a continuation of their previous album The Rasmus ( 2012 ) . The album is characterized by the musical genres that predominate in the songs , between electropop and electronic rock , although they preserve their classic style of alternative rock .'}]}, {'value': 'Teardrops', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B-Side of Paradise Dark Matters Limited Edition Bonus Track', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dark_Matters_(The_Rasmus_album)', 'summary': 'Dark Matters is the ninth album by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus , which was released in Finland on 8 October 2017 . It is their first album after five years of inactivity , as a continuation of their previous album The Rasmus ( 2012 ) . The album is characterized by the musical genres that predominate in the songs , between electropop and electronic rock , although they preserve their classic style of alternative rock .'}]}, {'value': 'Dark Matters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dark_Matters_(The_Rasmus_album)', 'summary': 'Dark Matters is the ninth album by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus , which was released in Finland on 8 October 2017 . It is their first album after five years of inactivity , as a continuation of their previous album The Rasmus ( 2012 ) . The album is characterized by the musical genres that predominate in the songs , between electropop and electronic rock , although they preserve their classic style of alternative rock .'}]}, {'value': 'Trigger', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hide from the Sun Japan Edition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hide_from_the_Sun', 'summary': 'Hide from the Sun is the sixth studio album by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus . It was originally released in mainland Europe , the United Kingdom , Scandinavia and Japan on 12 September 2005 . It was later released in the United States on 10 October 2006 , and featured a selection of B-side remixes and special edition bonus tracks . The US edition also included the previously unseen video for Immortal . The name Hide from the Sun is a quotation from the song Dead Promises . The album cover was painted by guitarist Pauli Rantasalmi . It received Platinum status in Finland and sold more than 15,000 in the UK and 20,000 in the US . Overall the album has sold over 500,000 copies worldwide .'}]}, {'value': 'Hide from the Sun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hide_from_the_Sun', 'summary': 'Hide from the Sun is the sixth studio album by the Finnish rock band The Rasmus . It was originally released in mainland Europe , the United Kingdom , Scandinavia and Japan on 12 September 2005 . It was later released in the United States on 10 October 2006 , and featured a selection of B-side remixes and special edition bonus tracks . The US edition also included the previously unseen video for Immortal . The name Hide from the Sun is a quotation from the song Dead Promises . The album cover was painted by guitarist Pauli Rantasalmi . It received Platinum status in Finland and sold more than 15,000 in the UK and 20,000 in the US . Overall the album has sold over 500,000 copies worldwide .'}]}], 'section_title': 'B-sides , non-LP and unreleased songs', 'section_text': 'All songs that do not appear on albums , and their releases .', 'uid': 'The_Rasmus_discography_1', 'intro': "The discography of the Finnish rock band The Rasmus currently consists of nine studio albums, two compilation albums and twenty-nine singles. The band's worldwide record sales are at an estimated of around 5 million albums as of 2019. [citation needed]"} | null | null | How many copies of the album that included the song Open My Eyes sold in the United States ? | 20,000 |
07d256362148381a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_O._Selznick_filmography', 'title': 'David O. Selznick filmography', 'header': ['Release date', 'Title', 'Director ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'August 5 , 1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forgotten Faces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forgotten_Faces_(1928_film)', 'summary': "Forgotten Faces is a 1928 American silent drama film directed by Victor Schertzinger and starring Clive Brook , Mary Brian , and Olga Baclanova . The production was overseen by David O. Selznick , a rising young producer at the time . The film was remade by Paramount in 1936 as a sound film . The film is preserved with copies at the Library of Congress and the Museum of Modern Art . This film is Paramount 's remake of their 1920 film Heliotrope ."}]}, {'value': 'Victor Schertzinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victor_Schertzinger', 'summary': "Victor L. Schertzinger ( April 8 , 1888 - October 26 , 1941 ) was an American composer , film director , film producer , and screenwriter . His films include Paramount on Parade ( co-director , 1930 ) , Something to Sing About ( 1937 ) with James Cagney , and the first two Road pictures Road to Singapore ( 1940 ) and Road to Zanzibar ( 1941 ) . His two best-known songs are I Remember You and Tangerine , both with lyrics by Johnny Mercer and both featured in Schertzinger 's final film , The Fleet 's In ( 1942 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'March 14 , 1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chinatown Nights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinatown_Nights_(1929_film)', 'summary': 'Chinatown Nights , also known as Tong War , is a 1929 film starring Wallace Beery and begun as a silent film then finished as an all-talking sound one via dubbing . Directed by William A. Wellman and released by Paramount Pictures , Chinatown Nights also stars Florence Vidor , former wife of director King Vidor , who did not dub her own voice and quit the movie business immediately afterward , preferring not to work in sound films ; her voice in Chinatown Nights was supplied by actress Nella Walker . The supporting cast includes Warner Oland as a Chinese gangster and Jack Oakie as a stuttering reporter . The movie was based upon the story Tong War by Samuel Ornitz .'}]}, {'value': 'William A. Wellman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_A._Wellman', 'summary': 'William Augustus Wellman ( February 29 , 1896 - December 9 , 1975 ) was an American film director notable for his work in crime , adventure and action genre films , often focusing on aviation themes , a particular passion . He also directed several well-regarded satirical comedies . Beginning his film career as an actor , he went on to direct over 80 films , at times co-credited as producer and consultant . In 1927 , Wellman famously directed Wings , which became the first film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture at the 1st Academy Awards ceremony . He also won the Academy Award for Best Story for his film A Star Is Born .'}]}, {'value': 'May 27 , 1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Man I Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Man_I_Love_(1929_film)', 'summary': "The Man I Love ( 1929 ) is a part-talking sound film from Paramount Pictures produced in parallel silent and sound versions . This film survives in a copy sold to television in the 1950s . The film stars Richard Arlen . Some sources refer to this as Arlen 's first sound film , but he co-starred Nancy Carroll in Dorothy Arzner 's Manhattan Cocktail ( 1928 ) , another part-talking picture released by Paramount ."}]}, {'value': 'William A. Wellman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 12 , 1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Four Feathers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Four_Feathers_(1929_film)', 'summary': 'The Four Feathers is a 1929 American war film directed by Merian C. Cooper and starring William Powell , Richard Arlen , Clive Brook and Fay Wray . The film is the third of numerous film versions of the 1902 novel The Four Feathers written by A. E. W. Mason .'}]}, {'value': 'Merian C. Cooper Ernest B. Schoedsack Lothar Mendes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merian_C._Cooper', 'summary': "Merian Caldwell Cooper ( October 24 , 1893 - April 21 , 1973 ) was an American aviator , United States Air Force and Polish Air Force officer , adventurer , screenwriter , film director , and producer . Cooper was the founder of the Kościuszko Squadron during the Polish-Soviet War and was a Soviet prisoner of war for a time . He was a notable movie producer , and got his start with film as part of the Explorers Club , traveling the world and documenting adventures . He was a member of the board of directors of Pan American Airways , but his love of film always took priority . During his film career , he worked for companies such as Pioneer Pictures , RKO Pictures , and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . He is also credited as co-inventor of the Cinerama film projection process . Cooper 's most famous film was the 1933 movie King Kong . He was awarded an honorary Oscar for lifetime achievement in 1952 and received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ernest_B._Schoedsack', 'summary': 'Ernest Beaumont Schoedsack ( June 8 , 1893 - December 23 , 1979 ) was an American motion picture cinematographer , producer , and director . He worked on several films with Merian C. Cooper including King Kong and Chang : A Drama of the Wilderness .'}]}, {'value': 'August 15 , 1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Dance of Life', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Dance_of_Life', 'summary': "The Dance of Life ( 1929 ) is the first of three film adaptations of the popular Broadway play Burlesque , the others being Swing High , Swing Low ( 1937 ) and When My Baby Smiles at Me ( 1948 ) . The Dance of Life was shot at Paramount 's Astoria Studios in Astoria , Queens , and included Technicolor sequences , directed by John Cromwell and A. Edward Sutherland ."}]}, {'value': 'John Cromwell A. Edward Sutherland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Cromwell_(director)', 'summary': 'Elwood Dager Cromwell ( December 23 , 1886 - September 26 , 1979 ) , known as John Cromwell , was an American film and stage director and actor . His films spanned the early days of sound to 1950s film noir , when his directing career was cut short by the Hollywood blacklist .'}]}, {'value': 'September 14 , 1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fast Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fast_Company_(1929_film)', 'summary': 'Fast Company is a 1929 American Pre-Code comedy film directed by A. Edward Sutherland and starring Jack Oakie and Evelyn Brent . It is based upon the play Elmer the Great by George M. Cohan and Ring Lardner .'}]}, {'value': 'A. Edward Sutherland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A._Edward_Sutherland', 'summary': "Albert Edward Sutherland ( January 5 , 1895 - December 31 , 1973 ) was a film director and actor . Born in London , he was from a theatrical family . His father , Al Sutherland , was a theatre manager and producer and his mother , Julie Ring , was a vaudeville performer . He was a nephew of both Blanche Ring and Thomas Meighan , who was married to Frances Ring , another of his mother 's sisters . Sutherland acted in 37 known films early in his career , beginning as a Keystone Cop in Tillie 's Punctured Romance ( 1914 ) , which starred Charles Chaplin , Mabel Normand , and Marie Dressler ."}]}, {'value': 'February 2 , 1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Street of Chance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Street_of_Chance_(1930_film)', 'summary': 'Street of Chance is a 1930 American pre-Code film directed by John Cromwell and starring William Powell , Jean Arthur , Kay Francis and Regis Toomey . Howard Estabrook was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Writing , Achievement .'}]}, {'value': 'John Cromwell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 14 , 1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sarah and Son', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarah_and_Son', 'summary': "Sarah and Son is a 1930 pre-Code American drama film directed by Dorothy Arzner . The screenplay by Zoë Akins was adapted from Timothy Shea 's novel of the same name . It stars Ruth Chatterton , Fredric March , Gilbert Emery , and Doris Lloyd . It was filmed at Paramount Studios in Los Angeles and released by Paramount Pictures ."}]}, {'value': 'Dorothy Arzner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorothy_Arzner', 'summary': 'Dorothy Emma Arzner ( January 3 , 1897 - October 1 , 1979 ) was an American film director whose career in Hollywood spanned from the silent era of the 1920s into the early 1940s . From 1927 until her retirement from feature directing in 1943 , Arzner was the only female director working in Hollywood . Additionally , she was one of a very few number of women able to establish a successful and long career in Hollywood as a film director until the 1970s . Arzner made a total of twenty films between 1927 and 1943 and launched the careers of a number of Hollywood actresses , including Katharine Hepburn , Rosalind Russell , and Lucille Ball . Additionally , Arzner was the first woman to join the Directors Guild of America and the first woman to direct a sound film .'}]}, {'value': 'March 27 , 1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wesley Ruggles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wesley_Ruggles', 'summary': 'Wesley Ruggles ( June 11 , 1889 - January 8 , 1972 ) was an American film director .'}]}, {'value': 'May 1 , 1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Texan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Texan_(1930_film)', 'summary': 'The Texan is a 1930 American Western film directed by John Cromwell and starring Gary Cooper and Fay Wray . Based on the short story The Double-Dyed Deceiver by O. Henry , the film is about a daring bandit called the Llano Kid who shoots a young gambler in self-defense and is forced to hide from the law . He is helped by a corrupt lawyer who involves the bandit in a scheme to swindle a Mexican aristocrat whose son turns out to be the young gambler killed by the Llano Kid . The screenplay was written by Daniel Nathan Rubin , and the story was adapted for the screen by Oliver H.P . Garrett and Victor Milner . Produced by Hector Turnbull for Paramount Pictures , The Texan was released in the United States on May 10 , 1930 . The film received positive reviews upon its theatrical release .'}]}, {'value': 'John Cromwell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 18 , 1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'For the Defense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/For_the_Defense_(1930_film)', 'summary': 'For the Defense is a 1930 pre-Code crime drama film starring William Powell as a lawyer whose ethics are challenged when the woman he loves hits and kills a pedestrian while out driving with another suitor .'}]}, {'value': 'John Cromwell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 23 , 1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manslaughter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manslaughter_(1930_film)', 'summary': "Manslaughter is a 1930 American pre-Code drama film directed by George Abbott , and starring Claudette Colbert and Fredric March . An original print of the film is saved in the UCLA Film and Television Archive . This film is a sound remake of Cecil B. DeMille 's 1922 silent classic Manslaughter . Paramount also released a French-language version of this 1930 film as The Indictment , directed by Dimitri Buchowetzki ."}]}, {'value': 'George Abbott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Abbott', 'summary': 'George Francis Abbott ( June 25 , 1887 - January 31 , 1995 ) was an American theater producer and director , playwright , screenwriter , and film director and producer whose career spanned nine decades .'}]}, {'value': 'November 15 , 1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laughter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laughter_(film)', 'summary': "Laughter is a 1930 American pre-Code comedy film directed by Harry d'Abbadie d'Arrast and starring Nancy Carroll , Fredric March and Frank Morgan . It was shot at the Astoria Studios in New York . The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Story . A copy has been preserved at the Library of Congress . In 1931 , a German-language version called Die Männer um Lucie was released starring Liane Haid and Lien Deyers . This film is considered lost ."}]}, {'value': "Harry d'Abbadie d'Arrast", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Harry_d'Abbadie_d'Arrast", 'summary': "Harry d'Abbadie d'Arrast ( May 6 , 1897 - March 17 , 1968 ) was an Argentinean born , French screenwriter and director . He was nominated at the 4th Academy Awards for the now defunct category of Best Story for the film Laughter . His nomination was shared with Donald Ogden Stewart and Douglas Z. Doty . He also was in the French army during World War I. d'Abbadie d'Arrast married retired silent-film actress Eleanor Boardman ( 1898-1991 ) in 1940 , and remained married until his death in 1968 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Paramount Pictures', 'section_text': "In response to my question as to what will happen to Schulberg , he [ Lasky ] said , in effect , that they would be kicking him upstairs . … One of my rows with Paramount … was my insistence that no one man could possibly personally produce more than a few pictures per year . — David O. Selznick [ 23 ] In early 1928 Selznick accepted the position of assistant to producer B. P. Schulberg at Paramount Studios . The professional relationship between the two , however , eventually deteriorated after Schulberg went to Europe for several months in 1929 . During his absence , studio head Jesse L. Lasky placed Selznick into Schulberg 's position and decided to keep him there . Selznick remained with Paramount until his resignation in June 1931 .", 'uid': 'David_O._Selznick_filmography_2', 'intro': "David O. Selznick (1902-1965) was an American motion picture producer whose work consists of three short subjects, 67 feature films, and one television production made between 1923 and 1957. He was the producer of the 1939 epic Gone With the Wind. Selznick was born in Pittsburgh and educated in public schools in Brooklyn and Manhattan. He began working in the film industry in New York while in his teens as an assistant to his father, jeweler-turned-film producer Lewis J. Selznick. In 1923, he began producing films himself, starting with two documentary shorts and then a minor feature, Roulette (1924). Moving to Hollywood in 1926, Selznick became employed at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), where he produced two films before switching to Paramount in early 1928. After helping to guide Paramount into the sound era, Selznick moved to RKO Radio in 1931 where he served as the studio's executive producer. During his time at RKO he oversaw the production of King Kong (1933) and helped to develop Katharine Hepburn and Myrna Loy into major film stars. In 1933 Selznick returned to MGM, this time as a vice-president in charge of his own production unit. During his two years with the studio he produced elaborate versions of Leo Tolstoy's Anna Karenina and Charles Dickens' David Copperfield and A Tale of Two Cities. In 1935, he left MGM to form his own production company, Selznick International Pictures, where he produced adaptations of Robert Smythe Hichens' The Garden of Allah (1936), Frances Hodgson Burnett's Little Lord Fauntleroy (1936), Anthony Hope's The Prisoner of Zenda (1937), and Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938). Selznick also became a pioneer in the use of Technicolor with the first and last of these films and also with his productions of A Star is Born and Nothing Sacred (both 1937)."} | null | null | Which film stars Ruth Chatterton and directed by the only female director working in Hollywood ? | Sarah and Son |
07d2a12e5e38d77f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Kenya', 'title': 'List of power stations in Kenya', 'header': ['Station', 'Type', 'Capacity ( MW )', 'Commissioned', "Location 0°47'43.0S 37°45'09.0E"], 'data': [{'value': 'Gitaru Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gitaru_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': 'The Gitaru Hydroelectric Power Station , also known as the Gitaru Dam , is a rock and earth-filled embankment dam on the Tana River in Kenya . It straddles the border between Embu and Machakos Counties in the Eastern Province . The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation , and it supports a 225 megawatt power station . Construction on the dam began in 1975 and was completed in 1978 . The third generating set , mobilising the full potential of the power station was not commissioned until 1999 . US $ 63 million in funding for the project was provided by the World Bank . The station is operated by the Kenya Electricity Generating Company and is part of the Seven Forks Scheme . The 30 m ( 98 ft ) tall dam withholds a 16,000,000 m3 ( 13,000 acre⋅ft ) reservoir . The relatively small reservoir relies on steady releases from the Masinga and Kamburu Dams upstream . The run-of-the-river power station is located underground near the left abutment . It contains two 72 megawatt and one 81 megawatt Francis turbine-generators . Water released from the station is returned to the Tana at the Kindaruma Reservoir via a 4.7 km ( 2.9 mi ) long tailrace tunnel .'}]}, {'value': 'Reservoir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reservoir', 'summary': 'A reservoir ( from French réservoir - a tank ) is , most commonly , an enlarged natural or artificial lake , pond or impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water . Reservoirs can be created in a number of ways , including controlling a watercourse that drains an existing body of water , interrupting a watercourse to form an embayment within it , through excavation , or building any number of retaining walls or levees . Defined as a storage space for fluids , reservoirs may hold water or gasses , including hydrocarbons . Tank reservoirs store these in ground-level , elevated , or buried tanks . Tank reservoirs for water are also called cisterns . Most underground reservoirs are used to store liquids , principally either water or petroleum , below ground .'}]}, {'value': '225', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '00°47′43″S 37°45′09″E / 0.79528°S 37.75250°E / -0.79528 ; 37.75250 ( Gitaru Hydroelectric Power Station )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kiambere Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kiambere_Hydro_Power_Plant', 'summary': 'The Kiambere Hydroelectric Power Station is an earth-filled embankment dam on the Tana River near Kiambere , Kenya . It straddles the border of Embu and Kitui Counties in Eastern Province . The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and it supports a 165 MW power station . Construction on the dam began in 1983 and it was completed in 1987 . The power station was commissioned in 1988 . Beginning in 2008 both turbine-generators were upgraded from 72 MW to 82.5 MW . They were commissioned in 2009 . US $ 95 million in funding for the original project was provided by the World Bank . The power station is operated by Kenya Electricity Generating Company and is part of the Seven Forks Scheme . The 110 m ( 360 ft ) tall dam withholds a 585,000,000 m3 ( 474,000 acre⋅ft ) reservoir with the assistance of another earth-fill saddle dam to the northwest . Water from an intake on the saddle dam travels through a 4,060 m ( 13,320 ft ) headrace tunnel to the power station which is located underground . It contains two 82.5 MW Francis turbine-generators .'}]}, {'value': 'Reservoir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reservoir', 'summary': 'A reservoir ( from French réservoir - a tank ) is , most commonly , an enlarged natural or artificial lake , pond or impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water . Reservoirs can be created in a number of ways , including controlling a watercourse that drains an existing body of water , interrupting a watercourse to form an embayment within it , through excavation , or building any number of retaining walls or levees . Defined as a storage space for fluids , reservoirs may hold water or gasses , including hydrocarbons . Tank reservoirs store these in ground-level , elevated , or buried tanks . Tank reservoirs for water are also called cisterns . Most underground reservoirs are used to store liquids , principally either water or petroleum , below ground .'}]}, {'value': '165', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kindaruma Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kindaruma_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': "The Kindaruma Hydroelectric Power Station , also Kindaruma Dam is an embankment dam with two gravity dam sections on the Tana River in Kenya . It straddles the border of Embu and Machakos counties in Kenya . The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and it supports a 72 megawatts ( 97,000 hp ) power station . It is Kenya 's first post-independence hydroelectric power plant . It was commissioned in 1968 as part of the Seven Forks Scheme . The power station is operated by Kenya Electricity Generating Company . Between 2007 and 2013 the power stationed underwent a rehabilitation and upgrade which increased its installed capacity from 40 MW to 72 MW . In June 2012 a third Kaplan turbine-generator , rated at 24 MW , was commissioned . In January and June 2013 , the original two 20 MW Kaplan turbine-generators were upgraded to 24 MW each , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Reservoir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reservoir', 'summary': 'A reservoir ( from French réservoir - a tank ) is , most commonly , an enlarged natural or artificial lake , pond or impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water . Reservoirs can be created in a number of ways , including controlling a watercourse that drains an existing body of water , interrupting a watercourse to form an embayment within it , through excavation , or building any number of retaining walls or levees . Defined as a storage space for fluids , reservoirs may hold water or gasses , including hydrocarbons . Tank reservoirs store these in ground-level , elevated , or buried tanks . Tank reservoirs for water are also called cisterns . Most underground reservoirs are used to store liquids , principally either water or petroleum , below ground .'}]}, {'value': '72', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '00°48′38″S 37°48′46″E / 0.81056°S 37.81278°E / -0.81056 ; 37.81278 ( Kindaruma Hydroelectric Power Station )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Masinga Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masinga_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': "Masinga Hydroelectric Power Station , also Masinga Dam , is an embankment dam on the Tana River , the longest river in Kenya . It straddles the border of Embu and Machakos Counties in Eastern Province and is located about 106 km . ( 66 mi . ) , by road , northeast of Nairobi , Kenya 's capital and largest city . Construction of the dam began in 1978 . The dam was completed in 1981 . It is owned by Tana and Athi Rivers Development Authority ( TARDA ) . The dam is used for power production and is part of the Seven Forks Scheme ."}]}, {'value': 'Reservoir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reservoir', 'summary': 'A reservoir ( from French réservoir - a tank ) is , most commonly , an enlarged natural or artificial lake , pond or impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water . Reservoirs can be created in a number of ways , including controlling a watercourse that drains an existing body of water , interrupting a watercourse to form an embayment within it , through excavation , or building any number of retaining walls or levees . Defined as a storage space for fluids , reservoirs may hold water or gasses , including hydrocarbons . Tank reservoirs store these in ground-level , elevated , or buried tanks . Tank reservoirs for water are also called cisterns . Most underground reservoirs are used to store liquids , principally either water or petroleum , below ground .'}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': '00°53′21″S 37°35′40″E / 0.88917°S 37.59444°E / -0.88917 ; 37.59444 ( Masinga Hydroelectric Power Station )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gogo Power Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reservoir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reservoir', 'summary': 'A reservoir ( from French réservoir - a tank ) is , most commonly , an enlarged natural or artificial lake , pond or impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water . Reservoirs can be created in a number of ways , including controlling a watercourse that drains an existing body of water , interrupting a watercourse to form an embayment within it , through excavation , or building any number of retaining walls or levees . Defined as a storage space for fluids , reservoirs may hold water or gasses , including hydrocarbons . Tank reservoirs store these in ground-level , elevated , or buried tanks . Tank reservoirs for water are also called cisterns . Most underground reservoirs are used to store liquids , principally either water or petroleum , below ground .'}]}, {'value': '2.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kamburu Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kamburu_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': 'The Kamburu Hydroelectric Power Station , also Kamburu Dam is a rock-filled embankment dam on the Tana River in Kenya . It straddles the border of Embu and Machakos Counties in Eastern Province . The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and it supports a 93 MW power station . Construction on the dam began in 1971 and it was completed in 1975 . The power station was commissioned the same year . US $ 23 million of the US $ 47 million project cost was provided by the World Bank . The power station is operated by Kenya Electricity Generating Company and is part of the Seven Forks Scheme . The 52 m ( 171 ft ) tall dam creates a reservoir with a storage capacity of 123,000,000 m3 ( 100,000 acre⋅ft ) . The power station is located underground just below the left toe and contains three 31 MW Francis turbine-generators . The difference in elevation between the reservoir and power station affords a net hydraulic head of 82 m ( 269 ft ) . Water discharged from the power station travels down a 3,040 m ( 9,970 ft ) long tailrace tunnel before reaching the Tana at Gitaru Reservoir .'}]}, {'value': 'Reservoir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reservoir', 'summary': 'A reservoir ( from French réservoir - a tank ) is , most commonly , an enlarged natural or artificial lake , pond or impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water . Reservoirs can be created in a number of ways , including controlling a watercourse that drains an existing body of water , interrupting a watercourse to form an embayment within it , through excavation , or building any number of retaining walls or levees . Defined as a storage space for fluids , reservoirs may hold water or gasses , including hydrocarbons . Tank reservoirs store these in ground-level , elevated , or buried tanks . Tank reservoirs for water are also called cisterns . Most underground reservoirs are used to store liquids , principally either water or petroleum , below ground .'}]}, {'value': '93', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '00°48′21″S 37°41′08″E / 0.80583°S 37.68556°E / -0.80583 ; 37.68556 ( Kamburu Hydroelectric Power Station )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mesco Power Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reservoir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reservoir', 'summary': 'A reservoir ( from French réservoir - a tank ) is , most commonly , an enlarged natural or artificial lake , pond or impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water . Reservoirs can be created in a number of ways , including controlling a watercourse that drains an existing body of water , interrupting a watercourse to form an embayment within it , through excavation , or building any number of retaining walls or levees . Defined as a storage space for fluids , reservoirs may hold water or gasses , including hydrocarbons . Tank reservoirs store these in ground-level , elevated , or buried tanks . Tank reservoirs for water are also called cisterns . Most underground reservoirs are used to store liquids , principally either water or petroleum , below ground .'}]}, {'value': '0.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ndula Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ndula_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': 'The Ndula Hydroelectric Power Station is a 2.0 MW ( 2,700 hp ) hydroelectric power station on the Thika River in Kenya .'}]}, {'value': 'Reservoir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reservoir', 'summary': 'A reservoir ( from French réservoir - a tank ) is , most commonly , an enlarged natural or artificial lake , pond or impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water . Reservoirs can be created in a number of ways , including controlling a watercourse that drains an existing body of water , interrupting a watercourse to form an embayment within it , through excavation , or building any number of retaining walls or levees . Defined as a storage space for fluids , reservoirs may hold water or gasses , including hydrocarbons . Tank reservoirs store these in ground-level , elevated , or buried tanks . Tank reservoirs for water are also called cisterns . Most underground reservoirs are used to store liquids , principally either water or petroleum , below ground .'}]}, {'value': '2.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1924', 'urls': []}, {'value': '01°01′35″S 37°14′36″E / 1.02639°S 37.24333°E / -1.02639 ; 37.24333 ( Ndula Hydroelectric Power Station )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sagana Power Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reservoir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reservoir', 'summary': 'A reservoir ( from French réservoir - a tank ) is , most commonly , an enlarged natural or artificial lake , pond or impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water . Reservoirs can be created in a number of ways , including controlling a watercourse that drains an existing body of water , interrupting a watercourse to form an embayment within it , through excavation , or building any number of retaining walls or levees . Defined as a storage space for fluids , reservoirs may hold water or gasses , including hydrocarbons . Tank reservoirs store these in ground-level , elevated , or buried tanks . Tank reservoirs for water are also called cisterns . Most underground reservoirs are used to store liquids , principally either water or petroleum , below ground .'}]}, {'value': '1.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Sang'oro Hydroelectric Power Station", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sang'oro_Hydroelectric_Power_Station", 'summary': "The Sang'oro Hydroelectric Power Station is a 20.2 MW ( 27,100 hp ) hydroelectric power station on the Sondu River in Kenya ."}]}, {'value': 'Run of river', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Run_of_river', 'summary': 'Run-of-river hydroelectricity ( ROR ) or run-of-the-river hydroelectricity is a type of hydroelectric generation plant whereby little or no water storage is provided . Run-of-the-river power plants may have no water storage at all or a limited amount of storage , in which case the storage reservoir is referred to as pondage . A plant without pondage is subject to seasonal river flows , thus the plant will operate as an intermittent energy source . Conventional hydro uses reservoirs , which regulate water for flood control and dispatchable electrical power .'}]}, {'value': '21.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': "00°21′13″S 34°48′48″E / 0.35361°S 34.81333°E / -0.35361 ; 34.81333 ( Sang'oro Hydroelectric Power Station )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sondu Miriu Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sondu_Miriu_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': 'The Sondu Miriu Hydroelectric Power Station is a hydroelectric power station on the Sondu River in Kenya .'}]}, {'value': 'Run of river', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Run_of_river', 'summary': 'Run-of-river hydroelectricity ( ROR ) or run-of-the-river hydroelectricity is a type of hydroelectric generation plant whereby little or no water storage is provided . Run-of-the-river power plants may have no water storage at all or a limited amount of storage , in which case the storage reservoir is referred to as pondage . A plant without pondage is subject to seasonal river flows , thus the plant will operate as an intermittent energy source . Conventional hydro uses reservoirs , which regulate water for flood control and dispatchable electrical power .'}]}, {'value': '60', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '00°20′33″S 34°51′08″E / 0.34250°S 34.85222°E / -0.34250 ; 34.85222 ( Sondu Miriu Hydroelectric Power Station )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tana Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tana_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': 'The Tana Hydroelectric Power Station is a 20 MW ( 27,000 hp ) hydroelectric power station on the Tana River in southern Kenya .'}]}, {'value': 'Reservoir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reservoir', 'summary': 'A reservoir ( from French réservoir - a tank ) is , most commonly , an enlarged natural or artificial lake , pond or impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water . Reservoirs can be created in a number of ways , including controlling a watercourse that drains an existing body of water , interrupting a watercourse to form an embayment within it , through excavation , or building any number of retaining walls or levees . Defined as a storage space for fluids , reservoirs may hold water or gasses , including hydrocarbons . Tank reservoirs store these in ground-level , elevated , or buried tanks . Tank reservoirs for water are also called cisterns . Most underground reservoirs are used to store liquids , principally either water or petroleum , below ground .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '00°47′08″S 37°15′55″E / 0.78556°S 37.26528°E / -0.78556 ; 37.26528 ( Tana Hydroelectric Power Station )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turkwel Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkwel_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': "The Turkwel Hydroelectric Power Station , also Turkwel Dam , is an arch dam on the Turkwel River about 76 km ( 47 mi ) north of Kapenguria in West Pokot County , Kenya . The dam serves several purposes to include hydroelectric power production , irrigation tourism and fisheries . It was constructed between 1986 and 1991 . It supports the third largest hydroelectric power plant in the country , having an installed electric capacity of 106 megawatts ( 142,000 hp ) . The dam , Kenya 's tallest , has a height of 153 metres ( 502 ft ) , crest length of 150 m , dam volume of 170,000 cubic metres ( 6,000,000 cu ft ) and retains a water volume of 1,641 million cubic metres ( 1,330,000 acre⋅ft ) . The power station is located underground downstream and contains two 56 MW Francis turbine-generators . The difference in elevation between the reservoir and power station afford a net hydraulic head of 356 m ( 1,168 ft ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Reservoir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reservoir', 'summary': 'A reservoir ( from French réservoir - a tank ) is , most commonly , an enlarged natural or artificial lake , pond or impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water . Reservoirs can be created in a number of ways , including controlling a watercourse that drains an existing body of water , interrupting a watercourse to form an embayment within it , through excavation , or building any number of retaining walls or levees . Defined as a storage space for fluids , reservoirs may hold water or gasses , including hydrocarbons . Tank reservoirs store these in ground-level , elevated , or buried tanks . Tank reservoirs for water are also called cisterns . Most underground reservoirs are used to store liquids , principally either water or petroleum , below ground .'}]}, {'value': '106', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '01°55′00″N 35°20′30″E / 1.91667°N 35.34167°E / 1.91667 ; 35.34167 ( Turkwel Hydroelectric Power Station )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wanjii Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wanjii_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': 'The Wanjii Hydroelectric Power Station is a 7.4 MW ( 9,900 hp ) hydroelectric power station in Kenya .'}]}, {'value': 'Reservoir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reservoir', 'summary': 'A reservoir ( from French réservoir - a tank ) is , most commonly , an enlarged natural or artificial lake , pond or impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water . Reservoirs can be created in a number of ways , including controlling a watercourse that drains an existing body of water , interrupting a watercourse to form an embayment within it , through excavation , or building any number of retaining walls or levees . Defined as a storage space for fluids , reservoirs may hold water or gasses , including hydrocarbons . Tank reservoirs store these in ground-level , elevated , or buried tanks . Tank reservoirs for water are also called cisterns . Most underground reservoirs are used to store liquids , principally either water or petroleum , below ground .'}]}, {'value': '7.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': '00°44′58″S 37°10′29″E / 0.74944°S 37.17472°E / -0.74944 ; 37.17472 ( Wanjii Hydroelectric Power Station )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sosiani Power Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reservoir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reservoir', 'summary': 'A reservoir ( from French réservoir - a tank ) is , most commonly , an enlarged natural or artificial lake , pond or impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water . Reservoirs can be created in a number of ways , including controlling a watercourse that drains an existing body of water , interrupting a watercourse to form an embayment within it , through excavation , or building any number of retaining walls or levees . Defined as a storage space for fluids , reservoirs may hold water or gasses , including hydrocarbons . Tank reservoirs store these in ground-level , elevated , or buried tanks . Tank reservoirs for water are also called cisterns . Most underground reservoirs are used to store liquids , principally either water or petroleum , below ground .'}]}, {'value': '0.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Hydroelectric', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_power_stations_in_Kenya_1', 'intro': 'The following page lists power stations in Kenya.'} | null | null | Construction on what power station ( dam ) was completed in 1975 and the finished project cost US $ 47 million provided by the World Bank ? | Kamburu Hydroelectric Power Station |
07d371e21c13c0f6 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_Football_stadiums_by_capacity', 'title': 'List of Canadian Football stadiums by capacity', 'header': ['Stadium', 'Fixed Capacity', 'Max Capacity', 'City', 'Province', 'Info'], 'data': [{'value': 'Olympic Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Montreal)', 'summary': "Olympic Stadium ( French : Stade olympique ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Montreal , Canada , located at Olympic Park in the Hochelaga-Maisonneuve district of the city . Built in the mid-1970s as the main venue for the 1976 Summer Olympics , it is nicknamed The Big O , a reference to both its name and to the doughnut-shape of the permanent component of the stadium 's roof . It is also called The Big Owe to reference the astronomical cost of the stadium and the 1976 Olympics as a whole . The stadium is the largest by seating capacity in Canada . After the Olympics , artificial turf was installed and it became the home of Montreal 's professional baseball and football teams . The Montreal Alouettes of the CFL returned to their previous home of Molson Stadium in 1998 for regular season games , but continued to use Olympic Stadium for playoff and Grey Cup games until 2014 when they returned to Molson Stadium for all of their games . Following the 2004 baseball season , the Expos relocated to Washington , D.C. , to become the Washington Nationals . The stadium currently serves as a multipurpose facility for special events ( e.g . concerts , trade shows ) with a permanent seating capacity of 56,040 . The capacity is expandable with temporary seating . The Montreal Impact of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) use the venue on occasion , when demand for tickets justifies the large capacity or when the weather restricts outdoor play at nearby Saputo Stadium in the spring months . The stadium has not had a main tenant since the Expos left in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': '66,308', 'urls': []}, {'value': '69,093', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1977_Montreal_Alouettes_season', 'summary': 'The 1977 Montreal Alouettes finished the season in 1st place in the Eastern Conference with an 11-5 record and won the Grey Cup . The Alouettes set CFL attendance records for the most attended regular season game with 69,093 fans attending the September 6 match-up with the Toronto Argonauts and for the most attended Grey Cup game with 68,205 people attending the 65th Grey Cup . Both records still stand today .'}]}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Quebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': 'Montreal Alouettes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes', 'summary': "The Montreal Alouettes ( French : Les Alouettes de Montréal ) are a professional Canadian football team based in Montreal , Quebec . Founded in 1946 , the team has folded and been revived twice . The Alouettes compete in the East Division of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) and last won the Grey Cup championship in 2010 . Their home field is Percival Molson Memorial Stadium for the regular season and as of 2014 also home of their playoff games . The original Alouettes team ( 1946-1981 ) won four Grey Cups and were particularly dominant in the 1970s . After their collapse in 1982 , they were immediately reconstituted under new ownership as the Montreal Concordes . After playing for four years as the Concordes , they revived the Alouettes name for the 1986 season . A second folding in 1987 led to a nine-year hiatus of CFL football in the city . The current Alouettes franchise was established in 1996 by the owners of the Baltimore Stallions . The Stallions were disbanded at the same time as the Alouettes ' re-establishment after having been the most successful of the CFL 's American expansion franchises , culminating in a Grey Cup championship in 1995 . Many players from the Stallions ' 1995 roster signed with the Alouettes and formed the core of the team 's 1996 roster . For record-keeping purposes , the CFL considers all clubs that have played in Montreal as one franchise dating to 1946 , and considers the Alouettes to have suspended operations in 1987 before returning in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'Commonwealth Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Commonwealth_Stadium_(Edmonton)', 'summary': "Commonwealth Stadium , also known as The Brick Field at Commonwealth Stadium during Eskimos events , is an open-air , all-seater multipurpose stadium located in the McCauley neighbourhood of Edmonton , Alberta , Canada . It has a seating capacity of 55,819 , making it the largest open-air stadium in Canada . It has been used for Canadian football , athletics , soccer , and rugby union , as well as concerts . Construction commenced in 1975 and the venue opened ahead of the 1978 Commonwealth Games ( hence its name ) , replacing the adjacent Clarke Stadium as the Eskimos home . It received a major expansion ahead of the 1983 Summer Universiade , when it reached a capacity of 60,081 . Its main tenant is the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) , and has hosted five Grey Cups , the CFL 's championship game . The stadium had remained the only CFL venue with natural grass for a long time , until FieldTurf Duraspine Pro was installed in 2010 . Soccer tournaments include nine FIFA World Cup qualification matches with Canada Men 's National Soccer Team , two versions of the invitational Canada Cup , the 1996 CONCACAF Men 's Pre-Olympic Tournament , the 2002 FIFA U-19 Women 's World Championship and the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup , the 2014 FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup and the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup . FC Edmonton played its Canadian Championship matches at Commonwealth Stadium from 2011-2013 . The stadium is also listed as a potential site for the 2026 FIFA World Cup , which Canada will co-host with Mexico and the United States . Other events at the stadium include the 2001 World Championships in Athletics , the 2006 Women 's Rugby World Cup and three editions of the Churchill Cup ."}]}, {'value': '56,302', 'urls': []}, {'value': '63,317', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/98th_Grey_Cup', 'summary': "The 98th Grey Cup was a Canadian football game played between the Eastern Division champion Montreal Alouettes and Western Division champion Saskatchewan Roughriders to decide the champion of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) for the 2010 season . In a rematch of the 97th Grey Cup , the Alouettes defeated the Roughriders for the second year in a row , 21-18 , becoming the first team in 13 years to win back-to-back Grey Cups . The game was played on November 28 , 2010 , at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton , Alberta . This marked the first time that the Grey Cup was played in the province of Alberta in two straight years . ( Calgary hosted the previous Grey Cup game . ) Alouettes quarterback Anthony Calvillo won his third Grey Cup , completing 29 of 42 pass attempts for 335 yards passing . Montreal wide receiver Jamel Richardson , who made eight catches and had a game-high 109 yards , was named Grey Cup MVP . Saskatchewan defensive lineman Keith Shologan was named the Grey Cup 's Most Valuable Canadian . As of the end of the 2019 CFL season , this is the most recent time an Eastern-based CFL team has won the Grey Cup in Western Canada ."}]}, {'value': 'Edmonton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton', 'summary': "Edmonton ( /ˈɛdməntən/ ( listen ) ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta . Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region , which is surrounded by Alberta 's central region . The city anchors the north end of what Statistics Canada defines as the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 932,546 in 2016 , making it Alberta 's second-largest city and Canada 's fifth-largest municipality . Also in 2016 , Edmonton had a metropolitan population of 1,321,426 , making it the sixth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada . Edmonton is North America 's northernmost metropolitan area with a population over one million . A resident of Edmonton is known as an Edmontonian . Edmonton 's historic growth has been facilitated through the absorption of five adjacent urban municipalities ( Strathcona , North Edmonton , West Edmonton , Beverly and Jasper Place ) in addition to a series of annexations through 1982 , and the annexation of 8,260 ha ( 82.6 km2 ) of land from Leduc County and the city of Beaumont on January 1 , 2019 . Known as the Gateway to the North , the city is a staging point for large-scale oil sands projects occurring in northern Alberta and large-scale diamond mining operations in the Northwest Territories . Edmonton is a cultural , governmental and educational centre . It hosts a year-round slate of festivals , reflected in the nickname Canada 's Festival City . It is home to North America 's largest mall , West Edmonton Mall ( the world 's largest mall from 1981 until 2004 ) , and Fort Edmonton Park , Canada 's largest living history museum ."}]}, {'value': 'Alberta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberta', 'summary': "Alberta is a province of Canada . With an estimated population of 4,067,175 as of 2016 census , it is Canada 's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada 's three prairie provinces . Its area is about 660,000 square kilometres ( 250,000 sq mi ) . Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1 , 1905 . The premier is Jason Kenney as of April 30 , 2019 . Alberta is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east , the Northwest Territories to the north , and the U.S. state of Montana to the south . Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces . It has a predominantly humid continental climate , with stark contrasts over a year ; but seasonal temperature average swings are smaller than in areas further east , due to winters being warmed by occasional chinook winds bringing sudden warming . Alberta 's capital , Edmonton , is near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada 's crude oil , the Athabasca oil sands and other northern resource industries . About 290 km ( 180 mi ) south of the capital is Calgary , the largest city in Alberta . Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta 's two census metropolitan areas , both of which have populations exceeding one million , while the province has 16 census agglomerations . Tourist destinations in the province include Banff , Canmore , Drumheller , Jasper , Sylvan Lake and Lake Louise ."}]}, {'value': 'Edmonton Eskimos , Edmonton Wildcats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton_Eskimos', 'summary': "The Edmonton Eskimos are a professional Canadian football team based in Edmonton , Alberta , competing in the West Division of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . The Eskimos play their home games at The Brick Field at Commonwealth Stadium and are the third-youngest franchise in the CFL . The Eskimos were founded in 1949 , although there were clubs with the name Edmonton Eskimos as early as 1895 . The Eskimos are arguably the most successful CFL franchise of the modern era ( since 1954 ) , having won the league 's Grey Cup championship fourteen times , second overall only to the Toronto Argonauts who have won seventeen ( with seven of those championships coming since 1954 ) . This includes a three-peat between 1954 and 1956 and an unmatched five consecutive wins between 1978 and 1982 , and most recently in 2015 . The Eskimos hold a North American professional sports record by qualifying for the playoffs for 34 consecutive years between 1972 and 2005 . Edmonton has had the most regular season division championships in the CFL 's modern era with 21 , with their most recent coming in 2015 . The team has a rivalry with the Calgary Stampeders and are one of the three community owned teams currently operating in the CFL ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Edmonton_Wildcats', 'summary': 'The Edmonton Wildcats ( formerly the Edmonton Maple Leafs ) are Canadian football team based in Edmonton , Alberta . The Wildcats play in the Prairie Football Conference , which is part of the Canadian Junior Football League and competes for the league championship , the Canadian Bowl . The team was founded in 1948 .'}]}, {'value': 'BC Place', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BC_Place', 'summary': "BC Place is a multi-purpose stadium located at the north side of False Creek , in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . It is owned and operated by the BC Pavilion Corporation ( PavCo ) , a crown corporation of the province . It is currently the home of the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) , Vancouver Whitecaps FC of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) and the annual Canada Sevens ( part of the World Rugby Sevens Series ) as well as the BC Sports Hall of Fame . The stadium also served as the main stadium for the 2010 Winter Olympics and 2010 Paralympics which Vancouver hosted , as well as a venue for multiple matches including the championship match for the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup . The stadium opened on June 19 , 1983 , and was built as an indoor structure with an air-supported roof , the largest of its kind in the world upon its opening . Following the 2010 Winter Olympics , BC Place was closed for 16 months as part of an extensive revitalization , the centrepiece of which was replacing the inflatable roof with a retractable roof supported by cables . Once construction was completed , the stadium 's new roof was also the largest of its type ."}]}, {'value': '54,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '59,621', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/74th_Grey_Cup', 'summary': 'The 74th Grey Cup was the 1986 Canadian Football League championship game that was played at BC Place Stadium in Vancouver , between the Hamilton Tiger-Cats and the Edmonton Eskimos . The Tiger-Cats unexpectedly dominated the Eskimos 39-15 .'}]}, {'value': 'Vancouver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vancouver', 'summary': "Vancouver ( /vænˈkuːvər/ ( listen ) ) is a coastal seaport city in western Canada , located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia . As the most populous city in the province , the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city , up from 603,502 in 2011 . The Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016 , making it the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada . Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada , with over 5,400 people per square kilometre , which makes it the fifth-most densely populated city with over 250,000 residents in North America , behind New York City , Guadalajara , San Francisco , and Mexico City . Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada : 52% of its residents are not native English speakers , 48.9% are native speakers of neither English nor French , and 50.6% of residents belong to visible minority groups . Vancouver is consistently named as one of the top five worldwide cities for livability and quality of life , and the Economist Intelligence Unit acknowledged it as the first city ranked among the top ten of the world 's most well-living cities for ten consecutive years . In 2011 , the city planned to become the greenest city in the world by 2020 . Vancouverism is the city 's urban planning design philosophy . Vancouver has hosted many international conferences and events , including the 1954 Commonwealth Games , UN Habitat I , Expo 86 , APEC Canada 1997 , the World Police and Fire Games in 1989 and 2009 ; several matches of 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup including the finals at BC Place in Downtown Vancouver , and the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics which were held in Vancouver and Whistler , a resort community 125 km ( 78 mi ) north of the city . In 1969 , Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver . The city became the permanent home to TED conferences in 2014 . Vancouver was originally named Gastown and began as a settlement which grew around the site of a makeshift tavern on the western edges of Hastings Mill built on July 1 , 1867 , and owned by proprietor Gassy Jack ."}]}, {'value': 'British Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_Columbia', 'summary': "British Columbia ( BC ; French : Colombie-Britannique ) is the westernmost province in Canada , located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 5.1 million as of 2019 [ update ] , it is Canada 's third-most populous province . The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria , established in 1843 , which gave rise to the City of Victoria , at first the capital of the separate Colony of Vancouver Island . Subsequently , on the mainland , the Colony of British Columbia ( 1858-1866 ) was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers , Columbia Detachment , in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush . Moody was Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for the Colony and the first Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia : he was hand-picked by the Colonial Office in London to transform British Columbia into the British Empire 's bulwark in the farthest west , and to found a second England on the shores of the Pacific . Moody selected the site for and founded the original capital of British Columbia , New Westminster , established the Cariboo Road and Stanley Park , and designed the first version of the Coat of arms of British Columbia . Port Moody is named after him . In 1866 , Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia , and Victoria became the united colony 's capital . In 1871 , British Columbia became the sixth province of Canada . Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu ( Splendour without Diminishment ) . The capital of British Columbia is Victoria , the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada , named for Queen Victoria , who ruled during the creation of the original colonies . The largest city is Vancouver , the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada , the largest in Western Canada , and the second-largest in the Pacific Northwest ."}]}, {'value': 'BC Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BC_Lions', 'summary': "The BC Lions are a professional Canadian football team competing in the West Division of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . Based in Vancouver , British Columbia , the Lions play their home games at BC Place . The Lions played their first season in 1954 , and have played every season since . As such , they are the oldest professional sports franchise in the city of Vancouver and in the province of British Columbia . They have appeared in the league 's Grey Cup championship game 10 times , winning six of those games , with their most recent championship occurring in 2011 . The Lions were the first Western Canadian team to have won the Grey Cup at home , having done so in 1994 and 2011 , before Saskatchewan won in 2013 , while also becoming the only team to beat an American-based franchise in a championship game , a feat accomplished in 1994 . The Lions hold the second longest playoff streak in CFL history , making the playoffs every season from the 1997 CFL season to the 2016 CFL season , failing to make the playoffs for the first time in over 20 seasons in 2017 ( only the Edmonton Eskimos have had a longer playoff streak ; theirs lasted for 34 seasons from 1972 to 2005 ) . With the Winnipeg Blue Bombers Grey Cup win in 2019 after a 29-year wait , the Lions currently have the longest Grey Cup drought of the West Division teams , last winning in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'McMahon Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McMahon_Stadium', 'summary': "McMahon Stadium /məkˈmæn/ is a Canadian football stadium in Calgary , Alberta . The stadium is owned by the University of Calgary and operated by the McMahon Stadium Society . The stadium is between the downtown core and the University of Calgary , north of 16 Avenue NW between Crowchild Trail and University Drive . It is within walking distance of the Banff Trail C-Train station . It is the home venue for the University of Calgary Dinos , Calgary Colts of the Canadian Junior Football League , Calgary Gators and Calgary Wolfpack of the Alberta Football League , and the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League , who played at Mewata Stadium from 1935 to 1959 . The stadium also was the open-air venue ( as an ice rink ) for the National Hockey League 's 2011 Heritage Classic match between the Calgary Flames and the Montreal Canadiens . The stadium was also the location of the 1988 Winter Olympics opening and closing ceremonies , serving as the Olympic Stadium ."}]}, {'value': '35,650', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50,035', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/81st_Grey_Cup', 'summary': 'The 81st Grey Cup was the 1993 Canadian Football League championship game played between the Edmonton Eskimos and the Winnipeg Blue Bombers at McMahon Stadium in Calgary , Alberta . The Eskimos defeated the Blue Bombers 33-23 to win the Grey Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Calgary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary', 'summary': "Calgary ( /ˈkælɡri/ ( listen ) ) is a city in the western Canadian province of Alberta . It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province , in an area of foothills and prairie , about 80 km ( 50 mi ) east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies , roughly 299 km ( 186 mi ) south of the provincial capital of Edmonton and approximately 240 km ( 150 mi ) north of the Canada-United States border . The city anchors the south end of the Statistics Canada-defined urban area , the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor . The city had a population of 1,285,711 in 2019 , making it Alberta 's largest city . It is the third-largest municipality in Canada ( after Toronto and Montreal ) , and the largest in western Canada . Also in 2016 , Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609 , making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in Canada and second-largest in western Canada . Calgary 's economy includes activity in the energy , financial services , film and television , transportation and logistics , technology , manufacturing , aerospace , health and wellness , retail , and tourism sectors . The Calgary CMA is home to Canada 's second-highest number of corporate head offices among the country 's 800 largest corporations . In 2015 Calgary had the highest number of millionaires per capita of any major Canadian city . In 1988 it became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games . The Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Calgary the most livable city in North America in both 2018 and 2019 . Calgary has been a top 5 contender for this title for the last 10 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Alberta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberta', 'summary': "Alberta is a province of Canada . With an estimated population of 4,067,175 as of 2016 census , it is Canada 's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada 's three prairie provinces . Its area is about 660,000 square kilometres ( 250,000 sq mi ) . Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1 , 1905 . The premier is Jason Kenney as of April 30 , 2019 . Alberta is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east , the Northwest Territories to the north , and the U.S. state of Montana to the south . Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces . It has a predominantly humid continental climate , with stark contrasts over a year ; but seasonal temperature average swings are smaller than in areas further east , due to winters being warmed by occasional chinook winds bringing sudden warming . Alberta 's capital , Edmonton , is near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada 's crude oil , the Athabasca oil sands and other northern resource industries . About 290 km ( 180 mi ) south of the capital is Calgary , the largest city in Alberta . Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta 's two census metropolitan areas , both of which have populations exceeding one million , while the province has 16 census agglomerations . Tourist destinations in the province include Banff , Canmore , Drumheller , Jasper , Sylvan Lake and Lake Louise ."}]}, {'value': 'Calgary Stampeders , Calgary Dinos , Calgary Colts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary_Stampeders', 'summary': "The Calgary Stampeders are a professional Canadian football team based in Calgary , Alberta , competing in the West Division of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . The Stampeders play their home games at McMahon Stadium and are the third-oldest active franchise in the CFL . The Stampeders were officially founded in 1945 , although there were clubs operating in Calgary as early as 1909 . The Calgary Stampeders have won eight Grey Cups , most recently in 2018 , from their appearances in 17 Grey Cup Championship games . They have won 20 Western Division Championships and one Northern Division Championship in the franchise 's history . The team has a provincial rivalry with the Edmonton Eskimos , as well as fierce divisional rivalries with the Saskatchewan Roughriders and the BC Lions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Calgary_Dinos_football', 'summary': 'The Calgary Dinos football team represents the University of Calgary in the sport of Canadian football in U Sports . The program has been in operation since 1964 , winning the Vanier Cup national championship five times ( 1983 , 1985 , 1988 , 1995 , 2019 ) , the most out of any of the Canada West teams . The Dinos have also won the Hardy Trophy conference championship 18 times , including six consecutive wins from 2008 to 2013 . The team appeared in the 2013 and 2016 Vanier Cup , but lost both years to the Laval Rouge et Or .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Calgary_Colts', 'summary': 'The Calgary Colts are a Canadian Junior Football team based in Calgary , Alberta . The Colts play in the six-team Prairie Football Conference , which itself is part of the Canadian Junior Football League ( CJFL ) and competes annually for the national title known as the Canadian Bowl . The Colts were founded in 1967 and are two time National Champions ( 1989 , 1990 )'}]}, {'value': 'IG Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IG_Field', 'summary': 'IG Field , formerly Investors Group Field , is a football stadium in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada . The stadium , which opened in 2013 , is located on the University of Manitoba campus next to University Stadium . Owned by Triple B Stadium Inc. , a consortium of the City of Winnipeg , the Province of Manitoba , the Winnipeg Football Club and the University of Manitoba , the stadium is home to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) , Valour FC of the Canadian Premier League ( CPL ) , the University of Manitoba Bisons football team , and the Winnipeg Rifles ( CJFL ) . The stadium has a capacity of 33,500 and is partially covered . The stadium contains a corrugated metal roof , restaurant , 52 suites , walk of fame and other amenities .'}]}, {'value': '33,422', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36,634', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/103rd_Grey_Cup', 'summary': "The 103rd Grey Cup was a Canadian football game that was played on November 29 , 2015 between the East Division champion Ottawa Redblacks and the West Division champion Edmonton Eskimos to decide the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) championship for the 2015 season . The game was played at Investors Group Field in Winnipeg , Manitoba . Shaw Communications was the presenting sponsor of the game ; it was the first time in CFL history that the Grey Cup has been sponsored . The Eskimos won the contest 26-20 to claim their 14th Grey Cup championship in franchise history and first since 2005 . Mike Reilly was named Most Valuable Player and Shamawd Chambers received the Dick Suderman Trophy as Most Valuable Canadian . It was the Eskimos ' first Grey Cup win that did not involve Hugh Campbell in any capacity with the organization since the 1975 Grey Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Manitoba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba', 'summary': "Manitoba ( /ˌmænɪˈtoʊbə/ ( listen ) ) is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada . It is often considered one of the three prairie provinces ( with Alberta and Saskatchewan ) and is Canada 's fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.369 million people . Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres ( 250,900 sq mi ) with a widely varied landscape , stretching from the northern oceanic coastline to the southern border with the United States . The province is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west , the territories of Nunavut to the north , and Northwest Territories to the northwest , and the U.S. states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south . Indigenous peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years . In the late 17th century , fur traders arrived on two major river systems , what is now called the Nelson in northern Manitoba and in the southeast along the Winnipeg River system . A Royal Charter in 1670 granted all the lands draining into Hudson 's Bay to the British company and they administered trade in what was then called Rupert 's Land . During the next 200 years , communities continued to grow and evolve , with a significant settlement of Michif in what is now Winnipeg . The assertion of Métis identity and self-rule culminated in negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba . There are many factors that led to an armed uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada , a conflict known as the Red River Rebellion . The resolution of the assertion of the right to representation led to the Parliament of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 that created the province . Manitoba 's capital and largest city , Winnipeg , is the eighth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada ."}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg Blue Bombers , Manitoba Bisons , Winnipeg Rifles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers', 'summary': "The Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( legal name : Winnipeg Football Club ) are a professional Canadian football team based in Winnipeg , Manitoba . They are currently members of the West Division of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . They play their home games at IG Field after many years of playing at the since demolished Canad Inns Stadium . The Blue Bombers were founded in 1930 as the Winnipeg Football Club , which has always been the organization 's legal name . Unlike most other professional teams in the four most popular North American team sports ( but much more common in soccer , especially in Europe ) the official legal name Winnipeg Football Club continues to see significant everyday use alongside its nickname , particularly in local media and especially when reporting on the club 's business affairs . Another unique aspect to the club compared to other North American professional sports teams ( but also more common in Europe ) is that it is organized as a corporation without share capital , meaning no one person or entity owns the team - while there are two other community-owned non-profit professional football teams in the CFL and one in the NFL , unlike the Winnipeg Football Club they all have shareholders . Since their establishment , the Blue Bombers have won the league 's Grey Cup championship 11 times , most recently in 2019 when they defeated the Hamilton Tiger-Cats 33-12 in the 107th Grey Cup . The team holds the record for most Grey Cup appearances of any team ( 25 ) and were the first club not located in Ontario or Quebec to win a championship ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Bisons_football', 'summary': 'The Manitoba Bisons football team represents the University of Manitoba in the sport of Canadian football in U Sports . The program was the first of four U Sports football teams to have won back-to-back Vanier Cup championships , having won in 1969 and 1970 . In total , the Bisons have won three Vanier Cup national championships and 11 Hardy Trophy conference championships . The Bisons are led by head coach , Brian Dobie , who has been the head coach since 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg_Rifles', 'summary': "Winnipeg Rifles are a Canadian football team based in Winnipeg , Manitoba . The Rifles are members of the Canadian Junior Football League and play their home games at IG Field , home of the CFL 's Winnipeg Blue Bombers ."}]}, {'value': 'Mosaic Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mosaic_Stadium', 'summary': "Mosaic Stadium is an open-air stadium in Regina , Saskatchewan . Announced on July 12 , 2012 , the stadium replaced Mosaic Stadium at Taylor Field as the home field of the Canadian Football League 's Saskatchewan Roughriders . It was designed by HKS , Inc. , in joint venture with B+H , the architects of record . Preliminary construction on the new stadium began in early 2014 , and it was declared substantially complete on August 31 , 2016 . The stadium is owned by the city of Regina and operated by the Regina Exhibition Association Ltd. ( REAL ) . The stadium soft opened with a university football game between the Regina Rams and the Saskatchewan Huskies on October 1 , 2016 . The Roughriders moved into the stadium for the 2017 CFL season . It hosted the 2019 NHL Heritage Classic and will host the 108th Grey Cup in 2020 ."}]}, {'value': '33,350', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33,356', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_Saskatchewan_Roughriders_season', 'summary': "The 2019 Saskatchewan Roughriders season was the 62nd season for the team in the Canadian Football League . It was the club 's 110th year overall and its 104th season of play . The Roughriders qualified for the playoffs for the third consecutive year and hosted a playoff game for the second consecutive year . They finished 13-5 in the regular season ( their best record since 1970 ) and finished first place in the West Division for only the second time since 1976 and the first time winning the West Division crown since 2009 . The 2019 West Final was the first time that the game was held at the new Mosaic Stadium and the second time a playoff game was held at the venue , the first coming during the previous season in 2018 . This was Craig Dickenson 's first season as head coach and Jeremy O'Day 's first full season as general manager following the sudden departure of Chris Jones , who held both roles for the previous three years ."}]}, {'value': 'Regina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan', 'summary': "Regina ( /rɪˈdʒaɪnə/ ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan . The city is the second-largest in the province , after Saskatoon , and a cultural and commercial centre for southern Saskatchewan . As of the 2016 census , Regina had a city population of 215,106 , and a Metropolitan Area population of 236,481 . It is governed by Regina City Council . The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Sherwood No . 159 . Regina was previously the seat of government of the North-West Territories , of which the current provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta originally formed part , and of the District of Assiniboia . The site was previously called Wascana ( Buffalo Bones in Cree ) , but was renamed to Regina ( Latin for Queen ) in 1882 in honour of Queen Victoria . This decision was made by Queen Victoria 's daughter Princess Louise , who was the wife of the Governor General of Canada , the Marquess of Lorne . Unlike other planned cities in the Canadian West , on its treeless flat plain Regina has few topographical features other than the small spring run-off , Wascana Creek . Early planners took advantage of such opportunity by damming the creek to create a decorative lake to the south of the central business district with a dam a block and a half west of the later elaborate 260-metre ( 850 ft ) long Albert Street Bridge across the new lake . Regina 's importance was further secured when the new province of Saskatchewan designated the city its capital in 1906 ."}]}, {'value': 'Saskatchewan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saskatchewan', 'summary': "Saskatchewan ( /səˈskætʃəwən , sæ- , -wɒn/ ( listen ) ) is a prairie and boreal province in western Canada , the only province without a natural border . It has an area of 651,900 square kilometres ( 251,700 sq mi ) , nearly 10 percent of which ( 59,366 square kilometres ( 22,900 sq mi ) ) is fresh water , composed mostly of rivers , reservoirs , and the province 's 100,000 lakes . Saskatchewan is bordered on the west by Alberta , on the north by the Northwest Territories , on the east by Manitoba , to the northeast by Nunavut , and on the south by the U.S. states of Montana and North Dakota . As of Q3 2019 , Saskatchewan 's population was estimated at 1,178,657 . Residents primarily live in the southern prairie half of the province , while the northern boreal half is mostly forested and sparsely populated . Of the total population , roughly half live in the province 's largest city Saskatoon , or the provincial capital Regina . Other notable cities include Prince Albert , Moose Jaw , Yorkton , Swift Current , North Battleford , Melfort , and the border city Lloydminster ( partially within Alberta ) . Saskatchewan is a landlocked province with large distances to moderating bodies of waters . As a result , its climate is extremely continental , rendering severe winters throughout the province . Southern areas have very warm or hot summers . Midale and Yellow Grass ( both near the U.S. border ) are tied for the highest ever recorded temperatures in Canada , with 45 °C ( 113 °F ) observed at both locations on July 5 , 1937 . In winter , temperatures below −45 °C ( −49 °F ) are possible even in the south during extreme cold snaps ."}]}, {'value': 'Saskatchewan Roughriders , Regina Rams , Regina Thunder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saskatchewan_Roughriders', 'summary': "The Saskatchewan Roughriders are a professional Canadian football team based in Regina , Saskatchewan . The Roughriders play in the West Division of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . The Roughriders were founded in 1910 as the Regina Rugby Club . Although they were not the first team to play football in Western Canada , the club has maintained an unbroken organizational continuity since their founding . The Roughriders are the third-oldest professional gridiron football team in existence today ( only the Arizona Cardinals and Toronto Argonauts are older ) , and one of the oldest professional sports teams still in existence in North America . Of these teams , the Roughriders are both the oldest still in existence that continuously has been based in Western Canada ( as well as the oldest-surviving team in the CFL 's present-day West Division ) as well as the oldest in North America to continuously have been based west of St. Louis , Missouri . They are also the continent 's oldest community-owned professional sports franchise , older than every American professional sports team outside baseball other than the aforementioned Cardinals ( who , unlike the Roughriders , no longer play in their original city , and have moved twice in their history ) and older than every Canadian sports team outside football except the Montreal Canadiens , who were founded about nine months prior to the Roughriders . The team changed their name to the Regina Roughriders from the Regina Rugby Club in 1924 and finally to the current moniker in 1946 . The Roughriders played their home games at historic Taylor Field from 1936 to 2016 ; in 2017 , the team moved to the newly-constructed Mosaic Stadium at Evraz Place . The team draws fans from across Saskatchewan and Canada who are affectionately known as the Rider Nation . The Roughriders play in the smallest market in the CFL , and the second-smallest major-league market in North America ( only Green Bay , Wisconsin , is smaller ) . They have finished first in the Western Division 8 times and have won the Western championship a record 28 times ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Regina_Rams', 'summary': "The Regina Rams represent the University of Regina , located in Regina , Saskatchewan , Canada , in U Sports football played under Canadian rules . The Rams nickname is used by the university 's football team only ; all other teams at the school are named Regina Cougars . The Rams joined U Sports in 1999 and have competed in the Canada West Conference since then ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Regina_Thunder', 'summary': 'The Regina Thunder , originally known as the Prairie Thunder , are a junior football club , based out of Regina , Saskatchewan . The Thunder are a part of the Prairie Football Conference ( PFC ) , which is a six-member conference with teams from all three prairie provinces . The PFC is a member of the Canadian Junior Football League , and participates in national championships with two other conferences , based out of Ontario and British Columbia . Each year the Thunder compete with their provincial rivals , the Saskatoon Hilltops for the Shrine Bowl . The Shrine Bowl is awarded to the team who has the highest total points in the two regular season games between each other . 2013 was a huge year for the Thunder as they defeated the three time defending CJFL champions 21-16 in Saskatoon . They would go on to defeat the V.I . Raiders in the CJFL championship 55-26 , in Regina .'}]}, {'value': 'BMO Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BMO_Field', 'summary': "BMO Field is an outdoor stadium located at Exhibition Place in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , which is home to Toronto FC of Major League Soccer and the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League . Constructed on the site of the former Exhibition Stadium and first opened in 2007 , it is owned by the City of Toronto , and managed by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment . The stadium 's naming rights are held by the Bank of Montreal , which is commonly branded as BMO ( /ˈbiːmoʊ/ ) . BMO Field was originally constructed as a soccer-specific stadium to serve as the home field of the expansion Toronto FC , and hosted matches during the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup and 2014 FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup . In 2010 , when it was still a neutral-site game , BMO Field hosted the MLS Cup . It has since hosted the 2016 and 2017 finals featuring Toronto FC , under the current practice of giving home field advantage to the side with the better regular season record . The venue has also hosted rugby union , including matches of Canada 's national team , and rugby sevens during the 2015 Pan-American Games . From 2014 to 2016 , the stadium underwent a series of major renovations , which added an upper deck to the east grandstand , a roof over the seating areas and lengthened the field to make it suitable for hosting Canadian football . The latter allowed for the Toronto Argonauts to move to BMO Field beginning with the 2016 CFL season , which also saw the 104th Grey Cup played at the stadium ."}]}, {'value': '26,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33,421', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/104th_Grey_Cup', 'summary': "The 104th Grey Cup ( branded as the 104th Grey Cup presented by Shaw for sponsorship reasons ) was a Canadian football game that was played on November 27 , 2016 , between the Calgary Stampeders and the Ottawa Redblacks , that decided the champion for the 2016 CFL season . In an upset , the Redblacks defeated the heavily favoured Stampeders 39-33 in overtime to win a championship in just their third season of existence . This was the third Grey Cup game to go into overtime ( the other two instances came in 1961 and 2005 ) . This also marked a first that a CFL team won its division with a losing record ( 8-9-1 ) and became the 3rd worst team ( behind the 2000 BC Lions and 2001 Calgary Stampeders who both went 8-10 ) to win the Grey Cup . The Redblacks ended a 40-year championship drought for the city of Ottawa that spanned three CFL franchises and 27 football seasons of play . The Redblacks became the fourth-fastest expansion team to win a championship in an established North American professional sports league , after the 1950 Cleveland Browns ( who won a championship in their first season in the National Football League ) , the 1927-28 New York Rangers ( who won the Stanley Cup in their second National Hockey League season ) and the 1995 Baltimore Stallions ( who , as part of the CFL 's mid-1990s U.S. expansion , won the Grey Cup in their second and final CFL season ) ; they are tied with the 1970-71 Milwaukee Bucks ( winners of the National Basketball Association title in their third season ) . The game was played at BMO Field in Toronto , Ontario ."}]}, {'value': 'Toronto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto,_Ontario', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'Toronto Argonauts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Argonauts', 'summary': "The Toronto Argonauts ( officially the Toronto Argonaut Football Club , commonly referred to as the Argos ) are a professional Canadian football team competing in the East Division of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . Based in Toronto , Ontario , the team was founded in 1873 , and is the oldest existing professional sports team in North America still using its original name , and they are the oldest-surviving team in both the modern-day CFL and East Division . The team 's origins date back to a modified version of rugby football that emerged in North America in the latter half of the nineteenth century . The Argonauts played their home games at Rogers Centre ( originally known as SkyDome ) from 1989 until 2016 when the team moved to BMO Field , the fifth stadium site to host the team . The Argonauts have won the Grey Cup a record 17 times and have appeared in the final 23 times . Most recently they defeated the Calgary Stampeders 27-24 in the 105th Grey Cup in 2017 . The Argonauts hold the best winning percentage in the championship game ( 73.9% ) and have the longest active winning streak in games in which they have appeared , at six . The Argonauts have faced every current western CFL team at least once in the Grey Cup , while their most celebrated divisional rivalry has been with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats . The team was founded and owned by the Argonaut Rowing Club for its first 83 years , and has been owned by a series of business interests since 1956 . The Argonauts were a fixture on the Toronto sports scene for decades , with attendance peaking in the 1970s . In May 2015 it was announced that a consortium of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment 's Larry Tanenbaum ( via the Kilmer Group ) and Bell Canada would acquire the team . The sale included a scheduled move to MLSE run BMO Field for the 2016 season , which has long been proposed given attendance under-utilization at Rogers Centre and announced plans to install natural grass at the domed stadium , rendering it unfit for football ."}]}, {'value': 'TD Place Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TD_Place_Stadium', 'summary': 'TD Place Stadium ( originally Lansdowne Park and formerly Frank Clair Stadium ) is an outdoor stadium in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada . It is located at Lansdowne Park , on the southern edge of The Glebe neighbourhood , where Bank Street crosses the Rideau Canal . It is the home of the Ottawa Redblacks of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) and Atlético Ottawa of the Canadian Premier League ( CPL ) . The playing field has existed since the 1870s , and the complete stadium since 1908 . The stadium has been host to FIFA tournaments , Summer Olympic Games , and seven Grey Cups .'}]}, {'value': '24,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51,242', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/92nd_Grey_Cup', 'summary': 'The 92nd Grey Cup game took place on November 21 , 2004 , at Frank Clair Stadium in Ottawa , Ontario . The game decided the championship of the 2004 Canadian Football League season . The Toronto Argonauts defeated the BC Lions 27-19 . This is the first Grey Cup game to be played on the next-generation FieldTurf surface .'}]}, {'value': 'Ottawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottawa', 'summary': 'Ottawa ( /ˈɒtəwə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɒtəwɑː/ ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɔtawa ] ) is the capital city of Canada . It stands on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario . Ottawa borders Gatineau , Quebec ; the two form the core of the Ottawa-Gatineau census metropolitan area ( CMA ) and the National Capital Region ( NCR ) . As of 2016 , Ottawa had a city population of 934,243 and a metropolitan population of 1,323,783 making it the fourth-largest city and the fifth-largest CMA in Canada . In June 2019 , the City of Ottawa estimated it had surpassed a population of a million . Founded in 1826 as Bytown , and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855 , the city has evolved into the political centre of Canada . Its original boundaries were expanded through numerous annexations and were ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation and amalgamation in 2001 which significantly increased its land area . The city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River , the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa , meaning to trade . Ottawa has the most educated population among Canadian cities and is home to a number of post-secondary , research , and cultural institutions , including the National Arts Centre , the National Gallery , and numerous national museums .'}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'Ottawa Redblacks , Panda Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottawa_Redblacks', 'summary': "The Ottawa Redblacks ( officially stylized as REDBLACKS ) ( French : Le Rouge et Noir d'Ottawa ) are a professional Canadian football team based in Ottawa , Ontario . The team plays in the East Division of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . Starting play in 2014 , the Redblacks are the third CFL team to play in the city of Ottawa . The Ottawa Rough Riders , formed in 1876 , were a founding member of the CFL in 1958 and played until 1996 . A new Ottawa franchise was formed as the Renegades in 2002 and lasted until the end of the 2005 season . The Redblacks won the 2016 Grey Cup Championship , which ended a 40-year Grey Cup championship drought for the city of Ottawa ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Panda_Game', 'summary': "The Panda Game is a Canadian rivalry football game between the two OUA football teams in Ottawa , Ontario , the University of Ottawa Gee-Gees and Carleton University Ravens . It is one of the oldest and richest rivalries in Canadian university football . Its name is derived from the trophy presented to the winner each year ; Pedro the Panda . The game is part of the regular East division season , but is celebrated profusely due to its history , the week preceding the game sometimes referred to as Panda Week . uOttawa is located in the downtown Sandy Hill neighbourhood of the city , while Carleton is between Old Ottawa South and Dow 's Lake ."}]}, {'value': 'Percival Molson Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Percival_Molson_Memorial_Stadium', 'summary': 'Percival Molson Memorial Stadium ( also known in French as Stade Percival-Molson ; commonly referred to as Molson Stadium in English or Stade Molson in French ) is an outdoor football stadium located downtown on the slopes of Mount Royal in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . Named in honour of Percival Molson , it is owned by McGill University and was the home of the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League from 1954 to 1967 and again from 1998 to present . The stadium is also home to the McGill Redmen of the RSEQ , the Montreal Royal of the American Ultimate Disc League , and the Canadian Corporate Soccer League , the largest amateur corporate league in Canada . The Selwyn House Gryphons high-school football team also play their home games at the stadium . The stadium has a capacity of 23,420 , the result of a renovation project begun in 2009 that increased capacity from 20,202 to over 25,000 before seats were removed in 2014 to reduce capacity to its current level .'}]}, {'value': '23,420', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25,012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Montreal_Alouettes_season', 'summary': 'The 2010 Montreal Alouettes season was the 44th season for the team in the Canadian Football League and their 56th overall . The Alouettes won their seventh Grey Cup championship , 21-18 against the Saskatchewan Roughriders , becoming the first team to repeat as Grey Cup champions since the 1996 and 1997 Toronto Argonauts .'}]}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Quebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': 'Montreal Alouettes , McGill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes', 'summary': "The Montreal Alouettes ( French : Les Alouettes de Montréal ) are a professional Canadian football team based in Montreal , Quebec . Founded in 1946 , the team has folded and been revived twice . The Alouettes compete in the East Division of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) and last won the Grey Cup championship in 2010 . Their home field is Percival Molson Memorial Stadium for the regular season and as of 2014 also home of their playoff games . The original Alouettes team ( 1946-1981 ) won four Grey Cups and were particularly dominant in the 1970s . After their collapse in 1982 , they were immediately reconstituted under new ownership as the Montreal Concordes . After playing for four years as the Concordes , they revived the Alouettes name for the 1986 season . A second folding in 1987 led to a nine-year hiatus of CFL football in the city . The current Alouettes franchise was established in 1996 by the owners of the Baltimore Stallions . The Stallions were disbanded at the same time as the Alouettes ' re-establishment after having been the most successful of the CFL 's American expansion franchises , culminating in a Grey Cup championship in 1995 . Many players from the Stallions ' 1995 roster signed with the Alouettes and formed the core of the team 's 1996 roster . For record-keeping purposes , the CFL considers all clubs that have played in Montreal as one franchise dating to 1946 , and considers the Alouettes to have suspended operations in 1987 before returning in 1996 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/McGill_Redmen_football', 'summary': "The McGill Football Club represents McGill University athletics teams in U Sports and is based in Montreal , Quebec . Nicknamed the Redmen until May of 2019 , the program is one of the oldest in all of Canada , having begun organized competition in 1874 . The team won its first championship in 1902 and since then have also won in 1912 , 1913 , 1919 , 1928 , 1938 and 1960 prior to the inauguration of the Vanier Cup in 1965 . McGill appeared in the Vanier Cup final in 1969 , 1973 and 1987 , with the Redmen finally winning the title in the 1987 game . McGill plays out of Percival Molson Memorial Stadium , where the Canadian Football League 's Montreal Alouettes also play . After a controversial student campaign in late 2018 that accused the traditional Redmen name of being offensive to Canadian First Nations communities , the longstanding mens varsity nickname was dropped by the university . As of May 2019 , the team has been temporarily renamed the McGill University Football Club pending an eventual rebranding . Since the retirement of long-time head coach Charlie Baillie in 2000 , the team has only won two league championships ( 2001 , 2002 ) . In October 2005 , the McGill administration cancelled the last three games of football team 's season after confirmed reports of hazing involving sexual abuse . After their 2005 suspension , the team struggled with three losing seasons , including two winless seasons in 2007 and 2008 . The program showed signs of hope as the Redmen won three games in 2009 , but soon sank back down to futility with consecutive winless campaigns in 2010 and 2011 . In 2012 , the Redmen qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 2006 , but lost to perennial powerhouse Laval ."}]}, {'value': 'Tim Hortons Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tim_Hortons_Field', 'summary': 'Tim Hortons Field is a multi-purpose stadium in Hamilton , Ontario , Canada . Built as a replacement for Ivor Wynne Stadium , Tim Hortons Field is primarily used for Canadian football and soccer , and is the home of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League and Forge FC of the Canadian Premier League . During the 2015 Pan American Games , it was referred to as CIBC Hamilton Pan Am Soccer Stadium . The stadium opened in September 2014 , two months after its original anticipated completion date of June 30 , 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '23,218', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25,093', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_Hamilton_Tiger-Cats_season', 'summary': "The 2019 Hamilton Tiger-Cats season was the 62nd season for the team in the Canadian Football League and their 70th overall . It was the 150th year overall in the combined history of the Tiger-Cats and its predecessors the Wildcats and Tigers ; the team held sesquicentennial celebrations throughout the season . The Tiger-Cats improved upon their 8-10 record from 2018 and finished the regular season with a franchise best 15-3 record . They finished in first place for the first time since 2014 and attempted unsuccessfully to win their 9th Grey Cup championship . This is the first season under co-general managers Drew Allemang and Shawn Burke , and the first full season under head coach Orlondo Steinauer . It was announced on December 3 , 2018 that Steinauer would take the reins as the Tiger-Cats ' head coach , replacing June Jones in that capacity . The plan was for Jones to remain with the team as an associate head coach and offensive coordinator , but he resigned with the club and joined the Houston Roughnecks of the XFL as head coach . On October 19 , 2019 , the Tiger-Cats defeated the Ottawa Redblacks and recorded a franchise-record 13th win in a season . The team finished the season with 15 wins and with a perfect home record for the first time since the CFL went to an 18-game schedule , winning all nine home games . Despite their success during the regular season , they lost to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers , a team that had a dominant performance during the 107th Grey Cup game . With the Blue Bombers ending a 29-year Grey Cup drought , the Hamilton Tiger-Cats now hold the longest active Grey Cup drought dating back to the 1999 season , having won the 87th Grey Cup that season ."}]}, {'value': 'Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Hamilton is a port city in the Canadian province of Ontario . An industrialized city in the Golden Horseshoe at the west end of Lake Ontario , Hamilton has a population of 536,917 , and its census metropolitan area , which includes Burlington and Grimsby , has a population of 747,545 . The city is 58 kilometres ( 36 mi ) southwest of Toronto , with which the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area ( GTHA ) is formed . On January 1 , 2001 , the current boundaries of Hamilton were created through the amalgamation of the original city with other municipalities of the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth . Residents of the city are known as Hamiltonians . Since 1981 , the metropolitan area has been listed as the ninth largest in Canada and the third largest in Ontario . Hamilton is home to the Royal Botanical Gardens , the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum , the Bruce Trail , McMaster University , Redeemer University College and Mohawk College . McMaster University is ranked 4th in Canada and 77th in the world by Times Higher Education Rankings 2018-19 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'Hamilton Tiger-Cats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats', 'summary': 'The Hamilton Tiger-Cats are a professional Canadian football team based in Hamilton , Ontario , Canada . They are currently members of the East Division of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . The Tiger-Cats play their home games at Tim Hortons Field . They were founded in 1869 as the Hamilton Football Club ( nickname Tigers ) . In 1950 , the Tigers merged with cross-town upstart Hamilton Wildcats and adopted the nickname Tiger-Cats . Since the 1950 merger , the team has won the Grey Cup championship eight times , most recently in 1999 . The Hamilton Tiger-Cats Football Club also recognizes all Grey Cups won by Hamilton-based teams as part of their history , which would bring their win total to 15 ( the Hamilton Tigers with five , Hamilton Flying Wildcats with one and Hamilton Alerts also with one ) . However , the CFL does not recognize these wins under one franchise , rather as the individual franchises that won them . If one includes their historical lineage , Hamilton football clubs won league championships in every decade of the 20th century , a feat matched by only one other North American franchise in professional sports , the Triple-A Minor League Baseball team Rochester Red Wings of the International League . None of these three teams won a championship in the first two decades of the 21st century . In their first forty years of existence the Tiger-Cats qualified for the playoffs in all but three of those years and won seven Grey Cup championships . They are one of six teams in the modern era to win the Grey Cup at home and were the first to accomplish this when they did it in 1972 .'}]}, {'value': 'Telus Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PEPS_Stadium', 'summary': "The Pavillon de l'éducation physique et des sports de l'Université Laval ( Laval University Sports and Physical Education Complex ) , usually called PEPS for short , is a sports complex located in Quebec City , Quebec , on the Université Laval campus . PEPS opened in 1970 and includes an outdoor stadium , an indoor stadium , two indoor swimming pools ( aquatic centre ) , basketball and tennis courts , a fitness centre , and two hockey arenas . For the 1976 Summer Olympics , it hosted four women and seven men 's team handball competitions . The main arena seats 2,000 and was home to the reborn Quebec Remparts of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League from 1997 to 1999 when they moved back to their traditional home at the Colisée Pepsi . Since 2004 , PEPS has been home to the WTA Tour Coupe Banque Nationale . From 2009 to 2013 it was home to the Quebec Kebs basketball franchise in the National Basketball League of Canada . A major expansion from 2010 to 2012 added an indoor Olympic size swimming pool , a 3,000-seat gymnasium , a covered soccer stadium , and other facilities . Upgrades were also made to the outdoor stadium ."}]}, {'value': '12,817', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,381', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quebec City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quebec_City', 'summary': "Quebec City ( /kwɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) or /kəˈbɛk/ ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ; French : Ville de Québec , Western Abnaki : Kephek ) , officially Québec , is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec . As of July 2016 the city has a population of 531,902 , and the metropolitan area had a population of 800,296 . It is the eleventh largest city and the seventh largest metropolitan area in Canada . The Algonquian people had originally named the area Kébec , an Algonquin [ note 1 ] word meaning where the river narrows , because the Saint Lawrence River narrows proximate to the promontory of Quebec and its Cape Diamant . Explorer Samuel de Champlain founded a French settlement here in 1608 , and adopted the Algonquin name . Quebec City is one of the oldest European cities in North America . The ramparts surrounding Old Quebec ( Vieux-Québec ) are the only fortified city walls remaining in the Americas north of Mexico . This area was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985 as the Historic District of Old Québec . The city 's landmarks include the Château Frontenac hotel that dominates the skyline and the Citadelle of Quebec , an intact fortress that forms the centrepiece of the ramparts surrounding the old city and includes a secondary royal residence . The National Assembly of Quebec ( provincial legislature ) , the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec ( National Museum of Fine Arts of Quebec ) , and the Musée de la civilisation ( Museum of Civilization ) are found within or near Vieux-Québec ."}]}, {'value': 'Quebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': 'Laval Rouge et Or', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laval_Rouge_et_Or_football', 'summary': 'The Laval Rouge et Or football team represents Laval University in Quebec City in the sport of Canadian football in U Sports . The program began its first regular season in 1996 and has quickly become one of the most successful programs in Canadian collegiate football history . The Rouge et Or have won a record ten Vanier Cup championships and their most recent victory occurred at the 54th Vanier Cup in 2018 . They are also the only program to have played in four straight Vanier Cups and have a record of 10-2 in Vanier Cup games . The Rouge et Or have also won the Dunsmore Cup 15 times since 1999 , demonstrating their historical dominance in their conference .'}]}, {'value': 'Croix-Bleue Medavie Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croix-Bleue_Medavie_Stadium', 'summary': 'Croix-Bleue Medavie Stadium ( French : Stade Croix-Bleue Medavie ) , formerly Moncton Stadium ( French : Stade Moncton ) , is a track and field stadium on the campus of the Université de Moncton in Moncton , New Brunswick , Canada , built to host the IAAF 2010 World Junior Championships in Athletics . The $ 17 million venue opened in 2010 . Although seating capacity had fluctuated early in construction ( original plans called for as many as 28,000 seats ) , the stadium has 10,000 permanent seats , and is expandable to 20,725 via temporary seating . The facility has also been proposed as a potential venue for a future Canadian Football League ( CFL ) expansion team , but a significant expansion to 25,000 seats would be recommended . CFL Commissioner Mark Cohon said he wanted to see neutral-site regular season games played in the new Moncton Stadium by 2010 . On February 1 , 2010 , it was announced that the Toronto Argonauts would play host to the Edmonton Eskimos in an event dubbed Touchdown Atlantic that took place on September 26 , 2010 . On September 22 , 2010 , Atlantic University Sport and Canadian Interuniversity Sport announced the Uteck Bowl will take place at the Moncton Stadium in 2011 , 2013 , and 2015 . On February 18 , 2011 , it was announced that the Hamilton Tiger-Cats would play host to the Calgary Stampeders in an event dubbed Touchdown Atlantic 2 that took place on September 25 , 2011 . As every CFL stadium had an artificial surface until 2016 ( the Argonauts began playing on natural grass at BMO Field in that year ) , the Touchdown Atlantic game had been the only CFL game played all season on a grass surface , although a temporary strip of artificial turf must be laid over the track in order to accommodate the end zones . The stadium also plays host to university soccer games .'}]}, {'value': '10,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20,725', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Touchdown_Atlantic', 'summary': 'Touchdown Atlantic ( French : Touché Atlantique ) is a series of neutral site Canadian Football League games played in the maritime provinces of Canada . In 2003 , the league had struck a committee to examine the feasibility of adding a tenth team , with the leading candidate cities being Quebec City and Halifax . Before the suspension of the Renegades , league commissioner Tom Wright had indicated that Halifax was the leading candidate for expansion . With the success of Touchdown Atlantic 2010 , Moncton has moved into position of front runner for CFL expansion . No Touchdown Atlantic was played from 2014 to 2018 , but it returned in 2019 and 2020 due to the renewed interest in an Atlantic expansion team .'}]}, {'value': 'Moncton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moncton', 'summary': "Moncton ( /ˈmʌŋktən/ ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ mɔŋktœn ] ) is one of three major urban centres in the Canadian province of New Brunswick , along with Saint John and the capital city of Fredericton . Situated in the Petitcodiac River Valley , Moncton lies at the geographic centre of the Maritime Provinces . The city has earned the nickname Hub City due to its central inland location in the region and its history as a railway and land transportation hub for the Maritimes . The city proper has a population of 71,889 ( 2016 ) and a land area of 142 km2 ( 55 sq mi ) . Greater Moncton has a population of 144,810 ( 2016 ) , making it the largest city and census metropolitan area ( CMA ) in New Brunswick , and the second-largest city and CMA in the Maritime Provinces . The CMA includes the neighbouring city of Dieppe and the town of Riverview , as well as adjacent suburban areas in Westmorland and Albert counties . Although the Moncton area was first settled in 1733 , Moncton was officially founded in 1766 with the arrival of Pennsylvania Dutch immigrants from Philadelphia . Initially an agricultural settlement , Moncton was not incorporated until 1855 . The city was named for Lt. Col. Robert Monckton , the British officer who had captured nearby Fort Beauséjour a century earlier . A significant wooden shipbuilding industry had developed in the community by the mid-1840s , allowing for the civic incorporation in 1855 . However , the shipbuilding economy collapsed in the 1860s , causing the town to lose its civic charter in 1862 . Moncton regained its charter in 1875 after the community 's economy rebounded , mainly due to a growing railway industry ."}]}, {'value': 'New Brunswick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Brunswick', 'summary': "New Brunswick is one of four Atlantic provinces on the east coast of Canada . According to the Constitution of Canada , New Brunswick is the only bilingual province . About two-thirds of the population declare themselves anglophones , and one third francophones . One-third of the population describes themselves as bilingual . Atypically for Canada , only about half of the population lives in urban areas , mostly in Greater Moncton , Greater Saint John and the capital Fredericton . Unlike the other Maritime provinces , New Brunswick 's terrain is mostly forested uplands , with much of the land further from the coast , giving it a harsher climate . New Brunswick is 83% forested and less densely-populated than the rest of the Maritimes . Being relatively close to Europe , New Brunswick was among the first places in North America to be explored and settled by Europeans , starting with the French in the early 1600s , who displaced the indigenous Mi'kmaq , Maliseet , and the Passamaquoddy peoples . The French settlers were later displaced when the area became part of the British Empire . In 1784 , after an influx of refugees from the American Revolutionary War , the province was partitioned from Nova Scotia . In 1785 Saint John became Canada 's first incorporated city . The province prospered in the early 1800s and the population grew rapidly , reaching about a quarter of a million by mid-century ."}]}, {'value': 'Touchdown Atlantic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Touchdown_Atlantic', 'summary': 'Touchdown Atlantic ( French : Touché Atlantique ) is a series of neutral site Canadian Football League games played in the maritime provinces of Canada . In 2003 , the league had struck a committee to examine the feasibility of adding a tenth team , with the leading candidate cities being Quebec City and Halifax . Before the suspension of the Renegades , league commissioner Tom Wright had indicated that Halifax was the leading candidate for expansion . With the success of Touchdown Atlantic 2010 , Moncton has moved into position of front runner for CFL expansion . No Touchdown Atlantic was played from 2014 to 2018 , but it returned in 2019 and 2020 due to the renewed interest in an Atlantic expansion team .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current -- Over 10,000', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Canadian_Football_stadiums_by_capacity_0', 'intro': "The following is a partial list of Canadian Football stadiums, ordered by permanent capacity. Most of Canada's football stadiums with permanent seating capacities over 3,000 are listed here. Note that not all stadiums are exclusively used for Canadian football; several are also used for association football (soccer)."} | null | null | What is the most successful CFL franchise of the modern era ? | Edmonton Eskimos |
07d3bdf2252b8847 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presbyterian_churches_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of Presbyterian churches in the United States', 'header': ['Church', 'Dates', 'City , State'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bethesda Presbyterian Church ( Aberdeen , North Carolina )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethesda_Presbyterian_Church_(Aberdeen,_North_Carolina)', 'summary': 'Bethesda Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located on NC 5 in Aberdeen , Moore County , North Carolina . It was built in 1860 , and is a two-story , vernacular frame meeting house . It rests on tall granite piers , is sheathed in weatherboard , and has a hipped roof . The front facade features a projecting two-stage bell tower . Also on the property is a contributing church cemetery . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 .'}]}, {'value': '1860 built 1979 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aberdeen , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aberdeen,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Aberdeen is a town in Moore County , North Carolina , United States . It is part of the Raleigh-Durham-Cary-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area . The population was 6,350 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'East Avenue Tabernacle Associated Reformed Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Avenue_Tabernacle_Associated_Reformed_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'East Avenue Tabernacle Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church , also known as the Great Aunt Stella Center , is a historic Associate Reformed Presbyterian church located at 927 Elizabeth Street in Charlotte , Mecklenburg County , North Carolina . It was designed by architect James M. McMichael in a Classical Revival style . It consists of a two-story sanctuary , built in 1914 , and a four-story educational wing added to the south side of the sanctuary in 1925 . The sanctuary has a Greek cross plan with a central octagon with shallow two-story wings that terminate in low parapeted walls . The sanctuary is topped by a copper dome and has a monumental porch with a brick pediment . In 1998 East Avenue Tabernacle merged with the Craig Avenue Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church . Ultimately the church became the Craig Avenue Tabernacle A.R.P . Church . Thus ironically through the years the name changed from East to Craig Avenue . The building now houses a community center and charter school . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': '1914 built 2005 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlotte , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Charlotte ( /ˈʃɑːrlət/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Located in the Piedmont , it is the county seat of Mecklenburg County . In 2018 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population was 872,498 , making it the 16th-most populous city in the United States . The city is the cultural , economic , and transportation center of the Charlotte metropolitan area , whose population ranks 23rd in the U.S. , and had a population of 2,569,213 , in 2018 . The Charlotte metropolitan area is part of a sixteen-county market region or combined statistical area with a 2018 census-estimated population of 2,728,933 . Between 2004 and 2014 , Charlotte was ranked as the country 's fastest-growing metro area , with 888,000 new residents . Based on U.S. Census data from 2005 to 2015 , Charlotte tops the U.S. in millennial population growth . It is the second-largest city in the southeastern United States , just behind Jacksonville , Florida . It is the third-fastest-growing major city in the United States . It is listed as a gamma global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Residents are referred to as Charlotteans . Charlotte is home to the corporate headquarters of Bank of America , Truist Financial , and the east coast operations of Wells Fargo , which along with other financial institutions has made it the second-largest banking center in the United States since 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Charlotte , North Carolina )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Charlotte,_North_Carolina)', 'summary': 'First Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at 200 W. Trade Street in Charlotte , Mecklenburg County , North Carolina . It was built in 1857 , and is a one-story , Gothic Revival style stuccoed brick building . The original spire was rebuilt in 1883-1884 and the side and rear walls of the church were taken down and a new structure was erected in 1894-1895 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': '1857 built 1982 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlotte , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Charlotte ( /ˈʃɑːrlət/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Located in the Piedmont , it is the county seat of Mecklenburg County . In 2018 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population was 872,498 , making it the 16th-most populous city in the United States . The city is the cultural , economic , and transportation center of the Charlotte metropolitan area , whose population ranks 23rd in the U.S. , and had a population of 2,569,213 , in 2018 . The Charlotte metropolitan area is part of a sixteen-county market region or combined statistical area with a 2018 census-estimated population of 2,728,933 . Between 2004 and 2014 , Charlotte was ranked as the country 's fastest-growing metro area , with 888,000 new residents . Based on U.S. Census data from 2005 to 2015 , Charlotte tops the U.S. in millennial population growth . It is the second-largest city in the southeastern United States , just behind Jacksonville , Florida . It is the third-fastest-growing major city in the United States . It is listed as a gamma global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Residents are referred to as Charlotteans . Charlotte is home to the corporate headquarters of Bank of America , Truist Financial , and the east coast operations of Wells Fargo , which along with other financial institutions has made it the second-largest banking center in the United States since 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Steele Creek Presbyterian Church and Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steele_Creek_Presbyterian_Church_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'Steele Creek Presbyterian Church and Cemetery is a historic Presbyterian church complex and national historic district located near Charlotte , Mecklenburg County , North Carolina . The church was founded in 1760 and the current sanctuary was built in 1889 , and is a rectangular , Gothic Revival style brick building . It is five bays wide and six bays deep , and has pointed-arched sash windows , shallow buttresses , and steeply pitched roof parapet . The cemetery contains approximately 1,700 headstones , with the oldest dating to 1763 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': '1889 built 1991 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlotte , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Charlotte ( /ˈʃɑːrlət/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Located in the Piedmont , it is the county seat of Mecklenburg County . In 2018 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population was 872,498 , making it the 16th-most populous city in the United States . The city is the cultural , economic , and transportation center of the Charlotte metropolitan area , whose population ranks 23rd in the U.S. , and had a population of 2,569,213 , in 2018 . The Charlotte metropolitan area is part of a sixteen-county market region or combined statistical area with a 2018 census-estimated population of 2,728,933 . Between 2004 and 2014 , Charlotte was ranked as the country 's fastest-growing metro area , with 888,000 new residents . Based on U.S. Census data from 2005 to 2015 , Charlotte tops the U.S. in millennial population growth . It is the second-largest city in the southeastern United States , just behind Jacksonville , Florida . It is the third-fastest-growing major city in the United States . It is listed as a gamma global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Residents are referred to as Charlotteans . Charlotte is home to the corporate headquarters of Bank of America , Truist Financial , and the east coast operations of Wells Fargo , which along with other financial institutions has made it the second-largest banking center in the United States since 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Brown Marsh Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brown_Marsh_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Brown Marsh Presbyterian Church , also known as Clarkton Presbyterian Church , is a historic Presbyterian church in Clarkton , Bladen County , North Carolina . It was built between 1805 and 1828 , and is a small frame pre-Greek Revival style building . It is the oldest church in Bladen County . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 .'}]}, {'value': '1828 built 1975 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clarkton , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarkton,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Clarkton is a town in Bladen County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 837 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Third Creek Presbyterian Church and Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_Creek_Presbyterian_Church_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'Third Creek Presbyterian Church and Cemetery is a historic Presbyterian church and cemetery located near Cleveland , Rowan County , North Carolina . The cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 .'}]}, {'value': '1835 built 1983 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Cleveland is a town in the Cleveland Township of Rowan County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 871 at the 2010 census . It is named after Cleveland , England , but it is rumored [ by whom ? ] that the town is actually named after Grover Cleveland after he visited the town during his presidential campaign . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Crossnore Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crossnore_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Crossnore Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church on US 221/NC 194 east side , opposite the junction with Dellinger Road in Crossnore , Avery County , North Carolina . It was built between 1924 and 1926 , and is a one-story , T-plan rock building with American Craftsman influences . Also on the property is a contributing stone arch ( c. 1926 ) and non-contributing church cemetery established about 1929 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': '1924 built 1996 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crossnore , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crossnore,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Crossnore is a town in Avery County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 192 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Mt . Horeb Presbyterian Church and Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mt._Horeb_Presbyterian_Church_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'Mt . Horeb Presbyterian Church and Cemetery is a historic Presbyterian church and cemetery located near Elizabethtown , Bladen County , North Carolina . It was built in 1845 , and is a frame Greek Revival-style church with a pedimented front portico added in 1932 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elizabethtown , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elizabethtown,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Elizabethtown is a town in Bladen County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 3,583 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Bladen County .'}]}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Fayetteville , North Carolina )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Fayetteville,_North_Carolina)', 'summary': 'First Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at Ann and Bow Streets in Fayetteville , Cumberland County , North Carolina . It was built in 1832 , incorporating parts of the brick walls of an earlier ( 1816 ) church that burned in 1831 . It is a two-story gabled brick building , five bays wide and five wider bays deep . The chancel , portico , steeple and most of the interior woodwork are later additions and replacements . The hexastyle portico and steeple were designed by Hobart Upjohn in 1922 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '1816 built 1976 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fayetteville , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Fayetteville ( /ˈfeɪətˌvɪl/ ) is a city in Cumberland County , North Carolina , United States . It is the county seat of Cumberland County , and is best known as the home of Fort Bragg , a major U.S. Army installation northwest of the city . Fayetteville has received the All-America City Award from the National Civic League three times . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 200,564 , with an estimated population of 209,468 in 2018 . It is the 6th-largest city in North Carolina . Fayetteville is in the Sandhills in the western part of the Coastal Plain region , on the Cape Fear River . With an estimated population in 2013 of 210,533 people , the Fayetteville metropolitan area is the largest in southeastern North Carolina , and the fifth-largest in the state . Suburban areas of metro Fayetteville include Fort Bragg , Hope Mills , Spring Lake , Raeford , Pope Field , Rockfish , Stedman , and Eastover . Fayetteville 's mayor is Mitch Colvin , who is serving his first term ."}]}, {'value': 'Griers Presbyterian Church and Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Griers_Presbyterian_Church_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'Griers Presbyterian Church and Cemetery is a historic Presbyterian church and cemetery located near Frogsboro , Caswell County , North Carolina . It was built about 1856 , and is a simple , rectangular frame building . It is an example of Greek Revival temple-form church architecture . Also on the property is a contributing church cemetery . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frogsboro , North Carolina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Franklin Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franklin_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Franklin Presbyterian Church is a historic church at 45 Church Street in Franklin , North Carolina , United States . It was built in 1856 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 . Restoration , including construction of new interior walls and updated electrical wiring , was undertaken in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Franklin , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franklin,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Franklin is a town in Franklin Township , Macon County , North Carolina , United States , within the Nantahala National Forest . The population was 3,845 as of the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Macon County . Franklin is an official Appalachian Trail-friendly destination . The Franklin area is rich in gems and minerals and is known locally as the Gem Capital of The World .'}]}, {'value': 'South River Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_River_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'South River Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located near Garland , Bladen County , North Carolina . It was built between 1855 and 1857 , and is a one-story , rectangular frame Greek Revival-style church . It has a pedimented roof and is sheathed in weatherboard . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garland , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garland,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Garland is a town in Sampson County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 625 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Goldsboro , North Carolina )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Goldsboro,_North_Carolina)', 'summary': 'First Presbyterian Church , also known as the Church of Christ , Scientist , is a historic Presbyterian church located at 111 W. Ash Street in Goldsboro , Wayne County , North Carolina . It was built in 1856 , and is a one-story , stuccoed , temple form Greek Revival architecture style church . It features an in antis portico with Tuscan order columns and low pitched roof with a painted wooden cupola . In 1953 , the building was sold to the Christian Science Society . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goldsboro , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goldsboro,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Goldsboro is a city in Wayne County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 36,437 at the 2010 Census . It is the principal city of and is included in the Goldsboro , North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area . The nearby town of Waynesboro was founded in 1787 , and Goldsboro was incorporated in 1847 . It is the county seat of Wayne County . The city is situated in North Carolina 's Coastal Plain and is bordered on the south by the Neuse River and the west by the Little River , about 40 miles ( 64 km ) southwest of Greenville , 50 miles ( 80 km ) southeast of Raleigh , the state capital , and 75 miles ( 121 km ) north of Wilmington in Southeastern North Carolina . Goldsboro is best known as home to Seymour Johnson Air Force Base ."}]}, {'value': 'Buffalo Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo_Presbyterian_Church_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'The Buffalo Presbyterian Church and Cemetery in Greensboro , Guilford County , North Carolina , is a historic Presbyterian church complex and cemetery located at 800 and 803 Sixteenth Street in Greensboro . The Federal-style church sanctuary was built in 1827 , and updated and expanded in 1919-1920 in the Colonial Revival style by architect Harry Barton ( 1876-1937 ) . It was expanded again in 1956 . Flanking the sanctuary are two-story Colonial Revival-style educational buildings linked to it by one-story arcades . The rectangular two-story Colonial Revival-style manse and garage were added to the complex in 1924 . The church cemetery has burials dating back to 1775 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': '1775 built 2002 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greensboro , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Greensboro ( /ˈɡriːnzbʌroʊ/ ( listen ) ; formerly Greensborough ) is a city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . It is the 3rd-most populous city in North Carolina , the 68th-most populous city in the United States , and the county seat and largest city in Guilford County and the surrounding Piedmont Triad metropolitan region . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 269,666 , and in 2018 the estimated population was 294,722 . Three major interstate highways ( Interstate 40 , Interstate 85 , and Interstate 73 ) in the Piedmont region of central North Carolina were built to intersect at this city . In 1808 , Greensborough ( the spelling before 1895 ) was planned around a central courthouse square to succeed Guilford Court House as the county seat . The county courts were thus placed closer to the geographical center of the county , a location more easily reached at the time by the majority of the county 's citizens , who depended on horse and foot for travel . In 2003 , the previous Greensboro - Winston-Salem - High Point metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) was re-defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget . This region was separated into the Greensboro-High Point MSA and the Winston-Salem MSA . The 2010 population for the Greensboro-High Point MSA was 723,801 . The combined statistical area ( CSA ) of Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point , popularly referred to as the Piedmont Triad , had a population of 1,599,477 . Among Greensboro 's many notable attractions , some of the most popular include the Wet ' n Wild Emerald Pointe water park , the Greensboro Science Center , the International Civil Rights Museum , the Weatherspoon Art Museum , the Greensboro Symphony , the Greensboro Ballet , Triad Stage , the Wyndham Golf Championship , the headquarters of the Atlantic Coast Conference , the Greensboro Coliseum Complex which hosts various sporting events , concerts , and other events , the Greensboro Grasshoppers of the South Atlantic Baseball League , the Carolina Dynamo of the Premier Development Soccer League , the Greensboro Swarm of the NBA G League , the Greensboro Roller Derby , and the National Folk Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Hickory , North Carolina )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Hickory,_North_Carolina)', 'summary': 'First Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at 2nd Street and 3rd Avenue NW in Hickory , Catawba County , North Carolina . It was built in 1905-1906 , and is a Romanesque Revival-style church sheathed in granite . The front facade features square towers of unequal height . Attached to the church in 1928 , is a three-story granite block Education Building with a flat roof and crenelated cornice . Also on the property is the former manse ; a two-story , American Foursquare dwelling with a low hipped roof , overhanging eaves , and hipped dormer . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hickory , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hickory,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Hickory is a city located primarily in Catawba County , with formal boundaries extending into Burke and Caldwell counties . The city lies in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Hickory 's population at the 2010 census was 40,010 ( primarily in Catawba County ) , with an estimated population in 2018 of 40,925 . Hickory is the principal city in the Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton MSA , in which the population at the 2010 census was 365,497 and is located just northwest of the Charlotte-Concord Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Highlands , North Carolina )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Highlands,_North_Carolina)', 'summary': 'The First Presbyterian Church is a historic church at 471 Main Street in Highlands , North Carolina . The single story wood frame church was built in 1883-85 , and occupies a prominent site in downtown Highlands , surrounded by a period picket fence . It is the oldest church in the city , and was built by Marion Wright , a local master builder . It is stylistically a vernacular interpretation of Italianate architecture , which is most prominent in its belfry tower , which features a flared roof with extended bracketed eaves . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Highlands , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Highlands,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Highlands is an incorporated town in Macon County in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Located on a plateau in the southern Appalachian Mountains , within the Nantahala National Forest , it lies mostly in southeastern Macon County and slightly in southwestern Jackson County , in the Highlands and Cashiers Townships , respectively . The permanent population was 924 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Big Rockfish Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Rockfish_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Big Rockfish Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at Hope Mills , Cumberland County , North Carolina . It was built in 1855 , and is a two-story , three bay by four bay , gable-end frame building with double front entrances in the vernacular Greek Revival style . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . Worship still continues each Sunday at 11AM with education hour at 10AM . The church hosts many special events throughout the year for different ages and for the community . The church is alongside Highway 301 ( I-95 Business ) Northbound side , Marracco St is the service road . The church is at the corner with McNeil St. 0.7 miles north of the Highway 59 Overpass . It is part of The Presbyterian Church USA and the Presbytery of Coastal Carolina . The church has an historic cemetery . Some details about the cemetery are online .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hope Mills , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hope_Mills,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Hope Mills is a town in Cumberland County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 15,176 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorland Memorial Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorland_Memorial_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Dorland Memorial Presbyterian Church is historic Presbyterian church located on Bridge Street at Meadow Lane in Hot Springs , Madison County , North Carolina . It was designed by architect Richard Sharp Smith and built in 1900 . It is a cruciform plan church with a splayed , gable roof , pebbledash exterior , and Gothic windows . Atop the roof is a four sided belfry surmounted by an octagonal steeple . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hot Springs , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hot_Springs,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Hot Springs is a town in Madison County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 560 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Asheville Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Bethesda Presbyterian Church , Session House and Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethesda_Presbyterian_Church,_Session_House_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'Bethesda Presbyterian Church , Session House and Cemetery is a historic Presbyterian church , session house , and cemetery located near Houstonville , Iredell County , North Carolina . It was built in 1853 , and is a one-story , three bay by five bay , rectangular vernacular Greek Revival style frame church . It has an pedimented , temple form , front gable roof and an unusual front recessed balcony . It is the oldest church building in Iredell County . Also on the property is the contributing session house , also built in 1853 , and church cemetery with about 200 gravestones . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houstonville , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houstonville,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Houstonville is an unincorporated community in the Eagle Mills Township of Iredell County , North Carolina , United States . Houstonville is located on U.S. Route 21 , 3.3 miles ( 5.3 km ) north of Harmony . Houstonville was founded in 1789 by Christopher Houston and is the second oldest town in Iredell County after the county seat , Statesville .'}]}, {'value': 'Ebenezer Academy , Bethany Presbyterian Church and Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ebenezer_Academy,_Bethany_Presbyterian_Church_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'Ebenezer Academy , Bethany Presbyterian Church and Cemetery is a historic school building , Presbyterian church , and cemetery located six miles north of Statesville , Iredell County , North Carolina . The log building was constructed in 1823 and housed Ebenezer Academy . The church building was built about 1855 , and is a one-story , three bay by five bay , vernacular Greek Revival style frame building with a low gable roof . Also on the property is the contributing church cemetery with burials dating to about 1785 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houstonville , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houstonville,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Houstonville is an unincorporated community in the Eagle Mills Township of Iredell County , North Carolina , United States . Houstonville is located on U.S. Route 21 , 3.3 miles ( 5.3 km ) north of Harmony . Houstonville was founded in 1789 by Christopher Houston and is the second oldest town in Iredell County after the county seat , Statesville .'}]}], 'section_title': 'North Carolina', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Presbyterian_churches_in_the_United_States_31', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable Presbyterian churches in the United States, where a church is notable either as a congregation or as a building. In the United States, numerous churches are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or are noted on state or local historic registers. Also more than 300 Presbyterian historic sites have been listed by the Presbyterian Historical Society onto the American Presbyterian/Reformed Historic Sites Registry (APRHS); those sites which are churches are . in progress . being added here.'} | null | null | What is the name of the church whose city , state 's suburban areas include Fort Bragg , Hope Mills , Spring Lake , Raeford , Pope Field , Rockfish , Stedman , and Eastover ? | First Presbyterian Church ( Fayetteville , North Carolina ) |
07d523a05f3e89a3 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Brazil', 'title': 'Flag of Brazil', 'header': ['State', 'Star', 'Constellation', 'Size ( 1=largest )', 'State made', 'Star added'], 'data': [{'value': 'Amazonas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)', 'summary': "Amazonas ( [ ɐmɐˈzõnɐs ] ( listen ) ) is a state of Brazil , located in the North Region in the northwestern corner of the country . It is the largest Brazilian state by area and the 9th largest country subdivision in the world , and is greater than the areas of Uruguay , Paraguay , and Chile combined . Mostly located in the Southern Hemisphere , it is the third largest country subdivision in the Southern Hemisphere after the Australian states of Western Australia and Queensland . It would be the sixteenth largest country in land area , slightly larger than Mongolia . Neighbouring states are ( from the north clockwise ) Roraima , Pará , Mato Grosso , Rondônia , and Acre . It also borders the nations of Peru , Colombia and Venezuela . This includes the Departments of Amazonas , Vaupés and Guainía in Colombia , as well as the Amazonas state in Venezuela , and the Loreto Region in Peru . Amazonas is named after the Amazon River , and was formerly part of the Spanish Empire 's Viceroyalty of Peru , a region called Spanish Guyana . It was settled by the Portuguese moving northwest from Brazil in the early 18th century and incorporated into the Portuguese empire after the Treaty of Madrid in 1750 . It became a state under the First Brazilian Republic in 1889 . Most of the state is tropical jungle ; cities are clustered along navigable waterways and are accessible only by boat or plane . The capital and largest city is Manaus , a modern city of 2.1 million inhabitants in the middle of the jungle on the Amazon River 1,500 km upstream from the Atlantic Ocean ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Canis Minoris ( Procyon )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Procyon', 'summary': "Procyon /ˈproʊsiɒn/ is the brightest object in the constellation of Canis Minor and usually the eighth-brightest star in the night sky with a visual apparent magnitude of 0.34 . It has the Bayer designation α Canis Minoris , which is Latinised to Alpha Canis Minoris , and abbreviated α CMi or Alpha CMi , respectively . As determined by the European Space Agency Hipparcos astrometry satellite , this system lies at a distance of just 11.46 light-years ( 3.51 parsecs ) , and is therefore one of Earth 's nearest stellar neighbours . A binary star system , Procyon consists of a white-hued main-sequence star of spectral type F5 IV-V , designated component A , in orbit with a faint white dwarf companion of spectral type DQZ , named Procyon B . The pair orbit each other with a period of 40.8 years and an eccentricity of 0.4 ."}]}, {'value': 'Canis Minor , the Little Dog', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mato Grosso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mato_Grosso', 'summary': "Mato Grosso ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈmatu ˈɡɾosu ] - lit . Thick Bush ) is one of the states of Brazil , the third largest by area , located in the western part of the country . Neighboring states ( from west clockwise ) are : Rondônia , Amazonas , Pará , Tocantins , Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul . The nation of Bolivia is located to the southwest . A state with a flat landscape that alternates between vast chapadas and plain areas , Mato Grosso contains three main ecosystems : the Cerrado , the Pantanal and the Amazon rainforest . Open pasture vegetation covers 40% of the state . The Chapada dos Guimarães National Park , with caves , grottoes , tracks , and waterfalls , is one of its tourist attractions . In the north is the biodiverse Amazonian forest , which originally covered half of the state . Much of this has been disrupted and cleared for logging , agricultural purposes and pastures . The Xingu Indigenous Park and the Araguaia River are in Mato Grosso . Further south , the Pantanal , the world 's largest wetland , is the habitat for nearly one thousand species of animals and many aquatic birds ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Canis Majoris ( Sirius )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sirius', 'summary': "Sirius ( /ˈsɪriəs/ , designated α Canis Majoris ( Latinized to Alpha Canis Majoris , abbreviated Alpha CMa , α CMa ) ) is the brightest star in the night sky . Its name is derived from the Greek word Σείριος Seirios glowing or scorching . With a visual apparent magnitude of −1.46 , Sirius is almost twice as bright as Canopus , the next brightest star . Sirius is a binary star consisting of a main-sequence star of spectral type A0 or A1 , termed Sirius A , and a faint white dwarf companion of spectral type DA2 , termed Sirius B . The distance between the two varies between 8.2 and 31.5 astronomical units as they orbit every 50 years . Sirius appears bright because of its intrinsic luminosity and its proximity to the Solar System . At a distance of 2.64 parsecs ( 8.6 ly ) , the Sirius system is one of Earth 's nearest neighbours . Sirius is gradually moving closer to the Solar System , so it will slightly increase in brightness over the next 60,000 years . After that time , its distance will begin to increase , and it will become fainter , but it will continue to be the brightest star in the Earth 's night sky for the next 210,000 years . Sirius A is about twice as massive as the Sun ( M☉ ) and has an absolute visual magnitude of +1.42 . It is 25 times more luminous than the Sun but has a significantly lower luminosity than other bright stars such as Canopus or Rigel . The system is between 200 and 300 million years old ."}]}, {'value': 'Canis Major , the Great Dog', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amapá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amapá', 'summary': "Amapá ( [ ɐmɐˈpa ] ( listen ) ) is a state located in the northern region of Brazil . It is the second least populous state and the eighteenth largest by area . Located in the far northern part of the country , Amapá is bordered clockwise by French Guiana to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the east , Pará to the south and west , and Suriname to the northwest . The capital and largest city is Macapá . In the colonial period the region was called Portuguese Guiana and was part of Portugal 's State of Brazil . Later , the region was distinguished from the other Guianas . Amapá was once part of Pará , but became a separate territory in 1943 , and a state in 1990 . The dominant feature of the region , and 90 percent of its total area , is the Amazon Rainforest . Unexplored forests occupy 70 percent of Amapá , and Tumucumaque Mountains National Park , established in 2002 , is the largest tropical forest park in the world . The estuary of the River Oiapoque is the northernmost point of coastal Brazil ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta Canis Majoris ( Mirzam )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirzam', 'summary': "Beta Canis Majoris ( β Canis Majoris , abbreviated Beta CMa , β CMa ) , also named Mirzam /ˈmɜːrzəm/ , is a star in the southern constellation of Canis Major , the Great Dog , located at a distance of about 500 light-years ( 150 parsecs ) from the Sun . In the modern constellation it lies at the position of the dog 's front leg ."}]}, {'value': 'Canis Major , the Great Dog', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rondônia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rondônia', 'summary': 'Rondônia ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ʁõˈdõniɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a state in Brazil , located in the northern part of the country . To the west is a short border with the state of Acre , to the north is the state of Amazonas , in the east is Mato Grosso , and in the south and southwest is Bolivia . Its capital is Porto Velho . The state was named after Cândido Rondon .'}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Canis Majoris ( Muliphen )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muliphen', 'summary': "Gamma Canis Majoris ( γ Canis Majoris , abbreviated Gamma CMa , γ CMa ) , also named Muliphein /ˈmjuːlɪfeɪn/ , is a star in the constellation of Canis Major . It is unclear exactly why this relatively faint star was given the 'gamma ' designation , but possibly because it is in the same part of the constellation as Sirius ( alpha ) and Mirzam ( beta ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Canis Major , the Great Dog', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roraima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roraima', 'summary': 'Roraima ( Pemon : roro imã , parrot mountain i.e . Green Peak , Brazilian Portuguese : [ ʁoˈɾajmɐ ] ( listen ) ) is the northernmost and least populated state of Brazil , located in the Amazon region . It borders the states of Amazonas and Pará and the countries of Venezuela and Guyana . The population is approximately 450,000 ( as of 2010 ) , and the capital is Boa Vista . Roraima has fifteen municipalities , the fewest of any Brazilian state .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta Canis Majoris ( Wezen )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wezen', 'summary': 'Delta Canis Majoris ( Latinised from δ Canis Majoris , abbreviated Delta CMa , δ CMa ) , officially named Wezen /ˈwiːzən/ , is a star in the constellation of Canis Major . It is a yellow-white F-type supergiant with an apparent magnitude of +1.83 . Since 1943 , the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified .'}]}, {'value': 'Canis Major , the Great Dog', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tocantins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tocantins_(state)', 'summary': "Tocantins ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ tokɐ̃ˈtʃĩs ] ( listen ) A ) is one of the states of Brazil . ( From : Tukã´ , Toucan + tï , beak . lit . Toucan 's beak in Tupi language ) . It is the newest of the 26 Brazilian states , formed in 1988 and encompassing what had formerly been the northern two-fifths of the state of Goiás . Tocantins covers 277,620.91 square kilometres ( 107,190.03 sq mi ) and has a population of 1,496,880 ( 2014 est. ) . Construction of its capital , Palmas , began in 1989 ; most of the other cities in the state date to the Portuguese colonial period . With the exception of Araguaína there are few other cities with a significant population in the state . The government has invested in a new capital , a major hydropower dam , railroads and related infrastructure to develop this primarily agricultural area . Tocantins has attracted hundreds of thousands of new residents , primarily to Palmas . It is building on its hydropower resources . The Araguaia and Tocantins rivers drain the largest watershed that lies entirely inside Brazilian territory ."}]}, {'value': 'Epsilon Canis Majoris ( Adhara )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Epsilon_Canis_Majoris', 'summary': 'Epsilon Canis Majoris ( Latinised from ε Canis Majoris , abbreviated Epsilon CMa , ε CMa ) is a binary star and , despite being designated ε ( epsilon ) , the second-brightest object in the constellation of Canis Major and one of the brightest stars in the night sky with an apparent magnitude of 1.50 . About 4.7 million years ago , it was the brightest star in the sky , with an apparent magnitude of −3.99 . Based upon parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission , it is about 430 light-years distant from the Sun . The two components are themselves designated ε Canis Majoris A ( also officially named Adhara /əˈdɛərə/ , the traditional name of the system ) and B .'}]}, {'value': 'Canis Major , the Great Dog', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pará', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pará', 'summary': "Pará is a State of Brazil , located in northern Brazil and traversed by the lower Amazon River . It borders the Brazilian states of Amapá , Maranhão , Tocantins , Mato Grosso , Amazonas and Roraima . To the northwest are the borders of Guyana and Suriname , to the northeast of Pará is the Atlantic Ocean . The capital and largest city is Belém , which is located at the mouth of the Amazon . Pará is the most populous state of the northern region , with a population of over 7.5 million , being the ninth-most populous state in Brazil . It is the second-largest state of Brazil in area , with 1.2 million km² ( 460,000 square miles ) , second only to Amazonas upriver . Its most famous icons are the Amazon River and the Amazon Rainforest . Pará produces rubber ( extracted from natural rubber tree groves ) , tropical hardwoods such as mahogany , and minerals such as iron ore and bauxite . A new commodity crop is soy , cultivated in the region of Santarém . Every October , Belém receives tens of thousands of tourists for the year 's most important religious celebration : the procession of the Círio de Nazaré . Another important attraction of the capital is the Marajó-style ceramics , based on the extinct Marajoara culture , which developed on an island in the Amazon River ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Virginis ( Spica )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spica', 'summary': 'Spica /ˈspaɪkə/ , designated α Virginis ( Latinised to Alpha Virginis , abbreviated Alpha Vir , α Vir ) , is the brightest object in the constellation Virgo and one of the 20 brightest stars in the night sky . Analysis of its parallax shows that it is located 250 ± 10 light years from the Sun . It is a spectroscopic binary star and rotating ellipsoidal variable ; a system whose two stars are so close together they are egg-shaped rather than spherical , and can only be separated by their spectra . The primary is a blue giant and a variable star of the Beta Cephei type . Spica , along with Arcturus and Denebola or Regulus depending on the source , is part of the Spring Triangle asterism , and by extension , also of the Great Diamond together with the star Cor Caroli .'}]}, {'value': 'Virgo , the Virgin', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piauí', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piauí', 'summary': "Piauí ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ piawˈwi ] , [ pjɐwˈi ] ( listen ) ) is one of the states of Brazil , located in the country 's Northeast Region . Piauí has the shortest coastline of any coastal Brazilian state at 66 km ( 41 mi ) , and the capital , Teresina , is the only state capital in the northeast to be located inland . The reason for this is , unlike the rest of the area , Piauí was first colonised inland and slowly expanded towards the ocean , rather than the other way around . In the southeast of the state , the National Park of Serra da Capivara is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The park has more than 400 archaeological sites and the largest concentration of rock paintings in the world , in a landscape dominated by canyons and caatinga ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Scorpii ( Antares )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antares', 'summary': 'Antares /ænˈtɛəriːz/ , designated α Scorpii ( Latinised to Alpha Scorpii , abbreviated Alpha Sco , α Sco ) , is on average the fifteenth-brightest star in the night sky , and the brightest object in the constellation of Scorpius . Distinctly reddish when viewed with the naked eye , Antares is a slow irregular variable star that ranges in brightness from apparent magnitude +0.6 to +1.6 . Often referred to as the heart of the scorpion , Antares is flanked by σ Scorpii and τ Scorpii near the center of the constellation . Classified as a red supergiant of spectral type M1.5Iab-Ib , Antares is a red supergiant , a large evolved massive star . Its exact size remains uncertain , but if placed at the center of the Solar System it would reach to somewhere between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter . Its mass is calculated to be around 12 times that of the Sun . Antares is the brightest , most massive , and most evolved stellar member of the nearest OB association , the Scorpius-Centaurus Association . Antares is a member of the Upper Scorpius subgroup of the association , which contains thousands of stars with a mean age of 11 million years , about 170 parsecs ( 550 ly ) from Earth . Antares appears as a single star when viewed with the naked eye , but it is actually a binary star , with its two components called α Scorpii A and α Scorpii B . The brighter of the pair is the red supergiant , while the fainter is a hot main sequence star of magnitude 5.5 .'}]}, {'value': 'Scorpius , the Scorpion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maranhão', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maranhão', 'summary': "Maranhão ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ mɐɾɐˈɲɐ̃w ] ) is a state in Brazil . Located in the country 's Northeast Region , it has a population of about 7 million and an area of 332,000 km2 . Going clockwise from the north , it borders on the Atlantic Ocean and the states of Piauí , Tocantins and Pará . The people of Maranhão have a distinctive accent inside the common Northeastern Brazilian dialect . Maranhão is described in books such as The Land of the Palm Trees by Gonçalves Dias and Casa de Pensão by Aluísio Azevedo . The dunes of Lençóis are an important area of environmental preservation . Also of interest is the state capital of São Luís , designated a Unesco World Heritage Site . Another important conservation area is the Parnaíba River delta , between the states of Maranhão and Piauí , with its lagoons , desert dunes and deserted beaches or islands , such as the Caju island , which shelters rare birds ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta Scorpii ( Graffias )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beta_Scorpii', 'summary': 'Beta Scorpii ( β Scorpii , abbreviated Beta Sco , β Sco ) is a multiple star system in the southern zodiac constellation of Scorpius . It bore the traditional proper name of Acrab /ˈækræb/ , though the International Astronomical Union now regards that name as applying only to the β Scorpii Aa component .'}]}, {'value': 'Scorpius , the Scorpion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ceará', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ceará', 'summary': "Ceará ( [ seaˈɾa ] ( listen ) , locally in Ceará or in Northeast Region of Brazil the pronunciation is [ sɪaˈɾa ] ) is one of the 27 states of Brazil , located in the northeastern part of the country , on the Atlantic coast . It is the eighth-largest Brazilian State by population and the 17th by area . It is also one of the main tourist destinations in Brazil . The state capital is the city of Fortaleza , the country 's fourth most populous city . Literally , the name Ceará means sings the jandaia . According to José de Alencar , one of the most important writers of Brazil and an authority in Tupi Guaraní , Ceará means turquoise or green waters . There are also theories that the state name would derive from Siriará , a reference to the crabs from the seashore . The state is best known for its extensive coastline , with 600 kilometers ( 370 mi ) of sand . There are also mountains and valleys producing tropical fruits . To the south , on the border of Paraíba , Pernambuco and Piauí , is the National Forest of Araripe ."}]}, {'value': 'Epsilon Scorpii ( Larawag )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Epsilon_Scorpii', 'summary': "Epsilon Scorpii ( ε Scorpii , abbreviated Eps Sco , ε Sco ) , formally named Larawag /ˈlærəwæɡ/ , is a star in the southern zodiac constellation of Scorpius . It has an apparent visual magnitude of +2.3 , making it the fifth-brightest member of the constellation . Parallax measurements made during the Hipparcos mission provide an estimated distance to this star of around 63.7 light-years ( 19.5 parsecs ) from the Sun . Epsilon Scorpii has a stellar classification of K1 III , which indicates it has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and evolved into a giant star . The interferometry-measured angular diameter of this star , after correcting for limb darkening , is 5.99 ± 0.06 mas , which , at its estimated distance , equates to a physical radius of nearly 13 times the radius of the Sun . Presently it is generating energy through the nuclear fusion of helium at its core , which , considering the star 's composition , places it along an evolutionary branch termed the red clump . The star 's outer atmosphere has an effective temperature of 4,560 K , giving it the orange hue of a cool K-type star . ε Scorpii is classified as a suspected variable star , although a study of Hipparcos photometry showed a variation of no more than 0.01-0.02 magnitudes . It is an X-ray source with a luminosity of ( 1.5-1.6 ) × 1027 erg s−1 ."}]}, {'value': 'Scorpius , the Scorpion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alagoas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alagoas', 'summary': "Alagoas ( [ alɐˈɡoɐs ] ( listen ) , [ ɐlɐˈɡow.wɐs ] ) is one of the 27 states of Brazil and is situated in the eastern part of the Northeast Region . It borders : Pernambuco ( N and NW ) ; Sergipe ( S ) ; Bahia ( SW ) ; and the Atlantic Ocean ( E ) . It occupies an area of 27,767 km2 , being slightly larger than Haiti . Its capital is the city of Maceió . It is made up of 102 municipalities and its most populous cities are Maceió , Arapiraca , Palmeira dos Índios , Rio Largo , Penedo , União dos Palmares , São Miguel dos Campos , Santana do Ipanema , Delmiro Gouveia , Coruripe , Marechal Deodoro , and Campo Alegre . It is the second smallest Brazilian state in area ( larger only than Sergipe ) , and with Sergipe it is sometimes called the Rhode Island of Brazil . It is 16th in population . It is also one of the largest producers of sugarcane and coconuts in the country , and has an economy based on cattle raising . Land of the sururu ( or Charru Mussel ) , lagoon shellfish which serves as food for the coastal population , and of coconut water , Alagoas also possesses some of the country 's richest folklore . Initially , the Alagoano territory constituted the southern part of the Captaincy of Pernambuco and only gained its autonomy in 1817 . Its occupation pushed the expansion of the captaincy 's sugarcane farming , which required new areas of cultivation , southward . Thus arose Porto Calvo , Alagoas ( now Marechal Deodoro ) and Penedo , nuclei which guided the colonization , economic , and social life of the region for a long time ."}]}, {'value': 'Theta Scorpii ( Sargas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sargas', 'summary': 'Theta Scorpii ( θ Scorpii , abbreviated Theta Sco , θ Sco ) is a binary star in the southern zodiac constellation of Scorpius . The apparent visual magnitude of this star is +1.87 , making it readily visible to the naked eye and one of the brightest stars in the night sky . It is sufficiently near that the distance can be measured directly using the parallax technique and such measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission yield an estimate of approximately 300 light-years ( 90 parsecs ) from the Sun . The two components are designated θ Scorpii A ( officially named Sargas /ˈsɑːrɡæs/ , the traditional name for the system ) and B .'}]}, {'value': 'Scorpius , the Scorpion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergipe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergipe', 'summary': 'Sergipe ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ sɛʁˈʒipi ] ( listen ) ) , officially State of Sergipe , is a state of Brazil . Located in the Northeast Region along the Atlantic coast of the country , Sergipe is the smallest state in Brazil by geographical area at 21,910 km2 ( 8,459 sq mi ) , larger only than the Federal District . Sergipe borders Bahia to the south and west and Alagoas to the north . Aracaju is the capital and the largest city in the state .'}]}, {'value': 'Iota Scorpii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iota_Scorpii', 'summary': 'The Bayer designation ι Scorpii ( Iota Scorpii ) is shared by two stars in the constellation Scorpius :'}]}, {'value': 'Scorpius , the Scorpion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paraíba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paraíba', 'summary': "Paraíba ( Tupi : pa'ra a'íba : bad for navigation ; Brazilian Portuguese : [ paɾaˈibɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a state of Brazil . It is located in the Brazilian Northeast , and it is bordered by Rio Grande do Norte to the north , Ceará to the west , Pernambuco to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the east . Paraíba is the third most densely populated state of the Northeast ; João Pessoa , the sea-bordered state capital , and Campina Grande , in the interior , rank among the fifteen-largest municipalities in the Northeast of Brazil . Paraíba is most populated along the Atlantic coast , which extends as far as Ponta do Seixas , the easternmost point of the Americas . The state is a tourist and industrial hotspot ; it is known for its cultural heritage , amenable climate and geographical features , ranging from the seaside beaches to the Borborema Plateau . It is named after the Paraíba river . Some of the most notable Brazilian writers and poets are from Paraíba like Augusto dos Anjos , José Américo de Almeida , José Lins do Rego , Ariano Suassuna and Pedro Américo , the last being also known for his historical paintings ."}]}, {'value': 'Kappa Scorpii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kappa_Scorpii', 'summary': 'Kappa Scorpii , Latinized from κ Scorpii , is a binary star system in the southern constellation of Scorpius . With an apparent visual magnitude of 2.4 , this star system is readily visible to the naked eye . Parallax measurements place it at an estimated distance of roughly 480 light-years ( 150 parsecs ) from the Earth .'}]}, {'value': 'Scorpius , the Scorpion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rio Grande do Norte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Norte', 'summary': "Rio Grande do Norte ( UK : /ˌriːuː ˌɡrændi duː ˈnɔːrti/ , US : /- ˌɡrɑːn-/ , Portuguese : [ ˈɦi.u ˈɡɾɐ̃di du ˈnɔhti̥ ] ( listen ) ; [ a ] lit . Great Northern River , in reference to the mouth of the Potengi River ) is one of the states of Brazil , located in the northeastern region of the country , occupying the northeasternmost tip of the South American continent . Because of its geographic position , Rio Grande do Norte has a strategic importance . The capital and largest city is Natal . It is the land of the folklorist Luís da Câmara Cascudo . Its 410 km ( 254 mi ) of sand , much sun , coconut palms and lagoons are responsible for the fame of beaches . Rocas Atoll , the only such feature in the Atlantic Ocean , is part of the state . The main economic activity is tourism , followed by the extraction of petroleum ( the second largest producer in the country ) , agriculture , fruit growing and extraction of minerals , including considerable production of seasalt , among other economic activities . The state is famous for having many popular attractions such as the Cashew of Pirangi ( the world 's largest cashew tree ) , the dunes and the dromedaries of Genipabu , the famous beaches of Ponta Negra , Maracajaú and Pipa 's paradise , the Carnatal the largest off-season carnival in Brazil , the Forte dos Reis Magos is a sixteenth-century fortress , the hills and mountains of Martins , the Natal Dunes State Park the second largest urban park in the country , and several other attractions . The state is also closest to the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha . In 2000-17 the murder rate rose by 655% . In 2017 , Rio Grande do Norte was the state with the highest murder rate in Brazil : 63.9 per 100,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Scorpii ( Shaula )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shaula', 'summary': 'Lambda Scorpii ( Latinised from λ Scorpii , abbreviated Lambda Sco , λ Sco ) , formally named Shaula /ˈʃɔːlə/ , is , despite being designated λ ( Lambda ) , the second-brightest star system in the constellation of Scorpius , and one of the brightest stars in the night sky .'}]}, {'value': 'Scorpius , the Scorpion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pernambuco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pernambuco', 'summary': "Pernambuco ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ pɛʁnɐ̃ˈbuku ] ( listen ) ) is a state of Brazil , located in the Northeast region of the country . The state of Pernambuco also includes the archipelago Fernando de Noronha . With an estimated population of 9.2 million people in 2013 , it is the seventh most populous state of Brazil , and is the sixth most densely populated and the 19th most extensive among the states and territories of the country . Its capital and largest city , Recife , is one of the most important economic and urban hubs in the country . As of 2013 estimates , Recife 's metropolitan area is the fifth most populous in the country , and the largest urban agglomeration in Northeast Brazil . In 1982 , the city of Olinda was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO . Recife , the state capital and Olinda have one of the most traditional Brazilian Carnivals . Both have Portuguese architecture , with centuries-old casarões ( colonial houses ) and churches , kilometers of beaches and much culture . The proximity of the equator guarantees sunshine throughout the year , with average temperatures of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mu Scorpii ( Xamidimura & Pipirima )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mu_Scorpii', 'summary': 'The Bayer designation Mu Scorpii ( μ Sco , μ Scorpii ) is shared by two star systems , in the constellation Scorpius :'}]}, {'value': 'Scorpius , the Scorpion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mato Grosso do Sul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul', 'summary': 'Mato Grosso do Sul ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈmatu ˈɡɾosu du ˈsuw ] ) is one of the Midwestern states of Brazil . Its total area of 357,125 square kilometers , or 137,891 square miles , is roughly the same size as Germany . Neighboring Brazilian states are ( from north clockwise ) Mato Grosso , Goiás , Minas Gerais , São Paulo and Paraná . It also borders the countries of Paraguay , to the southwest , and Bolivia , to the west . The economy of the state is largely based on agriculture and cattle-raising . Crossed in the south by the Tropic of Capricorn , Mato Grosso do Sul generally has a warm , sometimes hot , and humid climate , and is crossed by numerous tributaries of the Paraná River . The state is also known for its natural environment , and is a destination for domestic and international tourism . The Pantanal lowlands cover 12 municipalities and presents a variety of flora and fauna , with forests , natural sand banks , savannahs , open pasture , fields and bushes . The city Bonito , in the mountain of Bodoquena , has prehistoric caves , natural rivers , waterfalls , swimming pools and the Blue Lake cave . The name Mato Grosso do Sul is Portuguese for Thick Bushes of the South ; the name is inherited from its northern neighbour state of Mato Grosso , of which it was part until the 1970s . It is not uncommon for people to mistakenly refer to Mato Grosso do Sul as simply Mato Grosso . Other names that were proposed , at the time of the split and afterwards , include Pantanal ( a reference to its best known geographical feature ) and Maracaju ( a reference to the Maracaju Mountain Range that crosses the state from north to south ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Hydrae ( Alphard )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alphard', 'summary': 'Alphard /ˈælfɑːrd/ , designated Alpha Hydrae ( α Hydrae , abbreviated Alpha Hya , α Hya ) , is the brightest star in the constellation of Hydra . It is a single giant star , cooler than the sun but larger and more luminous . It is about 177 light years away .'}]}, {'value': 'Hydra , the Water Serpent', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Acre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acre_(state)', 'summary': 'Acre ( [ ˈakɾi ] ( listen ) ) is a state located in the northern region of Brazil . Located in the westernmost part of the country with a two hour time difference from Brasília , Acre is bordered clockwise by the Brazilian states of Amazonas to the north and northeast , Rondônia to the east , the Bolivian department of Pando to the southeast , and the Peruvian regions of Madre de Dios , Ucayali and Loreto to the south and west . It occupies an area of 152,581.4 km2 . Its capital and largest city is Rio Branco . Other important places include Cruzeiro do Sul , Sena Madureira , Tarauacá and Feijó . Intense extractive activity , which reached its height in the 20th century , attracted Brazilians from many regions to the state . From the mixture of sulista , southeastern Brazil , nordestino , and indigenous traditions arose a diverse cuisine , which unites sun-dried meat ( carne-de-sol ) with pirarucu , a typical fish of the region . Such dishes are seasoned with tucupi , a sauce made from manioc . Fluvial transport , concentrated on the Juruá and Moa rivers , in the western part of the state , and the Tarauacá and Envira Rivers in the northwest , is the principal form of transportation , especially between November and June , when rain leaves impassable the BR-364 , which connects Rio Branco to Cruzeiro do Sul .'}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Hydrae', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gamma_Hydrae', 'summary': "Gamma Hydrae ( γ Hya , γ Hydrae ) is a star in the equatorial constellation of Hydra . It has an apparent visual magnitude of 3.0 , placing it second in brightness among the members of this generally faint constellation . Based upon parallax measurements made during the Hipparcos mission , this star is at a distance of around 133.8 light-years ( 41.0 parsecs ) from Earth . The stellar spectrum matches a stellar classification of G8 III , with the luminosity class of III indicating it has evolved into a giant star after exhausting the supply of hydrogen at its core . It has nearly three times the mass of the Sun and 16 times the Sun 's radius . The star is radiating 115 times the Sun 's luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 5,019 K. This heat gives it the yellow glow of a K-type star . Despite having reached an advanced stage in its evolution , it is considerably younger than the Sun with an age of around 372 million years . This is because higher mass stars consume their nuclear fuel at a more rapid rate ."}]}, {'value': 'Hydra , the Water Serpent', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo_(state)', 'summary': 'São Paulo ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu ] ( listen ) ) is one of the 26 states of the Federative Republic of Brazil and is named after Saint Paul of Tarsus . As the richest Brazilian state and a major industrial complex , often dubbed the locomotive of Brazil , the state is responsible for 33.9% of the Brazilian GDP . São Paulo also has the second highest Human Development Index ( HDI ) and GDP per capita , the fourth lowest infant mortality rate , the third highest life expectancy , and the third lowest rate of illiteracy among the federative units of Brazil , being by far , the safest state in the country . The homicide rate is 3.8 per 100 thousand as of 2018 , almost 1/4 of the Brazilian rate . São Paulo alone is richer than Argentina , Uruguay , Paraguay and Bolivia combined . The economy of São Paulo State is the most developed in Brazil . With more than 46 million inhabitants in 2019 , São Paulo is the most populous Brazilian state , the most populous national subdivision in the Americas , and the third most populous political unit of South America , surpassed only by the rest of the Brazilian Federation and Colombia . The local population is one of the most diverse in the country and descended mostly from Italians , who began immigrating to the country in the late 19th century ; of the Portuguese , who colonized Brazil and installed the first European settlements in the region ; indigenous peoples , many distinct ethnic groups ; Africans , who were brought from Africa as slaves in the colonial era and migrants from other regions of the country . In addition , Arabs , Germans , Spanish , Japanese , Chinese , and Greeks also are present in the ethnic composition of the local population . The area that today corresponds to the state territory was already inhabited by indigenous peoples from approximately 12,000 BC . In the early 16th century , the coast of the region was visited by Portuguese and Spanish explorers and navigators . In 1532 Martim Afonso de Sousa would establish the first Portuguese permanent settlement in the Americas - the village of São Vicente , in the Baixada Santista .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Crucis ( Acrux or Estrela de Magalhães )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpha_Crucis', 'summary': 'Acrux /ˈeɪkrʌks/ , designated α Crucis ( Latinised to Alpha Crucis , abbreviated Alpha Cru , α Cru ) is a multiple star system 321 light-years from the Sun in the constellation of Crux and part of the asterism known as the Southern Cross . With a combined visual magnitude of +0.76 , it is the brightest object in Crux and the 13th brightest star in the night sky . It is the southernmost first-magnitude star , 2.3 degrees more southerly than Alpha Centauri . To the naked eye Acrux appears as a single star , but it is actually a multiple star system containing six components . Through optical telescopes , Acrux appears as a triple star , whose two brightest components are visually separated by about 4 arcseconds and are known as Acrux A and Acrux B , α1 Crucis and α2 Crucis , or α Crucis A and α Crucis B . Both components are B-type stars , and are many times more massive and luminous than the Sun . α1 Crucis is itself a spectroscopic binary with components designated α Crucis Aa ( officially named Acrux , historically the name of the entire system ) and α Crucis Ab . Its two component stars orbit every 76 days at a separation of about 1 astronomical unit ( AU ) . Acrux C is a more distant companion star , forming a triple star through small telescopes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Estrela_de_Magalhães', 'summary': 'Acrux /ˈeɪkrʌks/ , designated α Crucis ( Latinised to Alpha Crucis , abbreviated Alpha Cru , α Cru ) is a multiple star system 321 light-years from the Sun in the constellation of Crux and part of the asterism known as the Southern Cross . With a combined visual magnitude of +0.76 , it is the brightest object in Crux and the 13th brightest star in the night sky . It is the southernmost first-magnitude star , 2.3 degrees more southerly than Alpha Centauri . To the naked eye Acrux appears as a single star , but it is actually a multiple star system containing six components . Through optical telescopes , Acrux appears as a triple star , whose two brightest components are visually separated by about 4 arcseconds and are known as Acrux A and Acrux B , α1 Crucis and α2 Crucis , or α Crucis A and α Crucis B . Both components are B-type stars , and are many times more massive and luminous than the Sun . α1 Crucis is itself a spectroscopic binary with components designated α Crucis Aa ( officially named Acrux , historically the name of the entire system ) and α Crucis Ab . Its two component stars orbit every 76 days at a separation of about 1 astronomical unit ( AU ) . Acrux C is a more distant companion star , forming a triple star through small telescopes .'}]}, {'value': 'Crux , the Southern Cross', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)', 'summary': "Rio de Janeiro ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈʁi.u dʒi ʒɐˈnejɾu ] River of January ) is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil . It has the second largest economy of Brazil , with the largest being that of the state of São Paulo . The state of Rio de Janeiro is located within the Brazilian geopolitical region classified as the Southeast ( assigned by IBGE ) . Rio de Janeiro shares borders with all the other states in the same Southeast macroregion : Minas Gerais ( N and NW ) , Espírito Santo ( NE ) and São Paulo ( SW ) . It is bounded on the east and south by the South Atlantic Ocean . Rio de Janeiro has an area of 43,653 km2 ( 16,855 sq mi ) . Its capital is the city of Rio de Janeiro , which was the capital of the Portuguese Colony of Brazil from 1763 to 1815 , of the following United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves from 1815 to 1822 , and of later independent Brazil as a kingdom and republic from 1822 to 1960 . The state 's 22 largest cities are Rio de Janeiro , São Gonçalo , Duque de Caxias , Nova Iguaçu , Niterói , Campos dos Goytacazes , Belford Roxo , São João de Meriti , Petrópolis , Volta Redonda , Magé , Macaé , Itaboraí , Cabo Frio , Armação dos Búzios , Angra dos Reis , Nova Friburgo , Barra Mansa , Barra do Piraí , Teresópolis , Mesquita and Nilópolis . Rio de Janeiro is the smallest state in the Southeast macroregion and one of the smallest in Brazil . It is , however , the third most populous Brazilian state , with a population of 16 million of people in 2011 ( making it the most densely populated state in Brazil ) and has the third longest coastline in the country ( after those of the states of Bahia and Maranhão ) . In the Brazilian flag , the state is represented by Mimosa , the beta star in the Southern Cross ( β Cru ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta Crucis ( Mimosa )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beta_Crucis', 'summary': 'Mimosa /mɪˈmoʊsə/ , designated β Crucis ( Latinised to Beta Crucis , abbreviated Beta Cru , β Cru ) , is the second-brightest object in the constellation of Crux , after Acrux ( Alpha Crucis ) , and the 19th-brightest star in the night sky . It forms part of the prominent asterism called the Southern Cross . Mimosa is a binary star or a possible triple star system .'}]}, {'value': 'Crux , the Southern Cross', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bahia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bahia', 'summary': "Bahia ( /bəˈhiːə/ ( listen ) ; locally [ baˈi.ɐ ] ) [ a ] is one of the 26 states of Brazil and is located in the northeastern part of the country on the Atlantic coast . It is the 4th-largest Brazilian state by population ( after São Paulo , Minas Gerais , and Rio de Janeiro ) and the 5th-largest by area . Bahia 's capital is the city of Salvador ( formerly known as Cidade do São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos , lit . City of Holy Saviour of All Saints Bay ) , located on a spit of land separating the Bay of All Saints from the Atlantic . Once a monarchial stronghold dominated by agricultural , slaving , and ranching interests , Bahia is now a major manufacturing center whose last four elections have been dominated by the Workers ' Party ."}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Crucis ( Gacrux )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gamma_Crucis', 'summary': 'Gacrux /ˈɡækrʌks/ , Gamma Crucis ( Latinised from γ Crucis , abbreviated Gamma Cru , γ Cru ) , is the nearest class M giant star to the Sun . With an apparent visual magnitude of +1.63 , this is the third-brightest star in the southern constellation of Crux ( the Southern Cross ) and is listed 26th of the brightest stars in the night sky . A line from the two Pointers , Alpha Centauri through Beta Centauri , leads to within 1° north of this star . Distance has been determined using parallax measurements made during the Hipparcos mission , yielding 88.6 light-years ( 27.2 parsecs ) from the Sun .'}]}, {'value': 'Crux , the Southern Cross', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Design -- Construction', 'section_text': 'The stars depicted on the flag and the states they represent are : [ 12 ]', 'uid': 'Flag_of_Brazil_0', 'intro': "The flag of Brazil (Portuguese: Bandeira do Brasil), known in Portuguese as Verde e amarela (The Green and Yellow), or less usually Auriverde (The Gold-Green), is a blue disc depicting a starry sky (which includes the Southern Cross) spanned by a curved band inscribed with the national motto Ordem e Progresso (Order and Progress), within a yellow rhombus, on a green field. Brazil officially adopted this design for its national flag on November 19, 1889 - four days after the Proclamation of the Republic, to replace the flag of the Empire of Brazil. The concept was the work of Raimundo Teixeira Mendes, with the collaboration of Miguel Lemos, Manuel Pereira Reis and Décio Villares. The green field and the yellow parallelogram from the previous imperial flag, though slightly modified in hue and shape, were preserved - the green represented the House of Braganza of Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil, while the yellow represented the House of Habsburg of his wife, Empress Maria Leopoldina. A blue circle with white five-pointed stars replaced the arms of the Empire of Brazil - its position in the flag reflects the sky over the city of Rio de Janeiro on November 15, 1889. The humanist motto Ordem e Progresso is derived from Auguste Comte's motto of positivism: L'amour pour principe et l'ordre pour base; le progrès pour but (Love as a principle and order as the basis; progress as the goal). Each star corresponds to a Brazilian Federative Unit and, according to Brazilian Law, the flag must be updated in case of creation or extinction of a state. At the time the flag was first adopted in 1889, it held 21 stars. Then it received one more star in 1960 (representing the city-state of Guanabara), then another in 1968 (representing Acre), and finally four more stars in 1992 (representing Amapá, Roraima, Rondônia and Tocantins), totalling 27 stars in its current version."} | null | null | What year was the state represented by Adhara in the Brazilian flag established ? | 1988 |
07d5a4834a0e5398 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_International_Cross_Country_Championships', 'title': '1949 International Cross Country Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Athlete', 'Nationality', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alain Mimoun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alain_Mimoun', 'summary': 'Alain Mimoun ( 1 January 1921 - 27 June 2013 ) was an Algerian-born French long-distance runner who competed in track events , cross-country running and the marathon . He was the 1956 Olympic champion in the marathon . He is the most bemedalled French athletics sportsperson in history . In 1999 , readers of the French athletics magazine Athlétisme Magazine voted him as the French Athlete of the 20th Century . On the track Mimoun won three Olympic silver medals , finishing second behind Emil Zátopek in the 10,000 metres final in 1948 and again second behind him in both the 5,000 metres and 10,000 metres finals in 1952 . He was also the silver medallist in both events behind Zátopek at the 1950 European Athletics Championships . From 1949 to 1958 , he won four individual gold medals and two individual silver medals at the International Cross Country Championships . He was a four-time gold medallist at the Mediterranean Games , completing the 5,000 m/10,000 m double in both 1951 and 1955 . Born in Algeria , Mimoun fought military battles for France and the Western Allies during World War II . He settled in metropolitan France shortly after leaving the French army . Overall , he represented France in four consecutive Olympic Games from 1948 to 1960 . He competed internationally for France on 86 occasions .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '47:50', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raphaël Pujazon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raphaël_Pujazon', 'summary': 'Raphael Pujazon ( 18 February 1918 - 23 February 2000 ) was a French athlete who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics . He was born in El Campillo , Spain . He won back-to-back titles at the International Cross Country Championships in 1946 to 1947 .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '47:51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Cérou', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '47:55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steve McCooke', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( /ˈaɪərlənd/ ( listen ) ; Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Airlann [ ˈɑːrlən ] ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George 's Channel . Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles , the third-largest in Europe , and the twentieth-largest on Earth . Geopolitically , Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland ( officially named Ireland ) , which covers five-sixths of the island , and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom . In 2011 , the population of Ireland was about 6.6 million , ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain . As of 2016 , 4.8 million live in the Republic of Ireland , and 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland . The geography of Ireland comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . Its lush vegetation is a product of its mild but changeable climate which is free of extremes in temperature . Much of Ireland was woodland until the end of the Middle Ages . Today , woodland makes up about 10% of the island , compared with a European average of over 33% , and most of it is non-native conifer plantations . There are twenty-six extant land mammal species native to Ireland . The Irish climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and thus very moderate , and winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area , although summers are cooler than those in continental Europe ."}]}, {'value': '47:59', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Geoff Saunders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geoff_Saunders', 'summary': "Geoffrey Boothby Geoff Saunders ( born 25 January 1929 ) is an English former cross country runner . He represented England four times at the International Cross Country Championships from 1949 to 1952 and was the winner of the race in 1951 , leading England to the team gold . He shared in the minor team medals in his other three outings . He grew up around the Lake District , having moved the due to wartime evacuation . He took up cross country running there and attended Repton School . He ran for Derby & County Athletic Club before moving to Bolton at the age of seventeen , as his father began working as a doctor there , and joined Bolton Harriers . He joined the army , rising to lieutenant , and he won army running titles on the track and in cross country . He retired from the sport in 1953 at the age of 24 as his job at a chemists required him to work weekends . At the International Cross Country Championships he was England 's top finisher in fifth in 1949 , leading the English men ( including Frank Aaron and Len Eyre ) to second in the team rankings behind France . He dropped to 14th the following year , with Aaron replacing him as England 's leader . The bronze medal-winning team also included Alec Olney and Eyre . Aaron and Olney were in the International champion team of 1951 , as was Walter Hesketh - a regional rival of Saunders ' ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '48:14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'André Paris', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '48:27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Aaron', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '48:32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roger Petitjean', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '48:37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Constantino Miranda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Constantino_Miranda', 'summary': 'Constantino Miranda ( 12 April 1925 - 22 April 1999 ) was a Spanish long-distance and steeplechase runner who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '48:46', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reg Gosney', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '48:48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jose Coll', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '48:55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Doms', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Doms', 'summary': "John Doms ( 5 November 1924 in Waarloos - 27 June 2013 in Duffel ) was a Belgian long-distance runner who competed in cross country running and the steeplechase . His greatest achievements came at the International Cross Country Championships ( the precursor to the world championship ) . He became Belgium 's first ever winner of the event in 1948 , leading the Belgian men to the team title as well . He returned four times further , taking 12th in both 1949 and 1950 , before sinking out of the top twenty at the two following year 's races . He shared in the team silver medal in both 1950 and 1951 . His Belgian team contemporaries included Marcel Vandewattyne and Lucien Theys . He was born in Waarloos , Antwerp Province and died in Duffel . He represented Belgium at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London , running in the steeplechase , though he was eliminated in qualifying . He represented Belgium on the track at one further major competition - he placed ninth in the 10,000 metres at the 1950 European Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '49:01', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohamed Brahim', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '49:06', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Barry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( /ˈaɪərlənd/ ( listen ) ; Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Airlann [ ˈɑːrlən ] ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George 's Channel . Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles , the third-largest in Europe , and the twentieth-largest on Earth . Geopolitically , Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland ( officially named Ireland ) , which covers five-sixths of the island , and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom . In 2011 , the population of Ireland was about 6.6 million , ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain . As of 2016 , 4.8 million live in the Republic of Ireland , and 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland . The geography of Ireland comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . Its lush vegetation is a product of its mild but changeable climate which is free of extremes in temperature . Much of Ireland was woodland until the end of the Middle Ages . Today , woodland makes up about 10% of the island , compared with a European average of over 33% , and most of it is non-native conifer plantations . There are twenty-six extant land mammal species native to Ireland . The Irish climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and thus very moderate , and winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area , although summers are cooler than those in continental Europe ."}]}, {'value': '49:07', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andy Forbes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '49:14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harry Hicks', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '49:15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raymond Allix', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '49:16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucien Theys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucien_Theys', 'summary': 'Lucien Theys ( 25 February 1927 - 19 January 1996 ) was a Belgian long-distance runner who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics and in the 1952 Summer Olympics . He was the winner of the 1950 International Cross Country Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '49:20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patrick Fahy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( /ˈaɪərlənd/ ( listen ) ; Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Airlann [ ˈɑːrlən ] ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George 's Channel . Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles , the third-largest in Europe , and the twentieth-largest on Earth . Geopolitically , Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland ( officially named Ireland ) , which covers five-sixths of the island , and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom . In 2011 , the population of Ireland was about 6.6 million , ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain . As of 2016 , 4.8 million live in the Republic of Ireland , and 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland . The geography of Ireland comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . Its lush vegetation is a product of its mild but changeable climate which is free of extremes in temperature . Much of Ireland was woodland until the end of the Middle Ages . Today , woodland makes up about 10% of the island , compared with a European average of over 33% , and most of it is non-native conifer plantations . There are twenty-six extant land mammal species native to Ireland . The Irish climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and thus very moderate , and winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area , although summers are cooler than those in continental Europe ."}]}, {'value': '49:21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Willy De Neef', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '49:22', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Individual Race Results -- Men 's ( 9 mi / 14.5 km )", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1949_International_Cross_Country_Championships_0', 'intro': 'The 1949 International Cross Country Championships was held in Dublin, Ireland, at the Baldoyle Racecourse on March 26, 1949. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald. Complete results, medallists, \n and the results of British athletes were published.'} | null | null | What nationality was the athlete who was born in Waarloos , Antwerp Province and died in Duffel ? | Belgium |
07d6626f0281986b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maine_School_of_Law', 'title': 'University of Maine School of Law', 'header': ['Name', 'Class', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Frank Fellows ( politician )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Fellows_(politician)', 'summary': "Frank Fellows ( November 7 , 1889 - August 27 , 1951 ) was a U.S. Representative from Maine serving from 1941 until his death in Bangor , Maine in 1951 . Born in Bucksport , Maine , Fellows attended the public schools , East Maine Conference Seminary in Bucksport , Maine , and the University of Maine . He was graduated from the University of Maine Law School , admitted to the bar in 1911 , and commenced practice in Portland , Maine . He served as clerk of the United States District Court of Maine 1917-1920 . He later moved his practice to Bangor , Maine . Fellows was elected as a Republican to the Seventy-seventh Congress and to the five succeeding Congresses and served from January 3 , 1941 , until his death in Bangor , August 27 , 1951 . He represented Bangor and Eastern Maine in the 3rd Congressional District , taking the seat of his political mentor , Owen Brewster , who had successfully run for the United States Senate . Fellows began to make a national name for himself in 1948 with 'red-baiting ' speeches , such as one in Baltimore in which he said we need to spray and fumigate the State Dept . with DDT of 100% strength . On the other hand , as Chairman of the House Sub-Committee on Immigration , he also sponsored a House bill to admit over 200,000 displaced persons ( European war refugees ) into the United States , and fought as blatently [ sic ] discriminatory the Senate version of the same legislation which would have barred Jews and created preferences for northern Europeans . Even the Fellows Bill , however , left out Asians , and set a total quota only half as large as the one requested by President Truman . Fellows died in office after an illness ."}]}, {'value': '1911', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Representative from Maine , 1941-1951', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Maine', 'summary': "Maine ( /meɪn/ ( listen ) ) is the northernmost state in the northeastern United States . Maine is the 12th smallest by area , the 9th least populous , and the 13th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . Located in New England , it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west , the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast , and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Québec to the northeast and northwest , respectively . Maine is the only state to border exactly one other state , is the easternmost among the contiguous United States , and is the northernmost state east of the Great Lakes . Maine is known for its jagged , rocky coastline ; low , rolling mountains ; heavily forested interior ; and picturesque waterways , as well as its seafood cuisine , especially lobster and clams . There is a humid continental climate throughout most of the state , including coastal areas . Maine 's most populous city is Portland and its capital is Augusta . For thousands of years , indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine . At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine , several Algonquian-speaking peoples inhabited the area . The first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island , by Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons . The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony , established by the Plymouth Company in 1607 . A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s , although the rugged climate , deprivations , and conflict with the local peoples caused many to fail over the years ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles Bayley Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Bayley_Adams', 'summary': 'Charles Bayley Adams ( September 2 , 1887 - February 6 , 1961 ) was a Vermont politician , judge and attorney who served as President of the Vermont State Senate and a Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court .'}]}, {'value': '1913', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court , 1949-1961', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vermont_Supreme_Court', 'summary': "The Vermont Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority of the U.S. state of Vermont . Unlike most other states , the Vermont Supreme Court hears appeals directly from the trial courts , as Vermont has no intermediate appeals court . The Court consists of a chief justice and four associate justices ; the Court mostly hears appeals of cases that have been decided by other courts . The Supreme Court justices are appointed by the Governor of Vermont with confirmation by the Vermont Senate . When a judicial vacancy occurs , the judicial nominating board submits to the governor the names of as many persons as it deems qualified for appointment . All Supreme Court justices come up for retention at the same time every six years . The next retention date is March 31 , 2023 . The Joint Committee on Judicial Retention reviews a justice 's performance during the previous term and recommends to the Vermont General Assembly whether the justice should be retained . The committee consists of four House members appointed by the Speaker of the House and four Senate members appointed by the Committee on Committees . After open debate and discussion , the General Assembly votes by secret ballot , with a majority having to vote against reappointment for a justice to be denied another term . In addition to the retention process , any Vermont judge may be removed at any time in one of two ways : ( 1 ) Judges may be impeached by a two-thirds vote of the General Assembly and convicted by a two-thirds vote of the Senate , and ( 2 ) a Judicial Conduct Board investigates complaints of judicial misconduct or disability and recommends any necessary action to the Supreme Court . The current chief justice is Paul L. Reiber ."}]}, {'value': 'John P. Connarn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_P._Connarn', 'summary': 'John P. Connarn ( July 8 , 1917 - March 26 , 2002 ) was a Vermont attorney and political figure who served as the state Attorney General .'}]}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vermont Attorney General , 1965-1967', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vermont_Attorney_General', 'summary': "The Vermont Attorney General is one of five cabinet-level constitutional officers in the U.S. state of Vermont which are elected every two years . It was created by an act of the Vermont General Assembly in 1790 , repealed in 1797 , and revived in 1904 . The office began as a one-person operation located at Windsor , Vermont , the state 's first capital . When the position was recreated in 1904 offices were located in the Vermont State House . The office is now headquartered in the Pavilion and is the largest employer of attorneys in the state . T. J. Donovan of Burlington is the current Vermont Attorney General . The office provides legal counsel for all state agencies and the Vermont General Assembly , the state 's legislative branch . It handles civil and criminal cases in all courts of the state for both the trial and appellate levels . It defends the state when it is sued and files suits to enforce Vermonts criminal , environmental , consumer protection , civil rights and other laws ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenneth M. Curtis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis', 'summary': 'Kenneth Merwin Curtis ( born February 8 , 1931 ) is an American lawyer and former politician . He is currently a principal in the law firm of Curtis Thaxter Stevens Broder & Micoleau Limited Liability Company , P.A .'}]}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': '68th Governor of Maine 1967-1975', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maine', 'summary': "The Governor of Maine is the head of the executive branch of Maine 's state government and the commander-in-chief of its military forces . The governor has a duty to enforce state laws , and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Maine Legislature , to convene the legislature at any time , and , except in cases of impeachment , to grant pardons . There have been 75 governors of Maine since statehood . 70 people have held the office ; 4 of them served multiple non-consecutive terms . The longest-serving governor was Joseph E. Brennan , who served two terms from 1979 to 1987 . The shortest-serving governors were Nathaniel M. Haskell and Richard H. Vose , who each served only one day . John W. Dana also served for one day in 1844 , after the incumbent governor resigned , but was later elected to the governorship . The current governor is Democrat Janet Mills , who took office on January 2 , 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Maine', 'summary': 'The Governor of Maine is the chief executive of the State of Maine . Before Maine was admitted to the Union in 1820 , Maine was part of Massachusetts and the Governor of Massachusetts was chief executive . The current Governor of Maine is Janet Mills , a Democrat , who took office January 2 , 2019 . The governor of Maine receives a salary of $ 70,000 , which as of 2016 [ update ] is the lowest by $ 20,000 of the 50 state governors .'}]}, {'value': 'Joseph E. Brennan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_E._Brennan', 'summary': "Joseph Edward Brennan ( born November 2 , 1934 ) is an American Democratic Party lawyer and politician from Maine . He served as the 70th Governor of Maine from 1979 to 1987 . He is a former commissioner on the Federal Maritime Commission . Born in 1934 in Portland , Maine , Brennan lived on Kellogg Street on Munjoy Hill . Brennan attended Boston College and the University of Maine School of Law , and became Cumberland County District Attorney before winning election to the Maine House of Representatives ( 1965-1971 ) and the Maine Senate ( 1973-1975 ) . When first elected to the Maine House he did not own a car and hitched hiked up from Portland . His first statewide candidacy was for Governor in 1974 ; he lost the Democratic nomination to George J. Mitchell , whom he would later appoint to the U.S. Senate . Appointed State Attorney General in 1975 , Brennan ran for governor again in 1978 , winning the primary and general elections . Brennan was reelected in 1982 , serving as governor from 1979 to 1987 . In 1986 he ran for the U.S. House in Maine 's First Congressional District and won with 53% of the vote . When he was District Attorney his Munjoy Hill was shot up with bullets landing by his infant daughter , this led Brennan to support the a ban on assault style weapons in America . After two terms in the House , Brennan ran for governor again in 1990 , losing to Republican John McKernan ."}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70th Governor of Maine 1979-1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maine', 'summary': "The Governor of Maine is the head of the executive branch of Maine 's state government and the commander-in-chief of its military forces . The governor has a duty to enforce state laws , and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Maine Legislature , to convene the legislature at any time , and , except in cases of impeachment , to grant pardons . There have been 75 governors of Maine since statehood . 70 people have held the office ; 4 of them served multiple non-consecutive terms . The longest-serving governor was Joseph E. Brennan , who served two terms from 1979 to 1987 . The shortest-serving governors were Nathaniel M. Haskell and Richard H. Vose , who each served only one day . John W. Dana also served for one day in 1844 , after the incumbent governor resigned , but was later elected to the governorship . The current governor is Democrat Janet Mills , who took office on January 2 , 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Maine', 'summary': 'The Governor of Maine is the chief executive of the State of Maine . Before Maine was admitted to the Union in 1820 , Maine was part of Massachusetts and the Governor of Massachusetts was chief executive . The current Governor of Maine is Janet Mills , a Democrat , who took office January 2 , 2019 . The governor of Maine receives a salary of $ 70,000 , which as of 2016 [ update ] is the lowest by $ 20,000 of the 50 state governors .'}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Wathen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Wathen', 'summary': "Daniel Everett Dan Wathen ( born November 4 , 1939 in Easton , Maine ) is a Maine lawyer and politician . He was Chief Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court from March 1992 until October 2001 , when he resigned to run for Governor of Maine as a Republican . At the time of his announcement , many pollsters and academics did not believe Wathen would factor into the 2002 gubernatorial election . He was replaced as Chief Justice by Leigh Saufley . Wathen is a native of Easton in Aroostook County , Maine . He graduated from Ricker College in Houlton and earned his law degree from the University of Maine School of Law . He also holds a Master of Laws degree from the University of Virginia School of Law . As of 2010 , Wathen oversaw court-ordered improvements in mental health services . Wathen testified before the Health and Human Services committee of the Maine legislature that cuts to mental health services would be illusory and the proposed cuts would be spent elsewhere , such as in prison services for mentally ill people . Attorney General Janet Mills defended Governor John Baldacci 's plan to cut mental health services . As of 2011 , Wathen was the Board Chairman of the Maine Turnpike Authority . Since 2002 , he has served as Of Counsel for Pierce Atwood LLP , a law firm which has an office based in Augusta , Maine ."}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chief Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court , 1992-2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maine_Supreme_Judicial_Court', 'summary': "The Maine Supreme Judicial Court is the highest court in the state of Maine 's judicial system . It is composed of seven justices , who are appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Maine Senate . From 1820 until 1839 , justices served lifetime appointments with a mandatory retirement age of 70 . Beginning in 1839 , justices are appointed for seven-year terms , with no limit on the number of terms that they may serve . Known as the Law Court when sitting as an appellate court , the Supreme Court 's other functions include hearing appeals of sentences longer than one year of incarceration , overseeing admission to the bar and the conduct of its members , and promulgating rules for all the state 's courts . The Maine Supreme Judicial Court is one of the few state supreme courts in the United States authorized to issue advisory opinions , which it does upon request by the governor or legislature , as set out in the Maine Constitution . It is also unusual for a state 's highest appellate court in that its primary location is not that of the state 's capital city , Augusta , partially because the Kennebec County Courthouse did not have a courtroom large enough for the Supreme Court 's proceedings . The court did meet there from 1830 until 1970 , when it permanently moved to the Cumberland County Courthouse . The renovation of the Kennebec County Courthouse in 2015 , which included expansion of the bench in its largest courtroom to permit all 7 MSJC justices to sit there , will allow the court to meet there at least twice a year . It will also continue to meet in Portland , Bangor , and at high schools around the state . The MSJC is also authorized to rule on the fitness of the Governor of Maine to serve in office , which it does upon the Maine Secretary of State certifying to the court that the governor is temporarily unable to carry out the duties of that office . The court must then hold a hearing and , if it agrees that the governor is unfit , declare the office of governor temporarily vacant and transfer its duties to the President of the Maine Senate , who would serve as acting governor ."}]}, {'value': 'Thomas E. Delahanty II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_E._Delahanty_II', 'summary': 'Thomas E. Delahanty II ( born June 6 , 1945 ) is the former United States Attorney for the District of Maine .'}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Attorney for the District of Maine , 2010-present', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Maine', 'summary': 'The U.S. District Court for the District of Maine ( in case citations , D . Me . ) is the U.S. district court for the state of Maine . The District of Maine was one of the original thirteen district courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789 , even though Maine was not a separate state from Massachusetts until 1820 . The court is headquartered at the Edward T. Gignoux United States Courthouse in Portland , Maine and has a second courthouse in Bangor , Maine . The U.S. Attorney for the District of Maine represents the United States in criminal and civil litigation before the court . Halsey Frank was confirmed as the U.S. Attorney for the District of Maine on October 3 , 2017 . Appeals from the District of Maine are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act , which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Joseph Jabar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Jabar', 'summary': 'Joseph M. Jabar ( born July 9 , 1946 ) is a Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court . He was appointed to the bench in 2009 , after serving as a judge on the Superior Court .'}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court , 2009-present', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maine_Supreme_Judicial_Court', 'summary': "The Maine Supreme Judicial Court is the highest court in the state of Maine 's judicial system . It is composed of seven justices , who are appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Maine Senate . From 1820 until 1839 , justices served lifetime appointments with a mandatory retirement age of 70 . Beginning in 1839 , justices are appointed for seven-year terms , with no limit on the number of terms that they may serve . Known as the Law Court when sitting as an appellate court , the Supreme Court 's other functions include hearing appeals of sentences longer than one year of incarceration , overseeing admission to the bar and the conduct of its members , and promulgating rules for all the state 's courts . The Maine Supreme Judicial Court is one of the few state supreme courts in the United States authorized to issue advisory opinions , which it does upon request by the governor or legislature , as set out in the Maine Constitution . It is also unusual for a state 's highest appellate court in that its primary location is not that of the state 's capital city , Augusta , partially because the Kennebec County Courthouse did not have a courtroom large enough for the Supreme Court 's proceedings . The court did meet there from 1830 until 1970 , when it permanently moved to the Cumberland County Courthouse . The renovation of the Kennebec County Courthouse in 2015 , which included expansion of the bench in its largest courtroom to permit all 7 MSJC justices to sit there , will allow the court to meet there at least twice a year . It will also continue to meet in Portland , Bangor , and at high schools around the state . The MSJC is also authorized to rule on the fitness of the Governor of Maine to serve in office , which it does upon the Maine Secretary of State certifying to the court that the governor is temporarily unable to carry out the duties of that office . The court must then hold a hearing and , if it agrees that the governor is unfit , declare the office of governor temporarily vacant and transfer its duties to the President of the Maine Senate , who would serve as acting governor ."}]}, {'value': 'Gary Thorne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Thorne', 'summary': 'Gary F. Thorne ( born June 9 , 1948 ) is the lead play-by-play announcer for MASN . He has also worked for ESPN and ABC , including National Hockey League , Major League Baseball , college football , and the Frozen Four hockey tournament . He also works for World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , where he is the narrator for the WrestleMania Rewind program on its WWE Network streaming video service .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Announcer for ESPN and ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ESPN', 'summary': 'ESPN ( originally an initialism for Entertainment and Sports Programming Network ) is an American basic cable sports channel owned by ESPN Inc. , owned jointly by The Walt Disney Company ( 80% ) and Hearst Communications ( 20% ) . The company was founded in 1979 by Bill Rasmussen along with his son Scott Rasmussen and Ed Egan . ESPN broadcasts primarily from studio facilities located in Bristol , Connecticut . The network also operates offices in Miami , New York City , Seattle , Charlotte , and Los Angeles . James Pitaro currently serves as chairman of ESPN , a position he has held since March 5 , 2018 , following the resignation of John Skipper on December 18 , 2017 . While ESPN is one of the most successful sports networks , there has been much criticism of ESPN , which includes accusations of biased coverage , conflict of interest , and controversies with individual broadcasters and analysts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': 'John R. McKernan , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_R._McKernan,_Jr.', 'summary': 'John Rettie Jock McKernan Jr. ( born May 20 , 1948 ) is an American politician who served two terms as the 71st Governor of Maine , from 1987 to 1995 . Born in Bangor , Maine , McKernan attended Dartmouth College and then the University of Maine School of Law . A Republican , McKernan was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives before becoming governor . He also served in the state house from 1973 to 1977 and was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1976 and 1984 .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '71st Governor of Maine 1987-1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maine', 'summary': "The Governor of Maine is the head of the executive branch of Maine 's state government and the commander-in-chief of its military forces . The governor has a duty to enforce state laws , and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Maine Legislature , to convene the legislature at any time , and , except in cases of impeachment , to grant pardons . There have been 75 governors of Maine since statehood . 70 people have held the office ; 4 of them served multiple non-consecutive terms . The longest-serving governor was Joseph E. Brennan , who served two terms from 1979 to 1987 . The shortest-serving governors were Nathaniel M. Haskell and Richard H. Vose , who each served only one day . John W. Dana also served for one day in 1844 , after the incumbent governor resigned , but was later elected to the governorship . The current governor is Democrat Janet Mills , who took office on January 2 , 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Maine', 'summary': 'The Governor of Maine is the chief executive of the State of Maine . Before Maine was admitted to the Union in 1820 , Maine was part of Massachusetts and the Governor of Massachusetts was chief executive . The current Governor of Maine is Janet Mills , a Democrat , who took office January 2 , 2019 . The governor of Maine receives a salary of $ 70,000 , which as of 2016 [ update ] is the lowest by $ 20,000 of the 50 state governors .'}]}, {'value': 'James Tierney ( politician )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Tierney_(politician)', 'summary': "James E. Tierney ( born April 12 , 1947 ) is an American lawyer , lecturer in law at Harvard Law School , and founding director of State AG , an educational resource on the office of state attorney general . He served as Attorney General of Maine from 1980 until 1990 . At 25 , Tierney was elected to the Maine House of Representatives as a Democrat from Lisbon , Maine . After eight years in the Maine Legislature , where he was elected Majority Leader at the age of 29 , Tierney became the Maine Attorney General . He served in that capacity for ten years during which time he was active on a wide variety of state and national issues . After leaving office in 1990 , he began a career as a consultant to attorneys general . In December 1992 he was named as special attorney general to investigate misconduct allegations on the Pennsylvania Supreme Court . Tierney has been characterized by state attorneys general and the media as America 's 51st Attorney General . From 2000 to 2016 , Tierney was the Director of the National State Attorneys General Program at Columbia Law School . In 2006 , Columbia students recognized him as the Public Interest Law Professor of the Year . Since 2016 , he has been a lecturer in law at Harvard Law School where he teaches on the role of state attorneys general while directing the Harvard Attorney General clinic . He has written extensively on a wide range of topics , such as the often volatile relationship between state AGs and their governors ."}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51st Maine Attorney General 1981-1991 , Professor at Columbia Law School 1991-present', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maine_Attorney_General', 'summary': "The Maine Attorney General is the chief legal advisor and prosecutor of the State of Maine . The constitutional basis of the office is Article IX , Section 11 of the Maine Constitution , and the holder of the position is chosen biennially by the Maine Legislature in joint session . Maine is the only state to select its attorney general in such a manner . The powers of the Attorney General are derived from the Maine Revised Statues Annotated , Title 5 , Chapter 9 . These include representing the State in civil actions , investigating and prosecuting homicides , advising district attorneys , and providing written opinions on matters of law at the request of the Governor or the Legislature . The Attorney General is empowered to appoint deputy and assistant attorneys general , who serve at the Attorney General 's pleasure ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Columbia_Law_School', 'summary': "Columbia Law School ( often referred to as Columbia Law or CLS ) is a professional graduate school of Columbia University , a member of the Ivy League . It has always been ranked in the top five law schools in the United States by U.S. News and World Report . Columbia is especially well known for its strength in corporate law and its placement power in the nation 's elite law firms . Columbia Law School was founded in 1858 as the Columbia College Law School , and was known for its legal scholarship dating back to the 18th century . Graduates of the university 's colonial predecessor , King 's College , include such notable early-American legal figures as John Jay , the first chief justice of the United States , and Alexander Hamilton , the first Secretary of the Treasury , who were both co-authors of The Federalist Papers . Columbia has produced many distinguished alumni , including US presidents Teddy Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt ; nine justices of the Supreme Court of the United States ; numerous U.S . Cabinet members and presidential advisers ; US senators ; representatives ; governors ; and more members of the Forbes 400 than any other law school in the world . According to Columbia Law School 's 2013 ABA-required disclosures ; 95% of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time , long-term , JD-required employment within nine months of graduation , with the 25th percentile , median , and 75th percentile starting salary for graduates all being $ 180,000 ( including the standard first year associate bonus of $ 15,000 , this figure rises to $ 195,000 ) . The law school was ranked # 1 of all law schools nationwide by the National Law Journal in terms of sending the highest percentage of 2015 graduates to the largest 100 law firms in the US ( 52.6% ) ."}]}, {'value': 'John A. Woodcock Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_A._Woodcock_Jr.', 'summary': 'John Alden Woodcock , Jr. ( born July 6 , 1950 ) is a Senior United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maine .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chief Justice of the United States District Court for the District of Maine , 2009-present', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Maine', 'summary': 'The U.S. District Court for the District of Maine ( in case citations , D . Me . ) is the U.S. district court for the state of Maine . The District of Maine was one of the original thirteen district courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789 , even though Maine was not a separate state from Massachusetts until 1820 . The court is headquartered at the Edward T. Gignoux United States Courthouse in Portland , Maine and has a second courthouse in Bangor , Maine . The U.S. Attorney for the District of Maine represents the United States in criminal and civil litigation before the court . Halsey Frank was confirmed as the U.S. Attorney for the District of Maine on October 3 , 2017 . Appeals from the District of Maine are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act , which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Paula D. Silsby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paula_D._Silsby', 'summary': "Paula Diane Silsby ( born June 1 , 1951 in Bangor , Maine ) is a former U.S. Attorney for the District of Maine . Both her father and her grandfather have been Superior Court justices . Her father , Judge Herbert T. Silsby , is a Superior Court justice in Ellsworth , Maine . [ permanent dead link ] She obtained her B.A . from Mount Holyoke College in 1973 and her J.D . from the University of Maine School of Law in 1976 . She served as Assistant U.S. Attorney for the District of Maine from 1977 until 2001 . She served In the criminal division in the U.S. Attorney 's office from 1994 until 2001 . In 1985 , she was a co-founder of the Pine Grove Child Development Center , Inc . In 1998 , she received the Caroline Duby Glassman award from the Maine Bar Association . This award is given annually to a woman who has done the most to advance the position of women in the legal profession . She also has received Attorney General Janet Reno 's Director 's Award for Executive Achievement ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Attorney for the District of Maine , 2001-2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Maine', 'summary': 'The U.S. District Court for the District of Maine ( in case citations , D . Me . ) is the U.S. district court for the state of Maine . The District of Maine was one of the original thirteen district courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789 , even though Maine was not a separate state from Massachusetts until 1820 . The court is headquartered at the Edward T. Gignoux United States Courthouse in Portland , Maine and has a second courthouse in Bangor , Maine . The U.S. Attorney for the District of Maine represents the United States in criminal and civil litigation before the court . Halsey Frank was confirmed as the U.S. Attorney for the District of Maine on October 3 , 2017 . Appeals from the District of Maine are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act , which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Janet T. Mills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Janet_T._Mills', 'summary': 'Janet Trafton Mills ( born December 30 , 1947 ) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the 75th Governor of Maine , since January 2019 . She previously served as the Attorney General of Maine on two separate occasions . A member of the Democratic Party , Mills was first elected Maine Attorney General by the Maine Legislature on January 6 , 2009 , succeeding G. Steven Rowe . Her second term began on January 3 , 2013 , after the term of Republican William Schneider . She is the first woman to hold the position of Attorney General of Maine . Prior to her election , she served in the Maine House of Representatives representing the towns of Farmington and Industry . She was nominated by her party for Governor of Maine in the 2018 gubernatorial election . She won the November general election , defeating Republican Shawn Moody and Independent Terry Hayes . On January 2 , 2019 , she became the first female Governor of Maine .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '55th and 57th Maine Attorney General , 2009-2011 ; 2013-2018 , 75th Governor of Maine 2019 - present', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maine_Attorney_General', 'summary': "The Maine Attorney General is the chief legal advisor and prosecutor of the State of Maine . The constitutional basis of the office is Article IX , Section 11 of the Maine Constitution , and the holder of the position is chosen biennially by the Maine Legislature in joint session . Maine is the only state to select its attorney general in such a manner . The powers of the Attorney General are derived from the Maine Revised Statues Annotated , Title 5 , Chapter 9 . These include representing the State in civil actions , investigating and prosecuting homicides , advising district attorneys , and providing written opinions on matters of law at the request of the Governor or the Legislature . The Attorney General is empowered to appoint deputy and assistant attorneys general , who serve at the Attorney General 's pleasure ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Maine', 'summary': 'The Governor of Maine is the chief executive of the State of Maine . Before Maine was admitted to the Union in 1820 , Maine was part of Massachusetts and the Governor of Massachusetts was chief executive . The current Governor of Maine is Janet Mills , a Democrat , who took office January 2 , 2019 . The governor of Maine receives a salary of $ 70,000 , which as of 2016 [ update ] is the lowest by $ 20,000 of the 50 state governors .'}]}, {'value': 'Leigh Saufley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leigh_Saufley', 'summary': "Leigh Ingalls Saufley ( born June 21 , 1954 ) is the Chief Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court . Saufley graduated from the University of Maine in 1976 . She was a member of Phi Beta Kappa . She earned her J.D . degree from the University of Maine School of Law in 1980 and served as a deputy attorney general until 1990 , when she was named to the Maine District Court . Appointed to Maine Superior Court in 1993 , she was chosen as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Judicial Court in October 1997 . On December 6 , 2001 , she was sworn in as Maine 's first female Chief Justice of the Supreme Judicial Court by Governor Angus King . She was reappointed to a second term in 2009 by King 's successor , Democratic Gov . John Baldacci , and to her third term by Republican Gov . Paul LePage in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Female Chief Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court , 2001-present', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maine_Supreme_Judicial_Court', 'summary': "The Maine Supreme Judicial Court is the highest court in the state of Maine 's judicial system . It is composed of seven justices , who are appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Maine Senate . From 1820 until 1839 , justices served lifetime appointments with a mandatory retirement age of 70 . Beginning in 1839 , justices are appointed for seven-year terms , with no limit on the number of terms that they may serve . Known as the Law Court when sitting as an appellate court , the Supreme Court 's other functions include hearing appeals of sentences longer than one year of incarceration , overseeing admission to the bar and the conduct of its members , and promulgating rules for all the state 's courts . The Maine Supreme Judicial Court is one of the few state supreme courts in the United States authorized to issue advisory opinions , which it does upon request by the governor or legislature , as set out in the Maine Constitution . It is also unusual for a state 's highest appellate court in that its primary location is not that of the state 's capital city , Augusta , partially because the Kennebec County Courthouse did not have a courtroom large enough for the Supreme Court 's proceedings . The court did meet there from 1830 until 1970 , when it permanently moved to the Cumberland County Courthouse . The renovation of the Kennebec County Courthouse in 2015 , which included expansion of the bench in its largest courtroom to permit all 7 MSJC justices to sit there , will allow the court to meet there at least twice a year . It will also continue to meet in Portland , Bangor , and at high schools around the state . The MSJC is also authorized to rule on the fitness of the Governor of Maine to serve in office , which it does upon the Maine Secretary of State certifying to the court that the governor is temporarily unable to carry out the duties of that office . The court must then hold a hearing and , if it agrees that the governor is unfit , declare the office of governor temporarily vacant and transfer its duties to the President of the Maine Senate , who would serve as acting governor ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Murray ( Maine politician )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Murray_(Maine_politician)', 'summary': 'Robert Emmett Murray Jr. ( born June 29 , 1959 ) is an American politician and attorney from Maine . He represented Bangor in the Maine House of Representatives from 1982 to 1986 and the Maine Senate from 1996 to 2000 . From 2002 to 2004 , Murray served as the commissioner of the Department of Professional and Financial Regulation under Governor John Baldacci . Murray was born and grew up on Maple Street in Bangor , Maine to Robert Emmett , Sr. , and Laura Murray . He earned a BA from Boston College in 1981 and a JD from the University of Maine School of Law in 1985 . His brother is Fr . Frank Murray and his sister Cynthia married Severin Beliveau . His great uncle was Edward P. Murray . In 2011 , Baldacci appointed Murray , who had been serving on the District Court bench since 2004 , to the Superior Court . He was reappointed in 2017 by Governor Paul Lepage .'}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maine State Senator , 1996-2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maine_Senate', 'summary': 'The Maine Senate is the upper house of the Maine Legislature , the state legislature of the U.S. state of Maine . The Senate currently consists of 35 members representing an equal number of districts across the state , though the Maine Constitution allows for an odd number of Senators , not less than 31 nor more than 35 . Unlike the lower House , the Senate does not set aside nonvoting seats for Native tribes . Because it is a part-time position , members of the Maine Senate usually have outside employment as well . The Senate meets at the Maine State House in Augusta . Members are limited to four consecutive terms with each term being two years but may run again after a two-year wait .'}]}, {'value': 'Nancy A. Henry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nancy_A._Henry', 'summary': 'Nancy A. Henry ( born November 15 , 1961 ) is an American Poet .'}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Poet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Poet', 'summary': 'The poets listed below were either born in the United States or else published much of their poetry while living in that country .'}]}, {'value': 'G. Steven Rowe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/G._Steven_Rowe', 'summary': "Glen Steven Rowe , known commonly as Steve Rowe , ( born April 23 , 1953 ) is a former Maine politician . A Democrat , he first entered politics in 1992 as a member of the Maine House of Representatives . In 1998 , he became the 94th Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives , serving until he was term-limited from the House in 2000 . In 2001 , Rowe was elected as the 54th Maine Attorney General , serving eight years in that position . In 2009 , Rowe became Counsel at Verrill Dana , a Portland law firm . He ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Maine in 2010 . He then returned to the practice of law , but in 2012 became President of the Endowment for Health , New Hampshire 's largest health foundation . In 2015 , Rowe assumed the position of President and CEO of the Maine Community Foundation ."}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': '54th Maine Attorney General , 2001-2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maine_Attorney_General', 'summary': "The Maine Attorney General is the chief legal advisor and prosecutor of the State of Maine . The constitutional basis of the office is Article IX , Section 11 of the Maine Constitution , and the holder of the position is chosen biennially by the Maine Legislature in joint session . Maine is the only state to select its attorney general in such a manner . The powers of the Attorney General are derived from the Maine Revised Statues Annotated , Title 5 , Chapter 9 . These include representing the State in civil actions , investigating and prosecuting homicides , advising district attorneys , and providing written opinions on matters of law at the request of the Governor or the Legislature . The Attorney General is empowered to appoint deputy and assistant attorneys general , who serve at the Attorney General 's pleasure ."}]}, {'value': 'David Lemoine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Lemoine', 'summary': 'David George Lemoine ( born May 25 , 1957 ) is an American politician from Maine . Lemoine , a Democrat served in the Maine House of Representatives from 1998 to 2004 prior to serving as the State Treasurer of Maine from 2005-2010 .'}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Treasurer of Maine , 2005-2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christine A. Bither', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Immigration Judge , 2003-present', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Notable alumni', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'University_of_Maine_School_of_Law_0', 'intro': "The University of Maine School of Law is an American Bar Association-accredited law school located in Portland, Maine. It is Maine's only law school and is a part of the University of Maine System, operating independently from other units within the system. The law school's current Interim Dean is Dmitry Bam, who assumed the post in 2019. Many of Maine's judges, legal scholars, politicians, and community leaders are graduates of the law school. Notable alumni include the Chief Justices of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court, Leigh Saufley and Daniel Wathen, current governor Janet Mills, several former governors, former Maine Senate President Libby Mitchell, and U.S. District Court Judge John A. Woodcock, to name just a few. According to Maine's official 2017 ABA-required disclosures, 62.7% of the Class of 2017 obtained full-time, long-term, Bar Passage Required/JD Advantage employment ten months after graduation."} | null | null | The longest-serving governor of Vermont was a UM School of Law alumnus born where ? | Portland , Maine |
07d75611fe6b0a44 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Belarusian_First_League', 'title': '2011 Belarusian First League', 'header': ['Team', 'Location', 'Position in 2010'], 'data': [{'value': 'Partizan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Partizan_Minsk', 'summary': 'FC Partizan Minsk ( Belarusian : ФК Партызан Мінск ) was a Belarusian football club based in Minsk .'}]}, {'value': 'Minsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minsk', 'summary': 'Minsk ( Belarusian : Мінск , pronounced [ mʲinsk ] , traditionally Belarusian : Менск , [ mʲensk ] ; Russian : Минск , Polish : Mińsk ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus , situated on the Svislač and the Nyamiha Rivers . As the capital , Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region ( voblasć ) and Minsk District ( rajon ) . The population in January 2018 was 1,982,444 , ( not including suburbs ) making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe . Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and seat of its Executive Secretary . The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century ( 1067 ) , when it was noted as a provincial city within the Principality of Polotsk . The settlement developed on the rivers . In 1242 , Minsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It received town privileges in 1499 . From 1569 , it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodeship , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793 , as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland . From 1919 to 1991 , after the Russian Revolution , Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , in the Soviet Union . In June 2019 , Minsk hosted the 2019 European Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Premier League , 12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Belarusian_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The 2010 Belarusian Premier League is the 20th season of top-tier football in Belarus . It started on April 3 and will end on 20 November 2010 . BATE Borisov are the defending champions .'}]}, {'value': 'SKVICH', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_SKVICH_Minsk', 'summary': 'FC SKVICH Minsk was a Belarusian football club based in Minsk , last playing in the Belarusian Second League .'}]}, {'value': 'Minsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minsk', 'summary': 'Minsk ( Belarusian : Мінск , pronounced [ mʲinsk ] , traditionally Belarusian : Менск , [ mʲensk ] ; Russian : Минск , Polish : Mińsk ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus , situated on the Svislač and the Nyamiha Rivers . As the capital , Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region ( voblasć ) and Minsk District ( rajon ) . The population in January 2018 was 1,982,444 , ( not including suburbs ) making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe . Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and seat of its Executive Secretary . The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century ( 1067 ) , when it was noted as a provincial city within the Principality of Polotsk . The settlement developed on the rivers . In 1242 , Minsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It received town privileges in 1499 . From 1569 , it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodeship , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793 , as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland . From 1919 to 1991 , after the Russian Revolution , Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , in the Soviet Union . In June 2019 , Minsk hosted the 2019 European Games .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DSK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_DSK_Gomel', 'summary': "FC DSK Gomel was a Belarusian football club based in Gomel . DSK stands for Домостоительный комбинат ( Domostroitel'ny Kombinat , English : House-building Combine ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gomel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gomel', 'summary': 'Gomel ( official transliteration : Homieĺ ; also Homiel , Homel or Homyel ; [ citation needed ] Belarusian : Го́мель , Łacinka : Homiel , pronounced [ ˈɣomʲelʲ ] , Russian : Го́мель , pronounced [ ˈɡomʲɪlʲ ] ) is the administrative centre of Gomel Region and with 526,872 inhabitants ( 2015 census ) the second-most populous city of Belarus .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Granit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Granit_Mikashevichi', 'summary': 'Granit Mikashevichi ( Belarusian : Гранiт Мiкашэвiчы ) is a football club from Mikashevichi , Belarus .'}]}, {'value': 'Mikashevichi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikashevichi', 'summary': 'Mikashevichy ( Belarusian : Мікашэвічы , Mikaševičy , [ mʲikaˈʂɛvʲitʂɨ ] ; Russian : Микашевичи , Mikashevichi , Polish : Mikaszewicze ) is a city in the southwestern Belarusian Brest Region .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rudensk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Rudensk', 'summary': 'FC Rudensk is a Belarusian football club . Though the team officially represents the town of Rudensk , since the formation they play all their home matches in Maryina Horka , 22 km from Rudensk .'}]}, {'value': 'Rudensk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rudensk', 'summary': 'Rudziensk ( Belarusian : Рудзенск , Rudziensk - Russian : Руденск , Polish : Rudzieńsk ) is a municipality and town in Belarus , located in the Minsk Region . It is part of the Pukhavichy Raion and its population , as of 2010 , was of 2,800'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baranovichi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Baranovichi', 'summary': 'FC Baranovichi is a Belarusian football club based in Baranovichi , Brest Oblast . Their home stadium is Lokomotiv Stadium , Baranovichi . The club was founded in 1945 and had changed its name several times during its history . Team colors are red and blue .'}]}, {'value': 'Baranovichi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baranovichi', 'summary': 'Baranavichy ( /bəˈrɑːnəvɪtʃiː/ ( listen ) ; Belarusian : Бара́навічы [ baˈranavʲitʂɨ ] , Łacinka : Baranavičy ; Russian : Бара́новичи , Polish : Baranowicze , Lithuanian : Baranovičiai , Yiddish : באראנאוויטש , Baranovitsh ) is a city in the Brest Region of western Belarus , with a population ( as of 2019 ) of 179,000 . It is a significant railway junction and home to Baranavichy State University .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Polotsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Polotsk', 'summary': 'FC Polotsk was a Belarusian professional football club based in Polotsk , Vitebsk Oblast , Belarus .'}]}, {'value': 'Polotsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polotsk', 'summary': 'Polotsk ( Russian : По́лоцк ; Belarusian : По́лацк , romanized : Polatsk ; Lithuanian : Polockas ; Polish : Połock ) is a historical city in Belarus , situated on the Dvina River . It is the center of the Polotsk District in Vitsebsk Voblast . Its population is more than 80,000 people . It is served by Polotsk Airport and during the Cold War was home to Borovitsy air base . The city is also considered to be the geographical center of Europe .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khimik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Khimik_Svetlogorsk', 'summary': 'FC Khimik Svetlogorsk is a Belarusian football club based in Svetlogorsk , Gomel Voblast . The club is notable for being the only club in Belarus that has been playing the First League since the very first season ( 1992 ) without a single promotion or relegation for 29 seasons in a row .'}]}, {'value': 'Svetlogorsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Svetlahorsk', 'summary': 'Svietlahorsk ( Belarusian : Светлаго́рск , [ sʲvʲetɫaˈɣorsk ] , Svetlogorsk ( Russian : Светлого́рск ) , until 1961 Šacilki , Belarusian : Шацілкі ) is a town in the Svietlahorsk District of Gomel Region of Belarus , the administrative center of the rajon ( district ) . It is located by the Berezina River and has 68,593 inhabitants ( 2015 estimate ) . Svietlаhorsk-na-Biarezinie ( Svietlаhorsk on Biarezina ) is also a railroad station on the Zhlobin - Kalinkavichy railway line .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Slavia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Slavia_Mozyr', 'summary': 'FC Slavia Mazyr ( Belarusian : ФК Славія Мазыр , FK Slaviya Mazyr ) is a Belarusian football team , based in Mazyr , Belarus .'}]}, {'value': 'Mozyr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mozyr', 'summary': 'Mazyr ( Belarusian : Мазыр , pronounced [ maˈzɨr ] ; Russian : Мозырь Mozyr [ ˈmozɨrʲ ] , Polish : Mozyrz , Yiddish : מאזשיר ) - a city in Gomel Region of Belarus on the Pripyat River about 210 kilometres ( 130 miles ) east of Pinsk and 100 kilometres ( 62 miles ) northwest of Chernobyl and is located at approximately 52°03′N 29°15′E / 52.050°N 29.250°E / 52.050 ; 29.250 . The population is 111,770 ( 2004 estimate ) . The total urban area including Kalinkavichy across the river has a population of 150,000 . Mazyr is known as a center of oil refining , salt extraction , machine building , and food processing in Belarus . It is home to one of the largest oil refineries in Belarus , pumping out 18 million metric tons per year . The Druzhba pipeline carries crude oil from Russia splitting in two at Mazyr . One pipeline branch is directed into Poland and the other one to Ukraine .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Volna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Volna_Pinsk', 'summary': 'FC Volna Pinsk is a Belarusian football club based in Pinsk , Brest Oblast . The club plays in Belarusian First League .'}]}, {'value': 'Pinsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pinsk', 'summary': "Pinsk ( Belarusian : Пі́нск ; Russian : Пи́нск [ pʲin̪s̪k ] ; Ukrainian : Пі́нськ , Pins ' k ; Polish : Pińsk ; Yiddish/Hebrew : פינסק , Lithuanian : Pinskas ) is a city in Brest Region of Belarus , in the Polesia region , at the confluence of the Pina River and the Pripyat River . The region was known as the Marsh of Pinsk and is southwest of Minsk . The city 's population is about 138,202 . The historic city has a restored city centre , with two-story buildings from the 19th century and the early 20th century . The centre has become an active place for youths of all ages with summer theme parks and a new association football stadium , which houses the city 's football club , FC Volna Pinsk ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Smorgon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Smorgon', 'summary': 'FC Smorgon is a Belarusian football club based in Smarhon . They will play in the Belarusian First League , the second level in Belarusian league system , after being relegated from the Belarusian Premier League in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Smorgon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smarhon', 'summary': 'Smarhon or Smorgon ( Belarusian : Смарго́нь , [ smarˈɣonʲ ] ; Russian : Сморгонь ; Lithuanian : Smurgainys ; Polish : Smorgonie ; Yiddish : סמאָרגאָן ) is a city in the Grodno Region of Belarus . It was the site of Smarhon air base , now mostly abandoned . Smarhon is located 107 km from the capital , Minsk .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belcard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Belcard_Grodno', 'summary': "Belcard Grodno is a football club based in Grodno . Club 's name is derived from BelCard plant in Grodno ( specializing in cardan shaft production ) , which has been a primary sponsor of the club and its youth academy ."}]}, {'value': 'Grodno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grodno', 'summary': 'Grodno , or Hrodna ( Belarusian : Гродна [ ˈɣrɔdna ] ; Polish : Grodno ; Russian : Гродно , tr . Grodno , IPA : [ ˈɡrodnə ] , Yiddish : גראָדנע , romanized : Grodne , see also other names ) is a city in western Belarus . It is located on the Neman close to the borders of Poland and Lithuania ( about 15 km ( 9 mi ) and 30 km ( 19 mi ) away respectively ) . It has 373,547 inhabitants ( 2019 census ) . It is the capital of Grodno Region and Grodno District .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vedrich-97', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Rechitsa-2014', 'summary': 'FC Rechitsa-2014 was a Belarusian football club based in Rechytsa .'}]}, {'value': 'Rechitsa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rechitsa', 'summary': 'Rechytsa ( Belarusian : Рэчыца , pronounced [ ˈrɛtʂɨtsa ] ; Russian : Речица ; Polish : Rzeczyca ; Lithuanian : Rečyca ) is a city in the Gomel Region of Belarus . It is center of Rechytsa District . The city is situated at the mouth of Rechytsa River , flowing into the Dnieper . As of 2005 [ update ] the population was 65,532 .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gorodeya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Gorodeya', 'summary': 'FC Gorodeya ( Belarusian : ФК Гарадзея , FK Garadzeya ) is a Belarusian football club based in Haradzeya , Nesvizh Raion , Minsk Voblast .'}]}, {'value': 'Gorodeya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gorodeya', 'summary': 'Haradzeya ( Belarusian : Гарадзея , Russian : Городея , Polish : Horodziej , Lithuanian : Gorodėja ) is an urban-type settlement in Belarus , located in the Nyasvizh District of Minsk Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Second League , 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Slutsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Slutsk', 'summary': 'FC Slutsk ( Belarusian : ФК Слуцк ; Russian : СФК Слуцк ) is a Belarusian football club based in Slutsk , Minsk Oblast .'}]}, {'value': 'Slutsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slutsk', 'summary': 'Slutsk ( officially transliterated as Sluck , Belarusian : Слуцк ; Russian : Слуцк ; Polish : Słuck , Lithuanian : Sluckas , Yiddish/Hebrew : סלוצק Slutsk ) is a city in Belarus , located on the Sluch River 105 km ( 65 mi ) south of Minsk . As of 2010 its population is of 61,400 . Slutsk is the administrative center of Slutsk District .'}]}, {'value': 'Second League , 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Klechesk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Klechesk_Kletsk', 'summary': 'FC Klechesk Kletsk was a Belarusian football club based in Kletsk , Minsk Oblast .'}]}, {'value': 'Kletsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kletsk', 'summary': 'Kletsk ( Belarusian : Клецк , romanized : Klieck , originally known as Klechesk , Russian : Клецк , Polish : Kleck ) is a city in the Minsk Region of Belarus , located on the Lan River . In 2015 it had 11,237 inhabitants .'}]}, {'value': 'Second League , 3', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams and venues', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2011_Belarusian_First_League_0', 'intro': 'The 2011 Belarusian First League is the 21st season of 2nd level football in Belarus. It started on April 23 and will end in November 2011.'} | null | null | Where is the team whose name means House-building Combine located ? | Gomel |
07d7bc4cb8731d4e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Philippines', 'title': 'List of national parks of the Philippines', 'header': ['Name', 'Area', 'Established', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aurora Memorial National Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aurora_Memorial_National_Park', 'summary': 'Aurora Memorial National Park is a protected area of the Philippines located within the Sierra Madre mountain range between the provinces of Nueva Ecija and Aurora in Central Luzon . The park covers an area of 5,676 hectares stretching over 50 kilometers along the scenic Bongabon-Baler road . Established in 1937 by virtue of Proclamation No . 220 , the park was dedicated to then First Lady Aurora Aragon Quezon . It had an initial area of 2,356 hectares . By 1941 , its size more than doubled to its current area of 5,676 hectares . The maximum altitude of the park is reported to be 1,000 m , so the main forest type inside the park must be lowland dipterocarp , with only limited areas of montane forest . Land uses inside the park include both permanent and shifting agriculture ( kaingin ) and forestry .'}]}, {'value': '5,676.00 ha ( 14,025.7 acres )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aurora Nueva Ecija', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aurora_(province)', 'summary': 'Aurora ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Aurora ; Ilocano : Probinsia ti Aurora ) is a province in the Philippines located in the eastern part of Central Luzon region , facing the Philippine Sea . Its capital is Baler and borders , clockwise from the south , the provinces of Quezon , Bulacan , Nueva Ecija , Nueva Vizcaya , Quirino , and Isabela . Before 1979 , Aurora was part of the province of Quezon . Aurora was , in fact , named after Aurora Aragon , the wife of Pres . Manuel L. Quezon , the president of the Philippine Commonwealth , after whom the mother province was named .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nueva_Ecija', 'summary': 'Nueva Ecija ( PSGC : 034900000 ; ISO : PH-NUE ) ( Filipino : Lalawigan ng Nueva Ecija ; Ilocano : Probinsia ti Nueva Ecija ; Kapampangan : Lalawigan ning Nueva Ecija ; Pangasinan : Luyag na Nueva Ecija ) is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region . Its capital is the city of Palayan . Nueva Ecija borders , from the south clockwise , Bulacan , Pampanga , Tarlac , Pangasinan , Nueva Vizcaya and Aurora . The province is nationally known as the Rice Granary of the Philippines , producing the largest rice yield in the country .'}]}, {'value': 'Balbalasang-Balbalan National Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balbalasang-Balbalan_National_Park', 'summary': 'Balbalasang-Balbalan National Park ( also known as Mount Balbalasang National Park ) is a protected area of the Philippines located in the municipality of Balbalan , Kalinga in the Cordillera Administrative Region . The park covers an area of 1,338 hectares and is centered on Mount Balbalasang in the barangay of the same name near the provincial border with Abra . Dubbed the green heart of the Cordillera , the park is representative of the rich biodiversity and landscape of this mountain region with some of the most intact pine forests and richly endemic flora and fauna . It was declared a national park in 1972 by virtue of Republic Act No . 6463 .'}]}, {'value': '1,338.00 ha ( 3,306.3 acres )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kalinga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kalinga_(province)', 'summary': 'Kalinga is a landlocked province in the Philippines situated within the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon . Its capital is Tabuk and borders Mountain Province to the south , Abra to the west , Isabela to the east , Cagayan to the northeast , and Apayao to the north . Kalinga and Apayao are the result of the 1995 partitioning of the former province of Kalinga-Apayao which was seen to better service the respective needs of the various indigenous peoples in the area . Unbeknownst to many , President Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed Lubuagan town the seat of government for 73 days from 6 March 1900 to 18 May 1900 before finally fleeing to Palanan .'}]}, {'value': 'Bangan Hill National Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangan_Hill_National_Park', 'summary': "Bangan Hill National Park is a protected area of the Philippines located in the municipality of Bayombong , Nueva Vizcaya in Cagayan Valley . The park covers an area of 13.90 hectares . It was declared a national park in 1995 by virtue of Republic Act No . 7954 . The park is a historic and cultural landmark of Nueva Vizcaya , being the site of the first mass in the province in 1739 officiated by Father Pedro Freire . The event also marked the founding of the municipality of Bayombong . The park is also the site of the annual Stations of the Cross staged by the local Catholic church during the Lenten season using live actors depicting the last moments leading to Jesus Christ 's crucifixion . It is also an ideal year-round destination for hiking enthusiasts with the observation deck commanding a great view of the expanse of the surrounding valley formed by the Caraballo and Cordillera Central mountains ."}]}, {'value': '13.90 ha ( 34.3 acres )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nueva Vizcaya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya', 'summary': 'Nueva Vizcaya ( Ilocano : Probinsia ti Nueva Vizcaya [ Baro nga Biscaya ] ; Gaddang : Probinsia na Nueva Vizcaya ; Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Nueva Vizcaya ) is a province of the Philippines located in the region of Cagayan Valley in Luzon . Its capital is Bayombong . It is bordered by Benguet to the west , Ifugao to the north , Isabela to the northeast , Quirino to the east , Aurora to the southeast , Nueva Ecija to the south , and Pangasinan to the southwest . Quirino province was created from Nueva Vizcaya in 1966 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bataan National Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bataan_National_Park', 'summary': 'Bataan National Park is a protected area of the Philippines located in the mountainous interior of Bataan province in the Central Luzon Region . The park straddles the northern half of Bataan Peninsula near its border with Subic Bay Freeport Zone , Zambales . The park was first established in 1945 under Proclamation No . 24 with an initial area of 31,000 hectares and included portions in Subic , Zambales . The park was reduced in 1987 to its present size of 23,688 hectares ( 58,530 acres ) and is now wholly located in Bataan province . The park encompasses the Bataan towns and cities of Hermosa , Orani , Samal , Abucay , Balanga , Bagac and Morong . Mount Natib with its 6 by 7 km ( 3.7 by 4.3 mi ) wide forested acorn-shaped caldera is located in the middle of the park . Activities in the park include nature viewing , bird watching , and trekking to its several peaks and waterfalls . The park is located 101 kilometres ( 63 mi ) from Manila , its mountains can be seen across Manila Bay from the city .'}]}, {'value': '23,688.00 ha ( 58,534.3 acres )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bataan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bataan', 'summary': 'Bataan ( /bɑːtɑːˈɑːn/ ; Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Bataan IPA : [ bataʔan ] ; Kapampangan : Lalauígan ning Bataan ) is a province situated in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines . Its capital is the City of Balanga . Occupying the entire Bataan Peninsula on Luzon , Bataan is bordered by the provinces of Zambales and Pampanga to the north . The peninsula faces the South China Sea to the west and Subic Bay to the north-west , and encloses Manila Bay to the east . The Battle of Bataan is famous in history as one of the last stands of American and Filipino soldiers before they were overwhelmed by the Japanese forces in World War II . The Bataan Death March was named after the province , where the infamous march started .'}]}, {'value': 'Biak-na-Bato National Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biak-na-Bato_National_Park', 'summary': 'Biak-na-Bato National Park is a protected area of the Philippines located almost entirely within Barangay Biak-na-Bato in San Miguel , Bulacan from where it derives its name . The park also extends to the nearby municipalities of San Ildefonso and Doña Remedios Trinidad covering a total area of 2,117 hectares . It was declared a national park in 1937 by President Manuel Luis Quezon by virtue of its association with the history and site of the Biak-na-Bato Republic . The park consists of a cave network and a system of rivers and trails of both historical and ecological importance . Situated only 80 kilometers northeast from Manila , it is fast becoming a popular weekend eco-adventure destination for the city dwellers .'}]}, {'value': '2,117.00 ha ( 5,231.2 acres )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulacan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulacan', 'summary': "Bulacan ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Bulakan ; Kapampangan : Lalawigan ning Bulacan ) ( PSGC : 031400000 ; ISO : PH-BUL ) is a province in the Philippines , located in the Central Luzon Region ( Region III ) in the island of Luzon , 11 kilometres ( 6.8 mi ) north of Manila ( the nation 's capital ) , and part of the Metro Luzon Urban Beltway Super Region . Bulacan was established on August 15 , 1578 . It has 569 barangays from 21 municipalities and three component cities ( Malolos the provincial capital , Meycauayan , and San Jose del Monte ) . Bulacan is located immediately north of Metro Manila . Bordering Bulacan are the provinces of Pampanga to the west , Nueva Ecija to the north , Aurora and Quezon to the east , and Metro Manila and Rizal to the south . Bulacan also lies on the north-eastern shore of Manila Bay . In the 2015 census , Bulacan had a population of 3,292,071 people , the most populous in Central Luzon and the third most populous in the Philippines , after Cebu and Cavite . Bulacan 's most populated city is San Jose del Monte , the most populated municipality is Santa Maria while the least populated is Doña Remedios Trinidad . In 1899 , the historic Barasoain Church in Malolos was the birthplace of the First Constitutional Democracy in Asia . On November 7 , 2018 , the Provincial Government of Bulacan bagged its fourth Seal of Good Local Governance award . The SGLG award is a progressive assessment system that gives distinction to remarkable governance performance ."}]}, {'value': 'Bulabog Putian National Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulabog_Putian_National_Park', 'summary': 'The Bulabog Putian National Park is a protected wildlife and natural park located in the towns of Dingle and San Enrique in the province of Iloilo on the island of Panay in the Western Visayas region . The park covers an area of 854.33 hectares ( 2,111.1 acres ) along a 40 kilometers ( 25 mi ) trail in this rainforest . It was established in 1961 through Proclamation No . 760 signed by President Carlos P. Garcia . The park is known for its unique geological formation and is the only limestone mountain formation in Iloilo . It is also known as the location of the Cry of Lincud which started the Philippine Revolution in Iloilo in 1898 .'}]}, {'value': '854.33 ha ( 2,111.1 acres )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iloilo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iloilo', 'summary': "Iloilo ( [ ɪlo.ɪlo ] , Hiligaynon : Kapuoran sang Iloilo ; Kinaray-a : Kapuoran kang Iloilo ) is a province located in the region of Western Visayas in the Philippines . Iloilo occupies a major southeast portion of the Visayan island of Panay and is bordered by the province of Antique to the west , Capiz to the north , the Jintotolo Channel to the northeast , the Guimaras Strait to the east , and the Iloilo Strait and Panay Gulf to the southwest . Just off Iloilo 's southeast coast is the island province of Guimaras , once part of Iloilo but now an independent province . Across the Panay Gulf and Guimaras Strait is Negros Occidental , occupying the northwestern half of the larger island of Negros . Iloilo City , its capital , is geographically located in the province but remains politically independent from the provincial government . According to the 2015 census , the population of the province ( excluding Iloilo City ) is 1,936,423 . If Iloilo City is included , the population is 2,361,042 in total ."}]}, {'value': 'Caramoan National Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caramoan_Peninsula', 'summary': 'Caramoan Peninsula is a hilly peninsula in north-east Camarines Sur , Bicol , Philippines with deep gorges and a rough , rocky terrain . It contains the Caramoan National Park and is also an Important Bird Area with habitat for the green racket-tail ( Prioniturus luconensis ) .'}]}, {'value': '347.00 ha ( 857.5 acres )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camarines Sur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camarines_Sur', 'summary': "Camarines Sur ( Central Bicolano : Habagatan na Camarines ; Tagalog : Timog Camarines ) is a province located in the Bicol Region in Luzon of the Philippines . Its capital is Pili and the province borders Camarines Norte and Quezon to the northwest , and Albay to the south . To the east lies the island province of Catanduanes across the Maqueda Channel . Camarines Sur is the largest among the six provinces in the Bicol Region both by population and land area . Its territory includes two cities : Naga , the lone chartered city , as the province 's religious , cultural , financial , commercial , industrial and business center ; and Iriga , a component city , as the center of the Rinconada area and Riŋkonāda Language . Within the province lies Lake Buhi , where the smallest commercially harvested fish , the Sinarapan ( Mistichthys luzonensis ) , can be found . The province is also home to the critically endangered Isarog Agta language , one of the three critically endangered languages in the Philippines according to UNESCO ."}]}, {'value': 'Cassamata Hill National Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cassamata_Hill_National_Park', 'summary': 'Cassamata Hill National Park is a protected area of the Philippines located in the municipality of Bangued , Abra in the Cordillera Administrative Region . The park covers an area of 57 hectares ( 140 acres ) and was declared a protected area in 1974 . Its location in the southern limits of Bangued municipality by the Ilocos Sur-Abra road affords easy access to its residents . The hill itself is an easy climb via a winding road or on foot by concrete stairways . Visitors are rewarded with panoramic views of the small town below as well as the whole expanse of the Abra River valley flanked by the Cordillera Central and Ilocos mountain ranges . The 990 meter ( 3,248 feet ) tall Mount Banti Goolong ( also called Sleeping Beauty mountain by locals ) is especially impressive from Victoria Park located in the summit of the hill . In addition to the park and mountain trails , Cassamata Hill also provides recreational facilities such as swimming pool , a hotel and an amphitheater . The park is also the site of a water reservoir and a shrine to the Virgin Mary .'}]}, {'value': '57.00 ha ( 140.9 acres )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abra_(province)', 'summary': 'Abra ( Ilocano : Probinsia ti Abra ; Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Abra ) is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon . Its capital is Bangued , and is bordered by Ilocos Norte on the northwest , Apayao on the northeast , Kalinga on the mid-east , Mountain Province on the southeast , and Ilocos Sur on the southwest .'}]}, {'value': 'Fuyot Springs National Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fuyot_Springs_National_Park', 'summary': "Fuyot Springs National Park is a protected area of the Philippines located in the mountain slopes of Barangay Santa Victoria in Ilagan City , Isabela , 405 kilometers northeast from Manila . The park , which also contains the Ilagan Sanctuary , is 819 hectares in area and extends to the nearby municipality of Tumauini . It was established in 1938 through Proclamation No . 327 . The park is a popular draw for hikers , mountaineers , spelunkers and birdwatchers who come to explore its mountain trails , caves , odd rock formations and aviary . Adjacent to the park lies the larger Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park which contains even more diverse wildlife . The Pinzal Falls is another major draw inside the park and provides relaxation to visitors aside from the park 's many natural mountain springs ."}]}, {'value': '819.00 ha ( 2,023.8 acres )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isabela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isabela_(province)', 'summary': "Isabela ( Ilocano : Probinsia ti Isabela ; Ibanag : Provinsia na Isabela ; Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Isabela ) is the largest province on the island of Luzon in land area . Its capital is the city of Ilagan . Situated within the Cagayan Valley region , it is bordered by the provinces of Cagayan to the north , Kalinga to the northwest , Mountain Province to the central-west , Ifugao and Nueva Vizcaya to the southwest , Quirino and Aurora to the south , and the Philippine Sea to the east . This primarily agricultural province is the rice and corn granary of Luzon due to its plain and rolling terrain . In 2012 , the province was declared as the country 's top producer of corn with 1,209,524 metric tons . Isabela is the 10th richest province in the Philippines as of 2011 . The province has four trade centers in the cities of Ilagan , Cauayan , Santiago and the municipality of Roxas ."}]}, {'value': 'Guadalupe Mabugnao Mainit Hot Spring National Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guadalupe_Mabugnao_Mainit_Hot_Spring_National_Park', 'summary': "Guadalupe Mabugnao Mainit Hot Spring National Park is a protected area of the Philippines located in Barangay Guadalupe in Carcar , Cebu , some 50 kilometers from the provincial capital Cebu City . The park covers an area of 57.50 hectares occupying an important watershed forest reserve in the central Mantalongon mountain range . It was declared a national park in 1972 by virtue of Republic Act No . 6429 . The park is frequented by daily visitors for its hot springs where cottages and pools have been developed . Life-size statues of saints and Christ including that of Santo Niño de Cebú have also added to its tourist attractions . A trail up a hill leads to at least three caves , the most explored being Cave Lorett and Cave Moymoy . Near Cave Lorett is another spring and four rivers . The park also contains a dam that supplies Carcar 's water ."}]}, {'value': '57.50 ha ( 142.1 acres )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cebu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cebu', 'summary': 'Cebu ( /sɛˈbuː/ ; Cebuano : Sugbu ) is a province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas ( Region VII ) region , and consists of a main island and 167 surrounding islands and islets . Its capital is Cebu City , the Queen City of the South , the oldest city and first capital of the Philippines , which is politically independent from the provincial government . The Cebu Metropolitan Area or Metro Cebu is formed by 7 neighboring cities ( Carcar City , Cebu City , Danao City , Lapu-Lapu City , Mandaue City , Naga City , and Talisay City ) and 6 municipalities ( Compostela , Consolacion , Cordova , Liloan , Minglanilla , and San Fernando ) . Cebu is one of the most developed provinces in the Philippines with Metro Cebu being the second largest metropolitan area in the Philippines ( after Metro Manila ) and Cebu City as the main center of commerce , trade , education and industry in the Visayas . In a decade it has transformed into a global hub for business processing services , tourism , shipping , furniture-making , and heavy industry . Mactan-Cebu International Airport , located on Mactan Island , is the second busiest airport in the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'Hundred Islands National Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hundred_Islands_National_Park', 'summary': "The Hundred Islands National Park is the first national park and a protected area located in Alaminos , Pangasinan in the northern Philippines . The islands , totaling 124 at low tide and 123 at high tide , are scattered in Lingayen Gulf covering an area of 16.76 square kilometres ( 6.47 sq mi ) . Only three of them have been developed for tourism : Governor Island , Quezon Island , and Children 's Island ."}]}, {'value': '1,676.30 ha ( 4,142.2 acres )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pangasinan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pangasinan', 'summary': 'Pangasinan ( Pangasinan : Luyag na Panggasinan ; Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Pangasinan ) is a province in the Philippines . Its provincial capital is Lingayen . Pangasinan is on the western area of the island of Luzon along the Lingayen Gulf and West Philippine Sea . It has a total land area of 5,451.01 square kilometres ( 2,104.65 sq mi ) . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 2,956,726 people . The official number of registered voters in Pangasinan is 1,651,814 . The western portion of the province is part of the homeland of the Sambal people , while the central and eastern portions are the homeland of the Pangasinan people . Due to ethnic migration , Ilocano people have settled in some areas of the province . Pangasinan is the name for the province , the people , and the language spoken in the province . Indigenous Pangasinan speakers are estimated to number at least 2 million . The Pangasinan language , which is official in the province , is one of the officially recognized regional languages in the Philippines . In Pangasinan , there were several ethnic groups who enriched the cultural fabric of the province .'}]}, {'value': 'Kuapnit Balinsasayao National Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuapnit_Balinsasayao_National_Park', 'summary': 'Kuapnit Balinsasayao National Park is a protected area of the Philippines located in the municipalities of Abuyog and Baybay on Leyte island of Eastern Visayas . The park covers an area of 364 hectares deep within the mountainous forests of Leyte Island some 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) south of Tacloban via the Maharlika Highway . It was declared a national park in 1937 by virtue of Proclamation No . 142 .'}]}, {'value': '364.00 ha ( 899.5 acres )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leyte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leyte', 'summary': 'Leyte ( /ˈleɪti , ˈleɪteɪ/ LAY-tee , LAY-tay ) is an island in the Visayas group of islands in the Philippines . It is the seventh largest island in the Philippines by land area . The island was known to 16th-century Spanish explorers as Tandaya . Its population grew rapidly after 1900 , especially in the Leyte and Ormoc valleys . In World War II , U.S. forces landed on Leyte ( October 20 , 1944 ) , and , after the Battle of Leyte Gulf , the Japanese were expelled . Since the accessibility of land has been depleted , Leyte has provided countless number of migrants to Mindanao . Most inhabitants are farmers . Fishing is a supplementary activity . Rice and corn ( maize ) are the main food crops ; cash crops include coconuts , abaca , tobacco , bananas , and sugarcane . There are some manganese deposits , and sandstone and limestone are quarried in the northwest . Politically , the island is divided into two provinces : ( Northern ) Leyte and Southern Leyte . Territorially , Southern Leyte includes the island of Panaon to its south .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake Butig National Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Butig_National_Park', 'summary': 'Lake Butig National Park is a protected area of the Philippines located in the municipality of Butig , Lanao del Sur in Mindanao Island . The park spans an area of 68 hectares comprising Lake Butig and its surrounding forest . It was declared a national park in 1965 by virtue of Republic Act No . 4190 .'}]}, {'value': '68.00 ha ( 168.0 acres )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lanao del Sur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lanao_del_Sur', 'summary': 'Lanao del Sur ( Maranao and Iranun : Pagabagatan Ranao ) , officially the Province of Lanao del Sur , is a province in the Philippines located in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ( BARMM ) . The capital is the city of Marawi , and it borders Lanao del Norte to the north , Bukidnon to the east , and Maguindanao and Cotabato to the south . To the southwest lies Illana Bay , an arm of the Moro Gulf . Situated in the interior of Lanao del Sur is Lanao Lake , the largest in Mindanao . The Darangen Epic Chants of the Maranao of Lanao del Sur is inscribed as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage since 2008 . The town of Tugaya is also recognized as a UNESCO Home for Culture and Heritage . The Craftsmanship of the people of Tugaya was formally requested by UNESCO to be included in the UNESCO Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2014 once proper documentation from the Philippine government has been completed . Furthermore , scholars have been pushing for the inclusion of the Torogans of Lanao in the UNESCO World Heritage List . Two torogans are currently being campaigned to be put back in Lanao del Sur as they have been moved to Bataan , 1,644.1 km away via land-sea transport , by the controversial Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar company .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake Dapao National Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Dapao', 'summary': 'Lake Dapao is a deep water lake located in the province of Lanao del Sur , southwest of Lake Lanao , in the island of Mindanao in the Philippines . It is one of the deepest lakes in the country , reaching a maximum depth of 120 metres ( 390 ft ) . It has an estimated surface area of 1,011 hectares ( 10.11 km2 ) . The lake receives water from local run-off and several small rivers . In 1965 , the lake and its vicinity was declared as a protected national park under Republic Act 4190 that covers an area of about 1,500 square kilometres ( 580 sq mi ) . Plants growing in the lake includes hydrilla ( Hydrilla spp ) and the filamentous alga ( Clodophora spp ) . The lake is also rich in fish that includes dalág ( Ophicephalus striatus ) , Mozambique tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus ) , common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) , goby ( Glossogobius giurus ) and catfish ( Clarias spp ) .'}]}, {'value': '1,500.00 ha ( 3,706.6 acres )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lanao del Sur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lanao_del_Sur', 'summary': 'Lanao del Sur ( Maranao and Iranun : Pagabagatan Ranao ) , officially the Province of Lanao del Sur , is a province in the Philippines located in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ( BARMM ) . The capital is the city of Marawi , and it borders Lanao del Norte to the north , Bukidnon to the east , and Maguindanao and Cotabato to the south . To the southwest lies Illana Bay , an arm of the Moro Gulf . Situated in the interior of Lanao del Sur is Lanao Lake , the largest in Mindanao . The Darangen Epic Chants of the Maranao of Lanao del Sur is inscribed as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage since 2008 . The town of Tugaya is also recognized as a UNESCO Home for Culture and Heritage . The Craftsmanship of the people of Tugaya was formally requested by UNESCO to be included in the UNESCO Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2014 once proper documentation from the Philippine government has been completed . Furthermore , scholars have been pushing for the inclusion of the Torogans of Lanao in the UNESCO World Heritage List . Two torogans are currently being campaigned to be put back in Lanao del Sur as they have been moved to Bataan , 1,644.1 km away via land-sea transport , by the controversial Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar company .'}]}, {'value': 'Libmanan Caves National Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Libmanan_Caves_National_Park', 'summary': 'Libmanan Caves National Park is a protected area of the Philippines located in Barangay Sigamot in the municipality of Libmanan , Camarines Sur in Bicol Region . It is centered on the massive 2,856 meter-long Colapnitan Cave , the tenth longest cave in the Philippines . The park itself covers a total area of 19.4 hectares across the hilly farmlands of Libmanan , known to host at least 18 more limestone caves of varying lengths , shapes and wonder . It was established in 1934 by virtue of Proclamation No . 654 . The park is famous as the habitat of thousand of bats whose guano has been gathered from the cave for decades . It is also home to swiftlets and some great long-armed spiders of the species Phrynus , known to be poisonous .'}]}, {'value': '19.40 ha ( 47.9 acres )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camarines Sur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camarines_Sur', 'summary': "Camarines Sur ( Central Bicolano : Habagatan na Camarines ; Tagalog : Timog Camarines ) is a province located in the Bicol Region in Luzon of the Philippines . Its capital is Pili and the province borders Camarines Norte and Quezon to the northwest , and Albay to the south . To the east lies the island province of Catanduanes across the Maqueda Channel . Camarines Sur is the largest among the six provinces in the Bicol Region both by population and land area . Its territory includes two cities : Naga , the lone chartered city , as the province 's religious , cultural , financial , commercial , industrial and business center ; and Iriga , a component city , as the center of the Rinconada area and Riŋkonāda Language . Within the province lies Lake Buhi , where the smallest commercially harvested fish , the Sinarapan ( Mistichthys luzonensis ) , can be found . The province is also home to the critically endangered Isarog Agta language , one of the three critically endangered languages in the Philippines according to UNESCO ."}]}, {'value': 'Luneta National Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luneta', 'summary': "Rizal Park ( Filipino : Liwasang Rizal , Spanish : Parque Rizal ) , also known as Luneta Park or simply Luneta , is a historic urban park located in Ermita , Manila , Philippines which is considered as one of the largest urban parks in Asia , covering an area of 58 hectares ( 140 acres ) . The site on where the park is situated was originally known as Bagumbayan during the Spanish Colonial Period . It is adjacent to the historic Walled City of Intramuros and is a major tourist destination in the Philippines . Situated on the eastern shores of Manila Bay , the park plays a significant role in shaping the history of the Philippines . The execution of Filipino patriot José Rizal on December 30 , 1896 fanned the flames of the 1896 Philippine Revolution against the Kingdom of Spain . The park was officially named in his honor , and the monument enshrining his remains serves as the park 's symbolic focal point . The Declaration of Philippine Independence from the United States was held here on July 4 , 1946 as were later political rallies including those of Ferdinand Marcos and Corazon Aquino in 1986 that culminated in the EDSA Revolution ."}]}, {'value': '58 ha ( 140 acres )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metro Manila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metro_Manila', 'summary': "Metropolitan Manila ( often shortened as Metro Manila ; Tagalog : Kalakhang Maynila ) , officially the National Capital Region ( NCR ) , is the seat of government and one of three defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines . It is composed of 16 cities : the city of Manila , Quezon City , Caloocan , Las Piñas , Makati , Malabon , Mandaluyong , Marikina , Muntinlupa , Navotas , Parañaque , Pasay , Pasig , San Juan , Taguig , and Valenzuela , as well as the municipality of Pateros . The region encompasses an area of 619.57 square kilometers ( 239.22 sq mi ) and a population of 12,877,253 as of 2015 . It is the second most populous and the most densely populated region of the Philippines . It is also the 9th most populous metropolitan area in Asia and the 5th most populous urban area in the world . The region is the center of culture , economy , education and government of the Philippines . Designated as a global power city , the region exerts a significant impact on commerce , finance , media , art , fashion , research , technology , education , and entertainment , both locally and internationally . It is the home to all the consulates and embassies in the Philippines , thereby making it an important center for international diplomacy in the country . Its economic power makes the region the country 's premier center for finance and commerce . The region accounts for 37.2% of the gross domestic product of the Philippines . The region was established in 1975 through Presidential Decree No . 824 in response to the needs to sustain the growing population and for the creation for the center of political power and the seat of the Government of the Philippines ."}]}, {'value': 'MacArthur Landing Memorial National Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MacArthur_Landing_Memorial_National_Park', 'summary': "The MacArthur Leyte Landing Memorial National Park ( also known as the Leyte Landing Memorial Park and MacArthur Park ) is a protected area of the Philippines that commemorates the historic landing of General Douglas MacArthur in Leyte Gulf at the start of the campaign to recapture and liberate the Philippines from Japanese occupation on 20 October 1944 . This event led to the largest naval battle of World War II ( Also the world 's largest naval battle in terms of gross tonnage sunk ) and Japan 's eventual defeat and surrender after almost three years . The war memorial is located in the municipality of Palo on Leyte island in Eastern Visayas and is one of the region 's major tourist attractions . It was declared a national park on 12 July 1977 through Letter of Instructions No . 572 signed by President Ferdinand Marcos ."}]}, {'value': '6.78 ha ( 16.8 acres )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leyte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leyte', 'summary': 'Leyte ( /ˈleɪti , ˈleɪteɪ/ LAY-tee , LAY-tay ) is an island in the Visayas group of islands in the Philippines . It is the seventh largest island in the Philippines by land area . The island was known to 16th-century Spanish explorers as Tandaya . Its population grew rapidly after 1900 , especially in the Leyte and Ormoc valleys . In World War II , U.S. forces landed on Leyte ( October 20 , 1944 ) , and , after the Battle of Leyte Gulf , the Japanese were expelled . Since the accessibility of land has been depleted , Leyte has provided countless number of migrants to Mindanao . Most inhabitants are farmers . Fishing is a supplementary activity . Rice and corn ( maize ) are the main food crops ; cash crops include coconuts , abaca , tobacco , bananas , and sugarcane . There are some manganese deposits , and sandstone and limestone are quarried in the northwest . Politically , the island is divided into two provinces : ( Northern ) Leyte and Southern Leyte . Territorially , Southern Leyte includes the island of Panaon to its south .'}]}, {'value': 'Mado Hot Spring National Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mado_Hot_Spring_National_Park', 'summary': 'Mado Hot Spring National Park is a protected area of the Philippines located in barangay Awang in the municipality of Datu Odin Sinsuat , Maguindanao in Mindanao Island . The park covers an area of 48 hectares containing the medicinal hotspring , along with a natural swimming pool and health resort near the Awang Airport . It was declared a national park in 1939 by virtue of Republic Act No . 456 .'}]}, {'value': '48.00 ha ( 118.6 acres )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cotabato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cotabato_City', 'summary': "Cotabato City , officially the City of Cotabato ( Maguindanaon : Ingud nu Kutawatu ; Iranun : Inged a Kotawato ) is an independent component city in the Philippine autonomous region of Bangsamoro . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 299,438 . Cotabato City is formerly part and the regional center of Region XII . But due to the ratification of the Bangsamoro Organic Law , it is now part of BARMM and served as the regional center . Being an independent component city , it 's not a subject to regulation from the Provincial Government of Maguindanao where it is geographically located . The Philippine Statistics Authority also lists Cotabato City as statistically independent . Cotabato City is distinct from and should not be confused with the province of Cotabato . The city was chartered by the virtue of Republic Act No . 2364 ."}]}, {'value': 'Minalungao National Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minalungao_National_Park', 'summary': 'Minalungao National Park is a protected area of the Philippines located in the municipality of General Tinio , Nueva Ecija in Central Luzon . The park covers an area of 2,018 hectares centered along the scenic Peñaranda River bordered on both sides by up to 16-meter high limestone walls in the foothills of the Sierra Madre mountain range . It was established in 1967 by virtue of Republic Act No . 5100 . The park is considered as one of the few remaining natural environments in this region north of Manila . It is promoted by the local government as an ecotourism destination offering breath-taking scenery of green pristine river and unique rock formations . A system of unexplored caverns have also been identified as potential attractions . Facilities for picnics , swimming , fishing , raft riding and cliff diving have likewise been put up to draw more visitors .'}]}, {'value': '2,018.00 ha ( 4,986.6 acres )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nueva Ecija', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nueva_Ecija', 'summary': 'Nueva Ecija ( PSGC : 034900000 ; ISO : PH-NUE ) ( Filipino : Lalawigan ng Nueva Ecija ; Ilocano : Probinsia ti Nueva Ecija ; Kapampangan : Lalawigan ning Nueva Ecija ; Pangasinan : Luyag na Nueva Ecija ) is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region . Its capital is the city of Palayan . Nueva Ecija borders , from the south clockwise , Bulacan , Pampanga , Tarlac , Pangasinan , Nueva Vizcaya and Aurora . The province is nationally known as the Rice Granary of the Philippines , producing the largest rice yield in the country .'}]}, {'value': 'Mount Arayat National Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Arayat_National_Park', 'summary': 'Mount Arayat is an inactive basaltic volcano on Luzon Island , Philippines , rising to a height of 1,026 metres ( 3,366 ft ) . The volcano has a breached crater on its northwest side with a smaller andesitic dome in the collapse amphitheater . There are no historical records of eruption in Arayat and the only dated rocks are 530- and 650-thousand-year-old basalts predating the collapse and formation of the lava dome . The Mount Arayat National Park was established in 1933 . The mountain is located in a flat agricultural region at 15°12′N 120°45′E / 15.200°N 120.750°E / 15.200 ; 120.750 . The southern half of the mountain lies within the municipality of Arayat , Pampanga , while the north half and the mountain summit lies within Magalang , Pampanga . Ten miles ( 16 km ) to the west of Mount Arayat is Angeles , Philippines and the former Clark Air Base . The active volcano Mount Pinatubo is located 26 km ( 16 mi ) west . The volcano was officially declared as a tourist spot on 1997 . The mountain is mystical , the legendary home of Aung/Aring Sinukuan/Sinkuan/Suku or the Fairy known as diwata Maria Sinukuan depending on which version of the story the readers or listeners prefer , but in ancient Kapampangan folklore as well as the research gathered by Kapampangan students of Henry Otley Beyer , it was and is the abode of Apung/Aring Sinukuan , rival of Namalyari of Mount Pinatubo , who is in varying versions , the son of Cargon-Cargon who was mortally wounded in a fight with a giant from the Zambales Mountain Range which is said to be the home of Apu Namalyari . [ citation needed ] The mountain is currently under an immense deforestation threat . [ citation needed ] Locals have cited that there is a man in the mountain , angry due to the deforestation that was happening .'}]}, {'value': '3,715.23 ha ( 9,180.5 acres )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pampanga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pampanga', 'summary': "Pampanga ( Kapampangan : Lalauígan Kapampángan ; Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Pampanga ) is a province in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines . Lying on the northern shore of Manila Bay , Pampanga is bordered by Tarlac to the north , Nueva Ecija to the northeast , Bulacan to the east , the Manila Bay to the central-south , Bataan to the southwest and Zambales to the west . Its capital is the City of San Fernando . Angeles City , while geographically within Pampanga , is classified as a first-class , highly urbanized city and is governed independently of the province . The name La Pampanga was given by the Spaniards , who encountered natives living along the banks ( pampáng ) of the Pampanga River . Its creation in 1571 makes it the first Spanish province on Luzon Island ( Cebu in Visayas is older as it was founded by the Spaniards in 1565 ) . The town of Villa de Bacolor in the province briefly served as the Spanish colonial capital when Great Britain invaded Manila as part of the Seven Years ' War . At the eve of the Philippine Revolution of 1896 , Pampanga was one of eight provinces placed under martial law for rebellion against the Spanish Empire ; it is thus represented on the Philippine national flag as one of the eight rays of the sun . Pampanga is served by Clark International Airport ( formerly Diosdado Macapagal International Airport ) , which is in Clark Freeport Zone , some 16 kilometres ( 9.9 mi ) north of the provincial capital . The province is home to two Philippine Air Force airbases : Basa Air Base in Floridablanca and the former United States Clark Air Base in Angeles City . Due to its growing population and developments , the Clark Global City is now developed and is located in Clark Freeport Zone . By 2015 , the province has 2,198,110 inhabitants , while it has 1,079,532 registered voters ."}]}], 'section_title': 'National parks', 'section_text': 'World Heritage Site or part of a World Heritage Site', 'uid': 'List_of_national_parks_of_the_Philippines_0', 'intro': 'National Parks of the Philippines (Filipino: Pambansang Liwasan ng Pilipinas) are places of natural or historical value designated for protection and sustainable utilization by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources under the National Integrated Protected Areas System Act (1992). In 2012, there were 240 protected areas in the Philippines, of which 35 have been classified as National Parks. By June 22, 2018, the number of designated national parks in the country has increased to 94.'} | null | null | What province was created from the province in the Philippines containing Bangan Hill National Park in 1966 ? | Quirino |
07d85529482d8bf2 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_Japan_during_World_War_II', 'title': 'List of aircraft of Japan during World War II', 'header': ['Aircraft', 'Allied Code name', 'First flown', 'Number built', 'Service'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aichi M6A1-K Nanzan Navy Special Strike Submarine Bomber trainer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aichi_M6A', 'summary': 'The Aichi M6A Seiran ( 晴嵐 , Clear Sky Storm ) was a submarine-launched attack floatplane designed for the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II . It was intended to operate from I-400 class submarines whose original mission was to conduct aerial attacks against the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'n/a', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Kawanishi N1K2-K Shiden Navy Land Interceptor modified as Fighter Trainer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kawanishi_N1K', 'summary': 'The Kawanishi N1K Kyōfū ( 強風 Strong Wind , Allied reporting name Rex ) is an Imperial Japanese Navy floatplane fighter . The Kawanishi N1K-J Shiden ( 紫電 Violet Lightning ) was an Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service land-based version of the N1K . Assigned the reporting name George , the N1K-J was considered by both its pilots and opponents to be one of the finest land-based fighters flown by the Japanese during World War II . The Shiden Kai possessed heavy armament as well as surprisingly good maneuverability , due to a mercury switch that automatically extended the flaps during turns . These combat flaps created more lift , thereby allowing tighter turns . Unlike the Mitsubishi A6M Zero , the Shiden Kai could compete against the best late-war Allied fighters , such as the F6F Hellcat , F4U Corsair , and P-51 Mustang .'}]}, {'value': 'George', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyushu K10W1 Navy Type 2 Land-based Intermediate Trainer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyushu_K10W', 'summary': 'The Kyushu K10W Type 2 Land based intermediate trainer ( Code Named Oak by the Allies ) was a single engine low wing fixed undercarriage monoplane training aircraft which served in the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service in the latter part of World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Oak', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': '176', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyushu K11W1 Shiragiku Navy Operations Trainer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyushu_K11W', 'summary': 'The Kyūshū K11W Shiragiku ( 白菊 , White Chrysanthemum ) made by the Kyūshū Aircraft Company , was a land-based bombing trainer aircraft which served in the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service in the latter years of World War II . As indicated by its Japanese designation , training aircraft for on-board work ( 機上作業練習機 , kijō sagyō renshū-ki ? ) , it was designed to train crews in operating equipment for bombing , navigation , and communication , as well as navigation techniques . A total of 798 K11Ws were manufactured , including a small number of K11W2 ASW and transport aircraft alongside the K11W1 trainer variant . These aircraft were also used in kamikaze mission during the last stages of the Pacific War .'}]}, {'value': 'n/a', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '798', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyushu Q1W1-K Tokai-Ren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyushu_Q1W', 'summary': 'The Kyūshū Q1W Tokai ( 東海 Eastern Sea ) , was a land-based anti-submarine patrol bomber aircraft developed for the Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II . The Allied reporting name was Lorna . Although similar in appearance to the German Junkers Ju 88 medium bomber , the Q1W was a much smaller aircraft with significantly different design details .'}]}, {'value': 'Lorna', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Mansyu Ki-79 Army Type 2 Advanced Trainer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mansyu_Ki-79', 'summary': 'The Nakajima Ki-27 ( 九七式戦闘機 , Kyūnana-shiki sentōki , or Type 97 Fighter ) was the main fighter aircraft used by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force up until 1940 . Its Allied nickname was Nate , although it was called Abdul in the China Burma India ( CBI ) theater by many post war sources ; Allied Intelligence had reserved that name for the nonexistent Mitsubishi Navy Type 97 fighter , expected to be the successor to the carrier-borne Type 96 ( Mitsubishi A5M ) with retractable landing gear and an enclosed cockpit .'}]}, {'value': 'Nate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,329', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army', 'summary': 'The Imperial Japanese Army ( Japanese : 大日本帝国陸軍 , Hepburn : Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun , Army of the Greater Japanese Empire ) was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945 . It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army , both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor of Japan as supreme commander of the army and the navy . Later an Inspectorate General of Aviation became the third agency with oversight of the army . During wartime or national emergencies , the nominal command functions of the emperor would be centralized in an Imperial General Headquarters ( IGHQ ) , an ad-hoc body consisting of the chief and vice chief of the Army General Staff , the Minister of the Army , the chief and vice chief of the Naval General Staff , the Inspector General of Aviation , and the Inspector General of Military Training .'}]}, {'value': 'Mitsubishi A5M4-K Navy Carrier Fighter Type 96 , model 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitsubishi_A5M', 'summary': "The Mitsubishi A5M , formal Japanese Navy designation Mitsubishi Navy Type 96 Carrier-based Fighter ( 九六式艦上戦闘機 ) , experimental Navy designation Mitsubishi Navy Experimental 9-Shi Carrier Fighter , company designation Mitsubishi Ka-14 , was a Japanese carrier-based fighter aircraft . It was the world 's first monoplane shipboard fighter to enter service and the direct predecessor of the famous Mitsubishi A6M Zero . The Allied reporting name was Claude ."}]}, {'value': 'Claude', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': '103', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Mitsubishi A6M2-K & A6M5-K Navy Carrier Fighter Type 0', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero', 'summary': 'The Mitsubishi A6M Zero is a long-range fighter aircraft formerly manufactured by Mitsubishi Aircraft Company , a part of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries , and operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1940 to 1945 . The A6M was designated as the Mitsubishi Navy Type 0 carrier fighter ( 零式艦上戦闘機 , rei-shiki-kanjō-sentōki ) , or the Mitsubishi A6M Rei-sen . The A6M was usually referred to by its pilots as the Reisen ( 零戦 , zero fighter ) , 0 being the last digit of the imperial year 2600 ( 1940 ) when it entered service with the Imperial Navy . The official Allied reporting name was Zeke , although the use of the name Zero ( from Type 0 ) was used colloquially by the Allies as well . The Zero is considered to have been the most capable carrier-based fighter in the world when it was introduced early in World War II , combining excellent maneuverability and very long range . The Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service ( IJNAS ) also frequently used it as a land-based fighter . In early combat operations , the Zero gained a reputation as a dogfighter , achieving an outstanding kill ratio of 12 to 1 , but by mid-1942 a combination of new tactics and the introduction of better equipment enabled Allied pilots to engage the Zero on generally equal terms . By 1943 , due to inherent design weaknesses , such as a lack of hydraulic ailerons and rudder rendering it extremely unmaneuverable at high speeds , and an inability to equip it with a more powerful aircraft engine , the Zero gradually became less effective against newer Allied fighters . By 1944 , with opposing Allied fighters approaching its levels of maneuverability and consistently exceeding its firepower , armor , and speed , the A6M had largely become outdated as a fighter aircraft . However , as design delays and production difficulties hampered the introduction of newer Japanese aircraft models , the Zero continued to serve in a front-line role until the end of the war in the Pacific . During the final phases , it was also adapted for use in kamikaze operations . Japan produced more Zeros than any other model of combat aircraft during the war .'}]}, {'value': 'Zeke', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': '243', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Mitsubishi G3M1/2-K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitsubishi_G3M', 'summary': 'The Mitsubishi G3M ( Kyūroku-shiki rikujō kōgeki-ki ( 九六式陸上攻撃機 ) : Type 96 land-based attack aircraft Rikko ; Allied reporting name Nell ) was a Japanese bomber and transport aircraft used by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service ( IJNAS ) during World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Nell', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,048', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Mitsubishi G6M1-K Navy Land Trainer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitsubishi_G4M', 'summary': "The Mitsubishi G4M ( long designation : Mitsubishi Navy Type 1 attack bomber : 一式陸上攻撃機 , 一式陸攻 Ichishiki rikujō kōgeki ki , Ichishikirikkō ) was the main twin-engine , land-based bomber used by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service in World War II . The Allies gave the G4M the reporting name Betty . Japanese Navy pilots called it Hamaki ( 葉巻 , cigar , lit . leaf roll ) due to its cylindrical shape . The G4M had very good performance , especially in operational range ; this was achieved by its structural lightness and an almost total lack of protection for the crew , with no armor plating or self-sealing fuel tanks . These omissions proved to be the aircraft 's weakness when confronted with American fighter aircraft during the Pacific War ."}]}, {'value': 'Betty', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Mitsubishi K3M Navy Type 90 Crew Training Aircraft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitsubishi_K3M', 'summary': 'The Mitsubishi K3M2 ( 九〇式機上作業練習機 , Kyūrei-shiki kijō sagyō renshūki ) was a trainer built by Mitsubishi which was used by the Imperial Japanese Navy in an extremely wide variety of roles , including light transport , liaison aircraft , utility aircraft and occasionally light bomber . Its Allied reporting name was Pine .'}]}, {'value': 'Pine', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': '625', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Nakajima A4N1-K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakajima_A4N', 'summary': 'The Nakajima A4N was a carrier-based fighter used by the Imperial Japanese Navy , and the last biplane designed by Nakajima . The first prototype was completed in 1934 , but due to engine trouble the aircraft did not see service until 1936 . Given the Nakajima internal designation Nakajima YM , the Japanese Navy designation was Type 95 Carrier-based Fighter . A total of 221 were built .'}]}, {'value': 'n/a', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': '221', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Tachikawa Ki-9 Army Type 95-1 Medium Grade Trainer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-9', 'summary': 'The Tachikawa Ki-9 ( 九五式一型練習機 , Kyūgo-shiki ichigata renshuki ) was an intermediate training aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force built by Tachikawa Aircraft Company Ltd in the 1930s . It was known to the Allies under the nickname of Spruce during World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Spruce', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,618', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army', 'summary': 'The Imperial Japanese Army ( Japanese : 大日本帝国陸軍 , Hepburn : Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun , Army of the Greater Japanese Empire ) was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945 . It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army , both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor of Japan as supreme commander of the army and the navy . Later an Inspectorate General of Aviation became the third agency with oversight of the army . During wartime or national emergencies , the nominal command functions of the emperor would be centralized in an Imperial General Headquarters ( IGHQ ) , an ad-hoc body consisting of the chief and vice chief of the Army General Staff , the Minister of the Army , the chief and vice chief of the Naval General Staff , the Inspector General of Aviation , and the Inspector General of Military Training .'}]}, {'value': 'Tachikawa Ki-17 Army Type 95-3 Basic Grade Trainer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-17', 'summary': 'The Tachikawa Ki-17 ( 九五式三型練習機 , Kyugoshiki san-gata renshuki ) was a basic training aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force built by Tachikawa Aircraft Company Ltd in the 1930s . It was known to the Allies under the nickname of Cedar during World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Cedar', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': '560', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army', 'summary': 'The Imperial Japanese Army ( Japanese : 大日本帝国陸軍 , Hepburn : Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun , Army of the Greater Japanese Empire ) was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945 . It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army , both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor of Japan as supreme commander of the army and the navy . Later an Inspectorate General of Aviation became the third agency with oversight of the army . During wartime or national emergencies , the nominal command functions of the emperor would be centralized in an Imperial General Headquarters ( IGHQ ) , an ad-hoc body consisting of the chief and vice chief of the Army General Staff , the Minister of the Army , the chief and vice chief of the Naval General Staff , the Inspector General of Aviation , and the Inspector General of Military Training .'}]}, {'value': 'Tachikawa Ki-55 Army Type 99 Advanced Trainer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-55', 'summary': 'The Tachikawa Ki-55 was a Japanese advanced trainer .'}]}, {'value': 'Ida', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,389', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army', 'summary': 'The Imperial Japanese Army ( Japanese : 大日本帝国陸軍 , Hepburn : Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun , Army of the Greater Japanese Empire ) was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945 . It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army , both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor of Japan as supreme commander of the army and the navy . Later an Inspectorate General of Aviation became the third agency with oversight of the army . During wartime or national emergencies , the nominal command functions of the emperor would be centralized in an Imperial General Headquarters ( IGHQ ) , an ad-hoc body consisting of the chief and vice chief of the Army General Staff , the Minister of the Army , the chief and vice chief of the Naval General Staff , the Inspector General of Aviation , and the Inspector General of Military Training .'}]}, {'value': 'Yokosuka K5Y1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yokosuka_K5Y', 'summary': 'The 九三式中間練習機 ( Yokosuka K5Y , kuusanshikichuukanrenshuuki ) was a two-seat unequal-span biplane trainer ( Allied reporting name : Willow ) that served in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II . Due to its bright orange paint scheme ( applied to all Japanese military trainers for visibility ) , it earned the nickname aka-tombo , or red dragonfly , after a type of insect common throughout Japan . A K5Y of the Kamikaze Special Attack Corps 3rd Ryuko Squadron was credited with sinking the destroyer USS Callaghan on July 29 , 1945 , the last US warship lost to kamikaze attack during the war .'}]}, {'value': 'Willow', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,770', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka Model 43 K-1 Kai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yokosuka_MXY-7', 'summary': 'The Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka ( 櫻花 , Ōka , cherry blossom ; 桜花 in modern orthography ) was a purpose-built , rocket-powered human-guided kamikaze attack aircraft employed by Japan against Allied ships towards the end of World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'n/a', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Yokosuka MXY-8 Akigusa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yokosuka_MXY8', 'summary': 'The Yokosuka MXY8 Akigusa ( 秋草 , Autumn grass ) was a training glider built in parallel with the Mitsubishi J8M rocket-powered interceptor aircraft .'}]}, {'value': 'n/a', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50-60', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IJN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy', 'summary': "The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ; Kyūjitai : 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai : 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun ( help·info ) Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire , or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun , Japanese Navy ) was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945 , when it was dissolved following Japan 's surrender in World War II . The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ( JMSDF ) was formed circa 1952-1954 after the dissolution of the IJN . The Imperial Japanese Navy was the third largest navy in the world by 1920 , behind the Royal Navy and the United States Navy ( USN ) . It was supported by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for aircraft and airstrike operation from the fleet . It was the primary opponent of the Western Allies in the Pacific War . The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy go back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent , beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with European powers during the Age of Discovery . After two centuries of stagnation during the country 's ensuing seclusion policy under the shōgun of the Edo period , Japan 's navy was comparatively backward when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in 1854 . This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration . Accompanying the re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization and industrialization . The navy had several successes , sometimes against much more powerful enemies such as in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War , before being largely destroyed in World War II ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Trainers', 'section_text': "World War II Imperial Japanese Navy trainer aircraft were frequently modified from operational aircraft and differentiated by the suffix letter `` K '' . Japanese training aircraft were red-orange where combat aircraft would have been camouflaged .", 'uid': 'List_of_aircraft_of_Japan_during_World_War_II_4', 'intro': 'This is a list of aircraft used by the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.'} | null | null | What is the allied code name of the aircraft that was used by the Imperial Japanese Navy in an extremely wide variety of roles ? | Pine |
07d94b4bc1e19d8b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_in_Chongqing', 'title': 'List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Chongqing', 'header': ['Site', 'Chinese name', 'Location', 'Designation'], 'data': [{'value': 'Chongqing Office of the Eighth Route Army', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Balujun Chongqing banshichu jiuzhi 八路军重庆办事处旧址', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chongqing 重庆市', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chongqing', 'summary': "Chongqing ( /ˌtʃʊŋˈtʃɪŋ/ , also US : /ˌtʃɔːŋ- , ˌtʃuːŋ-/ , Chinese : [ ʈʂʰʊ̌ŋ.tɕʰîŋ ] ( listen ) ) , alternatively romanised as Chungking , [ note 2 ] is a megacity in southwest China . Administratively , it is one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of central government of the People 's Republic of China ( the other three are Beijing , Shanghai and Tianjin ) , and the only such municipality located far away from the coast . The municipality of Chongqing , which is around the size of Austria , includes the city of Chongqing and various non-connected cities . As the Chongqing municipality government directly administers the city of Chongqing , as well as rural counties , and other cities not connected to the city of Chongqing , Chongqing municipality can technically claim to be the largest city proper in the world , even though this is due to a classification technicality and not because it is actually the world 's largest urban area . Chongqing was a municipality during the Republic of China ( ROC ) administration , serving as its wartime capital during the Second Sino-Japanese War ( 1937-1945 ) . The current municipality was recreated on 14 March 1997 to help develop the central and western parts of China . The Chongqing administrative municipality has a population of over 30 million . The city of Chongqing , comprising 9 urban and suburban districts , has a population of 8,518,000 as of 2016 . According to the 2010 census , Chongqing is the most populous Chinese municipality , and also the largest direct-controlled municipality in China , containing 26 districts , eight counties , and four autonomous counties . The official abbreviation of the city , Yú ( 渝 ) , was approved by the State Council on 18 April 1997 . This abbreviation is derived from the old name of a part of the Jialing River that runs through Chongqing and feeds into the Yangtze River . Chongqing has a significant history and culture ."}]}, {'value': '1-28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dazu Rock Carvings ( Beishan )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dazu_Rock_Carvings', 'summary': 'The Dazu Rock Carvings ( Chinese : 大足石刻 ; pinyin : Dàzú Shíkè ) are a series of Chinese religious sculptures and carvings located in Dazu District , Chongqing , China . The carvings date back as far as the 7th century AD , depicting and influenced by Buddhist , Confucian and Taoist beliefs . Some are in rock-cut cave shrines , in the usual Chinese Buddhist style , but many others are rock reliefs carved into the open rock faces .'}]}, {'value': 'Beishan moya zaoxiang 北山摩崖造像', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29°22′58″N 105°28′21″E / 29.38277222°N 105.47252778°E / 29.38277222 ; 105.47252778 Dazu District 大足县', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dazu_District', 'summary': 'Dazu District ( simplified Chinese : 大足区 ; traditional Chinese : 大足區 ; pinyin : Dàzú Qū ) is a district of Chongqing , China , bordering Sichuan province to the northwest . It is where the famous Dazu Rock Carvings , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , is located . In October 2011 , Dazu County and Shuangqiao District were merged to form the new Dazu District . Dazu Lotus Manor is a tourist attraction with many lotus plants , some bred from seeds sent to space .'}]}, {'value': '1-45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dazu Rock Carvings ( Baodingshan )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dazu_Rock_Carvings', 'summary': 'The Dazu Rock Carvings ( Chinese : 大足石刻 ; pinyin : Dàzú Shíkè ) are a series of Chinese religious sculptures and carvings located in Dazu District , Chongqing , China . The carvings date back as far as the 7th century AD , depicting and influenced by Buddhist , Confucian and Taoist beliefs . Some are in rock-cut cave shrines , in the usual Chinese Buddhist style , but many others are rock reliefs carved into the open rock faces .'}]}, {'value': 'Baodingshan moya zaoxiang 宝顶山摩崖造像', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29°22′58″N 105°28′21″E / 29.38277222°N 105.47252778°E / 29.38277222 ; 105.47252778 Dazu District 大足县', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dazu_District', 'summary': 'Dazu District ( simplified Chinese : 大足区 ; traditional Chinese : 大足區 ; pinyin : Dàzú Qū ) is a district of Chongqing , China , bordering Sichuan province to the northwest . It is where the famous Dazu Rock Carvings , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , is located . In October 2011 , Dazu County and Shuangqiao District were merged to form the new Dazu District . Dazu Lotus Manor is a tourist attraction with many lotus plants , some bred from seeds sent to space .'}]}, {'value': '1-46', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China-US Cooperation Concentration Camp Site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhong-Mei hezuosuo jizhongying jiuzhi 中美合作所集中营旧址', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chongqing 重庆市', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chongqing', 'summary': "Chongqing ( /ˌtʃʊŋˈtʃɪŋ/ , also US : /ˌtʃɔːŋ- , ˌtʃuːŋ-/ , Chinese : [ ʈʂʰʊ̌ŋ.tɕʰîŋ ] ( listen ) ) , alternatively romanised as Chungking , [ note 2 ] is a megacity in southwest China . Administratively , it is one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of central government of the People 's Republic of China ( the other three are Beijing , Shanghai and Tianjin ) , and the only such municipality located far away from the coast . The municipality of Chongqing , which is around the size of Austria , includes the city of Chongqing and various non-connected cities . As the Chongqing municipality government directly administers the city of Chongqing , as well as rural counties , and other cities not connected to the city of Chongqing , Chongqing municipality can technically claim to be the largest city proper in the world , even though this is due to a classification technicality and not because it is actually the world 's largest urban area . Chongqing was a municipality during the Republic of China ( ROC ) administration , serving as its wartime capital during the Second Sino-Japanese War ( 1937-1945 ) . The current municipality was recreated on 14 March 1997 to help develop the central and western parts of China . The Chongqing administrative municipality has a population of over 30 million . The city of Chongqing , comprising 9 urban and suburban districts , has a population of 8,518,000 as of 2016 . According to the 2010 census , Chongqing is the most populous Chinese municipality , and also the largest direct-controlled municipality in China , containing 26 districts , eight counties , and four autonomous counties . The official abbreviation of the city , Yú ( 渝 ) , was approved by the State Council on 18 April 1997 . This abbreviation is derived from the old name of a part of the Jialing River that runs through Chongqing and feeds into the Yangtze River . Chongqing has a significant history and culture ."}]}, {'value': '3-163', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inscriptions of Baiheliang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baiheliang', 'summary': "Baiheliang ( Simplified : 白鹤梁 , Traditional : 白鶴梁 , Pinyin : Báihèliáng , lit . White Crane Ridge ) is a rock outcrop in Fuling District , Chongqing , People 's Republic of China , that parallels the flow of the Yangtze River . In the past , Baiheliang served as an ancient device for measuring water levels of the Yangtze in China , the equivalent of a hydrometric station . The horizontal rock ledge , 1.6 km long and ten to fifteen metres wide , lay submerged under water most of the year , showing its upper face above water only during the low-water season of winter and early spring . The eyes of fish carved on the stone indicate the lowest water levels of the Yangtze River , which made the site a precious hydrographic marker . Baiheliang has been submerged to a depth of over 30 metres behind the Three Gorges Dam . Engraved in the rock are 163 inscriptions and pictures , which include 114 hydrological annotations , which give detailed records of water levels in the river over 1,200 years , since the first year of the Tang dynasty Guangde era , 763 ; the assembled inscriptions and fish carvings , taken together , formed the longest such sequence in the world . One fish carving originally carved in the Tang dynasty was re-carved at a moment of lowest water in 1685 : modern measurements recorded the elevation of their eyes , 137.91 metres , almost the same as that of the zero point of the modern water level gauge . The fish carvings and hydrological inscriptions were virtually unknown in the West until the 1970s , when Chinese experts presented photos of these two fish and hydrological data of Fuling for the past 1,200 years at an international hydrological symposium held in the UK . The best-known of the fish carvings was a 2.8-metre carp , carved from a section of freestone . Hundreds of poetical homages to the place were inscribed in rock faces , which have disappeared beneath the rising waters as the dam has been completed . In 2003 , Xinhua News Agency , the People 's Republic 's official press agency , headlined the on-line story , June 10 , Accident-maker reef no longer threatens Yangtze navigation ."}]}, {'value': 'Baiheliang tike 白鹤梁题刻', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29°42′58″N 107°23′02″E / 29.716°N 107.384°E / 29.716 ; 107.384 Chongqing 重庆市', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chongqing', 'summary': "Chongqing ( /ˌtʃʊŋˈtʃɪŋ/ , also US : /ˌtʃɔːŋ- , ˌtʃuːŋ-/ , Chinese : [ ʈʂʰʊ̌ŋ.tɕʰîŋ ] ( listen ) ) , alternatively romanised as Chungking , [ note 2 ] is a megacity in southwest China . Administratively , it is one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of central government of the People 's Republic of China ( the other three are Beijing , Shanghai and Tianjin ) , and the only such municipality located far away from the coast . The municipality of Chongqing , which is around the size of Austria , includes the city of Chongqing and various non-connected cities . As the Chongqing municipality government directly administers the city of Chongqing , as well as rural counties , and other cities not connected to the city of Chongqing , Chongqing municipality can technically claim to be the largest city proper in the world , even though this is due to a classification technicality and not because it is actually the world 's largest urban area . Chongqing was a municipality during the Republic of China ( ROC ) administration , serving as its wartime capital during the Second Sino-Japanese War ( 1937-1945 ) . The current municipality was recreated on 14 March 1997 to help develop the central and western parts of China . The Chongqing administrative municipality has a population of over 30 million . The city of Chongqing , comprising 9 urban and suburban districts , has a population of 8,518,000 as of 2016 . According to the 2010 census , Chongqing is the most populous Chinese municipality , and also the largest direct-controlled municipality in China , containing 26 districts , eight counties , and four autonomous counties . The official abbreviation of the city , Yú ( 渝 ) , was approved by the State Council on 18 April 1997 . This abbreviation is derived from the old name of a part of the Jialing River that runs through Chongqing and feeds into the Yangtze River . Chongqing has a significant history and culture ."}]}, {'value': '3-172', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Longgupo Site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Longgupo yizhi 龙骨坡遗址', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wushan County 巫山县', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wushan_County,_Chongqing', 'summary': 'Wushan County ( Chinese : 巫山县 ; pinyin : Wūshān Xiàn ) is a county located in Chongqing municipality . It occupies roughly 2,958 km2 ( 1,142 sq mi ) and has a population of about 600,000 .'}]}, {'value': '4-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diaoyu Fortress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diaoyu_Fortress', 'summary': "The Diaoyucheng ( simplified Chinese : 钓鱼城 ; traditional Chinese : 釣魚城 ; pinyin : Diàoyúchéng ) , or Diaoyu Fortress , is located on the Diaoyu Mountain in Heyang Town , Hechuan District , Chongqing , is known for its resistance to the Mongol armies in the latter half of the Song dynasty . The death of Mongol leader Möngke Khan during the siege of Diaoyucheng resulted in the immediate withdrawal of Mongol troops from Syria and East Asia . Although the Mongols and the Southern Song were united in their fight to bring down the Jurchen Jin dynasty , their pact broke immediately afterwards , and the Mongols launched an aggressive war against the tenacious Southern Song that lasted for more than a third of the 13th century . In the period from 1243 to 1279 , Diaoyu experienced more than two hundred military confrontations in a miracle of persistent resistance that endured for thirty-six years . The ancient Diaoyu covers an area of 2.94 square kilometres . Situated on a hill surrounded by water on three sides , it is located about five kilometers east of Hechuan , Chongqing , near the confluence of the Qu , Fu and Jialing rivers . The terrain is precipitous yet beautiful . About 700 years ago , Yu Jian built a fortress here to resist the Mongols during the Southern Song Dynasty ( 1127-1279 ) . [ citation needed ] Though numbering more than ten thousand and led by the Great Khan Möngke himself , the Mongols were unable to take the tiny fortress . Yu Jian won many brilliant victories , culminating in the deaths of Mongke and his vanguard General Wang Tege . According to some sources , Möngke might have been wounded by a cannon blast at Diaoyu and would die on August 11 , 1259 ( although according to some accounts he died of accident or illness while campaigning ) . [ citation needed ] As it contains many historical sites - a naval wharf , drilling grounds , watch towers , and a fortification with built-in cannons - Diaoyu has been designated a major national cultural and historic site by China 's State Council [ citation needed ] [ when ?"}]}, {'value': 'Diaoyu cheng yizhi 钓鱼城遗址', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hechuan District 合川市', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hechuan_District', 'summary': "Hechuan ( Chinese : 合川 ; pinyin : Héchuān ) is a district in the northern part of Chongqing Municipality , People 's Republic of China , located at the meeting point of the Jialing , Fu and Qu rivers , with a history of 1,500 years . Hechuan is 54 km ( 34 mi ) away from downtown Chongqing 's Yuzhong District . Hechuan was formerly a county-level city but was incorporated into Chongqing as a district in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': '4-55', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gaojiazhen Site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gaojiazhen yizhi 高家镇遗址', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fengdu County 丰都县', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fengdu_County', 'summary': "Fengdu County ( Chinese : 丰都县 ; pinyin : Fēngdū Xiàn ; formerly Chinese : 酆都县 ; pinyin : Fēngdū Xiàn ) is a county located in Chongqing Municipality , People 's Republic of China . The county was established as Fengdu County ( 豐都縣 ) during the Sui Dynasty . The name was changed to Fengdu County ( 酆都縣 ) during the Ming Dynasty . In 1958 , the name was changed back to Fengdu County ( 豐都縣 ) ."}]}, {'value': '5-102', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhang Huanhou Temple', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhang Huan hou miao 张桓侯庙', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30°54′44″N 108°41′57″E / 30.91222222°N 108.69916667°E / 30.91222222 ; 108.69916667 Yunyang County 云阳县', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yunyang_County', 'summary': "Yunyang County ( simplified Chinese : 云阳县 ; traditional Chinese : 雲陽縣 ; pinyin : Yúnyáng Xiàn ) is a county in the northeast of Chongqing Municipality , China , bordering Hubei province to the south . In eastern Chongqing is Yunyang County with over 1,400 years of history and a reputation as the 'Bright Pearl of Chongqing ' . The county abounds with natural resources , beautiful landscapes and historical relics . The culture of Ba ( the ancient name of Chongqing ) , salt culture and the culture of the Migrants from Three Gorges area can be learned in this area . The scenery here is rich . Mountain , river , valley , cave and ancient architecture can be seen here . Zhang Fei Temple , which is regarded as a wonderful historic relic of the Yangtze River area is a must . It was built in memory of Zhang Fei , a general of the Three Kingdoms Period ( 220 - 280 ) . The temple , with over 1,700 years ' of history is visited by numerous tourists from home and abroad every year . It has been a hotspot for Yangtze River Cruises . Because of the Three Gorges Dam Project , territories of Yunyang County have been submerged . The whole county and its local people have moved to the new county of Yunyang ."}]}, {'value': '5-380', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shibaozhai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shibaozhai', 'summary': "Shibaozhai ( simplified Chinese : 石宝寨 ; traditional Chinese : 石寶寨 ; pinyin : shí bǎo zhài ; literally : 'Precious Stone Fortress ' ) is a hill along the bank of the Yangtze River ( Chang Jiang ) in Zhong County , Chongqing , China . This rocky and craggy hill has extremely steep sides and is about 200 meters ( 660 feet ) tall . On the river side of the hill is a red pavilion which leans against the side of the hill providing a walkway to the temple at the top of the hill . One of the largest wooden temple , red pavilion built at the side of rock and has nine floors . A yellow entrance at the base of the pavilion provides an entrance ."}]}, {'value': 'Shibaozhai 石宝寨', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30°25′30″N 108°10′41″E / 30.4251°N 108.178°E / 30.4251 ; 108.178 Zhong County 忠县', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhong_County', 'summary': 'Zhong County or Zhongxian ( simplified Chinese : 忠县 ; traditional Chinese : 忠縣 ; pinyin : Zhōng Xiàn ) is a county of Chongqing Municipality , China . The Shibaozhai Temple , which is endangered by the rising waters caused by the Three Gorges Dam , is located there . Zhong County has two Yangtze River crossings : the Zhongxian Yangtze River Bridge and Zhongzhou Yangtze River Bridge .'}]}, {'value': '5-381', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dingfang Que and Wuming Que', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dingfang que - Wuming que 丁房阙 - 无铭阙', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhong County 忠县', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhong_County', 'summary': 'Zhong County or Zhongxian ( simplified Chinese : 忠县 ; traditional Chinese : 忠縣 ; pinyin : Zhōng Xiàn ) is a county of Chongqing Municipality , China . The Shibaozhai Temple , which is endangered by the rising waters caused by the Three Gorges Dam , is located there . Zhong County has two Yangtze River crossings : the Zhongxian Yangtze River Bridge and Zhongzhou Yangtze River Bridge .'}]}, {'value': '5-382', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Residence of Zhang Zhizhong', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guiyuan 桂园', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chongqing 重庆市', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chongqing', 'summary': "Chongqing ( /ˌtʃʊŋˈtʃɪŋ/ , also US : /ˌtʃɔːŋ- , ˌtʃuːŋ-/ , Chinese : [ ʈʂʰʊ̌ŋ.tɕʰîŋ ] ( listen ) ) , alternatively romanised as Chungking , [ note 2 ] is a megacity in southwest China . Administratively , it is one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of central government of the People 's Republic of China ( the other three are Beijing , Shanghai and Tianjin ) , and the only such municipality located far away from the coast . The municipality of Chongqing , which is around the size of Austria , includes the city of Chongqing and various non-connected cities . As the Chongqing municipality government directly administers the city of Chongqing , as well as rural counties , and other cities not connected to the city of Chongqing , Chongqing municipality can technically claim to be the largest city proper in the world , even though this is due to a classification technicality and not because it is actually the world 's largest urban area . Chongqing was a municipality during the Republic of China ( ROC ) administration , serving as its wartime capital during the Second Sino-Japanese War ( 1937-1945 ) . The current municipality was recreated on 14 March 1997 to help develop the central and western parts of China . The Chongqing administrative municipality has a population of over 30 million . The city of Chongqing , comprising 9 urban and suburban districts , has a population of 8,518,000 as of 2016 . According to the 2010 census , Chongqing is the most populous Chinese municipality , and also the largest direct-controlled municipality in China , containing 26 districts , eight counties , and four autonomous counties . The official abbreviation of the city , Yú ( 渝 ) , was approved by the State Council on 18 April 1997 . This abbreviation is derived from the old name of a part of the Jialing River that runs through Chongqing and feeds into the Yangtze River . Chongqing has a significant history and culture ."}]}, {'value': '5-506', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Residence of Zhao Shiyan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhao_Shiyan', 'summary': "Zhao Shiyan ( simplified Chinese : 赵世炎 ; traditional Chinese : 趙世炎 ; pinyin : Zhào Shìyán ; 13 April 1901 in Youyang - 19 July 1927 in Shanghai ) was a Chinese Communist martyr and former Chinese premier Li Peng 's uncle . In 1915 , Zhao went to Beijing to study at the High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University , majored in English . In 1919 , he participated in the May Fourth Movement , China Youth Association . The following year , he went to France to study , co-founded the Communist Party of China . In 1922 , Zhao Shiyan and Ho Chi Minh were invited to join the French Communist Party . In 1922 , he went to the Soviet Union and studied at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East . In 1923 , he was appointed as CPC Party Committee Chairman in Beijing . In the same year in December , he was appointed as Chairman of the Northern Bureau of the CPC Central Committee . In 1926 , Zhao was sent to Shanghai with Zhou Enlai to lead the workers ' armed uprising during the Northern Expedition . On 12 April 1927 , Chiang Kai-shek launched a coup against his communist allies and massacred them in Shanghai . Zhao went into hiding , but was arrested at his home on North Sichuan Road on 2 July . He was executed in Shanghai on 19 July ."}]}, {'value': 'Zhao Shiyan guju 赵世炎故居', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County 酉阳县', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Youyang_Tujia_and_Miao_Autonomous_County', 'summary': 'Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County , or Youyang County for short ( simplified Chinese : 酉阳土家族苗族自治县 ; traditional Chinese : 酉陽土家族苗族自治縣 ; pinyin : YǒuYáng Tǔjiāzú Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn ) ( Template : Lang-tji ) is located in the southeast of Chongqing Municipality , China , bordering the provinces of Hunan to the east and Guizhou to the southwest .'}]}, {'value': '5-507', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baidicheng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baidicheng', 'summary': 'Baidicheng or Baidi Fortress is an ancient fortress and temple complex on a hill on the northern shore of the Yangtze River in China , 8 km east of the present day Fengjie County seat in Chongqing municipality .'}]}, {'value': 'Baidi cheng 白帝城', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31°02′36″N 109°34′12″E / 31.0433°N 109.57°E / 31.0433 ; 109.57 Fengjie County 奉节县', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fengjie_County', 'summary': "Fengjie County ( simplified Chinese : 奉节县 ; traditional Chinese : 奉節縣 ; pinyin : Fèngjié Xiàn ) is a county of Chongqing Municipality , China . It is on the Yangtze River ; located within a couple hundreds kilometers upstream from the Three Gorges Dam , it is within the dam 's affected area . The county 's most famous geographical feature is the Qutang Gorge , the first of the Yangtze 's Three Gorges . Notable karst phenomena , including the Xiaozhai Tiankeng sinkhole are located within the county . It is the place where Still Life was shot , a film by Jia Zhangke that won the 2006 Venice Film Festival ( Golden Lion ) ."}]}, {'value': '6-692', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huguang Huiguan , Chongqing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huguang_Huiguan,_Chongqing', 'summary': 'Huguang Huiguan ( aka Huguang Guild Hall , Lianghu Guild Hall , and Yu King Palace , in Chinese : simplified Chinese : 湖广会馆 ; traditional Chinese : 湖廣會館 ) is a guild hall ( or assembly hall ) in the Yuzhong District of Chongqing , China , on the Yangtze River . The Huguang Guild Hall was established in 1759 , during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor in the Qing Dynasty . It consists of a complex of courtyards , gardens , halls , meeting rooms , and theaters that acted as a regional center for business , entertainment , religious , and social activities . Huguang Huiguan is now a museum . Yuwang Temple , Guangdong House ( aka Nanhua Palace ) , Qian House , and the Jiangxi Guild Hall are located within the complex .'}]}, {'value': 'Chongqing Huguang huiguan 重庆湖广会馆', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chongqing 重庆市', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chongqing', 'summary': "Chongqing ( /ˌtʃʊŋˈtʃɪŋ/ , also US : /ˌtʃɔːŋ- , ˌtʃuːŋ-/ , Chinese : [ ʈʂʰʊ̌ŋ.tɕʰîŋ ] ( listen ) ) , alternatively romanised as Chungking , [ note 2 ] is a megacity in southwest China . Administratively , it is one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of central government of the People 's Republic of China ( the other three are Beijing , Shanghai and Tianjin ) , and the only such municipality located far away from the coast . The municipality of Chongqing , which is around the size of Austria , includes the city of Chongqing and various non-connected cities . As the Chongqing municipality government directly administers the city of Chongqing , as well as rural counties , and other cities not connected to the city of Chongqing , Chongqing municipality can technically claim to be the largest city proper in the world , even though this is due to a classification technicality and not because it is actually the world 's largest urban area . Chongqing was a municipality during the Republic of China ( ROC ) administration , serving as its wartime capital during the Second Sino-Japanese War ( 1937-1945 ) . The current municipality was recreated on 14 March 1997 to help develop the central and western parts of China . The Chongqing administrative municipality has a population of over 30 million . The city of Chongqing , comprising 9 urban and suburban districts , has a population of 8,518,000 as of 2016 . According to the 2010 census , Chongqing is the most populous Chinese municipality , and also the largest direct-controlled municipality in China , containing 26 districts , eight counties , and four autonomous counties . The official abbreviation of the city , Yú ( 渝 ) , was approved by the State Council on 18 April 1997 . This abbreviation is derived from the old name of a part of the Jialing River that runs through Chongqing and feeds into the Yangtze River . Chongqing has a significant history and culture ."}]}, {'value': '6-693', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sculptures in the Great Buddha Monastery , Tongnan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tongnan Dafo si moya zaoxiang 潼南大佛寺摩崖造像', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tongnan County 潼南县', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tongnan_County', 'summary': 'Tongnan District ( simplified Chinese : 潼南区 ; traditional Chinese : 潼南區 ; pinyin : Tóngnán Qū ) is a district of Chongqing Municipality , China , bordering Sichuan province to the north and west .'}]}, {'value': '6-851', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rock sculptures in the monastery of Erfo Laitan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laitan Erfo si moya zaoxiang 涞滩二佛寺摩崖造像', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hechuan District 合川市', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hechuan_District', 'summary': "Hechuan ( Chinese : 合川 ; pinyin : Héchuān ) is a district in the northern part of Chongqing Municipality , People 's Republic of China , located at the meeting point of the Jialing , Fu and Qu rivers , with a history of 1,500 years . Hechuan is 54 km ( 34 mi ) away from downtown Chongqing 's Yuzhong District . Hechuan was formerly a county-level city but was incorporated into Chongqing as a district in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yang Family Residence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yangshi minzhai 杨氏民宅', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tongnan County 潼南县', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tongnan_County', 'summary': 'Tongnan District ( simplified Chinese : 潼南区 ; traditional Chinese : 潼南區 ; pinyin : Tóngnán Qū ) is a district of Chongqing Municipality , China , bordering Sichuan province to the north and west .'}]}, {'value': '6-1034', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Site of the West China Academy of Science', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhongguo xibu kexueyuan jiuzhi 中国西部科学院旧址', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chongqing 重庆市', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chongqing', 'summary': "Chongqing ( /ˌtʃʊŋˈtʃɪŋ/ , also US : /ˌtʃɔːŋ- , ˌtʃuːŋ-/ , Chinese : [ ʈʂʰʊ̌ŋ.tɕʰîŋ ] ( listen ) ) , alternatively romanised as Chungking , [ note 2 ] is a megacity in southwest China . Administratively , it is one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of central government of the People 's Republic of China ( the other three are Beijing , Shanghai and Tianjin ) , and the only such municipality located far away from the coast . The municipality of Chongqing , which is around the size of Austria , includes the city of Chongqing and various non-connected cities . As the Chongqing municipality government directly administers the city of Chongqing , as well as rural counties , and other cities not connected to the city of Chongqing , Chongqing municipality can technically claim to be the largest city proper in the world , even though this is due to a classification technicality and not because it is actually the world 's largest urban area . Chongqing was a municipality during the Republic of China ( ROC ) administration , serving as its wartime capital during the Second Sino-Japanese War ( 1937-1945 ) . The current municipality was recreated on 14 March 1997 to help develop the central and western parts of China . The Chongqing administrative municipality has a population of over 30 million . The city of Chongqing , comprising 9 urban and suburban districts , has a population of 8,518,000 as of 2016 . According to the 2010 census , Chongqing is the most populous Chinese municipality , and also the largest direct-controlled municipality in China , containing 26 districts , eight counties , and four autonomous counties . The official abbreviation of the city , Yú ( 渝 ) , was approved by the State Council on 18 April 1997 . This abbreviation is derived from the old name of a part of the Jialing River that runs through Chongqing and feeds into the Yangtze River . Chongqing has a significant history and culture ."}]}, {'value': '6-1035', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Site of Yucai School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yucai xuexiao jiuzhi 育才学校旧址', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hechuan District 合川市', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hechuan_District', 'summary': "Hechuan ( Chinese : 合川 ; pinyin : Héchuān ) is a district in the northern part of Chongqing Municipality , People 's Republic of China , located at the meeting point of the Jialing , Fu and Qu rivers , with a history of 1,500 years . Hechuan is 54 km ( 34 mi ) away from downtown Chongqing 's Yuzhong District . Hechuan was formerly a county-level city but was incorporated into Chongqing as a district in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': '6-1036', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': "This list is of Major Sites Protected for their Historical and Cultural Value at the National Level in the Municipality of Chongqing , People 's Republic of China . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]", 'uid': 'Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_(Chongqing)_0', 'intro': "This list is of Major Sites Protected for their Historical and Cultural Value at the National Level in the Municipality of Chongqing, People's Republic of China."} | null | null | What river runs through the location of the site where the `` White Crane Ridge '' inscriptions are displayed ? | Yangtze River |
07d963e2f0c80cc0 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Maryland', 'title': 'Sports in Maryland', 'header': ['Team name', 'Years present', 'League', 'Current status'], 'data': [{'value': 'Baltimore Bayrunners', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Bayrunners', 'summary': "The Baltimore Bayrunners were a professional basketball team in the International Basketball League ( IBL ) from 1999 to 2000 . The Bayrunners were the first professional basketball team in Baltimore , Maryland since the Bullets re-located to Washington , D.C. in 1973 . The Memphis franchise of the former American Basketball Association had intended to move to Baltimore for what turned out to be that league 's final season , 1975-76 , but then folded without playing a game in Baltimore . The Bayrunners were owned in-part by Baltimore Orioles third baseman Cal Ripken . The Bayrunners played in the 1st Mariner Arena ( formerly the Baltimore Arena ) . The Bayrunners were a charter member of the IBL but lasted only one of the league 's two seasons and were not in existence when the surviving IBL teams merged with teams that had moved over to it from the defunct Continental Basketball Association to form a revitalized CBA ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'International Basketball League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Basketball_League_(1999–2001)', 'summary': "The International Basketball League ( IBL ) was a short-lived professional men 's basketball league in the United States . The IBL was headquartered in Baltimore , Maryland . The league started in 1999 and ended in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Blaze', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Blaze', 'summary': 'The Baltimore Blaze were a professional basketball team in the National Rookie League based in Baltimore , Maryland . The team is notable for winning the only NRL Championship by defeating the Philadelphia Force 100 to 93 on August 9 , 2001 . With the collapse of the National Rookie League , the team ceased operations .'}]}, {'value': '2000-2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Rookie League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Rookie_League', 'summary': "The National Rookie League ( NRL ) was an American unaffiliated minor league for the National Basketball Association that completed its inaugural season in August , 2000 . The NRL was exclusive to players under the age of 24 and was designed to help prepare the nation 's most talented young athletes for a professional basketball career . It consisted of just four teams , located on the eastern side of the country : Baltimore Blaze , Washington Justice , Philadelphia Force and the Delaware Destroyers . The National Rookie League was disbanded in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Bullets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Bullets_(1944–54)', 'summary': "The Baltimore Bullets were an American Basketball League ( 1944-1947 ) team , and later , a Basketball Association of America ( 1947-1949 ) , and ( beginning in 1949 , following the BAA 's absorption of the National Basketball League ) a National Basketball Association team based in Baltimore . The team folded November 27 , 1954 , with a 3-11 record , making the Bullets the last NBA franchise to do so , as of 2018 . [ citation needed ] Out of all defunct NBA teams , the Bullets were members of the association for the longest time and the only defunct team to win a championship . [ citation needed ] The Baltimore Bullets acquired their name in reference to the Phoenix Shot Tower ."}]}, {'value': '1944-1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Basketball Association Basketball Association of America American Basketball League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Basketball_Association', 'summary': "The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a men 's professional basketball league in North America , composed of 30 teams ( 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada ) . It is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada , and is widely considered to be the premier men 's professional basketball league in the world . [ better source needed ] The league was founded in New York City on June 6 , 1946 , as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . It changed its name to the National Basketball Association on August 3 , 1949 , after merging with the competing National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA 's regular season runs from October to April , with each team playing 82 games . Its playoffs extend into June . NBA players are the world 's best paid athletes by average annual salary per player . The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball ( USAB ) , which is recognized by FIBA ( also known as the International Basketball Federation ) as the national governing body for basketball in the United States . The league 's several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices in Midtown Manhattan , while its NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus , New Jersey ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Basketball_Association_of_America', 'summary': "The Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) was a professional basketball league in North America , founded in 1946 . Following its third season , 1948-49 , the BAA and the National Basketball League ( NBL ) merged to create the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Philadelphia Warriors won the inaugural BAA championship in 1947 , followed by the Baltimore Bullets and the Minneapolis Lakers in 1948 and 1949 , respectively . Six teams from the BAA remain in operation in the NBA as of the 2017-18 season , three that co-founded the league in 1946 and three that joined it from the NBL in 1948 ( below ) . The inaugural BAA season began with 11 teams , of which four dropped out before the second season . One ABL team joined to provide 8 teams for 1947-48 and four NBL teams joined to provide 12 for 1948-49 . The records and statistics of the BAA and NBL prior to the merger in 1949 are considered in official NBA history only if a player , coach or team participated in the newly formed NBA after 1949 for one or more seasons . The NBA generally claims the BAA 's history as its own . For example , at NBA History online its table of one-line NBA Season Recaps begins 1946-47 without comment . It celebrated NBA at 50 in 1996 , with announcement of its 50 Greatest Players among other things ."}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Basketball_League_(1925–55)', 'summary': "The American Basketball League ( ABL ) was an early professional basketball league . During six seasons from 1925-26 to 1930-31 , the ABL was the first attempt to create a major professional basketball league in the United States . Joseph Carr , who was , in 1925 , the president of the recently founded , three year old National Football League , organized the ABL from nine of the best independent pro teams from the East and the Midwest . George Halas of the NFL Chicago Bears was the owner of the Chicago Bruins , and department store magnate Max Rosenblum , a part owner of the NFL 's Cleveland Bulldogs , financed the Cleveland Rosenblums . Future NFL ( Washington Redskins ) owner George Preston Marshall , the owner of a chain of laundries , was owner of the Washington Palace Five . Other teams were the Boston Whirlwinds , Brooklyn Arcadians , Buffalo Bisons , Detroit Pulaski Post Five , Fort Wayne Caseys , and Rochester Centrals . With the exception of 1927-28 , the ABL season was divided into two halves , with the winner of the first half playing the winner of the second half for the championship . Five games into the 1926-27 season , the Original Celtics were admitted to replace the Brooklyn franchise , and won 32 of the remaining 37 games , then shifted to New York the following season . For the 1927-28 season , the ABL had an Eastern ( New York , Philadelphia , Rochester and Washington ) and Western ( Chicago , Cleveland , Detroit and Fort Wayne ) division , with the two best teams in each division going to playoffs , and a championship between the playoff winners . Playing in Madison Square Garden , the New York Celtics had a 40-9 record in the regular season and won the championship . At season 's end , the champions were voted out of the league by the other owners . The ABL played three more seasons and then , with only five teams playing at the end of 1930-31 , folded during the Great Depression ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Bullets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Bullets_(CBA)', 'summary': 'The Baltimore Bullets were an American basketball team based in Baltimore , Maryland that was a member of the Eastern Professional Basketball League . The Bullets played in the Eastern League for three seasons , and its roster of players included former University of Kentucky center Bill Spivey , who helped the Bullets win the league championship in the 1960-61 season . After the 1960/61 season , the team became the Camden Bullets .'}]}, {'value': '1958-1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern Professional Basketball League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Continental_Basketball_Association', 'summary': "The Continental Basketball Association ( CBA ) ( also known as the Eastern Pennsylvania Basketball League , the Eastern Professional Basketball League , and the Eastern Basketball Association ) was a men 's professional basketball minor league in the United States from 1946 to 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Bullets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Bullets_(1963–73)', 'summary': "The Washington Wizards are an American professional basketball team based in Washington , D.C . The Wizards compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Southeast Division . The team plays its home games at the Capital One Arena , in the Chinatown neighborhood of Washington , D.C . The franchise was established in 1961 as the Chicago Packers based in Chicago , Illinois , and were renamed to Chicago Zephyrs the following season . In 1963 , they relocated to Baltimore , Maryland , and became the Baltimore Bullets , taking the name from a previous team of the same name . In 1973 , the team changed its name to the Capital Bullets to reflect their move to the Washington metropolitan area , and then to Washington Bullets in the following season . In 1997 , they rebranded themselves as the Wizards . The Wizards have appeared in four NBA Finals , and won in 1978 . They have had a total of 28 playoff appearances , won four conference titles ( 1971 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 ) , and seven division titles ( 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1979 , 2017 ) . Their best season came in 1975 with a record of 60-22 . Wes Unseld is the only player in franchise history to become the MVP ( 1969 ) , and win the Finals MVP award ( 1978 ) . Four players ( Walt Bellamy , Terry Dischinger , Earl Monroe and Wes Unseld ) have won the Rookie of the Year award ."}]}, {'value': '1963-1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Basketball Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Basketball_Association', 'summary': "The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a men 's professional basketball league in North America , composed of 30 teams ( 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada ) . It is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada , and is widely considered to be the premier men 's professional basketball league in the world . [ better source needed ] The league was founded in New York City on June 6 , 1946 , as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . It changed its name to the National Basketball Association on August 3 , 1949 , after merging with the competing National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA 's regular season runs from October to April , with each team playing 82 games . Its playoffs extend into June . NBA players are the world 's best paid athletes by average annual salary per player . The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball ( USAB ) , which is recognized by FIBA ( also known as the International Basketball Federation ) as the national governing body for basketball in the United States . The league 's several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices in Midtown Manhattan , while its NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus , New Jersey ."}]}, {'value': 'Washington Wizards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Wizards', 'summary': "The Washington Wizards are an American professional basketball team based in Washington , D.C . The Wizards compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Southeast Division . The team plays its home games at the Capital One Arena , in the Chinatown neighborhood of Washington , D.C . The franchise was established in 1961 as the Chicago Packers based in Chicago , Illinois , and were renamed to Chicago Zephyrs the following season . In 1963 , they relocated to Baltimore , Maryland , and became the Baltimore Bullets , taking the name from a previous team of the same name . In 1973 , the team changed its name to the Capital Bullets to reflect their move to the Washington metropolitan area , and then to Washington Bullets in the following season . In 1997 , they rebranded themselves as the Wizards . The Wizards have appeared in four NBA Finals , and won in 1978 . They have had a total of 28 playoff appearances , won four conference titles ( 1971 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 ) , and seven division titles ( 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1979 , 2017 ) . Their best season came in 1975 with a record of 60-22 . Wes Unseld is the only player in franchise history to become the MVP ( 1969 ) , and win the Finals MVP award ( 1978 ) . Four players ( Walt Bellamy , Terry Dischinger , Earl Monroe and Wes Unseld ) have won the Rookie of the Year award ."}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore Claws', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Claws', 'summary': 'The Baltimore Claws was an American basketball team which was supposed to appear in the 1975-76 season in the American Basketball Association . The team collapsed before the season started , playing only three exhibition games , all losses , in its brief history .'}]}, {'value': '1975-1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Basketball Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Basketball_Association', 'summary': "The original American Basketball Association ( ABA ) was a men 's professional basketball league , from 1967 to 1976 . The ABA ceased to exist with the American Basketball Association-National Basketball Association merger in 1976 , leading to several teams joining the National Basketball Association and to the introduction of the 3-point shot in the NBA in 1979 ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Clippers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Clippers_(basketball)', 'summary': 'The Baltimore Clippers were an American basketball team based in Baltimore , Maryland that was a member of the American Basketball League .'}]}, {'value': '1939-1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Basketball League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Basketball_League_(1925–55)', 'summary': "The American Basketball League ( ABL ) was an early professional basketball league . During six seasons from 1925-26 to 1930-31 , the ABL was the first attempt to create a major professional basketball league in the United States . Joseph Carr , who was , in 1925 , the president of the recently founded , three year old National Football League , organized the ABL from nine of the best independent pro teams from the East and the Midwest . George Halas of the NFL Chicago Bears was the owner of the Chicago Bruins , and department store magnate Max Rosenblum , a part owner of the NFL 's Cleveland Bulldogs , financed the Cleveland Rosenblums . Future NFL ( Washington Redskins ) owner George Preston Marshall , the owner of a chain of laundries , was owner of the Washington Palace Five . Other teams were the Boston Whirlwinds , Brooklyn Arcadians , Buffalo Bisons , Detroit Pulaski Post Five , Fort Wayne Caseys , and Rochester Centrals . With the exception of 1927-28 , the ABL season was divided into two halves , with the winner of the first half playing the winner of the second half for the championship . Five games into the 1926-27 season , the Original Celtics were admitted to replace the Brooklyn franchise , and won 32 of the remaining 37 games , then shifted to New York the following season . For the 1927-28 season , the ABL had an Eastern ( New York , Philadelphia , Rochester and Washington ) and Western ( Chicago , Cleveland , Detroit and Fort Wayne ) division , with the two best teams in each division going to playoffs , and a championship between the playoff winners . Playing in Madison Square Garden , the New York Celtics had a 40-9 record in the regular season and won the championship . At season 's end , the champions were voted out of the league by the other owners . The ABL played three more seasons and then , with only five teams playing at the end of 1930-31 , folded during the Great Depression ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beltway Bombers', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Professional Basketball League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Professional_Basketball_League', 'summary': "The American Professional Basketball League ( APBL ) was a semi-professional men 's basketball league that began play in 2010 . Originally known as the Atlantic Coast Professional Basketball League ( ACPBL ) , the league changed their name before the 2012-13 season . The league ceased operations after the 2019 season . Teams were located up and down the Atlantic Coast from New York to Northern Virginia ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Lightning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockford_Lightning', 'summary': 'The Rockford Lightning was a basketball team that played in the Continental Basketball Association . They were based in Rockford , Illinois .'}]}, {'value': '1985-1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Continental Basketball Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Continental_Basketball_Association', 'summary': "The Continental Basketball Association ( CBA ) ( also known as the Eastern Pennsylvania Basketball League , the Eastern Professional Basketball League , and the Eastern Basketball Association ) was a men 's professional basketball minor league in the United States from 1946 to 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Metros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Metros', 'summary': 'The Baltimore Metros were an American basketball team based in Baltimore , Maryland that was a member of the Continental Basketball Association . The team was previously known as the Washington Metros . During the 1978/79 season , the team moved to Utica and became the Mohawk Valley Thunderbirds .'}]}, {'value': '1978-1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Continental Basketball Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Continental_Basketball_Association', 'summary': "The Continental Basketball Association ( CBA ) ( also known as the Eastern Pennsylvania Basketball League , the Eastern Professional Basketball League , and the Eastern Basketball Association ) was a men 's professional basketball minor league in the United States from 1946 to 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Orioles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles_(basketball)', 'summary': 'The Baltimore Orioles were an American basketball team based in Baltimore , Maryland that was a member of the American Basketball League .'}]}, {'value': '1926-1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Basketball League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Basketball_League_(1925–55)', 'summary': "The American Basketball League ( ABL ) was an early professional basketball league . During six seasons from 1925-26 to 1930-31 , the ABL was the first attempt to create a major professional basketball league in the United States . Joseph Carr , who was , in 1925 , the president of the recently founded , three year old National Football League , organized the ABL from nine of the best independent pro teams from the East and the Midwest . George Halas of the NFL Chicago Bears was the owner of the Chicago Bruins , and department store magnate Max Rosenblum , a part owner of the NFL 's Cleveland Bulldogs , financed the Cleveland Rosenblums . Future NFL ( Washington Redskins ) owner George Preston Marshall , the owner of a chain of laundries , was owner of the Washington Palace Five . Other teams were the Boston Whirlwinds , Brooklyn Arcadians , Buffalo Bisons , Detroit Pulaski Post Five , Fort Wayne Caseys , and Rochester Centrals . With the exception of 1927-28 , the ABL season was divided into two halves , with the winner of the first half playing the winner of the second half for the championship . Five games into the 1926-27 season , the Original Celtics were admitted to replace the Brooklyn franchise , and won 32 of the remaining 37 games , then shifted to New York the following season . For the 1927-28 season , the ABL had an Eastern ( New York , Philadelphia , Rochester and Washington ) and Western ( Chicago , Cleveland , Detroit and Fort Wayne ) division , with the two best teams in each division going to playoffs , and a championship between the playoff winners . Playing in Madison Square Garden , the New York Celtics had a 40-9 record in the regular season and won the championship . At season 's end , the champions were voted out of the league by the other owners . The ABL played three more seasons and then , with only five teams playing at the end of 1930-31 , folded during the Great Depression ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Pearls/Bay Lions', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005-2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Basketball Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Basketball_Association_(21st_century)', 'summary': "The American Basketball Association ( ABA ) is an American semi-professional men 's basketball minor league that was founded in 1999 . The ABA has teams based in the United States and previously had international teams based in Canada and Mexico . In the past , there were traveling teams from countries such as Australia and Japan who played in the ABA . Additionally , there were players from other countries that were on a U.S. team to showcase other talented athletes in the country . The current ABA bears no relation to the original American Basketball Association ( 1967-1976 ) that was considered a major league , and merged with the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) in 1976 ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cumberland Dukes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1947-1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All-American Professional Basketball League', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maryland Bayriders', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007-2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Professional Basketball League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Professional_Basketball_League_(2007–)', 'summary': "The National Professional Basketball League , often abbreviated to the NPBL , was an American men 's professional basketball minor league featuring teams from the East Coast of the United States which played for two seasons . A few of the teams in the NPBL left to join the Eastern Basketball Alliance ( EBA ) . The planned 2009 season was never actually played . Initially the league 's plan was to move the season to the fall and winter during the more traditional basketball season . The league never made any official announcement as to the cessation of its operations , but never resumed play ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maryland GreenHawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryland_GreenHawks', 'summary': 'The Washington GreenHawks were a team of the Atlantic Coast Professional Basketball League ( ACPBL ) based in Washington , D.C. As the Maryland Nighthawks they were formerly part of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) and a founding member of the Premier Basketball League ( PBL ) , in which they later played as the Maryland GreenHawks . The team began play in the fall of 2004 .'}]}, {'value': '2004-2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Premier Basketball League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premier_Basketball_League', 'summary': "The Premier Basketball League , often abbreviated to the PBL , is an American professional men 's basketball minor league that began play in January 2008 . The league folded after the 2017 season . It was announced that the league would be revived under new management for the 2020 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maryland Mustangs', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Basketball League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Basketball_League', 'summary': "The United States Basketball League ( OTC Pink No Information : USBL ) , often abbreviated to the USBL , was a professional men 's spring basketball league . The league was formed in 1985 and ceased operations in 2008 . The USBL started in 1985 as one of the first basketball leagues to play a late-spring to early-summer schedule . The league quickly became known as a development league for players , with many players moving up to the NBA and many more playing in Europe after stints here . In 1996 , the league made a stock offering , a rarity among sports leagues . However , in later years , the league declined as rival leagues appeared and USBL had a tougher time replacing teams that folded . In the last two seasons , the league was mainly a midwestern league , with teams mainly in Kansas , Nebraska , and Oklahoma . After speculation that the USBL might fold after the 2007 season , the league announced that it would sit out the 2008 season and consider its options for the future . In January 2010 , the league expressed hopes to resume play in April 2010 . However , no further news has surfaced from the league . The final champions are the Kansas Cagerz , who won the title game on July 1 , 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metropolitan All-Stars', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009 - 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Professional Basketball League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Professional_Basketball_League', 'summary': "The American Professional Basketball League ( APBL ) was a semi-professional men 's basketball league that began play in 2010 . Originally known as the Atlantic Coast Professional Basketball League ( ACPBL ) , the league changed their name before the 2012-13 season . The league ceased operations after the 2019 season . Teams were located up and down the Atlantic Coast from New York to Northern Virginia ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rockville Victors', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Professional Basketball League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Professional_Basketball_League', 'summary': "The American Professional Basketball League ( APBL ) was a semi-professional men 's basketball league that began play in 2010 . Originally known as the Atlantic Coast Professional Basketball League ( ACPBL ) , the league changed their name before the 2012-13 season . The league ceased operations after the 2019 season . Teams were located up and down the Atlantic Coast from New York to Northern Virginia ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tri-City Suns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tri-City_Suns', 'summary': "The Tri-City Suns were a basketball team which played in the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) in the 2009-10 season and the Atlantic Coast Professional Basketball League ( ACPBL ) in 2011 . Home games were played on the campus of Progressive Christian Academy in Temple Hills , Maryland . The Suns were the only basketball team playing in Prince George 's County . The Maryland Nighthawks played the 2004-05 season at The Show Place Arena in Upper Marlboro , but , prompted by poor attendance , moved to Rockville in Montgomery County the following season . In January 2011 , the Suns were recruited to replace the Washington GreenHawks ( formerly the same Maryland Nighthawks ) in the ACPBL which would be renamed the American Professional Basketball League ( APBL ) the following season . Despite a January 1 , 2013 announcement that the Suns would play in the ABA 's 2013-14 season , and an undated announcement that they 'd play in the APBL for the 2013-14 season , no reliable source indicates that they played after their 2011 ACPBL season ."}]}, {'value': '2009-2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Professional Basketball League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Professional_Basketball_League', 'summary': "The American Professional Basketball League ( APBL ) was a semi-professional men 's basketball league that began play in 2010 . Originally known as the Atlantic Coast Professional Basketball League ( ACPBL ) , the league changed their name before the 2012-13 season . The league ceased operations after the 2019 season . Teams were located up and down the Atlantic Coast from New York to Northern Virginia ."}]}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington Madness', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008-2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern Basketball Alliance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Basketball_Alliance', 'summary': "The Eastern Basketball Alliance was a semi-professional men 's winter basketball league . Games are played on the weekends and the season is approximately four months long ( January through April ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Relocated to DC', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Former professional and semi-pro teams -- Basketball', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Sports_in_Maryland_8', 'intro': "Maryland has a number of major and minor professional sports franchises. Two National Football League teams play in Maryland, the Baltimore Ravens in Baltimore and the Washington Redskins in Prince George's County. The Baltimore Orioles compete as Major League Baseball franchise in Baltimore. Other professional sports franchises in the state include five affiliated minor league baseball teams, one independent league baseball team, the Baltimore Blast indoor soccer team, two indoor football teams, two low-level Basketball teams, three low-level outdoor soccer teams and the Chesapeake Bayhawks of Major League Lacrosse. The Congressional Country Club and Aronimink Golf Club have hosted several professional golf tournaments, including the U.S. Open, PGA Championship, U.S. Senior Open, Senior PGA Championship, Kemper Open and Quicken Loans National. Maryland has had famous athletes including baseball's Cal Ripken Jr. and Babe Ruth, and Olympic swimming medalists Michael Phelps and Katie Hoff. Since 1962, the official state sport of Maryland is jousting. Lacrosse was named the official team sport in 2004, and Sports Illustrated wrote the sport has always been the showcase for the flower of Maryland manhood. In 2008, intending to promote physical fitness for all ages, Maryland declared walking the official state exercise and became the first state with an official state exercise."} | null | null | What is the team that played in the league that was mainly a midwestern league , with teams mainly in Kansas , Nebraska , and Oklahoma in it 's last two seasons ? | Maryland Mustangs |
07db1bad1b9c2bf1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_London', 'title': 'List of bus routes in London', 'header': ['Route', 'Start', 'End', 'Schools', 'Operator'], 'data': [{'value': '601', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thamesmead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thamesmead', 'summary': 'Thamesmead /ˈtɛmzmiːd/ is an area of south-east London , England , straddling the border between the Royal Borough of Greenwich and the London Borough of Bexley . It is located 11 miles ( 18 km ) east of Charing Cross , north-east of Woolwich and west of Erith . It mainly consists of social housing built from the mid-1960s onwards on former marshland on the south bank of the River Thames .'}]}, {'value': 'Wilmington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmington,_Kent', 'summary': "Wilmington is a village and civil parish in the borough of Dartford in Kent , England . It is focussed 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) SSW of Dartford town centre and it forms the area north of Swanley Village . Much of Wilmington is beside the A2 Dartford Bypass , and around two and a half miles northeast of Swanley town centre . The parish as currently drawn covers the southwestern corner of Dartford 's borough , including part of the Joydens Wood estate , and borders Greater London . The centre of the village has one shop and three pubs : The Orange Tree ( a Shepherd Neame pub ) , The Plough and The Horse and Groom at Leyton Cross . Its most prominent landmark is the St Michael and All Angels Church , which is the site for the annual Wilmington Model Railway Exhibition ."}]}, {'value': 'Wilmington Hall School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmington_Academy', 'summary': 'Wilmington Academy is a mixed secondary school located in Wilmington , Kent in the United Kingdom . It stands next to the site of Wilmington Hall . Wilmington Academy , as of 1 November 2018 , had 1225 students including 121 in Sixth Form , with 365 students in the Apollo college , 374 students in Minerva , and 365 students in Jupiter college .'}]}, {'value': 'Stagecoach London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stagecoach_London', 'summary': 'Stagecoach London is a bus operator in London . It is a subsidiary of Stagecoach and operates services under contract to Transport for London mostly in east and south-east and partly in central London'}]}, {'value': '602', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thamesmead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thamesmead', 'summary': 'Thamesmead /ˈtɛmzmiːd/ is an area of south-east London , England , straddling the border between the Royal Borough of Greenwich and the London Borough of Bexley . It is located 11 miles ( 18 km ) east of Charing Cross , north-east of Woolwich and west of Erith . It mainly consists of social housing built from the mid-1960s onwards on former marshland on the south bank of the River Thames .'}]}, {'value': 'Bexleyheath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bexleyheath', 'summary': 'Bexleyheath is a town in the London Borough of Bexley in Greater London , England with a population of 31,929 . It is 12 miles ( 19.3 km ) south-east of Charing Cross , and is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London .'}]}, {'value': 'Townley Grammar School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Townley_Grammar_School', 'summary': 'Townley Grammar School is a grammar school with academy status for girls on Townley Road , Bexleyheath , in the London Borough of Bexley , England . It was previously known as Bexley Technical School for Girls . The school consists of Years 7-11 , single sex ( girls ) , and a mixed-sex sixth form . In June 2018 , the school was featured in the BBC Two documentary Grammar Schools : Who Will Get In ? .'}]}, {'value': 'Stagecoach London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stagecoach_London', 'summary': 'Stagecoach London is a bus operator in London . It is a subsidiary of Stagecoach and operates services under contract to Transport for London mostly in east and south-east and partly in central London'}]}, {'value': '603', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swiss Cottage station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swiss_Cottage_tube_station', 'summary': "Swiss Cottage is a London Underground station at Swiss Cottage , north London . It is on the Jubilee line , between Finchley Road and St. John 's Wood stations . It lies in Travelcard Zone 2 and is located at the junction of Finchley Road , Avenue Road and College Crescent ."}]}, {'value': 'Muswell Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muswell_Hill', 'summary': 'Muswell Hill is a suburban district of north London . It is mainly in the London Borough of Haringey with a small part in the London Borough of Barnet . It is between Highgate , Hampstead Garden Suburb , East Finchley and Crouch End . It has many streets with Edwardian architecture . Muswell Hill is in the N10 postcode district and mostly in the Hornsey and Wood Green constituency . Muswell Hill , as defined by its postcode district , had a population of 27,992 in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sullivan Buses', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sullivan_Buses', 'summary': 'Sullivan Buses is a bus company based in South Mimms , Hertfordshire , England . Founded in 1998 , it operates local bus services in and around Hertfordshire and north London including school services , rail replacement bus services in and near London , bus links in Surrey to and from Thorpe Park and vehicle hire for television programmes .'}]}, {'value': '605', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harrow bus station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grafton School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sullivan Buses', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sullivan_Buses', 'summary': 'Sullivan Buses is a bus company based in South Mimms , Hertfordshire , England . Founded in 1998 , it operates local bus services in and around Hertfordshire and north London including school services , rail replacement bus services in and near London , bus links in Surrey to and from Thorpe Park and vehicle hire for television programmes .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '606', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queensbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queensbury,_London', 'summary': 'Queensbury is an area of northwest London , England , in the southeast of the London Borough of Harrow on the boundary with the London Borough of Brent . The area is split between four postal districts : Harrow HA3 , Stanmore HA7 , Edgware HA8 , and London NW9 .'}]}, {'value': 'Barnet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chipping_Barnet', 'summary': 'Chipping Barnet or High Barnet is a suburban market town in north London , forming part of the London Borough of Barnet , England . It is a suburban development built around a 12th-century settlement , and is located 10 1⁄2 miles ( 17 km ) north-northwest of Charing Cross , 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) east from Borehamwood , 5.2 miles ( 8.4 km ) west from Enfield and 3.2 miles ( 5.1 km ) south from Potters Bar . Its population , including its localities East Barnet , New Barnet , Hadley Wood , Monken Hadley , Cockfosters and Arkley , was 47,359 as of 2011 . Its name is very often abbreviated to just Barnet , which is also the name of the borough of which it forms a part . Chipping Barnet is also the name of the Parliamentary constituency covering the local area - the word Chipping denotes the presence of a market , one that was established here at the end of the 12th century and persists to this day . Chipping Barnet is one of the highest urban settlements in London , with the town centre having an elevation of about 427 feet ( 130 m ) .'}]}, {'value': 'The Totteridge Academy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Totteridge_Academy', 'summary': 'The Totteridge Academy ( formerly The Ravenscroft School ) is a mixed secondary school and sixth form located in Barnet , North London , England . Previously known as The Ravenscroft School , it was converted to academy status in September 2011 under the new name The Totteridge Academy . The school is non-selective as of 2012 , and has no catchment area . In 2016 , The Totteridge Academy joined United Learning .'}]}, {'value': 'Metroline', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metroline', 'summary': 'Metroline is a bus company operating services in Greater London . It is a subsidiary of ComfortDelGro Corporation and operates services under contract to Transport for London . Operations are split between two registered companies , Metroline Travel Limited and Metroline West Limited .'}]}, {'value': '607', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Buses_route_607', 'summary': 'London Buses route 607 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London , England . Running between Uxbridge station and White City bus station , it is operated by Metroline .'}]}, {'value': 'White City bus station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_City_bus_station', 'summary': 'White City bus station serves the White City area of west London and Westfield London shopping centre . The bus station was opened on 29 November 2008 to serve the new Westfield London shopping centre . The station has been built around the Grade II listed Dimco Buildings , originally the power station for the Central London Railway , which date from 1898 . The bus station is 100 metres away from Wood Lane tube station on the Circle and Hammersmith & City lines .'}]}, {'value': 'Uxbridge station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uxbridge_tube_station', 'summary': 'Uxbridge is a London Underground station in Uxbridge in the London Borough of Hillingdon , north-west London . The station is the terminus of the Uxbridge branches of both the Metropolitan line and the Piccadilly line . The next station towards London is Hillingdon . The station is 15.5 miles ( 25 km ) west of Charing Cross and is in Travelcard Zone 6 . The closest station on the Chiltern Line and Central line is West Ruislip , accessible by the U1 and U10 buses . The closest station on the Great Western Main Line ( in future Crossrail ) is West Drayton , accessible by the U1 , U3 , U5 and 222 buses . Uxbridge was formerly the terminus of a branch of the District line which ran from Ealing Common ; the Piccadilly line replaced the District line in 1933 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metroline', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metroline', 'summary': 'Metroline is a bus company operating services in Greater London . It is a subsidiary of ComfortDelGro Corporation and operates services under contract to Transport for London . Operations are split between two registered companies , Metroline Travel Limited and Metroline West Limited .'}]}, {'value': '608', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gallows Corner , Romford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gallows_Corner', 'summary': 'Gallows Corner is a major road junction in Romford in Greater London , England . It was the site of the gallows of the Liberty of Havering , hence the name .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Romford', 'summary': 'Romford is a large town in east London and the administrative centre of the London Borough of Havering . It is located 14.1 miles ( 22.7 km ) northeast of Charing Cross and is one of the major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan . Historically Romford was a market town in the county of Essex and formed the administrative centre of the liberty of Havering , until it was dissolved in 1892 . Good road links to London and the opening of the railway station in 1839 were key to the development of the town and the economic history of Romford is underpinned by a shift from agriculture to light industry and then to retail and commerce . As part of the suburban growth of London in the 20th century , Romford significantly expanded and increased in population , becoming a municipal borough in 1937 and has formed part of Greater London since 1965 when the area was transferred from Essex . It now forms one of the largest commercial , retail , entertainment and leisure districts in London and has a developed night-time economy . The entire town had a population of 122,854 as of 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shenfield High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shenfield_High_School', 'summary': 'Shenfield High School is a coeducational 11-18 secondary school located in Shenfield , Essex , England . It has over 1200 students on roll , including 300 in the sixth form . It opened in 1962 , celebrating its 50th Anniversary in 2012 . It converted to academy status in February 2012 . [ citation needed ] To coincide with the fiftieth anniversary the school adopted a new badge and uniform . The new badge incorporates golden spurs tilted into the shape . As part of its annual Awards Ceremony , the school now bestows the Golden Spurs Award on a student who has given outstanding community service .'}]}, {'value': 'Shenfield High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shenfield_High_School', 'summary': 'Shenfield High School is a coeducational 11-18 secondary school located in Shenfield , Essex , England . It has over 1200 students on roll , including 300 in the sixth form . It opened in 1962 , celebrating its 50th Anniversary in 2012 . It converted to academy status in February 2012 . [ citation needed ] To coincide with the fiftieth anniversary the school adopted a new badge and uniform . The new badge incorporates golden spurs tilted into the shape . As part of its annual Awards Ceremony , the school now bestows the Golden Spurs Award on a student who has given outstanding community service .'}]}, {'value': 'Blue Triangle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Triangle', 'summary': 'Blue Triangle is a bus company operating services in East London . It is a subsidiary of the Go-Ahead Group and operates most services under contract to Transport for London . It is the operator of the East London Transit service .'}]}, {'value': '609', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hammersmith bus station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hammersmith_bus_station', 'summary': "Hammersmith bus station is located adjacent to the District & Piccadilly and Circle and Hammersmith & City lines London Underground stations in Hammersmith . It is owned and maintained by Transport for London . The bus station is divided into two sections ( lower and upper stations ) . The routes which serve the lower station , outside Hammersmith Broadway , are 33 , 72 ( towards Roehampton ) , 209 , 266 , 419 , 485 and 609 . The routes which serve the upper station , above Hammersmith Broadway , are 9 , 23 , 27 , 72 ( towards East Acton ) , 190 , 211 , 220 , 267 , 283 ( towards East Acton ) , 295 , 391 , H91 , N9 , N11 and N97 . The upper station is also served by Berry 's Coaches Taunton to London services ."}]}, {'value': 'Mortlake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mortlake', 'summary': 'Mortlake is a suburban district of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames on the south bank of the River Thames between Kew and Barnes . Historically it was part of Surrey and until 1965 was in the Municipal Borough of Barnes . For many centuries it had village status and extended far to the south , to include East Sheen and part of what is now Richmond Park . Its Stuart and Georgian history was economically one of malting , brewing , farming , watermen and a great tapestry works . A London landmark , the former Mortlake Brewery or Stag Brewery , is on the edge of Mortlake . The Waterloo to Reading railway line runs through Mortlake , which has a pedestrianised riverside , two riverside pubs and a village green . The Boat Race finishes at Mortlake every March/April .'}]}, {'value': 'Harrodian School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Harrodian_School', 'summary': 'The Harrodian School is an independent day school in Barnes , south-west London . Formerly the site of Harrods Sports Club , the original premises has been extended and converted for educational purposes . The school opened in September 1993 with just 65 pupils ; by 2011 the roll had grown to 925 .'}]}, {'value': 'Metroline', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metroline', 'summary': 'Metroline is a bus company operating services in Greater London . It is a subsidiary of ComfortDelGro Corporation and operates services under contract to Transport for London . Operations are split between two registered companies , Metroline Travel Limited and Metroline West Limited .'}]}, {'value': '611', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stonebridge Park station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stonebridge_Park_station', 'summary': 'Stonebridge Park is a National Rail suburban rail and London Underground station in Tokyngton and Stonebridge , north-west London . The station is served by services operated by Arriva Rail London and London Underground Limited ( LUL is considered a National Rail service between Harrow & Wealdstone and Queens Park ) services . It is on both the London Overground Watford DC line and London Underground Bakerloo line . It is located on Argenta Way , and is named after the nearby junction connecting the North Circular Road ( A406 ) with the Harrow Road ( A404 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'East Finchley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Finchley', 'summary': 'East Finchley is an area in North London , immediately north of Hampstead Heath . Like neighbouring Muswell Hill it straddles the London Boroughs of Barnet and Haringey , with most of East Finchley falling into the London Borough of Barnet . East Finchley is situated 5.4 miles ( 8.7 km ) northwest of Charing Cross . Geographically , it is separated from the rest of Finchley by the North Circular , with North Finchley and West Finchley to the north , and Finchley Central ( Church End ) to the west . East Finchley ( East End ) was first mentioned in 1365 when it formed a scattered hamlet , but by 1860 it was the most populous part of Finchley . Badly bombed during World War 2 , and with the subsequent re-building , the street pattern of the Old Village was destroyed . However , the area retains a strong community feeling compared to other parts of Finchley . The area collectively named Finchley , which included East Finchley ( East End ) , Finchley Central ( Church End ) and North Finchley , was a parish until its incorporation into the ancient county of Middlesex in 1878 ; the county of Middlesex was abolished and Finchley was incorporated into Greater London in 1965 . Although most of East Finchley falls into the parliamentary constituency of Finchley and Golders Green , East Finchley is a village in its own right and not considered to be part of the town of Finchley .'}]}, {'value': 'Bishop Douglass School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_Douglass_School', 'summary': 'Bishop Douglass School is a Voluntary aided , Roman Catholic Academy for girls and boys , situated in Finchley , Barnet , London . The school is under the trusteeship of the Cardinal Hume Academies Trust . Its current Headmaster is Martin Tissot .'}]}, {'value': 'Metroline', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metroline', 'summary': 'Metroline is a bus company operating services in Greater London . It is a subsidiary of ComfortDelGro Corporation and operates services under contract to Transport for London . Operations are split between two registered companies , Metroline Travel Limited and Metroline West Limited .'}]}, {'value': '612', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Selsdon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selsdon', 'summary': 'Selsdon is an area of Croydon located in South London , England in the London Borough of Croydon . Selsdon and Ballard is a ward of Croydon Council . At the 2011 Census the population of the ward was 11,719 . The leafy suburb was developed during the 1920s and 1930s , and is remarkable for its many Art Deco houses . It is also known for the Selsdon Park Hotel , the venue of a 1970 meeting of the Conservative Shadow Cabinet to settle the party manifesto for the impending general election . Labour Party leader Harold Wilson coined the phrase Selsdon Man to describe the free market approach which was agreed , and the Selsdon Group was later formed within the Conservative Party to campaign for its retention .'}]}, {'value': 'Wallington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wallington,_London', 'summary': "Wallington is a town in Greater London , England , 9.7 miles ( 15.6 km ) south south-west of Charing Cross . Before the Municipal Borough of Beddington and Wallington merged into the London Borough of Sutton in Greater London in 1965 , it was part of the county of Surrey . Wallington is a post town in the SM postcode area . The town is home to three of the borough 's five grammar schools . The London Borough of Sutton is a top performing borough for education in the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Wallington County Grammar School , Riddlesdown High School , The John Fisher School , Wallington High School for Girls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wallington_County_Grammar_School', 'summary': "Wallington County Grammar School ( WCGS ) is a selective boys ' grammar school with a coeducational Sixth Form located in the London Borough of Sutton . From 1968 to the mid-1990s the school was known as Wallington High School for Boys . One of a handful of grammar schools in the borough , it is consistently ranked as one of the top performing state schools in the country on the basis of its GCSE and A-level results ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Riddlesdown_High_School', 'summary': "Riddlesdown Collegiate ( formerly Riddlesdown High School ) is a secondary school with academy status located in the Riddlesdown area of the London Borough of Croydon , UK . Riddlesdown is a coeducational school , of 1902 students ( 311 of those being post-16 students ) [ citation needed ] . The school takes its pupils mainly from the Sanderstead , Selsdon , Purley , Kenley , New Addington and South Croydon areas , and specialises in science . Riddlesdown is the largest school in Croydon in terms of pupil numbers . In September 2009 , the school 's name changed from Riddlesdown High School to Riddlesdown Collegiate , featuring six colleges ; four of which will hold a mixture of years 7-11 , a Creative Performing Arts college and a Sixth Form college . In 2018 , the collegiate was awarded the World-class schools award , one of about 60 in the UK . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/The_John_Fisher_School', 'summary': "The John Fisher School is a Roman Catholic voluntary-aided boys ' faith school based at Peaks Hill , Purley , Croydon , Surrey , England . Today the school operates as a local standard Roman Catholic Comprehensive School , educating boys mainly from around South and Central Croydon . However , the school has a history of selection , and in the past ( as a selective entry grant-maintained school , and before that as a fee-paying boys grammar school ) has drawn pupils from across London and South East England . In spite of its Croydon postcode and location , the school is funded by the London Borough of Sutton . The school has operated selective admissions policies twice in its history , from when it was founded in 1929 until 1977 , and more recently from 1991 to 2008 . It was , alongside the London Oratory School , one of the last selective entry Catholic comprehensive schools to defy the Schools ' Admissions Code by continuing to interview prospect pupils and their parents . There have been no parental interviews since 2008 , with the final cohort of boys selected by interview leaving the school in the Summer of 2014 . The school has grown since the end of its selection policy from 700 pupils to over 1000 , and is set to grow even more beginning in 2016 ( 30 additional places ) . In May 2012 , it launched its new website , www.johnfisherschool.org . The school occupies the former site of the 19th-century prep school Falconbury School ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wallington_High_School_for_Girls', 'summary': 'Wallington High School for Girls is an all-girls selective grammar school in the London Borough of Sutton , England .'}]}, {'value': 'Arriva London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arriva_London', 'summary': 'Arriva London is a bus company operating services in Greater London . It is a subsidiary of Arriva UK Bus and operates services under contract to Transport for London . It was formed in 1998 from a fusion of previously separate Arriva subsidiaries Grey-Green , Leaside Buses , Kentish Bus , London & Country and South London Transport . Operations are split between two registered companies , Arriva London North Limited and Arriva London South Limited .'}]}, {'value': '613', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Worcester Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcester_Park_railway_station', 'summary': 'Worcester Park railway station serves the Worcester Park area in south-west London , England . It is 10 miles 53 chains ( 17.2 km ) down the line from London Waterloo . It opened in 1859 when the London and South Western Railway completed the Epsom branch . It was originally known as Old Malden and was renamed Worcester Park in 1862 . Following substantial local housing development , the station was refurbished in the 1930s . The station is in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames , just to the west of the boundary with the London Borough of Sutton . The station is managed by South Western Railway , which also operates all trains serving it , and it is located in Travelcard Zone 4 . The station has a small concession stand selling newspapers , magazines , coffee and pastries . There is a taxi office on the station estate ; bus stops served by various Transport for London routes ; a 24-hour , 90-space car park ; cycle parking ; a waiting room and toilets . The car park is largely sited on the area formerly used as a goods yard . The station has no automated barriers ; however , Oyster Pre-Pay has been made available by National Rail at the station .'}]}, {'value': 'Sutton Common', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sutton,_London', 'summary': "Sutton is a large town , and the principal town of the eponymous London Borough of Sutton in South London , England . It lies on the lower slopes of the North Downs , and is the administrative headquarters of the Outer London borough . It is 10 miles ( 16 km ) south-south west of Charing Cross , and is one of the thirteen metropolitan centres in the London Plan . An ancient parish originally in the county of Surrey , Sutton is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as having two churches and about 30 houses . Its location on the London to Brighton turnpike from 1755 led to the opening of coaching inns , spurring its growth as a village . When it was connected to central London by rail in 1847 , it began to grow into a town , and it expanded further in the 20th century . It became a municipal borough with Cheam in 1934 , and became part of Greater London in 1965 . Sutton has the largest library in the borough , several works of public art and four conservation areas . It is home to a number of large international companies and the sixth most important shopping area in London , centred on Sutton High Street . Sutton railway station is the borough 's largest , with frequent services to central London and other destinations , including Horsham . Sutton is a hub for filming in South London . It is home to the Royal Marsden Hospital and the Institute of Cancer Research , where there are plans to create the world 's second biggest cancer research campus ."}]}, {'value': 'Glenthorne High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenthorne_High_School', 'summary': "Glenthorne High School is a non-selective mixed secondary school and sixth form located in the Sutton Common area of Sutton in the London Borough of Sutton , England . The school was first established in 1933 on Glastonbury Road in Sutton . It moved to the Sutton Common Road site in 1958 , and at this time was called Sutton Common County Secondary Girls ' School . The school changed its name to Glenthorne in 1982 , and in 1993 it became coeducational . The school was converted to academy status in July 2011 , and was previously a foundation school administered by Sutton London Borough Council . The schools continues to coordinate with Sutton London Borough Council for admissions . Glenthorne High School offers GCSEs , BTECs , OCR Nationals and vocational courses as programmes of study for pupils , while students in the sixth form have the option to study a range of A Levels and further BTECs . The school specialises in the arts and has dedicated resources and facilities to support the specialism . The school also offers a wide range of extra-vocational facilities , for example clubs . The rooms are well equipped , with a Library . The Librarian is Mr Lucas Maxwell , who won Librarian of the year 2017"}]}, {'value': 'London United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_United_Busways', 'summary': 'London United is a bus company operating mostly in west and south-west Greater London . It is a subsidiary of the RATP Group and operates services under contract to Transport for London .'}]}, {'value': '616', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winchmore Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winchmore_Hill', 'summary': 'Winchmore Hill is an affluent suburban area in the Borough of Enfield , north London , in the N21 postal district .'}]}, {'value': 'Edmonton Green', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton,_London', 'summary': 'Edmonton is a district in North London in the London Borough of Enfield , England , 8.4 miles ( 13.5 km ) north-northeast of Charing Cross . The population of all of Edmonton was 82,472 as of 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Latymer School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Latymer_School', 'summary': 'The Latymer School is a selective , mixed grammar school in Edmonton , London , England , established in 1624 by Edward Latymer . According to league tables , Latymer is one of the top state-schools in the country .'}]}, {'value': 'London General', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_General', 'summary': 'London General is a bus company operating services in Greater London . It is a subsidiary of the Go-Ahead Group and operates most buses under contract to Transport for London . The company is named after the London General Omnibus Company , the principal operator of buses in London between 1855 and 1933 .'}]}, {'value': '617', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turnpike Lane bus station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turnpike_Lane_bus_station', 'summary': 'Turnpike Lane is a London Underground station at Turnpike Lane in the London Borough of Haringey in north London , England . The station is on the northeastern part of Piccadilly line between Manor House and Wood Green . The station was opened on 19 September 1932 as part of the Cockfosters extension . It is in Travelcard Zone 3 .'}]}, {'value': 'Turkey Street station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkey_Street_railway_station', 'summary': 'Turkey Street is a London Overground station on the Southbury Loop section of the Lea Valley lines , located in the Bullsmoor area to the north of Enfield in north London . It is 12 miles 16 chains ,0 1px 5px 0 rgba ( 0,0,0 , .12 ) ,0 3px 1px -2px rgba ( 0,0,0 , .2 ) } .'}]}, {'value': "St Ignatius ' College", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_Ignatius'_College", 'summary': "St Ignatius ' College is a Catholic voluntary aided secondary school for boys aged 11-18 in Enfield , London , England , founded by the Society of Jesus . It was formerly a grammar school , only accepting boys who had passed the Eleven plus exam ."}]}, {'value': 'Sullivan Buses', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sullivan_Buses', 'summary': 'Sullivan Buses is a bus company based in South Mimms , Hertfordshire , England . Founded in 1998 , it operates local bus services in and around Hertfordshire and north London including school services , rail replacement bus services in and near London , bus links in Surrey to and from Thorpe Park and vehicle hire for television programmes .'}]}, {'value': '621', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lewisham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewisham', 'summary': 'Lewisham ( /ˈluːɪʃəm/ ) is an area of south east London , England , 5.9 miles ( 9.5 km ) south of Charing Cross . It is the principal area of the London Borough of Lewisham , and is also within the historic county of Kent . It is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London . Lewisham had a population of 60,573 in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Eltham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eltham', 'summary': 'Eltham ( /ˈɛltəm/ ) is a district of southeast London , England , within the Royal Borough of Greenwich . It is 8.7 miles ( 14.0 km ) east-southeast of Charing Cross , and is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London . It is within the historic county of Kent . The three wards of Eltham North , South and West have a total population of 35,459 .'}]}, {'value': "Stationers ' Crown Woods Academy", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Stationers'_Crown_Woods_Academy", 'summary': "Stationers ' Crown Woods Academy is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form with academy status , located in the Eltham area of the Royal Borough of Greenwich in London , England . The school is built upon the land that was formerly King Henry VIII 's hunting grounds ( hence 'Crown Woods ' ) . As well as pupils from Eltham , the school also attracts pupils from nearby towns Welling and Sidcup . First known as Crown Woods School , the school was founded in 1958 . It was reopened in new £50 million buildings designed by Nicholas Hare Architects in 2011 and was renamed Crown Woods College . In 2014 the school was renamed Stationers ' Crown Woods Academy after the school gained academy status and joined the Leigh Academies Trust , the first Leigh academy outside Kent . The school also featured in BBC series Tough Young Teachers as two trainee teachers went to the school to learn on the job ."}]}, {'value': 'London Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Central', 'summary': 'London Central is a bus company operating in South London . It is a subsidiary of the Go-Ahead Group and operates services under contract to Transport for London .'}]}, {'value': '624', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Woolwich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woolwich', 'summary': "Woolwich ( /ˈwʊlɪtʃ , -ɪdʒ/ ) is a district of southeast London , England , within the Royal Borough of Greenwich . It has been part of the London metropolitan area since the 19th century . In 1965 , most of the former Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich became part of Greenwich Borough , of which it remains the administrative centre . The population of Woolwich ( including its localities Plumstead and Shooter 's Hill ) was 84,959 in the 2011 census . The town is a river crossing point , with the Woolwich Ferry and the Woolwich foot tunnel crossing to North Woolwich in the London Docklands . Throughout the 17th , 18th , 19th and most of the 20th century , Woolwich was an important naval , military and industrial town . After several decades of economic hardship and social deprivation , large-scale urban renewal projects have turned its fortunes around . It is expected that the town , identified in the London Plan as opportunity area , will evolve from major centre to metropolitan centre within Greater London in the next few decades ."}]}, {'value': 'Grove Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grove_Park,_Lewisham', 'summary': 'Grove Park is a district of South East London , England within the London Borough of Lewisham . It is located north east of Bromley and south east of Lewisham . Known for its green spaces Grove Park is flanked by the Grove Park Nature Reserve and Horn Park to the East , Downham Fields to the West as well as Chinbrook Meadows , Kings Meadow and Sundridge Park to the south . As well as these there are various sports grounds and fields .'}]}, {'value': "Stationers ' Crown Woods Academy", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Stationers'_Crown_Woods_Academy", 'summary': "Stationers ' Crown Woods Academy is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form with academy status , located in the Eltham area of the Royal Borough of Greenwich in London , England . The school is built upon the land that was formerly King Henry VIII 's hunting grounds ( hence 'Crown Woods ' ) . As well as pupils from Eltham , the school also attracts pupils from nearby towns Welling and Sidcup . First known as Crown Woods School , the school was founded in 1958 . It was reopened in new £50 million buildings designed by Nicholas Hare Architects in 2011 and was renamed Crown Woods College . In 2014 the school was renamed Stationers ' Crown Woods Academy after the school gained academy status and joined the Leigh Academies Trust , the first Leigh academy outside Kent . The school also featured in BBC series Tough Young Teachers as two trainee teachers went to the school to learn on the job ."}]}, {'value': 'London Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Central', 'summary': 'London Central is a bus company operating in South London . It is a subsidiary of the Go-Ahead Group and operates services under contract to Transport for London .'}]}, {'value': '625', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plumstead Common', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plumstead_Common', 'summary': 'Plumstead Common is a common and urban park in Plumstead in the Royal Borough of Greenwich ( SE18 ) , south-east London . It is part of the South East London Green Chain .'}]}, {'value': 'Chislehurst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chislehurst', 'summary': 'Chislehurst ( /ˈtʃɪzəlˌhɜːrst/ ) is a suburban district in southeast London , England , within the London Borough of Bromley . It borders the London Boroughs of Bexley and Greenwich , and lies east of Bromley and southwest of Sidcup . It is 10.5 miles ( 16.9 km ) southeast of Charing Cross . Chislehurst is in the historic county of Kent .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Central', 'summary': 'London Central is a bus company operating in South London . It is a subsidiary of the Go-Ahead Group and operates services under contract to Transport for London .'}]}, {'value': '626', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finchley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finchley', 'summary': 'Finchley ( /ˈfɪntʃli/ ) is a district of northwest London , England , in the London Borough of Barnet . Finchley is on high ground , 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) north of Charing Cross . It formed an ancient parish in the county of Middlesex , becoming a municipal borough in 1933 , and has been part of Greater London since 1965 . It is predominantly a residential suburb , with three town centres : North Finchley , East Finchley and Finchley Church End ( Finchley Central ) . Made up of four wards , the population of Finchley counted 65,812 as of 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Potters Bar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Potters_Bar', 'summary': 'Potters Bar is a town in Hertfordshire , England , 13 miles ( 21 km ) north of London . In 2011 , it had a population of 21,882 . [ n 1 ] The town dates to the early 13th century but remained a small , mainly agricultural , settlement until the arrival of the Great Northern Railway in 1850 . It is now part of the London commuter belt .'}]}, {'value': "Dame Alice Owen 's School", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Dame_Alice_Owen's_School", 'summary': "Dame Alice Owen 's School ( also known as Dame Alice Owen 's or Owen 's ; referred to by the acronym DAOS [ b ] ) is an 11-18 mixed , partially selective secondary school and sixth form with academy status in Potters Bar , Hertfordshire , England . It is part of the Dame Alice Owen 's Foundation ; its trustees are the Worshipful Company of Brewers . It was founded in Islington as a boys ' school for 30 students in 1613 , which makes it one of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom , and is named after its founder , the 17th-century philanthropist Alice Owen . Over time , the boys ' school expanded . A girls ' school was built in 1886 , and the two schools were merged in 1973 ; the mixed school moved to its current location at Dugdale Hill Lane in Potters Bar in stages between 1973 and 1976 . The school is one of the highest performing state schools in England and Wales in terms of the General Certificate of Secondary Education ( GCSE ) and GCE Advanced Level ( A-Level ) results , and is widely considered one of the best schools in the UK . In 2016 , it was named the State Secondary School of the Year by The Sunday Times in the newspaper 's rankings for the 2016-17 school year , and Tatler and The Daily Telegraph have also strongly praised it ."}]}, {'value': 'Sullivan Buses', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sullivan_Buses', 'summary': 'Sullivan Buses is a bus company based in South Mimms , Hertfordshire , England . Founded in 1998 , it operates local bus services in and around Hertfordshire and north London including school services , rail replacement bus services in and near London , bus links in Surrey to and from Thorpe Park and vehicle hire for television programmes .'}]}, {'value': '627', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Woodcote Green', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Worcester Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcester_Park', 'summary': "Worcester Park is a suburb and area within the London Borough of Sutton , in Greater London . The area is 10.2 miles ( 16.4 km ) south-west of Charing Cross . The suburb 's population was 16,031 at the time of the 2001 census . The suburb comprises the Worcester Park ward , an electoral area of the London Borough of Sutton with a population in 2011 of 11,655 , as well as the Cuddington ward , an electoral area of Epsom and Ewell , which had a population of 5,791 at the time of the 2001 census . The Worcester Park post town , which is coterminous with the KT4 postcode district , covers all of the suburb and also extends into the south-eastern periphery of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames , covering most of the areas of Old Malden and Malden Green . Beverley Brook runs through Worcester Park , alongside Green Lane and past Green Lane Primary School , traversing up to Cuddington Recreation Ground . Green Lane appears in the Domesday Book . The Huntsmans Hall ( now The Brook . ) was situated on what was the far boundary of a hunting ground for Henry VIII ."}]}, {'value': 'Wallington High School for Girls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wallington_High_School_for_Girls', 'summary': 'Wallington High School for Girls is an all-girls selective grammar school in the London Borough of Sutton , England .'}]}, {'value': 'Arriva London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arriva_London', 'summary': 'Arriva London is a bus company operating services in Greater London . It is a subsidiary of Arriva UK Bus and operates services under contract to Transport for London . It was formed in 1998 from a fusion of previously separate Arriva subsidiaries Grey-Green , Leaside Buses , Kentish Bus , London & Country and South London Transport . Operations are split between two registered companies , Arriva London North Limited and Arriva London South Limited .'}]}, {'value': '628', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southgate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southgate,_London', 'summary': 'Southgate is a suburban area of north London , England in the London Borough of Enfield . It is located around 8 miles ( 12.9 km ) north of Charing Cross . The name is derived from being the south gate to Enfield Chase .'}]}, {'value': "Kingsbury Jews ' Free School", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingsbury,_London', 'summary': "Kingsbury is a district of northwest London in the London Borough of Brent . The name Kingsbury means The King 's Manor . Its ancient scope stretches north and west to include Queensbury and parts of Kenton and Wembley Park in other directions . Kingsbury was in 2001 a ward and in 2011 was identifiable with the Fryent and Barnhill wards approximately . About 25% of Kingsbury is Fryent Country Park , forming the southern quarter . It is of highly mixed density , ranging from high rise to suburban to a green wildlife reserve in the country park . It is within the The Hyde 's NW9 postal district ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Jews'_Free_School", 'summary': "JFS ( formerly known as the Jews ' Free School and later Jewish Free School ) is a Jewish mixed comprehensive school in Kenton , north London , England . At one time it was the largest Jewish school in the world , with more than 4,000 pupils ."}]}, {'value': "Jews ' Free School", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Jews'_Free_School", 'summary': "JFS ( formerly known as the Jews ' Free School and later Jewish Free School ) is a Jewish mixed comprehensive school in Kenton , north London , England . At one time it was the largest Jewish school in the world , with more than 4,000 pupils ."}]}, {'value': 'Sullivan Buses', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sullivan_Buses', 'summary': 'Sullivan Buses is a bus company based in South Mimms , Hertfordshire , England . Founded in 1998 , it operates local bus services in and around Hertfordshire and north London including school services , rail replacement bus services in and near London , bus links in Surrey to and from Thorpe Park and vehicle hire for television programmes .'}]}, {'value': '629', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wood Green', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wood_Green', 'summary': 'Wood Green is a suburban district of North London , England , in the London Borough of Haringey . The London Plan identifies it as one of the metropolitan centres in Greater London . Its postal district is N22 . Formerly lying within the western part of Tottenham and within the county of Middlesex , it became part of both Haringey and Greater London in 1965 .'}]}, {'value': 'Turkey Street station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkey_Street_railway_station', 'summary': 'Turkey Street is a London Overground station on the Southbury Loop section of the Lea Valley lines , located in the Bullsmoor area to the north of Enfield in north London . It is 12 miles 16 chains ,0 1px 5px 0 rgba ( 0,0,0 , .12 ) ,0 3px 1px -2px rgba ( 0,0,0 , .2 ) } .'}]}, {'value': "St Ignatius ' College", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_Ignatius'_College", 'summary': "St Ignatius ' College is a Catholic voluntary aided secondary school for boys aged 11-18 in Enfield , London , England , founded by the Society of Jesus . It was formerly a grammar school , only accepting boys who had passed the Eleven plus exam ."}]}, {'value': 'Sullivan Buses', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sullivan_Buses', 'summary': 'Sullivan Buses is a bus company based in South Mimms , Hertfordshire , England . Founded in 1998 , it operates local bus services in and around Hertfordshire and north London including school services , rail replacement bus services in and near London , bus links in Surrey to and from Thorpe Park and vehicle hire for television programmes .'}]}], 'section_title': 'List of routes -- 600–699', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_bus_routes_in_London_6', 'intro': 'This is a list of Transport for London (TfL) contracted bus routes in London, England, as well as commercial services that enter the Greater London area (except coaches). Bus services in London are operated by Abellio London, Arriva London, HCT Group, Go-Ahead London (Blue Triangle, Docklands Buses, London Central, and London General), Metroline, RATP Group (London Sovereign, London United, and Quality Line) Stagecoach London (East London, Selkent, and Thameside), Sullivan Buses, Tower Transit, and Uno. TfL-sponsored operators run more than 500 services. Non-TfL-sponsored operators including Arriva Shires & Essex, Arriva Southern Counties, Cardinal Buses, Carousel Buses, Go-Coach, First Berkshire & The Thames Valley, Hallmark Connections, Metrobus, Red Rose Travel, Southdown PSV, Stagecoach South, Trustybus, and Uno operate services between parts of Buckinghamshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Berkshire, Kent, Surrey, and Sussex on the one hand and London on the other, with one local council-sponsored service each in the boroughs of Bexley, Barking & Dagenham, and Hackney (extending into Islington).'} | null | null | The bus route that serves a school formerly known as The Ravenscroft School ends in which town ? | Barnet |
07dc4fe5fd27e007 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_named_passenger_trains_of_the_United_States_(S–Z)', 'title': 'List of named passenger trains of the United States (S–Z)', 'header': ['Train Name', 'Railroad', 'Train Endpoints in a typical [ year ]', 'Operated'], 'data': [{'value': 'Sacramento', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Pacific', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad', 'summary': 'The Southern Pacific ( reporting mark SP ) ( or Espee from the railroad initials- SP ) was an American Class I railroad network that existed from 1865 to 1996 and operated in the Western United States . The system was operated by various companies under the names Southern Pacific Railroad , Southern Pacific Company and Southern Pacific Transportation Company . The original Southern Pacific began in 1865 as a land holding company . The last incarnation of the Southern Pacific , the Southern Pacific Transportation Company , was founded in 1969 and assumed control of the Southern Pacific system . The Southern Pacific Transportation Company was acquired in 1995 by the Union Pacific Corporation and merged with their Union Pacific Railroad . The Southern Pacific legacy founded hospitals in San Francisco , Tucson , and elsewhere [ where ? ] . In the 1970s , it also founded a telecommunications network with a state-of-the-art microwave and fiber optic backbone . This telecommunications network became part of Sprint , a company whose name came from the acronym for Southern Pacific Railroad Internal Networking Telephony .'}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles , California - Sacramento , California [ 1922 ]', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sacramento,_California', 'summary': "Sacramento ( /ˌsækrəˈmɛntoʊ/ SAK-rə-MEN-toh ; Spanish : [ sakɾaˈmento ] ; Spanish for sacrament ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County . Located at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in Northern California 's Sacramento Valley , Sacramento 's estimated 2018 population of 501,334 makes it the sixth-largest city in California and the ninth largest capital in the United States . Sacramento is the seat of the California Legislature and the Governor of California , making it the state 's political center and a hub for lobbying and think tanks . Sacramento is also the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area , which had a 2010 population of 2,414,783 , making it the fifth largest in California . Before the arrival of the Spanish , the area was inhabited by the Nisenan , indigenous peoples of California . Spanish cavalryman Gabriel Moraga surveyed and named the Rio del Santísimo Sacramento ( Sacramento River ) in 1808 , after the Blessed Sacrament , referring to the Eucharist in the Catholic Church . In 1839 , Juan Bautista Alvarado , Mexican governor of Alta California , granted the responsibility of colonizing the Sacramento Valley to Swiss-born Mexican citizen John Augustus Sutter , who subsequently established Sutter 's Fort and the settlement at the Rancho Nueva Helvetia . Following the American Conquest of California and the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo , the waterfront developed by Sutter began to be developed , and incorporated in 1850 as the City of Sacramento . As a result of the California Gold Rush , Sacramento became a major commercial center and distribution point for Northern California , serving as the terminus for the Pony Express and the First Transcontinental Railroad . Sacramento is the fastest-growing major city in California , owing to its status as a notable financial center on the West Coast and as a major educational hub , home of California State University , Sacramento and University of California , Davis . Similarly , Sacramento is a major center for the California healthcare industry , as the seat of Sutter Health , the world-renowned UC Davis Medical Center , and the UC Davis School of Medicine , and notable tourist destination in California , as the site of The California Museum , the Crocker Art Museum , the California State Railroad Museum , the California Hall of Fame , the California State Capitol Museum , and the Old Sacramento State Historic Park . Sacramento International Airport , located northwest of the city , is the city 's major airport ."}]}, {'value': '1921-1924', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sacramento Daylight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacramento_Daylight', 'summary': 'The Sacramento Daylight was a named passenger train operated by the Southern Pacific Railroad , part of the family of Daylights which included the San Joaquin Daylight , Shasta Daylight , Coast Daylight , and Sunbeam . It carried train numbers 53 and 54 . The Southern Pacific introduced the Sacramento Daylight in 1946 as a Sacramento section of the Los Angeles - Oakland San Joaquin Daylight ; the Sacramento cars were cut out at Lathrop . In 1970 ? the through cars ended ; the train from Sacramento ran past Lathrop to Tracy and connected to the Los Angeles train there . The San Joaquin/Sacramento Daylight survived until the formation of Amtrak on May 1 , 1971 , when they were both discontinued .'}]}, {'value': 'Southern Pacific', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad', 'summary': 'The Southern Pacific ( reporting mark SP ) ( or Espee from the railroad initials- SP ) was an American Class I railroad network that existed from 1865 to 1996 and operated in the Western United States . The system was operated by various companies under the names Southern Pacific Railroad , Southern Pacific Company and Southern Pacific Transportation Company . The original Southern Pacific began in 1865 as a land holding company . The last incarnation of the Southern Pacific , the Southern Pacific Transportation Company , was founded in 1969 and assumed control of the Southern Pacific system . The Southern Pacific Transportation Company was acquired in 1995 by the Union Pacific Corporation and merged with their Union Pacific Railroad . The Southern Pacific legacy founded hospitals in San Francisco , Tucson , and elsewhere [ where ? ] . In the 1970s , it also founded a telecommunications network with a state-of-the-art microwave and fiber optic backbone . This telecommunications network became part of Sprint , a company whose name came from the acronym for Southern Pacific Railroad Internal Networking Telephony .'}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles , California - Sacramento , California [ 1953 ]', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sacramento,_California', 'summary': "Sacramento ( /ˌsækrəˈmɛntoʊ/ SAK-rə-MEN-toh ; Spanish : [ sakɾaˈmento ] ; Spanish for sacrament ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County . Located at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in Northern California 's Sacramento Valley , Sacramento 's estimated 2018 population of 501,334 makes it the sixth-largest city in California and the ninth largest capital in the United States . Sacramento is the seat of the California Legislature and the Governor of California , making it the state 's political center and a hub for lobbying and think tanks . Sacramento is also the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area , which had a 2010 population of 2,414,783 , making it the fifth largest in California . Before the arrival of the Spanish , the area was inhabited by the Nisenan , indigenous peoples of California . Spanish cavalryman Gabriel Moraga surveyed and named the Rio del Santísimo Sacramento ( Sacramento River ) in 1808 , after the Blessed Sacrament , referring to the Eucharist in the Catholic Church . In 1839 , Juan Bautista Alvarado , Mexican governor of Alta California , granted the responsibility of colonizing the Sacramento Valley to Swiss-born Mexican citizen John Augustus Sutter , who subsequently established Sutter 's Fort and the settlement at the Rancho Nueva Helvetia . Following the American Conquest of California and the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo , the waterfront developed by Sutter began to be developed , and incorporated in 1850 as the City of Sacramento . As a result of the California Gold Rush , Sacramento became a major commercial center and distribution point for Northern California , serving as the terminus for the Pony Express and the First Transcontinental Railroad . Sacramento is the fastest-growing major city in California , owing to its status as a notable financial center on the West Coast and as a major educational hub , home of California State University , Sacramento and University of California , Davis . Similarly , Sacramento is a major center for the California healthcare industry , as the seat of Sutter Health , the world-renowned UC Davis Medical Center , and the UC Davis School of Medicine , and notable tourist destination in California , as the site of The California Museum , the Crocker Art Museum , the California State Railroad Museum , the California Hall of Fame , the California State Capitol Museum , and the Old Sacramento State Historic Park . Sacramento International Airport , located northwest of the city , is the city 's major airport ."}]}, {'value': '1946-1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Safety Express', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chessie System', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chessie_System', 'summary': 'Chessie System , Inc. was a holding company that owned the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway ( C & O ) , the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad ( B & O ) , the Western Maryland Railway ( WM ) , and several smaller carriers . It was incorporated in Virginia on February 26 , 1973 , and it acquired the C & O ( which controlled the other companies ) on June 15 . C & O had been popularly known as Chessie System since the 1930s . The three railroads had been closely related since the 1960s . C & O had acquired controlling interest in B & O in 1962 , and the two had jointly controlled WM since 1967 . On November 1 , 1980 , Chessie System merged with Seaboard Coast Line Industries to form CSX Corporation . However , the Chessie image continued to be applied to new and re-painted equipment until mid-1986 , when CSX introduced its own paint scheme . The former SCL railroads were merged into the Seaboard System Railroad in 1982 , but the three Chessie System railroads continued to operate separately until 1983 , when the WM was merged into the B & O . In April 1987 , the B & O was merged into the C & O . In September 1987 , C & O merged into CSX Transportation , a 1986 renaming of the Seaboard System Railroad , and the Chessie System name was retired . Headquartered in Cleveland , Ohio , the Chessie System was the creation of Cyrus S. Eaton and his protégé Hays T. Watkins , Jr. , then president and chief executive officer of C & O . A chief source of revenue for the Chessie System was coal mined in West Virginia .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980-1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sailor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania Railroad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad', 'summary': "The Pennsylvania Railroad ( reporting mark PRR , legal name The Pennsylvania Railroad Company , also known as the Pennsy ) was an American Class I railroad that was established in 1846 and was headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It was so named because it was established in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . By 1882 , the Pennsylvania Railroad had become the largest railroad ( by traffic and revenue ) , the largest transportation enterprise , and the largest corporation in the world . Its budget was second only to the U.S. government . The corporation still holds the record for the longest continuous dividend history : it paid out annual dividends to shareholders for more than 100 consecutive years . Over the years , it acquired , merged with or owned part of at least 800 other rail lines and companies . At the end of 1926 , it operated 11,640.66 miles ( 18,733.83 kilometers ) of rail line ; [ notes 1 ] in the 1920s , it carried nearly three times the traffic as other railroads of comparable length , such as the Union Pacific and Atchison , Topeka & Santa Fe railroads . Its only formidable rival was the New York Central ( NYC ) , which carried around three-quarters of the Pennsy 's ton-miles . In 1968 , the Pennsylvania Railroad absorbed its rival New York Central Railroad and the railroad eventually went by the name of Penn Central Transportation Company , or Penn Central for short , the railroad filed for bankruptcy within two years . : Chapter 1 Bankruptcy continued and on April 1 , 1976 , the railroad gave up its railroad assets , along with the assets of several other failing northeastern railroads , to a new railroad named Consolidated Rail Corporation , or Conrail for short . Conrail was itself purchased and split up in 1999 with 58 percent of the system going to the Norfolk Southern Railway ( NS ) , including nearly all of the remaining former Pennsylvania Railroad . US passenger carrier Amtrak received the electrified segment of the Main Line east of Harrisburg ."}]}, {'value': 'Cape Charles , Virginia - New York , New York [ 1946 ]', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cape_Charles,_Virginia', 'summary': 'Cape Charles is a town / municipal corporation in Northampton County , Virginia , United States . The population was 1,009 as of the 2010 U.S.Decennial Census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York,_New_York', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': 'c. 1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Fe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway', 'summary': "The Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway ( reporting mark ATSF ) , often referred to as the Santa Fe or AT & SF , was one of the larger railroads in the United States , named after the cities and towns of Atchison , Topeka , and Santa Fe . Chartered in February 1859 , the railroad reached the Kansas-Colorado border in 1873 and Pueblo , Colorado , in 1876 . To create a demand for its services , the railroad set up real estate offices and sold farmland from the land grants that it was awarded by Congress . Despite the namesake , its mainline did not directly serve Santa Fe , due to the mountainous terrain , the metropolitan city of Albuquerque instead served New Mexico and the Santa Fe area . The Santa Fe was a pioneer in intermodal freight transport , an enterprise that ( at one time or another ) included a tugboat fleet and an airline , the short-lived Santa Fe Skyway . Its bus line extended passenger transportation to areas not accessible by rail , and ferryboats on the San Francisco Bay allowed travelers to complete their westward journeys to the Pacific Ocean . The AT & SF was the subject of a popular song , Harry Warren and Johnny Mercer 's On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe , written for the film , The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) . The railroad officially ceased operations on December 31 , 1996 , when it merged with the Burlington Northern Railroad to form the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles , California - San Francisco , California - San Diego , California [ 1911 ]', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco,_California', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Diego,_California', 'summary': "San Diego ( /ˌsæn diˈeɪɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ san ˈdjeɣo ] ; Spanish for Saint Didacus ) is a city in the U.S. state of California on the coast of the Pacific Ocean , approximately 120 miles ( 190 km ) south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico . With an estimated population of 1,425,976 as of July 1 , 2018 , San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California . It is part of the San Diego-Tijuana conurbation , the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the U.S. and a bordering country after Detroit-Windsor , with a population of 4,922,723 people . The city is known for its mild year-round climate , natural deep-water harbor , extensive beaches , long association with the United States Navy , and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center . San Diego has been called the birthplace of California . Historically home to the Kumeyaay people , it was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States . Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542 , Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain , forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later . The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá , founded in 1769 , formed the first European settlement in what is now California . In 1821 , San Diego became part of the newly declared Mexican Empire , which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later . California became part of the United States in 1848 following the Mexican-American War and was admitted to the union as a state in 1850 . The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the economic center of the region as well as the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area . San Diego 's main economic engines are military and defense-related activities , tourism , international trade , and manufacturing ."}]}, {'value': '1911-1917', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Clair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Clair_(train)', 'summary': 'The Lake Cities was a daily passenger train operated by Amtrak between Chicago , Illinois and Toledo , Ohio via Detroit , Michigan . It operated from 1980 until 2004 , when it was folded into the Wolverine . It replaced the St. Clair , a Chicago-Detroit train which operated in tandem with the Wolverine . The extension to Toledo gave travelers in Michigan the opportunity to connect with eastbound trains such as the Lake Shore Limited without backtracking to Chicago . Amtrak re-routed the train from Toledo to Pontiac , Michigan in 1995 .'}]}, {'value': 'Amtrak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amtrak', 'summary': "The National Railroad Passenger Corporation , doing business as Amtrak ( reporting marks AMTK , AMTZ ) , is a passenger railroad service that provides medium and long-distance intercity service in the contiguous United States and to nine Canadian cities . Founded in 1971 as a quasi-public corporation to operate many U.S. passenger rail services , it receives a combination of state and federal subsidies but is managed as a for-profit organization . Amtrak 's headquarters is located one block west of Union Station in Washington , D.C. Amtrak serves more than 500 destinations in 46 states and three Canadian provinces , operating more than 300 trains daily over 21,400 miles ( 34,000 km ) of track . Amtrak owns approximately 623 miles of this track and operates an additional 132 miles of track . Some track sections allow trains to run as fast as 150 mph ( 240 km/h ) . In fiscal year 2018 , Amtrak served 31.7 million passengers and had $ 3.4 billion in revenue , while employing more than 20,000 people . Nearly 87,000 passengers ride more than 300 Amtrak trains on a daily basis . Nearly two-thirds of passengers come from the 10 largest metropolitan areas ; 83% of passengers travel on routes shorter than 400 miles ( 645 km ) . The name Amtrak is a portmanteau of the words America and trak , the latter itself a sensational spelling of track ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago , Illinois - Detroit , Michigan [ 1972 ]', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Detroit', 'summary': "Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan', 'summary': "Michigan ( /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigamaa , meaning large water or large lake . With a population of just under 10 million , Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area , and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River . [ b ] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation 's most populous and largest metropolitan economies . Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is often noted as being shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often called the U.P . ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds ."}]}, {'value': '1971-1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Joseph Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missouri Pacific', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri_Pacific', 'summary': 'The Missouri Pacific Railroad ( reporting mark MP ) , commonly abbreviated as MoPac and nicknamed The Mop , was one of the first railroads in the United States west of the Mississippi River . MoPac was a Class I railroad growing from dozens of predecessors and mergers , including the St. Louis , Iron Mountain and Southern Railway ( SLIMS ) , Texas and Pacific Railway ( TP ) , Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad ( C & EI ) , St. Louis , Brownsville and Mexico Railway ( SLBM ) , Kansas , Oklahoma and Gulf Railway ( KO & G ) , Midland Valley Railroad ( MV ) , San Antonio , Uvalde and Gulf Railroad ( SAU & G ) , Gulf Coast Lines ( GC ) , International-Great Northern Railroad ( IGN ) , Kansas , Nebraska & Dakota Railroad , New Orleans , Texas and Mexico Railway ( NOTM ) , Missouri-Illinois Railroad ( MI ) , as well as the small Central Branch Railway ( an early predecessor of MP in Kansas and south central Nebraska ) , and joint ventures such as the Alton and Southern Railroad ( AS ) . In 1967 , the railroad operated 9,041 miles of road and 13,318 miles of track , not including DK & S , NO & LC , T & P and its subsidiaries , C & EI and Missouri-Illinois . Union Pacific Corporation , the parent company of the Union Pacific Railroad , agreed to buy the Missouri Pacific Railroad on January 8 , 1980 . Lawsuits filed by competing railroads delayed approval of the merger until September 13 , 1982 . After the Supreme Court denied a trial to the Southern Pacific , the merger took effect on December 22 , 1982 . However , due to outstanding bonds of the Missouri Pacific , its full merger into the Union Pacific Railroad did not become official until January 1 , 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis , Missouri - St. Joseph , Missouri [ 1905 ]', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/St._Joseph,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Joseph ( informally St. Joe ) is a small city in and the county seat of Buchanan County , Missouri , United States . Small parts of St. Joseph extend into Andrew County , Missouri . Saint Joseph is known for hosting the Kansas City Chiefs Training Camp every year at Missouri Western State University . Saint Joseph is filled with many lush forests and parks as well as its very own go kart track and mini golf course . It is the principal city of the St. Joseph Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Buchanan , Andrew , and DeKalb counties in Missouri and Doniphan County , Kansas . As of the 2010 census , St. Joseph had a total population of 76,780 , making it the eighth largest city in the state , and the third largest in Northwest Missouri . St. Joseph is located roughly thirty miles north of the Kansas City , Missouri city limits and approximately 125 miles south of Omaha , Nebraska . The city was named after the town 's founder Joseph Robidoux and the biblical Saint Joseph . the city is located on the Missouri River . It is the birthplace of hip hop star Eminem as well as the death place of Jesse James ; it is also the starting point of the Pony Express . St. Joseph is also home to Missouri Western State University ."}]}, {'value': '1903-1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Lawrence Express', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Central', 'summary': "The New York Central Railroad ( reporting mark NYC ) was a railroad primarily operating in the Great Lakes and Mid Atlantic regions of the United States . The railroad primarily connected greater New York and Boston in the east with Chicago and St. Louis in the Midwest along with the intermediate cities of Albany , Buffalo , Cleveland , Cincinnati , and Detroit . New York Central was headquartered in New York City 's New York Central Building , adjacent to its largest station , Grand Central Terminal . The railroad was established in 1853 , consolidating several existing railroad companies . In 1968 the NYC merged with its former rival , the Pennsylvania Railroad , to form Penn Central . Penn Central went bankrupt in 1970 and merged into Conrail in 1976 . Conrail was broken up in 1998 , and portions of its system were transferred to CSX and Norfolk Southern Railway , with CSX acquiring most of the old New York Central trackage . Extensive trackage existed in the states of New York , Pennsylvania , Ohio , Michigan , Indiana , Illinois , Massachusetts and West Virginia plus additional trackage in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec . At the end of 1925 , the NYC operated 11,584 miles ( 18,643 km ) of road and 26,395 miles ( 42,479 km ) of track ; at the end of 1967 the mileages were 9,696 miles ( 15,604 km ) and 18,454 miles ( 29,699 km ) ."}]}, {'value': 'New York , New York - Utica , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Utica,_New_York', 'summary': "Utica ( /ˈjuːtɪkə/ ( listen ) ) is a city in the Mohawk Valley and the county seat of Oneida County , New York , United States . The tenth-most-populous city in New York , its population was 62,235 in the 2010 U.S. census . Located on the Mohawk River at the foot of the Adirondack Mountains , Utica is approximately 95 miles ( 153 kilometers ) northwest of Albany , 55 mi ( 89 km ) east of Syracuse and 240 mi ( 386 km ) northwest of New York City . Utica and the nearby city of Rome anchor the Utica-Rome Metropolitan Statistical Area , which comprises all of Oneida and Herkimer counties . Formerly a river settlement inhabited by the Mohawk tribe of the Iroquois Confederacy , Utica attracted European-American settlers from New England during and after the American Revolution . In the 19th century , immigrants strengthened its position as a layover city between Albany and Syracuse on the Erie and Chenango Canals and the New York Central Railroad . During the 19th and 20th centuries , the city 's infrastructure contributed to its success as a manufacturing center and defined its role as a worldwide hub for the textile industry . Utica 's 20th-century political corruption and organized crime gave it the nickname Sin City . Like other Rust Belt cities , Utica underwent an economic downturn beginning in the mid-20th century . The downturn consisted of industrial decline due to globalization and the closure of textile mills , population loss caused by the relocation of jobs and businesses to suburbs and to Syracuse , and poverty associated with socioeconomic stress and a depressed tax base . With its low cost of living , the city has become a melting pot for refugees from war-torn countries around the world , encouraging growth for its colleges and universities , cultural institutions and economy ."}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis and Chicago Express', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad', 'summary': "The Pennsylvania Railroad ( reporting mark PRR , legal name The Pennsylvania Railroad Company , also known as the Pennsy ) was an American Class I railroad that was established in 1846 and was headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It was so named because it was established in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . By 1882 , the Pennsylvania Railroad had become the largest railroad ( by traffic and revenue ) , the largest transportation enterprise , and the largest corporation in the world . Its budget was second only to the U.S. government . The corporation still holds the record for the longest continuous dividend history : it paid out annual dividends to shareholders for more than 100 consecutive years . Over the years , it acquired , merged with or owned part of at least 800 other rail lines and companies . At the end of 1926 , it operated 11,640.66 miles ( 18,733.83 kilometers ) of rail line ; [ notes 1 ] in the 1920s , it carried nearly three times the traffic as other railroads of comparable length , such as the Union Pacific and Atchison , Topeka & Santa Fe railroads . Its only formidable rival was the New York Central ( NYC ) , which carried around three-quarters of the Pennsy 's ton-miles . In 1968 , the Pennsylvania Railroad absorbed its rival New York Central Railroad and the railroad eventually went by the name of Penn Central Transportation Company , or Penn Central for short , the railroad filed for bankruptcy within two years . : Chapter 1 Bankruptcy continued and on April 1 , 1976 , the railroad gave up its railroad assets , along with the assets of several other failing northeastern railroads , to a new railroad named Consolidated Rail Corporation , or Conrail for short . Conrail was itself purchased and split up in 1999 with 58 percent of the system going to the Norfolk Southern Railway ( NS ) , including nearly all of the remaining former Pennsylvania Railroad . US passenger carrier Amtrak received the electrified segment of the Main Line east of Harrisburg ."}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania - St. Louis , Missouri - Chicago , Illinois [ 1925 ]', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Pittsburgh ( /ˈpɪtsbɜːrɡ/ PITS-burg ) is a city in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States , and is the county seat of Allegheny County . A population of about 302,407 ( 2018 ) residents live within the city limits , making it the 66th-largest city in the U.S . The metropolitan population of 2,324,743 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia , the second-largest in Pennsylvania ( behind Philadelphia ) , and the 27th-largest in the U.S. Pittsburgh is located in the southwest of the state , at the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers . Pittsburgh is known both as the Steel City for its more than 300 steel-related businesses and as the City of Bridges for its 446 bridges . The city features 30 skyscrapers , two inclined railways , a pre-revolutionary fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers . The city developed as a vital link of the Atlantic coast and Midwest , as the mineral-rich Allegheny Mountains made the area coveted by the French and British empires , Virginians , Whiskey Rebels , and Civil War raiders . Aside from steel , Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum , glass , shipbuilding , petroleum , foods , sports , transportation , computing , autos , and electronics . For part of the 20th century , Pittsburgh was behind only New York City and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment ; it had the most U.S. stockholders per capita . Deindustrialization in the 1970s and 80s laid off area blue-collar workers as steel and other heavy industries declined , and thousands of downtown white-collar workers also lost jobs when several Pittsburgh-based companies moved out . The population dropped from a peak of 675,000 in 1950 to 370,000 in 1990 . However , this rich industrial history left the area with renowned museums , medical centers , parks , research centers , and a diverse cultural district . After the deindustrialization of the mid-20th century , Pittsburgh has transformed into a hub for the health care , education , and technology industries .'}, {'url': '/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chicago', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}]}, {'value': '1920-1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis and Colorado Express', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rock Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Rock_Island_and_Pacific_Railroad', 'summary': 'The Chicago , Rock Island and Pacific Railroad ( CRI & P RW , sometimes called Chicago , Rock Island and Pacific Railway ) ( reporting marks CRIP , RI , ROCK ) was a Class I railroad in the United States . It was also known as the Rock Island Line , or , in its final years , The Rock . At the end of 1970 , it operated 7,183 miles of road on 10,669 miles of track ; that year it reported 20,557 million ton-miles of revenue freight and 118 million passenger-miles . ( Those totals may or may not include the former Burlington-Rock Island Railroad . ) The song Rock Island Line , a spiritual from the late 1920s first recorded in 1934 , was inspired by the railway .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis , Missouri - Denver , Colorado ( with through cars to Los Angeles ) [ 1930 ]', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Denver,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Denver ( /ˈdɛnvər/ ) , officially the City and County of Denver , is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Colorado . Denver is located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 716,492 in 2018 , Denver is the 19th-most populous U.S. city , and with a 19.38% increase since the 2010 United States Census , it has been one of the fastest-growing major cities in the United States . The metropolitan city is located in the middle of the extensive Southern Rocky Mountain Front with Cheyenne , Wyoming , to the north and Albuquerque , New Mexico , to the south , this rapidly growing region has a population of 5,467,633 , according to the 2010 United States Census . The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River , approximately 12 mi ( 19 km ) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains . Denver is named after James W. Denver , a governor of the Kansas Territory . It is nicknamed the Mile High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile ( 5280 feet or 1609.3 meters ) above sea level . The 105th meridian west of Greenwich , the longitudinal reference for the Mountain Time Zone , passes directly through Denver Union Station . Denver is ranked as a Beta world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 2,932,415 and is the 19th most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area . The 12-city Denver-Aurora , CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 3,572,798 and is the 15th most populous U.S. metropolitan area . Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor , an oblong urban region stretching across two states with an estimated 2018 population of 4,976,781 .'}]}, {'value': '1919-1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis and Kansas City Express', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missouri Pacific', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri_Pacific', 'summary': 'The Missouri Pacific Railroad ( reporting mark MP ) , commonly abbreviated as MoPac and nicknamed The Mop , was one of the first railroads in the United States west of the Mississippi River . MoPac was a Class I railroad growing from dozens of predecessors and mergers , including the St. Louis , Iron Mountain and Southern Railway ( SLIMS ) , Texas and Pacific Railway ( TP ) , Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad ( C & EI ) , St. Louis , Brownsville and Mexico Railway ( SLBM ) , Kansas , Oklahoma and Gulf Railway ( KO & G ) , Midland Valley Railroad ( MV ) , San Antonio , Uvalde and Gulf Railroad ( SAU & G ) , Gulf Coast Lines ( GC ) , International-Great Northern Railroad ( IGN ) , Kansas , Nebraska & Dakota Railroad , New Orleans , Texas and Mexico Railway ( NOTM ) , Missouri-Illinois Railroad ( MI ) , as well as the small Central Branch Railway ( an early predecessor of MP in Kansas and south central Nebraska ) , and joint ventures such as the Alton and Southern Railroad ( AS ) . In 1967 , the railroad operated 9,041 miles of road and 13,318 miles of track , not including DK & S , NO & LC , T & P and its subsidiaries , C & EI and Missouri-Illinois . Union Pacific Corporation , the parent company of the Union Pacific Railroad , agreed to buy the Missouri Pacific Railroad on January 8 , 1980 . Lawsuits filed by competing railroads delayed approval of the merger until September 13 , 1982 . After the Supreme Court denied a trial to the Southern Pacific , the merger took effect on December 22 , 1982 . However , due to outstanding bonds of the Missouri Pacific , its full merger into the Union Pacific Railroad did not become official until January 1 , 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis , Missouri - Denver , Colorado [ 1905 ]', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Denver,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Denver ( /ˈdɛnvər/ ) , officially the City and County of Denver , is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Colorado . Denver is located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 716,492 in 2018 , Denver is the 19th-most populous U.S. city , and with a 19.38% increase since the 2010 United States Census , it has been one of the fastest-growing major cities in the United States . The metropolitan city is located in the middle of the extensive Southern Rocky Mountain Front with Cheyenne , Wyoming , to the north and Albuquerque , New Mexico , to the south , this rapidly growing region has a population of 5,467,633 , according to the 2010 United States Census . The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River , approximately 12 mi ( 19 km ) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains . Denver is named after James W. Denver , a governor of the Kansas Territory . It is nicknamed the Mile High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile ( 5280 feet or 1609.3 meters ) above sea level . The 105th meridian west of Greenwich , the longitudinal reference for the Mountain Time Zone , passes directly through Denver Union Station . Denver is ranked as a Beta world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 2,932,415 and is the 19th most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area . The 12-city Denver-Aurora , CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 3,572,798 and is the 15th most populous U.S. metropolitan area . Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor , an oblong urban region stretching across two states with an estimated 2018 population of 4,976,781 .'}]}, {'value': '1900-1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis and New Orleans Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Illinois Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois_Central', 'summary': 'The Illinois Central Railroad ( reporting mark IC ) , sometimes called the Main Line of Mid-America , was a railroad in the central United States , with its primary routes connecting Chicago , Illinois , with New Orleans , Louisiana , and Mobile , Alabama . A line also connected Chicago with Sioux City , Iowa ( 1870 ) . There was a significant branch to Omaha , Nebraska ( 1899 ) , west of Fort Dodge , Iowa , and another branch reaching Sioux Falls , South Dakota ( 1877 ) , starting from Cherokee , Iowa . The Sioux Falls branch has been abandoned in its entirety . The Canadian National Railway acquired control of the IC in 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis , Missouri - New Orleans , Louisiana [ 1905 ]', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana', 'summary': "New Orleans ( /ˈɔːrl ( i ) ənz , ɔːrˈliːnz/ , locally /ˈɔːrlənz/ ; French : La Nouvelle-Orléans [ la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃ ] ( listen ) ) is a consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana . With an estimated population of 391,006 in 2018 , it is the most populous city in Louisiana . Serving as a major port , New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader Gulf Coast region of the United States . New Orleans is world-renowned for its distinct music , Creole cuisine , unique dialect , and its annual celebrations and festivals , most notably Mardi Gras . The historic heart of the city is the French Quarter , known for its French and Spanish Creole architecture and vibrant nightlife along Bourbon Street . The city has been described as the most unique in the United States , owing in large part to its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage . Founded in 1718 by French colonists , New Orleans was once the territorial capital of French Louisiana before being traded to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . New Orleans in 1840 was the third-most populous city in the United States , and it was the largest city in the American South from the Antebellum era until after World War II . The city has historically been very vulnerable to flooding , due to such factors as high rainfall , low lying elevation , poor natural drainage and location next to multiple bodies of water . State and federal authorities have installed a complex system of levees and drainage pumps in an effort to protect the city . New Orleans was severely affected by Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , 2005 , which resulted in flooding more than 80% of the city , thousands of deaths , and so much displacement because of damaged communities and lost housing as to cause a population decline of over 50% . Since Katrina , major redevelopment efforts have led to a rebound in the city 's population ."}]}, {'value': '1897-1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis Express', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Illinois Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois_Central', 'summary': 'The Illinois Central Railroad ( reporting mark IC ) , sometimes called the Main Line of Mid-America , was a railroad in the central United States , with its primary routes connecting Chicago , Illinois , with New Orleans , Louisiana , and Mobile , Alabama . A line also connected Chicago with Sioux City , Iowa ( 1870 ) . There was a significant branch to Omaha , Nebraska ( 1899 ) , west of Fort Dodge , Iowa , and another branch reaching Sioux Falls , South Dakota ( 1877 ) , starting from Cherokee , Iowa . The Sioux Falls branch has been abandoned in its entirety . The Canadian National Railway acquired control of the IC in 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis , Missouri - New Orleans , Louisiana [ 1905 ]', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana', 'summary': "New Orleans ( /ˈɔːrl ( i ) ənz , ɔːrˈliːnz/ , locally /ˈɔːrlənz/ ; French : La Nouvelle-Orléans [ la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃ ] ( listen ) ) is a consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana . With an estimated population of 391,006 in 2018 , it is the most populous city in Louisiana . Serving as a major port , New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader Gulf Coast region of the United States . New Orleans is world-renowned for its distinct music , Creole cuisine , unique dialect , and its annual celebrations and festivals , most notably Mardi Gras . The historic heart of the city is the French Quarter , known for its French and Spanish Creole architecture and vibrant nightlife along Bourbon Street . The city has been described as the most unique in the United States , owing in large part to its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage . Founded in 1718 by French colonists , New Orleans was once the territorial capital of French Louisiana before being traded to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . New Orleans in 1840 was the third-most populous city in the United States , and it was the largest city in the American South from the Antebellum era until after World War II . The city has historically been very vulnerable to flooding , due to such factors as high rainfall , low lying elevation , poor natural drainage and location next to multiple bodies of water . State and federal authorities have installed a complex system of levees and drainage pumps in an effort to protect the city . New Orleans was severely affected by Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , 2005 , which resulted in flooding more than 80% of the city , thousands of deaths , and so much displacement because of damaged communities and lost housing as to cause a population decline of over 50% . Since Katrina , major redevelopment efforts have led to a rebound in the city 's population ."}]}, {'value': '1900-1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis Express', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Illinois Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois_Central', 'summary': 'The Illinois Central Railroad ( reporting mark IC ) , sometimes called the Main Line of Mid-America , was a railroad in the central United States , with its primary routes connecting Chicago , Illinois , with New Orleans , Louisiana , and Mobile , Alabama . A line also connected Chicago with Sioux City , Iowa ( 1870 ) . There was a significant branch to Omaha , Nebraska ( 1899 ) , west of Fort Dodge , Iowa , and another branch reaching Sioux Falls , South Dakota ( 1877 ) , starting from Cherokee , Iowa . The Sioux Falls branch has been abandoned in its entirety . The Canadian National Railway acquired control of the IC in 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'Chicago , Illinois - St. Louis , Missouri [ 1926 ]', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}, {'url': '/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': '1923-1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis Express', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore & Ohio Railroad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_&_Ohio_Railroad', 'summary': "The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ( reporting marks B & O , BO ) was the first common carrier railroad and the oldest railroad in the United States , with its first section opening in 1830 . Merchants from the city of Baltimore , which had benefitted to some extent from the construction of the National Road early in the century , wanted to continue to compete for trade with trans-Appalachian settlers with the newly constructed Erie Canal ( which served New York City ) , another canal being proposed by Pennsylvania ( which would have connected Philadelphia and Pittsburgh ) , the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal ( which connected to the nation 's capital , Washington , D.C. ) , and the James River Canal , which directed traffic toward Richmond and Norfolk , Virginia . At first the B & O was located entirely in the state of Maryland , its original line extending from the port of Baltimore west to Sandy Hook . Because of competition with the C & O canal for trade with coal fields in western Maryland , it could not use the C & O right of way . Thus , to continue westward while minimizing high-cost track through the Appalachian Mountains , the B & O chose to cross the Potomac River into Virginia ( now West Virginia ) , near the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers . From there track continued through Virginia from Harpers Ferry to a point just west of the junction of Patterson Creek and the North Branch Potomac River , where it crossed back into Maryland to reach Cumberland , the terminus of the National Road . From there the B & O extended to the Ohio River at Wheeling and a few years later also to Parkersburg , West Virginia ( below rapids which made navigation difficult during parts of the year ) . It proved crucial to Union success during the American Civil War , although the conflict also caused considerable damage ( and repair costs ) . After the war 's end , the B & O consolidated several feeder lines in Virginia and West Virginia , as well as expanded westward into Ohio ( including a junction at Portsmouth ) , Indiana and Illinois . B & O advertising later carried the motto : Linking 13 Great States with the Nation . After several mergers , the B & O became part of the CSX Transportation ( CSX ) network . The B & O also includes the Leiper Railroad , the first permanent horse-drawn railroad in the U.S. At the end of 1970 , the B & O operated 5,552 miles of road and 10,449 miles of track , not including the Staten Island Rapid Transit ( SIRT ) or the Reading and its subsidiaries ."}]}, {'value': 'New York , New York - St. Louis , Missouri [ 1905 ]', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': '1897-1899 ; 1903-1916', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis Express', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad', 'summary': "The Pennsylvania Railroad ( reporting mark PRR , legal name The Pennsylvania Railroad Company , also known as the Pennsy ) was an American Class I railroad that was established in 1846 and was headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It was so named because it was established in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . By 1882 , the Pennsylvania Railroad had become the largest railroad ( by traffic and revenue ) , the largest transportation enterprise , and the largest corporation in the world . Its budget was second only to the U.S. government . The corporation still holds the record for the longest continuous dividend history : it paid out annual dividends to shareholders for more than 100 consecutive years . Over the years , it acquired , merged with or owned part of at least 800 other rail lines and companies . At the end of 1926 , it operated 11,640.66 miles ( 18,733.83 kilometers ) of rail line ; [ notes 1 ] in the 1920s , it carried nearly three times the traffic as other railroads of comparable length , such as the Union Pacific and Atchison , Topeka & Santa Fe railroads . Its only formidable rival was the New York Central ( NYC ) , which carried around three-quarters of the Pennsy 's ton-miles . In 1968 , the Pennsylvania Railroad absorbed its rival New York Central Railroad and the railroad eventually went by the name of Penn Central Transportation Company , or Penn Central for short , the railroad filed for bankruptcy within two years . : Chapter 1 Bankruptcy continued and on April 1 , 1976 , the railroad gave up its railroad assets , along with the assets of several other failing northeastern railroads , to a new railroad named Consolidated Rail Corporation , or Conrail for short . Conrail was itself purchased and split up in 1999 with 58 percent of the system going to the Norfolk Southern Railway ( NS ) , including nearly all of the remaining former Pennsylvania Railroad . US passenger carrier Amtrak received the electrified segment of the Main Line east of Harrisburg ."}]}, {'value': 'New York , New York - St. Louis , Missouri [ 1905 ]', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': '1900-1913', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis Express', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri–Kansas–Texas_Railroad', 'summary': "The Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railway ( reporting mark MKT ) is a former Class I railroad company in the United States , with its last headquarters in Dallas . Established in 1865 under the name Union Pacific Railway , Southern Branch , it came to serve an extensive rail network in Texas , Oklahoma , Kansas , and Missouri . In 1988 , it merged with the Missouri Pacific Railroad ; today , it is part of Union Pacific Railroad . In the 1890s the MKT was commonly referred to as the K-T , because it was the Kansas-Texas division of the Missouri Pacific Railroad and KT was its stock exchange symbol . This soon evolved into the nickname the Katy . The Katy was the first railroad to enter Texas from the north . Eventually the Katy 's core system would link Parsons , Fort Scott , Junction City , Olathe , and Kansas City , Kansas ; Kansas City , Joplin , Columbia , Jefferson City , and St. Louis , Missouri ; Tulsa and Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ; Dallas , Fort Worth , Waco , Temple , Austin , San Antonio , Houston , and Galveston , Texas . An additional mainline between Fort Worth and Salina , Kansas , was added in the 1980s after the collapse of the Chicago , Rock Island and Pacific Railroad ; this line was operated as the Oklahoma , Kansas and Texas Railroad ( OKKT ) . Former Rock Island trackage rights acquired by the Katy also gave it access to Lincoln and Omaha , Nebraska and Council Bluffs , Iowa . At the end of 1970 , MKT operated 2,623 miles of road and 3,765 miles of track ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis , Missouri - San Antonio , Texas - Houston , Texas [ 1906 ]', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas', 'summary': "San Antonio ( /ˌsæn ænˈtoʊnioʊ/ ; from Spanish , Saint Anthony , Spanish pronunciation : [ sa.n‿anˈto.njo ] ) , officially the City of San Antonio , is the seventh-most populous city in the United States , and the second-most populous city in both Texas and the Southern United States , with more than 1.5 million residents . Founded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718 , the city became the first chartered civil settlement in present-day Texas in 1731 . The area was still part of the Spanish Empire , and later of the Mexican Republic . It is the state 's oldest municipality , having celebrated its 300th anniversary on May 1 , 2018 . The city 's deep history is contrasted with its rapid growth over the past few decades . It was the fastest-growing of the top ten largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010 , and the second from 1990 to 2000 . Straddling the regional divide between South and Central Texas , San Antonio anchors the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion colloquially known as the Texas Triangle . The Greater San Antonio and Greater Austin areas are separated from each other by 80 miles along Interstate 35 between which lie the city of New Braunfels , Texas . San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County ; San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area . Commonly called Greater San Antonio , the metro area has a population of 2,473,974 based on the 2017 U.S. census estimate , making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in Texas . San Antonio was named by a 1691 Spanish expedition for Saint Anthony of Padua , whose feast day is June 13 . The city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions , including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park , which together were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Houston,_Texas', 'summary': "Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ( listen ) HEW-stən ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas , fourth most populous city in the United States , most populous city in the Southern United States , as well as the sixth most populous in North America , with an estimated 2018 population of 2,325,502 . Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , it is the seat of Harris County and the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area , which is the fifth most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second most populous in Texas after the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , with a population of 6,997,384 in 2018 . Comprising a total area of 637.4 square miles ( 1,651 km2 ) , Houston is the eighth most expansive city in the United States ( including consolidated city-counties ) . It is the largest city in the United States by total area , whose government is not consolidated with that of a county , parish or borough . Though primarily in Harris County , small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend and Montgomery counties , bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands . The city of Houston was founded by land investors on August 30 , 1836 , at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou ( a point now known as Allen 's Landing ) and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 . The city is named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had won Texas ' independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Allen 's Landing . After briefly serving as the capital of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s , Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century . The arrival of the 20th century saw a convergence of economic factors which fueled rapid growth in Houston , including a burgeoning port and railroad industry , the decline of Galveston as Texas ' primary port following a devastating 1900 hurricane , the subsequent construction of the Houston Ship Channel , and the Texas oil boom . In the mid-20th century , Houston 's economy diversified as it became home to the Texas Medical Center - the world 's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions - and NASA 's Johnson Space Center , where the Mission Control Center is located . Houston 's economy since the late 19th century has a broad industrial base in energy , manufacturing , aeronautics , and transportation . Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment , Houston has the second most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits ( after New York City ) ."}]}, {'value': '1903-1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis Express', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_and_Eastern_Illinois_Railroad', 'summary': 'The Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad ( reporting mark CEI ) was a Class I railroad that linked Chicago to southern Illinois , St. Louis , and Evansville . Founded in 1877 , it grew aggressively and stayed relatively strong throughout the Great Depression and two World Wars before finally being purchased by the Missouri Pacific Railroad ( MP or MoPac ) and the Louisville and Nashville Railroad ( L & N ) . Missouri Pacific merged with the C & EI corporate entity in 1976 , and was later acquired itself by the Union Pacific Railroad .'}]}, {'value': 'Chicago , Illinois - St. Louis , Missouri [ 1910 ]', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}, {'url': '/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': '1907-1913', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis Express', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wabash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wabash_Railroad', 'summary': "The Wabash Railroad ( reporting mark WAB ) was a Class I railroad that operated in the mid-central United States . It served a large area , including track in the states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Iowa , Michigan , and Missouri and the province of Ontario . Its primary connections included Chicago , Illinois ; Kansas City , Missouri ; Detroit , Michigan ; Buffalo , New York ; St. Louis , Missouri ; and Toledo , Ohio . The Wabash 's major freight traffic advantage was the direct line from Kansas City to Detroit , without going through St. Louis or Chicago . Despite being merged into the Norfolk and Western Railway ( N & W ) in 1964 , the Wabash company continued to exist on paper until the N & W merged into the Norfolk Southern Railway ( NS ) in 1982 . At the end of 1960 Wabash operated 2,423 miles of road on 4,311 miles of track , not including Ann Arbor and NJI & I ; that year it reported 6,407 million net ton-miles of revenue freight and 164 million passenger-miles . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis , Missouri - Denver , Colorado ( earlier years had through trains to the West Coast ] ( 1932 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Denver,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Denver ( /ˈdɛnvər/ ) , officially the City and County of Denver , is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Colorado . Denver is located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 716,492 in 2018 , Denver is the 19th-most populous U.S. city , and with a 19.38% increase since the 2010 United States Census , it has been one of the fastest-growing major cities in the United States . The metropolitan city is located in the middle of the extensive Southern Rocky Mountain Front with Cheyenne , Wyoming , to the north and Albuquerque , New Mexico , to the south , this rapidly growing region has a population of 5,467,633 , according to the 2010 United States Census . The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River , approximately 12 mi ( 19 km ) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains . Denver is named after James W. Denver , a governor of the Kansas Territory . It is nicknamed the Mile High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile ( 5280 feet or 1609.3 meters ) above sea level . The 105th meridian west of Greenwich , the longitudinal reference for the Mountain Time Zone , passes directly through Denver Union Station . Denver is ranked as a Beta world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 2,932,415 and is the 19th most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area . The 12-city Denver-Aurora , CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 3,572,798 and is the 15th most populous U.S. metropolitan area . Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor , an oblong urban region stretching across two states with an estimated 2018 population of 4,976,781 .'}]}, {'value': '1921-1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis Limited', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wabash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wabash_Railroad', 'summary': "The Wabash Railroad ( reporting mark WAB ) was a Class I railroad that operated in the mid-central United States . It served a large area , including track in the states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Iowa , Michigan , and Missouri and the province of Ontario . Its primary connections included Chicago , Illinois ; Kansas City , Missouri ; Detroit , Michigan ; Buffalo , New York ; St. Louis , Missouri ; and Toledo , Ohio . The Wabash 's major freight traffic advantage was the direct line from Kansas City to Detroit , without going through St. Louis or Chicago . Despite being merged into the Norfolk and Western Railway ( N & W ) in 1964 , the Wabash company continued to exist on paper until the N & W merged into the Norfolk Southern Railway ( NS ) in 1982 . At the end of 1960 Wabash operated 2,423 miles of road on 4,311 miles of track , not including Ann Arbor and NJI & I ; that year it reported 6,407 million net ton-miles of revenue freight and 164 million passenger-miles . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Detroit , Michigan - St. Louis , Missouri [ 1950 ]', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit', 'summary': "Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan', 'summary': "Michigan ( /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigamaa , meaning large water or large lake . With a population of just under 10 million , Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area , and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River . [ b ] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation 's most populous and largest metropolitan economies . Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is often noted as being shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often called the U.P . ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds ."}, {'url': '/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': '1939-1968', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'S', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_named_passenger_trains_of_the_United_States_(S-Z)_0', 'intro': 'N/A'} | null | null | What is the name of the train whose endpoints ( in a typical year ) is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri ? | St. Joseph Limited |
07dc60132aea7072 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference', 'title': 'Big Ten Conference', 'header': ['Pick', 'Name', 'Location', 'Opposing Conference', 'Opposing Pick'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rose Bowl *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rose_Bowl_Game', 'summary': "The Rose Bowl Game is an annual American college football bowl game , usually played on January 1 ( New Year 's Day ) at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . When New Year 's Day falls on a Sunday , the game is played on Monday , January 2 ( 15 times now ) . The Rose Bowl Game is nicknamed The Granddaddy of Them All because it is the oldest currently operating bowl game . It was first played in 1902 as the Tournament East-West football game , and has been played annually since 1916 . Since 1945 , it has been the highest attended college football bowl game . It is a part of the Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association 's America 's New Year Celebration , which also includes the historic Rose Parade . Since 2015 , the game has been sponsored by Northwestern Mutual and officially known as the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual . In 2015 and 2018 , the game was also officially known as the College Football Playoff semifinal at the Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual . Previous sponsors include Vizio ( 2011-2014 ) , Citi ( 2004-2010 ) , Sony/PlayStation 2 ( 2003 ) , and AT & T ( 1999-2002 ) The Rose Bowl Game has traditionally hosted the conference champions from the Big Ten and Pac-12 conferences ( or their predecessors ) . Since 2002 , the Rose Bowl Game has occasionally deviated from its traditional matchups for use in national championship systems . In 2002 and 2006 ( the 2001 and 2005 seasons ) , under the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) system , the Rose Bowl was designated as its championship game , and hosted the top two teams determined by the BCS system . Beginning in 2015 , the Rose Bowl has been part of the College Football Playoff as one of the New Year 's Six bowls - the top six major bowl games in the national championship system - hosting one of the semifinal games every three years ."}]}, {'value': 'Pasadena , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pasadena,_California', 'summary': 'Pasadena ( /ˌpæsəˈdiːnə/ ) is a city in Los Angeles County , California , United States , located 11 miles ( 18 km ) northeast of Downtown Los Angeles . The population of Pasadena was 137,122 at the 2010 census and an estimated 141,371 in 2018 , making it the 40th largest city in California and the ninth-largest city in Los Angeles County . Pasadena was incorporated on June 19 , 1886 , becoming one of the first cities to be incorporated in what is now Los Angeles County , following the city of Los Angeles ( April 4 , 1850 ) . It is one of the primary cultural centers of the San Gabriel Valley . The city is known for hosting the annual Rose Bowl football game and Tournament of Roses Parade . In addition , Pasadena is also home to many scientific and cultural institutions , including Caltech , Pasadena City College , Fuller Theological Seminary , ArtCenter College of Design , the Pasadena Playhouse , the Ambassador Auditorium , the Norton Simon Museum , and the USC Pacific Asia Museum , with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory located in nearby La Cañada Flintridge .'}]}, {'value': 'Pac-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-12_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2/3/4 or 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Citrus Bowl or Orange Bowl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Citrus_Bowl_(game)', 'summary': "The Citrus Bowl is an annual college football bowl game played at Camping World Stadium in Orlando , Florida . The bowl is operated by Florida Citrus Sports , a non-profit group that also organizes the Camping World Bowl and Florida Classic . The game was first played as the Tangerine Bowl in 1947 before being renamed as the Florida Citrus Bowl in 1983 . When Capital One was the game 's title sponsor between 2001 and 2014 , the game was referred to simply as the Capital One Bowl from 2003 to 2014 . Other previous sponsors include CompUSA ( 1994-1999 ) , Ourhouse.com ( 2000 ) , and Buffalo Wild Wings ( 2015-2017 ) and Overton 's ( 2018 ) . Currently , it is being sponsored by Vrbo , a vacation rental marketplace , and is known as the Vrbo Citrus Bowl . Since becoming one of the premier bowls , the Citrus Bowl is typically played at 1 p.m. EST on New Year 's Day , immediately before the Rose Bowl , both of which have been televised on ESPN since 2011 . When January 1 is a Sunday , the game has been played on January 2 or December 31 , to avoid conflicting with the National Football League schedule . As of 2019 [ update ] , at $ 8.55 million per team , it has the largest payout of all the non-College Football Playoff ( CFP ) bowls . In nearly every year since 1985 , the game has featured two teams ranked in the Top 25 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Orange_Bowl', 'summary': "The Orange Bowl is an annual American college football bowl game played in the Miami metropolitan area . It has been played annually since January 1 , 1935 , making it , along with the Sugar Bowl and the Sun Bowl , the second-oldest bowl game in the country , behind the Rose Bowl ( first played 1902 , played annually since 1916 ) . The Orange Bowl is one of the New Year 's Six , the top bowl games for the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision . The Orange Bowl was originally held in the city of Miami at Miami Field before moving to the Miami Orange Bowl stadium in 1938 . In 1996 , it moved to Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida . Since December 2014 , the game has been sponsored by Capital One and officially known as the Capital One Orange Bowl . Previous sponsors include Discover Financial ( 2011-January 2014 ) and Federal Express/FedEx ( 1989-2010 ) . In its early years , the Orange Bowl had no defined conference tie-ins ; it often pitted a team from the southeastern part of the country against a team from the central or northeastern states . From the 1950s until the mid-1990s , the Orange Bowl had a strong relationship with the Big Eight Conference . The champion ( or runner-up in years in which the no-repeat rule was invoked ) was invited to the bowl game in most years during this time ; the 1979 Orange Bowl even had two representatives from the Big Eight . Opponents of the Big Eight varied ; but were often major independents , runners-up in the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) , or champions of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . Since 2007 , the Orange Bowl has hosted the ACC champion - unless they are involved in the national championship playoff , in which case another high-ranking ACC team team takes their place ) - and has used the brand Home of the ACC Champion ."}]}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida or Miami Gardens , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando,_Florida', 'summary': "Orlando ( /ɔːrˈlændoʊ/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County . Located in Central Florida , it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area , which had a population of 2,509,831 , according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017 . These figures make it the 23rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States , the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States , and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida . As of 2018 , Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 285,713 , making it the 71st-largest city in the United States , the fourth-largest city in Florida , and the state 's largest inland city . The City of Orlando is nicknamed the City Beautiful , and its symbol is the Linton E. Allen Memorial Fountain , commonly referred to as simply the Lake Eola fountain at Lake Eola Park . The Orlando International Airport ( MCO ) is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States and the 29th-busiest in the world . Orlando is one of the most visited cities in the world primarily driven by tourism , major events , and convention traffic , in 2018 the city drew more than 75 million visitors . The two largest and most internationally renowned tourist attractions in the Orlando area include the Walt Disney World Resort , opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971 , and located approximately 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake ; and the Universal Orlando Resort , opened in 1990 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida . With the exception of Walt Disney World , most major attractions are located along International Drive with one of these attractions being the Wheel at ICON Park Orlando . The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions ; the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States . Like other major cities in the Sun Belt , Orlando grew rapidly from the 1980s up into the first decade of the 21st century . Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida , which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015 [ update ] ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Miami_Gardens,_Florida', 'summary': 'Miami Gardens is a city located in north-central Miami-Dade County , Florida , United States . Its boundaries stretch from I-95 and NE 2nd Avenue on the east , to NW 47th and NW 57th Avenues on the west , and from the Broward County line on the north , to 151st Street on the south . The city name comes from one of the major roadways through the area , Miami Gardens Drive . According to the 2017 estimate from the US Census Bureau , the city had a population of 113,750 , and it is the largest city in Florida that has a majority African American population . It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'SEC or ACC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southeastern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States . Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states , three additional public land grant universities , and one private research university . The conference is headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I in sports competitions ; for football , it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A . The SEC is regarded as one of the most accomplished sports conferences in terms of its winning reputation , with 43 national football championships , 21 basketball championships , 41 indoor track championships , 42 outdoor track championships , 24 swimming championships , 20 gymnastics championships , and 13 College World Series . The conference is also highly successful financially , as it consistently leads most others in revenue distribution to its members , including an SEC record $ 455.8 million for the 2014-15 fiscal year , which was a sizable increase over the $ 292.8 million for the 2013-14 fiscal year , largely due to the revenue from the introduction of the SEC Network . The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a championship game ( and award a subsequent title ) for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey . The conference sponsors team championships in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference', 'summary': "The Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) is a collegiate athletic conference located in the eastern United States . Headquartered in Greensboro , North Carolina , the conference consists of fifteen member universities , each of whom compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I , with its football teams competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest levels for athletic competition in US-based collegiate sports . The ACC sponsors competition in twenty-five sports with many of its member institutions ' athletic programs held in high regard nationally . Current members of the conference are Boston College , Clemson University , Duke University , Georgia Institute of Technology , Florida State University , North Carolina State University , Syracuse University , the University of Louisville , the University of Miami , the University of North Carolina , the University of Notre Dame , the University of Pittsburgh , the University of Virginia , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , and Wake Forest University . ACC teams and athletes have claimed dozens of national championships in multiple sports throughout the conference 's history . Generally , the ACC 's top athletes and teams in any particular sport in a given year are considered to be among the top collegiate competitors in the nation . Also , the conference enjoys extensive media coverage . The ACC was one of the five collegiate power conferences , which had automatic qualifying for their football champion into the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014 , the ACC is one of five conferences with a contractual tie-in to a New Year 's Six bowl game , the successors to the BCS . The ACC was founded on May 8 , 1953 , by seven universities located in the South Atlantic States , with the University of Virginia joining in early December 1953 to bring the membership to eight . The loss of South Carolina in 1971 dropped membership to seven , while the addition of Georgia Tech in 1979 for non-football sports and 1983 for football brought it back to eight , and Florida State 's arrival in 1991 for non-football sports and 1992 for football increased the membership to nine . Since 2000 , with the widespread reorganization of the NCAA , seven additional schools have joined , and one original member ( Maryland ) has left to bring it to the current membership of 15 schools ."}]}, {'value': '2 or 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2/3/4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outback Bowl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outback_Bowl', 'summary': "The Outback Bowl is an annual college football bowl game played at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa , Florida , usually on New Year 's Day . The event was originally called the Hall of Fame Bowl from 1986 to 1994 until being renamed in 1995 for its new title sponsor , Outback Steakhouse . It is organized by the Tampa Bay Bowl Association under Jim McVay , who has been the president and CEO since 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tampa , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampa,_Florida', 'summary': "Tampa is a major city in , and the county seat of , Hillsborough County , Florida , United States . It is on the west coast of Florida on Tampa Bay , near the Gulf of Mexico . Tampa is the largest city in the Tampa Bay Area . With a population of 392,890 in 2018 , Tampa is the third-largest city in Florida , after Miami and Jacksonville . The bay 's port is the largest in the state , near downtown 's Channel District . Bayshore Boulevard runs along the bay , and is east of the historic Hyde Park neighborhood . Today , Tampa is part of the metropolitan area most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay Area . For U.S. Census purposes , Tampa is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . The four-county area is composed of roughly 3.1 million residents , making it the second largest metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) in the state , and the fourth largest in the Southeastern United States , behind Washington , D.C. ; Miami ; and Atlanta . The Greater Tampa Bay area , has over 4 million residents and generally includes the Tampa and Sarasota metro areas . The city had a population of 335,709 at the 2010 census , and an estimated population of 392,890 in 2018 . As of 2018 , Tampa 's annual growth rate is 1.63% ."}]}, {'value': 'SEC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4/5/6/7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2/3/4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holiday Bowl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holiday_Bowl', 'summary': "The Holiday Bowl is a post-season NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision college football bowl game that has been played annually since 1978 at SDCCU Stadium in San Diego , California , United States . Since the 2014 edition , it has featured a matchup of Pac-12 and Big Ten teams . San Diego County Credit Union has been the game 's title sponsor since 2017 , and the bowl has been officially known as the San Diego County Credit Union Holiday Bowl ."}]}, {'value': 'San Diego', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego', 'summary': "San Diego ( /ˌsæn diˈeɪɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ san ˈdjeɣo ] ; Spanish for Saint Didacus ) is a city in the U.S. state of California on the coast of the Pacific Ocean , approximately 120 miles ( 190 km ) south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico . With an estimated population of 1,425,976 as of July 1 , 2018 , San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California . It is part of the San Diego-Tijuana conurbation , the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the U.S. and a bordering country after Detroit-Windsor , with a population of 4,922,723 people . The city is known for its mild year-round climate , natural deep-water harbor , extensive beaches , long association with the United States Navy , and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center . San Diego has been called the birthplace of California . Historically home to the Kumeyaay people , it was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States . Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542 , Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain , forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later . The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá , founded in 1769 , formed the first European settlement in what is now California . In 1821 , San Diego became part of the newly declared Mexican Empire , which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later . California became part of the United States in 1848 following the Mexican-American War and was admitted to the union as a state in 1850 . The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the economic center of the region as well as the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area . San Diego 's main economic engines are military and defense-related activities , tourism , international trade , and manufacturing ."}]}, {'value': 'Pac-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5/6/7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Music City Bowl or Gator Bowl †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Music_City_Bowl', 'summary': 'The Music City Bowl is a post-season American college football bowl game certified by the NCAA that has been played in Nashville , Tennessee , since 1998 . Since 2020 , it has been sponsored by TransPerfect and is officially known as the TransPerfect Music City Bowl . Previous title sponsors include Franklin American Mortgage Company ( 2010-2019 ) American General Life & Accident ( 1998 ) , HomePoint.com ( 1999 ) , Gaylord Entertainment ( 2002-2003 ) , and both Gaylord Entertainment and Bridgestone ( 2004-2009 ) . From 2014 through 2019 , the bowl had tie-ins with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) , Big Ten Conference , and Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) ; for 2020 through 2025 , the bowl has tie-ins with the Big Ten and SEC .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gator_Bowl', 'summary': 'The Gator Bowl is an annual college football bowl game held in Jacksonville , Florida , operated by Gator Bowl Sports . It has been held continuously since 1946 , making it the sixth oldest college bowl , as well as the first one ever televised nationally . The game was originally played at Gator Bowl Stadium through the December 1993 game . The December 1994 game was played at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium in Gainesville after the namesake stadium was demolished to make way for a replacement venue , Jacksonville Municipal Stadium . That venue , now known as TIAA Bank Field , has been home to the Gator Bowl since the January 1996 game . The game has been sponsored by TaxSlayer.com since 2012 , and starting with the 2018 edition is officially known as the TaxSlayer Gator Bowl . From 2015 to 2017 , it was officially referred to as simply the TaxSlayer Bowl . Previous sponsors include Progressive Insurance ( 2011 ) , Konica Minolta ( 2008-10 ) , Toyota ( 1995-2007 ) , Outback Steakhouse ( 1992-94 ) , and Mazda ( 1986-91 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Nashville , Tennessee or Jacksonville , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee', 'summary': "Nashville is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Tennessee . The city is the county seat of Davidson County and is located on the Cumberland River . The city 's population ranks 24th in the U.S. Named for Francis Nash , a general of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War , the city was founded in 1779 . The city grew quickly due to its strategic location as a port on the Cumberland River and , in the 19th century , a railroad center . Nashville seceded with Tennessee during the American Civil War ; in 1862 it was the first state capital in the Confederacy to fall to Union troops . After the war , the city reclaimed its position and developed a manufacturing base . Since 1963 , Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government , which includes six smaller municipalities in a two-tier system . The city is governed by a mayor , a vice-mayor , and a 40-member metropolitan council ; 35 of the members are elected from single-member districts , while the other five are elected at-large . Reflecting the city 's position in state government , Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for Middle Tennessee , one of the three divisions . Nashville is a center for the music , healthcare , publishing , private prison , banking , and transportation industries . It is home to numerous colleges and universities , such as Tennessee State University , Vanderbilt University , Belmont University , Fisk University , Trevecca Nazarene University , and Lipscomb University . Entities with headquarters in the city include Asurion , Bridgestone Americas , Captain D 's , CoreCivic , Dollar General , Hospital Corporation of America , LifeWay Christian Resources , Logan 's Roadhouse , and Ryman Hospitality Properties ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida', 'summary': "Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida as well as the southeastern United States , and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . It is the seat of Duval County , with which the city government consolidated in 1968 . Consolidation gave Jacksonville its great size and placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits . As of 2018 , Jacksonville 's population was estimated to be 903,889 . The Jacksonville metropolitan area has a population of 1,523,615 and is the fourth largest metropolitan area in Florida . Jacksonville is centered on the banks of the St. Johns River in the First Coast region of northeast Florida , about 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of the Georgia state line and 328 miles ( 528 km ) north of Miami . The Jacksonville Beaches communities are along the adjacent Atlantic coast . The area was originally inhabited by the Timucua people , and in 1564 was the site of the French colony of Fort Caroline , one of the earliest European settlements in what is now the continental United States . Under British rule , a settlement grew at the narrow point in the river where cattle crossed , known as Wacca Pilatka to the Seminole and the Cow Ford to the British . A platted town was established there in 1822 , a year after the United States gained Florida from Spain ; it was named after Andrew Jackson , the first military governor of the Florida Territory and seventh President of the United States . Harbor improvements since the late 19th century have made Jacksonville a major military and civilian deep-water port . Its riverine location facilitates Naval Station Mayport , Naval Air Station Jacksonville , the U.S. Marine Corps Blount Island Command , and the Port of Jacksonville , Florida 's third largest seaport ."}]}, {'value': 'SEC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4/5/6/7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5/6/7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Redbox Bowl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Redbox_Bowl', 'summary': "The Redbox Bowl is a post-season college football bowl game certified by the NCAA that has been played annually in the San Francisco Bay Area since 2002 . It was originally the San Francisco Bowl . It was the Emerald Bowl from 2004 to 2009 , the Fight Hunger Bowl from 2010 to 2013 , and the Foster Farms Bowl from 2014 to 2017 . It was renamed again , to the Redbox Bowl , in 2018 . From 2002 to 2013 , the annual game was played at 40,800-seat AT & T Park , home of the San Francisco Giants , in San Francisco , California . Starting in 2014 , it has been played at Levi 's Stadium , home of the San Francisco 49ers , in Santa Clara , California ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Clara , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California', 'summary': "Santa Clara ( /ˌsæntəˈklærə/ ) is a city in Santa Clara County , California . The city 's population was 116,468 as of the 2010 United States Census , making it the ninth-most populous city in the San Francisco Bay Area . Located on the southern coast of San Francisco Bay immediately west of San Jose and 45 miles ( 72 km ) southeast of San Francisco , the city was founded in 1777 with the establishment of Mission Santa Clara de Asís , the eighth of 21 California missions . The city was later incorporated in 1852 . The mission , the city , and the county are all named for Saint Clare of Assisi . Santa Clara is located in the center of Silicon Valley and is home to the headquarters of several high-tech companies such as Intel . It is also home to Santa Clara University , the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of California , which was built around Mission Santa Clara de Asís . Levi 's Stadium , the home of the National Football League 's San Francisco 49ers , is located in the city . Santa Clara is bordered by San Jose on all sides , except for Sunnyvale to the west , and Cupertino to the west ."}]}, {'value': 'Pac-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5/6/7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pinstripe Bowl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pinstripe_Bowl', 'summary': "The Pinstripe Bowl is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) college football bowl game that is held at Yankee Stadium in The Bronx , New York City . Since its inaugural game in 2010 , the bowl has been sponsored by New Era Cap Company and officially known as the New Era Pinstripe Bowl . The game is organized by the New York Yankees , primary tenants of the venue , and is currently affiliated with the Atlantic Coast Conference and Big Ten Conference through 2025 . The game previously had ties with the Big 12 Conference and the Big East Conference . The winner of the game is awarded the George M. Steinbrenner Trophy , while the David C. Koch MVP Trophy is awarded to the bowl 's most valuable player . The Pinstripe Bowl is one of two FBS bowls held in the Northeast , the other being the Military Bowl in Annapolis , Maryland . It is also one of three bowls that are played outdoors in what are considered cold-weather cities , joining the Military Bowl and the Famous Idaho Potato Bowl held in Boise , Idaho ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ACC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3/4/5/6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8/9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quick Lane Bowl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quick_Lane_Bowl', 'summary': 'The Quick Lane Bowl is a post-season college football bowl game certified by the NCAA that began play in the 2014 season . Backed by the Detroit Lions of the National Football League , the game features a bowl-eligible team from the Big Ten Conference competing against an opponent from the Atlantic Coast Conference , or a Mid-American Conference team if there are no more eligible teams from either . The Quick Lane Bowl is played at Ford Field in Detroit as a de facto replacement for the Little Caesars Pizza Bowl , and inherited its traditional December 26 scheduling . Unlike its predecessor , which placed the 8th place team in the Big Ten against the Mid-American champion , the competing teams are selected by conference representatives and not based on final rankings . The Ford Motor Company serves as title sponsor of the game through its auto shop brand Quick Lane . The inaugural game between the Rutgers Scarlet Knights and North Carolina Tar Heels was played on December 26 , 2014 , marking the first time the two teams had ever played each other in a bowl game .'}]}, {'value': 'Detroit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit', 'summary': "Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region ."}]}, {'value': 'ACC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7/8/9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8/9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heart of Dallas Bowl or Armed Forces Bowl ‡', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heart_of_Dallas_Bowl', 'summary': "The First Responder Bowl is an NCAA post-season college football bowl game played annually in the Dallas , Texas , area . The bowl was first held on January 1 , 2011 , and since 2014 has been contested in late December . All editions of the bowl have been held at the Cotton Bowl in Fair Park in Dallas with one exception ; since the Cotton Bowl was being used for the 2020 NHL Winter Classic and was not available , the 2019 edition of the bowl was played at Gerald J. Ford Stadium on the campus of Southern Methodist University in nearby University Park , Texas . Originally commissioned as the Dallas Football Classic , it has undergone name changes due to changes in sponsorship . From 2011 to 2012 , it was named the TicketCity Bowl after sponsor TicketCity . It was then known as the Heart of Dallas Bowl when PlainsCapital Bank ( 2013 ) and Zaxby 's ( 2014-2017 ) were its sponsors . Since 2018 , the game has been sponsored by Servpro and officially known as the Servpro First Responder Bowl ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Armed_Forces_Bowl', 'summary': 'The Armed Forces Bowl , formerly the Fort Worth Bowl from 2003 to 2005 , is an annual postseason college football bowl game . First played in 2003 , the game is normally held at the 45,000-seat Amon G. Carter Stadium on the campus of Texas Christian University in Fort Worth , Texas . The 2010 and 2011 editions were instead played at Gerald J. Ford Stadium in University Park , Texas , when Amon G. Carter Stadium underwent a reconstruction project . The game features teams from a variety of collegiate football conferences ; in addition , the independent United States Military Academy ( Army ) is also eligible to participate . Since 2014 , the game has been sponsored by Lockheed Martin and officially known as the Lockheed Martin Armed Forces Bowl . Previous sponsors include Bell Helicopter ( 2006-2013 ) and PlainsCapital Bank ( 2003-2004 ) . The contest is one of 14 bowls produced by ESPN Events ( previously ESPN Regional Television ) and has been televised annually on ESPN since its inception . Armed Forces Insurance is the official Insurance Partner of the Armed Forces Bowl and has sponsored the Great American Patriot Award , presented at halftime at the bowl , since 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dallas or Fort Worth , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas', 'summary': "Fort Worth is the fifth-largest city in the U.S. state of Texas and the 13th-largest city in the United States . It is the county seat of Tarrant County , covering nearly 350 square miles ( 910 km2 ) into three other counties : Denton , Parker , and Wise . According to the 2018 census estimates , Fort Worth 's population was 898,919 . Fort Worth is the second-largest city in the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington metropolitan area , which is the 4th most populous metropolitan area in the United States . The city of Fort Worth was established in 1849 as an army outpost on a bluff overlooking the Trinity River . Fort Worth has historically been a center of the longhorn cattle trade . It still embraces its Western heritage and traditional architecture and design . USS Fort Worth ( LCS-3 ) is the first ship of the United States Navy named after the city . Fort Worth is home to the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition and several world-class museums designed by internationally known contemporary architects . The Kimbell Art Museum , considered to have one of the best art collections in Texas , is housed in what is widely regarded as one of the outstanding architectural achievements of the modern era . The museum was designed by the American architect Louis Kahn , with an addition designed by world-renowned Italian architect Renzo Piano opening November 2013 . Also of note is the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth , designed by Tadao Ando ."}]}, {'value': 'C-USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conference_USA', 'summary': "Conference USA ( C-USA or CUSA ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference whose current member institutions are located within the Southern United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I in all sports . C-USA 's offices are located in Dallas , Texas ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Football -- Bowl games', 'section_text': 'Since 1946 , the Big Ten champion has had a tie-in with the Rose Bowl game . Michigan appeared in the first bowl game , the 1902 Rose Bowl . After that , the Big Ten did not allow their schools to participate in bowl games , until the agreement struck with the Pacific Coast Conference for the 1947 Rose Bowl . From 1946 through 1971 , the Big Ten did not allow the same team to represent the conference in consecutive years in the Rose Bowl with an exception made after the 1961 season in which Minnesota played in the 1962 Rose Bowl after playing in the 1961 Rose Bowl due to Ohio State declining the bid because of Ohio State faculty concerns about academics . It was not until the 1975 season that the Big Ten allowed teams to play in bowl games other than the Rose Bowl . Michigan , which had been shut out of the postseason the previous three years , was the first beneficiary of the new rule when it played in the Orange Bowl vs. Oklahoma . Due to the pre-1975 rules , Big Ten teams such as Michigan and Ohio State have lower numbers of all-time bowl appearances than powerhouse teams from the Big 12 Conference ( previously Big Eight and Southwest Conferences ) and Southeastern Conference , which always placed multiple teams in bowl games every year . Starting in the 2014–15 season , a new slate of bowl game selections will include several new bowl games . [ 65 ]', 'uid': 'Big_Ten_Conference_9', 'intro': "The Big Ten Conference (stylized B1G, formerly the Western Conference and the Big Nine Conference) is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States. It is based in Rosemont, Illinois. For decades the conference consisted of 10 universities, while the present conference has 14 member institutions. They compete in the NCAA Division I; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), formerly known as Division I-A, the highest level of NCAA competition in that sport. The conference includes the flagship public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska, as well as two additional public land-grant schools and a private university. The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H. Smart and representatives from the University of Chicago, University of Illinois, University of Michigan, University of Minnesota, Northwestern University, and University of Wisconsin gathered at Chicago's Palmer House Hotel to set policies aimed at regulating intercollegiate athletics. In 1899, Indiana University and the University of Iowa joined the conference to increase the membership to nine schools. In 1905, the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives. The conference is one of the nation's oldest, predating the founding of the NCAA by a decade, and was one of the first collegiate conferences to sponsor men's basketball. Big Ten member institutions are major research universities with large financial endowments and strong academic reputations. All institutions except full member University of Nebraska and associate member Notre Dame are members of the Association of American Universities. Large student enrollment is a hallmark of Big Ten Universities, as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students."} | null | null | What bowl game is hosted by a capital city of a state ? | Music City Bowl |
07dccea5c1d54ce8 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_football_programs_at_Catholic_colleges', 'title': 'List of NCAA football programs at Catholic colleges', 'header': ['School', 'Nickname', 'City', 'State', 'Conference'], 'data': [{'value': 'Dayton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Dayton', 'summary': "The University of Dayton ( UD ) is a private Roman Catholic research university in Dayton , Ohio . Founded in 1850 by the Society of Mary ( Marianists ) , it is one of three Marianist universities in the nation and the second-largest private university in Ohio . The university 's campus is in the city 's southern portion and spans 388 acres on both sides of the Great Miami River . The campus is noted for the Immaculate Conception Chapel and the University of Dayton Arena . The university has 11,306 students ( 8,681 undergrad and 2,625 graduate ) from a variety of religious , ethnic and geographic backgrounds , drawn from 41 states and 38 countries . It offers more than 80 academic programs in arts and sciences , business administration , education and health sciences , engineering and law . In 2009 , UD offered what it believes to be one of the first undergraduate degree programs in human rights . The university 's notable alumni include : Ohio Lieutenant Governor Jon Husted ; humorist Erma Bombeck ; engineer David Bradley ; architect Bruce Graham ; Super Bowl-winning coaches Jon Gruden and Chuck Noll ; first female Premier of New South Wales Kristina Keneally ; sportscaster Dan Patrick ; and the 1987 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry , Charles J. Pedersen ."}]}, {'value': 'Flyers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dayton_Flyers_football', 'summary': "The Dayton Flyers football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the University of Dayton located in the U.S. state of Ohio . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Pioneer Football League . Dayton 's first football team was fielded in 1905 . The team plays its home games at the 11,000 seat Welcome Stadium in Dayton , Ohio . The Flyers are coached by Rick Chamberlin ."}]}, {'value': 'Dayton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio', 'summary': "Dayton ( /ˈdeɪtən/ ) is the sixth-largest city in the state of Ohio and the county seat of Montgomery County . A small part of the city extends into Greene County . The 2018 U.S. census estimate put the city population at 140,640 , while Greater Dayton was estimated to be at 803,416 residents . This makes Dayton the fourth-largest metropolitan area in Ohio and 63rd in the United States . Dayton is within Ohio 's Miami Valley region , just north of Greater Cincinnati . Ohio 's borders are within 500 miles ( 800 km ) of roughly 60 percent of the country 's population and manufacturing infrastructure , making the Dayton area a logistical centroid for manufacturers , suppliers , and shippers . Dayton also hosts significant research and development in fields like industrial , aeronautical , and astronautical engineering that have led to many technological innovations . Much of this innovation is due in part to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and its place in the community . With the decline of heavy manufacturing , Dayton 's businesses have diversified into a service economy that includes insurance and legal sectors as well as healthcare and government sectors . Along with defense and aerospace , healthcare accounts for much of the Dayton area 's economy . Hospitals in the Greater Dayton area have an estimated combined employment of nearly 32,000 and a yearly economic impact of $ 6.8 billion . It is estimated that Premier Health Partners , a hospital network , contributes more than $ 2 billion a year to the region through operating , employment , and capital expenditures ."}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio', 'summary': "Ohio /oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ ( listen ) is a state in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States . Of the fifty states , it is the 34th largest by area , the seventh most populous , and the tenth most densely populated . The state 's capital and largest city is Columbus . Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north , Pennsylvania to the east , West Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , Indiana to the west , and Michigan to the northwest . The state takes its name from the Ohio River , whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo ' , meaning good river , great river or large creek . Partitioned from the Northwest Territory , Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 , and the first under the Northwest Ordinance . Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees , and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes . Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier , to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union , to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transitioning to a more information and service based economy in the 21st . The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch , led by the governor ; the legislative branch , which comprises the bicameral Ohio General Assembly ; and the judicial branch , led by the state Supreme Court . Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives . Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections . Seven presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state ."}]}, {'value': 'Pioneer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pioneer_Football_League', 'summary': "The Pioneer Football League ( PFL ) is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) as a football-only conference . It has member schools that range from New York , North Carolina , and Florida in the east to California in the west . It is headquartered in St. Louis , in the same complex that also contains the offices of the Missouri Valley Conference and Missouri Valley Football Conference . Unlike most other Division I FCS conferences , the Pioneer League consists of institutions that choose not to award athletic scholarships ( grants-in-aid ) to football players . Most of the PFL 's members are private schools . Morehead State University is currently the only public school in the conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Duquesne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duquesne_University', 'summary': "Duquesne University of the Holy Spirit ( /djuːˈkeɪn/ ) is a private Catholic university in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , United States . Founded by members of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit , Duquesne first opened its doors as the Pittsburgh Catholic College of the Holy Ghost in October 1878 with an enrollment of 40 students and a faculty of six . In 1911 , the college became the first Catholic university-level institution in Pennsylvania . It is the only Spiritan institution of higher education in the world . [ citation needed ] It is named for an 18th-century governor of New France , Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville . Duquesne has since expanded to over 9,300 graduate and undergraduate students within a self-contained 49-acre ( 19.8 ha ) hilltop campus in Pittsburgh 's Bluff neighborhood . The school maintains an associate campus in Rome and encompasses ten schools of study . The university hosts international students from more than 80 countries although most students - about 80% - are from Pennsylvania or the surrounding region . Duquesne is considered a research university with higher research activity institution by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . There are more than 93,000 living alumni of the university including two cardinals and the current bishop of Pittsburgh . The Duquesne Dukes compete in NCAA Division I. Duquesne men 's basketball appeared twice in national championship games in the 1950s and won the NIT championship in 1955 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dukes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duquesne_Dukes_football', 'summary': 'The Duquesne Dukes football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Duquesne University located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and is a member of the Northeast Conference . Duquesne has played football as a club team from 1891-1894 , 1896-1903 , 1913-1914 , and 1920-1928 , in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) from 1929-1942 and 1947-1950 , again as a club team from 1969-1978 , in NCAA Division III from 1979-1992 and in the NCAA Division I FCS from 1993-present . The Dukes have won or shared 16 conference championships in the past 25 years . The team plays its home games at the 2,200-seat Arthur J. Rooney Athletic Field in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The Dukes are coached by Jerry Schmitt . The Dukes have qualified for the FCS playoffs twice due to an automatic bid for being NEC champions in 2015 at 8-3 ( 5-1 ) and again in 2018 at 8-3 ( 5-1 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh', 'summary': 'Pittsburgh ( /ˈpɪtsbɜːrɡ/ PITS-burg ) is a city in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States , and is the county seat of Allegheny County . A population of about 302,407 ( 2018 ) residents live within the city limits , making it the 66th-largest city in the U.S . The metropolitan population of 2,324,743 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia , the second-largest in Pennsylvania ( behind Philadelphia ) , and the 27th-largest in the U.S. Pittsburgh is located in the southwest of the state , at the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers . Pittsburgh is known both as the Steel City for its more than 300 steel-related businesses and as the City of Bridges for its 446 bridges . The city features 30 skyscrapers , two inclined railways , a pre-revolutionary fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers . The city developed as a vital link of the Atlantic coast and Midwest , as the mineral-rich Allegheny Mountains made the area coveted by the French and British empires , Virginians , Whiskey Rebels , and Civil War raiders . Aside from steel , Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum , glass , shipbuilding , petroleum , foods , sports , transportation , computing , autos , and electronics . For part of the 20th century , Pittsburgh was behind only New York City and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment ; it had the most U.S. stockholders per capita . Deindustrialization in the 1970s and 80s laid off area blue-collar workers as steel and other heavy industries declined , and thousands of downtown white-collar workers also lost jobs when several Pittsburgh-based companies moved out . The population dropped from a peak of 675,000 in 1950 to 370,000 in 1990 . However , this rich industrial history left the area with renowned museums , medical centers , parks , research centers , and a diverse cultural district . After the deindustrialization of the mid-20th century , Pittsburgh has transformed into a hub for the health care , education , and technology industries .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': 'Northeast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeast_Conference', 'summary': "The Northeast Conference ( NEC ) is a collegiate athletic conference whose schools are members of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Teams in the NEC compete in Division I for all sports except football , which competes in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly Division I-AA . Participating schools are located principally in the Northeastern United States . The conference was named the ECAC Metro Conference when it was established in 1981 . The original eleven member schools were Fairleigh Dickinson University , the Brooklyn campus of Long Island University ( whose athletic program has now merged with that of LIU 's Post campus into a single athletic program ) , Loyola College in Maryland ( left in 1989 ) , Marist College ( left in 1997 ) , Robert Morris University , St. Francis College ( NY ) , Saint Francis College ( PA ) , Siena College ( left in 1984 ) , Towson State University ( left in 1982 ) , the University of Baltimore ( left in 1983 ) and Wagner College . The conference 's name was changed to its present form on August 1 , 1988 . Other names considered were Big North , Great North , North Shore , Northern , Northeastern , Eastern and Eastern Private Intercollegiate . The Northeast Conference has expanded eight times since 1981 . The expansions and additions from the original charter members were in 1985 ( Monmouth University , which left in 2013 ) , 1989 ( Mount St. Mary 's University ) , 1992 ( Rider University , which left in 1997 ) , 1997 ( Central Connecticut State University ) , 1998 ( Quinnipiac University and the University of Maryland , Baltimore County which respectively left in 2013 and 2003 ) , 1999 ( Sacred Heart University ) , 2008 ( Bryant University ) , and 2019 ( Merrimack College ) . The Northeast Conference 's rank was largest at 12 in 2008 with the addition of Bryant University ; it dropped to 10 in 2013 with the departure of Monmouth and Quinnipiac for the MAAC , and returned to 11 with the 2019 addition of Merrimack . The most recent changes were announced in 2018 and took effect with the 2019-20 school year . First , on September 10 , the NEC announced it would add Merrimack ."}]}, {'value': 'Fordham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fordham_University', 'summary': "Fordham University ( /ˈfɔːrdəm/ ) is a private research university in New York City . Established in 1841 and named for the Fordham neighborhood of the Bronx in which its main campus is located , Fordham is the oldest Catholic and Jesuit university in the northeastern United States , and the third-oldest university in New York State . Founded as St. John 's College by John Hughes , then a coadjutor bishop of New York , the college was placed in the care of the Society of Jesus shortly thereafter , and has since become a Jesuit-affiliated independent school under a lay board of trustees . The college 's first president , John McCloskey , was later the first Catholic cardinal in the United States . While governed independently of the Church since 1969 , every president of Fordham University since 1846 has been a Jesuit priest , and the curriculum remains influenced by Jesuit educational principles . Fordham is the only Jesuit tertiary institution in New York City . Fordham 's alumni and faculty include U.S . Senators and representatives , four cardinals of the Catholic Church , several U.S. governors and ambassadors , a number of billionaires , two directors of the CIA , Academy Award and Emmy-winning actors , royalty , a foreign head of state , a White House Counsel , a vice chief of staff of the U.S. Army , a U.S. Postmaster General , a U.S. Attorney General , the first female vice presidential candidate of a major political party in the United States , and a president of the United States . Fordham enrolls approximately 15,300 students from more than 65 countries , and is composed of ten constituent colleges , four of which are undergraduate and six of which are postgraduate , across three campuses in southern New York State : the Rose Hill campus in the Bronx , the Lincoln Center campus in Manhattan 's Upper West Side , and the Westchester campus in West Harrison , New York . In addition to these locations , the university maintains a study abroad center in London and field offices in Spain and South Africa . The university offers degrees in over 60 disciplines . The university 's athletic teams , the Rams , include a football team that boasted a win in the Sugar Bowl , two Pro Football Hall of Famers , two All-Americans , two Canadian Football League All-Stars , and numerous NFL players ; the Rams also participated in history 's first televised college football game in 1939 and history 's first televised college basketball game in 1940 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fordham_Rams_football', 'summary': "The Fordham Rams football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Fordham University located in the U.S. state of New York . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Patriot League . Fordham 's first football team was fielded in 1882 . The team plays its home games at the 7,000 seat Coffey Field in Bronx , New York . The Rams are coached by former Yale offensive coordinator Joe Conlin , distant relative to the late Ed Conlin , Fordham 's all-time leading scorer in basketball who later played seven seasons in the NBA ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': 'Patriot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patriot_League', 'summary': "The Patriot League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising private institutions of higher education and two United States service academies based in the Northeastern United States . Outside the Ivy League , it is among the most selective group of higher education institutions in NCAA Division I and has a very high student-athlete graduation rate for both the NCAA graduation success rate and the federal graduation rate . The Patriot League consists of 10 core members : American University , the United States Military Academy ( Army ) , Boston University , Bucknell University , Colgate University , College of the Holy Cross , Lafayette College , Lehigh University , Loyola University Maryland and the United States Naval Academy ( Navy ) . All 10 core members participate in the NCAA 's Division I for all Patriot League sports that they offer . Since not all schools sponsor every available NCAA sport , such as ice hockey and wrestling , most schools are affiliated with other collegiate conferences . Additionally , the Patriot League has a unique arrangement for football . Bucknell , Colgate , Holy Cross , Lafayette , and Lehigh are members of the Patriot League 's Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) conference . Of the five other conference members , American , Boston University and Loyola Maryland do not sponsor football while Army and Navy play in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ; Army is an independent while Navy currently competes as an associate member of the American Athletic Conference . Four other private institutions are Patriot League members only for specific sports and are referred to as 'Patriot League associate members . ' Fordham University and Georgetown University are associate members in football , while MIT is an associate member in women 's rowing and University of Richmond is an associate member in women 's golf ."}]}, {'value': 'Georgetown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgetown_University', 'summary': "Georgetown University is a private research university in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington , D.C . Founded by Bishop John Carroll in 1789 as Georgetown College , the university has grown to comprise ten undergraduate and graduate schools , among which are the School of Foreign Service , School of Business , Medical School , Law School , and a campus in Qatar . Located on a hill above the Potomac River , the school 's main campus is identifiable by its flagship Healy Hall , a National Historic Landmark . Georgetown is the oldest Catholic and Jesuit institution of higher education in the United States . The Jesuits have participated in the university 's academic life , both as scholars and as administrators , since 1805 . However , the university has always been governed independently of the church , and the majority of Georgetown students are not Catholic . Georgetown is a highly selective school , accepting 14 percent of undergraduate applicants for its class of 2023 . The university offers degree programs in forty-eight disciplines , enrolling an average of 7,500 undergraduate and 10,000 post-graduate students from more than 135 countries . Georgetown 's notable alumni include U.S. Presidents , billionaires , U.S. Supreme Court Justices , as well as international royalty and heads of state . The school produces more U.S. diplomats than any other university . Georgetown is also a top feeder school for careers in finance and investment banking on Wall Street . Georgetown is home to the country 's largest student-run business , largest student-run financial institution , the oldest continuously running student theatre troupe , and one of the oldest debating societies in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Hoyas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgetown_Hoyas_football', 'summary': 'The Georgetown Hoyas football team represents Georgetown University in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision level of college football . Like other sports teams from Georgetown , the team is named the Hoyas , which derives from the chant , Hoya Saxa . They play their home games at Cooper Field on the Georgetown University campus in Washington , D.C. Their best season in the recent era was produced in 2011 when the team led by the Class of 2012 produced an 8-3 record .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': 'District of Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': 'Patriot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patriot_League', 'summary': "The Patriot League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising private institutions of higher education and two United States service academies based in the Northeastern United States . Outside the Ivy League , it is among the most selective group of higher education institutions in NCAA Division I and has a very high student-athlete graduation rate for both the NCAA graduation success rate and the federal graduation rate . The Patriot League consists of 10 core members : American University , the United States Military Academy ( Army ) , Boston University , Bucknell University , Colgate University , College of the Holy Cross , Lafayette College , Lehigh University , Loyola University Maryland and the United States Naval Academy ( Navy ) . All 10 core members participate in the NCAA 's Division I for all Patriot League sports that they offer . Since not all schools sponsor every available NCAA sport , such as ice hockey and wrestling , most schools are affiliated with other collegiate conferences . Additionally , the Patriot League has a unique arrangement for football . Bucknell , Colgate , Holy Cross , Lafayette , and Lehigh are members of the Patriot League 's Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) conference . Of the five other conference members , American , Boston University and Loyola Maryland do not sponsor football while Army and Navy play in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ; Army is an independent while Navy currently competes as an associate member of the American Athletic Conference . Four other private institutions are Patriot League members only for specific sports and are referred to as 'Patriot League associate members . ' Fordham University and Georgetown University are associate members in football , while MIT is an associate member in women 's rowing and University of Richmond is an associate member in women 's golf ."}]}, {'value': 'Holy Cross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross', 'summary': 'The College of the Holy Cross , or better known simply as Holy Cross , is a private Jesuit liberal arts college in Worcester , Massachusetts . Founded in 1843 , Holy Cross is the oldest Catholic college in New England and one of the oldest in the United States . Opened as a school for boys under the auspices of the Society of Jesus , it was the first Jesuit college in New England . Today , Holy Cross is one of 28 member institutions of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities ( AJCU ) and is part of the Colleges of Worcester Consortium ( COWC ) . Holy Cross sports teams are called the Crusaders , and their sole color is purple ; they compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Patriot League .'}]}, {'value': 'Crusaders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holy_Cross_Crusaders_football', 'summary': 'The Holy Cross Crusaders football team is the collegiate American football program of the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester , Massachusetts . The team is a member of the Patriot League , an NCAA Division I conference that participates in Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . The team plays their home games at Fitton Field .'}]}, {'value': 'Worcester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Worcester ( /ˈwʊstər/ ( listen ) WUUS-tər ) is a city in , and the county seat of , Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . Named after Worcester , England , as of the 2010 Census the city 's population was 181,045 , making it the second-most populous city in New England after Boston . Worcester is approximately 40 miles ( 64 km ) west of Boston , 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Springfield and 40 miles ( 64 km ) north of Providence . Due to its location in Central Massachusetts , Worcester is known as the Heart of the Commonwealth , thus , a heart is the official symbol of the city . However , the heart symbol may also have its provenance in lore that the Valentine 's Day card , although not invented in the city , was first mass-produced and popularized by Worcester resident Esther Howland . Worcester was considered its own distinct region apart from Boston until the 1970s . Since then , Boston 's suburbs have been moving out further westward , especially after the construction of Interstate 495 and Interstate 290 . The Worcester region now marks the western periphery of the Boston-Worcester-Providence ( MA-RI-NH ) U.S. Census Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , or Greater Boston . The city features many examples of Victorian-era mill architecture ."}]}, {'value': 'Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}]}, {'value': 'Patriot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patriot_League', 'summary': "The Patriot League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising private institutions of higher education and two United States service academies based in the Northeastern United States . Outside the Ivy League , it is among the most selective group of higher education institutions in NCAA Division I and has a very high student-athlete graduation rate for both the NCAA graduation success rate and the federal graduation rate . The Patriot League consists of 10 core members : American University , the United States Military Academy ( Army ) , Boston University , Bucknell University , Colgate University , College of the Holy Cross , Lafayette College , Lehigh University , Loyola University Maryland and the United States Naval Academy ( Navy ) . All 10 core members participate in the NCAA 's Division I for all Patriot League sports that they offer . Since not all schools sponsor every available NCAA sport , such as ice hockey and wrestling , most schools are affiliated with other collegiate conferences . Additionally , the Patriot League has a unique arrangement for football . Bucknell , Colgate , Holy Cross , Lafayette , and Lehigh are members of the Patriot League 's Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) conference . Of the five other conference members , American , Boston University and Loyola Maryland do not sponsor football while Army and Navy play in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ; Army is an independent while Navy currently competes as an associate member of the American Athletic Conference . Four other private institutions are Patriot League members only for specific sports and are referred to as 'Patriot League associate members . ' Fordham University and Georgetown University are associate members in football , while MIT is an associate member in women 's rowing and University of Richmond is an associate member in women 's golf ."}]}, {'value': 'Incarnate Word', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_Incarnate_Word', 'summary': "The University of the Incarnate Word ( UIW ) is a private Catholic university whose main campus is located in San Antonio and Alamo Heights , Texas . Founded in 1881 by the Sisters of Charity of the Incarnate Word , the university 's main campus is located on 154 acres ( 0.6 km2 ) . The university operates an all-girls high school , Incarnate Word High School , as well as a co-educational high school , St. Anthony Catholic High School . It also operates two elementary schools , St. Anthony 's and St. Peter Prince of the Apostles , through its Brainpower Connection program ."}]}, {'value': 'Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Incarnate_Word_Cardinals_football', 'summary': 'The Incarnate Word Cardinals football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the University of the Incarnate Word ( UIW ) located in San Antonio , Texas . The program began in 2009 and originally competed in NCAA Division II as members of the Lone Star Conference . In 2013 , the school moved to Division I . For the 2013 season , UIW competed as a member of the Southland Conference for all sports except football . Football competed with an 11-game schedule as an Independent . UIW began playing Southland football in the 2014 season . The team plays its home games at the 6,000 seat Gayle and Tom Benson Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'San Antonio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio', 'summary': "San Antonio ( /ˌsæn ænˈtoʊnioʊ/ ; from Spanish , Saint Anthony , Spanish pronunciation : [ sa.n‿anˈto.njo ] ) , officially the City of San Antonio , is the seventh-most populous city in the United States , and the second-most populous city in both Texas and the Southern United States , with more than 1.5 million residents . Founded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718 , the city became the first chartered civil settlement in present-day Texas in 1731 . The area was still part of the Spanish Empire , and later of the Mexican Republic . It is the state 's oldest municipality , having celebrated its 300th anniversary on May 1 , 2018 . The city 's deep history is contrasted with its rapid growth over the past few decades . It was the fastest-growing of the top ten largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010 , and the second from 1990 to 2000 . Straddling the regional divide between South and Central Texas , San Antonio anchors the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion colloquially known as the Texas Triangle . The Greater San Antonio and Greater Austin areas are separated from each other by 80 miles along Interstate 35 between which lie the city of New Braunfels , Texas . San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County ; San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area . Commonly called Greater San Antonio , the metro area has a population of 2,473,974 based on the 2017 U.S. census estimate , making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in Texas . San Antonio was named by a 1691 Spanish expedition for Saint Anthony of Padua , whose feast day is June 13 . The city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions , including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park , which together were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': 'Southland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southland_Conference', 'summary': "The Southland Conference , abbreviated to SLC , is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the South Central United States ( specifically Texas , Louisiana , and Arkansas ) . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; for football , it participates in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . The Southland sponsors 18 sports , 10 for women and eight for men , and is governed by a presidential Board of Directors and an Advisory Council of athletic and academic administrators . Tom Burnett was named the Southland 's sixth commissioner on Dec. 23 , 2002 . From 1996 to 2002 , for football only , the Southland Conference was known as the Southland Football League . The conference 's offices are located in the Dallas suburb of Frisco , Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Merrimack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merrimack_College', 'summary': 'Merrimack College is a private Augustinian college in North Andover , Massachusetts . It was founded in 1947 by the Order of St. Augustine with an initial goal to educate World War II veterans . The college has grown to encompass 220 acres campus and almost 40 buildings . The library is named after Rev . Vincent A. McQuade , the founder of the college .'}]}, {'value': 'Warriors', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Andover', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Andover,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'North Andover is a town in Essex County , Massachusetts , United States . At the 2010 census the population was 28,352 .'}]}, {'value': 'Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}]}, {'value': 'Northeast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeast_Conference', 'summary': "The Northeast Conference ( NEC ) is a collegiate athletic conference whose schools are members of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Teams in the NEC compete in Division I for all sports except football , which competes in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly Division I-AA . Participating schools are located principally in the Northeastern United States . The conference was named the ECAC Metro Conference when it was established in 1981 . The original eleven member schools were Fairleigh Dickinson University , the Brooklyn campus of Long Island University ( whose athletic program has now merged with that of LIU 's Post campus into a single athletic program ) , Loyola College in Maryland ( left in 1989 ) , Marist College ( left in 1997 ) , Robert Morris University , St. Francis College ( NY ) , Saint Francis College ( PA ) , Siena College ( left in 1984 ) , Towson State University ( left in 1982 ) , the University of Baltimore ( left in 1983 ) and Wagner College . The conference 's name was changed to its present form on August 1 , 1988 . Other names considered were Big North , Great North , North Shore , Northern , Northeastern , Eastern and Eastern Private Intercollegiate . The Northeast Conference has expanded eight times since 1981 . The expansions and additions from the original charter members were in 1985 ( Monmouth University , which left in 2013 ) , 1989 ( Mount St. Mary 's University ) , 1992 ( Rider University , which left in 1997 ) , 1997 ( Central Connecticut State University ) , 1998 ( Quinnipiac University and the University of Maryland , Baltimore County which respectively left in 2013 and 2003 ) , 1999 ( Sacred Heart University ) , 2008 ( Bryant University ) , and 2019 ( Merrimack College ) . The Northeast Conference 's rank was largest at 12 in 2008 with the addition of Bryant University ; it dropped to 10 in 2013 with the departure of Monmouth and Quinnipiac for the MAAC , and returned to 11 with the 2019 addition of Merrimack . The most recent changes were announced in 2018 and took effect with the 2019-20 school year . First , on September 10 , the NEC announced it would add Merrimack ."}]}, {'value': 'Sacred Heart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacred_Heart_University', 'summary': "Sacred Heart University ( SHU ) is a private Roman Catholic university in Fairfield , Connecticut . Sacred Heart was founded in 1963 by the Most Reverend Walter W. Curtis , Bishop of the Diocese of Bridgeport , Connecticut . Sacred Heart was the first Catholic university in the United States to be staffed by the laity . Sacred Heart is the second-largest Catholic university in New England , behind Boston College , and offers more than 80 degree programs to over 8,500 students at the bachelor 's , master 's and doctoral levels . Undergraduate students study at Sacred Heart 's international campuses in Dingle , Ireland and Luxembourg , including freshmen participating in pre-fall and Freshman Fall Abroad programs . On the main campus , academic facilities include the Frank and Marisa Martire Business & Communications Center and the Center for Healthcare Education ."}]}, {'value': 'Pioneers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Pioneers_football', 'summary': "The Sacred Heart Pioneers football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the Sacred Heart University located in the U.S. state of Connecticut . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Northeast Conference . The school 's first football team was fielded in 1993 . The team plays its home games at the 13,334 seat Campus Field ."}]}, {'value': 'Fairfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairfield,_Connecticut', 'summary': 'Fairfield is a town in Fairfield County , Connecticut , United States . It borders the city of Bridgeport and towns of Trumbull , Easton , Weston , and Westport along the Gold Coast of Connecticut . As of the 2010 census , the town had a population of 59,404 . In September 2014 , Money magazine ranked Fairfield the 44th best place to live in the United States and the best place to live in Connecticut .'}]}, {'value': 'Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}]}, {'value': 'Northeast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeast_Conference', 'summary': "The Northeast Conference ( NEC ) is a collegiate athletic conference whose schools are members of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Teams in the NEC compete in Division I for all sports except football , which competes in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly Division I-AA . Participating schools are located principally in the Northeastern United States . The conference was named the ECAC Metro Conference when it was established in 1981 . The original eleven member schools were Fairleigh Dickinson University , the Brooklyn campus of Long Island University ( whose athletic program has now merged with that of LIU 's Post campus into a single athletic program ) , Loyola College in Maryland ( left in 1989 ) , Marist College ( left in 1997 ) , Robert Morris University , St. Francis College ( NY ) , Saint Francis College ( PA ) , Siena College ( left in 1984 ) , Towson State University ( left in 1982 ) , the University of Baltimore ( left in 1983 ) and Wagner College . The conference 's name was changed to its present form on August 1 , 1988 . Other names considered were Big North , Great North , North Shore , Northern , Northeastern , Eastern and Eastern Private Intercollegiate . The Northeast Conference has expanded eight times since 1981 . The expansions and additions from the original charter members were in 1985 ( Monmouth University , which left in 2013 ) , 1989 ( Mount St. Mary 's University ) , 1992 ( Rider University , which left in 1997 ) , 1997 ( Central Connecticut State University ) , 1998 ( Quinnipiac University and the University of Maryland , Baltimore County which respectively left in 2013 and 2003 ) , 1999 ( Sacred Heart University ) , 2008 ( Bryant University ) , and 2019 ( Merrimack College ) . The Northeast Conference 's rank was largest at 12 in 2008 with the addition of Bryant University ; it dropped to 10 in 2013 with the departure of Monmouth and Quinnipiac for the MAAC , and returned to 11 with the 2019 addition of Merrimack . The most recent changes were announced in 2018 and took effect with the 2019-20 school year . First , on September 10 , the NEC announced it would add Merrimack ."}]}, {'value': 'Saint Francis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Francis_University', 'summary': 'Saint Francis University ( SFU ) is a private Catholic liberal arts university in Loretto , Pennsylvania . It was founded in 1847 and conducted under the tradition of the Franciscan Friars of the Third Order Regular . The university is situated on 600 acres ( 243 ha ) in the forests and farmland of Loretto .'}]}, {'value': 'Red Flash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Francis_Red_Flash_football', 'summary': "The Saint Francis Red Flash football program represents the intercollegiate football team for Saint Francis University . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Northeast Conference . The school 's first football team was fielded in 1892.:64 The team plays its home games at the 3,500-seat DeGol Field . They are coached by Chris Villarrial ."}]}, {'value': 'Loretto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loretto,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Loretto is a borough in Cambria County , Pennsylvania , United States . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 1,302 . Like the rest of Cambria County , it is part of the Johnstown , Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area . Loretto is the home of Saint Francis University .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': 'Northeast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeast_Conference', 'summary': "The Northeast Conference ( NEC ) is a collegiate athletic conference whose schools are members of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Teams in the NEC compete in Division I for all sports except football , which competes in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly Division I-AA . Participating schools are located principally in the Northeastern United States . The conference was named the ECAC Metro Conference when it was established in 1981 . The original eleven member schools were Fairleigh Dickinson University , the Brooklyn campus of Long Island University ( whose athletic program has now merged with that of LIU 's Post campus into a single athletic program ) , Loyola College in Maryland ( left in 1989 ) , Marist College ( left in 1997 ) , Robert Morris University , St. Francis College ( NY ) , Saint Francis College ( PA ) , Siena College ( left in 1984 ) , Towson State University ( left in 1982 ) , the University of Baltimore ( left in 1983 ) and Wagner College . The conference 's name was changed to its present form on August 1 , 1988 . Other names considered were Big North , Great North , North Shore , Northern , Northeastern , Eastern and Eastern Private Intercollegiate . The Northeast Conference has expanded eight times since 1981 . The expansions and additions from the original charter members were in 1985 ( Monmouth University , which left in 2013 ) , 1989 ( Mount St. Mary 's University ) , 1992 ( Rider University , which left in 1997 ) , 1997 ( Central Connecticut State University ) , 1998 ( Quinnipiac University and the University of Maryland , Baltimore County which respectively left in 2013 and 2003 ) , 1999 ( Sacred Heart University ) , 2008 ( Bryant University ) , and 2019 ( Merrimack College ) . The Northeast Conference 's rank was largest at 12 in 2008 with the addition of Bryant University ; it dropped to 10 in 2013 with the departure of Monmouth and Quinnipiac for the MAAC , and returned to 11 with the 2019 addition of Merrimack . The most recent changes were announced in 2018 and took effect with the 2019-20 school year . First , on September 10 , the NEC announced it would add Merrimack ."}]}, {'value': 'San Diego', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_San_Diego', 'summary': 'The University of San Diego ( USD ) is a private Roman Catholic research university in San Diego , California . Founded in July 1949 as the San Diego College for Women and San Diego University , the academic institutions merged from the California school system into University of San Diego in 1972 . Since then , the university has grown to comprise nine undergraduate and graduate schools , to include the Shiley-Marcos School of Engineering , Joan B. Kroc School of Peace Studies , and School of Law . USD has 79 undergraduate and graduate programs , and enrolls approximately 9,073 undergraduate , paralegal , graduate and law students .'}]}, {'value': 'Toreros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego_Toreros_football', 'summary': "The San Diego Toreros football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the University of San Diego located in the U.S. state of California . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Pioneer Football League . San Diego 's first football team was fielded in 1956 . The team plays its home games at the Torero Stadium in San Diego , California . The Toreros are coached by Dale Lindsey ."}]}, {'value': 'San Diego', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego', 'summary': "San Diego ( /ˌsæn diˈeɪɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ san ˈdjeɣo ] ; Spanish for Saint Didacus ) is a city in the U.S. state of California on the coast of the Pacific Ocean , approximately 120 miles ( 190 km ) south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico . With an estimated population of 1,425,976 as of July 1 , 2018 , San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California . It is part of the San Diego-Tijuana conurbation , the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the U.S. and a bordering country after Detroit-Windsor , with a population of 4,922,723 people . The city is known for its mild year-round climate , natural deep-water harbor , extensive beaches , long association with the United States Navy , and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center . San Diego has been called the birthplace of California . Historically home to the Kumeyaay people , it was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States . Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542 , Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain , forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later . The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá , founded in 1769 , formed the first European settlement in what is now California . In 1821 , San Diego became part of the newly declared Mexican Empire , which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later . California became part of the United States in 1848 following the Mexican-American War and was admitted to the union as a state in 1850 . The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the economic center of the region as well as the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area . San Diego 's main economic engines are military and defense-related activities , tourism , international trade , and manufacturing ."}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'Pioneer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pioneer_Football_League', 'summary': "The Pioneer Football League ( PFL ) is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) as a football-only conference . It has member schools that range from New York , North Carolina , and Florida in the east to California in the west . It is headquartered in St. Louis , in the same complex that also contains the offices of the Missouri Valley Conference and Missouri Valley Football Conference . Unlike most other Division I FCS conferences , the Pioneer League consists of institutions that choose not to award athletic scholarships ( grants-in-aid ) to football players . Most of the PFL 's members are private schools . Morehead State University is currently the only public school in the conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Villanova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Villanova_University', 'summary': "Villanova University is a private Catholic research university in Radnor Township , Pennsylvania . Named after Saint Thomas of Villanova , the university is the oldest Catholic university in Pennsylvania and the only Augustinian university in the United States . Founded in 1842 by the Order of Saint Augustine , the university traces its roots to old Saint Augustine 's Church , Philadelphia , which the Augustinian friars founded in 1796 , and to its parish school , Saint Augustine 's Academy , which was established in 1811 . The school 's identity remains deeply rooted in its Augustinian Catholic foundation - the majority of students are Catholic , the administration is led by priests , there is a cross on every building , and all students are required to take the Augustine and Culture Seminar course their freshman year ."}]}, {'value': 'Wildcats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Villanova_Wildcats_football', 'summary': 'The Villanova Wildcats football program represents Villanova University in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS , known as Division I-AA until 2006 ) . The Wildcats currently compete in the Colonial Athletic Association for football only . They play on campus at Villanova Stadium with capacity of 12,000 , with some games at PPL Park in Chester with capacity of 18,000 . They are currently led by head coach Mark Ferrante . Former head coach Andy Talley was head coach of the program from its reinstatement in 1985 through 2016 and led the program to its first NCAA Division I FCS national championship in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Villanova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Villanova,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Villanova is a community in the United States Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . It straddles Lower Merion Township in Montgomery County and Radnor Township in Delaware County . It is located at the center of the Philadelphia Main Line , a series of highly affluent Philadelphia suburban towns located along the original east-west railroad tracks of the Pennsylvania Railroad . It is served by the SEPTA Paoli/Thorndale Line regional rail train and Norristown High Speed Line . The center of the village straddles Lancaster Pike where it intersects Spring Mill . This village center contains the area 's post office for ZIP code 19085 , an office building , the Wilmington Trust Company 's Pennsylvania headquarters , and several smaller shops . In 2019 , Realtor.com named 19085 the Most Expensive Neighborhood in Pennsylvania . Calling it For East Coast elites , with a median home list price of $ 1,370,992 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': 'CAA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonial_Athletic_Association', 'summary': "The Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I whose full members are located in East Coast states from Massachusetts to South Carolina . Most of its members are public universities , and the conference is headquartered in Richmond . The CAA was historically a Southern conference until the addition of four schools in the Northeast ( of five that joined from rival conference America East ) after the turn of the 21st century , which added balance to the conference . The CAA was founded in 1979 as the ECAC South basketball league . It was renamed the Colonial Athletic Association in 1985 when it added championships in other sports ( although a number of members maintain ECAC affiliation in some sports ) . As of 2006 , it organizes championships in 21 men 's and women 's sports . The addition of Northeastern University in 2005 gave the conference the NCAA minimum of six football programs needed to sponsor football . For the 2007 football season , all of the Atlantic 10 Conference 's football programs joined the CAA football conference , as agreed in May 2005 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_NCAA_football_programs_at_Catholic_colleges_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of Catholic colleges of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) that have football as a varsity sport in the United States. It also includes a list of Catholic colleges and universities which previously had major football programs. For current programs, all conference affiliations are current for the next football season of 2019.'} | null | null | When did this Pittsburgh-based private Catholic university open ? | October 1878 |
07dd050b1b2a9cda | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics_anthology', 'title': 'Comics anthology', 'header': ['Title', 'Publisher', 'First Year', 'Last Year', 'Genre', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Detective Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detective_Comics', 'summary': "Detective Comics is an American comic book series published by DC Comics . The first volume , published from 1937 to 2011 ( and later continued in 2016 ) , is best known for introducing the superhero Batman in Detective Comics # 27 ( cover-dated May 1939 ) . A second series of the same title was launched in the fall of 2011 , but in 2016 reverted to the original volume numbering . The series is the source of its publishing company 's name , and - along with Action Comics , the series that launched with the debut of Superman - one of the medium 's signature series . The series published 881 issues between 1937 and 2011 and is the longest continuously published comic book in the United States . [ Note 1 ]"}]}, {'value': 'DC Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DC_Comics', 'summary': "DC Comics , Inc. is an American comic book publisher . It is the publishing unit of DC Entertainment , a subsidiary of Warner Bros . Global Brands and Experiences . DC Comics is one of the largest and oldest American comic book companies . The majority of its publications take place within the fictional DC Universe and feature numerous culturally iconic heroic characters , most notably Superman , Batman and Wonder Woman , among many others . The universe also features well-known supervillains such as Lex Luthor , the Joker , Catwoman , and the Penguin . The company has published non-DC Universe-related material , including Watchmen , V for Vendetta , Fables and many titles under their alternative imprint Vertigo . The initials DC came from the company 's popular series Detective Comics , which featured Batman 's debut and subsequently became part of the company 's name . Originally in Manhattan at 432 Fourth Avenue , the DC Comics offices have been located at 480 and later 575 Lexington Avenue ; 909 Third Avenue ; 75 Rockefeller Plaza ; 666 Fifth Avenue ; and 1325 Avenue of the Americas . DC had its headquarters at 1700 Broadway , Midtown Manhattan , New York City , however DC Entertainment relocated its headquarters from New York to Burbank , California in April 2015 . Random House distributes DC Comics ' books to the bookstore market , while Diamond Comic Distributors supplies the comics shop specialty market . DC Comics and its longtime major competitor Marvel Comics ( acquired in 2009 by The Walt Disney Company , WarnerMedia 's main competitor ) together shared approximately 70% of the American comic book market in 2017 , though this number may give a distorted view since graphic novels are excluded ."}]}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ongoing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'detective', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'anthology aspect dropped in the 1940s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feature Funnies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Feature_Funnies', 'summary': 'Feature Comics , originally Feature Funnies was an American comic book anthology series published by Quality Comics from 1939 until 1950 , that featured short stories in the humor genre and later the superhero genre .'}]}, {'value': 'Everett M. Busy Arnold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Everett_M._"Busy"_Arnold', 'summary': "Everett M. Arnold ( May 20 , 1899 - December 1974 ) , also known as Busy Arnold , was an American publisher and an early comic-book entrepreneur whose company Quality Comics published during the 1930s and 1940s period fans and historians call the Golden Age of Comic Books . He was also instrumental in the publishing arrangement that led to Will Eisner 's newspaper Sunday-supplement comics series The Spirit ."}]}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'humor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'with issue # 21 , became Feature Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Feature_Comics', 'summary': 'Feature Comics , originally Feature Funnies was an American comic book anthology series published by Quality Comics from 1939 until 1950 , that featured short stories in the humor genre and later the superhero genre .'}]}, {'value': 'Adventure Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adventure_Comics', 'summary': "Adventure Comics is an American comic book series published by DC Comics from 1938 to 1983 and revived from 2009 to 2011 . In its first era , the series ran for 503 issues ( 472 of those after the title changed from New Adventure Comics ) , making it the fifth-longest-running DC series , behind Detective Comics , Action Comics , Superman , and Batman . The series was revived in 2009 through a new # 1 issue by artist Clayton Henry and writer Geoff Johns . It returned to its original numbering with # 516 ( September 2010 ) . The series finally ended with # 529 ( October 2011 ) prior to a company-wide revision of DC 's superhero comic book line , known as The New 52 ."}]}, {'value': 'DC Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DC_Comics', 'summary': "DC Comics , Inc. is an American comic book publisher . It is the publishing unit of DC Entertainment , a subsidiary of Warner Bros . Global Brands and Experiences . DC Comics is one of the largest and oldest American comic book companies . The majority of its publications take place within the fictional DC Universe and feature numerous culturally iconic heroic characters , most notably Superman , Batman and Wonder Woman , among many others . The universe also features well-known supervillains such as Lex Luthor , the Joker , Catwoman , and the Penguin . The company has published non-DC Universe-related material , including Watchmen , V for Vendetta , Fables and many titles under their alternative imprint Vertigo . The initials DC came from the company 's popular series Detective Comics , which featured Batman 's debut and subsequently became part of the company 's name . Originally in Manhattan at 432 Fourth Avenue , the DC Comics offices have been located at 480 and later 575 Lexington Avenue ; 909 Third Avenue ; 75 Rockefeller Plaza ; 666 Fifth Avenue ; and 1325 Avenue of the Americas . DC had its headquarters at 1700 Broadway , Midtown Manhattan , New York City , however DC Entertainment relocated its headquarters from New York to Burbank , California in April 2015 . Random House distributes DC Comics ' books to the bookstore market , while Diamond Comic Distributors supplies the comics shop specialty market . DC Comics and its longtime major competitor Marvel Comics ( acquired in 2009 by The Walt Disney Company , WarnerMedia 's main competitor ) together shared approximately 70% of the American comic book market in 2017 , though this number may give a distorted view since graphic novels are excluded ."}]}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'various , mostly superhero', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Action Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Action_Comics', 'summary': 'Action Comics is an American comic book/magazine series that introduced Superman , one of the first major superhero characters . The publisher was originally known as National Allied Publications , and later as National Comics Publications and as National Periodical Publications , before taking on its current name of DC Comics . Its original incarnation ran from 1938 to 2011 and stands as one of the longest-running comic books with consecutively numbered issues . A second volume of Action Comics beginning with issue # 1 ran from 2011 to 2016 . Action Comics returned to its original numbering beginning with issue # 957 ( Aug. 2016 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'DC Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DC_Comics', 'summary': "DC Comics , Inc. is an American comic book publisher . It is the publishing unit of DC Entertainment , a subsidiary of Warner Bros . Global Brands and Experiences . DC Comics is one of the largest and oldest American comic book companies . The majority of its publications take place within the fictional DC Universe and feature numerous culturally iconic heroic characters , most notably Superman , Batman and Wonder Woman , among many others . The universe also features well-known supervillains such as Lex Luthor , the Joker , Catwoman , and the Penguin . The company has published non-DC Universe-related material , including Watchmen , V for Vendetta , Fables and many titles under their alternative imprint Vertigo . The initials DC came from the company 's popular series Detective Comics , which featured Batman 's debut and subsequently became part of the company 's name . Originally in Manhattan at 432 Fourth Avenue , the DC Comics offices have been located at 480 and later 575 Lexington Avenue ; 909 Third Avenue ; 75 Rockefeller Plaza ; 666 Fifth Avenue ; and 1325 Avenue of the Americas . DC had its headquarters at 1700 Broadway , Midtown Manhattan , New York City , however DC Entertainment relocated its headquarters from New York to Burbank , California in April 2015 . Random House distributes DC Comics ' books to the bookstore market , while Diamond Comic Distributors supplies the comics shop specialty market . DC Comics and its longtime major competitor Marvel Comics ( acquired in 2009 by The Walt Disney Company , WarnerMedia 's main competitor ) together shared approximately 70% of the American comic book market in 2017 , though this number may give a distorted view since graphic novels are excluded ."}]}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ongoing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'adventure , superhero', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'anthology aspect dropped in 1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fantastic Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fantastic_Comics', 'summary': 'Fantastic Comics was an American comic book superhero anthology title published by Fox Feature Syndicate during the Golden Age of Comic Books . The title introduced the characters Banshee , Black Fury ( John Perry ) , Nagana , Queen of Evil , Samson , and Stardust the Super Wizard .'}]}, {'value': 'Fox Feature Syndicate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Feature_Syndicate', 'summary': 'Fox Feature Syndicate ( also known as Fox Comics and Fox Publications ) was a comic book publisher from early in the period known to fans and historians as the Golden Age of Comic Books . Founded by entrepreneur Victor S. Fox , it produced such titles as Blue Beetle , Fantastic Comics and Mystery Men Comics . It is unrelated to the company Fox Publications , a Colorado publisher of railroad photography books , or the 20th Century Fox film studio and associated companies .'}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'superhero', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feature Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Feature_Comics', 'summary': 'Feature Comics , originally Feature Funnies was an American comic book anthology series published by Quality Comics from 1939 until 1950 , that featured short stories in the humor genre and later the superhero genre .'}]}, {'value': 'Quality Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quality_Comics', 'summary': 'Quality Comics was an American comic book publishing company which operated from 1937 to 1956 and was a creative , influential force in what historians and fans call the Golden Age of Comic Books . Notable , long-running titles published by Quality include Blackhawk , Feature Comics , G.I . Combat , Heart Throbs , Military Comics , Modern Comics , Plastic Man , Police Comics , Smash Comics , and The Spirit . While most of their titles were published by a company named Comic Magazines , from 1940 onwards all publications bore a logo that included the word Quality . Notable creators associated with the company included Jack Cole , Reed Crandall , Will Eisner , Lou Fine , Gill Fox , Paul Gustavson , Bob Powell , and Wally Wood .'}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'superhero , humor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'evolved from Feature Funnies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Feature_Funnies', 'summary': 'Feature Comics , originally Feature Funnies was an American comic book anthology series published by Quality Comics from 1939 until 1950 , that featured short stories in the humor genre and later the superhero genre .'}]}, {'value': 'Four Color', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Four_Color', 'summary': "Four Color , also known as Four Color Comics and One Shots , was an American comic book anthology series published by Dell Comics between 1939 and 1962 . The title is a reference to the four basic colors used when printing comic books ( cyan , magenta , yellow and black at the time ) . The first 25 issues are known as series 1 . In mid-1942 , the numbering started over again , and series 2 began . After the first hundred issues of the second series , Dell stopped putting the Four Color Comics designation on the books , but they continued the numbering system for twenty years . More than 1,000 issues were published , usually with multiple titles released every month . An exact accounting of the actual number of unique issues produced is difficult because occasional issue numbers were skipped and a number of reprint issues were also included . Nonetheless , the Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide lists well over 1,000 individual issues , ending with # 1354 . Comics historian Alberto Becattini cites 1332 issues . It currently holds the record for most issues produced of an American comic book ; its nearest rival , DC 's Action Comics , reached the 1,000-issue milestone in 2018 . Four Color published many of the first licensed Disney comics ; about 20 percent of the Four Color issues were devoted to Disney characters ."}]}, {'value': 'Dell Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dell_Comics', 'summary': "Dell Comics was the comic book publishing arm of Dell Publishing , which got its start in pulp magazines . It published comics from 1929 to 1974 . At its peak , it was the most prominent and successful American company in the medium . In 1953 Dell claimed to be the world 's largest comics publisher , selling 26 million copies each month ."}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'various', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'successive one-shot comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One-shot_(comics)', 'summary': 'In the comic book publishing industry , a one-shot is a comic book published as a single , standalone issue , with a self-contained story , and not as part of an ongoing series or miniseries . In the television industry , one-shots sometimes serve as a pilot to field interest in a new series . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Whiz Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whiz_Comics', 'summary': 'Whiz Comics was a monthly ongoing comic book anthology series , published by Fawcett Comics from 1940-1953 , best known for introducing Captain Marvel .'}]}, {'value': 'Fawcett Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fawcett_Comics', 'summary': 'Fawcett Comics , a division of Fawcett Publications , was one of several successful comic book publishers during the Golden Age of Comic Books in the 1940s . Its most popular character was Captain Marvel , the alter ego of radio reporter Billy Batson , who transformed into the hero whenever he said the magic word Shazam ! . Other characters published by Fawcett include Captain Video , Hopalong Cassidy , Ibis the Invincible , Bulletman and Bulletgirl , Spy Smasher , Captain Midnight , Phantom Eagle , Mister Scarlet and Pinky , Minute-Man , Commando Yank and Golden Arrow . Aside from the better known superhero books , Fawcett also published a short-lived line of horror comics during the early 1950s , a string of titles which included This Magazine Is Haunted , Beware ! Terror Tales , Worlds of Fear , Strange Suspense Stories , and Unknown World . Other genres included teenage humor ( Otis and Babs ) , funny animal ( Hoppy the Marvel Bunny ) , romance ( Sweethearts ) , war ( Soldier Comics ) and Western ( Lash LaRue , Six Gun Heroes ) . Fawcett also produced comics based on contemporary movie stars ( Tom Mix , Monte Hale ) and matinee serials ( Nyoka the Jungle Girl ) . The entire line was dropped in 1953 , when Fawcett closed down their comics publishing wing ( though many titles were picked up by Charlton Comics ) .'}]}, {'value': '1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'superhero', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Shot Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Shot_Comics', 'summary': 'Big Shot Comics was an American comic book series published by Columbia Comics during period in the 1940s that fans and historians refer to as the Golden Age of comic books . An anthology title , the series included a mix of superheroes , costumed crimefighters , crusading district attorneys , heroic magicians and others , both in original stories and in reprinted newspaper comic strip from the McNaught Syndicate . The latter included such popular strips as Dixie Dugan , Joe Palooka , and the movie-series spin-off Charlie Chan .'}]}, {'value': 'Columbia Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia_Comics', 'summary': 'Columbia Comics Corporation was a comic book publisher active in the 1940s whose most well-known title was Big Shot Comics . Comics creators who worked for Columbia included Fred Guardineer , on Marvelo , the Monarch of Magicians ; and Ogden Whitney and Gardner Fox on Skyman .'}]}, {'value': '1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'superhero , humor', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Young Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Young_Love_(comics)', 'summary': 'Young Love was one of the earliest romance comics titles , published by Crestwood/Prize , and later sold to DC Comics .'}]}, {'value': 'Crestwood Publications DC Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crestwood_Publications', 'summary': "Crestwood Publications , also known as Feature Publications , was a magazine publisher that also published comic books from the 1940s through the 1960s . Its title Prize Comics contained what is considered the first ongoing horror comic-book feature , Dick Briefer 's Frankenstein . Crestwood is best known for its Prize Group imprint , published in the late 1940s to mid-1950s through packagers Joe Simon and Jack Kirby , who created such historically prominent titles as the horror comic Black Magic , the creator-owned superhero satire Fighting American , and the first romance comic title , Young Romance . For much of its history , Crestwood 's publishers were Teddy Epstein and Mike Bleier . In the 1940s the company 's general manager was Maurice Rosenfeld , and in the 1950s the general manager was M.R . Reese . In the mid-1950s , the company office manager was Nevin Fidler ( who later became Simon & Kirby 's business manager ) . In addition to Simon and Kirby , notable Crestwood/Prize contributors included Leonard Starr , Mort Meskin , Joe Maneely , John Severin , Will Elder , Carmine Infantino , Bruno Premiani , Dick Ayers , George Klein , Jack Abel , Ed Winiarski , and Dick Briefer ."}, {'url': '/wiki/DC_Comics', 'summary': "DC Comics , Inc. is an American comic book publisher . It is the publishing unit of DC Entertainment , a subsidiary of Warner Bros . Global Brands and Experiences . DC Comics is one of the largest and oldest American comic book companies . The majority of its publications take place within the fictional DC Universe and feature numerous culturally iconic heroic characters , most notably Superman , Batman and Wonder Woman , among many others . The universe also features well-known supervillains such as Lex Luthor , the Joker , Catwoman , and the Penguin . The company has published non-DC Universe-related material , including Watchmen , V for Vendetta , Fables and many titles under their alternative imprint Vertigo . The initials DC came from the company 's popular series Detective Comics , which featured Batman 's debut and subsequently became part of the company 's name . Originally in Manhattan at 432 Fourth Avenue , the DC Comics offices have been located at 480 and later 575 Lexington Avenue ; 909 Third Avenue ; 75 Rockefeller Plaza ; 666 Fifth Avenue ; and 1325 Avenue of the Americas . DC had its headquarters at 1700 Broadway , Midtown Manhattan , New York City , however DC Entertainment relocated its headquarters from New York to Burbank , California in April 2015 . Random House distributes DC Comics ' books to the bookstore market , while Diamond Comic Distributors supplies the comics shop specialty market . DC Comics and its longtime major competitor Marvel Comics ( acquired in 2009 by The Walt Disney Company , WarnerMedia 's main competitor ) together shared approximately 70% of the American comic book market in 2017 , though this number may give a distorted view since graphic novels are excluded ."}]}, {'value': '1947 1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956 1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'acquired by DC Comics in 1963', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DC_Comics', 'summary': "DC Comics , Inc. is an American comic book publisher . It is the publishing unit of DC Entertainment , a subsidiary of Warner Bros . Global Brands and Experiences . DC Comics is one of the largest and oldest American comic book companies . The majority of its publications take place within the fictional DC Universe and feature numerous culturally iconic heroic characters , most notably Superman , Batman and Wonder Woman , among many others . The universe also features well-known supervillains such as Lex Luthor , the Joker , Catwoman , and the Penguin . The company has published non-DC Universe-related material , including Watchmen , V for Vendetta , Fables and many titles under their alternative imprint Vertigo . The initials DC came from the company 's popular series Detective Comics , which featured Batman 's debut and subsequently became part of the company 's name . Originally in Manhattan at 432 Fourth Avenue , the DC Comics offices have been located at 480 and later 575 Lexington Avenue ; 909 Third Avenue ; 75 Rockefeller Plaza ; 666 Fifth Avenue ; and 1325 Avenue of the Americas . DC had its headquarters at 1700 Broadway , Midtown Manhattan , New York City , however DC Entertainment relocated its headquarters from New York to Burbank , California in April 2015 . Random House distributes DC Comics ' books to the bookstore market , while Diamond Comic Distributors supplies the comics shop specialty market . DC Comics and its longtime major competitor Marvel Comics ( acquired in 2009 by The Walt Disney Company , WarnerMedia 's main competitor ) together shared approximately 70% of the American comic book market in 2017 , though this number may give a distorted view since graphic novels are excluded ."}]}, {'value': 'Young Romance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Young_Romance', 'summary': 'Young Romance is a romantic comic book series created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby for the Crestwood Publications imprint Prize Comics in 1947 . Generally considered the first romance comic , the series ran for 124 consecutive issues under Prize imprint , and a further 84 ( issues # 125-208 ) published by DC Comics after Crestwood stopped producing comics .'}]}, {'value': 'Crestwood Publications DC Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crestwood_Publications', 'summary': "Crestwood Publications , also known as Feature Publications , was a magazine publisher that also published comic books from the 1940s through the 1960s . Its title Prize Comics contained what is considered the first ongoing horror comic-book feature , Dick Briefer 's Frankenstein . Crestwood is best known for its Prize Group imprint , published in the late 1940s to mid-1950s through packagers Joe Simon and Jack Kirby , who created such historically prominent titles as the horror comic Black Magic , the creator-owned superhero satire Fighting American , and the first romance comic title , Young Romance . For much of its history , Crestwood 's publishers were Teddy Epstein and Mike Bleier . In the 1940s the company 's general manager was Maurice Rosenfeld , and in the 1950s the general manager was M.R . Reese . In the mid-1950s , the company office manager was Nevin Fidler ( who later became Simon & Kirby 's business manager ) . In addition to Simon and Kirby , notable Crestwood/Prize contributors included Leonard Starr , Mort Meskin , Joe Maneely , John Severin , Will Elder , Carmine Infantino , Bruno Premiani , Dick Ayers , George Klein , Jack Abel , Ed Winiarski , and Dick Briefer ."}, {'url': '/wiki/DC_Comics', 'summary': "DC Comics , Inc. is an American comic book publisher . It is the publishing unit of DC Entertainment , a subsidiary of Warner Bros . Global Brands and Experiences . DC Comics is one of the largest and oldest American comic book companies . The majority of its publications take place within the fictional DC Universe and feature numerous culturally iconic heroic characters , most notably Superman , Batman and Wonder Woman , among many others . The universe also features well-known supervillains such as Lex Luthor , the Joker , Catwoman , and the Penguin . The company has published non-DC Universe-related material , including Watchmen , V for Vendetta , Fables and many titles under their alternative imprint Vertigo . The initials DC came from the company 's popular series Detective Comics , which featured Batman 's debut and subsequently became part of the company 's name . Originally in Manhattan at 432 Fourth Avenue , the DC Comics offices have been located at 480 and later 575 Lexington Avenue ; 909 Third Avenue ; 75 Rockefeller Plaza ; 666 Fifth Avenue ; and 1325 Avenue of the Americas . DC had its headquarters at 1700 Broadway , Midtown Manhattan , New York City , however DC Entertainment relocated its headquarters from New York to Burbank , California in April 2015 . Random House distributes DC Comics ' books to the bookstore market , while Diamond Comic Distributors supplies the comics shop specialty market . DC Comics and its longtime major competitor Marvel Comics ( acquired in 2009 by The Walt Disney Company , WarnerMedia 's main competitor ) together shared approximately 70% of the American comic book market in 2017 , though this number may give a distorted view since graphic novels are excluded ."}]}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'acquired by DC Comics in 1963', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DC_Comics', 'summary': "DC Comics , Inc. is an American comic book publisher . It is the publishing unit of DC Entertainment , a subsidiary of Warner Bros . Global Brands and Experiences . DC Comics is one of the largest and oldest American comic book companies . The majority of its publications take place within the fictional DC Universe and feature numerous culturally iconic heroic characters , most notably Superman , Batman and Wonder Woman , among many others . The universe also features well-known supervillains such as Lex Luthor , the Joker , Catwoman , and the Penguin . The company has published non-DC Universe-related material , including Watchmen , V for Vendetta , Fables and many titles under their alternative imprint Vertigo . The initials DC came from the company 's popular series Detective Comics , which featured Batman 's debut and subsequently became part of the company 's name . Originally in Manhattan at 432 Fourth Avenue , the DC Comics offices have been located at 480 and later 575 Lexington Avenue ; 909 Third Avenue ; 75 Rockefeller Plaza ; 666 Fifth Avenue ; and 1325 Avenue of the Americas . DC had its headquarters at 1700 Broadway , Midtown Manhattan , New York City , however DC Entertainment relocated its headquarters from New York to Burbank , California in April 2015 . Random House distributes DC Comics ' books to the bookstore market , while Diamond Comic Distributors supplies the comics shop specialty market . DC Comics and its longtime major competitor Marvel Comics ( acquired in 2009 by The Walt Disney Company , WarnerMedia 's main competitor ) together shared approximately 70% of the American comic book market in 2017 , though this number may give a distorted view since graphic novels are excluded ."}]}, {'value': 'Adventures into the Unknown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adventures_into_the_Unknown', 'summary': "Adventures Into the Unknown was an American comic-book magazine series best known as the medium 's first ongoing horror-comics title . Published by the American Comics Group , initially under the imprint B & I Publishing , it ran 174 issues ( cover-dated Fall 1948 - Aug. 1967 ) . The first two issues , which included art by Fred Guardineer and others , featured horror stories of ghosts , werewolves , haunted houses , killer puppets , and other supernatural beings and locales . The premiere included a seven-page abridged adaptation of Horace Walpole 's seminal gothic novel The Castle of Otranto , by an unknown writer and artist Al Ulmer . Unlike many American horror comics of the Golden Age , it weathered the public criticism of the early 1950s and survived the aftermath of the Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency hearings of April and June 1954 when the comics industry attempted self-regulation with a highly restrictive Comics Code ."}]}, {'value': 'ACG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Comics_Group', 'summary': "American Comics Group ( ACG ) was an American comic book publisher started in 1939 and existing under the ACG name form 1943 to 1967 . It published the medium 's first ongoing horror-comics title , Adventures into the Unknown . ACG 's best-known character was the 1960s satirical-humor hero Herbie Popnecker , who starred for a time in Forbidden Worlds . Herbie would later get his own title and be turned into a superhero called the Fat Fury . Founded by Benjamin W. Sangor , ACG was co-owned by Fred Iger from 1948 to 1967 . Iger 's father-in-law , Harry Donenfeld , head of National Periodical Publications ( later known as DC Comics ) , was also a co-owner in the early 1960s ( though Donenfeld was severely incapacitated and out of the business after an accident in 1962 ) . ACG was distributed by Independent News Company , which also distributed by ( and was part of the same company as ) DC ."}]}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'horror', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweethearts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweethearts_(comics)', 'summary': "Sweethearts was a romance comic book series published by Fawcett Publications from October 1948 to 1953 , and continued by Charlton Comics from 1954 to 1973 . It was the first monthly romance comic book , and a great commercial success . Fawcett followed the title with other monthly romance titles including Life Story ( 1949 ) , Cowboy Love ( 1949 ) , and Romantic Secrets ( 1950 ) . Because of postal regulations , the title debuted as Sweethearts # 68 , a numerical continuation of Fawcett 's Captain Midnight which ended with issue # 67 . The title was not heavily marketed in its infancy and did not appear in the Fawcett comics title list on the first pages of its Captain Marvel and Whiz Comics . The book exhibited front cover photos of happy couples , or lovely girls , but never men alone . The back cover featured a large photo of a male movie star labelled in the first issue My Romance of the Month , and , with the second issue , Dream Beau of the Month . The first photo was Robert Mitchum and the second Glenn Ford . While the front cover displayed a happy scene of young love , story titles listed beneath the cover photo hinted at drama and conflict : Beauty was My Snare , Betrayed by My Temper and I Led Him On are just a few . Many stories were drawn by Mary Marvel artist Marc Swayze , and were monotonously repetitive : erring female learns about life from the man she finally steadies or weds . Charlton Comics acquired the rights to much of Fawcett 's title , story , and character inventory in 1954 when Fawcett left comic book publication , and Charlton published Sweethearts until 1973 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fawcett Comics Charlton Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fawcett_Comics', 'summary': 'Fawcett Comics , a division of Fawcett Publications , was one of several successful comic book publishers during the Golden Age of Comic Books in the 1940s . Its most popular character was Captain Marvel , the alter ego of radio reporter Billy Batson , who transformed into the hero whenever he said the magic word Shazam ! . Other characters published by Fawcett include Captain Video , Hopalong Cassidy , Ibis the Invincible , Bulletman and Bulletgirl , Spy Smasher , Captain Midnight , Phantom Eagle , Mister Scarlet and Pinky , Minute-Man , Commando Yank and Golden Arrow . Aside from the better known superhero books , Fawcett also published a short-lived line of horror comics during the early 1950s , a string of titles which included This Magazine Is Haunted , Beware ! Terror Tales , Worlds of Fear , Strange Suspense Stories , and Unknown World . Other genres included teenage humor ( Otis and Babs ) , funny animal ( Hoppy the Marvel Bunny ) , romance ( Sweethearts ) , war ( Soldier Comics ) and Western ( Lash LaRue , Six Gun Heroes ) . Fawcett also produced comics based on contemporary movie stars ( Tom Mix , Monte Hale ) and matinee serials ( Nyoka the Jungle Girl ) . The entire line was dropped in 1953 , when Fawcett closed down their comics publishing wing ( though many titles were picked up by Charlton Comics ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Charlton_Comics', 'summary': "Charlton Comics was an American comic book publishing company that existed from 1945 to 1986 , having begun under a different name ( T.W.O . Charles Company ) in 1940 . It was based in Derby , Connecticut . The comic-book line was a division of Charlton Publications , which published magazines ( most notably song-lyric magazines ) , puzzle books and , briefly , books ( under the Monarch and Gold Star imprints ) . It had its own distribution company ( Capital Distribution ) . Charlton Comics published a wide variety of genres , including crime , science fiction , Western , horror , war and romance comics , as well as funny animal and superhero titles . The company was known for its low-budget practices , often using unpublished material acquired from defunct companies and paying comics creators among the lowest rates in the industry . Charlton Comics were also the last of the American comics to raise their price from ten cents to 12 cents in 1962 . It was unique among comic book companies in that it controlled all areas of publishing - from editorial to printing to distribution - rather than working with outside printers and distributors as did most other publishers . It did so under one roof at its Derby headquarters . The company was formed by John Santangelo , Sr. and Ed Levy in 1940 as T.W.O . Charles Company , named after the co-founders ' two sons , both named Charles , and became Charlton Publications in 1945 ."}]}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'acquired by Charlton Comics in 1954', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlton_Comics', 'summary': "Charlton Comics was an American comic book publishing company that existed from 1945 to 1986 , having begun under a different name ( T.W.O . Charles Company ) in 1940 . It was based in Derby , Connecticut . The comic-book line was a division of Charlton Publications , which published magazines ( most notably song-lyric magazines ) , puzzle books and , briefly , books ( under the Monarch and Gold Star imprints ) . It had its own distribution company ( Capital Distribution ) . Charlton Comics published a wide variety of genres , including crime , science fiction , Western , horror , war and romance comics , as well as funny animal and superhero titles . The company was known for its low-budget practices , often using unpublished material acquired from defunct companies and paying comics creators among the lowest rates in the industry . Charlton Comics were also the last of the American comics to raise their price from ten cents to 12 cents in 1962 . It was unique among comic book companies in that it controlled all areas of publishing - from editorial to printing to distribution - rather than working with outside printers and distributors as did most other publishers . It did so under one roof at its Derby headquarters . The company was formed by John Santangelo , Sr. and Ed Levy in 1940 as T.W.O . Charles Company , named after the co-founders ' two sons , both named Charles , and became Charlton Publications in 1945 ."}]}, {'value': 'Western Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Comics', 'summary': "Western Comics was a Western comic book series published by DC Comics . DC 's longest-running Western title , it published 85 issues from 1948 to 1961 . Western Comics was an anthology series , featuring such characters as the wandering cowboy the Wyoming Kid , the Native American lawman Pow Wow Smith , the Cowboy Marshal , Jim Sawyer , showman Rodeo Rick , and Matt Savage , Trail Boss . The masked Vigilante Greg Saunders appeared in the first four issues of the title , but was soon replaced by itinerant fix-it man Nighthawk . Notable contributors included writers Don Cameron , Gardner Fox , and France Herron ; and artists Carmine Infantino , Gil Kane , Howard Sherman , and Leonard Starr ."}]}, {'value': 'DC Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DC_Comics', 'summary': "DC Comics , Inc. is an American comic book publisher . It is the publishing unit of DC Entertainment , a subsidiary of Warner Bros . Global Brands and Experiences . DC Comics is one of the largest and oldest American comic book companies . The majority of its publications take place within the fictional DC Universe and feature numerous culturally iconic heroic characters , most notably Superman , Batman and Wonder Woman , among many others . The universe also features well-known supervillains such as Lex Luthor , the Joker , Catwoman , and the Penguin . The company has published non-DC Universe-related material , including Watchmen , V for Vendetta , Fables and many titles under their alternative imprint Vertigo . The initials DC came from the company 's popular series Detective Comics , which featured Batman 's debut and subsequently became part of the company 's name . Originally in Manhattan at 432 Fourth Avenue , the DC Comics offices have been located at 480 and later 575 Lexington Avenue ; 909 Third Avenue ; 75 Rockefeller Plaza ; 666 Fifth Avenue ; and 1325 Avenue of the Americas . DC had its headquarters at 1700 Broadway , Midtown Manhattan , New York City , however DC Entertainment relocated its headquarters from New York to Burbank , California in April 2015 . Random House distributes DC Comics ' books to the bookstore market , while Diamond Comic Distributors supplies the comics shop specialty market . DC Comics and its longtime major competitor Marvel Comics ( acquired in 2009 by The Walt Disney Company , WarnerMedia 's main competitor ) together shared approximately 70% of the American comic book market in 2017 , though this number may give a distorted view since graphic novels are excluded ."}]}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wild Western', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wild_Western', 'summary': "Wild Western ( originally titled Wild West ) was a Western comic book series published by Atlas Comics , the 1950s forerunner of Marvel Comics . The omnibus series published 57 issues from 1948 to 1957 . Kid Colt stories were usually the lead feature and a prominent cover element throughout the series ' run , while most issues also featured the Two-Gun Kid and the Black Rider . Other recurring characters included Tex Taylor , Arizona Annie , the Apache Kid , and the Ringo Kid ."}]}, {'value': 'Marvel Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marvel_Comics', 'summary': "Marvel Comics is the brand name and primary imprint of Marvel Worldwide Inc. , formerly Marvel Publishing , Inc. and Marvel Comics Group , a publisher of American comic books and related media . In 2009 , The Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Entertainment , Marvel Worldwide 's parent company . Marvel was started in 1939 by Martin Goodman under a number of corporations and imprints but now known as Timely Comics , and by 1951 had generally become known as Atlas Comics . The Marvel era began in 1961 , the year that the company launched The Fantastic Four and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee , Jack Kirby , Steve Ditko and many others . The Marvel brand , which had been used over the years , was solidified as the company 's primary brand . Marvel counts among its characters such well-known superheroes as Spider-Man , Ant-Man , Iron Man , Thor , the Hulk , Captain America , the Wasp , Wolverine , Black Panther , Captain Marvel , Doctor Strange , Ghost Rider , Blade , Daredevil and the Punisher . Superhero teams exist such as the Avengers , the X-Men , the Fantastic Four and the Guardians of the Galaxy as well as supervillains including Doctor Doom , Magneto , Thanos , Ultron , Green Goblin , Doctor Octopus , Red Skull , Loki , Venom , Dormammu , Galactus , and Kingpin . Most of Marvel 's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe , with most locations mirroring real-life places ; many major characters are based in New York City . Additionally , Marvel has published several licensed properties from other companies . This includes Star Wars comics twice from 1977 to 1986 and again since 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prize Comics Western', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prize Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prize_Comics', 'summary': "Crestwood Publications , also known as Feature Publications , was a magazine publisher that also published comic books from the 1940s through the 1960s . Its title Prize Comics contained what is considered the first ongoing horror comic-book feature , Dick Briefer 's Frankenstein . Crestwood is best known for its Prize Group imprint , published in the late 1940s to mid-1950s through packagers Joe Simon and Jack Kirby , who created such historically prominent titles as the horror comic Black Magic , the creator-owned superhero satire Fighting American , and the first romance comic title , Young Romance . For much of its history , Crestwood 's publishers were Teddy Epstein and Mike Bleier . In the 1940s the company 's general manager was Maurice Rosenfeld , and in the 1950s the general manager was M.R . Reese . In the mid-1950s , the company office manager was Nevin Fidler ( who later became Simon & Kirby 's business manager ) . In addition to Simon and Kirby , notable Crestwood/Prize contributors included Leonard Starr , Mort Meskin , Joe Maneely , John Severin , Will Elder , Carmine Infantino , Bruno Premiani , Dick Ayers , George Klein , Jack Abel , Ed Winiarski , and Dick Briefer ."}]}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Girls ' Love Stories", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Girls'_Love_Stories", 'summary': "Girls ' Love Stories was an American romance comic book magazine published by DC Comics in the United States . Started in 1949 as DC 's first romance title , it ran for 180 issues , ending with the Nov-Dec 1973 issue . The stories covered such topics as girls worrying about getting a man , or marrying out of pressure , not love . Some of the early covers were photographs . The book 's initial tagline was True to Life ! Writers for the title included Bob Kanigher and George Kashdan . Notable artists for Girls ' Love Stories included George Tuska , Tony Abruzzo , Vince Colletta , Bill Draut , Frank Giacoia , Gil Kane , Bob Oksner , Art Peddy , Jay Scott Pike , John Romita Sr. , Joe Rosen , John Rosenberger , Bernard Sachs , and Mike Sekowsky . Editor , Zena Brody began working on Girls ' Love Stories in 1952 . Images taken from Girls ' Love Stories have been used in some of Roy Lichtenstein 's work ."}]}, {'value': 'DC Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DC_Comics', 'summary': "DC Comics , Inc. is an American comic book publisher . It is the publishing unit of DC Entertainment , a subsidiary of Warner Bros . Global Brands and Experiences . DC Comics is one of the largest and oldest American comic book companies . The majority of its publications take place within the fictional DC Universe and feature numerous culturally iconic heroic characters , most notably Superman , Batman and Wonder Woman , among many others . The universe also features well-known supervillains such as Lex Luthor , the Joker , Catwoman , and the Penguin . The company has published non-DC Universe-related material , including Watchmen , V for Vendetta , Fables and many titles under their alternative imprint Vertigo . The initials DC came from the company 's popular series Detective Comics , which featured Batman 's debut and subsequently became part of the company 's name . Originally in Manhattan at 432 Fourth Avenue , the DC Comics offices have been located at 480 and later 575 Lexington Avenue ; 909 Third Avenue ; 75 Rockefeller Plaza ; 666 Fifth Avenue ; and 1325 Avenue of the Americas . DC had its headquarters at 1700 Broadway , Midtown Manhattan , New York City , however DC Entertainment relocated its headquarters from New York to Burbank , California in April 2015 . Random House distributes DC Comics ' books to the bookstore market , while Diamond Comic Distributors supplies the comics shop specialty market . DC Comics and its longtime major competitor Marvel Comics ( acquired in 2009 by The Walt Disney Company , WarnerMedia 's main competitor ) together shared approximately 70% of the American comic book market in 2017 , though this number may give a distorted view since graphic novels are excluded ."}]}, {'value': '1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romantic Story', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fawcett Comics Charlton Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fawcett_Comics', 'summary': 'Fawcett Comics , a division of Fawcett Publications , was one of several successful comic book publishers during the Golden Age of Comic Books in the 1940s . Its most popular character was Captain Marvel , the alter ego of radio reporter Billy Batson , who transformed into the hero whenever he said the magic word Shazam ! . Other characters published by Fawcett include Captain Video , Hopalong Cassidy , Ibis the Invincible , Bulletman and Bulletgirl , Spy Smasher , Captain Midnight , Phantom Eagle , Mister Scarlet and Pinky , Minute-Man , Commando Yank and Golden Arrow . Aside from the better known superhero books , Fawcett also published a short-lived line of horror comics during the early 1950s , a string of titles which included This Magazine Is Haunted , Beware ! Terror Tales , Worlds of Fear , Strange Suspense Stories , and Unknown World . Other genres included teenage humor ( Otis and Babs ) , funny animal ( Hoppy the Marvel Bunny ) , romance ( Sweethearts ) , war ( Soldier Comics ) and Western ( Lash LaRue , Six Gun Heroes ) . Fawcett also produced comics based on contemporary movie stars ( Tom Mix , Monte Hale ) and matinee serials ( Nyoka the Jungle Girl ) . The entire line was dropped in 1953 , when Fawcett closed down their comics publishing wing ( though many titles were picked up by Charlton Comics ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Charlton_Comics', 'summary': "Charlton Comics was an American comic book publishing company that existed from 1945 to 1986 , having begun under a different name ( T.W.O . Charles Company ) in 1940 . It was based in Derby , Connecticut . The comic-book line was a division of Charlton Publications , which published magazines ( most notably song-lyric magazines ) , puzzle books and , briefly , books ( under the Monarch and Gold Star imprints ) . It had its own distribution company ( Capital Distribution ) . Charlton Comics published a wide variety of genres , including crime , science fiction , Western , horror , war and romance comics , as well as funny animal and superhero titles . The company was known for its low-budget practices , often using unpublished material acquired from defunct companies and paying comics creators among the lowest rates in the industry . Charlton Comics were also the last of the American comics to raise their price from ten cents to 12 cents in 1962 . It was unique among comic book companies in that it controlled all areas of publishing - from editorial to printing to distribution - rather than working with outside printers and distributors as did most other publishers . It did so under one roof at its Derby headquarters . The company was formed by John Santangelo , Sr. and Ed Levy in 1940 as T.W.O . Charles Company , named after the co-founders ' two sons , both named Charles , and became Charlton Publications in 1945 ."}]}, {'value': '1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'acquired by Charlton Comics in 1954', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlton_Comics', 'summary': "Charlton Comics was an American comic book publishing company that existed from 1945 to 1986 , having begun under a different name ( T.W.O . Charles Company ) in 1940 . It was based in Derby , Connecticut . The comic-book line was a division of Charlton Publications , which published magazines ( most notably song-lyric magazines ) , puzzle books and , briefly , books ( under the Monarch and Gold Star imprints ) . It had its own distribution company ( Capital Distribution ) . Charlton Comics published a wide variety of genres , including crime , science fiction , Western , horror , war and romance comics , as well as funny animal and superhero titles . The company was known for its low-budget practices , often using unpublished material acquired from defunct companies and paying comics creators among the lowest rates in the industry . Charlton Comics were also the last of the American comics to raise their price from ten cents to 12 cents in 1962 . It was unique among comic book companies in that it controlled all areas of publishing - from editorial to printing to distribution - rather than working with outside printers and distributors as did most other publishers . It did so under one roof at its Derby headquarters . The company was formed by John Santangelo , Sr. and Ed Levy in 1940 as T.W.O . Charles Company , named after the co-founders ' two sons , both named Charles , and became Charlton Publications in 1945 ."}]}, {'value': 'Heart Throbs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heart_Throbs', 'summary': 'Heart Throbs was a romance comic published by Quality Comics and DC Comics from 1949 to 1972 . Quality published the book from 1949-1957 , when it was acquired by DC . Most issues featured a number of short comics stories , as well advice columns , text pieces , and filler . The long-running feature 3 Girls - Their Lives - Their Loves , drawn by Jay Scott Pike and inked by Russ Jones , ran in Heart Throbs from 1966-1970 . In addition to Pike and Jones , regular contributors to Heart Throbs during its run included Bob Kanigher , Barbara Friedlander , Jay Criton , Gene Colan , John Romita , Sr. , John Forte , Vince Colletta , Bernard Sachs , Win Mortimer , John Rosenberger , and Tony DeZuniga .'}]}, {'value': 'Quality Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quality_Comics', 'summary': 'Quality Comics was an American comic book publishing company which operated from 1937 to 1956 and was a creative , influential force in what historians and fans call the Golden Age of Comic Books . Notable , long-running titles published by Quality include Blackhawk , Feature Comics , G.I . Combat , Heart Throbs , Military Comics , Modern Comics , Plastic Man , Police Comics , Smash Comics , and The Spirit . While most of their titles were published by a company named Comic Magazines , from 1940 onwards all publications bore a logo that included the word Quality . Notable creators associated with the company included Jack Cole , Reed Crandall , Will Eisner , Lou Fine , Gill Fox , Paul Gustavson , Bob Powell , and Wally Wood .'}]}, {'value': '1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'acquired by DC Comics in 1957', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DC_Comics', 'summary': "DC Comics , Inc. is an American comic book publisher . It is the publishing unit of DC Entertainment , a subsidiary of Warner Bros . Global Brands and Experiences . DC Comics is one of the largest and oldest American comic book companies . The majority of its publications take place within the fictional DC Universe and feature numerous culturally iconic heroic characters , most notably Superman , Batman and Wonder Woman , among many others . The universe also features well-known supervillains such as Lex Luthor , the Joker , Catwoman , and the Penguin . The company has published non-DC Universe-related material , including Watchmen , V for Vendetta , Fables and many titles under their alternative imprint Vertigo . The initials DC came from the company 's popular series Detective Comics , which featured Batman 's debut and subsequently became part of the company 's name . Originally in Manhattan at 432 Fourth Avenue , the DC Comics offices have been located at 480 and later 575 Lexington Avenue ; 909 Third Avenue ; 75 Rockefeller Plaza ; 666 Fifth Avenue ; and 1325 Avenue of the Americas . DC had its headquarters at 1700 Broadway , Midtown Manhattan , New York City , however DC Entertainment relocated its headquarters from New York to Burbank , California in April 2015 . Random House distributes DC Comics ' books to the bookstore market , while Diamond Comic Distributors supplies the comics shop specialty market . DC Comics and its longtime major competitor Marvel Comics ( acquired in 2009 by The Walt Disney Company , WarnerMedia 's main competitor ) together shared approximately 70% of the American comic book market in 2017 , though this number may give a distorted view since graphic novels are excluded ."}]}, {'value': 'First Love Illustrated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harvey Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvey_Comics', 'summary': "Harvey Comics ( also known as Harvey World Famous Comics , Harvey Publications , Harvey Comics Entertainment , Harvey Hits , Harvey Illustrated Humor , and Harvey Picture Magazines ) was an American comic book publisher , founded in New York City by Alfred Harvey in 1941 , after buying out the small publisher Brookwood Publications . His brothers , Robert B. and Leon Harvey , joined shortly after . The company soon got into licensed characters , which by the 1950s , became the bulk of their output . The artist Warren Kremer is closely associated with the publisher . Harvey 's signature mascot is Joker , a harlequin jack-in-the-box character ."}]}, {'value': '1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'United States', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Comics_anthology_0', 'intro': 'A comics anthologies, also known as a comic magazine, collect works in the medium of comics, typically from multiple series, and compiles them into an anthology or magazine. The comics in these anthologies range from comic strips that are too short for standalone publication to comic book chapters that are later compiled into collected comic book volumes (such as manga tankobon and comic albums).'} | null | null | What is one of the characters that Victor S. Fox introduce in the comic his company published ? | Banshee |
07dd135c5b0341c3 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Barrington,_Illinois', 'title': 'List of people from Barrington, Illinois', 'header': ['Name', 'Birth', 'Known for', 'Association'], 'data': [{'value': 'William Beckett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Beckett_(singer)', 'summary': "William Beckett is an American musician who first became known for his work with the now-defunct Chicago-based band The Academy Is . ( TAI ) , who were signed to Atlantic Records/Fueled by Ramen/Decaydance Records . While still in high school in 2002 , Beckett and guitarist Mike Carden came together from rival bands in Chicago to form The Academy Is . In addition to founding the band , Beckett and Carden are credited as the primary songwriters . A third core member of the band was Adam T. Siska , Beckett 's classmate and friend from Barrington High School . In 2007 , Alex Davies from the BBC described Beckett as a mix of Adam Lazzara and Prince , labeling him utterly captivating . The Academy Is . reunited at Riot Fest 2015 in the fall of 2015 in Chicago . Although Beckett had said the occasion would serve as a farewell show , the band later had an additional final tour in late 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Feb 11 , 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lead singer of The Academy Is', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Academy_Is...', 'summary': 'The Academy Is . was an American rock band from Chicago , Illinois , formed in 2003 . Before disbanding , they were signed by the Decaydance imprint of the Fueled by Ramen label . They were originally known as The Academy , but added the Is . in 2004 to avoid legal complications with other established bands already under that name . The band released three studio albums , Almost Here , Santi , and Fast Times at Barrington High , and four EPs . The band announced its break-up on 8 October 2011 . In May 2015 , lead singer William Beckett announced that the band would reunite at Riot Fest 2015 in Chicago . In addition the core members of the band Beckett , Mike Carden and Adam Siska , as well as Andy Mrotek and Ian Crawford ( both of whom had not originally been part of the band ) , reunited for a farewell tour that took place during December 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Boyce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Boyce', 'summary': 'Charles Boyce ( born 1949 in Olive Branch , Mississippi ) , is an American cartoonist known for his syndicated comic panel Compu-toon . Boyce is also known for creating the KeyPad Kid , a cartoon character used in public affairs awareness programs for training within the telecommunication industry .'}]}, {'value': 'Sep 21 , 1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cartoonist , creator of Compu-toon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Compu-toon', 'summary': 'Compu-toon is a comic strip by Charles Boyce . Compu-toon was launched in 1994 through Tribune Media Services . At its height , the comic strip ran in about 150 newspapers worldwide from 1994 to 1997 in print form . Since April 23 , 2001 , it has appeared online via Ucomics/GoComics .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sam Campbell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Campbell_(writer)', 'summary': 'Samuel Arthur Campbell ( 1895-1962 ) was born August 1 , 1895 in Watseka , Iroquois County , Illinois . He was the youngest of two children born to Arthur J. and Katherine Kittie ( née Lyman ) Campbell . Sam Campbell was many things including a writer , lecturer , photographer , and diligent student of nature . He studied wild animals from his home in Three Lakes , Wisconsin , which he called the Sanctuary of Wegimind , and during his various travels . Campbell died April 13 , 1962 in Barrington , Illinois .'}]}, {'value': 'Aug 1 , 1895', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Author and nature writer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lived and died in Barrington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kristin Cavallari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristin_Cavallari', 'summary': 'Kristin Elizabeth Cutler ( née Cavallari ; born January 5 , 1987 ) is an American television personality , fashion designer , and actress . In 2004 , Cavallari came to prominence after being cast in the reality television series Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County , which documented the lives of her and her friends . After moving to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career in 2005 , Cavallari appeared in several television series as minor characters . Since 2018 , she has starred in her own realty TV show , Very Cavallari .'}]}, {'value': 'Jan 5 , 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actress ( Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laguna_Beach:_The_Real_Orange_County', 'summary': "Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County ( or simply Laguna Beach ) is an American reality television series that originally aired on MTV from September 28 , 2004 until November 15 , 2006 . The series aired for three seasons and was primarily focused on the personal lives of several students attending Laguna Beach High School . Its premise was originated with Liz Gateley , while Tony DiSanto served as the executive producer . The series was originally narrated by Lauren Conrad as she completed her senior year of high school . It additionally placed emphasis on her classmates Lo Bosworth , Stephen Colletti , Morgan Olsen , Trey Phillips , Christina Schuller , and juniors Kristin Cavallari and Talan Torriero . The second season was narrated by Cavallari , and saw the additions of Taylor Cole , Alex Murrel , Jessica Smith , and Jason Wahler . Upon its conclusion , all cast members departed from the series and were replaced by a group of current students . The third season was narrated by Tessa Keller , and also showcased Cameron Brinkman , Breanna Conrad , Lexie Contursi , Raquel Donatelli , Cami Edwards , Kelan Hurley , Chase Johnson , and Kyndra Mayo . Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County received moderately favorable reviews from critics , and has been recognized as a guilty pleasure by several media outlets . However , the series was often criticized for tending towards a narrative format more commonly seen in scripted genres including soap operas , and appearing to fabricate much of its storyline . The show has produced several spin-offs , most notably The Hills , which chronicled Lauren Conrad 's personal and professional life after moving to Los Angeles to pursue a career in the fashion industry . The first two seasons of Laguna Beach were released on DVD ; the third season was only available in Australia and the UK ."}]}, {'value': 'Attended school in Barrington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bailey Chase', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bailey_Chase', 'summary': "Bailey Chase ( born Bailey Chase Luetgert ; May 1 , 1972 [ citation needed ] ) is an American stage and television actor . Chase is known for his role as Butch Ada in the television series , Saving Grace , a starring role as Graham Miller in Buffy the Vampire Slayer , and roles as Christopher Chris Robert Hughes ( from 2003-2005 ) in the soap opera , As the World Turns , Beckett 'Becks ' Scott in Ugly Betty , Sean Everett in Damages , and Deputy Branch Connally in A & E 's crime thriller , Longmire . Chase has also starred in the thriller , Summoned , alongside Cuba Gooding , Jr. ; Tao of Surfing ; Sex , Death , & Bowling ; and No Beast So Fierce ."}]}, {'value': 'May 1 , 1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edward D. Dart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_D._Dart', 'summary': 'Edward D. Dart , FAIA ( May 28 , 1922 - July 9 , 1975 ) , born Edouard Dupaquier Dart and known as Ned by those close to him , was a Mid-Century modern American architect .'}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Modernist architect', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kallen Esperian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kallen_Esperian', 'summary': 'Kallen Esperian , born in Barrington , Illinois on ( 1961-06-08 ) June 8 , 1961 ( age 58 ) , is an Armenian-American lyric soprano .'}]}, {'value': 'Jun 8 , 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyric soprano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soprano', 'summary': "A soprano [ soˈpraːno ] is a type of classical female singing voice and has the highest vocal range of all voice types . The soprano 's vocal range ( using scientific pitch notation ) is from approximately middle C ( C4 ) = 261 Hz to high A ( A5 ) = 880 Hz in choral music , or to soprano C ( C6 , two octaves above middle C ) = 1046 Hz or higher in operatic music . In four-part chorale style harmony , the soprano takes the highest part , which often encompasses the melody . The soprano voice type is generally divided into the coloratura , soubrette , lyric , spinto , and dramatic soprano ."}]}, {'value': 'Born in Barrington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Fuller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Fuller_(poet)', 'summary': "William Fuller ( born 1953 ) is a U.S. poet born in Barrington , Illinois . He received his bachelor 's degree magna cum laude in English from Lawrence University in 1975 . In 1983 , Fuller received a Ph.D. in English from the University of Virginia , writing his dissertation on Sir Thomas Browne . He published his first full-length book , byt , with the Oakland , CA-based publisher O Books in 1989 . Some of Fuller 's other books include The Sugar Borders ( 1993 ) , Aether ( 1998 ) , Sadly ( 2003 ) , Watchword ( 2006 ) , Three Replies ( 2008 ) , and Hallucination ( 2011 ) . Some of Fuller 's chapbook publications include The Coal Jealousies ( 1987 ) , The Central Reader ( 1998 ) , Three Poems ( 2000 ) , Roll ( 2000 ) , Avoid Activity ( 2003 ) , Dry Land ( 2007 ) , and Three Replies ( 2008 ) . A biographical note published in Sadly calls attention to Fuller 's twenty years of employment at The Northern Trust Corporation of Chicago , where he is senior vice president and chief fiduciary officer ."}]}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Born in Barrington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christopher Lasch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christopher_Lasch', 'summary': "Robert Christopher Lasch ( 1932-1994 ) was an American historian , moralist , and social critic who was a history professor at the University of Rochester . Lasch sought to use history as a tool to awaken American society to the pervasiveness with which major institutions , public and private , were eroding the competence and independence of families and communities . He strove to create a historically informed social criticism that could teach Americans how to deal with rampant consumerism , proletarianization , and what he famously labeled the culture of narcissism . His books , including The New Radicalism in America ( 1965 ) , Haven in a Heartless World ( 1977 ) , The Culture of Narcissism ( 1979 ) , The True and Only Heaven ( 1991 ) , and The Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy ( published posthumously in 1996 ) were widely discussed and reviewed . The Culture of Narcissism became a surprise best-seller and won the National Book Award in the category Current Interest ( paperback ) . [ a ] Lasch was always a critic of modern liberalism and a historian of liberalism 's discontents , but over time his political perspective evolved dramatically . In the 1960s , he was a neo-Marxist and acerbic critic of Cold War liberalism . During the 1970s , he supported certain aspects of cultural conservatism with a left-leaning critique of capitalism , and drew on Freud-influenced critical theory to diagnose the ongoing deterioration that he perceived in American culture and politics . His writings are sometimes denounced by feminists and hailed by conservatives for his apparent defense of the traditional [ clarification needed ] family . [ citation needed ] He eventually concluded that an often unspoken but pervasive faith in Progress tended to make Americans resistant to many of his arguments . In his last major works he explored this theme in depth , suggesting that Americans had much to learn from the suppressed and misunderstood populist and artisan movements of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries ."}]}, {'value': 'Jun 1 , 1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Historian , moralist , and cultural critic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marvin Lipofsky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marvin_Lipofsky', 'summary': 'Marvin Bentley Lipofsky ( September 1 , 1938 - January 15 , 2016 ) was an American glass artist . He was one of the six students that Studio Glass founder Harvey Littleton instructed in a program at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in fall 1962 and spring 1963 . He was a central figure in the dissemination of the American Studio Glass Movement , introducing it to California through his tenure as an instructor at the University of California , Berkeley and the California College of Arts and Crafts .'}]}, {'value': 'Sep 1 , 1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glass artist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles L. Mee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_L._Mee', 'summary': 'Charles L. Mee ( born September 15 , 1938 ) is an American playwright , historian and author known for his collage-like style of playwriting , which makes use of radical reconstructions of found texts . He is also a professor of theater at Columbia University .'}]}, {'value': 'Sep 15 , 1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Playwright', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terry Moran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terry_Moran', 'summary': "Terry Moran ( born December 9 , 1959 ) is an American journalist , currently Senior National Correspondent at ABC News . Based in Washington , D.C. , Moran covers national politics and policy , reporting from the Trump White House , the Supreme Court , and the campaign trail for all ABC News programs . Previously , Moran served as ABC 's Chief Foreign Correspondent from 2013-2018 ; as co-anchor of the ABC News show Nightline from 2005-2013 ; and as Chief White House Correspondent from 1999-2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dec 9 , 1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-anchor of Nightline', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nightline_(US_news_program)', 'summary': "Nightline ( or ABC News Nightline ) is ABC News ' late-night television news program broadcast on ABC in the United States with a franchised formula to other networks and stations elsewhere in the world . Created by Roone Arledge , the program featured Ted Koppel as its main anchor from March 1980 until his retirement in November 2005 . Its current , rotating anchors are Byron Pitts and Juju Chang . Nightline airs weeknights from 12:37 to 1:07 a.m. , Eastern Time , after Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , which had served as the program 's lead-out from 2003 to 2012 . In 2002 , Nightline was ranked 23rd on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . It has won three Peabody Awards , one in 2001 , and two in 2002 for the reports Heart of Darkness and The Survivors . Through a video-sharing agreement with the BBC , Nightline repackages some of the BBC 's output for an American audience . Segments from Nightline are shown in a condensed form on ABC 's overnight news program World News Now . There is also a version of Nightline for sister cable channel Fusion ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Moseley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Moseley', 'summary': "William Moseley ( born November 11 , 1951 ) is an American film actor and musician who has starred in a number of cult classic horror films , including House of 1000 Corpses , Repo ! The Genetic Opera and The Devil 's Rejects . His first big role was in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 as Chop Top . On the HBO TV series Carnivàle Moseley had a recurring role as camp cook Possum . He has also released records with guitarist Buckethead in the band Cornbugs , as well as featuring on the guitarist 's solo work ."}]}, {'value': 'Nov 11 , 1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Born in Barrington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colleen Zenk Pinter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colleen_Zenk_Pinter', 'summary': 'Colleen Zenk ( born January 20 , 1953 ) is an American actress best known for her role as Barbara Ryan in the daytime TV drama As the World Turns , a role she played from September 1978 until the show left the air in September 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jan 20 , 1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emmy-nominated actress , As the World Turns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/As_the_World_Turns', 'summary': 'As the World Turns ( often referred to as ATWT ) is an American television soap opera that aired on CBS for 54 years from April 2 , 1956 , to September 17 , 2010 . Irna Phillips created As the World Turns as a sister show to her other soap opera Guiding Light . Running for 54 years , As the World Turns holds the third-longest continuous run of any daytime network soap opera on American television , surpassed only by General Hospital and Guiding Light . [ a ] As the World Turns was produced for the first 43 years in Manhattan and in Brooklyn from 2000 until 2010 . Set in the fictional town of Oakdale , Illinois , the show debuted on April 2 , 1956 , at 1:30 pm EST , airing as a 30-minute serial . Prior to that date , all serials had been 15 minutes in length . As the World Turns and The Edge of Night , which premiered on the same day at 4:30 pm EST , were the first two to be 30 minutes in length from their premiere . At first , viewers were indifferent to the new half-hour serial , but ratings picked up in its second year , eventually reaching the top spot in the daytime Nielsen ratings by fall 1958 . In 1959 , the show started a streak of weekly ratings wins that was not interrupted for over 12 years . The show switched to color on August 21 , 1967 , and expanded from a half-hour in length to one hour starting on December 1 , 1975 , when The Edge of Night moved to ABC . In the year-to-date ratings , As the World Turns was the most-watched daytime drama from 1958 until 1978 , with ten million viewers tuning in each day . At its height , core actors such as Helen Wagner , Don MacLaughlin , Don Hastings , and Eileen Fulton became nationally known .'}]}, {'value': 'Born in Barrington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Veronica Roth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Veronica_Roth', 'summary': 'Veronica Anne Roth ( born August 19 , 1988 ) is an American novelist and short story writer , known for her debut New York Times bestselling Divergent trilogy , consisting of Divergent , Insurgent , and Allegiant ; and Four : A Divergent Collection .'}]}, {'value': 'Aug 19 , 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Author of the Divergent trilogy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Divergent_(novel)', 'summary': "Divergent is the debut novel of American novelist Veronica Roth , published by Harper Collins Children 's Books in 2011 . The novel is the first of the Divergent trilogy , a series of young adult dystopian novels set in a Divergent Universe . The novel Divergent features a post-apocalyptic version of Chicago and follows Beatrice Tris Prior as she explores her identity within a society that defines its citizens by their social and personality-related affiliation with five factions , which removes the threat of anyone exercising independent will and re-threatening the population 's safety . Underlying the action and dystopian focused main plot is a romantic subplot between Tris and one of her instructors in the Dauntless faction , nicknamed Four . The novel has been compared to other young adult books such as The Hunger Games and The Maze Runner because of its similar themes and target audience . In particular , the novel explores the themes common to young adult fiction , such as adult authority and the transition from childhood to maturity , as well as such broader motifs as the place of violence and social structures within a post-apocalyptic society . Its major plot device , the division of society into personality types , is one used in other science fiction works . Beyond its literary context , Roth 's open declaration of her religion as a Christian has brought commentary from Christian communities both endorsing and challenging the novel . Roth wrote Divergent while working on a Creative Writing degree at Northwestern University , and it was quickly purchased for publication alongside the subsequent books in the trilogy ( completed in October 2013 ) . Summit Entertainment purchased the media rights to the book in 2011 and subsequently produced a film adaptation titled Divergent which was released March 21 , 2014 . The film , a success amongst audiences , generated $ 288,747,895 at the box office despite mixed reviews from critics ."}]}, {'value': 'Raised in Barrington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cynthia Rowley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cynthia_Rowley', 'summary': 'Cynthia Rowley ( born July 29 ) is an American fashion designer based in the West Village of New York City .'}]}, {'value': 'Jul 29 , 1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fashion designer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raised in Barrington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yury Shulman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yury_Shulman', 'summary': "Yuri Shulman ( Belarusian : Юрый Маркавіч Шульман , Russian : Ю́рий Ма́ркович Шу́льман ; born April 29 , 1975 in Minsk , Byelorussian SSR , USSR ) is a Belarusian American chess grandmaster . He also goes by the alternate spelling of Yury Shulman . He 's married to the player Viktorija Ni ."}]}, {'value': 'Apr 29 , 1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chess grandmaster ; winner of the 2008 U.S . Chess Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)', 'summary': 'Grandmaster ( GM ) is a title awarded to chess players by the world chess organization FIDE . Apart from World Champion , Grandmaster is the highest title a chess player can attain . Once achieved , the title is generally held for life , though exceptionally it may be revoked for cheating . The abbreviation IGM for International Grandmaster is also sometimes used , particularly in older literature . The title of Grandmaster , along with the lesser FIDE titles of International Master ( IM ) and FIDE Master ( FM ) , is open to both men and women . The vast majority of grandmasters are men , but a number of women have also earned the GM title , with the first three having been Nona Gaprindashvili in 1978 , Maia Chiburdanidze in 1984 and Susan Polgar in 1991 . Since about 2000 , most of the top 10 women have held the GM title . There is also a Woman Grandmaster title with lower requirements awarded only to women . FIDE awards separate Grandmaster titles to composers and solvers of chess problems , International Grandmaster for chess compositions to the former and International Solving Grandmaster to the latter ( see List of grandmasters for chess composition ) . The International Correspondence Chess Federation ( ICCF ) awards the title of International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster ( ICCGM ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Chess_Championship', 'summary': "The U.S . Chess Championship is an invitational tournament held to determine the national chess champion of the United States . Begun as a challenge match in 1845 , the U.S. Championship has been decided by tournament play for most of its long history ( Soltis , 2012 ) . Since 1936 , it has been held under the auspices of the U.S . Chess Federation . Until 1999 , the event consisted of a round-robin tournament of varying size . From 1999 to 2006 , the Championship was sponsored and organized by the Seattle Chess Foundation ( later renamed America 's Foundation for Chess [ AF4C ] ) as a large Swiss system tournament . AF4C withdrew its sponsorship in 2007 . The 2007 and 2008 events were held ( again under the Swiss system ) in Stillwater , Oklahoma . The Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis in St. Louis has hosted the annual event since 2009 . America 's national chess championship is the world 's oldest . Hikaru Nakamura is the current champion ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carrie Snodgress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carrie_Snodgress', 'summary': 'Caroline Louise Carrie Snodgress ( October 27 , 1945 - April 1 , 2004 ) was an American actress . She is best remembered for her role in the film Diary of a Mad Housewife ( 1970 ) , for which she was nominated for an Oscar and a BAFTA Award as well as winning two Golden Globes and two Laurel Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Oct 27 , 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Born in Barrington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Threlkeld', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Threlkeld', 'summary': 'Richard Threlkeld ( November 30 , 1937 - January 13 , 2012 ) was an American television news correspondent who spent 25 years with CBS News .'}]}, {'value': 'Nov 30 , 1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBS news correspondent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}]}, {'value': 'Raised in Barrington', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waid Vanderpoel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waid_Vanderpoel', 'summary': 'Waid Robert Vanderpoel ( May 19 , 1922 - August 25 , 2003 ) was an American financier and conservationist born in the Chicago neighborhood of Norwood Park Illinois . With a degree in Finance , Vanderpoel was a notable financier throughout his career . He died in Barrington , Illinois .'}]}, {'value': 'May 19 , 1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Author and former Chief Investment Officer for First National Bank of Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Chicago_Bank', 'summary': 'First Chicago Bank was a Chicago-based retail and commercial bank tracing its roots back to 1863 . Over the years , the bank operated under several names including The First National Bank of Chicago and First Chicago NBD ( following its 1995 merger with the former National Bank of Detroit ) . In 1998 , First Chicago NBD merged with Banc One Corporation to form Bank One Corporation , today a part of Chase .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Arts and culture', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_people_from_Barrington,_Illinois_0', 'intro': 'The following list includes notable people who were born or have lived in Barrington, Illinois. For a similar list organized alphabetically by last name, see the category page People from Barrington, Illinois.'} | null | null | What is the name of the character played by the actress known for her appearance in one of two shows created by Irna Phillips ? | Barbara Ryan |
07de63b43b8e3b4a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel', 'title': 'Opel', 'header': ['Production site', 'Production since', 'Products', 'Employees'], 'data': [{'value': 'Rüsselsheim , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rüsselsheim', 'summary': 'Rüsselsheim am Main is the largest city in the Groß-Gerau district in the Rhein-Main region of Germany . It is one of seven special status cities ( implementing several functions that counties normally provide ) in Hesse and is located on the Main , between Frankfurt and Mainz , only a few kilometres from its mouth in Mainz . The suburbs of Bauschheim and Königstädten are included in Rüsselsheim . Rüsselsheim has attained international recognition through the presence of the German car company Adam Opel GmbH .'}]}, {'value': '1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Insignia ( saloon/sedan , hatchback , Sports Tourer ( estate/wagon ) , Country Tourer ( crossover estate/wagon ) ) Zafira Tourer C GM F40 transmission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Opel_Insignia', 'summary': "The Opel Insignia is a mid size/large family car engineered and produced by the German car manufacturer Opel . Production of the Insignia began in August 2008 , as a replacement for the Vectra and Signum . The vehicle is sold under the Vauxhall marque in the United Kingdom , in Australia as the Holden Commodore , and sold in North America and China as the Buick Regal . In Chile , the vehicle was originally due to be marketed as the Chevrolet Vectra , but is now sold as the Opel Insignia . The Insignia made its debut in Australia in August 2012 , badged as an Opel , but was dropped one year later , after the brand was withdrawn from the market . It was again launched in Australia ( and New Zealand for the first time ) under the Holden marque in 2015 . The Insignia is produced in Opel 's plant in Rüsselsheim , Germany ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Opel_Zafira', 'summary': 'The Opel Zafira , also known as the Zafira Tourer since 2011 , is a multi-purpose vehicle ( MPV ) produced by the German manufacturer Opel since the beginning of 1999 . It was also marketed under the marque Vauxhall in the United Kingdom until June 2018 , the Holden marque in Australia until June 2005 , and under a number of other market specific brands and names .'}, {'url': '/wiki/GM_F40_transmission', 'summary': 'The GM MR6/F40 six-speed manual transaxle was first developed for Fiat , and use after by OPEL and Saab applications . Originally a design developed for Fiat , Opel and Saab applications , the F40 ( MT2 ) is developed by GM Powertrain Sweden Södertälje - Europe six-speed manual transaxle built by Opel in Rüsselsheim am Main , Germany ( 2004-today ) ( 2002-2003 Gothenburg Sweden ) . Its first use in a North American application was the Pontiac G6 for the 2006 model year . It is also used in Saab 9-3 2003-2011 and 9-5 2010-2012 models .'}]}, {'value': '12.990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaiserslautern , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaiserslautern', 'summary': 'Kaiserslautern ( German pronunciation : [ ˌkaɪzɐsˈlaʊtɐn ] ( listen ) ) is a city in southwest Germany , located in the Bundesland ( State ) of Rhineland-Palatinate ( Rheinland-Pfalz ) at the edge of the Palatinate Forest ( Pfälzerwald ) . The historic centre dates to the 9th century . It is 459 kilometres ( 285 miles ) from Paris , 117 km ( 73 miles ) from Frankfurt am Main , and 159 km ( 99 miles ) from Luxembourg . Kaiserslautern is home to about 100,000 people . Additionally , approximately 45,000 NATO military personnel inhabit the city and its surrounding district ( Landkreis Kaiserslautern ) , and contribute approximately US $ 1 billion annually to the local economy . The city is also home to football club 1 . FC Kaiserslautern that has won the German championship four times .'}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Components Engines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Engines', 'summary': 'An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy . Heat engines , like the internal combustion engine , burn a fuel to create heat which is then used to do work . Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical motion , pneumatic motors use compressed air , and clockwork motors in wind-up toys use elastic energy . In biological systems , molecular motors , like myosins in muscles , use chemical energy to create forces and ultimately motion .'}]}, {'value': '2.150', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kikinda , Serbia ( *Ex-Yugoslavia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kikinda', 'summary': 'Kikinda ( Serbian Cyrillic : Кикинда , pronounced [ kǐkiːnda ] ) is a city and the administrative center of the North Banat District in the autonomous province of Vojvodina , Serbia . The city urban area has 38,065 inhabitants , while the city administrative area has 59,453 inhabitants . The city was founded in the 18th century . From 1774 to 1874 Kikinda was the seat of the District of Velika Kikinda , an autonomous administrative unit of Habsburg Monarchy . In 1893 Kikinda was granted the status of a city . The city became part of the Kingdom of Serbia ( and Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ) in 1918 , and it lost the city status . The status was re-granted in 2016 . In 1996 , the well preserved archaeological remnants of a half a million-year-old mammoth were excavated on the outer edge of the town area . The mammoth called Kika has become one of the symbols of the town . Today it is exhibited in the National Museum of Kikinda . Other attractions of the city are the Suvača - a unique horse-powered dry mill , the annual Pumpkin Days and the International Symposium of Sculpture Terra . The winter roosts of long-eared owl , with a large number of individuals , are easily accessible as they are situated in town parks and therefore they attract birdwatchers both from this country and abroad .'}]}, {'value': '1977 -1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Car parts Opel Kadett , Opel Omega , Opel Senator ( also known as Opel Kikinda ) , Opel Vectra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Opel_Kadett', 'summary': 'The Opel Kadett is a small family car produced by the German automobile manufacturer Opel from 1936 until 1940 and then from 1962 until 1991 ( the Cabrio continued until 1993 ) , when it was succeeded by the Opel Astra .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Opel_Omega', 'summary': 'The Opel Omega is an executive car engineered and manufactured by the German automaker Opel between 1986 and 2003 . The first generation , the Omega A ( 1986-1993 ) , superseded the Opel Rekord , was voted European Car of the Year for 1987 , and was available as a saloon or estate . The second generation , the Omega B , was manufactured from 1993 to 2003 . Rebadged variants of the Omega were marketed worldwide , including in North America as the Cadillac Catera , in Great Britain as the Vauxhall Omega and South America as the Chevrolet Omega . Reengineered versions were manufactured in Australia since 1988 as the Holden Commodore ( and its derivatives ) since 1999 , which were in turn exported to South America as the Chevrolet Omega and the Middle East as the Chevrolet Lumina . Production of the Omega was discontinued in 2003 , with no direct replacement , apart from the Australian reengineered versions that carried on until 2006 as a sedan and 2007 in other guises . After vacating the executive car segment , Opel tried to fill the market void with expensive versions of the then existing Vectra and Signum ranges . In the United Kingdom , Vauxhall reentered the market segment in 2007 with the VXR8 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Opel_Senator', 'summary': 'The Opel Senator is an executive car ( E-segment ) produced by the German automaker Opel , two generations of which were sold in Europe from 1978 until 1993 . A saloon , its first incarnation was also available with a fastback coupé body as the Opel Monza and Vauxhall Royale Coupé . Through the international divisions of General Motors , it was also known in various markets as the Chevrolet Senator , Daewoo Imperial ( in South Korea ) , Vauxhall Royale ( until 1983 ) and Vauxhall Senator ( which took the place of the Royale on Vauxhall models when the Opel brand was phased out from 1983 ) . It was also sold as the Opel Kikinda in Yugoslavia , where it was produced under licence by IDA-Opel in Kikinda , Serbia , after which it was named . The original Senator shared its platform with the smaller Opel Rekord , the latter being lengthened to make the Senator . The second generation of that car , from 1987 , shared its base with the Opel Omega , which was again lengthened to produce the Senator .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Opel_Vectra', 'summary': 'The Opel Vectra is a large family car that was engineered and produced by the German automaker Opel . In the United Kingdom , the car was sold under the Vauxhall marque as the Vauxhall Cavalier and later as the Vauxhall Vectra , from 1995 onwards . It has also been sold by Holden in Australasia as the Holden Vectra , and by Chevrolet in Latin America as the Chevrolet Vectra . The Vectra was introduced in October 1988 , as a replacement to the Opel Ascona , and itself was replaced in November 2008 by the Opel Insignia , the nameplate spanning almost twenty one years and three generations of the car .'}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Opel Eisenach GmbH Eisenach , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Opel_Eisenach', 'summary': 'Opel Eisenach GmbH ( formerly Opel AWE Planungs GmbH ) is a German manufacturing company based at Eisenach in Thuringia , Germany and a subsidiary of Opel . It currently produces the Opel Grandland X .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eisenach', 'summary': 'Eisenach ( German pronunciation : [ ˈaɪ̯zənax ] ) is a town in Thuringia , Germany with 42,000 inhabitants , located 50 kilometres ( 31 miles ) west of Erfurt , 70 km ( 43 miles ) southeast of Kassel and 150 km ( 93 miles ) northeast of Frankfurt . It is the main urban centre of western Thuringia and bordering northeastern Hessian regions , situated near the former Inner German border . A major attraction is Wartburg castle , which has been a UNESCO world heritage site since 1999 . Eisenach was an early capital of Thuringia in the 12th and 13th centuries . St. Elizabeth lived at the court of the Ludowingians here between 1211 and 1228 . Later , Martin Luther came to Eisenach and translated the Bible into German . In 1685 , Johann Sebastian Bach was born here . During the early modern period , Eisenach was a residence of the Ernestine Wettins and was visited by numerous representatives of Weimar classicism like Johann Wolfgang Goethe . :22-25 In 1869 , the SDAP , one of the two precursors of the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) was founded in Eisenach . Car production is an important industry in Eisenach . The Automobilwerk Eisenach was founded in 1896 . In the German Democratic Republic , the Wartburg was produced here .'}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corsa E ( three-door ) Adam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Opel_Corsa', 'summary': 'The Opel Corsa is a supermini car engineered and produced by the German automobile manufacturer Opel since 1982 . It has been sold under a variety of other brands ( most notably Vauxhall , Chevrolet , and Holden ) and also spawned various other derivatives .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Opel_Adam', 'summary': "The Opel Adam is a city car engineered and produced by the German car manufacturer Opel , and is named after the company 's founder Adam Opel . It is sold under the Vauxhall marque in the United Kingdom . It was launched in France at the 2012 Paris Motor Show , with sales starting in the beginning of 2013 . On 10 October 2018 , Opel and its British subsidiary , Vauxhall , announced that in order to optimise its model lineup and to focus on high volume segments , the company would axe its Adam , Karl , Cascada and Viva models after the end of their life cycles , in approximately one year . No successor model will replace the Adam , as the company announced intentions to focus on SUVs , notably a new Opel Mokka , as part of a strategy to increase company SUV sales from 25% to 40% by 2021 . On 29 April 2019 , the Opel and Vauxhall website configurator for new Adam cars was replaced by a list of available stock ; production came to an end on 3 May 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '1.420', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Figueruelas , Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figueruelas', 'summary': 'Figueruelas ( population 1,040 ) is a small town and municipality in the Spanish Autonomous Region of Aragón , province of Zaragoza . The town has an Opel car factory , opened in 1983 , which builds the Opel Corsa and Opel Meriva ( 2003-2017 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corsa E ( three- , four- , and five-door ) Meriva B Mokka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Opel_Meriva', 'summary': 'The Opel Meriva is a front-engined , front-wheel-drive five door , five passenger MPV manufactured and marketed by the German automaker Opel on its Corsa platform , from May 2003 until June 2017 across two generations - as a mini MPV in its first generation under the Meriva A nameplate and in its second generation as a compact MPV , the latter as the Meriva B . In the United Kingdom , it was marketed as the Vauxhall Meriva , while in South America , the first generation was marketed as the Chevrolet Meriva .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Opel_Mokka', 'summary': 'The Opel Mokka is a crossover SUV engineered and built by German automotive marque Opel since 2012 . Sales began with the model year of 2013 , at the end of 2012 . The Mokka is now built in Bupyeong , South Korea and Zaragoza , Spain . In 2016 , the Opel Mokka was renamed to the Mokka X . It is also sold under the Vauxhall brand in the United Kingdom , and as the Buick Encore in North America and in China . In 2019 , Vauxhall and Opel ceased production of the Mokka as part of their sale to Groupe PSA . The vehicle is still sold under the Buick and Holden Marques . A variant of the Mokka/Encore vehicle having significantly different sheet metal and trim is marketed in North America as the Chevrolet Trax .'}]}, {'value': '5.120', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gliwice , Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gliwice', 'summary': "Gliwice [ ɡlʲiˈvʲit͡sɛ ] ( listen ) ( German : Gleiwitz , Silesian : Glywicy ) is a city in Upper Silesia , in southern Poland . The city is located in the Silesian Highlands , on the Kłodnica river ( a tributary of the Oder ) . It lies approximately 25 km west from Katowice , regional capital of the Silesian Voivodeship . Gliwice is the westernmost city of the Upper Silesian metropolis , a conurbation of 1.9 million people , and is the third-largest city of this area , with 179,806 permanent residents as of 2018 . It also lies within the larger Upper Silesian metropolitan area which has a population of about 5.3 million people and spans across most of eastern Upper Silesia , western Lesser Poland and the Moravian-Silesian Region in the Czech Republic . It is one of the major college towns in Poland , thanks to the Silesian University of Technology , which was founded in 1945 by academics of Lwow University of Technology expelled from Soviet Ukraine in 1945-48 . Over 20,000 people study in Gliwice . Gliwice is an important industrial center of Poland . Following an economic transformation in the 1990s , Gliwice switched from steelworks and coal mining to automotive and machine industry . The last remaining coal mine in Gliwice was set to close before 2021 ; however , following good economic results this decision has been postponed . Founded in the 13th century , Gliwice is one of the oldest settlements in Upper Silesia . Gliwice 's medieval old town was mostly destroyed by the Red Army in World War II , but it has since been rebuilt and has undergone a major restoration in recent years ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Opel Astra J ( saloon/sedan , GTC three-door hatchback ) Opel Astra K ( 5-door ) Buick/Opel/Vauxhall Cascada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Opel_Cascada', 'summary': 'The Opel Cascada ( Spanish for waterfall ) is a subcompact convertible engineered and manufactured by the German automaker Opel since April 2013 . It is also marketed as the Opel Cabrio in Spain , Vauxhall Cascada in the United Kingdom , the Holden Cascada in Australia and New Zealand , and the Buick Cascada in the United States and China . It is not sold in Canada .'}]}, {'value': '2.920', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Opel Manufacturing Poland Tychy , Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Opel_Manufacturing_Poland', 'summary': 'Opel Manufacturing Poland Sp . z o.o . ( formerly General Motors Manufacturing Poland Sp . z o.o . ) is an automobile manufacturer in Poland . It assembles passenger cars in a factory in Gliwice and builds engines in Tychy . Opel Manufacturing Poland is a subsidiary of Opel Automobile GmbH in Rüsselsheim , Germany which in turn is a subsidiary of Groupe PSA . This is not to be confused with the Opel sales company Opel Poland Sp . z o.o . with seat in Warszawa , appearing publicly as Opel Polska .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tychy', 'summary': 'Tychy ( [ ˈtɨxɨ ] ( listen ) ; former German : Tichau ) is a city in Silesia , Poland , approximately 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) south of Katowice . Situated on the southern edge of the Upper Silesian industrial district , the city borders Katowice to the north , Mikołów to the west , Bieruń to the east and Kobiór to the south . The Gostynia river , a tributary of the Vistula , flows through Tychy . Since 1999 Tychy has been located within the Silesian Voivodeship , a province consisting of 71 regional towns and cities . Tychy is also one of the founding cities of the Metropolitan Association of Upper Silesia , a pan-Silesian economic and political union formed with the eventual aim of bringing the most populous Silesian areas under a single administrative body . Tychy is well known for its brewing industry and its international developed brand Tyskie , which dates back to the 17th century . Since 1950 Tychy has grown rapidly , mainly as a result of post-war socialist planning policies enacted to disperse the population of industrial Upper Silesia .'}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diesel engines', 'urls': []}, {'value': '480', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Gotthard , Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Szentgotthárd', 'summary': "Szentgotthárd ( German : St. Gotthard ; Slovene : Monošter ) is the westernmost town of Hungary . It is situated on the Rába River near the Austrian border , and is home to much of Hungary 's small Slovene ethnic minority . The town took its name from , and grew up round , the Cistercian Szentgotthárd Abbey , founded here in 1183 . In 1664 , it was the site of the Battle of Saint Gotthard , where an Austrian army led by Raimondo Montecuccoli defeated the Ottoman Empire so that the Turks had to agree to the Peace of Vasvár , which held until 1683 . A second Battle of Saint Gotthard in 1705 was a victory for Rákóczi 's anti-Habsburg Hungarian rebels . During World War II , Szentgotthárd was captured by Soviet troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front on 31 March 1945 in the course of the Vienna Offensive . The town serves as the cultural centre of the Hungarian Slovenes ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Engines Transmissions', 'urls': []}, {'value': '810', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vauxhall Ellesmere Port Ellesmere Port , Great Britain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vauxhall_Ellesmere_Port', 'summary': 'Vauxhall Ellesmere Port is a motor vehicle assembly plant , located in the town of Ellesmere Port , south of the Wirral Peninsula in Cheshire , England . It has always built small/medium Vauxhall/Opel vehicles , beginning with the Vauxhall Viva , and is now one of two plants in Europe building the Opel Astra .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ellesmere_Port', 'summary': 'Ellesmere Port ( /ˈɛlzmɪər/ ) is a town and port in Cheshire , England , part of the Cheshire West and Chester local authority , 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) north of Chester and 11 miles ( 18 km ) south of Liverpool . The town had a population of 55,715 in 2011 . The town was originally established on the River Mersey at the entrance to the Ellesmere Canal . As well as a service sector economy , it has retained large industries including Stanlow oil refinery , a chemical works and the Vauxhall Motors car factory . There are also a number of tourist attractions including the National Waterways Museum , the Blue Planet Aquarium and Cheshire Oaks Designer Outlet .'}]}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astra K Sports Tourer ( estate/wagon )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Opel_Astra', 'summary': 'The Opel Astra is a compact car/small family car ( C-segment in Europe ) engineered and manufactured by the German automaker Opel since 1991 . It is branded as the Vauxhall Astra in the United Kingdom and the Buick Excelle XT in China . The Holden Astra was discontinued in Australia and New Zealand in 2009 , because exchange rates made importing Opel cars uncompetitive , and was replaced by the Holden Cruze . It briefly returned to the Australian market in 2012 , for the first time badged as an Opel , but was discontinued after Opel withdrew from the country a year later . On 1 May 2014 , Opel announced that the Astra GTC and Astra VXR ( Astra OPC ) would return to Australia and New Zealand in 2015 , again bearing the Holden badge .'}]}, {'value': '1.630', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IBC Vehicles Ltd Luton , Great Britain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IBC_Vehicles', 'summary': 'IBC Vehicles Limited is a British automotive manufacturing company based in Luton , Bedfordshire and a subsidiary of Vauxhall , itself a wholly owned subsidiary of Opel Automobile GmbH . Its principal operation is an assembly plant located in Luton , Vauxhall Luton , which currently produces light commercial vehicles sold under the Opel and Vauxhall marques .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Luton', 'summary': "Luton ( /ˈluːtən/ ( listen ) ) is a large town , borough and unitary authority area of Bedfordshire , situated in the south east of England , but in the East of England region for administrative purposes . It has a population of 214,109 ( mid-2018 est . ) and is one of the most populous towns without city status in the United Kingdom . The town is situated on the River Lea , about 30 miles ( 50 km ) northwest of London . The town 's foundation dates to the sixth century as a Saxon outpost on the River Lea , from which Luton derives its name . Luton is recorded in the Domesday Book as Loitone and Lintone and one of the largest churches in Bedfordshire , St Mary 's Church , was built in the 12th century . There are local museums which explore Luton 's history in Wardown Park and Stockwood Park . Luton was for many years famous for hatmaking , and also had a large Vauxhall Motors factory . Car production at the plant began in 1905 and continued until the plant 's closure in 2002 . Production of commercial vehicles continues , and the head office of Vauxhall Motors is still in the town . London Luton Airport opened in 1938 , and is now one of Britain 's major airports , with three railway stations also in the town . The University of Bedfordshire was created from a merger with the University of Luton , and two of its campuses are in Luton ."}]}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vivaro B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Opel_Vivaro_B', 'summary': 'The Renault Trafic is a light commercial van produced by the French automaker Renault since 1980 . It is also currently marketed as the Fiat Talento , the Nissan NV300 and , until the model year of 2018 , as the Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro . Up until the model year of 2016 , the Trafic was also sold as the Nissan Primastar . Previous versions of the Renault Trafic have been sold in Malaysia by Inokom , and the original generation is now sold in India by Tata Motors . Vauxhall confirmed that the next generation Vivaro would be produced at the GM Manufacturing Luton plant starting in 2013 . However , following the takeover of Opel/Vauxhall by Groupe PSA , the Trafic-based Vivaro will go out of production in 2018 , to be replaced by the next generation Vivaro based on the EMP2 Platform for the 2019 model year .'}]}, {'value': '1.140', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GM Auto LLC Saint Petersburg , Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': "Saint Petersburg ( Russian : Санкт-Петербу́рг , tr . Sankt-Peterburg , IPA : [ ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk ] ( listen ) ) , formerly and still commonly known as Leningrad ( Russian : Ленинград ) is a city situated on the Neva River , at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea . It is Russia 's second-largest city after Moscow . With over 5,351,935 million inhabitants as of 2018 , it is the fourth-most populous city in Europe . An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea , it has a status of a federal subject ( a federal city ) . The city was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [ O.S . 16 May ] 1703 , on the site of a captured Swedish fortress . It served as a capital of Russian Tsardom and the subsequent Russian Empire from 1713 to 1918 ( being replaced by Moscow for a short period of time between 1728 and 1730 ) . After the October Revolution , the Bolsheviks moved their government to Moscow . In modern times , Saint Petersburg is considered the Northern Capital and serves as a home to some federal government bodies such as the Constitutional Court of Russia and the Heraldic Council of the President of the Russian Federation . It is also a seat for the National Library of Russia and a planned location for the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation . The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site , so it 's also referred to as Russia 's Culture Capital ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astra J ( five-door , saloon/sedan )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Opel_Astra', 'summary': 'The Opel Astra is a compact car/small family car ( C-segment in Europe ) engineered and manufactured by the German automaker Opel since 1991 . It is branded as the Vauxhall Astra in the United Kingdom and the Buick Excelle XT in China . The Holden Astra was discontinued in Australia and New Zealand in 2009 , because exchange rates made importing Opel cars uncompetitive , and was replaced by the Holden Cruze . It briefly returned to the Australian market in 2012 , for the first time badged as an Opel , but was discontinued after Opel withdrew from the country a year later . On 1 May 2014 , Opel announced that the Astra GTC and Astra VXR ( Astra OPC ) would return to Australia and New Zealand in 2015 , again bearing the Holden badge .'}]}, {'value': '880', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Company -- Plants', 'section_text': 'As of 2014 Opel Group GmbH Is the contracted original equipment manufacturer ( OEM ) of Opel/Vauxhall . Adam Opel AG is the main supplier ( tier 1 ) for the OEM ; all subsidiaries are tier 2 suppliers . Opel Group and Adam Opel are both first-tier subsidiaries of General Motors Holdings , LLC and second-tier subsidiaries of General Motors Corporation ( GMC ) . [ 45 ]', 'uid': 'Opel_0', 'intro': 'Opel Automobile GmbH (German pronunciation: [ˈoːpl̩]) is a German automobile manufacturer, a subsidiary of French automaker Groupe PSA since August 2017. From 1929 until 2017, Opel was owned by American automaker General Motors. Opel vehicles are sold in Great Britain under the Vauxhall brand. Some Opel vehicles are badge-engineered in Australia under the Holden brand namely Commodore & Senator and in North America and China under the Buick, Saturn, and Cadillac brands. Opel traces its roots to a sewing machine manufacturer founded by Adam Opel in 1862 in Rüsselsheim am Main. The company began manufacturing bicycles in 1886 and produced its first automobile in 1899. After listing on the stock market in 1929, General Motors took a majority stake in Opel and then full control in 1931, establishing the American reign over the German automaker for nearly 90 years. In March 2017, Groupe PSA agreed to acquire Opel from General Motors for €2.2 billion, making the French automaker the second biggest in Europe, after Volkswagen. Opel is headquartered in Rüsselsheim am Main, Hesse, Germany. The company designs, engineers, manufactures and distributes Opel-branded passenger vehicles, light commercial vehicles, and vehicle parts and together with its British sister brand Vauxhall they are present in over 60 countries around the world.'} | null | null | What is the production since year of the production site that is the fourth-most populous city in Europe ? | 2008 |
07dfde498683d9d7 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_pachyderms', 'title': 'List of fictional pachyderms', 'header': ['Name', 'Species', 'Author', 'Work', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alexander', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean de Brunhoff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_de_Brunhoff', 'summary': "Jean de Brunhoff ( 9 December 1899 - 16 October 1937 ) was a French writer and illustrator remembered best for creating the Babar series of children 's books concerning a fictional elephant , the first of which was published during 1931 ."}]}, {'value': 'Babar the Elephant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babar_the_Elephant', 'summary': "Babar the Elephant ( UK : /ˈbæbɑːr/ , US : /bəˈbɑːr/ ; French pronunciation : [ baˈbaʁ ] ) is a fictional elephant character who first appeared in 1931 in the French children 's book Histoire de Babar by Jean de Brunhoff . The book is based on a tale that Brunhoff 's wife , Cécile , had invented for their children . It tells of a young elephant , named Babar , whose mother is killed by a hunter . Babar escapes , and in the process leaves the jungle , visits a big city , and returns to bring the benefits of civilization to his fellow elephants . Just as he returns to his community of elephants , their king dies from eating a bad mushroom . Because of his travels and civilization , Babar is appointed king of the elephant kingdom . He marries his cousin , and they subsequently have children and teach them valuable lessons ."}]}, {'value': 'Son of Babar and Celeste', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthur', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean de Brunhoff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_de_Brunhoff', 'summary': "Jean de Brunhoff ( 9 December 1899 - 16 October 1937 ) was a French writer and illustrator remembered best for creating the Babar series of children 's books concerning a fictional elephant , the first of which was published during 1931 ."}]}, {'value': 'Babar the Elephant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babar_the_Elephant', 'summary': "Babar the Elephant ( UK : /ˈbæbɑːr/ , US : /bəˈbɑːr/ ; French pronunciation : [ baˈbaʁ ] ) is a fictional elephant character who first appeared in 1931 in the French children 's book Histoire de Babar by Jean de Brunhoff . The book is based on a tale that Brunhoff 's wife , Cécile , had invented for their children . It tells of a young elephant , named Babar , whose mother is killed by a hunter . Babar escapes , and in the process leaves the jungle , visits a big city , and returns to bring the benefits of civilization to his fellow elephants . Just as he returns to his community of elephants , their king dies from eating a bad mushroom . Because of his travels and civilization , Babar is appointed king of the elephant kingdom . He marries his cousin , and they subsequently have children and teach them valuable lessons ."}]}, {'value': 'Cousin of Babar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Babar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babar_the_Elephant', 'summary': "Babar the Elephant ( UK : /ˈbæbɑːr/ , US : /bəˈbɑːr/ ; French pronunciation : [ baˈbaʁ ] ) is a fictional elephant character who first appeared in 1931 in the French children 's book Histoire de Babar by Jean de Brunhoff . The book is based on a tale that Brunhoff 's wife , Cécile , had invented for their children . It tells of a young elephant , named Babar , whose mother is killed by a hunter . Babar escapes , and in the process leaves the jungle , visits a big city , and returns to bring the benefits of civilization to his fellow elephants . Just as he returns to his community of elephants , their king dies from eating a bad mushroom . Because of his travels and civilization , Babar is appointed king of the elephant kingdom . He marries his cousin , and they subsequently have children and teach them valuable lessons ."}]}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean de Brunhoff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_de_Brunhoff', 'summary': "Jean de Brunhoff ( 9 December 1899 - 16 October 1937 ) was a French writer and illustrator remembered best for creating the Babar series of children 's books concerning a fictional elephant , the first of which was published during 1931 ."}]}, {'value': 'Babar the Elephant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babar_the_Elephant', 'summary': "Babar the Elephant ( UK : /ˈbæbɑːr/ , US : /bəˈbɑːr/ ; French pronunciation : [ baˈbaʁ ] ) is a fictional elephant character who first appeared in 1931 in the French children 's book Histoire de Babar by Jean de Brunhoff . The book is based on a tale that Brunhoff 's wife , Cécile , had invented for their children . It tells of a young elephant , named Babar , whose mother is killed by a hunter . Babar escapes , and in the process leaves the jungle , visits a big city , and returns to bring the benefits of civilization to his fellow elephants . Just as he returns to his community of elephants , their king dies from eating a bad mushroom . Because of his travels and civilization , Babar is appointed king of the elephant kingdom . He marries his cousin , and they subsequently have children and teach them valuable lessons ."}]}, {'value': 'An elephant prince', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berilia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terry Pratchett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terry_Pratchett', 'summary': "Sir Terence David John Pratchett OBE ( 28 April 1948 - 12 March 2015 ) was an English humorist , satirist , and author of fantasy novels , especially comical works . He is best known for his Discworld series of 41 novels . Pratchett 's first novel , The Carpet People , was published in 1971 . The first Discworld novel , The Colour of Magic , was published in 1983 , after which Pratchett wrote an average of two books a year . His 2011 Discworld novel Snuff became the third-fastest-selling hardback adult-readership novel since records began in the UK , selling 55,000 copies in the first three days . The final Discworld novel , The Shepherd 's Crown , was published in August 2015 , five months after his death . Pratchett , with more than 85 million books sold worldwide in 37 languages , was the UK 's best-selling author of the 1990s . He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in 1998 and was knighted for services to literature in the 2009 New Year Honours . In 2001 he won the annual Carnegie Medal for The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents , the first Discworld book marketed for children . He received the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement in 2010 . In December 2007 , Pratchett announced that he had been diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer 's disease . He later made a substantial public donation to the Alzheimer 's Research Trust ( now Alzheimer 's Research UK ) , filmed a television programme chronicling his experiences with the condition for the BBC , and became a patron for Alzheimer 's Research UK ."}]}, {'value': 'Discworld', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Discworld', 'summary': "Discworld is a comic fantasy book series written by the English author Terry Pratchett , set on the Discworld , a flat planet balanced on the backs of four elephants which in turn stand on the back of a giant turtle . The series began in 1983 with The Colour of Magic and continued until the final novel The Shepherd 's Crown was published in 2015 , following Pratchett 's death . The books frequently parody or take inspiration from J. R. R. Tolkien , Robert E. Howard , H. P. Lovecraft , Charles Dickens and William Shakespeare , as well as mythology , folklore and fairy tales , often using them for satirical parallels with cultural , political and scientific issues . [ citation needed ] Forty-one Discworld novels have been published . The original British editions of the first 26 novels , up to Thief of Time ( 2001 ) , had cover art by Josh Kirby . The American editions , published by Harper Collins , used their own cover art . Since Kirby 's death in 2001 , the covers have been designed by Paul Kidby . Companion publications include eleven short stories ( some only loosely related to the Discworld ) , four popular science books , and a number of supplementary books and reference guides . The series has been adapted for graphic novels , theatre , computer and board games , and television . Newly released Discworld books regularly topped The Sunday Times best-sellers list , making Pratchett the UK 's best-selling author in the 1990s . Discworld novels have also won awards such as the Prometheus Award and the Carnegie Medal . In the BBC 's Big Read , four Discworld novels were in the top 100 , and a total of fourteen in the top 200 ."}]}, {'value': "One of the four elephants who carry the Discworld whilst standing on the shell of Great A'Tuin the Turtle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Great_A'Tuin", 'summary': "The Discworld is the fictional setting for all of Terry Pratchett 's Discworld fantasy novels . It consists of a large disc ( complete with edge-of-the-world drop-off and consequent waterfall ) resting on the backs of four huge elephants which are in turn standing on the back of an enormous turtle , named Great A'Tuin ( similar to Chukwa or Akupara from Hindu mythology ) as it slowly swims through space . The Disc has been shown to be heavily influenced by magic and , while Pratchett has given it certain similarities to planet Earth , he has also created his own system of physics for it . Pratchett first explored the idea of a disc-shaped world in the novel Strata ( 1981 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Celeste', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean de Brunhoff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_de_Brunhoff', 'summary': "Jean de Brunhoff ( 9 December 1899 - 16 October 1937 ) was a French writer and illustrator remembered best for creating the Babar series of children 's books concerning a fictional elephant , the first of which was published during 1931 ."}]}, {'value': 'Babar the Elephant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babar_the_Elephant', 'summary': "Babar the Elephant ( UK : /ˈbæbɑːr/ , US : /bəˈbɑːr/ ; French pronunciation : [ baˈbaʁ ] ) is a fictional elephant character who first appeared in 1931 in the French children 's book Histoire de Babar by Jean de Brunhoff . The book is based on a tale that Brunhoff 's wife , Cécile , had invented for their children . It tells of a young elephant , named Babar , whose mother is killed by a hunter . Babar escapes , and in the process leaves the jungle , visits a big city , and returns to bring the benefits of civilization to his fellow elephants . Just as he returns to his community of elephants , their king dies from eating a bad mushroom . Because of his travels and civilization , Babar is appointed king of the elephant kingdom . He marries his cousin , and they subsequently have children and teach them valuable lessons ."}]}, {'value': 'Female cousin of Babar , with whom she eventually marries', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chota', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asian elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elif Şafak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elif_Şafak', 'summary': "Elif Shafak ( Turkish : Elif Şafak , pronounced [ eˈlif ʃaˈfak ] ; born 25 October 1971 ) is a Turkish-British writer , storyteller , essayist , academic , public speaker , and women 's rights activist . In English , she publishes under the anglicized spelling of her pen-name 'Elif Shafak ' . Shafak writes in Turkish and English , and has published seventeen books , eleven of which are novels , including 10 Minutes 38 Seconds in this Strange World , The Bastard of Istanbul , The Forty Rules of Love , and Three Daughters of Eve . Her books have been translated into fiftyone languages , and she has been awarded Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres . Shafak is an activist for women 's rights , minority rights , and freedom of speech . She also writes and speaks about a range of issues including global and cultural politics , the future of Europe , Turkey and the Middle East , democracy , and pluralism . She has twice been a TED Global speaker , a member of the Weforum Global Agenda Council on Creative Economy and a founding member of European Council on Foreign Relations ( ECFR ) . In 2017 , she was chosen by Politico as one of the twelve people that will give you a much needed lift of the heart ."}]}, {'value': 'The Architects Apprentice', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A gift to the Sultan , this very white elephant dwells in the royal menagerie when not used on construction sites . ( Also mentioned are Chota 's mother Pakeeza , his mate Gulbahar , his son Panj , and Mahmood , an African bush elephant who is Chota 's rival for status . )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cornelius', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean de Brunhoff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_de_Brunhoff', 'summary': "Jean de Brunhoff ( 9 December 1899 - 16 October 1937 ) was a French writer and illustrator remembered best for creating the Babar series of children 's books concerning a fictional elephant , the first of which was published during 1931 ."}]}, {'value': 'Babar the Elephant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babar_the_Elephant', 'summary': "Babar the Elephant ( UK : /ˈbæbɑːr/ , US : /bəˈbɑːr/ ; French pronunciation : [ baˈbaʁ ] ) is a fictional elephant character who first appeared in 1931 in the French children 's book Histoire de Babar by Jean de Brunhoff . The book is based on a tale that Brunhoff 's wife , Cécile , had invented for their children . It tells of a young elephant , named Babar , whose mother is killed by a hunter . Babar escapes , and in the process leaves the jungle , visits a big city , and returns to bring the benefits of civilization to his fellow elephants . Just as he returns to his community of elephants , their king dies from eating a bad mushroom . Because of his travels and civilization , Babar is appointed king of the elephant kingdom . He marries his cousin , and they subsequently have children and teach them valuable lessons ."}]}, {'value': 'Counsellor of king Babar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Elephant Child', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'African bush elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rudyard Kipling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling', 'summary': "Joseph Rudyard Kipling ( /ˈrʌdjərd/ RUD-yərd ; 30 December 1865 - 18 January 1936 ) was an English journalist , short-story writer , poet , and novelist . He was born in India , which inspired much of his work . Kipling 's works of fiction include The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) , Kim ( 1901 ) , and many short stories , including The Man Who Would Be King ( 1888 ) . His poems include Mandalay ( 1890 ) , Gunga Din ( 1890 ) , The Gods of the Copybook Headings ( 1919 ) , The White Man 's Burden ( 1899 ) , and If - ( 1910 ) . He is seen as an innovator in the art of the short story . His children 's books are classics ; one critic noted a versatile and luminous narrative gift . Kipling in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was among the United Kingdom 's most popular writers . Henry James said , Kipling strikes me personally as the most complete man of genius , as distinct from fine intelligence , that I have ever known . In 1907 , he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature , as the first English-language writer to receive the prize , and at 41 , its youngest recipient to date . He was also sounded for the British Poet Laureateship and several times for a knighthood , but declined both . Following his death in 1936 , his ashes were interred at Poets ' Corner , part of the South Transept of Westminster Abbey . Kipling 's subsequent reputation has changed with the political and social climate of the age ."}]}, {'value': 'Just So Stories', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Just_So_Stories', 'summary': "Just So Stories for Little Children is a 1902 collection of origin stories by the British author Rudyard Kipling . Considered a classic of children 's literature , the book is among Kipling 's best known works . Kipling began working on the book by telling the first three chapters as bedtime stories to his daughter Josephine . These had to be told just so ( exactly in the words she was used to ) or she would complain . The stories describe how one animal or another acquired its most distinctive features , such as how the leopard got his spots . For the book , Kipling illustrated the stories himself . The stories have appeared in a variety of adaptations including a musical and animated films . Evolutionary biologists have noted that what Kipling did in fiction in a Lamarckian way , they have done in reality , providing Darwinian explanations for the evolutionary development of animal features ."}]}, {'value': 'In How the Elephant Got His Trunk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ella', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Carmela D ' Amico and Steven D ' Amico", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ella the Elephant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ella_the_Elephant', 'summary': "Ella the Elephant is a Canadian animated television preschool series based on the books by Carmela D ' Amico & Steven Henry ( né D'Amico ) . The series premiered on TVOKids in Canada on September 2 , 2013 and also airs on Knowledge Kids and Tele-Quebec in Canada . The series premiered on Disney Junior in the United States on February 17 , 2014 . Although this is considered a Disney Channel series , the series is broadcast on Disney Junior and TVOKids . The series was produced by DHX Cookie Jar Inc. , in association with TVOKids , Disney Junior and FremantleMedia Kids and Family Entertainment , with animation provided by Atomic Cartoons , with the series ' funding provided by The Canadian Film or Video Production Tax Credit and The Ontario Film and Television Tax Credit . The series ' completion guarantee was provided by Film Finances Canada Ltd . The series follows the adventures of Ella ( voiced by Addison Holley ) and her friends on Elephant Island . Ella is a spirited little girl elephant with a big heart , bigger imagination and a magic hat that can transform into almost anything . Everyday , there 's a fantastic new adventure as Ella and her friends , Frankie ( voiced by Devan Cohen ) , Belinda ( voiced by Annick Obonsawin ) and Tiki ( voiced by Avery Kadish ) , get themselves into some tricky situations . With a little determination , teamwork , a few missteps , and a touch of magic , Ella and her friends work to make everything work out in the end . The first season of Ella the Elephant aired on TVOKids in Canada from September 2 , 2013 to January 23 , 2014 . The first season of the series also aired on Knowledge Kids and Tele-Quebec in Canada ."}]}, {'value': 'A jolly young elephant who wears a big red hat and a blue criss-cross dress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elmer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David McKee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_McKee', 'summary': "David John McKee ( born 2 January 1935 ) is a British writer and illustrator , chiefly of children 's books and animations . For his contribution as a children 's illustrator , he was UK nominee for the biennial , international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Elmer the Patchwork Elephant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elmer_the_Patchwork_Elephant', 'summary': "Elmer the Patchwork Elephant ( often shortened to Elmer ) is a children 's picture book series by the British author David McKee ."}]}, {'value': "Character of children 's story books", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flora', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean de Brunhoff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_de_Brunhoff', 'summary': "Jean de Brunhoff ( 9 December 1899 - 16 October 1937 ) was a French writer and illustrator remembered best for creating the Babar series of children 's books concerning a fictional elephant , the first of which was published during 1931 ."}]}, {'value': 'Babar the Elephant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babar_the_Elephant', 'summary': "Babar the Elephant ( UK : /ˈbæbɑːr/ , US : /bəˈbɑːr/ ; French pronunciation : [ baˈbaʁ ] ) is a fictional elephant character who first appeared in 1931 in the French children 's book Histoire de Babar by Jean de Brunhoff . The book is based on a tale that Brunhoff 's wife , Cécile , had invented for their children . It tells of a young elephant , named Babar , whose mother is killed by a hunter . Babar escapes , and in the process leaves the jungle , visits a big city , and returns to bring the benefits of civilization to his fellow elephants . Just as he returns to his community of elephants , their king dies from eating a bad mushroom . Because of his travels and civilization , Babar is appointed king of the elephant kingdom . He marries his cousin , and they subsequently have children and teach them valuable lessons ."}]}, {'value': 'Daughter of Babar and Celeste', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Great T'Phon", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terry Pratchett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terry_Pratchett', 'summary': "Sir Terence David John Pratchett OBE ( 28 April 1948 - 12 March 2015 ) was an English humorist , satirist , and author of fantasy novels , especially comical works . He is best known for his Discworld series of 41 novels . Pratchett 's first novel , The Carpet People , was published in 1971 . The first Discworld novel , The Colour of Magic , was published in 1983 , after which Pratchett wrote an average of two books a year . His 2011 Discworld novel Snuff became the third-fastest-selling hardback adult-readership novel since records began in the UK , selling 55,000 copies in the first three days . The final Discworld novel , The Shepherd 's Crown , was published in August 2015 , five months after his death . Pratchett , with more than 85 million books sold worldwide in 37 languages , was the UK 's best-selling author of the 1990s . He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in 1998 and was knighted for services to literature in the 2009 New Year Honours . In 2001 he won the annual Carnegie Medal for The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents , the first Discworld book marketed for children . He received the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement in 2010 . In December 2007 , Pratchett announced that he had been diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer 's disease . He later made a substantial public donation to the Alzheimer 's Research Trust ( now Alzheimer 's Research UK ) , filmed a television programme chronicling his experiences with the condition for the BBC , and became a patron for Alzheimer 's Research UK ."}]}, {'value': 'Discworld', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Discworld', 'summary': "Discworld is a comic fantasy book series written by the English author Terry Pratchett , set on the Discworld , a flat planet balanced on the backs of four elephants which in turn stand on the back of a giant turtle . The series began in 1983 with The Colour of Magic and continued until the final novel The Shepherd 's Crown was published in 2015 , following Pratchett 's death . The books frequently parody or take inspiration from J. R. R. Tolkien , Robert E. Howard , H. P. Lovecraft , Charles Dickens and William Shakespeare , as well as mythology , folklore and fairy tales , often using them for satirical parallels with cultural , political and scientific issues . [ citation needed ] Forty-one Discworld novels have been published . The original British editions of the first 26 novels , up to Thief of Time ( 2001 ) , had cover art by Josh Kirby . The American editions , published by Harper Collins , used their own cover art . Since Kirby 's death in 2001 , the covers have been designed by Paul Kidby . Companion publications include eleven short stories ( some only loosely related to the Discworld ) , four popular science books , and a number of supplementary books and reference guides . The series has been adapted for graphic novels , theatre , computer and board games , and television . Newly released Discworld books regularly topped The Sunday Times best-sellers list , making Pratchett the UK 's best-selling author in the 1990s . Discworld novels have also won awards such as the Prometheus Award and the Carnegie Medal . In the BBC 's Big Read , four Discworld novels were in the top 100 , and a total of fourteen in the top 200 ."}]}, {'value': "One of the four elephants who carry the Discworld whilst standing on the shell of Great A'Tuin the Turtle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Great_A'Tuin", 'summary': "The Discworld is the fictional setting for all of Terry Pratchett 's Discworld fantasy novels . It consists of a large disc ( complete with edge-of-the-world drop-off and consequent waterfall ) resting on the backs of four huge elephants which are in turn standing on the back of an enormous turtle , named Great A'Tuin ( similar to Chukwa or Akupara from Hindu mythology ) as it slowly swims through space . The Disc has been shown to be heavily influenced by magic and , while Pratchett has given it certain similarities to planet Earth , he has also created his own system of physics for it . Pratchett first explored the idea of a disc-shaped world in the novel Strata ( 1981 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Hathi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hathi', 'summary': 'Hathi is a fictional character created by Rudyard Kipling for the Mowgli stories collected in The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) and The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) . Hathi is a bull elephant that lives in the jungle . Kipling named him after hāthī ( हाथी ) , the Hindi word for elephant .'}]}, {'value': 'Asian elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rudyard Kipling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling', 'summary': "Joseph Rudyard Kipling ( /ˈrʌdjərd/ RUD-yərd ; 30 December 1865 - 18 January 1936 ) was an English journalist , short-story writer , poet , and novelist . He was born in India , which inspired much of his work . Kipling 's works of fiction include The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) , Kim ( 1901 ) , and many short stories , including The Man Who Would Be King ( 1888 ) . His poems include Mandalay ( 1890 ) , Gunga Din ( 1890 ) , The Gods of the Copybook Headings ( 1919 ) , The White Man 's Burden ( 1899 ) , and If - ( 1910 ) . He is seen as an innovator in the art of the short story . His children 's books are classics ; one critic noted a versatile and luminous narrative gift . Kipling in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was among the United Kingdom 's most popular writers . Henry James said , Kipling strikes me personally as the most complete man of genius , as distinct from fine intelligence , that I have ever known . In 1907 , he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature , as the first English-language writer to receive the prize , and at 41 , its youngest recipient to date . He was also sounded for the British Poet Laureateship and several times for a knighthood , but declined both . Following his death in 1936 , his ashes were interred at Poets ' Corner , part of the South Transept of Westminster Abbey . Kipling 's subsequent reputation has changed with the political and social climate of the age ."}]}, {'value': 'The Jungle Book', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Jungle_Book', 'summary': "The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) is a collection of stories by the English author Rudyard Kipling . Most of the characters are animals such as Shere Khan the tiger and Baloo the bear , though a principal character is the boy or man-cub Mowgli , who is raised in the jungle by wolves . The stories are set in a forest in India ; one place mentioned repeatedly is Seonee ( Seoni ) , in the central state of Madhya Pradesh . A major theme in the book is abandonment followed by fostering , as in the life of Mowgli , echoing Kipling 's own childhood . The theme is echoed in the triumph of protagonists including Rikki-Tikki-Tavi and The White Seal over their enemies , as well as Mowgli 's . Another important theme is of law and freedom ; the stories are not about animal behaviour , still less about the Darwinian struggle for survival , but about human archetypes in animal form . They teach respect for authority , obedience , and knowing one 's place in society with the law of the jungle , but the stories also illustrate the freedom to move between different worlds , such as when Mowgli moves between the jungle and the village . Critics have also noted the essential wildness and lawless energies in the stories , reflecting the irresponsible side of human nature . The Jungle Book has remained popular , partly through its many adaptations for film and other media . Critics such as Swati Singh have noted that even critics wary of Kipling for his supposed imperialism have admired the power of his storytelling . The book has been influential in the scout movement , whose founder , Robert Baden-Powell , was a friend of Kipling 's . Percy Grainger composed his Jungle Book Cycle around quotations from the book ."}]}, {'value': 'Head of the jungle elephant troop ; featured in several adventures with the boy , Mowgli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mowgli', 'summary': "Mowgli /ˈmaʊɡli/ is a fictional character and the protagonist of Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book stories . He is a naked feral child from the Pench area in Seoni , India , who originally appeared in Kipling 's short story In the Rukh ( collected in Many Inventions , 1893 ) and then went on to become the most prominent and memorable character in his collections The Jungle Book and The Second Jungle Book ( 1894-1895 ) , which also featured stories about other characters ."}]}, {'value': 'Horton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horton_the_Elephant', 'summary': 'Horton the Elephant is a fictional character from the 1940 book Horton Hatches the Egg and 1954 book Horton Hears a Who ! , both by Dr. Seuss . Horton is a kind , sweet-natured elephant who cares about other animals or people . Though he goes through many hardships , whether trying to keep an egg warm through storms , rough travels , and humiliating shows or tries to save a small planet from harm , he always triumphs ; the egg hatches into an elephant-bird , while the planet is saved and respected by the others . He is very popular because of his big heart and respectful compassion , which makes him more humorous . In 1942 , Warner Bros. made the animated short film , Horton Hatches the Egg , in which Horton is voiced by Kent Rogers . In 1970 , MGM Animation/Visual Arts made a 30-minute TV Special of Horton Hears a Who . Horton is voiced by Hans Conried , who also leads his voice as the narrator . Horton is also a character on the TV series The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss . John Kennedy voiced the character in Horton Hatches the Egg . Horton is also a principal character in Seussical the Musical , which uses most of the two Horton books as its primary plot . Horton is voiced by Jim Carrey in the computer-animated adaptation of Horton Hears A Who ! , where he is shown as being eccentric and imaginative , and sort of absent-minded . Horton appeared in a new Dr. Seuss book , Horton and the Kwuggerbug , which came out on September 9 , 2014 , the second Dr. Seuss book published after his death in 1991 ( his first being Daisy-Head Mayzie in 1995 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dr. Seuss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dr._Seuss', 'summary': "Theodor Seuss Ted Geisel ( /suːs ˈɡaɪzəl , zɔɪs -/ ( listen ) ; March 2 , 1904 - September 24 , 1991 ) was an American children 's author , political cartoonist , illustrator , poet , animator , screenwriter , and filmmaker . He is known for his work writing and illustrating more than 60 books under the pen name Doctor Seuss ( /suːs , zuːs/ , abbreviated Dr. Seuss ) . His work includes many of the most popular children 's books of all time , selling over 600 million copies and being translated into more than 20 languages by the time of his death . Geisel adopted the name Dr. Seuss as an undergraduate at Dartmouth College and as a graduate student at Lincoln College , Oxford . He left Oxford in 1927 to begin his career as an illustrator and cartoonist for Vanity Fair , Life , and various other publications . He also worked as an illustrator for advertising campaigns , most notably for FLIT and Standard Oil , and as a political cartoonist for the New York newspaper PM . He published his first children 's book And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street in 1937 . During World War II , he took a brief hiatus from children 's literature to illustrate political cartoons , and he also worked in the animation and film department of the United States Army where he wrote , produced or animated many productions - both live-action and animated - including Design for Death , which later won the 1947 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . After the war , Geisel returned to writing children 's books , writing classics like If I Ran the Zoo ( 1950 ) , Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1955 ) , If I Ran the Circus ( 1956 ) , The Cat in the Hat ( 1957 ) , How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) , and Green Eggs and Ham ( 1960 ) . He published over 60 books during his career , which have spawned numerous adaptations , including 11 television specials , five feature films , a Broadway musical , and four television series ."}]}, {'value': 'Horton Hears a Who !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horton_Hears_a_Who!', 'summary': "Horton Hears a Who ! is a children 's book written and illustrated by Theodor Seuss Geisel under the pen name Dr. Seuss and was published in 1954 by Random House . It is the second Dr. Seuss book to feature Horton the Elephant , the first being Horton Hatches the Egg . The Whos would later reappear in How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! . Miranda Richardson read the book as part of her second audio collection of Dr. Seuss books . The other three books she narrated were Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! , Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? , and Happy Birthday to You ! ."}]}, {'value': 'A fictional character from the books Horton Hatches the Egg and Horton Hears a Who ! , both by Dr. Seuss . Horton is a kind , sweet-natured elephant who cares about other animals or people', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fictional_character', 'summary': "In fiction , a character ( sometimes known as a fictional character ) is a person or other being in a narrative ( such as a novel , play , television series , film , or video game ) . The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real-life person , in which case the distinction of a fictional versus real character may be made . Derived from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ , the English word dates from the Restoration , although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749 . From this , the sense of a part played by an actor developed . Character , particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema , involves the illusion of being a human person . In literature , characters guide readers through their stories , helping them to understand plots and ponder themes . Since the end of the 18th century , the phrase in character has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor . Since the 19th century , the art of creating characters , as practiced by actors or writers , has been called characterisation . A character who stands as a representative of a particular class or group of people is known as a type . Types include both stock characters and those that are more fully individualised . The characters in Henrik Ibsen 's Hedda Gabler ( 1891 ) and August Strindberg 's Miss Julie ( 1888 ) , for example , are representative of specific positions in the social relations of class and gender , such that the conflicts between the characters reveal ideological conflicts . The study of a character requires an analysis of its relations with all of the other characters in the work ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Horton_Hatches_the_Egg', 'summary': "Horton Hatches the Egg is a children 's book written and illustrated by Theodor Geisel under the pen name Dr. Seuss and published in 1940 by Random House . The book tells the story of Horton the Elephant , who is tricked into sitting on a bird 's egg while its mother , Mayzie , takes a permanent vacation to Palm Beach . Horton endures a number of hardships but persists , often stating , I meant what I said , and I said what I meant . An elephant 's faithful , one hundred percent ! Ultimately , the egg hatches , revealing an elephant-bird , a creature with a blend of Mayzie 's and Horton 's features . According to Geisel 's biographers Judith and Neil Morgan , Geisel claimed the story was born in early 1940 when he left a window open in his studio , and the wind fortuitously blew a sketch of an elephant on top of a sketch of a tree . However , according to later biographer Charles Cohen , this account is probably apocryphal . He found elements of Horton in earlier Dr. Seuss works , most notably the 1938 short story Matilda , the Elephant with a Mother Complex . Horton Hatches the Egg was published to immediate critical acclaim and financial success and has remained popular with the general public . The book has also been used as the basis for academic articles on a variety of topics , including economics , Christianity , feminism , and adoption . Horton appeared again in the 1954 Dr. Seuss book Horton Hears a Who ! These two books later provided the thrust of the plot for the 2000 Broadway musical Seussical ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Horton_Hears_a_Who!', 'summary': "Horton Hears a Who ! is a children 's book written and illustrated by Theodor Seuss Geisel under the pen name Dr. Seuss and was published in 1954 by Random House . It is the second Dr. Seuss book to feature Horton the Elephant , the first being Horton Hatches the Egg . The Whos would later reappear in How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! . Miranda Richardson read the book as part of her second audio collection of Dr. Seuss books . The other three books she narrated were Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! , Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? , and Happy Birthday to You ! ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dr._Seuss', 'summary': "Theodor Seuss Ted Geisel ( /suːs ˈɡaɪzəl , zɔɪs -/ ( listen ) ; March 2 , 1904 - September 24 , 1991 ) was an American children 's author , political cartoonist , illustrator , poet , animator , screenwriter , and filmmaker . He is known for his work writing and illustrating more than 60 books under the pen name Doctor Seuss ( /suːs , zuːs/ , abbreviated Dr. Seuss ) . His work includes many of the most popular children 's books of all time , selling over 600 million copies and being translated into more than 20 languages by the time of his death . Geisel adopted the name Dr. Seuss as an undergraduate at Dartmouth College and as a graduate student at Lincoln College , Oxford . He left Oxford in 1927 to begin his career as an illustrator and cartoonist for Vanity Fair , Life , and various other publications . He also worked as an illustrator for advertising campaigns , most notably for FLIT and Standard Oil , and as a political cartoonist for the New York newspaper PM . He published his first children 's book And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street in 1937 . During World War II , he took a brief hiatus from children 's literature to illustrate political cartoons , and he also worked in the animation and film department of the United States Army where he wrote , produced or animated many productions - both live-action and animated - including Design for Death , which later won the 1947 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . After the war , Geisel returned to writing children 's books , writing classics like If I Ran the Zoo ( 1950 ) , Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1955 ) , If I Ran the Circus ( 1956 ) , The Cat in the Hat ( 1957 ) , How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) , and Green Eggs and Ham ( 1960 ) . He published over 60 books during his career , which have spawned numerous adaptations , including 11 television specials , five feature films , a Broadway musical , and four television series ."}]}, {'value': 'Icebones', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mammoth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephen Baxter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Baxter_(author)', 'summary': 'Stephen Baxter ( born 13 November 1957 ) is an English hard science fiction author . He has degrees in mathematics and engineering .'}]}, {'value': 'Icebones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Icebones', 'summary': 'The Mammoth Trilogy is a series of books by hard science fiction author Stephen Baxter . The books in it were published between 1999 and 2001 . It contains the novels Silverhair , Longtusk and Icebones . An omnibus volume containing all three novels was released in 2004 , with the title Behemoth .'}]}, {'value': 'Major character in the novel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isabelle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean de Brunhoff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_de_Brunhoff', 'summary': "Jean de Brunhoff ( 9 December 1899 - 16 October 1937 ) was a French writer and illustrator remembered best for creating the Babar series of children 's books concerning a fictional elephant , the first of which was published during 1931 ."}]}, {'value': 'Babar the Elephant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babar_the_Elephant', 'summary': "Babar the Elephant ( UK : /ˈbæbɑːr/ , US : /bəˈbɑːr/ ; French pronunciation : [ baˈbaʁ ] ) is a fictional elephant character who first appeared in 1931 in the French children 's book Histoire de Babar by Jean de Brunhoff . The book is based on a tale that Brunhoff 's wife , Cécile , had invented for their children . It tells of a young elephant , named Babar , whose mother is killed by a hunter . Babar escapes , and in the process leaves the jungle , visits a big city , and returns to bring the benefits of civilization to his fellow elephants . Just as he returns to his community of elephants , their king dies from eating a bad mushroom . Because of his travels and civilization , Babar is appointed king of the elephant kingdom . He marries his cousin , and they subsequently have children and teach them valuable lessons ."}]}, {'value': 'Daughter of Babar and Celeste', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jerakeen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terry Pratchett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terry_Pratchett', 'summary': "Sir Terence David John Pratchett OBE ( 28 April 1948 - 12 March 2015 ) was an English humorist , satirist , and author of fantasy novels , especially comical works . He is best known for his Discworld series of 41 novels . Pratchett 's first novel , The Carpet People , was published in 1971 . The first Discworld novel , The Colour of Magic , was published in 1983 , after which Pratchett wrote an average of two books a year . His 2011 Discworld novel Snuff became the third-fastest-selling hardback adult-readership novel since records began in the UK , selling 55,000 copies in the first three days . The final Discworld novel , The Shepherd 's Crown , was published in August 2015 , five months after his death . Pratchett , with more than 85 million books sold worldwide in 37 languages , was the UK 's best-selling author of the 1990s . He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in 1998 and was knighted for services to literature in the 2009 New Year Honours . In 2001 he won the annual Carnegie Medal for The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents , the first Discworld book marketed for children . He received the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement in 2010 . In December 2007 , Pratchett announced that he had been diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer 's disease . He later made a substantial public donation to the Alzheimer 's Research Trust ( now Alzheimer 's Research UK ) , filmed a television programme chronicling his experiences with the condition for the BBC , and became a patron for Alzheimer 's Research UK ."}]}, {'value': 'Discworld', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Discworld', 'summary': "Discworld is a comic fantasy book series written by the English author Terry Pratchett , set on the Discworld , a flat planet balanced on the backs of four elephants which in turn stand on the back of a giant turtle . The series began in 1983 with The Colour of Magic and continued until the final novel The Shepherd 's Crown was published in 2015 , following Pratchett 's death . The books frequently parody or take inspiration from J. R. R. Tolkien , Robert E. Howard , H. P. Lovecraft , Charles Dickens and William Shakespeare , as well as mythology , folklore and fairy tales , often using them for satirical parallels with cultural , political and scientific issues . [ citation needed ] Forty-one Discworld novels have been published . The original British editions of the first 26 novels , up to Thief of Time ( 2001 ) , had cover art by Josh Kirby . The American editions , published by Harper Collins , used their own cover art . Since Kirby 's death in 2001 , the covers have been designed by Paul Kidby . Companion publications include eleven short stories ( some only loosely related to the Discworld ) , four popular science books , and a number of supplementary books and reference guides . The series has been adapted for graphic novels , theatre , computer and board games , and television . Newly released Discworld books regularly topped The Sunday Times best-sellers list , making Pratchett the UK 's best-selling author in the 1990s . Discworld novels have also won awards such as the Prometheus Award and the Carnegie Medal . In the BBC 's Big Read , four Discworld novels were in the top 100 , and a total of fourteen in the top 200 ."}]}, {'value': "One of the four elephants who carry the Discworld whilst standing on the shell of Great A'Tuin the Turtle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Great_A'Tuin", 'summary': "The Discworld is the fictional setting for all of Terry Pratchett 's Discworld fantasy novels . It consists of a large disc ( complete with edge-of-the-world drop-off and consequent waterfall ) resting on the backs of four huge elephants which are in turn standing on the back of an enormous turtle , named Great A'Tuin ( similar to Chukwa or Akupara from Hindu mythology ) as it slowly swims through space . The Disc has been shown to be heavily influenced by magic and , while Pratchett has given it certain similarities to planet Earth , he has also created his own system of physics for it . Pratchett first explored the idea of a disc-shaped world in the novel Strata ( 1981 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Jumbo ( given name )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asian elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Twain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Twain', 'summary': 'Samuel Langhorne Clemens ( November 30 , 1835 - April 21 , 1910 ) , known by his pen name Mark Twain , was an American writer , humorist , entrepreneur , publisher , and lecturer . He was lauded as the greatest humorist this country has produced , and William Faulkner called him the father of American literature . His novels include The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1876 ) and its sequel , the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1884 ) , the latter often called The Great American Novel . Twain was raised in Hannibal , Missouri , which later provided the setting for Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn . He served an apprenticeship with a printer and then worked as a typesetter , contributing articles to the newspaper of his older brother Orion Clemens . He later became a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion in Nevada . He referred humorously to his lack of success at mining , turning to journalism for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise . His humorous story , The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County , was published in 1865 , based on a story that he heard at Angels Hotel in Angels Camp , California , where he had spent some time as a miner . The short story brought international attention and was even translated into French . His wit and satire , in prose and in speech , earned praise from critics and peers , and he was a friend to presidents , artists , industrialists , and European royalty . Twain earned a great deal of money from his writings and lectures , but he invested in ventures that lost most of it - such as the Paige Compositor , a mechanical typesetter that failed because of its complexity and imprecision . He filed for bankruptcy in the wake of these financial setbacks , but he eventually overcame his financial troubles with the help of Henry Huttleston Rogers .'}]}, {'value': 'The Stolen White Elephant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Stolen_White_Elephant', 'summary': 'The Stolen White Elephant is a short story written by Mark Twain and published in 1882 by James R. Osgood . In this detective mystery , a Siamese white elephant , en route from Siam to Britain as a gift to the Queen , disappears in New Jersey . The local police department goes into high gear to solve the mystery but it all comes to a tragic end .'}]}, {'value': "White elephant 's actual name : Hassan Ben Ali Ben Selim Abdallah Mohammed Moist Alhammal Jamsetjejeebhoy Dhuleep Sultan Ebu Bhudpoor", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kabumpo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kabumpo', 'summary': 'Kabumpo , the Elegant Elephant of Pumperdink , is a fictional character in the Oz books of Ruth Plumly Thompson .'}]}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruth Thompson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruth_Plumly_Thompson', 'summary': "Ruth Plumly Thompson ( 27 July 1891 - 6 April 1976 ) was an American writer of children 's stories , best known for writing many novels placed in Oz , the fictional land of L. Frank Baum 's classic children 's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and its sequels ."}]}, {'value': 'Kabumpo in Oz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kabumpo_in_Oz', 'summary': 'Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) is the sixteenth Oz book , and the second written by Ruth Plumly Thompson . It was the first Oz book fully credited to her . ( Her first , The Royal Book of Oz , was credited to L. Frank Baum on the cover . )'}]}, {'value': 'Also known as the Elegant Elephant of Pumperdink he was originally a christening gift to the king of Pumperdink , Pompus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Infant_baptism', 'summary': "Infant baptism is the practice of baptising infants or young children . In theological discussions , the practice is sometimes referred to as paedobaptism , or pedobaptism , from the Greek pais meaning child . This can be contrasted with what is called believer 's baptism , or credobaptism , from the Latin word credo meaning I believe , which is the religious practice of baptising only individuals who personally confess faith in Jesus , therefore excluding underage children . Opposition to infant baptism is termed catabaptism . Infant baptism is also called christening by some faith traditions . Most Christians belong to denominations that practice infant baptism . Branches of Christianity that practice infant baptism include Catholics , Eastern and Oriental Orthodox , and among Protestants , several denominations : Anglicans , Lutherans , Presbyterians , Congregationalists and other Reformed denominations , Methodists , Nazarenes , and the Moravian Church ."}]}, {'value': 'Kala Nag', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asian elephant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asian_elephant', 'summary': 'The Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus ) , also called Asiatic elephant , is the only living species of the genus Elephas and is distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia , from India in the west , Nepal in the north , Sumatra in the south , and to Borneo in the east . Three subspecies are recognised - E. m. maximus from Sri Lanka , E. m. indicus from mainland Asia and E. m. sumatranus from the island of Sumatra . The Asian elephant is the largest living land animal in Asia . Since 1986 , the Asian elephant has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List , as the population has declined by at least 50 percent over the last three generations , estimated to be 60-75 years . It is primarily threatened by loss of habitat , habitat degradation , fragmentation and poaching . In 2003 , the wild population was estimated at between 41,410 and 52,345 individuals . Female captive elephants have lived beyond 60 years when kept in semi-natural surroundings , such as forest camps . In zoos , Asian elephants die at a much younger age ; captive populations are declining due to a low birth and high death rate . The genus Elephas originated in Sub-Saharan Africa during the Pliocene and spread throughout Africa before expanding into the southern half of Asia . The earliest indications of captive use of Asian elephants are engravings on seals of the Indus Valley Civilisation dated to the 3rd millennium BC .'}]}, {'value': 'Rudyard Kipling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling', 'summary': "Joseph Rudyard Kipling ( /ˈrʌdjərd/ RUD-yərd ; 30 December 1865 - 18 January 1936 ) was an English journalist , short-story writer , poet , and novelist . He was born in India , which inspired much of his work . Kipling 's works of fiction include The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) , Kim ( 1901 ) , and many short stories , including The Man Who Would Be King ( 1888 ) . His poems include Mandalay ( 1890 ) , Gunga Din ( 1890 ) , The Gods of the Copybook Headings ( 1919 ) , The White Man 's Burden ( 1899 ) , and If - ( 1910 ) . He is seen as an innovator in the art of the short story . His children 's books are classics ; one critic noted a versatile and luminous narrative gift . Kipling in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was among the United Kingdom 's most popular writers . Henry James said , Kipling strikes me personally as the most complete man of genius , as distinct from fine intelligence , that I have ever known . In 1907 , he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature , as the first English-language writer to receive the prize , and at 41 , its youngest recipient to date . He was also sounded for the British Poet Laureateship and several times for a knighthood , but declined both . Following his death in 1936 , his ashes were interred at Poets ' Corner , part of the South Transept of Westminster Abbey . Kipling 's subsequent reputation has changed with the political and social climate of the age ."}]}, {'value': 'The Jungle Book', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Jungle_Book', 'summary': "The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) is a collection of stories by the English author Rudyard Kipling . Most of the characters are animals such as Shere Khan the tiger and Baloo the bear , though a principal character is the boy or man-cub Mowgli , who is raised in the jungle by wolves . The stories are set in a forest in India ; one place mentioned repeatedly is Seonee ( Seoni ) , in the central state of Madhya Pradesh . A major theme in the book is abandonment followed by fostering , as in the life of Mowgli , echoing Kipling 's own childhood . The theme is echoed in the triumph of protagonists including Rikki-Tikki-Tavi and The White Seal over their enemies , as well as Mowgli 's . Another important theme is of law and freedom ; the stories are not about animal behaviour , still less about the Darwinian struggle for survival , but about human archetypes in animal form . They teach respect for authority , obedience , and knowing one 's place in society with the law of the jungle , but the stories also illustrate the freedom to move between different worlds , such as when Mowgli moves between the jungle and the village . Critics have also noted the essential wildness and lawless energies in the stories , reflecting the irresponsible side of human nature . The Jungle Book has remained popular , partly through its many adaptations for film and other media . Critics such as Swati Singh have noted that even critics wary of Kipling for his supposed imperialism have admired the power of his storytelling . The book has been influential in the scout movement , whose founder , Robert Baden-Powell , was a friend of Kipling 's . Percy Grainger composed his Jungle Book Cycle around quotations from the book ."}]}, {'value': 'In Toomai of the Elephants ( Kala Nag means Black Snake )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toomai_of_the_Elephants', 'summary': 'Toomai of the Elephants is a short story by Rudyard Kipling about a young elephant-handler . It was first published in St Nicholas Magazine ( December 1893 ) and reprinted in the collection of Kipling short stories , The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) . The character Petersen Sahib is thought to be modelled on George P. Sanderson ( 1848-1892 ) . The story was filmed in 1937 as Elephant Boy directed by Robert J. Flaherty and Zoltan Korda starring Sabu Dastagir . The story was also produced in 1973 as the TV series Elephant Boy starring Esrom Jayasinghe .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Literature', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_fictional_pachyderms_0', 'intro': 'This list of fictional pachyderms is a subsidiary to the List of fictional ungulates. Characters from various fictional works are organized by medium. Outside strict biological classification,[a] the term pachyderm is commonly used to describe elephants, rhinoceroses, and hippopotami; this list also includes extinct mammals such as woolly mammoths, mastodons, etc.'} | null | null | What author averaged 2 books a year from 1983 to 2015 ? | Terry Pratchett |
07e126a5e824f99d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Air_Wing_Fourteen', 'title': 'Carrier Air Wing Fourteen', 'header': ['Code', 'Squadron', 'Nickname', 'Assigned Aircraft'], 'data': [{'value': 'VFA-154', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strike Fighter Squadron 154', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VFA-154', 'summary': 'Strike Fighter Squadron 154 ( VFA-154 ) , also known as the Black Knights , is a United States Navy strike fighter squadron stationed at Naval Air Station Lemoore . The Black Knights are an operational fleet squadron flying the F/A-18F Super Hornet . They are currently attached to Carrier Air Wing Eleven and deployed aboard the aircraft carrier USS Theodore Roosevelt . Their tailcode is NH and their callsign is Knight .'}]}, {'value': 'Black Knights', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F/A-18F Super Hornet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F/A-18_Super_Hornet', 'summary': 'The Boeing F/A-18E and F/A-18F Super Hornet are twin-engine , carrier-capable , multirole fighter aircraft variants based on the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet . The F/A-18E single-seat and F/A-18F tandem-seat variants are larger and more advanced derivatives of the F/A-18C and D Hornet . The Super Hornet has an internal 20 mm M61 rotary cannon and can carry air-to-air missiles and air-to-surface weapons . Additional fuel can be carried in up to five external fuel tanks and the aircraft can be configured as an airborne tanker by adding an external air refueling system . Designed and initially produced by McDonnell Douglas , the Super Hornet first flew in 1995 . Low-rate production began in early 1997 with full-rate production starting in September 1997 , after the merger of McDonnell Douglas and Boeing the previous month . The Super Hornet entered service with the United States Navy in 2001 , replacing the Grumman F-14 Tomcat , which was retired in 2006 ; the Super Hornet serves alongside the original Hornet . The Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) , which has operated the F/A-18A as its main fighter since 1984 , ordered the F/A-18F in 2007 to replace its aging F-111C fleet . RAAF Super Hornets entered service in December 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'VFA-147', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strike Fighter Squadron 147', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VFA-147', 'summary': 'Strike Fighter Squadron 147 ( VFA-147 ) , also known as the Argonauts , is a United States Navy strike fighter squadron based at Naval Air Station Lemoore , California ( USA ) . VFA-147 was established on 1 February 1967 and flies the F-35C Lightning II .'}]}, {'value': 'Argonauts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F/A-18E Super Hornet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F/A-18_Super_Hornet', 'summary': 'The Boeing F/A-18E and F/A-18F Super Hornet are twin-engine , carrier-capable , multirole fighter aircraft variants based on the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet . The F/A-18E single-seat and F/A-18F tandem-seat variants are larger and more advanced derivatives of the F/A-18C and D Hornet . The Super Hornet has an internal 20 mm M61 rotary cannon and can carry air-to-air missiles and air-to-surface weapons . Additional fuel can be carried in up to five external fuel tanks and the aircraft can be configured as an airborne tanker by adding an external air refueling system . Designed and initially produced by McDonnell Douglas , the Super Hornet first flew in 1995 . Low-rate production began in early 1997 with full-rate production starting in September 1997 , after the merger of McDonnell Douglas and Boeing the previous month . The Super Hornet entered service with the United States Navy in 2001 , replacing the Grumman F-14 Tomcat , which was retired in 2006 ; the Super Hornet serves alongside the original Hornet . The Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) , which has operated the F/A-18A as its main fighter since 1984 , ordered the F/A-18F in 2007 to replace its aging F-111C fleet . RAAF Super Hornets entered service in December 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'VFA-146', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strike Fighter Squadron 146', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VFA-146', 'summary': 'Strike Fighter Squadron 146 ( VFA-146 ) also known as the Blue Diamonds is a United States Navy operational fleet strike fighter squadron based at Naval Air Station Lemoore California . They fly the F/A-18E Super Hornet and are attached to Carrier Air Wing 11 ( CVW 11 ) , deployed aboard USS Theodore Roosevelt . Their tailcode is NH and their radio callsign is Diamond .'}]}, {'value': 'Blue Diamonds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F/A-18C Hornet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F/A-18_Hornet', 'summary': "The McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet is a twin-engine , supersonic , all-weather , carrier-capable , multirole combat jet , designed as both a fighter and attack aircraft ( hence the F/A designation ) . Designed by McDonnell Douglas ( now Boeing ) and Northrop , the F/A-18 was derived from the latter 's YF-17 in the 1970s for use by the United States Navy and Marine Corps . The Hornet is also used by the air forces of several other nations , and since 1986 , by the U.S. Navy 's Flight Demonstration Squadron , the Blue Angels . The F/A-18 was designed to be a highly versatile aircraft due to its avionics , cockpit displays , and excellent aerodynamic characteristics , with the ability to carry a wide variety of weapons . The aircraft can perform fighter escort , fleet air defense , suppression of enemy air defenses , air interdiction , close air support , and aerial reconnaissance . Its versatility and reliability have proven it to be a valuable carrier asset , though it has been criticized for its lack of range and payload compared to its earlier contemporaries , such as the Grumman F-14 Tomcat in the fighter and strike fighter role , and the Grumman A-6 Intruder and LTV A-7 Corsair II in the attack role . The Hornet first saw combat action during the 1986 United States bombing of Libya and subsequently participated in the 1991 Gulf War and 2003 Iraq War . The F/A-18 Hornet served as the baseline for the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet , its larger , evolutionary redesign ."}]}, {'value': 'VMFA-323', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 323', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VMFA-323', 'summary': "Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 323 ( VMFA-323 ) is an aviation unit of the United States Marine Corps . The squadron is equipped with the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18C Hornet and is based at Marine Corps Air Station Miramar , California , United States . It falls under the command of Marine Aircraft Group 11 ( MAG-11 ) and the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing ( 3rd MAW ) but deploys with the U.S. Navy 's Carrier Air Wing 17 ( CVW-17 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Death Rattlers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F/A-18C ( N ) Hornet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F/A-18_Hornet', 'summary': "The McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet is a twin-engine , supersonic , all-weather , carrier-capable , multirole combat jet , designed as both a fighter and attack aircraft ( hence the F/A designation ) . Designed by McDonnell Douglas ( now Boeing ) and Northrop , the F/A-18 was derived from the latter 's YF-17 in the 1970s for use by the United States Navy and Marine Corps . The Hornet is also used by the air forces of several other nations , and since 1986 , by the U.S. Navy 's Flight Demonstration Squadron , the Blue Angels . The F/A-18 was designed to be a highly versatile aircraft due to its avionics , cockpit displays , and excellent aerodynamic characteristics , with the ability to carry a wide variety of weapons . The aircraft can perform fighter escort , fleet air defense , suppression of enemy air defenses , air interdiction , close air support , and aerial reconnaissance . Its versatility and reliability have proven it to be a valuable carrier asset , though it has been criticized for its lack of range and payload compared to its earlier contemporaries , such as the Grumman F-14 Tomcat in the fighter and strike fighter role , and the Grumman A-6 Intruder and LTV A-7 Corsair II in the attack role . The Hornet first saw combat action during the 1986 United States bombing of Libya and subsequently participated in the 1991 Gulf War and 2003 Iraq War . The F/A-18 Hornet served as the baseline for the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet , its larger , evolutionary redesign ."}]}, {'value': 'VAW-113', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 113', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VAW-113', 'summary': 'Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 113 ( VAW-113 ) , known as Black Eagles , was established on 20 April 1967 flying the E-2A Hawkeye .'}]}, {'value': 'Black Eagles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E-2C Hawkeye 2000 NP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/E-2_Hawkeye', 'summary': "The Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye is an American all-weather , carrier-capable tactical airborne early warning ( AEW ) aircraft . This twin-turboprop aircraft was designed and developed during the late 1950s and early 1960s by the Grumman Aircraft Company for the United States Navy as a replacement for the earlier , piston-engined E-1 Tracer , which was rapidly becoming obsolete . The aircraft 's performance has been upgraded with the E-2B , and E-2C versions , where most of the changes were made to the radar and radio communications due to advances in electronic integrated circuits and other electronics . The fourth major version of the Hawkeye is the E-2D , which first flew in 2007 . The E-2 was the first aircraft designed specifically for its role , as opposed to a modification of an existing airframe , such as the Boeing E-3 Sentry . Variants of the Hawkeye have been in continuous production since 1960 , giving it the longest production run of any carrier-based aircraft . The E-2 also received the nickname Super Fudd because it replaced the WF ( later E-1 ) Willy Fudd . In recent decades , the E-2 has been commonly referred to as the Hummer because of the distinctive sounds of its turboprop engines , quite unlike that of turbojet and turbofan jet engines . In addition to U.S. Navy service , smaller numbers of E-2s have been sold to the armed forces of Egypt , France , Israel , Japan , Mexico , Singapore , and Taiwan ."}]}, {'value': 'VAQ-139', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carrier Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron 139', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VAQ-139', 'summary': 'Electronic Attack Squadron 139 ( VAQ-139 ) , also known as the Cougars , is an EA-18G Growler squadron of the United States Navy . They specialize in electronic attack and are currently stationed at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island , Washington .'}]}, {'value': 'Cougars', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EA-6B Prowler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EA-6B_Prowler', 'summary': "The Northrop Grumman ( formerly Grumman ) EA-6B Prowler is a twin-engine , four-seat , mid-wing electronic-warfare aircraft derived from the A-6 Intruder airframe . The EA-6A was the initial electronic warfare version of the A-6 used by the United States Marine Corps and United States Navy . Development on the more advanced EA-6B began in 1966 . An EA-6B aircrew consists of one pilot and three Electronic Countermeasures Officers , though it is not uncommon for only two ECMOs to be used on missions . It is capable of carrying and firing anti-radiation missiles ( ARMs ) , such as the AGM-88 HARM missile . The Prowler was in service with the U.S. Armed Forces from 1971 until 2019 . It has carried out numerous missions for jamming enemy radar systems , and in gathering radio intelligence on those and other enemy air defense systems . From the 1998 retirement of the United States Air Force EF-111 Raven electronic warfare aircraft , the EA-6B was the only dedicated electronic warfare plane available for missions by the U.S. Navy , the U.S. Marine Corps , and the U.S. Air Force until the fielding of the Navy 's EA-18G Growler in 2009 . Following its last deployment in late 2014 , the EA-6B was withdrawn from U.S. Navy service in June 2015 , followed by the USMC in March 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'VRC-30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 30 Det . 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VRC-30', 'summary': 'Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 30 ( VRC-30 ) , also known as the Providers , is a United States Navy Fleet Logistics Support squadron based at Naval Air Station North Island consisting of 5 detachments . VRC-30 is one of only two active , carrier-capable , Fleet Logistics Support squadrons , the other being VRC-40 .'}]}, {'value': 'Providers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C-2 Greyhound', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C-2_Greyhound', 'summary': 'The Grumman C-2 Greyhound is a twin-engine , high-wing cargo aircraft , designed to carry supplies , mail , and passengers to and from aircraft carriers of the United States Navy . Its primary mission is carrier onboard delivery ( COD ) . The aircraft provides critical logistics support to carrier strike groups . The aircraft is mainly used to transport high-priority cargo , mail , and passengers between carriers and shore bases , and can also deliver cargo like jet engines and special stores . Prototype C-2s first flew in 1964 , and production followed the next year . The initial Greyhound aircraft were overhauled in 1973 . In 1984 , more C-2As were ordered under designation Reprocured C-2A or C-2A ( R ) . In 2010 all C-2A ( R ) aircraft received updated propellers ( from four to eight blades ) and navigational updates ( glass cockpit ) .'}]}, {'value': 'HS-4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helicopter Anti-submarine Squadron 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HS-4', 'summary': 'Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron Four ( HSC-4 ) ( previously Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron Four ( HS-4 ) ) , also known as the Black Knights , is a multi-role combat helicopter squadron of the United States Navy based at Naval Air Station North Island which operates Sikorsky MH-60S Seahawk helicopters deployed aboard aircraft carriers . The squadron was originally established as HS-4 on 30 June 1952 at U.S . Naval Auxiliary Landing Field Imperial Beach with the Sikorsky HO3S-1 and was redesignated HSC-4 on March 29 , 2012 . It is currently assigned to Carrier Air Wing Two ( CVW-2 ) which deploys aboard USS Carl Vinson ( CVN 70 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Black Knights', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SH-60F/HH-60H Seahawk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SH-60_Seahawk', 'summary': 'The Sikorsky SH-60/MH-60 Seahawk ( or Sea Hawk ) is a twin turboshaft engine , multi-mission United States Navy helicopter based on the United States Army UH-60 Black Hawk and a member of the Sikorsky S-70 family . The most significant modifications are the folding main rotor and a hinged tail to reduce its footprint aboard ships . The U.S. Navy uses the H-60 airframe under the model designations SH-60B , SH-60F , HH-60H , MH-60R , and MH-60S . Able to deploy aboard any air-capable frigate , destroyer , cruiser , fast combat support ship , amphibious assault ship , or aircraft carrier , the Seahawk can handle anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) , anti-surface warfare ( ASUW ) , naval special warfare ( NSW ) insertion , search and rescue ( SAR ) , combat search and rescue ( CSAR ) , vertical replenishment ( VERTREP ) , and medical evacuation ( MEDEVAC ) .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Subordinate units', 'section_text': 'See also : List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons During the 2011 deployment the following squadrons were assigned to CVW-14 : [ 2 ] [ 3 ] There are no squadrons currently assigned to CVW-14', 'uid': 'Carrier_Air_Wing_Fourteen_0', 'intro': 'Carrier Air Wing Fourteen (CVW-14), was a United States Navy aircraft carrier air wing based at Naval Air Station Lemoore, California.'} | null | null | what is the assigned aircraft of the squadron that were founded on Feb 1 , 1967 ? | F/A-18E Super Hornet |
07e2bd40b0064e59 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Brigham_Young_University_alumni', 'title': 'List of Brigham Young University alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year ( s )', 'Degree ( s )', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Joseph A. Cannon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_A._Cannon', 'summary': 'Joseph Angus Cannon is a businessman with interests in steel and energy , and active in the Utah Republican Party . He was Chairman of the Utah Republican Party from 2002 to 2006 . Along with his brother , Chris Cannon , he operated Geneva Steel in Utah County , Utah from 1987 to its closure in 2001-2002 . As recently as 2018 he was listed as the CEO of the Fuel Freedom Foundation . Cannon was a candidate for the U.S. Senate in 1992 ( defeated by former Senator Bob Bennett ) . He served as an assistant administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) from 1983 to 1985 .'}]}, {'value': '1974 1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.A . J.D . ( Clark )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Juris_Doctor', 'summary': "The Juris Doctor degree ( J.D . or JD ) , also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree ( J.D. , JD , D.Jur . or DJur ) , is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees . The Juris Doctor is earned by completing law school in Australia , Canada , the United States , and some other common law countries . It has the academic standing of a professional doctorate ( in contrast to a research doctorate ) in the United States , a master 's degree in Australia , and a second-entry baccalaureate degree in Canada ( in all three jurisdictions the same as other professional degrees such as M.D . or D.D.S./D.M.D. , the degrees required to be a practicing physician or dentist , respectively ) . The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a modern version of the old European doctor of law degree ( such as the Dottore in Giurisprudenza in Italy and the Juris Utriusque Doctor in Germany and central Europe ) . Originating from the 19th-century Harvard movement for the scientific study of law and first denominated LL.B. , it is a degree that in most common law jurisdictions is the primary professional preparation for lawyers . It traditionally involves a three-year program , although some U.S. law schools offer a two-year accelerated program in which students complete courses over two additional summer semesters . The LL.B . was largely replaced by the J.D . in the US in the later 20th century ."}, {'url': '/wiki/J._Reuben_Clark_Law_School', 'summary': "The J. Reuben Clark Law School ( BYU Law or JRCLS ) is a professional school for the study of law in the western United States , located at Brigham Young University ( BYU ) in Provo , Utah . Founded 47 years ago in 1973 , the school is named after J. Reuben Clark , a former U.S . Ambassador , Undersecretary of State , and general authority of the institution 's sponsoring organization , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints . BYU Law is fully accredited by the American Bar Association , and a member of the Association of American Law Schools . BYU Law consistently ranks among the nation 's top tier of American Bar Association approved law schools according to U.S. News & World Report , and it is consistently recognized for its low tuition and high placement rate in Article III federal judicial clerkships ."}]}, {'value': 'Former Chairman of Utah Republican Party , current managing editor of Deseret News', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party', 'summary': 'The Utah Republican Party works to nominate and support the election of Republican candidates in partisan races for public office in the state of Utah ; promote the principles of the State Party Platform ; and abide by the elections laws , constitution , and bylaws of the Party . [ clarification needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Deseret_News', 'summary': "The Deseret News ( /ˌdɛzəˈrɛt/ ( listen ) ) is a newspaper published in Salt Lake City , Utah , United States . It is Utah 's oldest continuously published daily newspaper and has the largest Sunday circulation in the state and the second largest daily circulation behind The Salt Lake Tribune . The News is owned by Deseret News Publishing Company , a subsidiary of Deseret Management Corporation , a holding company owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) . The paper 's name is derived from the word for honeybee in the Book of Mormon . [ citation needed ] The newspaper is printed by the Newspaper Agency Corporation , which it co-owns with The Salt Lake Tribune under a joint operating agreement . In 2006 , combined circulation of the two papers was 151,422 . The Deseret News also publishes a weekly compact-sized insert , the Church News , and the Mormon Times insert , both of which are included in the newspaper ( in the Saturday and Thursday editions , respectively ) ; the two inserts are also distributed as a separate publication outside Utah . The Church News includes news of the LDS Church and has been published since 1931 , while the Mormon Times is about the people , faith and culture associated with the church . Since 1974 the Deseret News has also published the Church Almanac , an annual edition carrying LDS Church facts and statistics edited by Church News staff . The editorial tone of the Deseret News is usually described as moderate to conservative , and is often assumed to reflect the values of its owner , the LDS Church . For example , the newspaper does not accept advertising that violates church standards ."}]}, {'value': 'Kathleen Clark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kathleen_Clark', 'summary': "Kathleen ( Kate ) Clark is an American playwright whose plays include Southern Comforts , In the Mood , Secrets of a Soccer Mom , Banner , Let 's Live A Little and What We May Be . What We May Be , a perfectly lovely , charming evening of theatre , a delightful look at what 's important in life , directed by Gregg Edelman , was produced on the Fitzpatrick Main Stage of the Berkshire Theatre Group in the Summer of 2019 . Clark was raised in Mine Hill Township , New Jersey , and currently lives in Leonia , NJ . Her play Southern Comforts , directed by Judith Ivey and starring Penny Fuller and Larry Keith , was produced at Primary Stages in NYC following a production at the Coconut Grove Playhouse with Dixie Carter and Hal Holbrook . Numerous regional productions of Southern Comforts followed , including the International City Theatre and Falcon Theatre with Miss Michael Learned . Secrets Of A Soccer Mom , directed by Judith Ivey , was produced off Broadway and has since been produced throughout the U.S. Southern Comforts was a finalist for the Susan Smith Blackburn Award . Her play In The Mood was produced at the Berkshire Theatre Festival directed by Marc Bruni . Let 's Live A Little was produced in April , 2017 at Tucson 's Invisible Theatre , as part of their 2016-17 season . The March ' , a play commemorating the 2017 Women 's March , was presented at the Invisible Theatre in January 2018 , with an original song , Now Is The Time , by Robert Lawson . Ms. Clark was twice selected to attend the Eugene ONeill National Playwright Conference with her plays Southern Comforts and Banner . Her play Awilda was a semifinalist for the 2014 O'Neill National Playwrights Conference and had a reading at the Berkshire Theatre Festival directed by Jayne Atkinson in the 2015 season . Clark 's play , The Way We Dance had readings at the NJ Repertory Theatre and in NYC directed by Marsha Mason with original music by Danny Abosch ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( never graduated ) ( Clark )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._Reuben_Clark_Law_School', 'summary': "The J. Reuben Clark Law School ( BYU Law or JRCLS ) is a professional school for the study of law in the western United States , located at Brigham Young University ( BYU ) in Provo , Utah . Founded 47 years ago in 1973 , the school is named after J. Reuben Clark , a former U.S . Ambassador , Undersecretary of State , and general authority of the institution 's sponsoring organization , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints . BYU Law is fully accredited by the American Bar Association , and a member of the Association of American Law Schools . BYU Law consistently ranks among the nation 's top tier of American Bar Association approved law schools according to U.S. News & World Report , and it is consistently recognized for its low tuition and high placement rate in Article III federal judicial clerkships ."}]}, {'value': 'Director of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Land_Management', 'summary': "The Bureau of Land Management ( BLM ) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior responsible for administering public lands . With oversight over 247.3 million acres ( 1,001,000 km2 ) , it governs one eighth of the country 's landmass . President Harry S. Truman created the BLM in 1946 by combining two existing agencies : the General Land Office and the Grazing Service . The agency manages the federal government 's nearly 700 million acres ( 2,800,000 km2 ) of subsurface mineral estate located beneath federal , state and private lands severed from their surface rights by the Homestead Act of 1862 . Most BLM public lands are located in these 12 western states : Alaska , Arizona , California , Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Oregon , Utah , Washington and Wyoming ."}]}, {'value': 'Kristen Cox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristen_Cox', 'summary': "Kristen Cox ( born Kristen Eyring in 1969 , Bellevue , Washington ) is an American politician , speaker and author . She currently serves as the executive director of the Utah Governor 's Office of Management and Budget ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science', 'summary': 'A Bachelor of Science ( Latin Baccalaureus Scientiae , B.S. , BS , B.Sc . or BSc ; or , less commonly , S.B. , SB , or Sc.B. , from the equivalent Latin Scientiae Baccalaureus ) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for programs that generally last three to five years . The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860 . Whether a student of a particular subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities . For example , an economics degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) by one university but as a BS by another , and some universities offer the choice of either . Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA , even in the natural sciences , while some universities offer only the BS , even in non-science fields . At universities that offer both BA and BS degrees in the same discipline , the BS degree is usually more extensive in that particular discipline and is targeted toward students who are pursuing graduate school or a profession in that field .'}]}, {'value': 'Appointed by George W. Bush as Special Assistant to the Commissioner of Rehabilitation Services Administration in the U.S. Department of Education', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_W._Bush', 'summary': 'George Walker Bush ( born July 6 , 1946 ) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009 . A member of the Republican Party , he had previously served as the 46th governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 . Bush is frequently referred to as George W. Bush , Bush Junior , or Bush 43 to distinguish him from his father , George H. W. Bush , who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993 . Bush is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush , and the second son to become the American president after his father , the first being John Quincy Adams . After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975 , he worked in the oil industry . Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. House of Representatives shortly thereafter . He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election . Bush was elected president of the United States in 2000 when he defeated Democratic incumbent Vice President Al Gore after a narrow and contested win that involved a Supreme Court decision to stop a recount in Florida . He became the fourth person to be elected president while receiving fewer popular votes than his opponent . In response to the September 11 terrorist attacks , Bush launched a War on Terror that began with the war in Afghanistan in 2001 and later expanded to the Iraq War in 2003 . Signature legislation passed during his presidency included broad tax cuts , the Patriot Act , the No Child Left Behind Act , the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act , the Medicare Modernization Act , and funding for the AIDS relief program known as PEPFAR . In the 2004 presidential race , Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in a close election .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rehabilitation_Services_Administration', 'summary': "The Rehabilitation Services Administration ( RSA ) is a federal agency under the United States Department of Education , Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services , and is headquartered within the Department of Education in Washington , D.C . It was established to administer portions of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 . Its mission is to provide leadership and resources to assist state and other agencies in providing vocational rehabilitation ( VR ) and other services to individuals with disabilities to maximize their employment , independence and integration into the community and the competitive labor market . RSA is charged with : administering formula and discretionary grant programs authorized by Congress ; evaluating , monitoring , and reporting on the implementation of Federal policy and programs and the effectiveness of vocational rehabilitation , supported employment , and other related programs for individuals with disabilities ; coordinating with other Federal agencies , State agencies , and the private sector including professional organizations , service providers , and organizations of persons with disabilities for the review of program planning , implementation , and monitoring issues RSA provides national leadership for , and administration of : basic state and formula grant programs - including grants to state vocational rehabilitation agencies -- , rehabilitation training discretionary grant programs , Randolph-Sheppard Act vending facilities , and Helen Keller National Center ( CITE ) programs . The grant programs under the RSA 's purview are in various areas such as technical assistance centers , demonstration projects , training , client advocacy , and underserved populations . The largest program the RSA manages is the State Vocational Rehabilitation Services Program , which mainly assists in engage in gainful employment . If a state is unable to serve all disabled individuals , priority is given to individuals with the most significant disabilities ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education', 'summary': 'The United States Department of Education ( ED or DoED ) , also referred to as the ED for ( the ) Education Department , is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government . It began operating on May 4 , 1980 , having been created after the Department of Health , Education , and Welfare was split into the Department of Education and the Department of Health and Human Services by the Department of Education Organization Act , which President Jimmy Carter signed into law on October 17 , 1979 . The Department of Education is administered by the United States secretary of education . It has under 4,000 employees ( 2018 ) and an annual budget of $ 68 billion ( 2016 ) . The 2019 Budget also supports $ 129.8 billion in new postsecondary grants , loans , and work-study assistance to help an estimated 11.5 million students and their families pay for college . Its official abbreviation is ED ( DOE refers to the United States Department of Energy ) and is also often abbreviated informally as DoEd .'}]}, {'value': 'Larry EchoHawk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_EchoHawk', 'summary': 'Larry J. Echo Hawk ( born August 2 , 1948 ) is an attorney , legal scholar and politician . On May 20 , 2009 , Echo Hawk joined the administration of U.S. President Barack Obama as the United States Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Indian Affairs . He previously served as the elected Attorney General of Idaho from 1991 to 1995 , being the first Native American elected to that position . He also served two terms in the State House of Idaho . In 2012 , he was called as a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) .'}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science', 'summary': 'A Bachelor of Science ( Latin Baccalaureus Scientiae , B.S. , BS , B.Sc . or BSc ; or , less commonly , S.B. , SB , or Sc.B. , from the equivalent Latin Scientiae Baccalaureus ) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for programs that generally last three to five years . The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860 . Whether a student of a particular subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities . For example , an economics degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) by one university but as a BS by another , and some universities offer the choice of either . Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA , even in the natural sciences , while some universities offer only the BS , even in non-science fields . At universities that offer both BA and BS degrees in the same discipline , the BS degree is usually more extensive in that particular discipline and is targeted toward students who are pursuing graduate school or a profession in that field .'}]}, {'value': 'Former Attorney General for Idaho , Assistant Secretary of Indian Affairs for Barack Obama administration', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barack_Obama', 'summary': 'Barack Hussein Obama II ( /bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/ ( listen ) ; born August 4 , 1961 ) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017 . A member of the Democratic Party , he was the first African-American president of the United States . He previously served as a U.S. senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008 and an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004 . Obama was born in Honolulu , Hawaii . After graduating from Columbia University in 1983 , he worked as a community organizer in Chicago . In 1988 , he enrolled in Harvard Law School , where he was the first black person to head the Harvard Law Review . After graduating , he became a civil rights attorney and an academic , teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004 . Turning to elective politics , he represented the 13th district from 1997 until 2004 in the Illinois Senate , when he ran for the U.S. Senate . Obama received national attention in 2004 with his March Senate-primary win , his well-received July Democratic National Convention keynote address , and his landslide November election to the Senate . In 2008 , he was nominated for president a year after his presidential campaign began , and after close primary campaigns against Hillary Clinton . Obama was elected over Republican John McCain and was inaugurated on January 20 , 2009 . Nine months later , he was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate .'}]}, {'value': 'Rex E. Lee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rex_E._Lee', 'summary': 'Rex Edwin Lee ( February 27 , 1935 - March 11 , 1996 ) was an American lawyer , law clerk for former U.S. Supreme Court Justice Byron White , and the United States Solicitor General during the Reagan administration . He was responsible for bringing the Solicitor General in the center of policymaking . He argued 59 cases before the U.S. Supreme Court . A member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , Lee was an alumnus and the tenth president of Brigham Young University ( BYU ) . Lee was also the founding Dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School at BYU .'}]}, {'value': '1960 1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.A . Hon . D.L', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_honorary_degrees', 'summary': 'This list of honorary degrees lists all honorary degrees , including honorary doctorates .'}]}, {'value': 'Former U.S . Solicitor General', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Solicitor_General', 'summary': "The Solicitor General of the United States is the fourth-highest-ranking official in the United States Department of Justice . The current Solicitor General , Noel Francisco , took office on September 19 , 2017 . The United States Solicitor General represents the federal government of the United States before the Supreme Court of the United States . The Solicitor General determines the legal position that the United States will take in the Supreme Court . In addition to supervising and conducting cases in which the government is a party , the office of the Solicitor General also files amicus curiae briefs in cases in which the federal government has a significant interest . The office of the Solicitor General argues on behalf of the government in virtually every case in which the United States is a party , and also argues in most of the cases in which the government has filed an amicus brief . In the federal courts of appeal , the Office of the Solicitor General reviews cases decided against the United States and determines whether the government will seek review in the Supreme Court . The Solicitor General 's office also reviews cases decided against the United States in the federal district courts and approves every case in which the government files an appeal ."}]}, {'value': 'Roger B. Porter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_B._Porter', 'summary': 'Roger Blaine Porter ( born June 19 , 1946 ) is an American professor currently serving as the IBM Professor of Business and Government at Harvard University . He was the Master of Dunster House , one of the twelve undergraduate houses or colleges at Harvard . He is also a Senior Scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington , D.C . He is on the Board of Directors of Zions Bancorporation , a large bank holding company headquartered in Salt Lake City , Utah .'}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}]}, {'value': "Director of White House Office of Policy Development in the Reagan administration ; Executive Secretary of the President 's Economic Policy Board during the Ford administration ; Rhodes Scholar ; Harvard professor of business and government", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_House', 'summary': 'The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States . It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington , D.C. and has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800 . The term White House is often used as a metonym for the president and his advisers . The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the neoclassical style . Hoban modelled the building on Leinster House in Dublin , a building which today houses the Oireachtas , the Irish legislature . Construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white . When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801 , he ( with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe ) added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage . In 1814 , during the War of 1812 , the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington , destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior . Reconstruction began almost immediately , and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817 . Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824 and the North portico in 1829 . Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself , President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901 . Eight years later in 1909 , President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office , which was eventually moved as the section was expanded .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ronald_Reagan', 'summary': "Ronald Wilson Reagan ( /ˈreɪɡən/ ; February 6 , 1911 - June 5 , 2004 ) was an American politician who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989 and became a highly influential voice of modern conservatism . Prior to his presidency , he was a Hollywood actor and union leader before serving as the 33rd governor of California from 1967 to 1975 . Reagan was raised in a low-income family in small towns of northern Illinois . He graduated from Eureka College in 1932 and worked as a sports commentator on several regional radio stations . After moving to California in 1937 , he found work as an actor and starred in a few major productions . Reagan was twice elected president of the Screen Actors Guild - the labor union for actors - where he worked to root out Communist influence . In the 1950s , he moved into television and was a motivational speaker at General Electric factories , during which time he became a conservative . Reagan was a Democrat until 1962 when he switched to the Republican Party . In 1964 , Reagan 's speech A Time for Choosing supported Barry Goldwater 's foundering presidential campaign and earned him national attention as a new conservative spokesman . Building a network of supporters , Reagan was elected governor of California in 1966 . As governor , Reagan raised taxes , turned a state budget deficit to a surplus , challenged the protesters at the University of California , ordered in National Guard troops during a period of protest movements in 1969 , and was re-elected in 1970 . He twice ran unsuccessfully for the Republican presidential nomination , in 1968 and 1976 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford', 'summary': "Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. ( born Leslie Lynch King Jr. ; July 14 , 1913 - December 26 , 2006 ) was an American politician who served as the 38th president of the United States from August 1974 to January 1977 . Before his accession to the presidency , Ford served as the 40th vice president of the United States from December 1973 to August 1974 . Ford is the only person to have served as both vice president and president without being elected to either office by the Electoral College . Born in Omaha , Nebraska , and raised in Grand Rapids , Michigan , Ford attended the University of Michigan and Yale Law School . After the attack on Pearl Harbor , he enlisted in the U.S . Naval Reserve , serving from 1942 to 1946 ; he left as a lieutenant commander . Ford began his political career in 1949 as the U.S. representative from Michigan 's 5th congressional district . He served in this capacity for 25 years , the final nine of them as the House Minority Leader . In December 1973 , two months after the resignation of Spiro Agnew , Ford became the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment by President Richard Nixon . After the subsequent resignation of President Nixon in August 1974 , Ford immediately assumed the presidency . His 895 day-long presidency is the shortest in U.S. history for any president who did not die in office . As president , Ford signed the Helsinki Accords , which marked a move toward détente in the Cold War ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rhodes_Scholar', 'summary': "The Rhodes Scholarship is an international postgraduate award for students to study at the University of Oxford . It was established in 1902 , making it the first large-scale programme of international scholarship . The Rhodes Scholarship was founded by English businessman and politician Cecil John Rhodes , to promote unity between English-speaking nations and instill a sense of civic-minded leadership and moral fortitude in future leaders irrespective of their chosen career paths . Although initially restricted to male applicants from countries which are today within the British Commonwealth , as well as Germany and the United States , today the scholarship is open to applicants from all backgrounds and from across the globe . Since its creation , controversy has surrounded both its former exclusion of women ( thus leading to the establishment of the co-educational Marshall Scholarship ) , and Rhodes ' white supremacist beliefs and legacy of colonialism . Prominent recipients of the Rhodes Scholarship include politicians , academics , scientists , authors and entrepreneurs . Notable American politicians include former president of the United States Bill Clinton , former United States national security advisor and United States ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice , former governor of Louisiana Piyush Bobby Jindal , former United States secretary of the Air Force and former congresswoman Heather Wilson , and former United States secretary of health and human services Sylvia Matthews Burwell . President of Pakistan Wasim Sajjad ; former prime minister of Malta Dom Mintoff ; former Australian prime ministers Tony Abbott , Bob Hawke and Malcolm Turnbull ; and the current deputy prime minister of Canada , Chrystia Freeland are also Rhodes Scholars . Other notable Rhodes Scholars include journalist and American television host Rachel Maddow , author Naomi Wolf , former 2020 presidential candidate and New Jersey senator Cory Booker , 2020 presidential candidate and former mayor of South Bend Pete Buttigieg , former president of Planned Parenthood Leana Wen , Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Ronan Farrow , and president of the Walmart Foundation Kathleen McLaughlin . The current Warden and CEO of the Rhodes Trust , Elizabeth Kiss , is also a Rhodes Scholar . Some people offered this scholarship have not accepted it , including Sir Alimuddin Zumla , who declined the scholarship as a teenager to study medicine ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Harvard', 'summary': "Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts , with about 6,800 undergraduate students and about 14,000 postgraduate students . Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor , clergyman John Harvard , Harvard is the United States ' oldest institution of higher learning . Its history , influence , wealth , and academic reputation have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world . The Harvard Corporation , chartered in 1650 , is the governing body of Harvard . In its early years , Harvard College primarily trained Congregational and Unitarian clergy , although it has never been formally affiliated with any denomination . Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century , and by the 19th century , Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites . Following the American Civil War , President Charles W. Eliot 's long tenure ( 1869-1909 ) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university ; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900 . A. Lawrence Lowell , who succeeded Eliot , further reformed the undergraduate curriculum and undertook aggressive expansion of Harvard 's land holdings and physical campus . James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II ; he began to liberalize admissions after the war . The university is organized into eleven principal academic units - ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study - with campuses throughout Greater Boston : its 209-acre ( 85 ha ) original undergraduate campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge , approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) northwest of Boston ; the business school and many athletics facilities , including Harvard Stadium , are across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston ; and the medical , dental , and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area . Harvard 's endowment is worth $ 40.9 billion , making it the largest of any academic institution . Harvard is a large , highly residential research university ."}]}, {'value': 'Rory Reid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rory_Reid', 'summary': 'Rory Jason Reid ( born July 11 , 1963 ) is an American attorney and politician . He served as elected Chairman of the Clark County Commission in Clark County , Nevada and was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Nevada in the 2010 gubernatorial election . Reid is a member of the Democratic Party and a son of former United States Senator Harry Reid . In 2007 , the Las Vegas Sun called Reid a political rising star in Nevada . Reid declined to run for Governor of Nevada again in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '1985 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.A . J.D . ( Clark )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Juris_Doctor', 'summary': "The Juris Doctor degree ( J.D . or JD ) , also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree ( J.D. , JD , D.Jur . or DJur ) , is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees . The Juris Doctor is earned by completing law school in Australia , Canada , the United States , and some other common law countries . It has the academic standing of a professional doctorate ( in contrast to a research doctorate ) in the United States , a master 's degree in Australia , and a second-entry baccalaureate degree in Canada ( in all three jurisdictions the same as other professional degrees such as M.D . or D.D.S./D.M.D. , the degrees required to be a practicing physician or dentist , respectively ) . The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a modern version of the old European doctor of law degree ( such as the Dottore in Giurisprudenza in Italy and the Juris Utriusque Doctor in Germany and central Europe ) . Originating from the 19th-century Harvard movement for the scientific study of law and first denominated LL.B. , it is a degree that in most common law jurisdictions is the primary professional preparation for lawyers . It traditionally involves a three-year program , although some U.S. law schools offer a two-year accelerated program in which students complete courses over two additional summer semesters . The LL.B . was largely replaced by the J.D . in the US in the later 20th century ."}, {'url': '/wiki/J._Reuben_Clark_Law_School', 'summary': "The J. Reuben Clark Law School ( BYU Law or JRCLS ) is a professional school for the study of law in the western United States , located at Brigham Young University ( BYU ) in Provo , Utah . Founded 47 years ago in 1973 , the school is named after J. Reuben Clark , a former U.S . Ambassador , Undersecretary of State , and general authority of the institution 's sponsoring organization , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints . BYU Law is fully accredited by the American Bar Association , and a member of the Association of American Law Schools . BYU Law consistently ranks among the nation 's top tier of American Bar Association approved law schools according to U.S. News & World Report , and it is consistently recognized for its low tuition and high placement rate in Article III federal judicial clerkships ."}]}, {'value': 'Former Chairman of the Clark County Commission , Nevada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clark_County_Commission_(Nevada)', 'summary': 'The Clark County Commission is the governmental organization that governs and runs Clark County , Nevada , providing services to the unincorporated areas . Its offices are located in Downtown Las Vegas . The commission is considered by many to be the most powerful governmental body in the state of Nevada .'}]}, {'value': 'Bert Richardson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bert_Richardson_(Texas_judge)', 'summary': 'Robert Carl Richardson , known as Bert Richardson ( born 1956 ) , is an American judge who serves as the Place 3 judge of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals , the court of last resort in state criminal cases , to which he was elected in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Bachelor 's degree", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Incoming judge of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals ; San Antonio lawyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals', 'summary': "The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals ( CCA ) is the court of last resort for all criminal matters in the State of Texas , United States . The Court , which is based in the Supreme Court Building in Downtown Austin , is composed of a Presiding Judge and eight judges . Article V of the Texas Constitution vests the judicial power of the state and describes the Court 's jurisdiction and sets rules for judicial eligibility , elections , and vacancies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas', 'summary': "San Antonio ( /ˌsæn ænˈtoʊnioʊ/ ; from Spanish , Saint Anthony , Spanish pronunciation : [ sa.n‿anˈto.njo ] ) , officially the City of San Antonio , is the seventh-most populous city in the United States , and the second-most populous city in both Texas and the Southern United States , with more than 1.5 million residents . Founded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718 , the city became the first chartered civil settlement in present-day Texas in 1731 . The area was still part of the Spanish Empire , and later of the Mexican Republic . It is the state 's oldest municipality , having celebrated its 300th anniversary on May 1 , 2018 . The city 's deep history is contrasted with its rapid growth over the past few decades . It was the fastest-growing of the top ten largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010 , and the second from 1990 to 2000 . Straddling the regional divide between South and Central Texas , San Antonio anchors the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion colloquially known as the Texas Triangle . The Greater San Antonio and Greater Austin areas are separated from each other by 80 miles along Interstate 35 between which lie the city of New Braunfels , Texas . San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County ; San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area . Commonly called Greater San Antonio , the metro area has a population of 2,473,974 based on the 2017 U.S. census estimate , making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in Texas . San Antonio was named by a 1691 Spanish expedition for Saint Anthony of Padua , whose feast day is June 13 . The city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions , including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park , which together were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ronna Romney McDaniel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronna_Romney_McDaniel', 'summary': "Ronna Romney McDaniel ( born March 20 , 1973 ) is an American political operative who is the Chair of the Republican National Committee ( RNC ) and former Chair of the Michigan Republican Party . McDaniel is a granddaughter of two and a half-term Michigan Governor and businessman George W. Romney and niece of Senator Mitt Romney . As RNC Chair , she has been known for her prolific fundraising and staunch support for President Trump . Under her leadership , the RNC ran ads for Trump 's 2020 campaign as early as 2018 , put numerous Trump campaign workers and affiliates on the RNC payroll , spent considerable funds at Trump-owned properties , covered Trump 's legal fees in the Russian interference investigation , hosted Trump 's Fake News Awards , and criticized Trump critics within the Republican Party ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}]}, {'value': 'Chairwoman of the Republican National Committee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kyle Sampson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Sampson', 'summary': "D. Kyle Sampson ( born in Cedar City , Utah ) was the Chief of Staff and Counselor of United States Attorney General Alberto Gonzales . He resigned on March 12 , 2007 , amid the controversy surrounding the firing of eight United States Attorneys in 2006 and was cleared of any criminal wrongdoing in July 2010 . In October 2007 , Sampson joined the law firm of Hunton & Williams LLP as a partner in the firm 's food and drug practice , where his practice focuses on FDA regulatory and enforcement matters ."}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}]}, {'value': 'Former Chief of Staff and counselor to U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales ; key player in controversy surrounding dismissal of U.S. attorneys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales', 'summary': "Alberto R. Gonzales ( born August 4 , 1955 ) is an American lawyer who served as the 82nd United States Attorney General , appointed in February 2005 by President George W. Bush , becoming the highest-ranking Hispanic American in executive government to date . He was the first Hispanic to serve as White House Counsel . Earlier he had been Bush 's General Counsel during his governorship of Texas . Gonzales had also served as Secretary of State of Texas and then as a Texas Supreme Court Justice . Gonzales 's tenure as U.S. Attorney General was marked by controversy regarding warrantless surveillance of U.S. citizens and the legal authorization of so-called enhanced interrogation techniques , later generally acknowledged as constituting torture , in the U.S. government 's post-9/11 War on Terror . Gonzales had also presided over the firings of several U.S . Attorneys who had refused back-channel White House directives to prosecute political enemies , allegedly causing the office of Attorney General to become improperly politicized . Following calls for his removal , Gonzales resigned from the office in the best interests of the department , on August 27 , 2007 , effective September 17 , 2007 . In 2008 , Gonzales began a mediation and consulting practice . Additionally , he taught a political science course and served as a diversity recruiter at Texas Tech University . Gonzales is currently the Dean of Belmont University College of Law , in Nashville , Tennessee , where he currently teaches Constitutional Law , Separation of Powers , National Security Law and First Amendment Law . He was formerly Of Counsel at a Nashville-based law firm , Waller Lansden Dortch & Davis , LLP where he advised clients on special matters , government investigations and regulatory matters ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys_controversy', 'summary': "On December 7 , 2006 , the George W. Bush administration 's Department of Justice ordered the unprecedented midterm dismissal of seven United States Attorneys . Congressional investigations focused on whether the Department of Justice and the White House were using the U.S. Attorney positions for political advantage . Allegations were that some of the attorneys were targeted for dismissal to impede investigations of Republican politicians or that some were targeted for their failure to initiate investigations that would damage Democratic politicians or hamper Democratic-leaning voters . The U.S. attorneys were replaced with interim appointees , under provisions in the 2005 USA PATRIOT Act reauthorization . A subsequent report by the Justice Department Inspector General in October 2008 found that the process used to fire the first seven attorneys and two others dismissed around the same time was arbitrary , fundamentally flawed , and raised doubts about the integrity of Department prosecution decisions . In July 2010 , the Department of Justice prosecutors closed the two-year investigation without filing charges after determining that the firing was inappropriately political , but not criminal , saying Evidence did not demonstrate that any prosecutable criminal offense was committed with regard to the removal of David Iglesias . The investigative team also determined that the evidence did not warrant expanding the scope of the investigation beyond the removal of Iglesias ."}]}, {'value': 'Paull Shin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paull_Shin', 'summary': "Paull Shin ( Shin Hobom , Korean : 신호범 ; born September 27 , 1935 ) was a member of the Washington State Senate , the first Korean American ever elected to the Washington State Legislature . Shin is a member of the Democratic Party , elected from the 21st Legislative District , in southwest Snohomish County . Cities within the district include Mukilteo and portions of Everett , Edmonds , and Lynnwood . Senator Shin currently served on the Senate Agriculture , Water & Rural Economic Development and Trade & Economic Development Committees . Shin was born in Korea in 1935 . Orphaned at the age of four , he lived on the streets of Seoul begging for food until the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 , at which point he became a houseboy to a group of U.S. Army officers . In 1954 , one of them , a dentist named Ray Paull , adopted Shin and took him home to Salt Lake City , Utah . Despite never having been educated in Korea , and knowing little English , Shin completed a GED in 18 months . Shin went on to earn a BA in political science from Brigham Young University , an MPIA from the University of Pittsburgh , and an MA and PhD from the University of Washington . After being elected to the Washington State House of Representatives in 1992 , Shin ran for the United States House of Representatives in Washington 's 2nd district in 1994 and for Washington lieutenant governor in 1996 , losing by a thin margin in each race . He was elected to the Washington State Senate in 1998 . On January 7 , 2014 , Shin resigned from the Washington State Senate effective immediately following his diagnosis with Alzheimer 's disease ."}]}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}]}, {'value': 'Member ( D ) of the Washington State Senate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_State_Senate', 'summary': 'The Washington State Senate is the upper house of the Washington State Legislature . The body consists of 49 members , each representing a district with a population of nearly 140,000 . The State Senate meets at the Legislative Building in Olympia . As with the lower House of Representatives , state senators serve without term limits , though senators serve four-year terms . Senators are elected from the same legislative districts as House members , with each district electing one senator and two representatives . Terms are staggered so that half the Senate is up for reelection every two years . Like other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the federal U.S. Senate , the state senate can confirm or reject gubernatorial appointments to the state cabinet , commissions and boards .'}]}, {'value': 'Scott Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Smith_(mayor)', 'summary': 'Scott Smith ( born 1956 ) is an American businessman and politician , elected as the 38th mayor of Mesa , Arizona , on May 20 , 2008 . He took office on June 2 , 2008 and served until April 16 , 2014 , when he resigned to run for Governor of Arizona in the Republican Primary . In 2013-14 , he was president of the United States Conference of Mayors . He was previously president of both Great Western Homes and K. Hovnanian Homes . He has also worked in finance and as a business consultant .'}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science', 'summary': 'A Bachelor of Science ( Latin Baccalaureus Scientiae , B.S. , BS , B.Sc . or BSc ; or , less commonly , S.B. , SB , or Sc.B. , from the equivalent Latin Scientiae Baccalaureus ) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for programs that generally last three to five years . The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860 . Whether a student of a particular subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities . For example , an economics degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) by one university but as a BS by another , and some universities offer the choice of either . Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA , even in the natural sciences , while some universities offer only the BS , even in non-science fields . At universities that offer both BA and BS degrees in the same discipline , the BS degree is usually more extensive in that particular discipline and is targeted toward students who are pursuing graduate school or a profession in that field .'}]}, {'value': 'Thirty-eighth mayor of Mesa , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Mesa ( /ˈmeɪsə/ MAY-sə ) is a city in Maricopa County , in the U.S. state of Arizona . It is a suburb located about 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Phoenix in the East Valley section of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area . It is bordered by Tempe on the west , the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community on the north , Chandler and Gilbert on the south along with Queen Creek , and Apache Junction on the east . Mesa is the largest suburban city by population in the United States , the third-largest city in Arizona after Phoenix and Tucson , the 35th-largest city overall in the US , and the largest city that is not a county seat . The city is home to 508,958 people as of 2018 according to the Census Bureau , which makes it more populous than major cities such as Minneapolis , St. Louis , or Miami . Mesa is home to numerous higher education facilities including the Polytechnic campus of Arizona State University . It is also home to the largest relief airport in the Phoenix area , Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport , which is located in the southeastern corner of the city .'}]}, {'value': 'Nick Udall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Udall', 'summary': 'John Nicholas Udall usually called Nick Udall ( July 23 , 1913 - June 15 , 2005 ) was mayor of Phoenix , Arizona from 1948-52 . He was a member of the Udall political family and was also a nephew of Spencer W. Kimball , the 12th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints .'}]}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Mayor of Phoenix , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayor', 'summary': 'In many countries , a mayor is the highest-ranking official in a municipal government such as that of a city or a town . Worldwide , there is a wide variance in local laws and customs regarding the powers and responsibilities of a mayor as well as the means by which a mayor is elected or otherwise mandated . Depending on the system chosen , a mayor may be the chief executive officer of the municipal government , may simply chair a multi-member governing body with little or no independent power , or may play a solely ceremonial role . Options for selection of a mayor include direct election by the public , or selection by an elected governing council or board .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona', 'summary': "Phoenix is the capital and most populous city in Arizona , with 1,660,272 people ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) . It is also the fifth most populous city in the United States , and the only state capital with a population of more than one million residents . Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area , also known as the Valley of the Sun , which in turn is part of the Salt River Valley . The metropolitan area is the 11th largest by population in the United States , with approximately 4.73 million people as of 2017 [ update ] . Phoenix is the seat of Maricopa County and the largest city in the state at 517.9 square miles ( 1,341 km2 ) , more than twice the size of Tucson and one of the largest cities in the United States . Phoenix was settled in 1867 as an agricultural community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers and was incorporated as a city in 1881 . It became the capital of Arizona Territory in 1889 . It is in the northeastern reaches of the Sonoran Desert and has a hot desert climate . Despite this , its canal system led to a thriving farming community with the original settler 's crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades , such as alfalfa , cotton , citrus , and hay . Cotton , cattle , citrus , climate , and copper were known locally as the Five C 's anchoring Phoenix 's economy . These remained the driving forces of the city until after World War II , when high-tech companies began to move into the valley and air conditioning made Phoenix 's hot summers more bearable . The city averaged a four percent annual population growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul M. Warner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_M._Warner', 'summary': 'Paul Michael Warner ( born 1949 ) is an American federal magistrate judge for the United States District Court for the District of Utah . He was appointed to this position on February 19 , 2006 .'}]}, {'value': '1973 1976 1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.A . J.D . ( Clark ) MPA ( Marriott )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Juris_Doctor', 'summary': "The Juris Doctor degree ( J.D . or JD ) , also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree ( J.D. , JD , D.Jur . or DJur ) , is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees . The Juris Doctor is earned by completing law school in Australia , Canada , the United States , and some other common law countries . It has the academic standing of a professional doctorate ( in contrast to a research doctorate ) in the United States , a master 's degree in Australia , and a second-entry baccalaureate degree in Canada ( in all three jurisdictions the same as other professional degrees such as M.D . or D.D.S./D.M.D. , the degrees required to be a practicing physician or dentist , respectively ) . The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a modern version of the old European doctor of law degree ( such as the Dottore in Giurisprudenza in Italy and the Juris Utriusque Doctor in Germany and central Europe ) . Originating from the 19th-century Harvard movement for the scientific study of law and first denominated LL.B. , it is a degree that in most common law jurisdictions is the primary professional preparation for lawyers . It traditionally involves a three-year program , although some U.S. law schools offer a two-year accelerated program in which students complete courses over two additional summer semesters . The LL.B . was largely replaced by the J.D . in the US in the later 20th century ."}, {'url': '/wiki/J._Reuben_Clark_Law_School', 'summary': "The J. Reuben Clark Law School ( BYU Law or JRCLS ) is a professional school for the study of law in the western United States , located at Brigham Young University ( BYU ) in Provo , Utah . Founded 47 years ago in 1973 , the school is named after J. Reuben Clark , a former U.S . Ambassador , Undersecretary of State , and general authority of the institution 's sponsoring organization , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints . BYU Law is fully accredited by the American Bar Association , and a member of the Association of American Law Schools . BYU Law consistently ranks among the nation 's top tier of American Bar Association approved law schools according to U.S. News & World Report , and it is consistently recognized for its low tuition and high placement rate in Article III federal judicial clerkships ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Public_Administration', 'summary': 'The Master of Public Administration ( M.P.Adm. , M.P.A. , or MPA ) is a professional graduate degree in public administration , similar to the Master of Business Administration but with an emphasis on the issues of governance .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marriott_School_of_Management', 'summary': 'The Marriott School of Business is the business school of Brigham Young University ( BYU ) , a private university owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) and located in Provo , Utah . It was founded in 1891 and renamed in 1988 after J. Willard Marriott , founder of Marriott International , and his wife Alice following their $ 15 million endowment gift to the school . The school is housed in the Tanner Building and supports 137 full-time faculty and approximately 200 adjunct , part-time or visiting faculty , full-time staff and students who teach . It has approximately 2,100 undergraduate and 1,200 graduate students , and approximately 62 percent of its student body are bilingual . As of 2019 , its alumni base numbers 55,000 .'}]}, {'value': "Chairman of the Attorney General 's Advisory Committee of U.S . Attorneys", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Attorney_General', 'summary': 'The United States Attorney General ( AG ) is the head of the United States Department of Justice , the chief lawyer of the federal government of the United States , and a member of the Cabinet of the United States . Under the Appointments Clause of the United States Constitution , the officeholder is nominated by the President of the United States and appointed with the advice and consent of the United States Senate . The Attorney General is supported by the Office of the Attorney General , which includes executive staff and several deputies . The 85th and current United States Attorney General is William Barr , appointed by President Donald J. Trump .'}]}, {'value': 'Lawrence Wasden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lawrence_Wasden', 'summary': 'Lawrence Garth Wasden ( born November 3 , 1957 ) is the current Attorney General of the state of Idaho serving since 2003 , and is the longest serving Attorney General in Idaho history .'}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}]}, {'value': 'Attorney General for Idaho ; President , National Association of Attorneys General', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Association_of_Attorneys_General', 'summary': 'The National Association of Attorneys General ( NAAG ) is an organization of 56 state and territorial attorneys general in the United States . The members include the attorneys general of all 50 states and the equivalent chief legal officers of the District of Columbia , the commonwealths of Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands and the territories of American Samoa , Guam , and the United States Virgin Islands .'}]}, {'value': 'Noall Wootton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noall_Wootton', 'summary': "Noall Thurber Wootton ( September 8 , 1940 - April 27 , 2006 ) was the Utah County District Attorney , in Utah , from 1974 to 1986 . During his time in that role , he is most famous for being the lead prosecutor of Gary Gilmore , the first person to be executed after the 1976 reinstatement of the death penalty . Wootton earned his bachelor 's degree from Brigham Young University in 1961 and a J.D . from the University of Utah in 1964 . Noall Wootton died at the age of 65 on April 27 , 2006 due to cancer . Noall Wootton is buried next to his wife Nancy Crocker Wootton ( May 15 , 1940 - November 22 , 2010 ) at American Fork Cemetery in American Fork , Utah , where he was originally from ."}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}]}, {'value': "County attorney who prosecuted Gary Gilmore , the first person executed in the U.S. after the death penalty was reinstated in 1976 ; portrayed by Charles Cyphers in the film The Executioner 's Song", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Gilmore_(criminal)', 'summary': "Gary Mark Gilmore ( Faye Robert Coffman ) ( December 4 , 1940 - January 17 , 1977 ) was an American criminal who gained international attention for demanding the implementation of his death sentence for two murders he had admitted to committing in Utah . After the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a new series of death penalty statutes in the 1976 decision Gregg v. Georgia , he became the first person in almost ten years to be executed in the United States . These new statutes avoided the problems under the 1972 decision in Furman v. Georgia , which had resulted in earlier death penalty statutes being deemed as cruel and unusual punishment , and therefore unconstitutional . ( The Supreme Court had previously ordered all states to commute death sentences to life imprisonment after Furman v . Georgia . ) Gilmore was executed by a firing squad in 1977 . His life and execution were the subject of the 1979 nonfiction novel The Executioner 's Song by Norman Mailer , and 1982 TV film of the novel starring Tommy Lee Jones as Gilmore ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Capital_punishment', 'summary': 'Capital punishment , also known as the death penalty , is a government-sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime . The sentence ordering that someone be punished in such a manner is referred to as a death sentence , whereas the act of carrying out such a sentence is known as an execution . A prisoner who has been sentenced to death and is awaiting execution is referred to as condemned , and is said to be on death row . Crimes that are punishable by death are known as capital crimes , capital offences or capital felonies , and vary depending on the jurisdiction , but commonly include serious offences such as murder , mass murder , aggravated cases of rape , child rape , child sexual abuse , terrorism , treason , espionage , sedition , piracy , aircraft hijacking , drug trafficking and drug dealing , war crimes , crimes against humanity and genocide , and in some cases , the most serious acts of recidivism , aggravated robbery , and kidnapping . Etymologically , the term capital ( lit . of the head , derived via the Latin capitalis from caput , head ) in this context alluded to execution by beheading . Fifty-six countries retain capital punishment , 106 countries have completely abolished it de jure for all crimes , eight have abolished it for ordinary crimes ( while maintaining it for special circumstances such as war crimes ) , and 28 are abolitionist in practice . Capital punishment is a matter of active controversy in several countries and states , and positions can vary within a single political ideology or cultural region . In the European Union , Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union prohibits the use of capital punishment . The Council of Europe , which has 47 member states , has sought to abolish the use of the death penalty by its members absolutely , through Protocol 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights . However , this only affects those member states which have signed and ratified it , and they do not include Armenia , Russia , and Azerbaijan . The United Nations General Assembly has adopted , in 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2012 and 2014 , non-binding resolutions calling for a global moratorium on executions , with a view to eventual abolition .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Charles_Cyphers', 'summary': "Charles Cyphers ( born July 28 , 1939 ) is an American actor who has starred in many films and on television . He is known in the horror movie community for his work in the films of John Carpenter , especially his role as Sheriff Leigh Brackett in Carpenter 's 1978 hit horror movie Halloween . He reprised this role in the 1981 sequel Halloween II , and will return to the character in the upcoming Halloween Kills ."}, {'url': "/wiki/The_Executioner's_Song_(film)", 'summary': "The Executioner 's Song is a 1982 made-for-television film adaptation of Norman Mailer 's 1979 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name . The film is directed by Lawrence Schiller from a screenplay by Mailer ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Government , law , and public policy -- Other U.S. political and legal figures', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Brigham_Young_University_alumni_14', 'intro': "This list of Brigham Young University alumni includes notable graduates, non-graduate former students, and current students of Brigham Young University (BYU), a private, coeducational research university owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) located in Provo, Utah, United States. It is the oldest existing institution within the LDS Church Educational System, is America's largest religious university, and has the second-largest private university enrollment in the United States. Approximately 98% of the 34,000 students at BYU are Mormon; two-thirds of its American students come from outside the state of Utah. In addition to its undergraduate program, BYU offers graduate degrees in 47 departments and includes two professional schools: the Marriott School of Management and the J. Reuben Clark Law School. BYU has approximately 370,000 living alumni. Over 26 BYU graduates have served in the U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives, such as former Dean of the U.S. Senate Reed Smoot (class of 1876). Cabinet members of American presidents include former United States Secretary of Agriculture to President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ezra Taft Benson '26 and Rex E. Lee '60, who was U.S. Solicitor General under President Ronald Reagan. Mitt Romney, former Governor of Massachusetts and 2008 and 2012 Republican presidential nominee, was valedictorian of his class in 1971. [citation needed]\n BYU alumni in academia include former Dean of the Harvard Business School Kim B. Clark, current Vice President of Yale, Scott Strobel '87, and Michael K. Young '73, President of Texas A&M University and former President of the University of Washington. The University also graduated Nobel Prize winner Paul D. Boyer, as well as Philo Farnsworth (inventor of the electronic television) and Harvey Fletcher (inventor of the hearing aid). Seven of BYU's twelve presidents were alumni of the University."} | null | null | Who is a son of former United States Senator Harry Reid and studied law ? | Rory Reid |
07e396e8141fa88c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nature_centers_in_Washington_(state)', 'title': 'List of nature centers in Washington (state)', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'County', 'Region', 'Summary'], 'data': [{'value': 'Adriana Hess Audubon Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University Place', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_Place,_Washington', 'summary': 'University Place is a city in Pierce County , Washington , United States . Its population was 31,144 at the 2010 census . Based on per capita income , University Place ranks 81st of 522 areas in the state of Washington to be ranked .'}]}, {'value': 'Pierce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pierce_County,_Washington', 'summary': 'Pierce County is a county in the U.S. state of Washington . As of the 2010 Census , the population was 795,225 , making it the second-most populous county in Washington behind King County , and the 63rd-most populous in the United States . The county seat and largest city is Tacoma . Formed out of Thurston County on December 22 , 1852 , by the legislature of Oregon Territory , it was named for U.S. President Franklin Pierce . Pierce County is in the Seattle metropolitan area ( formally the Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue , WA metropolitan statistical area ) . Pierce County is notable for being home to Mount Rainier , the tallest mountain and a volcano in the Cascade Range . Its most recent recorded eruption was between 1820 and 1854 . There is no imminent risk of eruption , but geologists expect that the volcano will erupt again . If this should happen , parts of Pierce County and the Puyallup Valley would be at risk from lahars , lava , or pyroclastic flows . The Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System was established in 1998 to assist in the evacuation of the Puyallup River valley in case of eruption .'}]}, {'value': 'Puget Sound', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , located in Adriana Hess Wetland Park , operated by the Tahoma Audubon Society', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camp Long ( Seattle , Washington )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle,_Washington', 'summary': "Seattle ( /siˈætəl/ ( listen ) see-AT-əl ) is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States . It is the seat of King County , Washington . With an estimated 744,955 residents as of 2018 [ update ] , Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America . According to U.S. Census data released in 2018 , the Seattle metropolitan area 's population stands at 3.94 million , and ranks as the 15th largest in the United States . In July 2013 , it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States and remained in the top 5 in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1% . In July 2016 , Seattle was again the fastest-growing major U.S. city , with a 3.1% annual growth rate . Seattle is the northernmost large city in the United States . The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound ( an inlet of the Pacific Ocean ) and Lake Washington , about 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Canada-United States border . A major gateway for trade with Asia , Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015 [ update ] . The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers . Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers , subsequently known as the Denny Party , arrived from Illinois via Portland , Oregon , on the schooner Exact at Alki Point on November 13 , 1851 . The settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852 , in honor of Chief Si'ahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes ."}]}, {'value': 'King', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_County,_Washington', 'summary': "King County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington . The population was 2,233,163 in the 2018 census estimate , making it the most populous county in Washington , and the 12th-most populous in the United States . The county seat is Seattle , also the state 's most populous city . King County is one of three Washington counties that are included in the Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue metropolitan statistical area . ( The others are Snohomish County to the north , and Pierce County to the south . ) About two-thirds of King County 's population lives in Seattle 's suburbs ."}]}, {'value': 'Puget Sound', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puget_Sound_region', 'summary': 'The Puget Sound region is a coastal area of the Pacific Northwest in the U.S. state of Washington , including Puget Sound , the Puget Sound lowlands , and the surrounding region roughly west of the Cascade Range and east of the Olympic Mountains . It is characterized by a complex array of saltwater bays , islands , and peninsulas carved out by prehistoric glaciers . Poet Robert Sund called the Puget Sound region Ish River country , owing to its numerous rivers with names ending in ish , such as the Duwamish , Samish , Sammamish , Skokomish , Skykomish , Snohomish , and the Stillaguamish . The ish ending is from Salishan languages and means people of .'}]}, {'value': 'website , operated by the City , 68 acres , park and nature center , environmental education and rock climbing classes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carkeek Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carkeek_Park', 'summary': 'Carkeek Park is a 216 acres ( 87 ha ) park located in the Broadview neighborhood of Seattle , Washington . The park contains Piper Orchard , Pipers Creek ( and its tributaries Venema Creek and Mohlendorph Creek ) , play and picnic areas , picnic shelters , and hiking trails . A pedestrian bridge across the main lines of the BNSF Railway connects to the Carkeek Park sand beach on Puget Sound . Park program activities are largely out of the Carkeek Park Environmental Learning Center .'}]}, {'value': 'Seattle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'King', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puget Sound', 'urls': []}, {'value': '216 acres , operated by the City , center open for programs or rentals only', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cedar River Watershed Education Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Bend', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Bend,_Washington', 'summary': "North Bend is a city in King County , Washington , United States , on the outskirts of the Seattle metropolitan area . The population was 5,731 at the 2010 census and an estimated 7,136 in 2018 . Since the closure of Weyerhaeuser 's Snoqualmie sawmill , North Bend has become a prosperous bedroom community for Seattle , located about 30 miles ( 48 km ) to the west . The town was made famous by David Lynch 's television series Twin Peaks , which was partially filmed in North Bend . The community is also home to Nintendo North Bend , the main North American production facility and distribution center for the video game console manufacturer Nintendo ."}]}, {'value': 'King', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puget Sound', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , regional education facility about the Cedar River watershed , located on Rattlesnake Lake , operated by Seattle Public Utilities', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cedar_River_(Washington)', 'summary': 'The Cedar River is a river in the U.S. state of Washington . About 45 miles ( 72 km ) long , it originates in the Cascade Range and flows generally west and northwest , emptying into the southern end of Lake Washington . Its upper watershed is a protected area called the Cedar River Watershed , which provides drinking water for the greater Seattle area . The Cedar River drains into Puget Sound via Lake Washington and the Lake Washington Ship Canal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rattlesnake_Lake', 'summary': 'Rattlesnake Lake is a lake in the northwest United States , located in Rattlesnake Mountain Scenic Area in King County , Washington , approximately thirty miles ( 50 km ) east of Seattle , south of Interstate 90 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Public_Utilities', 'summary': "Seattle Public Utilities ( SPU ) is a public utility agency of the city of Seattle , Washington , which provides water , sewer , drainage and garbage services for 1.3 million people in King County , Washington . The agency was established in 1997 , consolidating the city 's Water Department with other city functions ."}]}, {'value': 'Coastal Interpretive Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ocean Shores', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ocean_Shores,_Washington', 'summary': 'Ocean Shores is a city in Grays Harbor County , Washington , United States . The population was 5,569 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Grays Harbor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grays_Harbor_County,_Washington', 'summary': 'Grays Harbor County is a county in the U.S. state of Washington . As of the 2010 census , the population was 72,797 . The county seat is Montesano , and its largest city is Aberdeen . Grays Harbor County comprises the Aberdeen , WA Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Southwest', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , hands-on natural history museum , also exhibits about culture of coastal living , geology', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dash Point State Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dash_Point_State_Park', 'summary': 'Dash Point State Park is a 398-acre ( 161 ha ) Washington state park on Puget Sound that straddles the line between King and Pierce counties . The park has over 3,300 feet ( 1,000 m ) of shoreline , 140 campsites , 11 miles of trails for hiking and mountain biking , and offers beachcombing , fishing , swimming , birdwatching , windsurfing , skimboarding , and wildlife viewing . Dash Point is located across Commencement Bay from downtown Tacoma .'}]}, {'value': 'Federal Way', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Federal_Way,_Washington', 'summary': "Federal Way is a city in King County , Washington , United States . It is a city within the Seattle metropolitan area . The population was 89,306 at the 2010 census and an estimated 97,044 in 2018 . Federal Way is the tenth largest city in Washington and the fifth largest in King County , according to the Census Bureau 's 2018 population estimate ."}]}, {'value': 'King', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puget Sound', 'urls': []}, {'value': '398 acres , nature center opened in 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Discovery Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Discovery_Park_(Seattle)', 'summary': "Discovery Park is a 534-acre ( 2.16 km2 ) park on the shores of Puget Sound in the Magnolia neighborhood of Seattle , Washington . It is the city 's largest public park and contains 11.81 miles ( 19.01 km ) of walking trails . United Indians of All Tribes ' Daybreak Star Cultural Center is within the park 's boundaries . A lighthouse is located on West Point , the westernmost point of the park and the entire city of Seattle , and on the south side of the North Beach strip is a sewage treatment plant , but it is almost entirely concealed from the marsh , beach , and trail . The Discovery Park Loop Trail , designated a National Recreation Trail in 1975 , runs 2.8 miles ( 4.5 km ) through the park , connecting to other trails . The park is built on the historic grounds of Fort Lawton ; most of the Fort Lawton Historic District ( FLHD ) falls within the park ( although an enclave within the district remains in military hands ) , as does the West Point Lighthouse . Both the FLHD and the lighthouse are on the National Register of Historic Places . Forests , beaches , prairies , and bluffs dominate the landscape of the park ."}]}, {'value': 'Seattle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'King', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puget Sound', 'urls': []}, {'value': '534 acres , operated by the City , features the Discovery Park Environmental Learning Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dungeness River Audubon Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sequim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sequim,_Washington', 'summary': "Sequim /ˈskwɪm/ ( listen ) is a city in Clallam County , Washington , United States . The 2010 census counted a population of 6,606 . With the surrounding area , the population is about 28,000 . The population served by the Sequim School District population was close to 29,000 in 2018 . Sequim lies within the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountains and receives on average less than 16 inches ( 410 mm ) of rain per year - about the same as Los Angeles , California - leading it to give itself the nickname of Sunny Sequim . However , the city is relatively close to some of the wettest temperate rainforests of the contiguous United States . This climate anomaly is sometimes called the Blue Hole of Sequim . Fogs and cool breezes from the Juan de Fuca Strait make Sequim 's climate more humid than would be expected from the low average annual precipitation . Some places have surprisingly luxuriant forests dominated by Douglas-fir and western red cedar . Black cottonwood , red alder , bigleaf maple , Pacific madrone , lodgepole pine , and Garry oak can also be large . Historically , much of the area was an open oak-studded prairie supported by somewhat excessively drained gravelly sandy loam soil , though agriculture and development of the Dungeness valley have changed this ecosystem . Most soils under Sequim have been placed in a series that is named after the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Clallam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clallam_County,_Washington', 'summary': "Clallam County is a county in the U.S. state of Washington . As of the 2010 census , the population was 71,404 . The county seat and largest city is Port Angeles . The name is a Klallam word for the strong people . The county was formed on April 26 , 1854 . Located on the Olympic Peninsula , it is south from the Strait of Juan de Fuca , which forms the Canada-US border , as British Columbia 's Vancouver Island is across the strait . Clallam County comprises the Port Angeles , WA Micropolitan Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Olympic Peninsula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_Peninsula', 'summary': 'The Olympic Peninsula is the large arm of land in western Washington that lies across Puget Sound from Seattle , and contains Olympic National Park . It is bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean , the north by the Strait of Juan de Fuca , and the east by Hood Canal . Cape Alava , the westernmost point in the contiguous United States , and Cape Flattery , the northwesternmost point , are on the peninsula . Comprising about 3600 square miles , the Olympic Peninsula contained many of the last unexplored places in the Contiguous United States . It remained largely unmapped until Arthur Dodwell and Theodore Rixon mapped most of its topography and timber resources between 1898 and 1900 .'}]}, {'value': 'website , located in Railroad Bridge Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dungeness_River_Bridge', 'summary': "The Dungeness River Bridge is the centerpiece of Railroad Bridge Park near the town of Sequim , Washington . It crosses the Dungeness River . The bridge was first constructed by the Seattle , Port Angeles , and Western Railway , a subsidiary of the Chicago , Milwaukee , St. Paul and Pacific Railroad ( also known as the Milwaukee Road ) in 1916 . Because of the ready availability of timber , the bridge was built of wood . This first bridge was replaced in 1930 . The new bridge was also built of timber , and like its predecessor , is a through Howe truss 156 feet long and 22 feet high . Two wooden trestles are on the east and west approaches . After the Milwaukee Road 's bankruptcy , the bridge was left abandoned . In 1992 volunteers began to work on the bridge and replace planking and created a bike trail . In 1995 , the property surrounding the bridge was purchased by the Washington State Audubon Society , which then created the Dungeness River Center and a park , called Railroad Bridge Park . The bike path through the park and over the bridge is connected to the Olympic Discovery Trail , a rails-to-trails initiative . The bridge was listed in the National Register of Historic Places due to its being one of the last timber Howe through truss railroad bridges still remaining in Washington ."}]}, {'value': 'Feiro Marine Life Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port Angeles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Angeles,_Washington', 'summary': "Port Angeles /ˈændʒəliːz/ is a city in and the county seat of Clallam County , Washington , United States . With a population of 19,038 as of the 2010 census , it is the largest city in the county . The population was estimated at 20,076 in 2018 by the Office of Financial Management . The City 's harbor was dubbed Puerto de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles ( Port of Our Lady of the Angels ) by Spanish explorer Francisco de Eliza in 1791 . By the mid-19th century , after settlement by English speakers from the United States , the name was shortened and partially anglicized to its current form , Port Angeles Harbor . Port Angeles is home to Peninsula College . It is the birthplace of football hall of famer John Elway and residents include writers and artists . The city is served by William R. Fairchild International Airport . Ferry service is provided across the Strait of Juan de Fuca to Victoria , British Columbia , Canada on the MV Coho ."}]}, {'value': 'Clallam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olympic Peninsula', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , aquarium and marine environmental education and conservation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forest Learning Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount St. Helens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_St._Helens', 'summary': "Mount St. Helens ( known as Lawetlat'la to the indigenous Cowlitz people , and Loowit or Louwala-Clough to the Klickitat ) is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County , Washington , in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . It is 50 miles ( 80 km ) northeast of Portland , Oregon and 96 miles ( 154 km ) south of Seattle , Washington . Mount St. Helens takes its English name from the British diplomat Lord St Helens , a friend of explorer George Vancouver who made a survey of the area in the late 18th century . The volcano is located in the Cascade Range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc , a segment of the Pacific Ring of Fire that includes over 160 active volcanoes . This volcano is well known for its ash explosions and pyroclastic flows . Mount St. Helens is most notorious for its major eruption on May 18 , 1980 , the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in U.S. history . Fifty-seven people were killed ; 250 homes , 47 bridges , 15 miles ( 24 km ) of railways , and 185 miles ( 298 km ) of highway were destroyed . A massive debris avalanche , triggered by an earthquake of magnitude 5.1 , caused a lateral eruption that reduced the elevation of the mountain 's summit from 9,677 ft ( 2,950 m ) to 8,363 ft ( 2,549 m ) , leaving a 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) wide horseshoe-shaped crater . The debris avalanche was up to 0.7 cubic miles ( 2.9 km3 ) in volume . The Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument was created to preserve the volcano and allow for the eruption 's aftermath to be scientifically studied . As with most other volcanoes in the Cascade Range , Mount St. Helens is a large eruptive cone consisting of lava rock interlayered with ash , pumice , and other deposits . The mountain includes layers of basalt and andesite through which several domes of dacite lava have erupted ."}]}, {'value': 'Skamania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skamania_County,_Washington', 'summary': "Skamania County /skəˈmeɪniə/ is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington . As of the 2010 census , the population was 11,066 . The county seat and largest incorporated city is Stevenson , although the Carson River Valley CDP is more populous . The county was founded in 1854 and derives its name from the Cascades Chinook word sk'mániak , meaning swift waters . Skamania County is included in the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro , OR-WA Metropolitan Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , operated by Weyerhaeuser , exhibits on the eruption of Mount St. Helens , forest recovery , reforestation and conservation of forest resources', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weyerhaeuser', 'summary': 'Weyerhaeuser Company is an American timberland company which owns nearly 12.4 million acres of timberlands in the U.S. and manages an additional 14.0 million acres timberlands under long-term licenses in Canada . The company also manufactures wood products . Weyerhaeuser is a real estate investment trust .'}]}, {'value': 'Fox Island Nature Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fox Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Island,_Washington', 'summary': 'Fox Island is an island and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Pierce County , Washington , United States , in Puget Sound . It is located approximately 5 miles ( 8 km ) from Gig Harbor . The island was named Fox by Charles Wilkes during the United States Exploring Expedition , to honor J.L . Fox , an assistant surgeon on the expedition . The population was 3,633 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Pierce', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puget Sound', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , 5 acres , operated by the community', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IslandWood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IslandWood', 'summary': 'IslandWood is a non-profit environmental education organization with programs on Bainbridge Island , Seattle , and Woodinville in Washington .'}]}, {'value': 'Bainbridge Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bainbridge_Island,_Washington', 'summary': 'Bainbridge Island is a city and island in Kitsap County , Washington , United States , located in Puget Sound . The population was 23,025 at the 2010 census and an estimated 24,846 in 2018 , making Bainbridge Island the second largest city in Kitsap County . In July 2005 , CNN/Money and Money magazine named Bainbridge Island the second-best place to live in the United States . In August 2013 , Bainbridge Island was recognized by Google with an eCity Award . This award recognizes the strongest online business community in each state . The local newspapers are the weekly Bainbridge Island Review , Kitsap Sun , and the Bainbridge Islander .'}]}, {'value': 'Kitsap', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kitsap_County,_Washington', 'summary': 'Kitsap County is located in the U.S. state of Washington . As of the 2010 census , its population was 251,133 . Its county seat is Port Orchard , and its largest city is Bremerton . The county was formed out of King County and Jefferson County on January 16 , 1857 , and is named for Chief Kitsap of the Suquamish Tribe . Originally named Slaughter County , it was soon renamed . Kitsap County comprises the Bremerton-Silverdale , WA Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Seattle-Tacoma , WA Combined Statistical Area . The United States Navy is the largest employer in the county , with installations at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard , Naval Undersea Warfare Center Keyport , and Naval Base Kitsap ( which comprises former NSB Bangor , and NS Bremerton ) . Kitsap County is connected to the eastern shore of Puget Sound by Washington State Ferries routes , including the Seattle-Bremerton Ferry , Southworth to West Seattle via Vashon Island , Bainbridge Island to Downtown Seattle , and from Kingston to Edmonds , Washington .'}]}, {'value': 'Puget Sound', 'urls': []}, {'value': '255 acres , outdoor learning center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Hills Greenbelt Ranger Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bellevue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'King', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puget Sound', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An educational visitor center that provides information , environmental programs , p-patch garden plots , master gardener demonstration gardens , and interpretive displays', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lewis Creek Park Visitor Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bellevue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'King', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puget Sound', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multipurpose interpretive center provides visitors with Bellevue Parks and regional system information , family programs and recreational opportunities', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marine Life Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bellingham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bellingham,_Washington', 'summary': "Bellingham ( /ˈbɛlɪŋhæm/ BEL-ing-ham ) is the county seat and most populous city of Whatcom County in the U.S. state of Washington . Located 52 miles ( 84 km ) southeast of Vancouver , 90 miles ( 140 km ) north of Seattle , and 21 miles ( 34 km ) south of the U.S.-Canada border , Bellingham is in between two major metropolitan areas , Seattle and Vancouver , British Columbia . The city 's population was 80,885 at the 2010 United States Census . With a 2018 population estimate of 90,665 per the Washington State Office of Financial Management , Bellingham is the twelfth-most populous city in the state of Washington . The city of Bellingham was incorporated in 1903 through the consolidation of Fairhaven , Whatcom , Sehome and Bellingham : four historic towns that settled beside Bellingham Bay . The bay , where the present-day city and the former town of the same name derive their names from , was named Bellingham Bay by George Vancouver upon arriving to it in June 1792 . Its namesake , Sir William Bellingham , was the Controller of Storekeeper Accounts of the Royal Navy during the Vancouver Expedition . Today , Bellingham is the northernmost city with a population of more than 50,000 people in the contiguous United States . The city is a popular tourist destination known for its easy access to outdoor recreation in the San Juan Islands and North Cascades . Bellingham is undergoing redevelopment on more than 100 acres ( 40 ha ) of former industrial land in its Waterfront District with a hotel , conference center , condos , retirement living , retail and commercial development planned for the site ."}]}, {'value': 'Whatcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whatcom_County,_Washington', 'summary': 'Whatcom County /ˈwɒtkəm/ is located in the U.S. state of Washington . As of the 2010 census , the population was 201,140 . It is bordered by Canada on the north , Okanogan County on the east , Skagit County on the south , and the Strait of Georgia on the west . The county seat and largest city is Bellingham . The county was created from Island County by the Washington Territorial Legislature in March 1854 . It originally included the territory of present-day San Juan and Skagit Counties , which were later organized after additional settlement . Its name derives from the Lummi word Xwotʼqom , meaning noisy water . Whatcom County comprises the Bellingham , WA Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Puget Sound', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , operated by the Northwest Discovery Project , aquarium and marine environmental education , owned by the City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MaST - Marine Science and Technology Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Highline_Community_College', 'summary': 'Highline College is a public community college in Des Moines , Washington . Highline was founded in 1961 as the first community college in King County , Washington . The main campus covers 80 acres ( 320,000 m2 ) . As of 2015 [ update ] , there were approximately 17,000 students and 350,000 alumni of the college .'}]}, {'value': 'Des Moines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Des_Moines,_Washington', 'summary': "Des Moines ( /dəˈmɔɪn/ də-MOYN ) is a city in King County , Washington , United States . The population was 29,673 as of the 2010 census . Des Moines is located on the east shore of Puget Sound , approximately halfway between the major cities of Seattle and Tacoma . The city is bordered by the suburbs of Federal Way to the south , Kent to the east , SeaTac to the northeast , Burien to the north , and Normandy Park to the northwest . It is one of the few points along this shoreline where the topography facilitates access to the water , and a recreational marina operated by the city , with moorage , boat launching and pier fishing facilities , is located there . Forested Saltwater State Park on a steep ravine between the Zenith and Woodmont neighborhoods is the most-used State Park on the Sound . Near the border of Federal Way , Redondo has a board-walk complete with a Salty 's restaurant and a pay parking lot . Property within the city has been the subject of land buyouts because of noise from aircraft landing or taking off from the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) north of Des Moines ."}]}, {'value': 'King', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puget Sound', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marine laboratory and education center for Highline Community College , open to the public on Saturdays', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mercer Slough Environmental Education Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bellevue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'King', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puget Sound', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A collaboration between the City of Bellevue and the Pacific Science Center . Family ranger programs and curriculum based school and group programming focusing on freshwater wetland ecosystems and their importance to the region . Visitor 's center has interactive , interpretive exhibits about Mercer Slough 's 320 acre wetland habitats", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacific_Science_Center', 'summary': 'Pacific Science Center is an independent , non-profit science center in Seattle , Washington with a mission to ignite curiosity and fuel a passion for discovery , experimentation , and critical thinking . Pacific Science Center serves more than 1 million people each year at its campus adjacent to Seattle Center , at the Mercer Slough Environmental Education Center in Bellevue , Washington , and in communities and classrooms across the state of Washington .'}]}, {'value': 'Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nisqually_National_Wildlife_Refuge', 'summary': 'The Billy Frank Jr. Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge is a wildlife preserve operated by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service on the Nisqually River Delta near Puget Sound in northeastern Thurston County , Washington and northwestern Pierce County , Washington . The refuge is located just off Interstate 5 , between the cities of Tacoma and Olympia .'}]}, {'value': 'Olympia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympia,_Washington', 'summary': 'Olympia is the capital of the U.S. state of Washington and the county seat and largest city of Thurston County . European settlers claimed the area in 1846 , with the Treaty of Medicine Creek initiated in 1854 , and the Treaty of Olympia initiated in January 1856 . Olympia was incorporated as a town on January 28 , 1859 , and as a City in 1882 . The population was 46,479 as of the 2010 census , making it the 24th largest city in the state . The city borders Lacey to the east and Tumwater to the south . Olympia is a cultural center of the southern Puget Sound region . Olympia is located 60 miles ( 100 km ) southwest of Seattle , the largest city in the state of Washington .'}]}, {'value': 'Thurston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thurston_County,_Washington', 'summary': "Thurston County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington . As of the 2010 census , its population was 252,264 . The county seat and largest city is Olympia , the state capital . Thurston County was created out of Lewis County by the government of Oregon Territory on January 12 , 1852 . At that time , it covered all of the Puget Sound region and the Olympic Peninsula . On December 22 of the same year , Pierce , King , Island , and Jefferson counties were split off from Thurston County . It is named after Samuel R. Thurston , the Oregon Territory 's first delegate to Congress . Thurston County comprises the Olympia-Tumwater , WA Metropolitan Statistical Area and is included in the Seattle-Tacoma , WA Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Puget Sound', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,914 acres , visitor center exhibits , environmental education programs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nisqually Reach Nature Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olympia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thurston', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puget Sound', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , education and research about the environment of the Nisqually Estuary of the Nisqually River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nisqually_River', 'summary': 'The Nisqually River /nɪˈskwɑːli/ is a river in west central Washington in the United States , approximately 81 miles ( 130 km ) long . It drains part of the Cascade Range southeast of Tacoma , including the southern slope of Mount Rainier , and empties into the southern end of Puget Sound . Its outlet was designated in 1971 as the Nisqually Delta National Natural Landmark . The Nisqually River forms the Pierce-Lewis county line , as well as the boundary between Pierce and Thurston counties .'}]}, {'value': 'North Cascades Environmental Learning Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whatcom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puget Sound', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , a field campus in North Cascades National Park , operated by the North Cascades Institute on Diablo Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Cascades_National_Park', 'summary': 'North Cascades National Park is an American national park in the state of Washington . At more than 500,000 acres ( 200,000 ha ) , North Cascades National Park is the largest of the three National Park Service units that comprise the North Cascades National Park Complex . North Cascades National Park consists of a northern and southern section , bisected by the Skagit River that flows through Ross Lake National Recreation Area . Lake Chelan National Recreation Area lies on the southern border of the south unit of the park . In addition to the two national recreation areas , other protected lands including several national forests and wilderness areas , as well as Canadian provincial parks in British Columbia , nearly surround the park . North Cascades National Park features the rugged mountain peaks of the North Cascades Range , the most expansive glacial system in the contiguous United States , the headwaters of numerous waterways , and vast forests with the highest degree of flora biodiversity of any American national park . The region was first settled by Paleo-Indian Native Americans ; by the time European American explorers arrived , it was inhabited by Skagit tribes . By the early 19th century , the region was visited by fur trappers and several British and American companies vied for control over the fur trade . After the Canada-United States border was set at the 49th parallel in 1846 , explorers came to chart potential routes through the mountains for roads and railroads . Limited mining and logging occurred from the late 19th century to the early 20th century . The first significant human impact in the region occurred in the 1920s when several dams were built in the Skagit River valley to generate hydroelectric power . Environmentalists then campaigned to preserve the remaining wilderness , culminating on October 2 , 1968 , with the designation of North Cascades National Park .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Diablo_Lake', 'summary': "Diablo Lake is a reservoir in the North Cascade mountains of northern Washington state , United States . Created by Diablo Dam , the lake is located between Ross Lake and Gorge Lake on the Skagit River at an elevation of 1,201 feet ( 366 m ) above sea level . Diablo Lake is part of the Skagit River Hydroelectric Project and managed by Seattle City Light . Diablo Lake Trail , designated a National Recreation Trail in 1981 , runs for 3.80 miles ( 6.12 km ) along the lake 's northern shore . The lake holds rainbow , coastal cutthroat , brook , and the federally threatened bull trout . It is a popular recreational spot for kayakers and canoeists . The unique , intense turquoise hue of the lake 's water is attributed to the surrounding glaciers that grind rocks into a fine powder that is carried into the lake through creeks . That fine powder , also called glacial flour , stays suspended in the lake , giving the water its brilliant color ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'This is a list of nature centers and environmental education centers in the state of Washington . To use the sortable tables : click on the icons at the top of each column to sort that column in alphabetical order ; click again for reverse alphabetical order . See also : List of nature centers in the United States', 'uid': 'List_of_nature_centers_in_Washington_(state)_0', 'intro': 'N/A'} | null | null | What is the summary of the center that contains Piper Orchard , Pipers Creek ( and its tributaries Venema Creek and Mohlendorph Creek ) , play and picnic areas , picnic shelters , and hiking trails ? | 216 acres , operated by the City , center open for programs or rentals only |
07e3ad18ace8b5dd | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_Germany_at_the_Olympics', 'title': 'List of flag bearers for Germany at the Olympics', 'header': ['#', 'Event year', 'Season', 'Flag bearer', 'Sport'], 'data': [{'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Korean : 제23회 동계 올림픽 , romanized : Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , Gangwon Province , South Korea , with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018 , the day before the opening ceremony . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011 , at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . This was the second time that South Korea had hosted the Olympic Games , having previously hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , but it was only the first Winter Olympics to be held in the country . It was the first of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , the following two being Tokyo 2020 ( summer ) and Beijing 2022 ( winter ) . It was the third time that an East Asian country had hosted the Winter Games , after Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) , both of these cities in Japan . It was also the first Winter Olympics to be held in mainland Asia . The Games featured 102 events over 15 disciplines , a record number of events for the Winter Games . Four events made their Olympic debut in 2018 : big air snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing . A total of 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed , including the national debuts of Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . After a state-sponsored doping program was exposed following the 2014 Winter Olympics , the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended , but selected athletes were allowed to compete neutrally under the special IOC designation of Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) . North Korea agreed to participate in the Games despite tense relations with South Korea ; the two nations paraded together at the opening ceremony as a unified Korea , and fielded a unified team ( COR ) in the women 's ice hockey . Norway led the total medal tally with 39 , followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29 ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric Frenzel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Frenzel', 'summary': 'Eric Frenzel ( born 21 November 1988 ) is a German nordic combined skier who has been competing since 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nordic combined', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined', 'summary': 'Nordic combined is a winter sport in which athletes compete in cross-country skiing and ski jumping . Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics and the FIS Nordic Combined World Cup are ongoing .'}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2016 Summer Olympics ( Portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , [ a ] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( Portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and commonly known as Rio 2016 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August . These were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in South America and the fourth to be held in a developing country , after the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in China . More than 11,000 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees took part , including first time entrants Kosovo , South Sudan , and the Refugee Olympic Team . With 306 sets of medals , the games featured 28 Olympic sports , including rugby sevens and golf , which were added to the Olympic program in 2009 . These sporting events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasília , and Manaus . These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 2 October 2009 . Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games . These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country , the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country 's winter season , the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America , and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere . The United States topped the medal table , winning the most gold and overall medals , 46 and 121 , as well as its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal overall . Great Britain finished second and became only the second country in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after it had been host nation . China finished third ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Timo Boll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timo_Boll', 'summary': 'Timo Boll ( German pronunciation : [ ˈtiːmo ˈbɔl ] ; born 8 March 1981 ) is a German professional table tennis player who plays with Borussia Düsseldorf and his ranking is second in the German Table Tennis National League . His ranking is No . 6 in the ITTF world rankings as of June 2019 . Boll ranks among the best German table tennis players of all time , having ranked world No . 1 in 2003 , 2011 and in March 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Table tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis', 'summary': "Table tennis , also known as ping-pong , is a sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight ball back and forth across a table using small rackets . The game takes place on a hard table divided by a net . Except for the initial serve , the rules are generally as follows : players must allow a ball played toward them to bounce one time on their side of the table , and must return it so that it bounces on the opposite side at least once . A point is scored when a player fails to return the ball within the rules . Play is fast and demands quick reactions . Spinning the ball alters its trajectory and limits an opponent 's options , giving the hitter a great advantage . Table tennis is governed by the worldwide organization International Table Tennis Federation ( ITTF ) , founded in 1926 . ITTF currently includes 226 member associations . The table tennis official rules are specified in the ITTF handbook . Table tennis has been an Olympic sport since 1988 , with several event categories . From 1988 until 2004 , these were men 's singles , women 's singles , men 's doubles and women 's doubles . Since 2008 , a team event has been played instead of the doubles ."}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2014 Winter Olympics , officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Russian : XXII Олимпийские зимние игры , tr . XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry ) and commonly known as Sochi 2014 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi , Krasnodar Krai , Russia , with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony , 6 February 2014 . Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee ( SOOC ) . Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007 , during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City . It was the first Olympics to be held in a CIS state since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The Soviet Union was previously the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . These were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . A record 98 events in fifteen winter sport disciplines were held during the Games . A number of new competitions - a total of twelve accounting for gender - were held during the Games , including biathlon mixed relay , women 's ski jumping , mixed-team figure skating , mixed-team luge , half-pipe skiing , ski and snowboard slopestyle , and snowboard parallel slalom . The events were held around two clusters of new venues : an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi 's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea , with Fisht Olympic Stadium , and the Games ' indoor venues located within walking distance , and snow events in the resort settlement of Krasnaya Polyana . The 2014 Winter Olympics were the most expensive Games in the history of the Olympics . While originally budgeted at US $ 12 billion , major cost overruns , caused this figure to expand to US $ 51 billion , more than three times the cost of the 2012 London Olympics and even surpassing the estimated $ 44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maria Höfl-Riesch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maria_Höfl-Riesch', 'summary': 'Maria Höfl-Riesch ( German pronunciation : [ maʁiːaː høːfl ʁiːʃ ] ; née Riesch , born 24 November 1984 ) is a former German World Cup alpine ski racer . She is a three-time Olympic champion , two-time world champion , and an overall World Cup champion . Höfl-Riesch made her World Cup debut in February 2001 and won gold medals in slalom and super combined at the 2010 Winter Olympics . She won the World Cup overall title in 2011 . At the 2014 Winter Olympics , she defended her super combined title to win her third Olympic gold medal , and also won a silver medal in the super-G .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing', 'summary': "Alpine skiing , or downhill skiing , is the pastime of sliding down snow-covered slopes on skis with fixed-heel bindings , unlike other types of skiing ( cross-country , Telemark , or ski jumping ) , which use skis with free-heel bindings . Whether for recreation or for sport , it is typically practised at ski resorts , which provide such services as ski lifts , artificial snow making , snow grooming , restaurants , and ski patrol . Off-piste skiers - those skiing outside ski area boundaries - may employ snowmobiles , helicopters or snowcats to deliver them to the top of a slope . Back-country skiers may use specialized equipment with a free-heel mode , including 'sticky ' skins on the bottoms of the skis to stop them sliding backwards during an ascent , then locking the heel and removing the skins for their descent . Alpine skiing has been an event at the Winter Olympic Games since 1936 ."}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natascha Keller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natascha_Keller', 'summary': "Natascha Keller ( born July 3 , 1977 in West Berlin ) is a German retired field hockey striker . She won a gold medal as a member of the German team at the 2004 Summer Olympics . She also competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics , 2000 Summer Olympics , 2008 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Olympics . In 1999 she received an award from the International Hockey Federation . She is the daughter of retired Olympic field hockey player Carsten Keller and granddaughter of player Erwin Keller . Her brothers Andreas Keller and Florian Keller , like her father and herself , were on gold medal winning field hockey teams . Keller has accumulated over 400 games for the Germany women 's national field hockey team , which makes her the country 's most capped female player in history . Keller was the flag bearer for Germany at the 2012 Summer Olympics , becoming the first field hockey athlete being honoured this way ."}]}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey', 'summary': "Field hockey is a widely played team sport of the hockey family . The game can be played on grass , watered turf , artificial turf or synthetic field , as well as an indoor boarded surface . Each team plays with ten field players and a goalkeeper . Players commonly use sticks made out of wood , carbon fibre , fibre glass or a combination of carbon fibre and fibre glass in different quantities ( with the higher carbon fibre stick being more expensive and less likely to break ) to hit a round , hard , plastic hockey ball . The length of the hockey stick is based on the player 's individual height , the top of the stick usually comes to the players hip , taller players typically have taller sticks . The sticks have a round side and a flat side only the flat face of the stick is allowed to be used , if the other side is used it results in a foul . Goalies often have a different kind of stick , however they can also use an ordinary field hockey stick . The specific goal-keeping sticks have another curve at the end of the stick , this is to give them more surface area to save the ball . The uniform consists of shin guards , shoes , shorts or a skirt , a mouthguard and a jersey . Today , the game is played globally , mainly in parts of Western Europe , South Asia , Southern Africa , Australia , New Zealand , Argentina , and parts of the United States ( primarily New England and the Mid-Atlantic states ) . Known simply as hockey in many territories , the term field hockey is used primarily in Canada and the United States where ice hockey is more popular . In Sweden , the term landhockey is used and to some degree also in Norway where it is governed by Norway 's Bandy Association ."}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2010 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) and commonly known as Vancouver 2010 , informally the 21st Winter Olympics , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 12 to 28 February 2010 in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , with some events held in the surrounding suburbs of Richmond , West Vancouver and the University Endowment Lands , and in the nearby resort town of Whistler . Approximately 2,600 athletes from 82 nations participated in 86 events in fifteen disciplines . Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee ( VANOC ) , headed by John Furlong . The 2010 Winter Olympics were the third Olympics hosted by Canada and the first by the province of British Columbia . Canada hosted the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , Quebec , and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta . Metro Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to host the Winter Olympics , although Calgary is the largest city to host the Winter Olympics . They will both be surpassed by Beijing in 2022 . Following Olympic tradition , the incumbent mayor of Vancouver Sam Sullivan received the Olympic flag during the closing ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy . The flag was raised on February 28 , 2006 , in a special ceremony and was on display at Vancouver City Hall until the Olympic opening ceremony . The event was officially opened by Governor General Michaëlle Jean , who was accompanied by the Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge . For the first time , Canada won gold in an official sport at an Olympic Games hosted at home , having failed to do so at both the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary ( although Canada won the woman 's curling event in Calgary when it was still only a demonstration sport ) . Canada clinched their first gold medal on the second day of the competition and first topped the gold medal tally on the second to last day of competition and went on to become the first host nation since Norway in 1952 to lead the gold medal count ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'André Lange', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Lange', 'summary': "André Lange ( German pronunciation : [ ˈlaŋə ] ; born 28 June 1973 ) is a retired German bobsledder and the most successful bob pilot of all time . Competing at the 2002 , 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics , he has won four gold and one silver medals . Lange originally started his sledding career as a luger , taking up bobsleigh in 1993 . At the 2002 Winter Olympics , Lange won the four-man event with teammates Carsten Embach , Enrico Kühn and Kevin Kuske . At the 2006 Winter Olympics , Lange also won gold in the four-man event with teammates Kevin Kuske , René Hoppe and Martin Putze , in addition to winning the two-man event with Kuske . He competed in the 2010 Winter Olympics , winning gold in the two-man and silver in the four-man events . Lange also won fourteen medals at the FIBT World Championships with eight golds ( Two-man : 2003 , 2007 , 2008 ; Four-man : 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2008 ) , four silvers ( Two-man : 2000 , 2005 ; Four-man : 2001 , 2009 ) , and two bronzes ( Two-man : 2004 , Four-man : 2007 ) . At the Bobsleigh World Cup level , he has won three combined men 's championships ( 2000-1 , 2002-3 , 2003-4 ) , one two-man championship ( 2007-08 ) , and four four-man championships ( 2000-1 , 2002-3 , 2003-4 , 2007-8 ) . In April 2014 it was announced that Lange would become the head of the Thuringian Winter Sports Centre in Oberhof , which includes the DKB Ski Arena , the Oberhof sledding track , the Kanzlersgrund ski jumps and the town 's indoor ski area , following the retirement of the previous head Wolfgang Filbrich that July . In May 2017 he announced that he was leaving this role . In August 2017 the Korea Luge Federation announced that Lange would join the South Korean luge team as a coach in October on a five-month contract to assist head coach Steffen Sartor to help prepare them for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyongchang , South Korea ."}]}, {'value': 'Bobsleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh', 'summary': "Bobsleigh or bobsled is a team winter sport that involves making timed runs down narrow , twisting , banked , iced tracks in a gravity-powered sleigh . International bobsleigh competitions are governed by the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation , also known as FIBT from the French Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing . National competitions are often governed by bodies such as the United States Bobsled and Skeleton Federation and Bobsleigh Canada Skeleton . The first bobsleds were built in St. Moritz , Switzerland , in the late 19th century by wealthy tourists from Victorian Britain who were staying at the Palace Hotel owned by Caspar Badrutt . The early sleds were adapted from boys ' delivery sleds and toboggans . These eventually evolved into bobsleighs , luges and skeletons . Initially the tourists would race their hand-built contraptions down the narrow streets of St. Moritz , however , as collisions increased growing opposition from St Moritz residents led to bobsledding being eventually banned from public highways . In the winter of 1884 , Badrutt had a purpose-built run constructed near the hamlet of Cresta . The Cresta Run remains the oldest in the world and is the home of the St. Moritz Tobogganing Club . It has hosted two Olympic Winter Games and is still in use . Modern Bobsleigh teams compete to complete a downhill route in the fastest times . An aggregate time from several runs is used to determine the winners ."}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2008 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad ( Chinese : 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2008 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing , China . [ b ] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) competed in 28 sports and 302 events ( one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Summer Olympics ) . This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics , but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia , following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics . These were the second summer Olympic Games staged in a Communist country , after the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics and the third in a developing country after the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union and the first overall Olympics to be hosted by a Communist state since the former Yugoslavia hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . Beijing was awarded the 2008 Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001 , having won a majority of votes from members of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after two rounds of voting . The Government of the People 's Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transport systems . A total of 37 venues were used to host the events , including twelve constructed specifically for the 2008 Olympics . The equestrian events were held in Hong Kong , making this the third Olympics for which the events were held under the jurisdiction of two different NOCs . [ c ] The sailing events were contested in Qingdao , while the football events took place across several different cities . The official logo for the 2008 Games , titled Dancing Beijing , featured a stylised calligraphic character jīng ( 京 , means capital ) in reference to the host city . The Beijing Olympics was watched by 3,500,000,000 people worldwide and featured the longest distance for an Olympic Torch relay . The event sets numerous world and Olympics records in the history of sports , and is also the most expensive Summer Olympics of all time and second-most expensive overall , after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dirk Nowitzki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dirk_Nowitzki', 'summary': "Dirk Werner Nowitzki ( German pronunciation : [ ˈdɪʁk ˈvɛʁnɐ noˈvɪtski ] ) ( born June 19 , 1978 ) is a German retired professional basketball player . An alumnus of the DJK Würzburg basketball club , Nowitzki was chosen as the ninth pick in the 1998 NBA draft by the Milwaukee Bucks and was immediately traded to the Dallas Mavericks , where he played his entire 21-year National Basketball Association ( NBA ) career . Listed at 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) , Nowitzki is widely regarded as one of the greatest power forwards of all time and he is considered by many to be the greatest European player of all time . Nowitzki led the Mavericks to 15 NBA playoff appearances ( 2001-2012 ; 2014-2016 ) , including the franchise 's first Finals appearance in 2006 and its only NBA championship in 2011 . Known for his scoring ability , his versatility , his accurate outside shooting , and his trademark fadeaway jump shot , Nowitzki won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award in 2007 and the NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award in 2011 . Nowitzki is the only player ever to play for a single NBA franchise for 21 seasons . He is a 14-time All-Star , a 12-time All-NBA Team member , the first European player to start in an All-Star Game , and the first European player to receive the NBA Most Valuable Player Award . Nowitzki is the highest-scoring foreign-born player in NBA history . He is the first Maverick voted onto an All-NBA Team and holds several all-time Mavericks franchise records . On December 10 , 2012 , he became the first non-American player to receive the Naismith Legacy Award . Following his retirement , Nowitzki stood sixth on the list of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders . In international play , Nowitzki led the German national basketball team to a bronze medal in the 2002 FIBA World Championship and silver in EuroBasket 2005 , and was the leading scorer and MVP in both tournaments ."}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball', 'summary': "Basketball is a team sport in which two teams , most commonly of five players each , opposing one another on a rectangular court , compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball ( approximately 9.4 inches ( 24 cm ) in diameter ) through the defender 's hoop ( a basket 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter mounted 10 feet ( 3.048 m ) high to a backboard at each end of the court ) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop . A field goal is worth two points , unless made from behind the three-point line , when it is worth three . After a foul , timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws . The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but if regulation play expires with the score tied , an additional period of play ( overtime ) is mandated . Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running ( dribbling ) or by passing it to a teammate , both of which require considerable skill . On offense , players may use a variety of shots - the lay-up , the jump shot , or a dunk ; on defense , they may steal the ball from a dribbler , intercept passes , or block shots ; either offense or defense may collect a rebound , that is , a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard . It is a violation to lift or drag one 's pivot foot without dribbling the ball , to carry it , or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling . The five players on each side at a time fall into five playing positions the tallest player is usually the center , the tallest and strongest is the power forward , a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward , and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard , who implements the coach 's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays ( player positioning ) . Informally , players may play three-on-three , two-on-two , and one-on-one . Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield , Massachusetts , United States , basketball has evolved to become one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity , salaries , talent , and level of competition . Outside North America , the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2006 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games ( Italian : XX Giochi olimpici invernali ) and commonly known as Turin 2006 or Torino 2006 , was a winter multi-sport event which was held in Turin , Piedmont , Italy from February 10 to 26 , 2006 . This marked the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Olympic Games , the first being the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo . Italy also hosted the Summer Olympics in 1960 in Rome . Turin was selected as the host city for the 2006 Games in June 1999 . The official motto of the XX Olympic Winter Games was Passion lives here . The official logo depicts a stylized profile of the Mole Antonelliana building , drawn in white and blue ice crystals , signifying the snow and the sky . The crystal web was also meant to portray the web of new technologies and the Olympic spirit of community . The Olympic mascots of the Games were Neve ( snow in Italian ) , a female snowball , and Gliz , a male ice cube . Italy will host the 2026 Winter Olympics in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo 20 years after these games ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kati Wilhelm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kati_Wilhelm', 'summary': 'Kati Wilhelm ( born 2 August 1976 in Schmalkalden ) is a German former professional biathlete . Like most German biathletes she is also a member of the German Armed Forces ( Bundeswehr ) with the rank of master sergeant ( Hauptfeldwebel ) . She currently resides in Steinbach-Hallenberg , also in the Federal State of Thuringia .'}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon', 'summary': "The biathlon is a winter sport that combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting . It is treated as a race where the contestant with the shortest total time wins . Depending on the competition , missed shots result in extra distance or time being added to the contestant 's total ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2004 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004 , was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home . The Games saw 10,625 athletes compete , some 600 more than expected , accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries . There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance . 2004 also marked the return of the Olympic Games to the city where they began . Having previously hosted the Olympics in 1896 , Athens became one of only four cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two separate occasions at the time ( together with Paris , London , and Los Angeles ) . A new medal obverse was introduced at these Games , replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games . This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue . The new design features the Panathenaic Stadium . The 2004 Summer Games were hailed as unforgettable , dream games by IOC President Jacques Rogge , and left Athens with a significantly improved infrastructure , including a new airport , ring road , and subway system . There have been arguments ( mostly in popular media ) regarding the cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games and their possible contribution to the 2010-2018 Greek government-debt crisis , however , there is little or no evidence for such a correlation . The 2004 Olympics were generally deemed to be a success , with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ludger Beerbaum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ludger_Beerbaum', 'summary': 'Ludger Beerbaum ( born 26 August 1963 in Detmold , North Rhine-Westphalia ) is an internationally successful German equestrian who competes in show jumping and has been ranked the No . 1 Show Jumper in the world by the FEI on multiple occasions . He is also a four-time Olympic Gold medalist team and individual .'}]}, {'value': 'Equestrianism', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Equestrianism', 'summary': "Equestrianism ( from Latin equester , equestr- , equus , 'horseman ' , 'horse ' ) , more often known as horse riding ( British English ) or horseback riding ( American English ) , includes the disciplines of riding , driving , or vaulting with horses . This broad description includes the use of horses for practical working purposes , transportation , recreational activities , artistic or cultural exercises , and competitive sport ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2002 Winter Olympics , officially the XIX Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Salt Lake 2002 , was a winter multi-sport event that was celebrated from 8 to 24 February 2002 in and around Salt Lake City , Utah , United States . 2,399 athletes from 78 nations participated in 78 events in fifteen disciplines , held throughout 165 sporting sessions . The 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2002 Paralympic Games were both organized by the Salt Lake Organizing Committee ( SLOC ) , the first time in Olympic and Paralympic history that both events were organized by a single committee . Utah became the fifth state in the United States to host the Olympic Games , after Missouri , New York , California , and Georgia . These were the first Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge . The opening ceremony was held on February 8 , 2002 , and sporting competitions were held up until the closing ceremony on February 24 , 2002 . Production for both ceremonies was designed by Seven Nielsen , and music for both ceremonies was directed by Mark Watters . Salt Lake City became the most populous area ever to have hosted the Winter Olympics , although the two subsequent host cities ' populations were larger . Following a trend , the 2002 Olympic Winter Games were also larger than all prior Winter Games , with 10 more events than the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan . Norway won the most gold medals while Germany won the most number of medals . The Salt Lake Games faced a bribery scandal and some local opposition during the bid . Nevertheless , from sporting and business standpoints , this was one of the most successful Winter Olympiads in history ; records were set in both the broadcasting and marketing programs ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hilde Gerg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hilde_Gerg', 'summary': 'Mathilde Gerg ( born 19 October 1975 in Lenggries , Upper Bavaria ) is a German former alpine skier . She was Olympic Champion in the Slalom at the 1998 Winter Olympics , a highly surprising win as most of her career she was known as predominantly a speed specialist ; with 1998 being the one year of her career she was a top slalom contender with 2 wins and numerous podiums on the World Cup , finishing 3rd in points for the season . At the World Championships she was bronze medallist in Combined and Super-G at Sestriere 1997 , Bronze medallist in Super-G at St. Anton 2001 , and gold medallist in Nation Team Event at Bormio in 2005 . In 1994 Gerg was Junior World Champion and in 1997 and 2002 she won the World Cup in her favourite discipline , Super-G . Her 1997 Super G season title came due to decisive points leader Pernilla Wiberg going off course in the final Super G of the season . She also has twice won the combined season Crystal Globe , and twice narrowly missed the downhill season title , finishing 2nd in the points in both 2004 and 2005 . She was 2nd in the Overall title standings in 1999 , losing the Overall title to Alexandra Meissnitzer . Gerg retired from professional skiing , because of severe injuries , in November 2005 . Her cousin , Annemarie Gerg , was also a member of the German alpine ski team .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing', 'summary': "Alpine skiing , or downhill skiing , is the pastime of sliding down snow-covered slopes on skis with fixed-heel bindings , unlike other types of skiing ( cross-country , Telemark , or ski jumping ) , which use skis with free-heel bindings . Whether for recreation or for sport , it is typically practised at ski resorts , which provide such services as ski lifts , artificial snow making , snow grooming , restaurants , and ski patrol . Off-piste skiers - those skiing outside ski area boundaries - may employ snowmobiles , helicopters or snowcats to deliver them to the top of a slope . Back-country skiers may use specialized equipment with a free-heel mode , including 'sticky ' skins on the bottoms of the skis to stop them sliding backwards during an ascent , then locking the heel and removing the skins for their descent . Alpine skiing has been an event at the Winter Olympic Games since 1936 ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birgit Fischer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birgit_Fischer', 'summary': "Birgit Fischer ( born 25 February 1962 ) is a German kayaker , who has won eight gold medals over six different Olympic Games , a record she shares with Aladár Gerevich , spanning seven Olympiads : twice representing East Germany ( interrupted by the boycott of 1984 ) , then four times representing the reunited nation . After both the 1988 and 2000 games , she announced her retirement , only to return for the subsequent games . She has been both the youngest- and oldest-ever Olympic canoeing champion ( ages 18 and 42 ) . In 2004 , she was voted German sportswoman of the year . Fischer was born in Brandenburg an der Havel , then in East Germany . She attended an ASK ( army sports club ) boarding school in Potsdam , and worked as a sports instructor in the National People 's Army , attaining a rank of major by the time of German reunification in 1990 . She was married from 1984 to 1993 to canoeist Jörg Schmidt , silver medalist in the C-1 1000 m event at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . She lives with their two children in Brandenburg . In 1999 she stood unsuccessfully as a candidate for the FDP in the European Parliament election . Fischer 's niece , Fanny , competed for Germany at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , winning a gold in the K-4 500 m event . Fischer 's brother Frank won nine world championship medals between 1981 and 1986 . She also won 38 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medals between 1978 and 2005 , including 28 golds ."}]}, {'value': 'Canoe racing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoe_racing', 'summary': 'Canoe sprint is a sport in which athletes race canoes or kayaks on calm water .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1998 Winter Olympics , officially the XVIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Japanese : 第十八回オリンピック冬季競技大会 , Dai Jūhachi-kai Orinpikku Tōkikyōgi Taikai ) , and commonly known as Nagano 1998 , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 7 to 22 February 1998 that were centered in Nagano , Japan . The Games also took place in the nearby mountain communities of Hakuba , Karuizawa , Nozawa Onsen , and Yamanouuchi . The city of Nagano had previously been a candidate to host the 1940 Winter Olympics ( which were later cancelled ) , as well as the 1972 Winter Olympics , but each time Nagano was eliminated at the national level by Sapporo . The games hosted 2,176 athletes from 72 nations competing in 7 sports and 68 events . The number of athletes and participating nations were a record at the time . The Games saw the introduction of women 's ice hockey , curling and snowboarding . National Hockey League players were allowed to participate in the men 's ice hockey for the first time . Five countries , Azerbaijan , Kenya , Macedonia , Uruguay , and Venezuela made their debut at the Winter Olympics . The athlete who won the most medals at these games was the Russian cross-country skier Larisa Lazutina who won five medals , including three gold . The Norwegian cross-country skier Bjørn Dæhlie won four medals , including three gold , which took his total Olympic medal total to 12 , including eight gold , which is a record for Winter Olympics . In ice hockey , professionals from the North American National Hockey League participated for the first time . Despite their participation , the Czech men 's ice hockey team won the gold medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jochen Behle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jochen_Behle', 'summary': "Jochen Behle ( born 7 July 1960 in Korbach , Hesse ) is a former ( West ) German cross-country skier who competed from 1982 to 1998 . Competing in six Winter Olympics , he earned his best career finish of fourth in the 4 x 10 km relay at Lillehammer in 1994 and his best individual finish of 11th in the 10 km event at those same games . Behle 's best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was fifth in the 10 km event at Falun in 1993 . His only World Cup victory was in a 50 km event in Canada in 1989 . In West Germany , the phrase Wo ist Behle ? ( Where is Behle ? ) became famous when during a TV broadcast of the 1980 Olympic Games in Lake Placid , the commentator could n't find Behle and worriedly repeated this question ."}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing', 'summary': 'Cross-country skiing is a form of skiing where skiers rely on their own locomotion to move across snow-covered terrain , rather than using ski lifts or other forms of assistance . Cross-country skiing is widely practiced as a sport and recreational activity ; however , some still use it as a means of transportation . Variants of cross-country skiing are adapted to a range of terrain which spans unimproved , sometimes mountainous terrain to groomed courses that are specifically designed for the sport . Modern cross-country skiing is similar to the original form of skiing , from which all skiing disciplines evolved , including alpine skiing , ski jumping and Telemark skiing . Skiers propel themselves either by striding forward ( classic style ) or side-to-side in a skating motion ( skate skiing ) , aided by arms pushing on ski poles against the snow . It is practised in regions with snow-covered landscapes , including Northern Europe , Canada , Russia , the United States , Australia and New Zealand . Competitive cross-country skiing is one of the Nordic skiing sports . Cross-country skiing and rifle marksmanship are the two components of biathlon , ski-orienteering is a form of cross-country skiing , which includes map navigation along snow trails and tracks .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arnd Schmitt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arnd_Schmitt', 'summary': "Arnd Schmitt ( born 13 July 1965 in Heidenheim an der Brenz ) is a German fencer and Olympic champion in the épée competition . He won a gold medal in the individual épée and a team silver medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . He received an Olympic gold medal in épée team in 1992 . Schmitt was inducted into Germany 's Sports Hall of Fame in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fencing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fencing', 'summary': "Fencing is a group of three related combat sports . The three disciplines in modern fencing are the foil , the épée , and the sabre ( also saber ) ; winning points are made through the weapon 's contact with an opponent . A fourth discipline , singlestick , appeared in the 1904 Olympics but was dropped after that , and is not a part of modern fencing . Fencing was one of the first sports to be played in the Olympics . Based on the traditional skills of swordsmanship , the modern sport arose at the end of the 19th century , with the Italian school having modified the historical European martial art of classical fencing , and the French school later refining the Italian system . There are three forms of modern fencing , each of which uses a different kind of weapon and has different rules ; thus the sport itself is divided into three competitive scenes : foil , épée , and sabre . Most competitive fencers choose to specialize in one weapon only . Competitive fencing is one of the five activities which have been featured in every modern Olympic Games , the other four being athletics , cycling , swimming , and gymnastics ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympics ( Norwegian : Olympiske vinterleker 1994 ) , officially known as the XVII Olympic Winter Games , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 12 to 27 February 1994 in and around Lillehammer , Norway . Lillehammer failed to win the bid for the 1992 event , losing to Albertville . Lillehammer was awarded the 1994 Winter Olympics in 1988 , after beating Anchorage , United States ; Östersund , Sweden ; and Sofia , Bulgaria . Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games and the Olympic Games overall . The Games were the first to be held in a different year from the Summer Olympics , the first and only one to be held two years after the previous winter games . The Games were the second Winter Olympics hosted in Norway , after the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , and the fourth Olympics in the Nordic countries , after the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden , and the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki , Finland . Although many events took place in Lillehammer , skating took place in Hamar , some ice hockey matches were placed in Gjøvik , while Alpine skiing was held in Øyer and Ringebu . Sixty-seven countries and 1,737 athletes participated in six sports and sixty-one events . Fourteen countries made their debut in the Winter Olympics , of which nine were former Soviet republics . The Games also saw the introduction of stricter qualifying rules , reducing the number of under-performing participants from warm-weather countries . New events were two new distances in short track speed skating and aerials , while speed skating was moved indoors . Nearly two million people spectated the games , which were the first to have the Olympic truce in effect .'}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Kirchner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Kirchner', 'summary': 'Mark Kirchner ( born 4 April 1970 ) is a German former biathlete .'}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon', 'summary': "The biathlon is a winter sport that combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting . It is treated as a race where the contestant with the shortest total time wins . Depending on the competition , missed shots result in extra distance or time being added to the contestant 's total ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manfred Klein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manfred_Klein', 'summary': 'Manfred Klein ( born 22 August 1947 in Berlin ) is a competition rower and Olympic champion for West Germany . Klein coxed the eight which won the gold medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . He received a bronze medal in 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rowing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_(sport)', 'summary': 'Rowing , sometimes referred to as crew in the United States , is a sport whose origins reach back to Ancient Egyptian times . It involves propelling a boat ( racing shell ) on water using oars . By pushing against the water with an oar , a force is generated to move the boat . The sport can be either recreational for enjoyment or fitness , or competitive , when athletes race against each other in boats . There are a number of different boat classes in which athletes compete , ranging from an individual shell ( called a single scull ) to an eight-person shell with a coxswain ( called a coxed eight ) . Modern rowing as a competitive sport can be traced to the early 17th century when races ( regattas ) were held between professional watermen on the River Thames in London , United Kingdom . Often prizes were offered by the London Guilds and Livery Companies . Amateur competition began towards the end of the 18th century with the arrival of boat clubs at the British public schools of Eton College , Shrewsbury School , Durham School , and Westminster School . Similarly , clubs were formed at the University of Oxford , with a race held between Brasenose College and Jesus College in 1815 . At the University of Cambridge the first recorded races were in 1827 . Public rowing clubs were beginning at the same time ; in England Leander Club was founded in 1818 , in Germany Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club was founded in 1836 and in the United States Narragansett Boat Club was founded in 1838 and Detroit Boat Club was founded in 1839 . In 1843 , the first American college rowing club was formed at Yale University .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XVI Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) , were a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 8 to 23 February 1992 in Albertville , France . They were the last Winter Olympics to be held the same year as the Summer Olympics , and the first where the Winter Paralympics were held at the same site . Albertville was selected as host in 1986 , beating Sofia , Falun , Lillehammer , Cortina d'Ampezzo , Anchorage and Berchtesgaden . The games were the third Winter Olympics held in France , after Chamonix in 1924 and Grenoble in 1968 , and the fifth Olympics overall in the country . Only some of the skating and the opening and closing ceremonies took place in Albertville , while the rest of the events took place in the villages of Courchevel , La Plagne , Les Arcs , Les Menuires , Les Saisies , Méribel , Pralognan-la-Vanoise , Tignes and Val d'Isère . Sixty-four nations with 1,801 athletes participated in the games , including the Unified Team which represented non-Baltic former Soviet republics . Germany participated as a unified team following reunification in 1990 , while five newly independent European countries debuted , as did six warm-weather countries . Short track speed skating , moguls and women 's biathlon made their debut as an Olympic sport . The games were the last Winter Games until 2014 to have demonstration sports , consisting of curling , aerials , ski ballet and speed skiing . It was the last Olympics to have an outdoor speed skating rink . The games were succeeded by the 1992 Winter Paralympics from 25 March to 1 April . Norwegians won every male cross-country skiing race , with Bjørn Dæhlie and Vegard Ulvang both collecting three gold ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wolfgang Hoppe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolfgang_Hoppe', 'summary': "Wolfgang Hoppe ( German pronunciation : [ ˈhɔppə ] ; born 14 November 1957 , Apolda , Thuringia ) is an East German former decathlete , bob pilot and 36-time international medal winner who competed from the early 1980s to the late 1990s . Competing in four Winter Olympics , he won six medals with two golds ( Two-man : 1984 , Four-man : 1984 ) , three silvers ( Two-man : 1988 , Four-man : 1988 , 1992 ) , and one bronze ( 1994 ) . At the opening ceremonies of the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , Hoppe carried the flag of Germany , who was competing as a unified nation in the Winter Olympics for the first time since the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen . Hoppe also won fourteen medals at the FIBT World Championships with six golds ( Two-man : 1985 , 1986 , 1989 ; Four-man : 1991 , 1995 , 1997 ) , one silver ( Four-man : 1987 ) , and seven bronzes ( Two-man : 1983 , 1987 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 ; Four-man : 1989 , 1996 ) . He also won the Bobsleigh World Cup championship in combined men 's ( 1991-92 ) , two-man ( 1990-91 ) , and four-man ( 1991-92 , 1995-96 ) . Hoppe a former army major retired from bobsledding after the 1997 FIBT World Championships to become coach of the German national team , coaching such athletes as Susi Erdmann , Sandra Kiriasis , Gabriele Kohlisch , and André Lange . In October 1986 , he was awarded a Star of People 's Friendship in gold ( second class ) for his sporting success . He is the brother of motocross racer and 37-time medal winner Heinz Hoppe . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Bobsleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh', 'summary': "Bobsleigh or bobsled is a team winter sport that involves making timed runs down narrow , twisting , banked , iced tracks in a gravity-powered sleigh . International bobsleigh competitions are governed by the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation , also known as FIBT from the French Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing . National competitions are often governed by bodies such as the United States Bobsled and Skeleton Federation and Bobsleigh Canada Skeleton . The first bobsleds were built in St. Moritz , Switzerland , in the late 19th century by wealthy tourists from Victorian Britain who were staying at the Palace Hotel owned by Caspar Badrutt . The early sleds were adapted from boys ' delivery sleds and toboggans . These eventually evolved into bobsleighs , luges and skeletons . Initially the tourists would race their hand-built contraptions down the narrow streets of St. Moritz , however , as collisions increased growing opposition from St Moritz residents led to bobsledding being eventually banned from public highways . In the winter of 1884 , Badrutt had a purpose-built run constructed near the hamlet of Cresta . The Cresta Run remains the oldest in the world and is the home of the St. Moritz Tobogganing Club . It has hosted two Olympic Winter Games and is still in use . Modern Bobsleigh teams compete to complete a downhill route in the fastest times . An aggregate time from several runs is used to determine the winners ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1964 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XVIII Olympiad ( Japanese : 第十八回オリンピック競技大会 , Hepburn : Dai Jūhachi-kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai ) , was an international multi-sport event held in Tokyo , Japan , from 10 to 24 October 1964 . Tokyo had been awarded the organization of the 1940 Summer Olympics , but this honour was subsequently passed to Helsinki because of Japan 's invasion of China , before ultimately being cancelled because of World War II . The 1964 Summer Games were the first Olympics held in Asia , and the first time South Africa was barred from taking part due to its apartheid system in sports . ( South Africa was , however , allowed to compete at the 1964 Summer Paralympics , also held in Tokyo , where it made its Paralympic Games debut . ) Tokyo was chosen as the host city during the 55th IOC Session in West Germany , on 26 May 1959 . These games were also the first to be telecast internationally without the need for tapes to be flown overseas , as they had been for the 1960 Olympics four years earlier . The games were telecast to the United States using Syncom 3 , the first geostationary communication satellite , and from there to Europe using Relay 1 . These were also the first Olympic Games to have color telecasts , albeit partially . Certain events like the sumo wrestling and judo matches , sports huge in Japan , were tried out using Toshiba 's new colour transmission system , but only for the domestic market . History surrounding the 1964 Olympics was chronicled in the 1965 documentary film Tokyo Olympiad , directed by Kon Ichikawa . The games were scheduled for mid-October to avoid the city 's midsummer heat and humidity and the September typhoon season . The previous Olympics in Rome in 1960 started in late August and experienced hot weather ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ingrid Krämer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ingrid_Krämer', 'summary': 'Ingrid Gulbin ( née Krämer then Engel-Krämer , born 29 July 1943 ) is a diver from East Germany , a multiple Olympic champion who won Olympic gold medals in both springboard and platform .'}]}, {'value': 'Diving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_(sport)', 'summary': 'Diving is the sport of jumping or falling into water from a platform or springboard , usually while performing acrobatics . Diving is an internationally recognized sport that is part of the Olympic Games . In addition , unstructured and non-competitive diving is a recreational pastime . Diving is one of the most popular Olympic sports with spectators . [ citation needed ] Competitors possess many of the same characteristics as gymnasts and dancers , including strength , flexibility , kinaesthetic judgment and air awareness . Some professional divers were originally gymnasts or dancers as both the sports have similar characteristics to diving . Dmitri Sautin holds the record for most Olympic diving medals won , by winning eight medals in total between 1992 and 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1964 Winter Olympics , officially known as the IX Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les IXes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( German : Olympische Winterspiele 1964 ) , was a winter multi-sport event which was celebrated in Innsbruck , Austria , from January 29 to February 9 , 1964 . The Games included 1091 athletes from 36 nations , and the Olympic Torch was carried by Joseph Rieder , a former alpine skier who had participated in the 1956 Winter Olympics . The Games were affected by the deaths of Australian alpine skier Ross Milne and British luge slider Kazimierz Kay-Skrzypeski , during training , and by the deaths , three years earlier , of the entire US figure skating team and family members ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georg Thoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georg_Thoma', 'summary': "Georg Thoma ( born 20 August 1937 ) is a retired German Nordic combined skier and ski jumper . He won a gold medal at the 1960 Olympics , becoming the first non-Scandinavian athlete to do so , and was voted German Sportsman of the Year . At the 1964 Olympics he won a bronze medal and served as the Olympic flag bearer for Germany at the opening ceremony . He further won the world championships title in 1966 . Thoma 's strength in the Nordic combined was jumping . He was three times German champion in ski jumping ( 1960 , 1961 , and 1963 ) . Additionally , he won the Nordic combined at the Holmenkollen ski festival from 1963 to 1966 . For his Nordic combined successes , Thoma was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 1964 ( ahared with Veikko Kankkonen , Eero Mäntyranta , and Halvor Næs ) . Thoma is the uncle of the ski jumper Dieter Thoma . After retiring from competitions he worked as a postman in his hometown and later as a television commentator . He was one of the first German winter athletes to make his living from sponsorship ."}]}, {'value': 'Nordic combined', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined', 'summary': 'Nordic combined is a winter sport in which athletes compete in cross-country skiing and ski jumping . Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics and the FIS Nordic Combined World Cup are ongoing .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1960 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XVII Olympiad ( Italian : Giochi della XVII Olimpiade ) , was an international multi-sport event that was held from August 25 to September 11 , 1960 , in Rome , Italy . The city of Rome had previously been awarded the administration of the 1908 Summer Olympics , but following the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1906 , Rome had no choice but to decline and pass the honour to London . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fritz Thiedemann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fritz_Thiedemann', 'summary': 'Fritz Thiedemann ( 3 March 1918 - 8 January 2000 ) was a German equestrian , considered to be one of the greatest show jumpers of his time .'}]}, {'value': 'Equestrianism', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Equestrianism', 'summary': "Equestrianism ( from Latin equester , equestr- , equus , 'horseman ' , 'horse ' ) , more often known as horse riding ( British English ) or horseback riding ( American English ) , includes the disciplines of riding , driving , or vaulting with horses . This broad description includes the use of horses for practical working purposes , transportation , recreational activities , artistic or cultural exercises , and competitive sport ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1960 Winter Olympics , officially known as the VIII Olympic Winter Games , was a winter multi-sport event held between February 18-28 , 1960 , in Squaw Valley , California , United States . Squaw Valley was chosen to host the Games at the 1956 meeting of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . It was an undeveloped resort in 1955 , so from 1956 to 1960 the infrastructure and all of the venues were built at a cost of US $ 80,000,000 . It was designed to be intimate , allowing spectators and competitors to walk to nearly all the venues . Squaw Valley hosted athletes from thirty nations who competed in four sports and twenty-seven events . Women 's speed skating and biathlon made their Olympic debuts . After a poll was taken indicating that only nine countries would send a bobsled team , the organizers decided the bobsled events did not warrant the cost to build a venue , so for the first and only time bobsled was not on the Winter Olympic program . Cold War politics forced the IOC to debate the participation of China and Taiwan . The United States supported Taiwan while the Soviet Union stood behind China . Given the fact that the 1960 Games were to be held in America , there was concern among IOC members that the United States would not allow China or any other Communist country to participate . In 1957 , IOC president Avery Brundage , himself an American , announced that if the United States refused entry to any country recognized by the IOC , then they would revoke Squaw Valley 's invitation to host the Games and he would resign the presidency . Bowing to international pressure , the United States allowed athletes from Communist countries to participate ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helmut Recknagel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helmut_Recknagel', 'summary': 'Helmut Recknagel ( born 20 March 1937 in Steinbach-Hallenberg ) is an East German former ski jumper who was active in the late 1950s and early 1960s . He earned a gold medal at the 1960 Winter Olympics in ski jumping and also won the Holmenkollen ski festival ski jumping competition twice ( 1957 and 1960 ) . At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , he won three medals : a bronze in 1958 and two medals in 1962 , a gold in the individual large hill and a bronze in the individual normal hill . For his ski jumping efforts , Recknagel was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 1960 ( Shared with Sixten Jernberg , Sverre Stensheim , and Tormod Knutsen ) . He was the first German to win the Holmenkollen medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Ski jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping', 'summary': "Ski jumping is a winter sport in which competitors aim to achieve the longest jump after descending from a specially designed ramp on their skis . Along with jump length , competitor 's style and other factors affect the final score . Ski jumping was first contested in Norway in the late 19th century , and later spread through Europe and North America in the early 20th century . Along with cross-country skiing , it constitutes the traditional group of Nordic skiing disciplines . The ski jumping venue , commonly referred to as a hill , consists of the jumping ramp ( in-run ) , take-off table , and a landing hill . Each jump is evaluated according to the distance traveled and the style performed . The distance score is related to the construction point ( also known as the K-point ) , which is a line drawn in the landing area and serves as a target for the competitors to reach . The score of each judge evaluating the style can reach a maximum of 20 points . The jumping technique has evolved over the years , from jumps with the parallel skis with both arms pointing forwards , to the V-style , which is widely used today . Ski jumping has been included at the Winter Olympics since 1924 and at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships since 1925 . Women 's participation in the sport began in the 1990s , while the first women 's event at the Olympics has been held in 2014 . All major ski jumping competitions are organised by the International Ski Federation ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1956 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XVI Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia from 22 November to 8 December 1956 , with the exception of the equestrian events , which were held in Stockholm , Sweden in June 1956 . These Games were the first to be staged in the Southern Hemisphere and Oceania , as well as the first to be held outside Europe and North America . Melbourne is the most southerly city ever to host the Olympics . Due to the Southern Hemisphere 's seasons being different from those in the Northern Hemisphere , the 1956 Games did not take place at the usual time of year , because of the need to hold the events during the warmer weather of the host 's spring/summer ( which corresponds to the Northern Hemisphere 's autumn/winter ) . The Olympic equestrian events could not be held in Melbourne due to Australia 's strict quarantine regulations , so they were held in Stockholm five months earlier . This was the second time that the Olympics were not held entirely in one country , the first being the 1920 Summer Olympics , which were held in Antwerp , Belgium , with some events taking place in Ostend , Belgium and Amsterdam , Netherlands . Despite uncertainties and various complications encountered during the preparations , the 1956 Games went ahead in Melbourne as planned and turned out to be a success . The enduring tradition of national teams parading as one during the closing ceremony was started at these Olympics . Several teams boycotted the Games in protest of the IOC 's rejection to suspend the USSR after their invasion of Hungary . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karl-Friedrich Haas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karl-Friedrich_Haas', 'summary': 'Karl-Friedrich Haas ( born 28 July 1931 in Berlin ) was a West German athlete who mainly competed in the 400 metres . He competed for West Germany in the 1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki , Finland where he won the bronze medal in the 4 x 400 metre relay with his team mates Hans Geister , Günther Steines and Heinz Ulzheimer . Four years later he competed for the United Team of Germany in the 1956 Summer Olympics held in Melbourne , Australia and won a silver in the individual 400 metres . He is the father of Olympic competitor Christian Haas .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Germany at theOlympicsIOC codeGERNOCGerman Olympic Sports ConfederationWebsitewww.dosb.de ( in German , English , and French ) Medals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer appearances189619001904190819121920–1924192819321936194819521956–198819921996200020042008201220162020Winter appearances192819321936194819521956–198819921994199820022006201020142018Other related appearances1906 Intercalated Games Saar ( 1952 ) United Team of Germany ( 1956–1964 ) East Germany ( 1968–1988 ) West Germany ( 1968–1988 ) André Lange , 2010 Winter Olympics national flag bearers This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Germany at the Olympics . [ 1 ] Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games .', 'uid': 'List_of_flag_bearers_for_Germany_at_the_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Germany at the Olympics. Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.'} | null | null | What is the difference in the event years for the person born 21 November 1988 and the person born born 8 March 1981 ? | 2 years |
07e5e57aa0331f80 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Georgia_Institute_of_Technology_alumni', 'title': 'List of Georgia Institute of Technology alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Rawi Abdelal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rawi_Abdelal', 'summary': 'Rawi E. Abdelal is the Joseph C. Wilson Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School in the Business , Government , and International Economy Unit . In 1993 , Abdelal earned a B.S . in Economics at Georgia Institute of Technology . In 1997 , he earned a M.A. , and in 1999 a Ph.D. , in Government from Cornell University .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professor of business administration at Harvard Business School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvard_Business_School', 'summary': 'Harvard Business School ( HBS ) is the graduate business school of Harvard University . Located in Boston , Massachusetts , it is consistently ranked among the top business schools in the world , and offers a large full-time MBA program , management-related doctoral programs , and many executive education programs . It owns Harvard Business Publishing , which publishes business books , leadership articles , online management tools for corporate learning , case studies , and the monthly Harvard Business Review . It is also home to the Baker Library/Bloomberg Center .'}]}, {'value': 'Ronald W. Allen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronald_W._Allen', 'summary': "Ronald W. Allen ( born c. 1942 ) is an American businessman . He served as the president , chairman and chief executive officer of Delta Air Lines from 1987 to 1997 , and as the chairman and chief executive officer of Aaron 's , Inc. from 2012 to 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': "President , chairman and CEO of Delta Air Lines ( 1987-1997 ) ; chairman and CEO of Aaron 's , Inc. ( 2012-2014 )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines', 'summary': "Delta Air Lines , Inc. , typically referred to as Delta , is one of the major airlines of the United States and a legacy carrier . It is headquartered in Atlanta , Georgia . The airline , along with its subsidiaries and regional affiliates , including Delta Connection , operates over 5,400 flights daily and serves 325 destinations in 52 countries on six continents . Delta is a founding member of the SkyTeam airline alliance . Delta has nine hubs , with Atlanta being its largest in terms of total passengers and number of departures . It is ranked second among the world 's largest airlines by number of scheduled passengers carried , revenue passenger-kilometers flown , and fleet size . It is ranked 69th on the Fortune 500 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Aaron's,_Inc.", 'summary': "Aaron 's , Inc. is a lease-to-own retailer . The company focuses on leases and retail sales of furniture , electronics , appliances , and computers . In 2014 , Aaron 's completed the acquisition of Progressive Finance . The acquisition supports the Company 's strategy to address credit-challenged customers ' changing needs for acquiring home furniture , electronics and appliances as the consumer population leans more toward a multi-channel acquisition of goods and services . In April 2016 Aaron 's , Inc. set the Guinness World Record for the largest game of tumbling mattress dominoes . This game was set up using over 1,000 people and mattresses ."}]}, {'value': 'Gil Amelio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gil_Amelio', 'summary': 'Gilbert Frank Amelio ( born March 1 , 1943 ) is an American technology executive . Amelio worked at Bell Labs , Fairchild Semiconductor , and the semiconductor division of Rockwell International , and was a CEO of National Semiconductor and Apple Inc .'}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CEO emeritus of National Semiconductor and Apple ; IEEE Fellow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Semiconductor', 'summary': "National Semiconductor was an American semiconductor manufacturer which specialized in analog devices and subsystems , formerly with headquarters in Santa Clara , California , United States . The company produced power management integrated circuits , display drivers , audio and operational amplifiers , communication interface products and data conversion solutions . National 's key markets included wireless handsets , displays and a variety of broad electronics markets , including medical , automotive , industrial and test and measurement applications . On September 23 , 2011 , the company formally became part of Texas Instruments as the Silicon Valley division ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Apple_Inc.', 'summary': "Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino , California , that designs , develops , and sells consumer electronics , computer software , and online services . The company 's hardware products include the iPhone smartphone , the iPad tablet computer , the Mac personal computer , the iPod portable media player , the Apple Watch smartwatch , the Apple TV digital media player , the AirPods wireless earbuds and the HomePod smart speaker . Apple 's software includes the macOS , iOS , iPadOS , watchOS , and tvOS operating systems , the iTunes media player , the Safari web browser , the Shazam acoustic fingerprint utility , and the iLife and iWork creativity and productivity suites , as well as professional applications like Final Cut Pro , Logic Pro , and Xcode . Its online services include the iTunes Store , the iOS App Store , Mac App Store , Apple Music , Apple TV+ , iMessage , and iCloud . Other services include Apple Store , Genius Bar , AppleCare , Apple Pay , Apple Pay Cash , and Apple Card . Apple was founded by Steve Jobs , Steve Wozniak , and Ronald Wayne in April 1976 to develop and sell Wozniak 's Apple I personal computer , though Wayne sold his share back within 12 days . It was incorporated as Apple Computer , Inc. , in January 1977 , and sales of its computers , including the Apple II , grew quickly . Within a few years , Jobs and Wozniak had hired a staff of computer designers and had a production line . Apple went public in 1980 to instant financial success . Over the next few years , Apple shipped new computers featuring innovative graphical user interfaces , such as the original Macintosh in 1984 , and Apple 's marketing advertisements for its products received widespread critical acclaim . However , the high price of its products and limited application library caused problems , as did power struggles between executives . In 1985 , Wozniak departed Apple amicably and remained an honorary employee , while Jobs and others resigned to found NeXT ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers', 'summary': "The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) is a professional association for electronic engineering and electrical engineering ( and associated disciplines ) with its corporate office in New York City and its operations center in Piscataway , New Jersey . It was formed in 1963 from the amalgamation of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Radio Engineers . Due to its expansion of scope into so many related fields , it is simply referred to by the letters I-E-E-E ( pronounced Eye-triple-E ) , except on legal business documents . As of 2018 [ update ] , it is the world 's largest association of technical professionals with more than 423,000 members in over 160 countries around the world . Its objectives are the educational and technical advancement of electrical and electronic engineering , telecommunications , computer engineering and allied disciplines ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles Garry Betty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garry_Betty', 'summary': 'Charles Garrett Garry Betty ( March 4 , 1957 - January 2 , 2007 ) was President and CEO of EarthLink , a large American Internet service provider , from 1996 until his death . During his leadership of EarthLink , Betty grew the customer base from just under 100,000 members to over 5,000,000 .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'President and CEO of EarthLink ( 1996-2007 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EarthLink', 'summary': 'EarthLink is an American Internet service provider .'}]}, {'value': 'W. Frank Blount', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W._Frank_Blount', 'summary': 'William Frank Blount , AM ( born July 26 , 1938 ) is an American businessman , and currently the chairman and CEO of venture capital firm JI Ventures , Inc. Blount previously served as chairman and CEO of Cypress Communications Inc. , and director and CEO of Telstra Corporation Limited in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Businessman , chairman and CEO of venture capital firm JI Ventures , Inc. ; former chairman and CEO of Cypress Communications Inc. ; former director and CEO of Telstra in Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venture_capital', 'summary': "Venture capital ( VC ) is a type of financing that is provided by firms or funds to small , early-stage , emerging firms that are deemed to have high growth potential , or which have demonstrated high growth ( in terms of number of employees , annual revenue , or both ) . Venture capital firms or funds invest in these early-stage companies in exchange for equity , or an ownership stake , in those companies . Venture capitalists take on the risk of financing risky start-ups in the hopes that some of the firms they support will become successful . Because startups face high uncertainty , VC investments have high rates of failure . The start-ups are usually based on an innovative technology or business model and they are usually from the high technology industries , such as information technology ( IT ) , clean technology or biotechnology . The typical venture capital investment occurs after an initial seed funding round . The first round of institutional venture capital to fund growth is called the Series A round . Venture capitalists provide this financing in the interest of generating a return through an eventual exit event , such as the company selling shares to the public for the first time in an initial public offering ( IPO ) or doing a merger and acquisition ( also known as a trade sale ) of the company . Alternatively , an exit may come about via the private equity secondary market . In addition to angel investing , equity crowdfunding and other seed funding options , venture capital is attractive for new companies with limited operating history that are too small to raise capital in the public markets and have not reached the point where they are able to secure a bank loan or complete a debt offering . In exchange for the high risk that venture capitalists assume by investing in smaller and early-stage companies , venture capitalists usually get significant control over company decisions , in addition to a significant portion of the companies ' ownership ( and consequently value ) . Start-ups like Uber , Airbnb , Flipkart , Xiaomi & Didi Chuxing are highly valued startups , commonly known as unicorns , where venture capitalists contribute more than financing to these early-stage firms ; they also often provide strategic advice to the firm 's executives on its business model and marketing strategies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cypress_Communications', 'summary': 'Cypress Communications ( previously known as Cypress Communications Holding Company ) is a United States telecommunications firm and a Competitive Local Exchange Carrier ( CLEC ) . Cypress Communications provided hosted voice , data VoIP and unified communications to small and medium-sized businesses and enterprises across the United States . The company was built via organic customer growth and corporate acquisitions . Companies enfolded into Cypress Communications included Reignmaker , Shared Technologies , Intermedia Communications , RealCom , Fairchild Communications and Worldcom/Advanced Building Networks . In 2011 , Cypress Communications was purchased by Broadvox , LLC . Cypress Communications was the original BLEC ( building local exchange carrier ) business model and rode this first mover advantage to an IPO in 2000 . Allied Riser and other VC backed firms followed Cypress Communications into the BLEC space .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Telstra', 'summary': "Telstra Corporation Limited is an Australian telecommunications company which builds and operates telecommunications networks and markets voice , mobile , internet access , pay television and other products and services . Telstra has a long history in Australia , originating together with Australia Post as the Postmaster-General 's Department . Telstra is now fully privatised and was undergoing a change program to become more customer focused under its previous CEO , David Thodey ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'John F. Brock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Brock_(CEO)', 'summary': "John F. Brock ( born May 6 , 1948 ) , was the chairman and chief executive officer of Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. ( CCE ) , the world 's third-largest marketer , distributor , and producers of Coca-Cola products . He has more than 25 years of experience in the beverage sales industry ."}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chairman and CEO of Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coca-Cola_Enterprises', 'summary': "Coca-Cola Enterprises was a marketer , producer , and distributor of Coca-Cola products . It was formerly the anchor bottler for Western Europe and most of North America . Coca-Cola Enterprises ' products included Coca-Cola , Diet Coke , Coke Zero , Sprite , Fanta , Capri-Sun , Dr Pepper , Chaudfontaine , Schweppes , Monster and Relentless ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul J . Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_J._Brown', 'summary': 'Paul J . Brown is an American businessman and the Co-Founder and Chief Executive Officer of Inspire Brands . He is the former Chief Executive Officer of Arbys .'}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CEO at Inspire Brands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inspire_Brands', 'summary': "Inspire Brands , Inc. , formerly Arby 's Restaurant Group , Inc. , is a holding company and the owner and franchisor of the Arby 's , Buffalo Wild Wings , Sonic Drive-In , Jimmy John 's and Rusty Taco restaurant chains . The company 's headquarters and Global Support Center is located in Sandy Springs , Georgia , in metro Atlanta 's Perimeter Center district . Inspire Brands is owned by Roark Capital Group . The acquisition of Jimmy John 's made Inspire the fourth largest restaurant chain group ."}]}, {'value': 'Gary C. Butler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_C._Butler', 'summary': "Gary C. Butler was the CEO and president of Automatic Data Processing . He held this position from August 2006 through November 2011 , and had been with the company for 37 years . From 1990 to 1995 , he served as Group President for ADP 's Dealer Services Group ; and from 1995 to 1998 he served in the same capacity for ADP 's Employer Services Group . Prior to assuming his role as CEO in 2006 , Butler was President and Chief Operating Officer of the company ."}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CEO of Automatic Data Processing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Automatic_Data_Processing', 'summary': "Automatic Data Processing , Inc. , commonly known as ADP , is an American provider of human resources management software and services . Until 2014 , ADP was one of four American companies in the S & P 500 to have a AAA credit rating from both Standard & Poor 's ( S & P ) and Moody 's ."}]}, {'value': 'Brook Byers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brook_Byers', 'summary': 'Brook Byers ( born August 2 , 1945 , Belleville , IL ( Scott Air Force Base ) ) is a senior partner at Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and the brother of Stanford University Professor Tom Byers and Atlanta , Georgia engineering entrepreneur Ken Byers .'}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Venture capitalist of Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kleiner_Perkins_Caufield_&_Byers', 'summary': "Kleiner Perkins , formerly Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers ( KPCB ) , is an American venture capital firm which specializes in investing in incubation , early stage and growth companies . Since its founding in 1972 , the firm has backed entrepreneurs in over 900 ventures , including America Online , Amazon.com , Tandem Computers , Compaq , Electronic Arts , JD.com , Square , Genentech , Google , Netscape , Sun Microsystems , Nest , Synack , Snap , AppDynamics , and Twitter . By 2019 it had raised around $ 9 billion in 19 venture capital funds and four growth funds . Kleiner Perkins is headquartered in Menlo Park in Silicon Valley , with offices in San Francisco and Shanghai , China . The New York Times described Kleiner Perkins as perhaps Silicon Valleys most famous venture firm . The Wall Street Journal called it one of the largest and most established venture capital firms and Dealbook named it one of Silicon Valley 's top venture capital providers ."}]}, {'value': 'George G. Crawford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Gordon_Crawford', 'summary': 'George Gordon Crawford ( August 24 , 1869 - March 20 , 1936 ) was an American industrialist .'}]}, {'value': '1890', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Headed the Tennessee Coal , Iron and Railroad Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee_Coal,_Iron_and_Railroad_Company', 'summary': 'The Tennessee Coal , Iron and Railroad Company ( 1852-1952 ) , also known as TCI and the Tennessee Company , was a major American steel manufacturer with interests in coal and iron ore mining and railroad operations . Originally based entirely within Tennessee , it relocated most of its business to Alabama in the late nineteenth century . With a sizable real estate portfolio , the company owned several Birmingham satellite towns , including Ensley , Fairfield , Docena , Edgewater and Bayview . At one time the second largest steel producer in the USA , TCI was listed on the first Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1896 . However , in 1907 , the company was merged with its principal rival , the United States Steel Corporation . The Tennessee Coal , Iron and Railroad Company was subsequently operated as a subsidiary of U. S. Steel for 45 years until it became a division of its parent company in 1952 .'}]}, {'value': 'Quentin Dastugue', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founding partner and the chief executive officer of the New Orleans -based real estate firm Property One , Inc. ; former four-term member of the Louisiana House of Representatives', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans', 'summary': "New Orleans ( /ˈɔːrl ( i ) ənz , ɔːrˈliːnz/ , locally /ˈɔːrlənz/ ; French : La Nouvelle-Orléans [ la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃ ] ( listen ) ) is a consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana . With an estimated population of 391,006 in 2018 , it is the most populous city in Louisiana . Serving as a major port , New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader Gulf Coast region of the United States . New Orleans is world-renowned for its distinct music , Creole cuisine , unique dialect , and its annual celebrations and festivals , most notably Mardi Gras . The historic heart of the city is the French Quarter , known for its French and Spanish Creole architecture and vibrant nightlife along Bourbon Street . The city has been described as the most unique in the United States , owing in large part to its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage . Founded in 1718 by French colonists , New Orleans was once the territorial capital of French Louisiana before being traded to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . New Orleans in 1840 was the third-most populous city in the United States , and it was the largest city in the American South from the Antebellum era until after World War II . The city has historically been very vulnerable to flooding , due to such factors as high rainfall , low lying elevation , poor natural drainage and location next to multiple bodies of water . State and federal authorities have installed a complex system of levees and drainage pumps in an effort to protect the city . New Orleans was severely affected by Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , 2005 , which resulted in flooding more than 80% of the city , thousands of deaths , and so much displacement because of damaged communities and lost housing as to cause a population decline of over 50% . Since Katrina , major redevelopment efforts have led to a rebound in the city 's population ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_State_Legislature', 'summary': "The Louisiana State Legislature ( French : Législature d'État de Louisiane ) is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Louisiana . It is a bicameral body , comprising the lower house , the Louisiana House of Representatives with 105 representatives , and the upper house , the Louisiana Senate with 39 senators . Members of each house are elected from single-member districts of roughly equal populations . The State Legislature meets in the Louisiana State Capitol in Baton Rouge ."}]}, {'value': 'Cecil B . Day', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cecil_B._Day', 'summary': 'Cecil Burke Day ( December 10 , 1934 - December 15 , 1978 ) was the founder of Days Inn Hotels .'}]}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founder of Days Inn Hotels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Days_Inn', 'summary': 'Days Inn is a hotel chain headquartered in the United States . It was founded in 1970 by Cecil B . Day , who opened the first location in Tybee Island , Georgia . The brand is now a part of the Wyndham Hotels and Resorts , headquartered in Parsippany , New Jersey , which used to be a part of Cendant . As of December 31 , 2018 , Days Inn includes 1,728 locations worldwide with 137,678 rooms .'}]}, {'value': 'David Dorman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Dorman', 'summary': 'David W. Dorman ( born 1954 ) is an American Telecommunications executive and founding partner of Centerview Capital Technology Partners . Dorman is currently Non-Executive Chairman of the Board of CVS Health Corporation and serves on the boards of PayPal Holdings , Inc. , Yum ! Brands , Inc. and the Georgia Tech Foundation . Dorman was a board member of Motorola , Inc. since 2006 , was elected Non-Executive Chairman of the Board in 2008 and retired from his board position in May 2015 . Dorman also was a board member of Scientific Atlanta until the company was acquired by Cisco Systems in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chairman and CEO emeritus of AT & T Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Telephone_&_Telegraph', 'summary': "AT & T Corporation , originally the American Telephone and Telegraph Company , is the subsidiary of AT & T Inc. that provides voice , video , data , and Internet telecommunications and professional services to businesses , consumers , and government agencies . During its long history , AT & T was at times the world 's largest telephone company , the world 's largest cable television operator , and a regulated monopoly . At its peak in the 1950s and 1960s , it employed one million people and its revenue was roughly US $ 3 billion annually . In 2005 , AT & T was purchased by Baby Bell and former subsidiary SBC Communications for more than $ 16 billion ( $ 20.9 billion in present-day terms ) . SBC then changed its name to AT & T Inc ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike Duke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Duke', 'summary': 'Michael Terry Duke ( born December 7 , 1949 ) is an American businessman . He served as the fourth chief executive officer of Walmart from 2009 to 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former President and CEO of Wal-Mart Stores', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wal-Mart', 'summary': "Walmart Inc. ( /ˈwɔːlmɑːrt/ ; formerly Wal-Mart Stores , Inc. ) is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets , discount department stores , and grocery stores , headquartered in Bentonville , Arkansas . The company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962 and incorporated on October 31 , 1969 . It also owns and operates Sam 's Club retail warehouses . As of January 31 , 2020 , [ update ] Walmart has 11,503 stores and clubs in 27 countries , operating under 55 different names . The company operates under the name Walmart in the United States and Canada , as Walmart de México y Centroamérica in Mexico and Central America , as Asda in the United Kingdom , as the Seiyu Group in Japan , and as Best Price in India . It has wholly owned operations in Argentina , Chile , Canada , and South Africa . Since August 2018 , Walmart only holds a minority stake in Walmart Brasil , which was renamed Grupo Big in August 2019 , with 20 percent of the company 's shares , and private equity firm Advent International holding 80 percent ownership of the company . Walmart is the world 's largest company by revenue , with US $ 514.405 billion , according to the Fortune Global 500 list in 2019 . It is also the largest private employer in the world with 2.2 million employees . It is a publicly traded family-owned business , as the company is controlled by the Walton family . Sam Walton 's heirs own over 50 percent of Walmart through their holding company Walton Enterprises and through their individual holdings . Walmart was the largest U.S. grocery retailer in 2019 , and 65 percent of Walmart 's US $ 510.329 billion sales came from U.S. operations ."}]}, {'value': 'Walter Ehmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Ehmer', 'summary': 'Walter G. Ehmer ( born c. 1966 ) is an American businessman . He has served as the president and chief executive officer of Waffle House since 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'President and CEO of Waffle House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waffle_House', 'summary': 'Waffle House , Inc. is an American restaurant chain with 2,100 locations in 25 states in the United States . Most of the locations are in the South , where the chain is a regional cultural icon . Waffle House is headquartered in Norcross , Georgia , in the Atlanta metropolitan area .'}]}, {'value': 'David C. Garrett , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_C._Garrett,_Jr.', 'summary': 'David C. Garrett Jr. ( July 6 , 1922 - June 2 , 2012 ) was an American businessman who was the CEO of Delta Air Lines from 1978 to 1987 .'}]}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CEO of Delta Air Lines ( 1978-1987 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaime Gilinski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaime_Gilinski', 'summary': 'Jaime Gilinski Bacal ( born 14 December 1957 ) is a Colombian banker and real estate developer . Gilinski resides in London . According to Forbes , he is the second richest person in Colombia , with a net worth of US $ 3.9 billion as of May 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chairman of JGB Financial Holding Company', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Gordy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Gordy', 'summary': "Frank Gordy ( died 1983 ) is the founder of The Varsity chain of restaurants , which includes the world 's largest drive-in restaurant on North Avenue near Georgia Tech in Atlanta , GA . He graduated from Reinhardt University before beginning his studies at Georgia Tech . Gordy dropped out of Tech in 1925 to start his restaurant chain , which opened in April 1928 ."}]}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Founder of The Varsity chain , which includes the world 's largest drive-in", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Varsity', 'summary': 'The Varsity is a restaurant chain , iconic in the modern culture of Atlanta , Georgia . The main branch of the chain is the largest drive-in fast food restaurant in the world . There are now six other branches across metropolitan Atlanta , including one near the University of Georgia in Athens .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Drive-in', 'summary': "A drive-in is a facility ( such as a restaurant or movie theater ) where one can drive in with an automobile for service . At a drive-in restaurant , for example , customers park their vehicles and are usually served by staff who walk or rollerskate out to take orders and return with food , encouraging diners to remain parked while they eat . Drive-in theaters have a large screen and a car parking area for film-goers . It is usually distinguished from a drive-through , in which drivers line up to make an order at a microphone set up at window height , and then drive to a window where they pay and receive their food . The drivers then take their meals elsewhere to eat . Notably however , during peak periods , patrons may be required to park in a designated parking spot and wait for their food to be directly served to them by an attendant walking to their car , resulting in the perceived relationship between the two service-types . In the German-speaking world , the term is now often used instead of drive-through for that kind of service . In Japan , the term refers to a rest area . In France , this term has become popular because of American movies showing that kind of service , and more recently due to the expansion of fast-food restaurants . The first drive-in restaurant was Kirby 's Pig Stand , which opened in Dallas , Texas , in 1921 . In North America , drive-in facilities of all types have become less popular since their heyday in the 1950s and 1960s , with drive-throughs rising to prominence since the 1970s and 1980s . The largest Drive-In still in operation is The Varsity of Atlanta , Georgia ."}]}, {'value': 'James Gerald Gulliver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Gerald_Gulliver', 'summary': "James Gerald Gulliver CVO FRSE FRSA FICE ( 17 August 1930 - 12 September 1996 ) was the founder of Argyll Foods , one of the United Kingdom 's largest retail businesses ."}]}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Founder of Argyll Foods , one of the United Kingdom 's largest retail businesses", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safeway_(UK)', 'summary': "Safeway was a chain of supermarkets and convenience shops in the United Kingdom . It started as a subsidiary of the American Safeway Inc. , before being sold off in 1987 . Safeway was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index , until it was acquired by Morrisons in March 2004 . Most of its 479 shops were rebranded as Morrisons , with others being sold off . The brand disappeared from the United Kingdom on 24 November 2005 . In November 2016 , Morrisons announced that the Safeway brand would be revived on a range of food products , manufactured in the company 's own factories , for distribution through independent retailers within the United Kingdom ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Dennis Hayes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dennis_Hayes_(businessman)', 'summary': 'Dennis C. Hayes ( born 1950 ) is the founder of Hayes Microcomputer Products , a manufacturer of modems mostly known for introducing the Hayes command set , which has subsequently been used in most modems produced to this day .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founder of Hayes Communications , an early developer of PC modems', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hayes_Microcomputer_Products', 'summary': 'Hayes Microcomputer Products was a U.S.-based manufacturer of modems . The company is well known for the Smartmodem , which introduced a control language for operating the functions of the modem via the serial interface , in contrast to manual operation with front-panel switches . This smart modem approach dramatically simplified and automated operation . Today almost all modems use a variant of the Hayes command set . Hayes was a major brand in the modem market from the introduction of the original 300 bit/s Smartmodem in 1981 . They remained a major vendor throughout the 1980s , periodically introducing models with higher throughput . Their competition through this period was primarily from two other high-end vendors , US Robotics and Telebit , while other companies mostly sold into niches or were strictly low-end offerings . In the early 1990s a number of greatly cost-reduced high-performance modems were released by competitors , notably the SupraFAXModem 14400 , which eroded price points in the market . Hayes was never able to respond effectively . The widespread introduction of ADSL and cable modems in the mid-1990s repeatedly drove the company in Chapter 11 protection before being liquidated in 1999 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Modem', 'summary': 'A modem - a portmanteau of modulator-demodulator - is a hardware device that converts data into a format suitable for a transmission medium so that it can be transmitted from one computer to another ( historically along telephone wires ) . A modem modulates one or more carrier wave signals to encode digital information for transmission and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information . The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded reliably to reproduce the original digital data . Modems can be used with almost any means of transmitting analog signals from light-emitting diodes to radio . A common type of modem is one that turns the digital data of a computer into modulated electrical signal for transmission over telephone lines and demodulated by another modem at the receiver side to recover the digital data . Modems are generally classified by the maximum amount of data they can send in a given unit of time , usually expressed in bits per second ( symbol bit/s , sometimes abbreviated bps ) or rarely in bytes per second ( symbol B/s ) . Modems can also be classified by their symbol rate , measured in baud . The baud unit denotes symbols per second , or the number of times per second the modem sends a new signal . For example , the ITU V.21 standard used audio frequency-shift keying with two possible frequencies , corresponding to two distinct symbols ( or one bit per symbol ) , to carry 300 bits per second using 300 baud . By contrast , the original ITU V.22 standard , which could transmit and receive four distinct symbols ( two bits per symbol ) , transmitted 1,200 bits by sending 600 symbols per second ( 600 baud ) using phase-shift keying .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Georgia_Institute_of_Technology_alumni_2', 'intro': 'This list of Georgia Institute of Technology alumni includes graduates, non-graduate former students, and current students of Georgia Tech. Notable administration, faculty, and staff are found on the list of Georgia Institute of Technology faculty. Georgia Tech alumni are generally known as Yellow Jackets. According to the Georgia Tech Alumni Association,\n.'} | null | null | What alumni is the co-founder of the company that was formerly known as Arby 's Restaurant Group ? | Paul J . Brown |
07e5f6a069ce67de | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_(football_badge)', 'title': 'Star (football badge)', 'header': ['Club Team', 'Country', 'Title ( s ) represented', 'Number of stars', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Vélez Sársfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlético_Vélez_Sársfield', 'summary': "Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield is an Argentine sports club based in Liniers , Buenos Aires . Its football team plays in Primera División , the highest level of the Argentine league system . Founded in 1910 , the club has spent most of its history in the top tier of Argentine football . The club 's home ground is the 49,540-capacity José Amalfitani stadium , where they have played since 1951 . One of the most successful clubs in Argentine football , Vélez Sarsfield had their first major success in 1968 , when they won the league championship , and subsequently made regular seasons between 1970 and 1990 . The club have enjoyed their greatest period of success in the past two decades , winning 15 trophies since 1993 . Domestically , Vélez have won ten Primera División titles , while in continental competitions have won five international cups ( including both the Copa Libertadores and the Intercontinental Cup ) . [ citation needed ] It is one of eight teams to have won CONMEBOL 's treble . Vélez Sarsfield 's regular kit colours are white shirts and shorts , with some details in blue . The club 's crest has been changed several times in attempts to re-brand the club and modernise its image . It is one of the most supported clubs in Argentina . Apart from football the club takes part in other sports such as athletics , basketball , gymnastics , handball , field hockey , martial arts , tennis , roller skating and volleyball ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentine League , Copa Libertadores , and Intercontinental Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primera_División_Argentina', 'summary': "The Primera División ( Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾiˈmeɾa ðiβiˈsjon ] ; English : First Division ) , named Superliga Argentina ( English : Argentine Super League ) since the 2017-18 season , is a professional football league in Argentina , organised by the homonymous entity , that is administered independently and has its own statute . Nevertheless , the Superliga is contractually linked with the main football body , the Argentine Football Association ( AFA ) that organized all the championships from 1893 to 2017 . The Primera División is the country 's premier football division and is the top division of the Argentine football league system . It operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Primera Nacional ( Second Division ) , with the teams placed lowest at the end of the season being relegated . With the first championship held in 1891 , Argentina became the first country outside the United Kingdom to establish a football league . In the early years , only teams from Buenos Aires and Rosario were affiliated to the national association . Teams from other cities would join in later years . The Primera División turned professional in 1931 when 18 clubs broke away from the amateur leagues to form a professional one . Since then , the season has been contested annually in four different formats and calendars . The Argentine championship was ranked in the top 10 as one of the strongest leagues in the world ( for 1 January 2015 - 31 December 2015 period ) by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) . Argentina placed 4th after La Liga ( Spain ) , Serie A ( Italy ) , and Bundesliga ( Germany ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Copa_Libertadores_de_América', 'summary': 'The CONMEBOL Libertadores , also known as the Copa Libertadores de América ( Portuguese : Copa Libertadores da América ) , is an annual international club football competition organized by CONMEBOL since 1960 . It is the highest level of competition in South American club football . The tournament is named after the Libertadores ( Spanish and Portuguese for liberators ) , the leaders of the South American wars of independence , so a literal translation of its name into English would be Liberators of America Cup . The competition has had several different formats over its lifetime . Initially only the champions of the South American leagues participated . In 1966 , the runners-up of the South American leagues began to join . In 1998 , Mexican teams were invited to compete , and contested regularly from 2000 until 2017 . In 2000 the tournament was expanded from 20 to 32 teams . Today at least four clubs per country compete in the tournament , with Argentina and Brazil having the most representatives ( six and seven clubs , respectively ) . A group stage has always been used but the number of teams per group has varied . In the present format , the tournament consists of six stages , with the first stage taking place in early February . The six surviving teams from the first stage join 26 teams in the second stage , which consists of eight groups of four teams each .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Intercontinental_Cup_(football)', 'summary': "The Intercontinental Cup , also known as European/South American Cup , and also Toyota Cup from 1980 to 2004 for commercial reasons by agreement with the automaker , was an international football competition endorsed by the Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) and the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol ( CONMEBOL ) , contested between representative clubs from these confederations ( representatives of most developed continents in the football world ) , usually the winners of the UEFA Champions League and the South American Copa Libertadores . All editions were official competitions of UEFA and CONMEBOL and indirectly also of FIFA . From its formation in 1960 to 1979 , the competition was contested over a two legged tie , with a playoff if necessary until 1968 , and penalty kicks later . During the 1970s , European participation in the Intercontinental Cup became a running question due to controversial events in the 1969 final , and some European Champions Club ' winner teams withdrew . From 1980 until 2004 , the competition was contested over a single match held in Japan and sponsored by multinational automaker Toyota , which offered a secondary trophy , the Toyota Cup . From 1980 the logistics organisation passed to the Japan Football Association but the competitions was always under the aegis of UEFA and CONMEBOL . All the winning teams were regarded by worldwide mass media and football 's community , FIFA included ( as News Center productions and not catalogued on the FIFA website as official entity documents ) , de facto as world champions until 2017 when FIFA Council officially ( de jure ) recognised all of them as club world champions with the same status to the FIFA Club World Cup winners , then as official world champions FIFA . The first winner of the cup was Spanish side Real Madrid , defeating Uruguayan side Peñarol in 1960 . The last winner was Portuguese side Porto , defeating Colombian side Once Caldas in a penalty shoot-out in 2004 . The competition ended in 2004 and it merged with the FIFA Club World Cup in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': '11 ( 1+10 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold star for 1994 Intercontinental Cup over 10 blue stars for 6 Argentine and 4 international titles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Intercontinental_Cup_(football)', 'summary': "The Intercontinental Cup , also known as European/South American Cup , and also Toyota Cup from 1980 to 2004 for commercial reasons by agreement with the automaker , was an international football competition endorsed by the Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) and the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol ( CONMEBOL ) , contested between representative clubs from these confederations ( representatives of most developed continents in the football world ) , usually the winners of the UEFA Champions League and the South American Copa Libertadores . All editions were official competitions of UEFA and CONMEBOL and indirectly also of FIFA . From its formation in 1960 to 1979 , the competition was contested over a two legged tie , with a playoff if necessary until 1968 , and penalty kicks later . During the 1970s , European participation in the Intercontinental Cup became a running question due to controversial events in the 1969 final , and some European Champions Club ' winner teams withdrew . From 1980 until 2004 , the competition was contested over a single match held in Japan and sponsored by multinational automaker Toyota , which offered a secondary trophy , the Toyota Cup . From 1980 the logistics organisation passed to the Japan Football Association but the competitions was always under the aegis of UEFA and CONMEBOL . All the winning teams were regarded by worldwide mass media and football 's community , FIFA included ( as News Center productions and not catalogued on the FIFA website as official entity documents ) , de facto as world champions until 2017 when FIFA Council officially ( de jure ) recognised all of them as club world champions with the same status to the FIFA Club World Cup winners , then as official world champions FIFA . The first winner of the cup was Spanish side Real Madrid , defeating Uruguayan side Peñarol in 1960 . The last winner was Portuguese side Porto , defeating Colombian side Once Caldas in a penalty shoot-out in 2004 . The competition ended in 2004 and it merged with the FIFA Club World Cup in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'Estudiantes de La Plata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estudiantes_de_La_Plata', 'summary': "Club Estudiantes de La Plata ( Spanish pronunciation : [ kluβ estuˈðjantez ðe la ˈplata ] ) , simply referred to as Estudiantes [ estuˈðjantes ] , is an Argentine professional sports club based in La Plata . The club 's football team currently competes in the Primera División , where it has spent most of its history . The club is a successful team in Argentina . In 1967 , Estudiantes was the inaugural team outside the traditional big five to win a professional league title . It has won four additional league titles and has had greater international success , having won six international titles . Estudiantes ' international title championships are four Copa Libertadores ( including three straight from 1968-70 ) , an Intercontinental Cup , and an Interamerican Cup . The club was founded in 1905 when a group of players and fans decided to break away from Gimnasia de La Plata , which favored indoor sport rather than football . Matches between the two clubs are known as the Clásico Platense . Other sports where Estudiantes competes are basketball , team handball , field hockey , golf , swimming , judo , and volleyball ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentine League , Copa Libertadores , and Intercontinental Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primera_División_Argentina', 'summary': "The Primera División ( Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾiˈmeɾa ðiβiˈsjon ] ; English : First Division ) , named Superliga Argentina ( English : Argentine Super League ) since the 2017-18 season , is a professional football league in Argentina , organised by the homonymous entity , that is administered independently and has its own statute . Nevertheless , the Superliga is contractually linked with the main football body , the Argentine Football Association ( AFA ) that organized all the championships from 1893 to 2017 . The Primera División is the country 's premier football division and is the top division of the Argentine football league system . It operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Primera Nacional ( Second Division ) , with the teams placed lowest at the end of the season being relegated . With the first championship held in 1891 , Argentina became the first country outside the United Kingdom to establish a football league . In the early years , only teams from Buenos Aires and Rosario were affiliated to the national association . Teams from other cities would join in later years . The Primera División turned professional in 1931 when 18 clubs broke away from the amateur leagues to form a professional one . Since then , the season has been contested annually in four different formats and calendars . The Argentine championship was ranked in the top 10 as one of the strongest leagues in the world ( for 1 January 2015 - 31 December 2015 period ) by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) . Argentina placed 4th after La Liga ( Spain ) , Serie A ( Italy ) , and Bundesliga ( Germany ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Copa_Libertadores_de_América', 'summary': 'The CONMEBOL Libertadores , also known as the Copa Libertadores de América ( Portuguese : Copa Libertadores da América ) , is an annual international club football competition organized by CONMEBOL since 1960 . It is the highest level of competition in South American club football . The tournament is named after the Libertadores ( Spanish and Portuguese for liberators ) , the leaders of the South American wars of independence , so a literal translation of its name into English would be Liberators of America Cup . The competition has had several different formats over its lifetime . Initially only the champions of the South American leagues participated . In 1966 , the runners-up of the South American leagues began to join . In 1998 , Mexican teams were invited to compete , and contested regularly from 2000 until 2017 . In 2000 the tournament was expanded from 20 to 32 teams . Today at least four clubs per country compete in the tournament , with Argentina and Brazil having the most representatives ( six and seven clubs , respectively ) . A group stage has always been used but the number of teams per group has varied . In the present format , the tournament consists of six stages , with the first stage taking place in early February . The six surviving teams from the first stage join 26 teams in the second stage , which consists of eight groups of four teams each .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Intercontinental_Cup_(football)', 'summary': "The Intercontinental Cup , also known as European/South American Cup , and also Toyota Cup from 1980 to 2004 for commercial reasons by agreement with the automaker , was an international football competition endorsed by the Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) and the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol ( CONMEBOL ) , contested between representative clubs from these confederations ( representatives of most developed continents in the football world ) , usually the winners of the UEFA Champions League and the South American Copa Libertadores . All editions were official competitions of UEFA and CONMEBOL and indirectly also of FIFA . From its formation in 1960 to 1979 , the competition was contested over a two legged tie , with a playoff if necessary until 1968 , and penalty kicks later . During the 1970s , European participation in the Intercontinental Cup became a running question due to controversial events in the 1969 final , and some European Champions Club ' winner teams withdrew . From 1980 until 2004 , the competition was contested over a single match held in Japan and sponsored by multinational automaker Toyota , which offered a secondary trophy , the Toyota Cup . From 1980 the logistics organisation passed to the Japan Football Association but the competitions was always under the aegis of UEFA and CONMEBOL . All the winning teams were regarded by worldwide mass media and football 's community , FIFA included ( as News Center productions and not catalogued on the FIFA website as official entity documents ) , de facto as world champions until 2017 when FIFA Council officially ( de jure ) recognised all of them as club world champions with the same status to the FIFA Club World Cup winners , then as official world champions FIFA . The first winner of the cup was Spanish side Real Madrid , defeating Uruguayan side Peñarol in 1960 . The last winner was Portuguese side Porto , defeating Colombian side Once Caldas in a penalty shoot-out in 2004 . The competition ended in 2004 and it merged with the FIFA Club World Cup in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 Argentine league titles ; 4 Copa Libertadores ; 1968 Intercontinental and 1969 Interamerican Cups . An earlier badge had just four stars , for the Libertadores and Intercontinental titles . Tenth star added after Copa Libertadores 2009 victory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Copa_Libertadores', 'summary': 'The CONMEBOL Libertadores , also known as the Copa Libertadores de América ( Portuguese : Copa Libertadores da América ) , is an annual international club football competition organized by CONMEBOL since 1960 . It is the highest level of competition in South American club football . The tournament is named after the Libertadores ( Spanish and Portuguese for liberators ) , the leaders of the South American wars of independence , so a literal translation of its name into English would be Liberators of America Cup . The competition has had several different formats over its lifetime . Initially only the champions of the South American leagues participated . In 1966 , the runners-up of the South American leagues began to join . In 1998 , Mexican teams were invited to compete , and contested regularly from 2000 until 2017 . In 2000 the tournament was expanded from 20 to 32 teams . Today at least four clubs per country compete in the tournament , with Argentina and Brazil having the most representatives ( six and seven clubs , respectively ) . A group stage has always been used but the number of teams per group has varied . In the present format , the tournament consists of six stages , with the first stage taking place in early February . The six surviving teams from the first stage join 26 teams in the second stage , which consists of eight groups of four teams each .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Copa_Interamericana', 'summary': 'The Copa Interamericana ( English : Interamerican Cup ) was an annual club football competition organized by the Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) and Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol ( CONMEBOL ) since 1969 . It was discontinued in 1998 after CONCACAF clubs , particularly those from Mexico , began participating in CONMEBOL competitions . The Interamerican Cup was founded as a result of the refusal from CONMEBOL and the Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) of allowing CONCACAF clubs , as well as those from other confederations , to participate in the European/South American Cup , later known as the Toyota Cup and informally called the Intercontinental Cup . The competition was supposed to be contested between the winners of the North American CONCACAF Champions Cup and the South American Copa Libertadores tournaments although the participants have varied at times . The format of the competition was extremely sporadic . From its formation , the competition was usually contested over a two legged tie , with a playoff if necessary until 1968 , and penalty kicks later . However , it was common for several consecutive editions to go undisputed . Of the 18 competitions played , four of them were disputed over several matches in just one venue . Two others were held in a single match . Another two editions had participants that had not qualified outright to dispute the competition . Most of the editions were disputed one , and sometimes two , years after the participants had qualified to dispute it . This was the result of the lack of financial incentives and the low relevance of the competition usually view with little appeal from the South American teams ( unlike the Intercontinental Cup , which was considered a club world cup until 2004 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Copa_Libertadores_2009', 'summary': "The 2009 Copa Libertadores de América ( officially the 2009 Copa Santander Libertadores de América for sponsorship reasons ) was the 50th edition of the Copa Libertadores de América , CONMEBOL 's premier annual international club tournament . The tournament was won by Argentine club Estudiantes de La Plata , who achieved their fourth Copa Libertadores title and first in 39 years . Since the inception of a preliminary round in 2004 , they are the first club to start in that round and win the Copa Libertadores . Estudiantes earned a berth to play in 2010 Recopa Sudamericana and in the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup but lost both titles to LDU Quito and Barcelona respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Rosario Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosario_Central', 'summary': "Club Atlético Rosario Central ( Spanish pronunciation : [ roˈsaɾjo senˈtɾal ] ) is a sports club based in Rosario , Argentina , that plays in the Argentine Primera División . The club was officially founded December 24 , 1889 by a group of railway workers , taking its name from the English-owned Central Argentine Railway company . One of the oldest Argentine teams , it is considered a pioneer in its hometown and the only one of current Rosarian teams to have won an international title organised by CONMEBOL , the Copa Conmebol , won by the club in 1995 . Originally member of the Rosario 's Football Association , the club affiliated to the Argentine Football Association ( AFA ) in 1939 . Since then , Rosario Central has won the Argentine 's First Division four times , with the last domestic title won in 1986-87 . In addition , Rosario Central won six National cups , being the 2018 Copa Argentina its most recent achievement . In addition , Rosario Central won the Conmebol Cup ( the precursor of the current Copa Sudamericana ) once , in 1995 , being the only team in Santa Fe province which has won an official international title recognised by FIFA . In 2012 , the club was considered by FIFA as one of the 11 most classical clubs in Argentine football . Rosario Central has a strong rivalry with Newell 's Old Boys . The matches played between them are named El Clasico Rosarino , and is amongst the most heated rivalries in Argentina due to both teams and due to Rosario 's local popularity . Rosario Central 's home stadium is Estadio Dr. Lisandro de la Torre , known simply as El Gigante de Arroyito ( The Giant of Arroyito ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentine league and CONMEBOL Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primera_División_Argentina', 'summary': "The Primera División ( Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾiˈmeɾa ðiβiˈsjon ] ; English : First Division ) , named Superliga Argentina ( English : Argentine Super League ) since the 2017-18 season , is a professional football league in Argentina , organised by the homonymous entity , that is administered independently and has its own statute . Nevertheless , the Superliga is contractually linked with the main football body , the Argentine Football Association ( AFA ) that organized all the championships from 1893 to 2017 . The Primera División is the country 's premier football division and is the top division of the Argentine football league system . It operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Primera Nacional ( Second Division ) , with the teams placed lowest at the end of the season being relegated . With the first championship held in 1891 , Argentina became the first country outside the United Kingdom to establish a football league . In the early years , only teams from Buenos Aires and Rosario were affiliated to the national association . Teams from other cities would join in later years . The Primera División turned professional in 1931 when 18 clubs broke away from the amateur leagues to form a professional one . Since then , the season has been contested annually in four different formats and calendars . The Argentine championship was ranked in the top 10 as one of the strongest leagues in the world ( for 1 January 2015 - 31 December 2015 period ) by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) . Argentina placed 4th after La Liga ( Spain ) , Serie A ( Italy ) , and Bundesliga ( Germany ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CONMEBOL_Cup', 'summary': 'The Copa CONMEBOL ( English : CONMEBOL Cup ) was an annual football cup competition organized by CONMEBOL between 1992 and 1999 for South American football clubs . During its time of existence , it was a very prestigious South American club football contest , similar to the UEFA Cup . Clubs qualified for the competition based on their performance in their national leagues and cup competitions . Teams that were not able to qualify for the Copa Libertadores would play in this tournament . The tournament was played as a knockout cup . The tournament ended in 1999 , following the expansion of Copa Libertadores to 32 teams . The Copa Mercosur and Copa Merconorte , which both started in 1998 , replaced the Copa CONMEBOL ; both cups would later be merged in the current Copa Sudamericana . The last champion of the competition was Talleres , while Atlético Mineiro is the most successful club in the cup history , having won the tournament two times . The cup was won by seven different clubs but it was never won consecutively .'}]}, {'value': '6 ( 4+1+1 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The middle star , for the CONMEBOL Cup , is larger . The previous badge had 5 blue stars and one larger yellow star ; the extra small star was for the unofficial 1974 Argentinian Championship , a qualification playoff for the 1974 Copa Libertadores', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Copa_Libertadores_1974', 'summary': "The Copa Libertadores 1974 was the 15th edition of the Copa Libertadores , CONMEBOL 's annual international club tournament . Independiente won the competition ."}]}, {'value': "Newell 's Old Boys", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Newell's_Old_Boys", 'summary': "Club Atlético Newell 's Old Boys ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko ˈɲuls olˈβois ] ) is an Argentine sports club based in Rosario , Santa Fe . The club was founded on 3 November 1903 , and is named after Isaac Newell , from the English county of Kent , one of the pioneers of Argentine football . A founding member of Liga Rosarina de Football , the club affiliated to the Argentine Football Association ( AFA ) in 1939 . Since then , Newell 's Old Boys has taken part of tournaments organised by the body . The club has won six Argentine Primera División championships plus three National cups throughout their history . Newell 's has also been twice Copa Libertadores runner-up ( in 1988 and 1992 ) . The club 's football stadium is the Estadio Marcelo Bielsa , named after the team 's former player and manager Marcelo Bielsa ( twice champion , and runner-up of one Copa Libertadores ) . Newell 's plays the Rosario derby against Rosario Central , a club with which they have a huge historical rivalry . Newell 's is also notable for its youth divisions , being one of the clubs with most national titles in AFA 's youth tournaments . Players from the club 's youths who have represented Argentina at World Cups are Gabriel Batistuta , Éver Banega , Walter Samuel , Américo Gallego , Jorge Valdano , Gabriel Heinze , Roberto Sensini , Mauricio Pochettino and Maxi Rodríguez , among others . Lionel Messi also played in the club 's youths , but left at a young age to Barcelona to seek treatment for his growth hormone deficiency , while Diego Maradona played briefly for the first team in 1993 . Other sports practised at this club are basketball , boxing , field hockey , martial arts , roller skating and volleyball ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentine league', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primera_División_Argentina', 'summary': "The Primera División ( Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾiˈmeɾa ðiβiˈsjon ] ; English : First Division ) , named Superliga Argentina ( English : Argentine Super League ) since the 2017-18 season , is a professional football league in Argentina , organised by the homonymous entity , that is administered independently and has its own statute . Nevertheless , the Superliga is contractually linked with the main football body , the Argentine Football Association ( AFA ) that organized all the championships from 1893 to 2017 . The Primera División is the country 's premier football division and is the top division of the Argentine football league system . It operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Primera Nacional ( Second Division ) , with the teams placed lowest at the end of the season being relegated . With the first championship held in 1891 , Argentina became the first country outside the United Kingdom to establish a football league . In the early years , only teams from Buenos Aires and Rosario were affiliated to the national association . Teams from other cities would join in later years . The Primera División turned professional in 1931 when 18 clubs broke away from the amateur leagues to form a professional one . Since then , the season has been contested annually in four different formats and calendars . The Argentine championship was ranked in the top 10 as one of the strongest leagues in the world ( for 1 January 2015 - 31 December 2015 period ) by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) . Argentina placed 4th after La Liga ( Spain ) , Serie A ( Italy ) , and Bundesliga ( Germany ) ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One star per title , including one each for the 1990 Apertura and the 1990/91 Apertura/Clausura playoff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apertura_and_Clausura', 'summary': 'The Apertura [ apeɾˈtuɾa ] and Clausura [ klawˈsuɾa ] tournaments is a split season format for Spanish-speaking sports leagues . It is a relatively recent innovation for many Latin American football leagues in which the traditional association football season from August to May is divided in two sections per season , each with its own champion . Apertura and Clausura are the Spanish words for opening and closing . In French-speaking Haiti , these are known as the Ouverture and the Fermeture , while in English-speaking Belize , they are respectively the Opening and Closing seasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Argentinos Juniors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentinos_Juniors', 'summary': "Asociación Atlética Argentinos Juniors is an Argentine sports club based in La Paternal , Buenos Aires . The club is mostly known for its football team , which currently plays in the Argentine Primera División , and was recognized as one of the most important football teams of South America by FIFA . It is one of the eight Argentine first division teams that have won the Copa Libertadores . The continental trophy was won in the club 's first entry to the contest , in 1985 . The most remarkable sign of this team is the power of its youth teams , which unveiled some of the most talented footballers in Argentinian football history , with Diego Maradona as the greatest example of all . As a result it has been described as one of Argentina 's most distinctive football clubs ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentine League , Copa Libertadores , and Interamerican Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primera_División_Argentina', 'summary': "The Primera División ( Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾiˈmeɾa ðiβiˈsjon ] ; English : First Division ) , named Superliga Argentina ( English : Argentine Super League ) since the 2017-18 season , is a professional football league in Argentina , organised by the homonymous entity , that is administered independently and has its own statute . Nevertheless , the Superliga is contractually linked with the main football body , the Argentine Football Association ( AFA ) that organized all the championships from 1893 to 2017 . The Primera División is the country 's premier football division and is the top division of the Argentine football league system . It operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Primera Nacional ( Second Division ) , with the teams placed lowest at the end of the season being relegated . With the first championship held in 1891 , Argentina became the first country outside the United Kingdom to establish a football league . In the early years , only teams from Buenos Aires and Rosario were affiliated to the national association . Teams from other cities would join in later years . The Primera División turned professional in 1931 when 18 clubs broke away from the amateur leagues to form a professional one . Since then , the season has been contested annually in four different formats and calendars . The Argentine championship was ranked in the top 10 as one of the strongest leagues in the world ( for 1 January 2015 - 31 December 2015 period ) by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) . Argentina placed 4th after La Liga ( Spain ) , Serie A ( Italy ) , and Bundesliga ( Germany ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Copa_Libertadores_de_América', 'summary': 'The CONMEBOL Libertadores , also known as the Copa Libertadores de América ( Portuguese : Copa Libertadores da América ) , is an annual international club football competition organized by CONMEBOL since 1960 . It is the highest level of competition in South American club football . The tournament is named after the Libertadores ( Spanish and Portuguese for liberators ) , the leaders of the South American wars of independence , so a literal translation of its name into English would be Liberators of America Cup . The competition has had several different formats over its lifetime . Initially only the champions of the South American leagues participated . In 1966 , the runners-up of the South American leagues began to join . In 1998 , Mexican teams were invited to compete , and contested regularly from 2000 until 2017 . In 2000 the tournament was expanded from 20 to 32 teams . Today at least four clubs per country compete in the tournament , with Argentina and Brazil having the most representatives ( six and seven clubs , respectively ) . A group stage has always been used but the number of teams per group has varied . In the present format , the tournament consists of six stages , with the first stage taking place in early February . The six surviving teams from the first stage join 26 teams in the second stage , which consists of eight groups of four teams each .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Interamerican_Cup', 'summary': 'The Copa Interamericana ( English : Interamerican Cup ) was an annual club football competition organized by the Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) and Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol ( CONMEBOL ) since 1969 . It was discontinued in 1998 after CONCACAF clubs , particularly those from Mexico , began participating in CONMEBOL competitions . The Interamerican Cup was founded as a result of the refusal from CONMEBOL and the Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) of allowing CONCACAF clubs , as well as those from other confederations , to participate in the European/South American Cup , later known as the Toyota Cup and informally called the Intercontinental Cup . The competition was supposed to be contested between the winners of the North American CONCACAF Champions Cup and the South American Copa Libertadores tournaments although the participants have varied at times . The format of the competition was extremely sporadic . From its formation , the competition was usually contested over a two legged tie , with a playoff if necessary until 1968 , and penalty kicks later . However , it was common for several consecutive editions to go undisputed . Of the 18 competitions played , four of them were disputed over several matches in just one venue . Two others were held in a single match . Another two editions had participants that had not qualified outright to dispute the competition . Most of the editions were disputed one , and sometimes two , years after the participants had qualified to dispute it . This was the result of the lack of financial incentives and the low relevance of the competition usually view with little appeal from the South American teams ( unlike the Intercontinental Cup , which was considered a club world cup until 2004 ) .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 Argentine League ; 1985 Libertadores and 1986 Interamerican Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primera_División_Argentina', 'summary': "The Primera División ( Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾiˈmeɾa ðiβiˈsjon ] ; English : First Division ) , named Superliga Argentina ( English : Argentine Super League ) since the 2017-18 season , is a professional football league in Argentina , organised by the homonymous entity , that is administered independently and has its own statute . Nevertheless , the Superliga is contractually linked with the main football body , the Argentine Football Association ( AFA ) that organized all the championships from 1893 to 2017 . The Primera División is the country 's premier football division and is the top division of the Argentine football league system . It operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Primera Nacional ( Second Division ) , with the teams placed lowest at the end of the season being relegated . With the first championship held in 1891 , Argentina became the first country outside the United Kingdom to establish a football league . In the early years , only teams from Buenos Aires and Rosario were affiliated to the national association . Teams from other cities would join in later years . The Primera División turned professional in 1931 when 18 clubs broke away from the amateur leagues to form a professional one . Since then , the season has been contested annually in four different formats and calendars . The Argentine championship was ranked in the top 10 as one of the strongest leagues in the world ( for 1 January 2015 - 31 December 2015 period ) by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) . Argentina placed 4th after La Liga ( Spain ) , Serie A ( Italy ) , and Bundesliga ( Germany ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Copa_Libertadores', 'summary': 'The CONMEBOL Libertadores , also known as the Copa Libertadores de América ( Portuguese : Copa Libertadores da América ) , is an annual international club football competition organized by CONMEBOL since 1960 . It is the highest level of competition in South American club football . The tournament is named after the Libertadores ( Spanish and Portuguese for liberators ) , the leaders of the South American wars of independence , so a literal translation of its name into English would be Liberators of America Cup . The competition has had several different formats over its lifetime . Initially only the champions of the South American leagues participated . In 1966 , the runners-up of the South American leagues began to join . In 1998 , Mexican teams were invited to compete , and contested regularly from 2000 until 2017 . In 2000 the tournament was expanded from 20 to 32 teams . Today at least four clubs per country compete in the tournament , with Argentina and Brazil having the most representatives ( six and seven clubs , respectively ) . A group stage has always been used but the number of teams per group has varied . In the present format , the tournament consists of six stages , with the first stage taking place in early February . The six surviving teams from the first stage join 26 teams in the second stage , which consists of eight groups of four teams each .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Interamerican_Cup', 'summary': 'The Copa Interamericana ( English : Interamerican Cup ) was an annual club football competition organized by the Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) and Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol ( CONMEBOL ) since 1969 . It was discontinued in 1998 after CONCACAF clubs , particularly those from Mexico , began participating in CONMEBOL competitions . The Interamerican Cup was founded as a result of the refusal from CONMEBOL and the Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) of allowing CONCACAF clubs , as well as those from other confederations , to participate in the European/South American Cup , later known as the Toyota Cup and informally called the Intercontinental Cup . The competition was supposed to be contested between the winners of the North American CONCACAF Champions Cup and the South American Copa Libertadores tournaments although the participants have varied at times . The format of the competition was extremely sporadic . From its formation , the competition was usually contested over a two legged tie , with a playoff if necessary until 1968 , and penalty kicks later . However , it was common for several consecutive editions to go undisputed . Of the 18 competitions played , four of them were disputed over several matches in just one venue . Two others were held in a single match . Another two editions had participants that had not qualified outright to dispute the competition . Most of the editions were disputed one , and sometimes two , years after the participants had qualified to dispute it . This was the result of the lack of financial incentives and the low relevance of the competition usually view with little appeal from the South American teams ( unlike the Intercontinental Cup , which was considered a club world cup until 2004 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Club Atlético Lanús', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlético_Lanús', 'summary': "Club Atlético Lanús ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko laˈnus ] ) is an Argentine sports club from the Lanús district of Greater Buenos Aires . Founded on 3 January 1915 , the club 's main sports are football and basketball . In both sports , Lanús plays in Argentina 's top divisions : Primera División ( football ) and Liga Nacional de Básquet ( basketball ) . In football , Lanús has won six major championships in its history : the 1996 Copa CONMEBOL ( the predecessor of the current Copa Sudamericana ) , the 2007 Apertura , the 2013 Copa Sudamericana , the 2016 Argentine Primera División , the 2016 Bicentenario national cup and the 2017 Supercopa Argentina . Apart from football , Lanús hosts many other sports such as athletics , gymnastics , martial arts , handball , field hockey , roller skating , swimming , tennis , volleyball and weightlifting . The club has a futsal team in Colombia ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentine League , National Cup and two international titles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primera_División_Argentina', 'summary': "The Primera División ( Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾiˈmeɾa ðiβiˈsjon ] ; English : First Division ) , named Superliga Argentina ( English : Argentine Super League ) since the 2017-18 season , is a professional football league in Argentina , organised by the homonymous entity , that is administered independently and has its own statute . Nevertheless , the Superliga is contractually linked with the main football body , the Argentine Football Association ( AFA ) that organized all the championships from 1893 to 2017 . The Primera División is the country 's premier football division and is the top division of the Argentine football league system . It operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Primera Nacional ( Second Division ) , with the teams placed lowest at the end of the season being relegated . With the first championship held in 1891 , Argentina became the first country outside the United Kingdom to establish a football league . In the early years , only teams from Buenos Aires and Rosario were affiliated to the national association . Teams from other cities would join in later years . The Primera División turned professional in 1931 when 18 clubs broke away from the amateur leagues to form a professional one . Since then , the season has been contested annually in four different formats and calendars . The Argentine championship was ranked in the top 10 as one of the strongest leagues in the world ( for 1 January 2015 - 31 December 2015 period ) by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) . Argentina placed 4th after La Liga ( Spain ) , Serie A ( Italy ) , and Bundesliga ( Germany ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_Argentine_football_national_cups', 'summary': 'Since the creation of the first league in 1891 , several official cups have been played in Argentina apart from the main competition , the Primera División championship . The first cup held in the country was the Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires ; launched in 1905 , it was played until 1920 . The Copa Campeonato , originally awarded to Primera División champion , is the oldest trophy of Argentine football for a current competition , having been established in 1896 , three year after the Association was created , and played without interruption until 1926 . The Cup received several names , such as Championship Cup , Copa Campeonato , Challenge Cup and Copa Alumni , due to the association offered legendary team Alumni to keep the Cup definitely for having won it three consecutive times ( 1900-02 ) , but the club from Belgrano declined the honour to keep the trophy under dispute . On June , 2013 , the association decided to put the trophy back into circulation with the creation of a new competition , named Superfinal that consisted in a single match between winners of Torneo Inicial and Torneo Final , played in a neutral venue . Current cup competitions held in Argentina are Copa Argentina , Supercopa Argentina and the most recent , Copa de la Superliga and Trofeo de Campeones de la Superliga'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 Argentine League ( 2007 and 2016 ) ; 2016 Copa Bicentenario , 2013 Copa Sudamericana and 1996 Copa CONMEBOL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primera_División_Argentina', 'summary': "The Primera División ( Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾiˈmeɾa ðiβiˈsjon ] ; English : First Division ) , named Superliga Argentina ( English : Argentine Super League ) since the 2017-18 season , is a professional football league in Argentina , organised by the homonymous entity , that is administered independently and has its own statute . Nevertheless , the Superliga is contractually linked with the main football body , the Argentine Football Association ( AFA ) that organized all the championships from 1893 to 2017 . The Primera División is the country 's premier football division and is the top division of the Argentine football league system . It operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Primera Nacional ( Second Division ) , with the teams placed lowest at the end of the season being relegated . With the first championship held in 1891 , Argentina became the first country outside the United Kingdom to establish a football league . In the early years , only teams from Buenos Aires and Rosario were affiliated to the national association . Teams from other cities would join in later years . The Primera División turned professional in 1931 when 18 clubs broke away from the amateur leagues to form a professional one . Since then , the season has been contested annually in four different formats and calendars . The Argentine championship was ranked in the top 10 as one of the strongest leagues in the world ( for 1 January 2015 - 31 December 2015 period ) by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) . Argentina placed 4th after La Liga ( Spain ) , Serie A ( Italy ) , and Bundesliga ( Germany ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2007–08_Argentine_Primera_División_season', 'summary': 'The Apertura 2007 saw much success for the smaller teams in Argentine football . The eventual champions Lanús won the title for the first time in their history , the first maiden champions since Argentinos Juniors in 1984 . Second place went to Tigre , a club playing their first season in the Argentine Primera since 1980 and making their best finish ever in the top flight . Third place went to Banfield , completing an extremely unlikely top three . Another small club , Arsenal won the 2007 Copa Sudamericana , the first major title in their history , making them the first Argentine club other than Boca Juniors to win an international competition since San Lorenzo won the Copa Sudamericana 2002 . Another feature of the Apertura was the number of managerial changes , by the end of the Apertura there had been 12 managerial changes . The Clausura 2008 was won by River Plate , their first title since 2004 . For the first time the 380 games of the season were broadcast live on television .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2016_Argentine_Primera_División', 'summary': 'The 2016 Argentine Primera División - Copa Axion Energy was the 126th season of top-flight professional football in Argentina . The season began on February 5 and ended on May 29 . Thirty teams competed in the league , twenty eight returning from the 2015 and two promoted from the 2015 Primera B Nacional ( Atlético Tucumán and Patronato ) . Two teams ( Nueva Chicago and Crucero del Norte ) were relegated to the Primera B Nacional Championship in the previous tournament . Lanús won their second title after defeating San Lorenzo 4-0 in the final .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2016_Copa_Bicentenario', 'summary': 'The Copa del Bicentenario de la Independencia was an official Argentine football cup competition organized by the Argentine Football Association ( AFA ) , being contested by the 2014 Torneo de Transición champions , Racing and the 2016 champions , Lanús . A draw by AFA was held to decide the home team ( Racing ) . The trophy was named to honour the 200th . anniversary of the Independence of Argentina . Lanús beat Racing 1-0 in Avellaneda in injury time and won the trophy . As champions , Lanús qualified to the 2017 Copa Sudamericana .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Copa_Sudamericana', 'summary': "The CONMEBOL Sudamericana , named as Copa Sudamericana ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkopa suðameɾiˈkana ] ; Portuguese : Copa Sul-Americana [ ˈkɔpɐ ˈsuw ɐmeɾiˈkɐnɐ ] ) is an annual international club football competition organized by CONMEBOL since 2002 . It is the second-most prestigious club competition in South American football . CONCACAF clubs were invited between 2004 and 2008 . The CONMEBOL Sudamericana began in 2002 , replacing the separate competitions Copa Merconorte and Copa Mercosur ( that had replaced Copa CONMEBOL ) by a single competition . Since its introduction , the competition has been a pure elimination tournament with the number of rounds and teams varying from year to year . The CONMEBOL Sudamericana is considered a merger of defunct tournaments such as the Copa CONMEBOL , Copa Mercosur and Copa Merconorte . The winner of the Copa Sudamericana becomes eligible to play in the Recopa Sudamericana . They gain entry onto the next edition of the Copa Libertadores , South America 's premier club competition , and also contest the J.League Cup / Copa Sudamericana Championship . The reigning champion of the competition is Ecuadorian club Independiente del Valle , who defeated Argentine club Colón in the most recent final . Argentine clubs have accumulated the most victories with eight while containing the largest number of different winning teams , with a total of six clubs having won the title . The cup has been won by 15 different clubs . Argentine clubs Boca Juniors and Independiente are the most successful clubs in the cup 's history , having won the tournament twice , with Boca Juniors being the only one to achieve it back-to-back , in 2004 and 2005 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Copa_CONMEBOL', 'summary': 'The Copa CONMEBOL ( English : CONMEBOL Cup ) was an annual football cup competition organized by CONMEBOL between 1992 and 1999 for South American football clubs . During its time of existence , it was a very prestigious South American club football contest , similar to the UEFA Cup . Clubs qualified for the competition based on their performance in their national leagues and cup competitions . Teams that were not able to qualify for the Copa Libertadores would play in this tournament . The tournament was played as a knockout cup . The tournament ended in 1999 , following the expansion of Copa Libertadores to 32 teams . The Copa Mercosur and Copa Merconorte , which both started in 1998 , replaced the Copa CONMEBOL ; both cups would later be merged in the current Copa Sudamericana . The last champion of the competition was Talleres , while Atlético Mineiro is the most successful club in the cup history , having won the tournament two times . The cup was won by seven different clubs but it was never won consecutively .'}]}, {'value': 'Boca Juniors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlético_Boca_Juniors', 'summary': "Club Atlético Boca Juniors ( Spanish pronunciation : [ kluβ aˈtletiko ˈβoka ˈʝunjoɾs ] ) is an Argentine professional sports club based in La Boca neighbourhood of Buenos Aires . Boca Juniors is mostly known for its professional football team which , since its promotion in 1913 , has always played in the Argentine Primera División , becoming the most successful team of Argentina in number of official titles , with 68 won to date . National titles won by Boca Juniors include 33 Primera División championships , and 13 domestic cups . Boca Juniors also owns an honorary title awarded by the Argentine Football Association for their successful tour of Europe in 1925 . Internationally , Boca Juniors has won a total of 22 international titles , with 18 organised by CONMEBOL and the rest organised jointly by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations . Consequently , Boca is ranked third in the world in terms of number of complete international titles , after Real Madrid ( 26 ) and Egyptian side Al Ahly ( 24 ) . Boca Juniors ' international achievements also include Tie Cup , Copa de Honor Cousenier , and Copa Escobar-Gerona , organized jointly by AFA and AUF together . Their success usually has Boca ranked among the IFFHS 's Club World Ranking Top 25 , which they have reached the top position six times ( mostly during the coaching tenure of Carlos Bianchi ) . Boca was named by the IFFHS as the top South American club of the first decade of the 21st century ( 2001-2010 ) . Boca Juniors is also known to be one of the most popular football clubs in Argentina , along with River Plate . Boca has always had a fierce rivalry with River Plate , as both clubs were established in La Boca . Matches between them are known as the Superclásico , and are one of the most heated rivalries in Argentina and the world , as both clubs are the two most popular in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Various Titles', 'urls': []}, {'value': '68', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The club has a policy of adding a star to their badge since 1970 for each title worn ever ( Except during 2007-2009 when a design with only 3 stars was used for each Intercontinental Cup won ) . However , the version of the club badge on the shirts provided by kit manufacturer Nike remains on 52 stars as of 2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nike,_Inc.', 'summary': "Nike , Inc. ( /ˈnaɪki/ ) [ note 1 ] is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design , development , manufacturing , and worldwide marketing and sales of footwear , apparel , equipment , accessories , and services . The company is headquartered near Beaverton , Oregon , in the Portland metropolitan area . It is the world 's largest supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment , with revenue in excess of US $ 24.1 billion in its fiscal year 2012 ( ending May 31 , 2012 ) . As of 2012 , it employed more than 44,000 people worldwide . In 2014 the brand alone was valued at $ 19 billion , making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses . As of 2017 , the Nike brand is valued at $ 29.6 billion . Nike ranked No . 89 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . The company was founded on January 25 , 1964 , as Blue Ribbon Sports , by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight , and officially became Nike , Inc. on May 30 , 1971 . The company takes its name from Nike , the Greek goddess of victory . Nike markets its products under its own brand , as well as Nike Golf , Nike Pro , Nike+ , Air Jordan , Nike Blazers , Air Force 1 , Nike Dunk , Air Max , Foamposite , Nike Skateboarding , Nike CR7 , and subsidiaries including Brand Jordan , Hurley International and Converse . Nike also owned Bauer Hockey ( later renamed Nike Bauer ) from 1995 to 2008 , and previously owned Cole Haan and Umbro ."}]}, {'value': 'Quilmes AC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quilmes_Atlético_Club', 'summary': "Quilmes Atlético Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkilmes aˈtletiko ˈkluβ ] ) is an Argentine sports club based in the Quilmes district of Greater Buenos Aires . Quilmes is the oldest club of Argentina still competing in official tournaments , having been founded in 1887 . Its football squad currently plays in the Primera B Nacional , the second division of the Argentinian football . Apart from football , Quilmes ' main sport is field hockey , which both teams , women 's and men 's , have won many titles at Torneo Metropolitano championships . Quilmes has also a field hockey stadium , Estadio Nacional with a capacity of 6,000 seats . Other sports practised at the club are basketball , gymnastics , handball , martial arts , roller skating , swimming and tennis ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentine league', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primera_División_Argentina', 'summary': "The Primera División ( Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾiˈmeɾa ðiβiˈsjon ] ; English : First Division ) , named Superliga Argentina ( English : Argentine Super League ) since the 2017-18 season , is a professional football league in Argentina , organised by the homonymous entity , that is administered independently and has its own statute . Nevertheless , the Superliga is contractually linked with the main football body , the Argentine Football Association ( AFA ) that organized all the championships from 1893 to 2017 . The Primera División is the country 's premier football division and is the top division of the Argentine football league system . It operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Primera Nacional ( Second Division ) , with the teams placed lowest at the end of the season being relegated . With the first championship held in 1891 , Argentina became the first country outside the United Kingdom to establish a football league . In the early years , only teams from Buenos Aires and Rosario were affiliated to the national association . Teams from other cities would join in later years . The Primera División turned professional in 1931 when 18 clubs broke away from the amateur leagues to form a professional one . Since then , the season has been contested annually in four different formats and calendars . The Argentine championship was ranked in the top 10 as one of the strongest leagues in the world ( for 1 January 2015 - 31 December 2015 period ) by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) . Argentina placed 4th after La Liga ( Spain ) , Serie A ( Italy ) , and Bundesliga ( Germany ) ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amateur title of 1912 and 1978 Metropolitano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitano_championship', 'summary': 'The Metropolitano championship ( Campeonato Metropolitano ) was an Argentine football tournament existed between 1967 and 1984 . The Metropolitano formed one half of the Primera División , taking place in the first half of the year , while the Nacional championship ( Campeonato Nacional ) took place in the 2nd half of the year . This arrangement lasted until 1982 when they were reversed . The Metropolitano and Nacional were abandoned to make way for European style seasons beginning in 1985-1986 . The Metropolitano utilised a number of different formats including the basic league table , 2 groups qualifying to semi-finals . The number of participants varied between a low of 18 ( 1972 , 1973 and 1981 ) to a high of 23 ( 1977 )'}]}, {'value': 'Ferro Carril Oeste', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferro_Carril_Oeste', 'summary': 'Club Ferro Carril Oeste , known simply as Ferro Carril Oeste or Ferro , is an Argentine sports club from the neighbourhood of Caballito , Buenos Aires . Although many activities are hosted by the club , Ferro is mostly known for its football team , currently playing in the Primera B Nacional , the second division of the Argentine football league system . Apart from football , Ferro Carril Oeste hosts a wide variety of sports that can be practised at the club , such as athletics , basketball , baseball , futsal , handball , field hockey , swimming , taekwondo , tennis , table tennis and volleyball .'}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentine league', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primera_División_Argentina', 'summary': "The Primera División ( Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾiˈmeɾa ðiβiˈsjon ] ; English : First Division ) , named Superliga Argentina ( English : Argentine Super League ) since the 2017-18 season , is a professional football league in Argentina , organised by the homonymous entity , that is administered independently and has its own statute . Nevertheless , the Superliga is contractually linked with the main football body , the Argentine Football Association ( AFA ) that organized all the championships from 1893 to 2017 . The Primera División is the country 's premier football division and is the top division of the Argentine football league system . It operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Primera Nacional ( Second Division ) , with the teams placed lowest at the end of the season being relegated . With the first championship held in 1891 , Argentina became the first country outside the United Kingdom to establish a football league . In the early years , only teams from Buenos Aires and Rosario were affiliated to the national association . Teams from other cities would join in later years . The Primera División turned professional in 1931 when 18 clubs broke away from the amateur leagues to form a professional one . Since then , the season has been contested annually in four different formats and calendars . The Argentine championship was ranked in the top 10 as one of the strongest leagues in the world ( for 1 January 2015 - 31 December 2015 period ) by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) . Argentina placed 4th after La Liga ( Spain ) , Serie A ( Italy ) , and Bundesliga ( Germany ) ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982 Nacional and 1984 Nacional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nacional_championship', 'summary': 'The Campeonato Nacional was one of the two football tournaments that formed the Primera División season ( along with the Metropolitano championship ) since 1967 . The Nacional championship was played annually until its last edition in 1985 . The Nacional took place in the second half of the year while the Metropolitano took place in the first half of the year .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nacional_championship', 'summary': 'The Campeonato Nacional was one of the two football tournaments that formed the Primera División season ( along with the Metropolitano championship ) since 1967 . The Nacional championship was played annually until its last edition in 1985 . The Nacional took place in the second half of the year while the Metropolitano took place in the first half of the year .'}]}, {'value': 'Club Atlético Banfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlético_Banfield', 'summary': "Club Atlético Banfield is an Argentine sports club located in the city of Banfield , Buenos Aires . Founded on 21 January 1896 by town residents of British origin ( mostly from England and some from Scotland and Ireland ) , Banfield is mostly known for its football team , which currently plays in Primera División , the first division of the Argentine football league system . The club 's football greatest achievement was obtained in 2009 when it became champion of the Apertura , the first Primera División title won by the club . Apart from that championship , Banfield has also achieved two runners-up places , in 1951 and 2005 . Banfield 's main rival is Club Atlético Lanús , with which the club has a strong rivalry . Other sports practiced at the club include boxing , chess , field hockey , futsal , gymnastics , handball , roller skating , taekwondo , tennis and volleyball ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentine league and Copa de Honor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primera_División_Argentina', 'summary': "The Primera División ( Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾiˈmeɾa ðiβiˈsjon ] ; English : First Division ) , named Superliga Argentina ( English : Argentine Super League ) since the 2017-18 season , is a professional football league in Argentina , organised by the homonymous entity , that is administered independently and has its own statute . Nevertheless , the Superliga is contractually linked with the main football body , the Argentine Football Association ( AFA ) that organized all the championships from 1893 to 2017 . The Primera División is the country 's premier football division and is the top division of the Argentine football league system . It operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Primera Nacional ( Second Division ) , with the teams placed lowest at the end of the season being relegated . With the first championship held in 1891 , Argentina became the first country outside the United Kingdom to establish a football league . In the early years , only teams from Buenos Aires and Rosario were affiliated to the national association . Teams from other cities would join in later years . The Primera División turned professional in 1931 when 18 clubs broke away from the amateur leagues to form a professional one . Since then , the season has been contested annually in four different formats and calendars . The Argentine championship was ranked in the top 10 as one of the strongest leagues in the world ( for 1 January 2015 - 31 December 2015 period ) by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) . Argentina placed 4th after La Liga ( Spain ) , Serie A ( Italy ) , and Bundesliga ( Germany ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Copa_de_Honor_Municipalidad_de_Buenos_Aires', 'summary': 'The Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires was an Argentine official football cup competition . It was contested fourteen times between 1905 and 1920 . This cup was played by teams from Buenos Aires and Rosario ( which belonged to Liga Rosarina de Football ) . The champion of this tournament qualified to play the Copa de Honor Cousenier versus the winner of Uruguayan Copa de Honor representing the Association of that country . English participation belgrano athletic In 1936 , a new Copa de Honor was played under a regular Primera División season , with 18 teams playing a single-round tournament . San Lorenzo finished 1st and was awarded the cup . In July 2013 , the Argentine Football Association recognized the 1936 edition as a Primera División honour awarded to the club .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009 Torneo Apertura and 1920 amateur Copa de Honor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–10_Argentine_Primera_División_season', 'summary': 'The 2009-10 Primera División season was the 119th season of top-flight professional football in Argentina . A total of 20 teams competed in the season , which started on 21 August 2009 and ended on 23 May 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Racing Club de Avellaneda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Racing_Club_de_Avellaneda', 'summary': 'Racing Club , also known simply as Racing , is an Argentine professional sports club based in Avellaneda , a city of Greater Buenos Aires . Founded in 1903 , Racing has been historically considered one of the big five clubs of Argentine football . Racing currently plays in the Primera División , the top division of the Argentine league system . Racing has won the Primera División 18 times ( with a record of seven consecutive championships between 1913 and 1919 ) , apart from winning 13 National cups such as five Copa Ibarguren , four Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires and one Copa Beccar Varela . Due to those achievements the team was nicknamed La Academia ( The Academy of Football ) which still identifies the club and its supporters . On international stage , the club has won 6 titles , 3 of them organised by CONMEBOL and other international bodies . Those achievements include one Copa Libertadores , one Intercontinental Cup and the first edition of the Supercopa Sudamericana . In addition , Racing won AFA-AUF competitions , played against the Uruguayan champions : Copa Aldao twice and Copa de Honor Cousenier once . The first team plays its home games in the Estadio Presidente Juan Domingo Perón , nicknamed El Cilindro de Avellaneda ( in English : The Cylinder of Avellaneda ) . Apart from football , other sports practised at Racing are artistic gymnastics , basketball , boxing , field hockey , handball , martial arts , roller skating , tennis and volleyball .'}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Intercontinental Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Intercontinental_Cup_(football)', 'summary': "The Intercontinental Cup , also known as European/South American Cup , and also Toyota Cup from 1980 to 2004 for commercial reasons by agreement with the automaker , was an international football competition endorsed by the Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) and the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol ( CONMEBOL ) , contested between representative clubs from these confederations ( representatives of most developed continents in the football world ) , usually the winners of the UEFA Champions League and the South American Copa Libertadores . All editions were official competitions of UEFA and CONMEBOL and indirectly also of FIFA . From its formation in 1960 to 1979 , the competition was contested over a two legged tie , with a playoff if necessary until 1968 , and penalty kicks later . During the 1970s , European participation in the Intercontinental Cup became a running question due to controversial events in the 1969 final , and some European Champions Club ' winner teams withdrew . From 1980 until 2004 , the competition was contested over a single match held in Japan and sponsored by multinational automaker Toyota , which offered a secondary trophy , the Toyota Cup . From 1980 the logistics organisation passed to the Japan Football Association but the competitions was always under the aegis of UEFA and CONMEBOL . All the winning teams were regarded by worldwide mass media and football 's community , FIFA included ( as News Center productions and not catalogued on the FIFA website as official entity documents ) , de facto as world champions until 2017 when FIFA Council officially ( de jure ) recognised all of them as club world champions with the same status to the FIFA Club World Cup winners , then as official world champions FIFA . The first winner of the cup was Spanish side Real Madrid , defeating Uruguayan side Peñarol in 1960 . The last winner was Portuguese side Porto , defeating Colombian side Once Caldas in a penalty shoot-out in 2004 . The competition ended in 2004 and it merged with the FIFA Club World Cup in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trophy won in 1967 ; star added for the fortieth anniversary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chacarita Juniors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chacarita_Juniors', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Chacarita Juniors ( usually known simply as Chacarita ) is an Argentine football club headquartered in Villa Crespo , Buenos Aires , while the stadium is located in Villa Maipú , General San Martín Partido of Gran Buenos Aires . The squad currently plays at Argentine Primera División , the top division of the Argentine football league system .'}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentine league', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primera_División_Argentina', 'summary': "The Primera División ( Spanish pronunciation : [ pɾiˈmeɾa ðiβiˈsjon ] ; English : First Division ) , named Superliga Argentina ( English : Argentine Super League ) since the 2017-18 season , is a professional football league in Argentina , organised by the homonymous entity , that is administered independently and has its own statute . Nevertheless , the Superliga is contractually linked with the main football body , the Argentine Football Association ( AFA ) that organized all the championships from 1893 to 2017 . The Primera División is the country 's premier football division and is the top division of the Argentine football league system . It operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Primera Nacional ( Second Division ) , with the teams placed lowest at the end of the season being relegated . With the first championship held in 1891 , Argentina became the first country outside the United Kingdom to establish a football league . In the early years , only teams from Buenos Aires and Rosario were affiliated to the national association . Teams from other cities would join in later years . The Primera División turned professional in 1931 when 18 clubs broke away from the amateur leagues to form a professional one . Since then , the season has been contested annually in four different formats and calendars . The Argentine championship was ranked in the top 10 as one of the strongest leagues in the world ( for 1 January 2015 - 31 December 2015 period ) by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) . Argentina placed 4th after La Liga ( Spain ) , Serie A ( Italy ) , and Bundesliga ( Germany ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969 Metropolitano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitano_championship', 'summary': 'The Metropolitano championship ( Campeonato Metropolitano ) was an Argentine football tournament existed between 1967 and 1984 . The Metropolitano formed one half of the Primera División , taking place in the first half of the year , while the Nacional championship ( Campeonato Nacional ) took place in the 2nd half of the year . This arrangement lasted until 1982 when they were reversed . The Metropolitano and Nacional were abandoned to make way for European style seasons beginning in 1985-1986 . The Metropolitano utilised a number of different formats including the basic league table , 2 groups qualifying to semi-finals . The number of participants varied between a low of 18 ( 1972 , 1973 and 1981 ) to a high of 23 ( 1977 )'}]}, {'value': 'Joinville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joinville_Esporte_Clube', 'summary': 'Joinville Esporte Clube , JEC or simply Joinville , is a Brazilian football team from Joinville in Santa Catarina . Founded on January 29 , 1976 they have won the Série C once and they have the largest sequence of consecutive state titles , eight ( 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 ) . Joinville is the third most successful club in Santa Catarina in terms of state championship titles ( 12 ) , behind Avaí ( 16 ) and Figueirense ( 17 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Campeonato Catarinense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campeonato_Catarinense', 'summary': 'The Campeonato Catarinense de Futebol , known as Campeonato Catarinense or simply Catarinense , is the main competition of association football from state of Santa Catarina , in Brazil .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 titles won', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Americano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Americano_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Americano Futebol Clube , or Americano as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football team from Campos dos Goytacazes in Rio de Janeiro , founded on June 1 , 1914 . They play in black and white stripes , black shorts and socks .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Campeonato da Cidade de Campos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campeonato_da_Cidade_de_Campos', 'summary': 'The Campeonato da Cidade de Campos ( Campos City Championship in English ) , also known as Campeonato de Campos ( Campos Championship in English ) , Campeonato Campista ( Campista Championship in English ) and Liga Campista ( Campista League in English ) was the football league of the city of Campos dos Goytacazes , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . From 1914 to 1951 , was the amateur era of the competition . In 1952 , started the professional era . The league ended in 1977 , because it was suffering the competition of the more popular Campeonato Carioca .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'For 9-in-a-row 1967-1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vasco da Gama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_de_Regatas_Vasco_da_Gama', 'summary': "Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈklubi dʒi ʁɛˈgataʃ ˈvaʃku dɐ ˈgɐ̃mɐ ] ) is a Brazilian sports club that was founded on August 21 , 1898 ( although the professional football department started on November 5 , 1915 ) , by Portuguese immigrants , and still has a strong fanbase among the Portuguese community of Rio de Janeiro . It is one of the most popular clubs in Brazil , with more than 30 million supporters . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Vasco is mostly known for its football team . It plays in the Campeonato Carioca , the state of Rio de Janeiro 's premier state league and in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , the first tier of Brazilian football league system . Its statute defines the club as a sportive , recreative , educational , assistant and philanthropic non-profit organization of public utility . Their home stadium is São Januário , with a capacity of 21,880 , the third biggest in Rio de Janeiro ( after Maracanã and Engenhão ) , but some matches ( especially the city derbies ) are played at the Maracanã ( capacity of about 80,000 ) . They play in black shirts with a white diagonal sash that contains a Cross pattée , black shorts and black socks . The club is named after the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama ."}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Various Brazilian and South American', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South American Club Championship 1948 ; Copa Libertadores 1998 ; Copa Mercosur 2000 ; 1974 , 1989 , 1997 and 2000 Brazilian Championships ; unbeaten Campeão de Terra e Mar season in 1945', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_American_Club_Championship_1948', 'summary': 'The South American Championship of Champions ( Spanish : Campeonato Sudamericano de Campeones , Portuguese : Campeonato Sul-Americano de Campeões ) was a football competition played in Santiago , Chile in 1948 and the first continental-wide football tournament in South America . Hosted and organized by Chilean club Colo-Colo , it was played between February 11 and March 17 . Vasco da Gama won the competition after earning the most points in the round-robin tournament . This tournament is seen as a precursor of the Copa Libertadores and is considered , along with the Copa Aldao ( also named Copa Río de La Plata ) , as an important stepping stone towards its creation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Copa_Mercosur', 'summary': 'The Copa Mercosur ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkopa meɾkoˈsuɾ ] , Portuguese : Copa Mercosul [ ˈkɔpɐ meʁkoˈsuw ] , Mercosur Cup ) was a football competition played from 1998 to 2001 by the traditional top clubs from Brazil , Argentina , Uruguay , Paraguay , and Chile . The competition was created by CONMEBOL to generate TV money to the participating teams , but it went beyond and ended up , together with the Copa Merconorte , as natural replacement to the CONMEBOL Cup . These two , Copa Merconorte and Copa Mercosur , were replaced in 2002 by the Copa Sudamericana .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_Série_A', 'summary': "The Campeonato Brasileiro Série A ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ kãmpjoˈnatu braziˈlejɾu ˈsɛɾii ˈa ] ; English : Brazilian Championship A Series ) , commonly referred as Brasileirão ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ brazilejˈɾãw ] ) , is a Brazilian professional league for men 's football clubs . At the top of the Brazilian football league system , it is the country 's primary football competition . Contested by 20 clubs , it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B . Due to historical peculiarities and the large geographical size of the country , Brazil has a relatively short history of nationwide football competitions . Only in 1959 , with the advancements in civil aviation and air transport and the need to appoint a Brazilian representative to the first edition of the Copa Libertadores was a nationwide tournament created , Taça Brasil . In 1967 , the Torneio Rio-São Paulo was expanded to include teams from other states , becoming the Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa , which was also considered a national tournament . The first Campeonato Brasileiro with that name was held in 1989 . Prior to this , only the seasons post-1971 were regarded as Campeonato Brasileiro . In 2010 , the national tournaments from 1959 and 1970 - Taça Brasil and Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa - were unified by the Brazilian Football Confederation in the Brazilian championship history but cataloging these with their original name in the statistics , indeed they confer the same title , that of Brazilian champion , despite being different competitions . The Campeonato Brasileiro is one of the strongest leagues in the world ; it contains the most club world champions titles , with 10 championships won among six clubs , and the second-most Copa Libertadores titles , with 17 titles won among 10 clubs . The International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) ranked the league fourth in strength for the 2001-12 period after the Premier League ( England ) , La Liga ( Spain ) , and Serie A ( Italy ) . The Campeonato Brasileiro is the most-watched football league in the Americas and one of the world 's most exposed , broadcast in 155 nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Palmeiras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sociedade_Esportiva_Palmeiras', 'summary': "Palmeiras ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ pawˈmejɾɐs ] ) is a Brazilian professional football club based in the city of São Paulo . Founded on 26 August 1914 , as Palestra Italia ( pronounced [ paˌlɛstɾiˈtaliɐ ] ) , but changed to the current name on 14 September 14 , 1942 . It is a popular and successful Brazilian club , with around 18 million supporters and 126,000 affiliated fans , including many Brazilians of Italian ancestry . Despite being primarily an association football team , Palmeiras competes in a number of different sports , most notably football . The football team plays in the Campeonato Paulista , the state of São Paulo 's premier state league , as well as in the Brasileirão Série A , the top tier of the Brazilian football league system . Palmeiras have won 14 national competitions , making it the most successful club inside Brazil . The club 's most important titles are the 1951 Copa Rio international tournament , 1999 Copa Libertadores , 10 Brazilian National League titles ( Campeonato Brasileiro Série A ) , 2 Brasileirão Série B , 3 Brazil Cups ( Copa do Brasil ) , 1 Champions Cup ( Copa dos Campeões ) and the 1998 Copa Mercosul , as well as 5 Interstate titles ( Torneio Rio - São Paulo ) , and 22 State Championship titles ( Campeonato Paulista ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Campeonato Paulista , Brazilian Championship , Copa Rio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista', 'summary': 'The Campeonato Paulista Série A1 , commonly known as Campeonato Paulista , nicknamed Paulistão , is the top-flight professional football league in the Brazilian state of São Paulo . Run by the FPF , the league is contested between 16 clubs and typically lasts from January to April . Rivalries amongst four of the most well-known Brazilian teams ( Corinthians , Palmeiras , Santos and São Paulo ) have marked the history of the competition . The Campeonato Paulista is the oldest established league in Brazil , being held since 1902 and professionally since 1933 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_Série_A', 'summary': "The Campeonato Brasileiro Série A ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ kãmpjoˈnatu braziˈlejɾu ˈsɛɾii ˈa ] ; English : Brazilian Championship A Series ) , commonly referred as Brasileirão ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ brazilejˈɾãw ] ) , is a Brazilian professional league for men 's football clubs . At the top of the Brazilian football league system , it is the country 's primary football competition . Contested by 20 clubs , it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B . Due to historical peculiarities and the large geographical size of the country , Brazil has a relatively short history of nationwide football competitions . Only in 1959 , with the advancements in civil aviation and air transport and the need to appoint a Brazilian representative to the first edition of the Copa Libertadores was a nationwide tournament created , Taça Brasil . In 1967 , the Torneio Rio-São Paulo was expanded to include teams from other states , becoming the Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa , which was also considered a national tournament . The first Campeonato Brasileiro with that name was held in 1989 . Prior to this , only the seasons post-1971 were regarded as Campeonato Brasileiro . In 2010 , the national tournaments from 1959 and 1970 - Taça Brasil and Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa - were unified by the Brazilian Football Confederation in the Brazilian championship history but cataloging these with their original name in the statistics , indeed they confer the same title , that of Brazilian champion , despite being different competitions . The Campeonato Brasileiro is one of the strongest leagues in the world ; it contains the most club world champions titles , with 10 championships won among six clubs , and the second-most Copa Libertadores titles , with 17 titles won among 10 clubs . The International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) ranked the league fourth in strength for the 2001-12 period after the Premier League ( England ) , La Liga ( Spain ) , and Serie A ( Italy ) . The Campeonato Brasileiro is the most-watched football league in the Americas and one of the world 's most exposed , broadcast in 155 nations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Copa_Rio_(international_tournament)', 'summary': 'The Copa Rio ( Rio Cup ) was the first intercontinental club football tournament , contested on two occasions in 1951 and 1952 in Brazil . The first edition was an unofficial international club tournament [ note 1 ] [ note 2 ] [ note 3 ] contested between eight teams from Europe and South America between 30 June and 22 July 1951 in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro in the Pacaembu and Maracanã stadiums , respectively . Brazilian press at the time dubbed it a club world cup , a title that would later be applied to the Intercontinental Cup ( 1960-2004 ) and eventually the FIFA Club World Cup , first held in 2000 . The status of the competition as an official world cup is disputed , as 1951 winning club Palmeiras regard its championship team as the first ever club football world champions . In 2014 , FIFA acknowledged the 1951 Copa Rio as the first worldwide club competition and Palmeiras as its winner , however it was later clarified that they did not confer the competition with the same status as the currently active FIFA Club World Cup or the Intercontinental Cup ( the only competition not organized directly by FIFA but which the FIFA Council has retroactively defined as a world championship equivalent to the Club World Cup ) . [ note 4 ] Officially , the Copa Rio is considered a friendly competition [ note 2 ] organised by the Brazilian Sports Confederation , with unofficial aid and authorization from FIFA , [ note 1 ] and not an assignee of the official world title . Two editions of the Copa Rio were held . Brazilian club Palmeiras won the 1951 tournament , and Fluminense , also from Brazil and co-organizer of the following edition , won the title in 1952 . The competition was succeeded by another tournament , the Torneio Octogonal Rivadavia Corrêa Meyer , which was won by Vasco da Gama of Brazil . This tournament , however , was comprised predominantly of domestic teams ( five Brazilian sides , and three foreign clubs ) , [ note 5 ] thus losing part of the intercontinental aspect of its successor .'}]}, {'value': '9 ( 1+8 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 titles won under the name Palestra Itália between 1920 and 1940 . Others say it commemorates the eighth month ( August ) of 1914 , when the club was founded . Previously wore 4 silver stars , one for each Brazilian championship conquered ( 1972 , 1973 , 1993 , 1994 ) . Stars are placed inside the badge , rather than the usual placement above . A red star above the badge was added in 2017 for their 1951 Copa Rio win', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Cruz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Santa Cruz Futebol Clube is a Brazilian football club based in Recife , Pernambuco .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Pernambucan Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campeonato_Pernambucano', 'summary': 'The Campeonato Pernambucano de Futebol ( Pernambuco Football Championship , in English ) is the football championship of Pernambuco state , Brazil , and is organized by the FPF . The first edition of the Campeonato Pernambucano was played in 1915 , and was won by Flamengo de Recife , a defunct club . In 2020 , 10 clubs played for the title .'}]}, {'value': '8 ( 3+5 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Club badge has 5 yellow stars for the 5-in-a-row ( 1969-73 ) and 3 stars for 3 super-championships ( black for 1957 , white for 1976 , red for 1983 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Santa Cruz Futebol Clube is a Brazilian football club based in Recife , Pernambuco .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Santa Cruz Futebol Clube is a Brazilian football club based in Recife , Pernambuco .'}]}, {'value': 'São Raimundo ( AM )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Raimundo_Esporte_Clube_(AM)', 'summary': 'São Raimundo Esporte Clube is a Brazilian football team from Manaus in Amazonas , founded on November 18 , 1918 . The club is named after their neighborhood , which is named after Saint Raymond . Saint Raymond is also the patron saint of the neighborhood of São Raimundo .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Copa Norte , Campeonato Amazonense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Copa_Norte', 'summary': 'Copa Norte ( English : North Cup ) was a Brazilian football competition contested between North region teams . Also with teams from the states of Maranhão and Piauí in the Northeastern . From 1997 to 1999 , the Copa Norte champions granted qualification to Copa CONMEBOL . From 2000 to 2002 , the Copa Norte champions granted qualification to the Copa dos Campeões .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Campeonato_Amazonense', 'summary': 'The Campeonato Amazonense , officially Campeonato Amazonense de Futebol Profissional , is the football championship for professional clubs of the state of Amazonas , Brazil .'}]}, {'value': '7 ( 3 + 4 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 red stars for Norte 3-in-a-row 1999-2001 ; 4 silver stars for Amazonas titles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Internacional ( Porto Alegre )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sport_Club_Internacional', 'summary': "Sport Club Internacional ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˌĩteɾnɐsjoˈnaw ] ) , commonly known as Inter , is a Brazilian professional football club based in Porto Alegre . Founded in 4 April , 1909 by the Poppe brothers , with the clear goal of being a democratic institution without prejudice . Its colors are red and white and its fans are known as Colorados . It is one of the most successful clubs in Brazil and America in recent years , being the third club with the most international titles in Brazil , with 7 trophies . Its historical rival is Grêmio , with whom it contests the Grenal , one of the greatest derbies of the world . Internacional plays in the Brasileirão Série A since 2018 after achieving the second place in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B as well as in the Campeonato Gaúcho , [ nb 1 ] the state of Rio Grande do Sul 's premier state league . The team 's home stadium , known as Beira-Rio ( Riverside ) , was one of the twelve 2014 FIFA World Cup venues and has a capacity of 51,300 . Internacional is part of a large membership-based sports club with more than 200,000 . Internacional was South American champions in 2010 , winning their second Copa Libertadores title . The year 2006 was the most successful in Inter 's history as they won the Copa Libertadores and the FIFA Club World Cup for the first time , defeating European champions Barcelona in the latter and Club World Cup reigning champions São Paulo in the former . In their second participation in the 2010 FIFA Club World Cup , Inter entered history as the first South American champion club to stay out of the final of a World Championship , after being defeated by the emerging TP Mazembe . In the following year , the club turned the corner , becoming champion of the Gaúcho Championship for the 40th time ."}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'FIFA Club World Cup , Copa Libertadores , Brazilian Championship , Copa do Brasil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FIFA_Club_World_Cup', 'summary': "The FIFA Club World Cup is an interleague men 's association football competition organised by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The tournament officially assigns the world title . The competition was first contested in 2000 as the FIFA Club World Championship . It was not held between 2001 and 2004 due to a combination of factors , most importantly the collapse of FIFA 's marketing partner International Sport and Leisure . Since 2005 , the competition has been held every year , and has been hosted by Brazil , Japan , the United Arab Emirates , Morocco , and Qatar . Views differ as to the cup 's prestige : it struggles to attract interest in most of Europe , and is the object of heated debate in Brazil and Argentina . First FIFA Club World Championship took place in Brazil in 2000 . It ran in parallel with the Intercontinental Cup , a competition played by the winners of the UEFA Champions League and the Copa Libertadores , from 2000 to 2004 , with the champions of each tournament both recognised ( in 2017 ) by FIFA as club world champions . In 2005 , the Intercontinental Cup was merged with the FIFA Club World Championship , and in 2006 , the tournament was renamed as the FIFA Club World Cup . The winner of the Club World Cup receives the FIFA Club World Cup trophy and a FIFA World Champions certificate . The current format of the tournament involves seven teams competing for the title at venues within the host nation over a period of about two weeks ; the winners of that year 's AFC Champions League ( Asia ) , CAF Champions League ( Africa ) , CONCACAF Champions League ( North America ) , Copa Libertadores ( South America ) , OFC Champions League ( Oceania ) and UEFA Champions League ( Europe ) , along with the host nation 's national champions , participate in a straight knock-out tournament . The host nation 's national champions contest a play-off against the Oceania champions , from which the winner joins the champions of Asia , Africa and North America in the quarter-finals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_Série_A', 'summary': "The Campeonato Brasileiro Série A ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ kãmpjoˈnatu braziˈlejɾu ˈsɛɾii ˈa ] ; English : Brazilian Championship A Series ) , commonly referred as Brasileirão ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ brazilejˈɾãw ] ) , is a Brazilian professional league for men 's football clubs . At the top of the Brazilian football league system , it is the country 's primary football competition . Contested by 20 clubs , it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B . Due to historical peculiarities and the large geographical size of the country , Brazil has a relatively short history of nationwide football competitions . Only in 1959 , with the advancements in civil aviation and air transport and the need to appoint a Brazilian representative to the first edition of the Copa Libertadores was a nationwide tournament created , Taça Brasil . In 1967 , the Torneio Rio-São Paulo was expanded to include teams from other states , becoming the Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa , which was also considered a national tournament . The first Campeonato Brasileiro with that name was held in 1989 . Prior to this , only the seasons post-1971 were regarded as Campeonato Brasileiro . In 2010 , the national tournaments from 1959 and 1970 - Taça Brasil and Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa - were unified by the Brazilian Football Confederation in the Brazilian championship history but cataloging these with their original name in the statistics , indeed they confer the same title , that of Brazilian champion , despite being different competitions . The Campeonato Brasileiro is one of the strongest leagues in the world ; it contains the most club world champions titles , with 10 championships won among six clubs , and the second-most Copa Libertadores titles , with 17 titles won among 10 clubs . The International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) ranked the league fourth in strength for the 2001-12 period after the Premier League ( England ) , La Liga ( Spain ) , and Serie A ( Italy ) . The Campeonato Brasileiro is the most-watched football league in the Americas and one of the world 's most exposed , broadcast in 155 nations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Copa_do_Brasil', 'summary': "The Copa do Brasil ( English : Brazil Cup ) is a knockout football competition played by 91 teams , representing all 26 Brazilian states plus the Federal District . It is the Brazilian domestic cup and the Brazilian equivalent of the FA Cup , Taça de Portugal , Copa del Rey , Coupe de France , Coppa Italia , DFB-Pokal , KNVB Cup , U.S. Open Cup , and Copa Argentina , among others . The Copa do Brasil is an opportunity for teams from smaller states to play against the big teams . Giant-killing by these smaller clubs has regularly occurred throughout the competition 's history . The winner of the cup automatically qualifies for the following edition of the Copa Libertadores de América , the prestigious continental football tournament contested by top clubs in South America organized by COMNEBOL . Initially the Copa do Brasil was contested by 32 clubs . The field increased to 40 in 1996 , increased to 69 by the year of 2000 , and stabilized at 64 after 2001 which it remained at until 2012 . Clubs from all 26 Brazilian states and the Federal District participate . From 2001 to 2012 , the Copa do Brasil was played in the first half of the year and in those seasons , due to busy scheduling , teams playing in the Copa Libertadores did not participate in the Copa do Brasil in the same year . Thus , the Copa do Brasil champion never defended their title in the next edition , since they would be qualified for the Copa Libertadores that year . Starting in 2013 , 86 teams participate in the cup and the teams that compete in the Copa Libertadores join the Copa do Brasil directly in the Round of 16 . Also , the best 8 teams from the previous year 's Campeonato Brasileiro Série A eliminated up to the third round qualify for Copa Sudamericana ."}]}, {'value': '6 ( 1+5 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver star for 2006 World title , 5 gold stars for others , with the Libertadores star larger than the other 4 ( 3 Championships , 1 Copa )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_FIFA_Club_World_Championship', 'summary': 'The 2006 FIFA Club World Cup ( officially the FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2006 presented by Toyota for sponsorship reasons ) was a football tournament held in Japan between 10 December and 17 December 2006 . It was the third FIFA Club World Cup . The club champions from each of the six confederations played in a knockout tournament . The quarter-final match-ups were determined by a draw including the AFC , CAF , CONCACAF and OFC champions , while the UEFA and CONMEBOL champions were given byes to the semi-finals . The losers of the quarter-finals would play for the fifth place , while the losers of the semi-finals were to play in a third-place play-off . A team from the host nation did not participate , as was initially proposed . Following the departure of Australia from the OFC , the Oceanian representative , Auckland City , was fully amateur , so forcing them to play a play-off for a place in the quarter-finals against the J . League champions ( Gamba Osaka ) was considered , which would have also promoted local interest . The change would have also eliminated the fifth-place play-off , to keep the number of games intact . This was finally rejected , but the tournament format was changed for 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Goiás EC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goiás_Esporte_Clube', 'summary': "Goiás Esporte Clube is a Brazilian sports club , best known for its association football team , located in Goiânia , Goiás state . It 's the biggest club of the Central-Western . Goiás has won Brazilian 's second tier Série B twice , also 28 Campeonato Goiano and 3 Copa Centro-Oeste . Goiás ' football team has been a mainstay in premiere Brazilian league Série A and has been promoted to Latin America 's Copa Libertadores twice and South America 's Copa Sudamericana six times . Its main rival is Vila Nova . Goiás has a wide advantage in matches between the two teams ."}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Brazilian Série B and Goiás State Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_Série_B', 'summary': 'The Campeonato Brasileiro Série B , commonly referred to as the Brasileirão Série B or simply Série B , until 2017 officially known as Brasileirão Chevrolet like the Série A by sponsor reasons , is the second tier of the Brazilian football league system . The competition format has changed almost every year since it first occurred in 1971 . In some years , it was not played at all . Since 2006 it has been contested by 20 teams in a double round-robin format with the top four teams being promoted to the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A and the bottom four teams being relegated to the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Campeonato_Goiano', 'summary': 'The Campeonato Goiano is the football league of the state of Goiás , Brazil .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 silver stars , for the 1999 and 2012 Série B championships', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List -- Club teams', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Star_(football_badge)_6', 'intro': "In football, some national and club teams include one or more stars as part of (or beside) the team badge (often referred to as a crest) appearing on their shirt, to represent important trophies the team has previously won. Often this is a unilateral decision by a team itself, rather than a specific privilege earned or sanctioned by any governing body (e.g. as with the FIFA Champions Badge), and as such, the relevance of these stars on a club's shirt is somewhat tenuous."} | null | null | What is the land area of this country that has a professional sports team that won six international titles ? | 2,780,400 km2 |
07e68d8b1c377def | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dutch_football_transfers_summer_2008', 'title': 'List of Dutch football transfers summer 2008', 'header': ['Name', 'Moving from', 'Moving to'], 'data': [{'value': 'Frans Adelaar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frans_Adelaar', 'summary': 'Frans Adelaar ( born 5 December 1960 ) is a Dutch football manager and former professional player . He most recently was manager of Dutch top amateur side IJsselmeervogels .'}]}, {'value': 'Unaffiliated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FC Volendam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Volendam', 'summary': 'Football Club Volendam is a Dutch football club based in Volendam , Netherlands . Founded on 1 June 1977 , as a result of a split up with RKSV ( founded 1920 ) . It currently plays in the Eerste Divisie , holding home games at Kras Stadion , with a 6,984-seat capacity .'}]}, {'value': 'Marco van Basten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marco_van_Basten', 'summary': "Marcel Marco van Basten ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈmɑrkoː vɑn ˈbɑstə ( n ) ] ( listen ) ; born 31 October 1964 ) is a Dutch football manager and former professional football player , who played for Ajax and A.C. Milan , as well as the Netherlands national team , as a striker . He is regarded as one of the greatest players in the history of the sport . He scored 300 goals in a high-profile career , but played his last match in 1993 at age 28 due to an injury which forced his retirement two years later . He was later the head coach of Ajax and the Netherlands national team . Playing for the Netherlands , Van Basten won UEFA Euro 1988 where he was named player of the tournament , scoring five goals that included a memorable volley in the final against the Soviet Union . At club level , he won three Eredivisie titles and the Cup Winners ' Cup with Ajax , and three Serie A titles and two European Cups with Milan Known for his close ball control , attacking intelligence , impeccable headers , and spectacular strikes and volleys , Van Basten was named FIFA World Player of the Year in 1992 and won the Ballon d'Or three times , in 1988 , 1989 and 1992 . In 1998 , he was ranked sixth in the FIFA Player of the Century internet poll , tenth in the European player of the Century election held by the IFFHS and 12th in the IFFHS ' World Player of the Century election . He was also voted eighth in a poll organised by the French magazine France Football , consulting their former Ballon d'Or winners to elect the Football Player of the Century . In 2004 , he was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100 list of the world 's greatest living players . In 2004 , a poll for the 100 greatest Dutch people was held in the Netherlands : Van Basten ranked number 25 , the second highest for a football player , behind Johan Cruyff . In 2007 , Sky Sports ranked Van Basten first on its list of great athletes who had their careers cut short ."}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Netherlands national football team ( Dutch : Het Nederlands Elftal ) represents the Netherlands in men 's international football matches since 1905 . The national team is controlled by the Royal Dutch Football Association ( KNVB ) , which is a part of UEFA , and under the jurisdiction of FIFA the governing body for football in the Netherlands . Most of the Netherlands ' home matches are played at the Johan Cruyff Arena and the Stadion Feijenoord . The team is colloquially referred to as Het Nederlands Elftal ( The Dutch Eleven ) or Oranje , after the House of Orange-Nassau . Like the country itself , the team is sometimes ( also colloquially ) referred to as Holland . The fan club is known as Het Oranje Legioen . The Netherlands has competed in ten FIFA World Cups , appearing in the finals three times ( in 1974 , 1978 and 2010 ) . They have also appeared in nine UEFA European Championships , winning the 1988 tournament in West Germany . Additionally , the team won a bronze medal at the Olympic tournament in 1908 , 1912 and 1920 . The Netherlands has long-standing football rivalries with neighbors Belgium and Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'Ajax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AFC_Ajax', 'summary': "Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈaːjɑks ] ) , also known as AFC Ajax , Ajax Amsterdam , or simply Ajax , is a Dutch professional football club based in Amsterdam , that plays in the Eredivisie , the top tier in Dutch football . Historically , Ajax ( named after the legendary Greek hero ) has been the most successful club in the Netherlands , with 34 Eredivisie titles and 19 KNVB Cups . It has continuously played in the Eredivisie , since the league 's inception in 1956 and , along with Feyenoord and PSV Eindhoven , it is one of the country 's big three clubs that have dominated that competition . Ajax has historically been one of the most successful clubs in the world . According to the IFFHS , Ajax were the seventh-most successful European club of the 20th century and The World 's Club Team of the Year in 1992 . According to German magazine Kicker , Ajax were the second-most successful European club of the 20th century . The club is one of the five teams that has earned the right to keep the European Cup and to wear a multiple-winner badge ; they won consecutively in 1971-1973 . In 1972 , they completed the continental treble by winning the Eredivisie , KNVB Cup , and the European Cup . It also won the first organized UEFA Super Cup in 1972 against Glasgow Rangers ( played in 1973 ) . Ajax 's last international trophies were the 1995 Intercontinental Cup , 1995 UEFA Super Cup and the 1995 Champions League , where they defeated Milan in the final ; they lost the 1996 Champions League final on penalties to Juventus . In 1995 , Ajax was crowned as World Team of the Year by World Soccer magazine . Ajax is also one of four teams to win the continental treble and the Intercontinental Cup or Club World Cup in the same season/calendar year ; This was achieved in the 1971-72 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Ruud Brood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruud_Brood', 'summary': 'Ruud Brood ( born 19 October 1962 ) is a Dutch football manager and former player .'}]}, {'value': 'Unaffiliated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RKC Waalwijk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RKC_Waalwijk', 'summary': "RKC Waalwijk ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˌɛrkaːˈseː ˈʋaːlʋɛi̯k ] ) is a football club currently playing in the Dutch Eredivisie . Its name is derived from 'Rooms Katholieke Combinatie ' ( 'Roman Catholic Combination ' in Dutch ) and was established as a merger of HEC , WVB and Hercules ."}]}, {'value': 'Fuat Çapa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fuat_Capa', 'summary': 'Fuat Çapa ( born 15 August 1968 ) is a Belgian-Turkish football manager who is currently the manager of Kasımpaşa .'}]}, {'value': 'Unaffiliated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MVV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MVV', 'summary': "MVV Maastricht ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˌɛmveːˈveː maːˈstrɪxt ] , full name Maatschappelijke Voetbal Vereniging Maastricht [ maːtˈsxɑpələkə ˈvudbɑl vəˌreːnəɣɪŋ maːˈstrɪxt ] ) is a Dutch professional football club from the city of Maastricht , founded on 2 April 1902 . Because their logo is based on the city 's coat of arms , an armed angel holding a red shield with a white star , they are nicknamed de Sterrendragers ( Wearers of Stars ) and , in local dialect , Us MVV'ke ( our little MVV ) . Until 2011 , the club was just Maastrichtse Voetbal Vereniging , until the formal name changed to get the city name included in the full title ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Maaskant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Maaskant', 'summary': 'Robert Patrick Maaskant ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈroː.bərt ˈpɑt.rɪk ˈmaːs.kɑnt ] ; born 10 January 1969 ) is a Dutch former professional footballer and current manager , who played as a midfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'MVV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MVV', 'summary': "MVV Maastricht ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˌɛmveːˈveː maːˈstrɪxt ] , full name Maatschappelijke Voetbal Vereniging Maastricht [ maːtˈsxɑpələkə ˈvudbɑl vəˌreːnəɣɪŋ maːˈstrɪxt ] ) is a Dutch professional football club from the city of Maastricht , founded on 2 April 1902 . Because their logo is based on the city 's coat of arms , an armed angel holding a red shield with a white star , they are nicknamed de Sterrendragers ( Wearers of Stars ) and , in local dialect , Us MVV'ke ( our little MVV ) . Until 2011 , the club was just Maastrichtse Voetbal Vereniging , until the formal name changed to get the city name included in the full title ."}]}, {'value': 'NAC Breda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NAC_Breda', 'summary': "NAC Breda ( Dutch pronunciation : [ nɑk breːˈdaː ] ) , often simply known as NAC , is a Dutch professional football club , based in Breda , Netherlands . NAC Breda play in the Rat Verlegh Stadium , named after their most important player , Antoon 'Rat ' Verlegh . They play in the Eerste Divisie . In their history , NAC won one national title in 1921 and won one Cup in 1973 . NAC was founded on 19 September 1912 , when the two clubs ADVENDO and NOAD merged to one club . NOAD is a Dutch abbreviation for Nooit Opgeven , Altijd Doorzetten ( English translation : Never give up , always persevere ) , while ADVENDO is a Dutch abbreviation for Aangenaam Door Vermaak En Nuttig Door Ontspanning ( English : Pleasant for its entertainment and useful for its relaxation ) , the C stands for Combinatie ( combination ) . The full name of NAC Breda expands to Nooit opgeven altijd doorzetten , Aangenaam door vermaak en nuttig door ontspanning , Combinatie Breda [ ˈnoːit ˈɔpxeːvə ( n ) ˈɑltɛit ˈdoːrɣaːn ˈaːŋɣəˌnaːm ˈdoːr vərˈmaːk ɛn ˈnɵtəx ˈdoːr ɔntˈspɑnɪŋ kɔmbiˈnaː ( t ) si breːˈdaː ] . Early in 2003 NAC added , as a symbol of gratitude , Breda to their club name , after the City of Breda bought NAC 's Rat Verleghstadium to help the club to cope with financial problems . In 2012 Stefaan Eskes succeeded Ed Busselaar and in August 2012 NAC Breda reinstated their first logo as the new club logo for the 2012-13 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Bert van Marwijk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bert_van_Marwijk', 'summary': 'Lambertus Bert van Marwijk OON ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈbɛrt fɑˈmɑrʋɛi̯k ] ; born 19 May 1952 ) is a Dutch football manager who last managed United Arab Emirates national team . As a footballer , he played for the Go Ahead Eagles , AZ , MVV and Fortuna Sittard amongst other clubs , and represented the Netherlands once . In 1982 , van Marwijk began his transition into a manager , retiring as a player in 1988 and becoming a full-time manager . In 2002 , he won the UEFA Cup with Feyenoord . Van Marwijk managed the Netherlands from 2008 until June 2012 and guided the country to the 2010 FIFA World Cup final , which was lost 1-0 in extra-time to Spain . He left this position after the Netherlands lost all of their three matches at UEFA Euro 2012 . Van Marwijk is the father-in-law of former Netherlands international Mark van Bommel . He coached the Australian national team at the 2018 FIFA World Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Feyenoord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Feyenoord', 'summary': "Feyenoord Rotterdam ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈfɛiənoːrt ] ) is a Dutch professional football club in Rotterdam , that plays in the Eredivisie , the top tier in Dutch football . Founded as Wilhelmina in 1908 , the club changed to various names before settling on being called after its neighborhood in 1912 as SC Feijenoord , updated in 1974 to SC Feyenoord , and then to Feyenoord Rotterdam in 1978 , when it split from the amateur club under its wing , SC Feyenoord . Since 1937 , Feyenoord 's home ground has been the Stadion Feijenoord , nicknamed De Kuip ( 'the tub ' ) , one of the largest stadiums in the Netherlands and Europe . Feyenoord is one of the most successful clubs in Dutch football , winning 15 Eredivisie titles , 13 KNVB Cups , and 4 Johan Cruyff Shields . Internationally , it has won one European Cup , two UEFA Cups , and one Intercontinental Cup . The club has played continuously in the top tier of the Dutch football system since gaining promotion to Eerste Klasse ( the Eredivisie 's forerunner competition ) in 1921 , more times than any other club in the country , including the likes of Ajax and PSV Eindhoven . Feyenoord is known as a people 's club with a huge national and international support . Its most successful period was the 1960s and 1970s , when Coen Moulijn and Ove Kindvall led the club to six league titles , two European trophies , and an Intercontinental Cup , thereby becoming the first Dutch club in history to win both the European Cup and the Intercontinental Cup . In the 21st century , Feyenoord ended an 18-year league title drought in 2017 and won the 2002 UEFA Cup against Borussia Dortmund in its home stadium . Feyenoord has a longstanding rivalry with Ajax , a clash between two teams from the two biggest cities in the Netherlands , called De Klassieker ( The Classic ) . The club 's anthem is Hand in Hand . As of 2019 , Feyenoord will become a multi-sports club ; HC Feijenoord Field hockey , Sportclub Feyenoord ( amateur football team ) , and Feyenoord Basketbal are part of the club ."}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Netherlands national football team ( Dutch : Het Nederlands Elftal ) represents the Netherlands in men 's international football matches since 1905 . The national team is controlled by the Royal Dutch Football Association ( KNVB ) , which is a part of UEFA , and under the jurisdiction of FIFA the governing body for football in the Netherlands . Most of the Netherlands ' home matches are played at the Johan Cruyff Arena and the Stadion Feijenoord . The team is colloquially referred to as Het Nederlands Elftal ( The Dutch Eleven ) or Oranje , after the House of Orange-Nassau . Like the country itself , the team is sometimes ( also colloquially ) referred to as Holland . The fan club is known as Het Oranje Legioen . The Netherlands has competed in ten FIFA World Cups , appearing in the finals three times ( in 1974 , 1978 and 2010 ) . They have also appeared in nine UEFA European Championships , winning the 1988 tournament in West Germany . Additionally , the team won a bronze medal at the Olympic tournament in 1908 , 1912 and 1920 . The Netherlands has long-standing football rivalries with neighbors Belgium and Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve McClaren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_McClaren', 'summary': "Stephen McClaren ( born 3 May 1961 ) is an English professional football manager and former player who was most recently manager of Queens Park Rangers . McClaren served as manager of the England national team from August 2006 to November 2007 . He was sacked when England failed to qualify for UEFA Euro 2008 . McClaren 's managerial career began at Middlesbrough in the Premier League , who won the League Cup in 2004 and were runners-up in the 2006 UEFA Cup . In 2008 , McClaren became manager of Twente , with whom he won the club 's first Eredivisie championship in the 2009-10 season . He then worked as manager of VfL Wolfsburg in Germany between May 2010 and February 2011 . After a short spell as manager of Nottingham Forest , he returned to Twente in January 2012 . Despite his successes at Manchester United , where he had been assistant manager to Sir Alex Ferguson from 1999 to 2001 , and Middlesbrough , he was strongly criticised by the English media following England 's failure to qualify for Euro 2008 . McClaren 's time in charge at Twente saw his professional reputation recover somewhat after he managed them to the Eredivisie title for the first time since their founding in 1965 , though he was subsequently dismissed from VfL Wolfsburg . McClaren 's return to Twente was initially greeted with enthusiasm and the club was deemed to be one of the favourites to the 2012-13 Eredivisie championship at the start of the season . After unsuccessful results , however , McClaren resigned his position on 26 February 2013 . Within seven months , he was back in management with Derby County , the club where he had once been assistant manager ."}]}, {'value': 'Unaffiliated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FC Twente', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Twente', 'summary': "Football Club Twente ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ɛfˈseː ˈtʋɛntə ] ) is a Dutch professional football club from the city of Enschede . In 2018-19 , it competed in and won the Eerste Divisie . The club was formed in 1965 by the merger of 1926 Dutch champions , Sportclub Enschede and Enschedese Boys . They were the holders of the 2011 KNVB Cup and Johan Cruijff Schaal trophies , and were Eredivisie champions in the 2009-10 season ; the team has also finished as Eredivisie runner-up twice , was runner-up in the 1974-75 UEFA Cup , and has won the KNVB Cup three times . Twente 's home ground since 1998 is De Grolsch Veste ."}]}, {'value': 'Edward Metgod', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Metgod', 'summary': "Edward Metgod ( born 19 December 1959 in Amsterdam , Netherlands ) is a former Dutch football ( soccer ) goalkeeper , and current coach of Team VVCS . He made his debut in Dutch professional football on 13 April 1980 for HFC Haarlem in a competition game against Roda JC losing 1-2 . He spent 11 years at Haarlem before finishing his playing career with 7 seasons at Sparta Rotterdam . Metgod was a member of the famous Haarlem team , that competed in the UEFA Cup in the 1982-1983 season , for the first time in the club 's history . However , this campaign was to be overshadowed by the Luzhniki disaster . Metgod is the younger brother of John Metgod , and earned one cap for the Netherlands national football team during his career : on 10 November 1982 against France ( 1-2 ) . Metgod managed a number of amateur clubs before becoming assistant manager of AZ Alkmaar in 2002 . He went on to manage Telstar in the Dutch Eerste Divisie from 2008 to 2010 before moving to Team VVCS ."}]}, {'value': 'AZ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AZ_(football_club)', 'summary': 'Alkmaar Zaanstreek ( [ ˈɑlkmaːr ˈzaːnstreːk ] ) , better known as AZ Alkmaar or simply AZ ( Dutch pronunciation : [ aːˈzɛt ] ) , is a Dutch professional football club from Alkmaar and the Zaanstreek . The club plays in the Eredivisie , the highest professional football league in the Netherlands , and hosts home matches at the AFAS Stadion . AZ has won the Eredivisie twice , in 1980-81 and 2008-09 . In the same season as their first league title , they also reached the UEFA Cup Final , which they lost to Ipswich Town . In addition , the team has won the KNVB Cup on four occasions .'}]}, {'value': 'Telstar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Telstar_(football_club)', 'summary': 'SC Telstar is a Dutch football club based in IJmuiden . The club was established in 1963 after the merger of two football clubs in the town of IJmuiden .'}]}, {'value': 'Jan Poortvliet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jan_Poortvliet', 'summary': 'Jan Poortvliet ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈjɑn ˈpɔːrt.flit ] ; born 21 September 1955 ) is a retired football defender from the Netherlands , who represented his native country at the 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina , wearing the number two jersey . His biggest club successes came when he played for PSV Eindhoven in the mid- and late 1970s . After his retirement in the early 1990s he became a football manager , who worked for clubs like FC Den Bosch , RBC Roosendaal and Stormvogels Telstar .'}]}, {'value': 'Helmond Sport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helmond_Sport', 'summary': "Helmond Sport is a Dutch football club , playing in the Dutch Eerste Divisie and located in Helmond , Noord-Brabant . The club was founded on June 27 , 1967 , as a breakaway from the local professional club Helmondia '55 , which had gone bankrupt ."}]}, {'value': 'Southampton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southampton_F.C.', 'summary': "Southampton Football Club ( /saʊθˈ ( h ) æmptən/ ( listen ) ) is a professional association football club based in Southampton , Hampshire , England , which plays in the Premier League , the top tier of English football . Their home ground since 2001 has been St Mary 's Stadium , before which they were based at The Dell . The club has been nicknamed The Saints since its inception in 1885 due to its history as a church football team , founded as St. Mary 's Church of England Young Men 's Association , and play in red and white shirts . Southampton has a long-standing rivalry with Portsmouth due to its proximity and both cities ' respective maritime history . Matches between the two sides are known as the South Coast derby ."}]}, {'value': 'Fred Rutten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Rutten', 'summary': 'Fredericus ( Fred ) Jacobus Rutten ( Dutch pronunciation : [ freˈdərikʏs ˈfrɛt jɑˈkoubʏs ˈrʏtə ( n ) ] ; born 5 December 1962 ) is a football coach and a former footballer . As a player , Rutten spent his entire career with Twente during the years 1979 to 1992 . Following his playing career he also managed FC Twente , before moving on to clubs like FC Schalke 04 , PSV , Vitesse Arnhem , Feyenoord , Al Shabab , Maccabi Haifa and more recently Anderlecht .'}]}, {'value': 'FC Twente', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Twente', 'summary': "Football Club Twente ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ɛfˈseː ˈtʋɛntə ] ) is a Dutch professional football club from the city of Enschede . In 2018-19 , it competed in and won the Eerste Divisie . The club was formed in 1965 by the merger of 1926 Dutch champions , Sportclub Enschede and Enschedese Boys . They were the holders of the 2011 KNVB Cup and Johan Cruijff Schaal trophies , and were Eredivisie champions in the 2009-10 season ; the team has also finished as Eredivisie runner-up twice , was runner-up in the 1974-75 UEFA Cup , and has won the KNVB Cup three times . Twente 's home ground since 1998 is De Grolsch Veste ."}]}, {'value': 'Schalke 04', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Schalke_04', 'summary': "Fußballclub Gelsenkirchen-Schalke 04 e. V. , commonly known as FC Schalke 04 ( German : [ ɛf tseː ˈʃalkə nʊl fiːɐ̯ ] ) , Schalke , Schalke 04 or abbreviated as S04 ( German : [ ˈɛs nʊl fiːɐ̯ ] ) , is a professional German football and multi-sports club originally from the Schalke district of Gelsenkirchen , North Rhine-Westphalia . The 04 in the club 's name derives from its formation in 1904 . Schalke has long been one of the most popular professional football teams and multi-sports club in Germany , even though the club 's heyday was in the 1930s and 1940s . Schalke play in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system . As of June 2018 , the club has 155,000 members , making it the second-largest sports club in Germany and the fourth-largest sports club in the world in terms of membership . [ not verified in body ] Other activities offered by the club include athletics , basketball , handball , table tennis , winter sports and eSports . Founded in 1904 , Schalke has won seven German championships , five DFB-Pokals , one DFL-Supercup and one UEFA Cup . Schalke also succeeded as the first German club to win a cup double in 1937 . Since 2001 , Schalke 's stadium has been the Veltins-Arena . Schalke holds a long-standing rivalry with Ruhr neighbours Borussia Dortmund , arguably one of the most widespread and well-known rivalries in German football , and matches between the two teams are referred to as the Revierderby . Schalke was ranked as the seventh-best football team in Europe by UEFA 's 2015 UEFA club rankings . In terms of operating income , Schalke possesses the seventh-highest operating income of any football club at $ 64.4 million or £38.2 million ( €48 million ) , and 0% debt as of August 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Trond Sollied', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trond_Sollied', 'summary': "Trond Johan Sollied ( born 29 April 1959 ) is a Norwegian football manager and former player . He last managed Lokeren . During his playing career , Sollied was a defender who won the Norwegian top flight five times . He also played for Norway 's national team . He began his managerial career with Bodø/Glimt , and has also been in charge of Rosenborg , K.A.A . Gent ( on three separate occasions ) , Club Brugge , Olympiacos , Heerenveen , Al-Ahli , Lierse and Elazığspor . As of 2012 , teams under his leadership have won 12 titles ."}]}, {'value': 'A.A. Gent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.A.A._Gent', 'summary': "Koninklijke Atletiek Associatie Gent ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˌʔɑtləˈtik ˌɑsoːˈʃaː ( t ) si ˈɣɛnt ] , English : Royal Athletic Association Ghent ) , often simply known as Ghent or by their nickname De Buffalo 's ( English : The Buffalos ) , is a Belgian sports club , based in the city of Ghent , East Flanders . Their football team is the best-known section within the club , who have been playing in the Belgian Pro League since the 1989-90 season . They won the national league once , in 2014-15 , in addition to three Belgian Cup victories . Ghent played their home matches in the Jules Ottenstadion in Gentbrugge from 1920 until 2013 , when they moved to the Ghelamco Arena . Their team colours are blue and white . The principal sponsor is the financial institution VDK NV . The field hockey and track and field divisions were founded in 1864 , making it one of the oldest sports clubs in Belgium . The club was then known under its French name La Gantoise ( and it is still referred to as such in the French-speaking part of Belgium ) . They changed their name to the current Dutch version in 1971 . The football division opened in 1900 . The nickname of the club is De Buffalo 's , a term coined after a visit of the original Buffalo Bill and his Wild West circus to the city in the early 20th century . Gent enjoyed its first spell at the highest level in Belgian football between 1913-14 and 1928-29 , and a second one from 1936-37 to 1966-67 ."}]}, {'value': 'SC Heerenveen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SC_Heerenveen', 'summary': 'Sportclub Heerenveen ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈspɔrtklɵp ˌɦeːrə ( n ) ˈveːn ] ; West Frisian : Sportklub It Hearrenfean ) football club that plays in the Eredivisie , the top level of football in the Netherlands .'}]}, {'value': 'Huub Stevens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huub_Stevens', 'summary': 'Hubertus Jozef Margaretha Huub Stevens ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈɦyp ˈsteː.və ( n ) s ] ; born 29 November 1953 ) is a Dutch football manager and former defender .'}]}, {'value': 'Hamburger SV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamburger_SV', 'summary': "Hamburger Sport-Verein e.V . ( [ hamˈbʊʁɡɐ ˌʃpɔʁt fɛɐ̯ˈʔaɪ̯n ] ) , commonly known as Hamburger SV , Hamburg or HSV [ haː ʔɛs ˈfaʊ̯ ] , is a German sport club based in Hamburg , its largest branch being its football department . Although the current HSV was founded in June 1919 from a merger of three earlier clubs , it officially traces its origin to 29 September 1887 when the first of the predecessors , SC Germania , was founded . Until 2018 when the team were relegated for the first time in history , HSV 's football team had the distinction of being the only team that had played continuously in the top tier of the German football league system since the founding of the club at the end of World War I . It was consequently also the only team that had played in every season of the Bundesliga since its foundation in 1963 . HSV has won the German national championship six times , the DFB-Pokal three times and the League Cup twice . The team 's most successful period was from the mid-1970s until the mid-1980s when , in addition to several domestic honours , they won the 1976-77 European Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1982-83 European Cup . The outstanding players of this period were Horst Hrubesch , Manfred Kaltz , and Felix Magath , all of whom were regulars in the German National Team . To date , HSV 's last major trophy was the 1986-87 DFB-Pokal . HSV play their home games at the Volksparkstadion in Bahrenfeld , a western district of Hamburg . The club colours are officially blue , white and black but the home kit of the team is white jerseys and red shorts . The team 's most common nickname is die Rothosen ( the Red Shorts ) ."}]}, {'value': 'PSV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven', 'summary': "The Philips Sport Vereniging ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈfilɪps ˌspɔrt fəˈreːnəɣɪŋ ] ; [ nb 1 ] English : Philips Sports Union ) , abbreviated as PSV and internationally known as PSV Eindhoven [ ˌpeːjɛsˈfeː ˈɛintɦoːvə ( n ) ] , [ nb 2 ] is a sports club from Eindhoven , Netherlands , that plays in the Eredivisie , the top tier in Dutch football . It is best known for its professional football department , which plays in the Eredivisie since its inception in 1956 . Along with Ajax and Feyenoord , PSV is one of the country 's big three clubs that have dominated the Eredivisie . The club was founded in 1913 as a team for Philips employees . PSV 's history contains two golden eras revolving around the UEFA Cup victory in 1978 and the 1987-88 European Cup victory as part of the seasonal treble in 1988 . The team has won the Eredivisie 24 times , the KNVB Cup nine times and the Johan Cruyff Shield ten times . Currently ( as of Nov 2018 ) , PSV is 39th on the UEFA club coefficients ranking . Throughout the years , PSV established itself as a stepping stone for future world class players like Ruud Gullit , Ronald Koeman , Romário , Ronaldo , Phillip Cocu , Jaap Stam , Park Ji-Sung , Ruud van Nistelrooy , and Arjen Robben . Since its foundation , it has played in the Philips Stadion and has upheld its club colours ( red and white ) . Its elaborate connection with Philips can be witnessed in its sponsoring , shared technology and board member ties . Fans have named themselves 'boeren ' ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈbuːrə ( n ) ] , Dutch for either peasants or farmers ) , taking pride in Eindhoven 's status of being a provincial city and their Brabantian heritage ."}]}, {'value': 'Gertjan Verbeek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gertjan_Verbeek', 'summary': 'Gertjan Verbeek ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈɣɛrcɑn vərˈbeːk ] ; born 1 August 1962 ) is a Dutch footballer and current manager for A-League club Adelaide United .'}]}, {'value': 'SC Heerenveen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SC_Heerenveen', 'summary': 'Sportclub Heerenveen ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈspɔrtklɵp ˌɦeːrə ( n ) ˈveːn ] ; West Frisian : Sportklub It Hearrenfean ) football club that plays in the Eredivisie , the top level of football in the Netherlands .'}]}, {'value': 'Feyenoord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Feyenoord', 'summary': "Feyenoord Rotterdam ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈfɛiənoːrt ] ) is a Dutch professional football club in Rotterdam , that plays in the Eredivisie , the top tier in Dutch football . Founded as Wilhelmina in 1908 , the club changed to various names before settling on being called after its neighborhood in 1912 as SC Feijenoord , updated in 1974 to SC Feyenoord , and then to Feyenoord Rotterdam in 1978 , when it split from the amateur club under its wing , SC Feyenoord . Since 1937 , Feyenoord 's home ground has been the Stadion Feijenoord , nicknamed De Kuip ( 'the tub ' ) , one of the largest stadiums in the Netherlands and Europe . Feyenoord is one of the most successful clubs in Dutch football , winning 15 Eredivisie titles , 13 KNVB Cups , and 4 Johan Cruyff Shields . Internationally , it has won one European Cup , two UEFA Cups , and one Intercontinental Cup . The club has played continuously in the top tier of the Dutch football system since gaining promotion to Eerste Klasse ( the Eredivisie 's forerunner competition ) in 1921 , more times than any other club in the country , including the likes of Ajax and PSV Eindhoven . Feyenoord is known as a people 's club with a huge national and international support . Its most successful period was the 1960s and 1970s , when Coen Moulijn and Ove Kindvall led the club to six league titles , two European trophies , and an Intercontinental Cup , thereby becoming the first Dutch club in history to win both the European Cup and the Intercontinental Cup . In the 21st century , Feyenoord ended an 18-year league title drought in 2017 and won the 2002 UEFA Cup against Borussia Dortmund in its home stadium . Feyenoord has a longstanding rivalry with Ajax , a clash between two teams from the two biggest cities in the Netherlands , called De Klassieker ( The Classic ) . The club 's anthem is Hand in Hand . As of 2019 , Feyenoord will become a multi-sports club ; HC Feijenoord Field hockey , Sportclub Feyenoord ( amateur football team ) , and Feyenoord Basketbal are part of the club ."}]}, {'value': 'André Wetzel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Wetzel', 'summary': 'André Wetzel ( born 3 November 1951 ) is a Dutch former footballer and manager currently for Amsterdamsche FC .'}]}, {'value': 'VVV-Venlo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VVV-Venlo', 'summary': "VVV-Venlo ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˌveːveːˈveː ˈvɛnloː ] , VVV stands for Venlose Voetbal Vereniging [ ˈvɛnloːzə ˈvudbɑl vəˈreːnəɣɪŋ ] ) is a football club from the Dutch-German border town Venlo , Netherlands , playing in the Eredivisie . The club plays its home games in the Covebo Stadion - De Koel stadium , which is named after one of the club 's sponsors Covebo Uitzendgroep . VVV 's home colours are yellow and black , the former being the dominant shirt colour ."}]}, {'value': 'ADO Den Haag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ADO_Den_Haag', 'summary': 'Alles Door Oefening Den Haag ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈɑləs doːr ˈufənɪŋ dɛn ˈɦaːx ] ) , commonly known by the abbreviated name ADO Den Haag [ ˈaːdoː dɛn ˈɦaːx ] , is a Dutch association football club from the city of The Hague . The club was for a time known as FC Den Haag [ ɛfˈseː dɛn ˈɦaːx ] , with ADO representing the amateur branch of the club . Despite being from one of the traditional three large Dutch cities , it has not been able to match Ajax , Feyenoord or PSV in terms of success in the Eredivisie or in European competition . There is nonetheless a big rivalry with Ajax and Feyenoord . The words Alles Door Oefening translate into Everything Through Practice in Dutch .'}]}, {'value': 'Hans Westerhof', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hans_Westerhof', 'summary': "Hans Westerhof ( born 24 November 1948 ) is a Dutch football coach and currently supervisory board member at SC Heerenveen . As a player , Westerhof played as a midfielder for BV Veendam and BVO Cambuur of the Dutch First Division . He began his coaching career in 1982 , and has managed ONS Sneek , ACV , Groningen ( 1988-92 and 1994-96 ) , PSV Eindhoven ( 1992-1994 ) , the Dutch U-21 national team ( 1996-97 ) , Ajax Amsterdam ( 2000 ) , Willem II Tilburg ( 2000-03 ) and Chivas de Guadalajara ( 2003-04 ) , Necaxa ( 2007-2008 ) Westerhof originally joined Chivas de Guadalajara in 2003 as sporting director of the club 's teams , but took over the dual role as head coach of the first team in October of that year . He stepped down as coach after the Clausura 2004 season . On 3 June 2005 , while serving as sporting director , Guadalajara 's sister team , Chivas USA , named Westerhof its head coach , after a disastrous start under Thomas Rongen . He was replaced after the season by Bob Bradley and then came back to the parent club as its head coach and sporting director . Besides coaching , he has been a teacher in Heerenveen ( the Netherlands ) at the Central Institute for Sports Education ( CIOS ) for many years . For Apertura 2007 , Westerhof was appointed New Head Coach of Necaxa of Mexico . On 12 June 2008 , Hans was appointed Vitesse Arnhem new coach . He was then sacked after six months in December after a disappointing first half of the season . Having led them into 15th position of the 18-team league , he managed 15 points from 17 matches ."}]}, {'value': 'Unaffiliated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vitesse Arnhem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vitesse_Arnhem', 'summary': 'SBV Vitesse ( Stichting Betaald Voetbal Vitesse ) , widely known as Vitesse Arnhem , or simply as Vitesse ( Dutch pronunciation : [ viˈtɛsə ] ) , is a Dutch professional football club based in Arnhem ( Gelderland ) . Established on 14 May 1892 , Vitesse is one of the oldest professional football clubs in the Eredivisie . The club has enjoyed some success in the competition , has featured in the UEFA Cup competition and became the first Dutch football club to be owned by a foreigner when it was taken over by Georgian businessman Merab Zjordania in 2010 . Since 1998 , the club has played its home games at the GelreDome . Their best result in the Eredivisie was third place in 1997-98 . The club won the KNVB Cup in 2016-17 . Throughout the years , Vitesse established itself as a stepping stone for future world class players and coaches like Raimond van der Gouw , Philip Cocu , Roy Makaay , Sander Westerveld , Nikos Machlas , Henk ten Cate , Pierre van Hooijdonk , Mahamadou Diarra , Ronald Koeman , Nemanja Matić , Marco van Ginkel , Davy Pröpper , Wilfried Bony , Peter Bosz , Mason Mount and Martin Ødegaard .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Manager transfers', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Dutch_football_transfers_summer_2008_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of transfers in Dutch football for the 2008 Summer transfer window. Only moves featuring Eredivisie side professional players are listed. The summer transfer window opened on July 1, 2008, and closed on September 1. Deals may be signed at any given moment in the season, but the actual transfer may only take place during the transfer window.'} | null | null | What location is the player moving to who played for the Go Ahead Eagles ? | Netherlands |
07e6a0ee043beabd | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Belgian_football_transfers_summer_2009', 'title': 'List of Belgian football transfers summer 2009', 'header': ['Date', 'Name', 'Moving from', 'Moving to', 'Fee'], 'data': [{'value': 'August 3 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hernán Losada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hernán_Losada', 'summary': 'Hernán Losada ( born May 9 , 1982 ) is a retired Argentine professional football who played as a midfielder . He was known for his beautiful dribbles and fine passes , according to Belgian media . During his time at Belgium , Losada played three times for Beerschot , under a different name . Currently he is the manager of Beerschot in the Belgian First Division B .'}]}, {'value': 'Anderlecht', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht', 'summary': 'Royal Sporting Club Anderlecht , usually known as Anderlecht ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈɑndərlɛxt ] , French : [ ɑ̃dəʁlɛkt ] , German : [ ˈandɐlɛçt ] ) or RSCA ( Dutch : [ ˌɛrɛseːˈjaː , -seːˈʔaː ] , French : [ ɛʁɛsse.ɑ ] , German : [ ˌɛɐ̯ʔɛs.tseːˈʔaː ] ) , is a Belgian professional football club based in Anderlecht , Brussels Capital-Region . Anderlecht plays in the Belgian First Division A and is the most successful Belgian football team in European competitions , with five trophies , as well as in the Belgian domestic league , with 34 championship wins . They have also won nine Belgian Cups and hold the record for most consecutive Belgian championship titles , winning five between the 1963-64 and 1967-68 seasons . Founded in 1908 , the club first reached the highest level in Belgian football in 1921-22 and have been playing in the first division continuously since 1935-36 and in Europe since 1964-65 . They won their first major trophy after World War II with a championship win in 1946-47 . Since then , they have never finished outside the top six of the Belgian first division . They are ranked 14th amongst all-time UEFA club competition winners , tenth in the International Federation of Football History & Statistics continental Clubs of the 20th Century European ranking and were 41st in the 2012 UEFA team rankings . In 1986 , they achieved their best UEFA ranking with a joint first place with Juventus . Anderlecht have been playing their matches in the Astrid Park in the municipality of Anderlecht since 1917 . Their current stadium , Constant Vanden Stock Stadium , was first opened in 1983 , and replaced the former Emile Versé Stadium . They play in purple and white outfits . They have long-standing rivalries with Club Brugge and Standard Liège .'}]}, {'value': 'Heerenveen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SC_Heerenveen', 'summary': 'Sportclub Heerenveen ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈspɔrtklɵp ˌɦeːrə ( n ) ˈveːn ] ; West Frisian : Sportklub It Hearrenfean ) football club that plays in the Eredivisie , the top level of football in the Netherlands .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 3 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tim Matthys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tim_Matthys', 'summary': 'Tim Matthys ( born 23 December 1983 ) is a Belgian football official and a former player . As of 2019 , he works as a scout with Gent .'}]}, {'value': 'Zulte Waregem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.V._Zulte_Waregem', 'summary': 'Sportvereniging Zulte Waregem ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈspɔrtfəˌreːnəɣɪŋ ˈzɵltə ˈʋaːrəɣɛm ] ) , commonly known as Zulte Waregem or by their nickname Essevee ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ɛsəˈveː ] ) , is a Belgian professional football club based in Waregem , West Flanders . Zulte Waregem plays in the Belgian First Division A . Their highest finish at the highest level was second place in 2012-13 . They have won two Belgian Cups . They qualified for the 2006-07 UEFA Cup , losing in the round of 32 to Newcastle United . Also in the seasons 2013-2014 and 2017-2018 they managed to play in the Europa League group stages . On both occasions the club ended 3rd in their group . The club is a product of a partnership in 2001 between Zultse VV and KSV Waregem , a former first division regular . No merger was applied . Zulte Waregem first reached the highest level in Belgian football by winning the 2004-05 second division . The club uniforms are red and green . They play their home matches at the Regenboogstadion , the former stadium of KSV Waregem .'}]}, {'value': 'Lierse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lierse_S.K.', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Lierse Sportkring ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈliːrsə ˈspɔrtkrɪŋ ] ) , often simply known as Lierse , was a Belgian professional football club from the city of Lier in the Antwerp province . Lierse have won four championship titles and two Belgian Cups . Lierse was one of the six Belgian clubs to have played in the UEFA Champions League group stage , the other being Anderlecht , Club Brugge , Genk , Standard Liège and KAA Gent . The club was founded in 1906 and they first promoted to the first division in 1927-28 . Lierse was successful in the first division until the end of World War II , winning two titles and finishing only four times outside the top five . At the end of the 1947-48 season , they were relegated to the second division . Lierse enjoyed two more spells at the highest level , each time with a championship win ( between 1953-54 and 1985-86 and between 1988-89 and 2006-07 ) . Lierse spent five more years in first division between 2010-11 and 2014-15 , but since then played in the second division . Lierse played their home matches at the Herman Vanderpoortenstadion in Lier , which is also known as Het Lisp , because the stadium is located in a neighbourhood named Lisp . They had yellow and black colours . The club was bought by Egyptian businessman Maged Samy , who also owns KV Turnhout and Wadi Degla in Egypt . The most capped player at the club is Bernard Voorhoof with 61 caps for Belgium , all when he was at Lierse .'}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 5 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Maah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Maah', 'summary': 'Robert Maah ( born 25 March 1985 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Stade Lavallois . Although he can play as a centre forward he is usually deployed as a winger .'}]}, {'value': 'Grosseto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Grosseto_F.C.', 'summary': "F.C . Grosseto S.S.D . is an Italian association football club , based in the city of Grosseto , Tuscany . The club was founded in 1912 . The team 's most associated nickname is grifone , after its logo , depicting a griffon . Its colours are red and white , and it currently plays in Serie D , the fourth level of Italian football . The club participated in professional league until 2015 as Unione Sportiva Grosseto Football Club . However the club failed to qualify for the 2015-16 Lega Pro , the third level of Italian football , following the departure of chairman Piero Camilli . Thanks to Article 52 of N.O.I.F. , a phoenix club , F.C . Grosseto S.S.D . was admitted into the 2015-16 Serie D , the fourth level of Italian football instead ."}]}, {'value': 'Mouscron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R.E._Mouscron', 'summary': 'R.E . Mouscron was a Belgian football club from the municipality of Mouscron , Hainaut . In December 2009 they were declared bankrupt and soon ceased to exist . A new club known as Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz was formed in March 2010 and placed in the Belgian Third Division .'}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 5 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tommaso Pieroni', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fortis Juventus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.S.D._Fortis_Juventus_1909', 'summary': "Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Fortis Juventus 1909 is an Italian association football club located in Borgo San Lorenzo , Tuscany . Currently it plays in Italy 's Serie D ."}]}, {'value': 'Mouscron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R.E._Mouscron', 'summary': 'R.E . Mouscron was a Belgian football club from the municipality of Mouscron , Hainaut . In December 2009 they were declared bankrupt and soon ceased to exist . A new club known as Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz was formed in March 2010 and placed in the Belgian Third Division .'}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 6 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian Benteke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Benteke', 'summary': 'Christian Benteke Liolo ( born 3 December 1990 ) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Premier League club Crystal Palace and the Belgium national team . He began his career at Standard Liège , playing a part in their 2008-09 Belgian First Division triumph . Following a season at Genk he was signed for £7 million by Aston Villa . He scored 49 goals in 101 matches for Villa across all competitions , including 19 Premier League goals in his debut season and helping them to the 2015 FA Cup Final , before transferring to Liverpool in 2015 for £32.5 million . He spent a single season at Liverpool , scoring a total of ten goals , before being transferred to Crystal Palace at the start of the 2016-17 season . Benteke has earned over 30 caps for Belgium since making his debut in 2010 . He missed the 2014 FIFA World Cup through injury , but was part of their team that reached the quarter-finals of UEFA Euro 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Standard Liège', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Standard_Liège', 'summary': "Royal Standard de Liège , commonly referred to as Standard Liège ( French : [ stɑ̃daʁ ljɛʒ ] ; Dutch : Standard Luik [ ˈstɑndɑrt ˈlœyk ] ; German : Standard Lüttich [ ˈstandaɐ̯t ˈlʏtɪç , ˈʃtan- ] ) , is a Belgian football club from the city of Liège . They are one of the most successful clubs in Belgium , having won the Belgian league on ten occasions , most recently in 2007-08 and 2008-09 . They have been in the top flight without interruption since 1921 , longer than any other Belgian side . They have also won eight Belgian Cups , and in 1981-82 they reached the final of the European Cup Winners ' Cup , which they lost 2-1 against Barcelona . Standard players are nicknamed les Rouches [ le ʁuʃ ] because of their red jerseys . The French word for red , rouge , when pronounced with a Liège accent , sounds like rouche ."}]}, {'value': 'Kortrijk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.V._Kortrijk', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Voetbalclub Kortrijk ( often simply called KV Kortrijk or KVK ) is a Belgian professional football club based in Kortrijk , West Flanders . They play in the Belgian First Division , and they achieved their best ranking ever during the 2009-10 season , finishing fourth after the play-offs . KV Kortrijk was founded in 1971 , though their roots can be traced to 1901 . They are registered to the Royal Belgian Football Association with matricule number 19 . The club colours are red and white . They play their home matches at the Guldensporenstadion , named after the Battle of the Golden Spurs which took place in Kortrijk in 1302 . KV Kortrijk first entered the first division in the early 20th century , between 1906-07 and 1910-11 . They eventually had to wait 65 years to return at the highest level , when they spent 15 seasons at the top flight , interrupted by a season in the second division ( between 1976-77 and 1978-79 and between 1980-81 and 1991-92 ) . KV Kortrijk also played the 1998-99 season in the first division before they returned to the Belgian Pro League in the 2008-09 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 6 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Grondin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Grondin', 'summary': 'David Roland Clément Grondin ( born 8 May 1980 ) is a French former footballer . Grondin , who played as a left back , featured for Arsenal as well as several French and Belgian clubs .'}]}, {'value': 'Mechelen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KV_Mechelen', 'summary': "Yellow Red Koninklijke Voetbalclub Mechelen ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˌjɛloː ˈrɛt ˌkoːnɪŋkləkə ˌvudbɑlklʏp ˈmɛxələ ( n ) ] ) , often simply called KV Mechelen ( Dutch pronunciation : [ kaːˌveː ˈmɛxələ ( n ) ] ) or KVM , or by their former French name FC Malinois , is a Belgian professional football club based in Mechelen in the Antwerp province . KV Mechelen plays in the Belgian First Division A . They have won four Belgian championships and twice the Belgian Cup , as well as the 1987-88 European Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1988 European Super Cup . They collected most of their honours in the 1940s and in the 1980s . KV Mechelen was founded in 1904 and , in 1921-22 , promoted to the first division . After two successive relegation and promotion , they were back for good between 1928-29 and 1955-56 . In the 1960s and 1970s , the club had several promotions and relegations between the first and second division . From 1983-84 to 1996-97 , they had a successful first division spell , with a title and several second- and third-place finishes . During that period , they also won a European Cup Winners ' Cup and they reached the same competition semi-finals as well as the European Cup quarter-finals . KV Mechelen declined in the late 1990s though they had two more spells at the highest level from 1999-2000 to 2000-01 and in 2002-03 . At the end of that season , the club did not receive their Belgian professional football license . They were therefore relegated to the third division with a nine-point penalty ."}]}, {'value': 'Mons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R.A.E.C._Mons', 'summary': 'R.A.E.C . Mons was a Belgian football club based in Mons , Belgium , The team was promoted to the Belgian Jupiler League at the conclusion of the 2010-11 season re-joining the Top Belgian League after two years in the Belgian 2nd Division ( Exqi League ) . The team was relegated at the end of the 2013-2014 season , having finished last in the league . Dutch speakers tend to refer to the team as Bergen , the Dutch name for Mons . The club declared bankruptcy on 16 February 2015 . On 18 May 2015 it was announced that Royale Union Sportive Genly-Quévy would take over the ground and be renamed Royal Albert Quévy-Mons .'}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 6 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kristof Van Hout', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristof_Van_Hout', 'summary': 'Kristof Van Hout ( born 9 February 1987 in Lommel ) is a Belgian footballer , who currently plays as a goalkeeper for Westerlo in the Proximus League .'}]}, {'value': 'Kortrijk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.V._Kortrijk', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Voetbalclub Kortrijk ( often simply called KV Kortrijk or KVK ) is a Belgian professional football club based in Kortrijk , West Flanders . They play in the Belgian First Division , and they achieved their best ranking ever during the 2009-10 season , finishing fourth after the play-offs . KV Kortrijk was founded in 1971 , though their roots can be traced to 1901 . They are registered to the Royal Belgian Football Association with matricule number 19 . The club colours are red and white . They play their home matches at the Guldensporenstadion , named after the Battle of the Golden Spurs which took place in Kortrijk in 1302 . KV Kortrijk first entered the first division in the early 20th century , between 1906-07 and 1910-11 . They eventually had to wait 65 years to return at the highest level , when they spent 15 seasons at the top flight , interrupted by a season in the second division ( between 1976-77 and 1978-79 and between 1980-81 and 1991-92 ) . KV Kortrijk also played the 1998-99 season in the first division before they returned to the Belgian Pro League in the 2008-09 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Standard Liège', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Standard_Liège', 'summary': "Royal Standard de Liège , commonly referred to as Standard Liège ( French : [ stɑ̃daʁ ljɛʒ ] ; Dutch : Standard Luik [ ˈstɑndɑrt ˈlœyk ] ; German : Standard Lüttich [ ˈstandaɐ̯t ˈlʏtɪç , ˈʃtan- ] ) , is a Belgian football club from the city of Liège . They are one of the most successful clubs in Belgium , having won the Belgian league on ten occasions , most recently in 2007-08 and 2008-09 . They have been in the top flight without interruption since 1921 , longer than any other Belgian side . They have also won eight Belgian Cups , and in 1981-82 they reached the final of the European Cup Winners ' Cup , which they lost 2-1 against Barcelona . Standard players are nicknamed les Rouches [ le ʁuʃ ] because of their red jerseys . The French word for red , rouge , when pronounced with a Liège accent , sounds like rouche ."}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 8 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Štěpán Kučera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Štěpán_Kučera', 'summary': 'Štěpán Kučera ( born 11 June 1984 in Prague ) is a Czech footballer who plays as a defender for FC Tobol in Kazakhstan Premier League .'}]}, {'value': 'Club Brugge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Brugge_K.V.', 'summary': 'Club Brugge Koninklijke Voetbalvereniging ( Dutch pronunciation : [ klʏˈbrʏɣə ˌkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈvudbɑlvəreːnəɣɪŋ ] ) , commonly referred to as just Club Brugge , or Club Bruges commonly in English , is a football club based in Bruges in Belgium . It was founded in 1891 and its home ground is the Jan Breydel Stadium , which has a capacity of 29,062 . One of the most decorated clubs in Belgian football , the club have been crowned Belgian league champions 15 times , second only to major rivals Anderlecht , and it shares the Jan Breydel Stadium with city rival Cercle Brugge , with whom they contest the Bruges derby . Throughout its long history , Club Brugge has enjoyed much European football success , reaching two European finals and two European semi-finals . Club Brugge is the only Belgian club to have played the final of the European Cup ( forerunner of the current UEFA Champions League ) so far , losing to Liverpool in the final of the 1978 season . They also lost in the 1976 UEFA Cup Final to the same opponents . Club Brugge holds the European record number of consecutive participations in the UEFA Europa League ( 20 ) , the record number of Belgian Cups ( 11 ) , and the record number of Belgian Super Cups ( 15 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Roeselare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.S.V._Roeselare', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Sport Vereniging Roeselare , or KSV Roeselare ( Dutch pronunciation : [ kaːʔɛsˌfeː ˈrusəlaːrə ] ) , is a Belgian football club from the city of Roeselare in West Flanders . Its matricule is the n°134 . It has last played in the Belgian Pro League from 2005-06 to 2009-10 . Roeselare is a professional club , meaning it comprises professional footballers .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 10 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Vandenbroeck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Vandenbroeck', 'summary': "David Vandenbroeck ( born 12 July 1985 in Braine-l'Alleud ) is a Belgian football defender who is currently playing for Differdange in the Luxembourg National Division ."}]}, {'value': 'Charleroi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R._Charleroi_S.C.', 'summary': 'Royal Charleroi Sporting Club , often simply known as Charleroi or Sporting Charleroi , is a Belgian football club based in the city of Charleroi , in the province of Hainaut . Charleroi plays in the Belgian Pro League and their current spell at the highest level in Belgian football has started in the 2012-13 season . Charleroi was founded in 1904 and they first reached the first division in 1947-48 . Their highest finish was runner-up in the 1968-69 season . They have also twice reached the Belgian Cup final , losing in 1977-78 to Beveren and in 1992-93 to Standard Liège . Sporting Charleroi have a long-standing rivalry with their crosstown rival ROC de Charleroi-Marchienne , currently playing in the third division . Charleroi play their home matches at the Stade du Pays de Charleroi , which was refurbished for the UEFA Euro 2000 . The stadium hosted 3 group stage games in the Euro 2000 among which the 1-0 victory of England against Germany . Charleroi have been recruiting several French players in recent years , including Michaël Ciani , Cyril Théréau and goalkeeper Bertrand Laquait .'}]}, {'value': 'Kortrijk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.V._Kortrijk', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Voetbalclub Kortrijk ( often simply called KV Kortrijk or KVK ) is a Belgian professional football club based in Kortrijk , West Flanders . They play in the Belgian First Division , and they achieved their best ranking ever during the 2009-10 season , finishing fourth after the play-offs . KV Kortrijk was founded in 1971 , though their roots can be traced to 1901 . They are registered to the Royal Belgian Football Association with matricule number 19 . The club colours are red and white . They play their home matches at the Guldensporenstadion , named after the Battle of the Golden Spurs which took place in Kortrijk in 1302 . KV Kortrijk first entered the first division in the early 20th century , between 1906-07 and 1910-11 . They eventually had to wait 65 years to return at the highest level , when they spent 15 seasons at the top flight , interrupted by a season in the second division ( between 1976-77 and 1978-79 and between 1980-81 and 1991-92 ) . KV Kortrijk also played the 1998-99 season in the first division before they returned to the Belgian Pro League in the 2008-09 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 14 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daan De Pever', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daan_De_Pever', 'summary': 'Daan De Pever ( born 17 January 1989 ) is a Belgian footballer who plays for RWDM Brussels .'}]}, {'value': 'Dender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F.C._Verbroedering_Dender_E.H.', 'summary': 'Football Club Verbroedering Dender Eendracht Hekelgem , also simply known as Dender or Verbroedering Dender , is a Belgian association football club based in Denderleeuw . The club is named after former clubs KFC Denderleeuw Eendracht Hekelgem and Verbroedering Denderhoutem , which merged at the end of the 2004-05 season , and after the river Dender , which crosses the town of Denderleeuw . The home stadium of the club is Florent Beeckmanstadion , located in Denderleeuw . Their best league ranking was the 15th place in the first division ( in 2007-08 and 2008-09 ) . The club colours are blue and black .'}]}, {'value': 'Roeselare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.S.V._Roeselare', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Sport Vereniging Roeselare , or KSV Roeselare ( Dutch pronunciation : [ kaːʔɛsˌfeː ˈrusəlaːrə ] ) , is a Belgian football club from the city of Roeselare in West Flanders . Its matricule is the n°134 . It has last played in the Belgian Pro League from 2005-06 to 2009-10 . Roeselare is a professional club , meaning it comprises professional footballers .'}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 17 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henri Munyaneza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henri_Munyaneza', 'summary': 'Henri Munyaneza ( born June 19 , 1984 ) is a retired Rwandan footballer . He was capped for the Rwanda national football team and was a squad member at the 2004 African Cup of Nations .'}]}, {'value': 'Germinal Beerschot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.F.C._Germinal_Beerschot', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Beerschot Antwerpen Club ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈbeːrsxɔt ˈɑntʋɛrpə ( n ) ˈklɵp ] ) , simply known as Beerschot AC , was a Belgian football club based in southern Antwerp . Beerschot played in the Belgian Pro League from 1999-2000 ( as Germinal Beerschot ) until 2012-13 , when they were relegated not only through their league position , but also lost their professional license through financial issues , being officially declared bankrupt on 21 May 2013 - one week after the season had ended . The club was established in 1999 as the result of the merger between K Beerschot VAC and KFC Germinal Ekeren , from which they took over the matricule number and history . Prior to the merger , Germinal Ekeren had been a first division club for 10 years , while 7 times Belgian champion Beerschot was struggling with financial problems in the third division . The club won 2 Belgian Cups , one as Germinal Ekeren in 1997 , the other as Germinal Beerschot in 2005 . Their best league ranking was a 3rd place in 1995-96 and in 1997-98 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F.C._Verbroedering_Dender_E.H.', 'summary': 'Football Club Verbroedering Dender Eendracht Hekelgem , also simply known as Dender or Verbroedering Dender , is a Belgian association football club based in Denderleeuw . The club is named after former clubs KFC Denderleeuw Eendracht Hekelgem and Verbroedering Denderhoutem , which merged at the end of the 2004-05 season , and after the river Dender , which crosses the town of Denderleeuw . The home stadium of the club is Florent Beeckmanstadion , located in Denderleeuw . Their best league ranking was the 15th place in the first division ( in 2007-08 and 2008-09 ) . The club colours are blue and black .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 18 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damien Lahaye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damien_Lahaye', 'summary': 'Damien Lahaye ( born 30 January 1984 ) is a Belgian football player who currently plays for RUS Rebecq . Lahaye is a goalkeeper who has appeared in 6 Belgian First Division matches for Charleroi .'}]}, {'value': 'Charleroi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R._Charleroi_S.C.', 'summary': 'Royal Charleroi Sporting Club , often simply known as Charleroi or Sporting Charleroi , is a Belgian football club based in the city of Charleroi , in the province of Hainaut . Charleroi plays in the Belgian Pro League and their current spell at the highest level in Belgian football has started in the 2012-13 season . Charleroi was founded in 1904 and they first reached the first division in 1947-48 . Their highest finish was runner-up in the 1968-69 season . They have also twice reached the Belgian Cup final , losing in 1977-78 to Beveren and in 1992-93 to Standard Liège . Sporting Charleroi have a long-standing rivalry with their crosstown rival ROC de Charleroi-Marchienne , currently playing in the third division . Charleroi play their home matches at the Stade du Pays de Charleroi , which was refurbished for the UEFA Euro 2000 . The stadium hosted 3 group stage games in the Euro 2000 among which the 1-0 victory of England against Germany . Charleroi have been recruiting several French players in recent years , including Michaël Ciani , Cyril Théréau and goalkeeper Bertrand Laquait .'}]}, {'value': 'Kortrijk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.V._Kortrijk', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Voetbalclub Kortrijk ( often simply called KV Kortrijk or KVK ) is a Belgian professional football club based in Kortrijk , West Flanders . They play in the Belgian First Division , and they achieved their best ranking ever during the 2009-10 season , finishing fourth after the play-offs . KV Kortrijk was founded in 1971 , though their roots can be traced to 1901 . They are registered to the Royal Belgian Football Association with matricule number 19 . The club colours are red and white . They play their home matches at the Guldensporenstadion , named after the Battle of the Golden Spurs which took place in Kortrijk in 1302 . KV Kortrijk first entered the first division in the early 20th century , between 1906-07 and 1910-11 . They eventually had to wait 65 years to return at the highest level , when they spent 15 seasons at the top flight , interrupted by a season in the second division ( between 1976-77 and 1978-79 and between 1980-81 and 1991-92 ) . KV Kortrijk also played the 1998-99 season in the first division before they returned to the Belgian Pro League in the 2008-09 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 19 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Van Imschoot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Van_Imschoot', 'summary': 'Tom Van Imschoot ( born 4 September 1981 in Tienen ) is a Belgian former footballer and manager who is currently assistant manager at Belgian First Division A side Genk .'}]}, {'value': 'Westerlo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.V.C._Westerlo', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Voetbal Club Westerlo ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈvudbɑl ˌklɵp ˈʋɛstərloː ] ; often simply called Westerlo ) is a Belgian professional football club located in the municipality of Westerlo in the province of Antwerp . Since 1997-98 , Westerlo has been mostly playing in the Belgian Pro League , save for a short stint in the Belgian Second Division between 2012 and 2014 . Their highest finish is a 6th place in 1999-00 , 2003-04 and 2008-09 . They have won one Belgian Cup . The only player who has ever been called up for the Belgium national football team while at Westerlo is Toni Brogno ( 7 caps , all of them while at Westerlo ) . The club was founded in 1933 , receiving the matricule number 2024 . Their colours are yellow and blue . They play their home matches at the Het Kuipje .'}]}, {'value': 'Mons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R.A.E.C._Mons', 'summary': 'R.A.E.C . Mons was a Belgian football club based in Mons , Belgium , The team was promoted to the Belgian Jupiler League at the conclusion of the 2010-11 season re-joining the Top Belgian League after two years in the Belgian 2nd Division ( Exqi League ) . The team was relegated at the end of the 2013-2014 season , having finished last in the league . Dutch speakers tend to refer to the team as Bergen , the Dutch name for Mons . The club declared bankruptcy on 16 February 2015 . On 18 May 2015 it was announced that Royale Union Sportive Genly-Quévy would take over the ground and be renamed Royal Albert Quévy-Mons .'}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 21 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laurent Ciman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurent_Ciman', 'summary': 'Laurent Franco Ciman ( born 5 August 1985 ) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Major League Soccer club Toronto FC and the Belgium national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Club Brugge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Brugge_K.V.', 'summary': 'Club Brugge Koninklijke Voetbalvereniging ( Dutch pronunciation : [ klʏˈbrʏɣə ˌkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈvudbɑlvəreːnəɣɪŋ ] ) , commonly referred to as just Club Brugge , or Club Bruges commonly in English , is a football club based in Bruges in Belgium . It was founded in 1891 and its home ground is the Jan Breydel Stadium , which has a capacity of 29,062 . One of the most decorated clubs in Belgian football , the club have been crowned Belgian league champions 15 times , second only to major rivals Anderlecht , and it shares the Jan Breydel Stadium with city rival Cercle Brugge , with whom they contest the Bruges derby . Throughout its long history , Club Brugge has enjoyed much European football success , reaching two European finals and two European semi-finals . Club Brugge is the only Belgian club to have played the final of the European Cup ( forerunner of the current UEFA Champions League ) so far , losing to Liverpool in the final of the 1978 season . They also lost in the 1976 UEFA Cup Final to the same opponents . Club Brugge holds the European record number of consecutive participations in the UEFA Europa League ( 20 ) , the record number of Belgian Cups ( 11 ) , and the record number of Belgian Super Cups ( 15 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Kortrijk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.V._Kortrijk', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Voetbalclub Kortrijk ( often simply called KV Kortrijk or KVK ) is a Belgian professional football club based in Kortrijk , West Flanders . They play in the Belgian First Division , and they achieved their best ranking ever during the 2009-10 season , finishing fourth after the play-offs . KV Kortrijk was founded in 1971 , though their roots can be traced to 1901 . They are registered to the Royal Belgian Football Association with matricule number 19 . The club colours are red and white . They play their home matches at the Guldensporenstadion , named after the Battle of the Golden Spurs which took place in Kortrijk in 1302 . KV Kortrijk first entered the first division in the early 20th century , between 1906-07 and 1910-11 . They eventually had to wait 65 years to return at the highest level , when they spent 15 seasons at the top flight , interrupted by a season in the second division ( between 1976-77 and 1978-79 and between 1980-81 and 1991-92 ) . KV Kortrijk also played the 1998-99 season in the first division before they returned to the Belgian Pro League in the 2008-09 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 21 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carl Hoefkens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Hoefkens', 'summary': 'Carl Hoefkens ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkɑrl ˈɦuf.kəns ] ; born 6 October 1978 ) is a Belgian former footballer who played as a defender .'}]}, {'value': 'West Bromwich Albion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C.', 'summary': "West Bromwich Albion Football Club ( /ˈbrɒmɪdʒ , -ɪtʃ/ ) is an English professional football club based in West Bromwich , West Midlands , England . They currently play in the Championship , the second tier of English football . The club was formed in 1878 and has played at its home ground , The Hawthorns , since 1900 . Albion were one of the founding members of the Football League in 1888 , the first professional football league in the world , and have spent the majority of their existence in the top tier of English football . They have been champions of England once , in 1919-20 , and have been runners-up twice . Albion have reached ten FA Cup finals , winning the Cup on five occasions . The first win came in 1888 , the year the league was founded , and the most recent in 1968 , their last major trophy . They also won the Football League Cup at the first attempt in 1966 . The club 's longest continuous period in the top division spanned 24 years between 1949 and 1973 , and from 1986 to 2002 they spent their longest ever spell out of the top division . The team has played in navy blue and white stripes for most of the club 's history ; and the club badge features a throstle perched on a hawthorn branch . Albion have a number of long-standing rivalries with other West Midlands clubs ; their traditional rivals being Aston Villa and Wolverhampton Wanderers . Albion contest the Black Country Derby with the latter ."}]}, {'value': 'Club Brugge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Brugge_K.V.', 'summary': 'Club Brugge Koninklijke Voetbalvereniging ( Dutch pronunciation : [ klʏˈbrʏɣə ˌkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈvudbɑlvəreːnəɣɪŋ ] ) , commonly referred to as just Club Brugge , or Club Bruges commonly in English , is a football club based in Bruges in Belgium . It was founded in 1891 and its home ground is the Jan Breydel Stadium , which has a capacity of 29,062 . One of the most decorated clubs in Belgian football , the club have been crowned Belgian league champions 15 times , second only to major rivals Anderlecht , and it shares the Jan Breydel Stadium with city rival Cercle Brugge , with whom they contest the Bruges derby . Throughout its long history , Club Brugge has enjoyed much European football success , reaching two European finals and two European semi-finals . Club Brugge is the only Belgian club to have played the final of the European Cup ( forerunner of the current UEFA Champions League ) so far , losing to Liverpool in the final of the 1978 season . They also lost in the 1976 UEFA Cup Final to the same opponents . Club Brugge holds the European record number of consecutive participations in the UEFA Europa League ( 20 ) , the record number of Belgian Cups ( 11 ) , and the record number of Belgian Super Cups ( 15 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 21 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'László Köteles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/László_Köteles', 'summary': 'László Köteles ( Hungarian pronunciation : [ ˈlaːsloː ˈkøtɛlɛʃ ] ; born 1 September 1984 ) is a Hungarian former goalkeeper .'}]}, {'value': 'Diósgyőri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diósgyőri_VTK', 'summary': "Diósgyőr-Vasgyári Testgyakorlók Köre , more commonly Diósgyőri VTK ( Hungarian : [ ˈdioːʒɟøːri ˈveːteːkaː ] ) is a Hungarian sports club from Diósgyőr district of Miskolc best known for its football team . Founded in 1910 by the local working class youth , the team plays in the first division of the Hungarian League and has spent most of its history in the top tier of Hungarian football . Diósgyőr is best known for its passionate supporters - in the past years Diósgyőr had one of the highest average attendances in the Hungarian top division . The football club enjoyed its first golden age in the late '70s and early '80s , including a third place in the 1978-79 season of the Hungarian League and two Hungarian Cup triumphs in 1977 and 1980 ."}]}, {'value': 'Genk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.R.C._Genk', 'summary': 'Koninklijk Racing Club Genk ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈreːsɪŋ ˌklɵp ˈɣɛŋk ] ) , commonly known as KRC Genk , Racing Genk or simply Genk , is a Belgian professional football club based in the city of Genk in Belgian Limburg . Racing Genk plays in the Belgian Pro League and have won four championship titles ; in 1998-99 , in 2001-02 , in 2010-11 and in 2018-19 . They have also won four Belgian Cups , most recently in 2008-09 and in 2012-13 . They qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage in the 2002-03 , 2011-12 and 2019-20 seasons . The club formed in 1988 by the merger of Waterschei Thor with KFC Winterslag , from which it took over the matricule number . It has been one of the most successful clubs in Belgium since the late 1990s and so they regularly qualify for European competitions . The club has been playing in the first division since the 1996-97 season . They play their home matches in the Luminus Arena . Their main outfit is blue and white .'}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 21 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stefan Nikolić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stefan_Nikolić', 'summary': 'Stefan Nikolić ( Cyrillic : Стефан Николић , born 16 April 1990 ) is a Montenegrin professional footballer who plays as a striker for FK Sutjeska Nikšić .'}]}, {'value': 'Lierse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lierse_S.K.', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Lierse Sportkring ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈliːrsə ˈspɔrtkrɪŋ ] ) , often simply known as Lierse , was a Belgian professional football club from the city of Lier in the Antwerp province . Lierse have won four championship titles and two Belgian Cups . Lierse was one of the six Belgian clubs to have played in the UEFA Champions League group stage , the other being Anderlecht , Club Brugge , Genk , Standard Liège and KAA Gent . The club was founded in 1906 and they first promoted to the first division in 1927-28 . Lierse was successful in the first division until the end of World War II , winning two titles and finishing only four times outside the top five . At the end of the 1947-48 season , they were relegated to the second division . Lierse enjoyed two more spells at the highest level , each time with a championship win ( between 1953-54 and 1985-86 and between 1988-89 and 2006-07 ) . Lierse spent five more years in first division between 2010-11 and 2014-15 , but since then played in the second division . Lierse played their home matches at the Herman Vanderpoortenstadion in Lier , which is also known as Het Lisp , because the stadium is located in a neighbourhood named Lisp . They had yellow and black colours . The club was bought by Egyptian businessman Maged Samy , who also owns KV Turnhout and Wadi Degla in Egypt . The most capped player at the club is Bernard Voorhoof with 61 caps for Belgium , all when he was at Lierse .'}]}, {'value': 'Roeselare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.S.V._Roeselare', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Sport Vereniging Roeselare , or KSV Roeselare ( Dutch pronunciation : [ kaːʔɛsˌfeː ˈrusəlaːrə ] ) , is a Belgian football club from the city of Roeselare in West Flanders . Its matricule is the n°134 . It has last played in the Belgian Pro League from 2005-06 to 2009-10 . Roeselare is a professional club , meaning it comprises professional footballers .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 26 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ivan Perišić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivan_Perišić', 'summary': "Ivan Perišić ( Croatian pronunciation : [ ǐʋan pěriʃitɕ ] ; born 2 February 1989 ) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays for Bayern Munich , on loan from Italian club Inter Milan , and the Croatia national team . He usually plays as a winger , but can also be deployed as an attacking midfielder or second striker . A product of the Hajduk Split and Sochaux youth academies , Perišić made a name for himself while playing for Club Brugge , where he was the Belgian Pro League top goalscorer and was named Belgian Footballer of the Year for 2011 . This earned him a transfer to Borussia Dortmund , with whom he won the 2011-12 Bundesliga , before signing with VfL Wolfsburg for €8 million in January 2013 . He remained there for two and a half seasons , winning the 2015 DFB-Pokal Final , before moving to Inter for €16 million . Perišić made his debut for the Croatia national team in 2011 , and represented his nation at Euro 2012 , the 2014 World Cup , Euro 2016 and the 2018 World Cup , reaching the final of the latter tournament . Instrumental to Croatia 's second golden generation , Perišić is the nation 's player with most goals created at the major tournaments ( 11 ) , and the first Croatian player ever to score in a World Cup Final ."}]}, {'value': 'Sochaux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Sochaux-Montbéliard', 'summary': "Football Club Sochaux-Montbéliard ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ soʃo mɔ̃beljaʁ ] ; commonly referred to as FCSM or simply Sochaux ) is a French association football club based in the city of Montbéliard . The club was founded in 1928 and currently plays in Ligue 2 , the second tier of French football , after having finished 18th and being relegated from Ligue 1 in the 2013-14 season . Sochaux plays its home matches at the Stade Auguste Bonal , located within the city . Sochaux was founded by Jean-Pierre Peugeot , a prominent member of the Peugeot family , and is one of the founding members of the first division of French football . The club has won both Ligue 1 and the Coupe de France twice and have also won the Coupe de la Ligue . Sochaux 's last honour came in 2007 when the club , under the guidance of Alain Perrin , defeated favourites Marseille 5-4 on penalties in the 2007 Coupe de France Final . Sochaux 's colours are gold and navy blue . Sochaux is known for its youth academy , which has regularly finished in the top ten rankings of youth academies in France ( fourth in 2010 ) . The most successful team in the academy is the under-19 team , which has won the Coupe Gambardella twice , in 1973 and 2007 . In 2010 , Sochaux finished runners-up to Metz in the 2010 edition of the competition . The academy has produced several notable talents , such as Yannick Stopyra , El-Hadji Diouf , Jérémy Ménez , Bernard Genghini and Benoît Pedretti , among others ."}]}, {'value': 'Club Brugge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Brugge_K.V.', 'summary': 'Club Brugge Koninklijke Voetbalvereniging ( Dutch pronunciation : [ klʏˈbrʏɣə ˌkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈvudbɑlvəreːnəɣɪŋ ] ) , commonly referred to as just Club Brugge , or Club Bruges commonly in English , is a football club based in Bruges in Belgium . It was founded in 1891 and its home ground is the Jan Breydel Stadium , which has a capacity of 29,062 . One of the most decorated clubs in Belgian football , the club have been crowned Belgian league champions 15 times , second only to major rivals Anderlecht , and it shares the Jan Breydel Stadium with city rival Cercle Brugge , with whom they contest the Bruges derby . Throughout its long history , Club Brugge has enjoyed much European football success , reaching two European finals and two European semi-finals . Club Brugge is the only Belgian club to have played the final of the European Cup ( forerunner of the current UEFA Champions League ) so far , losing to Liverpool in the final of the 1978 season . They also lost in the 1976 UEFA Cup Final to the same opponents . Club Brugge holds the European record number of consecutive participations in the UEFA Europa League ( 20 ) , the record number of Belgian Cups ( 11 ) , and the record number of Belgian Super Cups ( 15 ) .'}]}, {'value': '€250.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 27 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diogo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diogo_Castro', 'summary': 'Diogo Guimarães de Lana Castro ( born 15 August 1985 ) , also known as Diogo Guimarães or just Diogo , is a Brazilian futsal player who plays for FP Halle-Gooik . Despite being a futsal player Diogo was signed by the football club Charleroi in advance of the 2009-2010 season but was released by the club before the end of August 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Charleroi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R._Charleroi_S.C.', 'summary': 'Royal Charleroi Sporting Club , often simply known as Charleroi or Sporting Charleroi , is a Belgian football club based in the city of Charleroi , in the province of Hainaut . Charleroi plays in the Belgian Pro League and their current spell at the highest level in Belgian football has started in the 2012-13 season . Charleroi was founded in 1904 and they first reached the first division in 1947-48 . Their highest finish was runner-up in the 1968-69 season . They have also twice reached the Belgian Cup final , losing in 1977-78 to Beveren and in 1992-93 to Standard Liège . Sporting Charleroi have a long-standing rivalry with their crosstown rival ROC de Charleroi-Marchienne , currently playing in the third division . Charleroi play their home matches at the Stade du Pays de Charleroi , which was refurbished for the UEFA Euro 2000 . The stadium hosted 3 group stage games in the Euro 2000 among which the 1-0 victory of England against Germany . Charleroi have been recruiting several French players in recent years , including Michaël Ciani , Cyril Théréau and goalkeeper Bertrand Laquait .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Released', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 27 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rami Gershon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rami_Gershon', 'summary': 'Rami Gershon ( Hebrew : רמי גרשון ; born 12 August 1988 ) is an Israeli footballer who plays as a centre back or as a left back for Maccabi Haifa and the Israel national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Hapoel Rishon Lezion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hapoel_Ironi_Rishon_LeZion_F.C.', 'summary': "Hapoel Rishon LeZion F.C . ( Hebrew : הפועל ראשון לציון ) is an Israeli football club based in the city of Rishon LeZion , which currently plays in Liga Leumit , Israel 's second football division . Home matches are hosted at the Haberfeld Stadium . In 1991 , the club changed its name to Hapoel Ironi Rishon LeZion ( Hebrew : הפועל עירוני ראשון לציון ) , and in June 2008 the name was switched back to Hapoel Rishon LeZion following a change in ownership ."}]}, {'value': 'Standard Liège', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Standard_Liège', 'summary': "Royal Standard de Liège , commonly referred to as Standard Liège ( French : [ stɑ̃daʁ ljɛʒ ] ; Dutch : Standard Luik [ ˈstɑndɑrt ˈlœyk ] ; German : Standard Lüttich [ ˈstandaɐ̯t ˈlʏtɪç , ˈʃtan- ] ) , is a Belgian football club from the city of Liège . They are one of the most successful clubs in Belgium , having won the Belgian league on ten occasions , most recently in 2007-08 and 2008-09 . They have been in the top flight without interruption since 1921 , longer than any other Belgian side . They have also won eight Belgian Cups , and in 1981-82 they reached the final of the European Cup Winners ' Cup , which they lost 2-1 against Barcelona . Standard players are nicknamed les Rouches [ le ʁuʃ ] because of their red jerseys . The French word for red , rouge , when pronounced with a Liège accent , sounds like rouche ."}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Sorted by date -- August 2009', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Belgian_football_transfers_summer_2009_8', 'intro': 'This is a list of Belgian football transfers for the 2009 summer transfer window. Only transfers involving a team from the Jupiler League are listed. The summer transfer window opened on 1 July 2009, although some transfers took place prior to that date; The first non-free non-loan move was completed on 3 January 2009. Players without a club may join one at any time, regardless if during or between transfer windows. The transfer window ended on 31 August 2009, although a few completed transfers were only announced a few days later.'} | null | null | What player transferred to a club with a free fee that lost in the 1976 UEFA Cup Final ? | Ivan Perišić |
07e730fc40c23cb5 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Flyers_baseball', 'title': 'Dayton Flyers baseball', 'header': ['Year', 'Player', 'Round', 'Team'], 'data': [{'value': '1969', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1969_Major_League_Baseball_Draft', 'summary': 'The 1969 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) draft took place prior to the 1969 MLB season . The draft featured future Hall of Famers Bert Blyleven ( pick 55 ) and Dave Winfield ( pick 882 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Schmidt Alan Alan Schmidt', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Astros', 'summary': "The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt .45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name , reflecting Houston 's role as the host of the Johnson Space Center , was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium and the so-called eighth wonder of the world . The Astros moved to a new stadium called Minute Maid Park in 2000 . The Astros played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , then the NL Central division from 1994 to 2012 , before being moved to the AL West as part of a minor realignment in 2013 . The Astros posted their first winning record in 1972 and made the playoffs for the first time in 1980 . The team made its first World Series appearance in 2005 as an NL team , only to be swept by the Chicago White Sox . The team embraced sabermetrics and new technologies in the 2010s , transforming from a tanking 100-loss team into a powerhouse . The Astros won the 2017 World Series , their first championship , against the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games in the wake of Hurricane Harvey . They returned to the World Series in 2019 , losing to the Washington Nationals in seven games . On January 13 , 2020 , the Astros manager A.J ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_Major_League_Baseball_Draft', 'summary': 'The 1986 Major League Baseball Draft was the 22nd MLB draft that took place in 1986 . During this draft 21 future all-stars were drafted including , Greg Swindell , Matt Williams , Kevin Brown , Gary Sheffield , Roberto Hernández , Jack Armstrong , Dean Palmer , Scott Cooper , Kent Bottenfield , Bo Jackson , Joe Girardi , Pat Hentgen , Tom Gordon , Steve Finley , Rod Beck , Chuck Knoblauch , Rick Reed , Paul Quantrill , John Olerud , Scott Erickson and Todd Jones .'}]}, {'value': 'Brooks Damon Damon Brooks', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Astros', 'summary': "The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt .45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name , reflecting Houston 's role as the host of the Johnson Space Center , was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium and the so-called eighth wonder of the world . The Astros moved to a new stadium called Minute Maid Park in 2000 . The Astros played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , then the NL Central division from 1994 to 2012 , before being moved to the AL West as part of a minor realignment in 2013 . The Astros posted their first winning record in 1972 and made the playoffs for the first time in 1980 . The team made its first World Series appearance in 2005 as an NL team , only to be swept by the Chicago White Sox . The team embraced sabermetrics and new technologies in the 2010s , transforming from a tanking 100-loss team into a powerhouse . The Astros won the 2017 World Series , their first championship , against the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games in the wake of Hurricane Harvey . They returned to the World Series in 2019 , losing to the Washington Nationals in seven games . On January 13 , 2020 , the Astros manager A.J ."}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_Major_League_Baseball_Draft', 'summary': 'The following are the first round picks in the 1991 Major League Baseball draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Miller Tony Tony Miller', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Astros', 'summary': "The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt .45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name , reflecting Houston 's role as the host of the Johnson Space Center , was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium and the so-called eighth wonder of the world . The Astros moved to a new stadium called Minute Maid Park in 2000 . The Astros played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , then the NL Central division from 1994 to 2012 , before being moved to the AL West as part of a minor realignment in 2013 . The Astros posted their first winning record in 1972 and made the playoffs for the first time in 1980 . The team made its first World Series appearance in 2005 as an NL team , only to be swept by the Chicago White Sox . The team embraced sabermetrics and new technologies in the 2010s , transforming from a tanking 100-loss team into a powerhouse . The Astros won the 2017 World Series , their first championship , against the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games in the wake of Hurricane Harvey . They returned to the World Series in 2019 , losing to the Washington Nationals in seven games . On January 13 , 2020 , the Astros manager A.J ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_Major_League_Baseball_Draft', 'summary': "The 1998 First-Year Player Draft , Major League Baseball 's annual amateur draft of high school and college baseball players , was held on June 2 and 3 , 1998 . A total of 1445 players were drafted over the course of 50 rounds ."}]}, {'value': 'Fleming Ryan Ryan Fleming', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blue Jays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays', 'summary': "The Toronto Blue Jays are a Canadian professional baseball team based in Toronto , Ontario . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team plays its home games at Rogers Centre . The name Blue Jays originates from the bird of the same name , and blue is also the traditional colour of two of Toronto 's other professional sports teams : the Maple Leafs ( ice hockey ) and the Argonauts ( Canadian football ) . In addition , the team was originally owned by the Labatt Brewing Company , makers of the popular beer Labatt 's Blue . Colloquially nicknamed the Jays , the team 's official colours are royal blue , navy blue , red , and white . An expansion franchise , the club was founded in Toronto in 1977 . Originally based at Exhibition Stadium , the team began playing its home games at SkyDome upon its opening in 1989 . Since 2000 , the Blue Jays have been owned by Rogers Communications and in 2004 , SkyDome was purchased by that company , which renamed it Rogers Centre . They are the second MLB franchise to be based outside the United States , and currently the only team based outside the U.S. after the first Canadian franchise , the Montreal Expos , became the Washington Nationals in 2005 . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , the Blue Jays went through struggles typical of an expansion team , frequently finishing in last place in its division . In 1983 , the team had its first winning season and two years later , they became division champions ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_Major_League_Baseball_Draft', 'summary': "The 1999 First-Year Player Draft , Major League Baseball 's annual amateur draft of high school and college baseball players , was held on June 2 and 3 , 1999 . A total of 1474 players were drafted over the course of 50 rounds ."}]}, {'value': 'Siegfried Jason Jason Siegfried', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_Major_League_Baseball_Draft', 'summary': "The 2001 First-Year Player Draft , Major League Baseball 's annual amateur draft , was held on June 5 and 6 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fisher Samuel Samuel Fisher', 'urls': []}, {'value': '49', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals', 'summary': "The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the nation 's oldest and most successful professional baseball clubs , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , more than any other NL team and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . The team has won 19 National League pennants , third-most of any team . St. Louis has also won 14 division titles in the East and Central divisions . In 1881 , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased the Brown Stockings barnstorming club , renamed it the St. Louis Browns , and made it a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) baseball league . The team won four league championships , qualifying them to play in the era 's professional baseball championship tournament , a forerunner of the modern World Series . In two of these championships , the Browns met the Chicago White Stockings , launching the enduring Cardinals-Cubs rivalry . In 1892 , the Browns - also called the Perfectos - joined the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later renamed the National League . In 1900 , the team was renamed the Cardinals . ( Two years later , an unrelated St. Louis Browns team joined the American League . )"}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_Major_League_Baseball_Draft', 'summary': "The 2002 First-Year Player Draft , Major League Baseball 's annual amateur draft , was held on June 4 and 5 . It is featured in Michael Lewis ' 2003 book Moneyball ."}]}, {'value': 'Wahl Mark Mark Wahl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orioles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles', 'summary': "The Baltimore Orioles are an American professional baseball team based in Baltimore , Maryland . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . As one of the American League 's eight charter teams in 1901 , this particular franchise spent its first year as a major league club in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , as the Milwaukee Brewers before moving to St. Louis , Missouri , to become the St. Louis Browns in 1902 . After 52 years in St. Louis , the franchise was purchased in November 1953 by a syndicate of Baltimore business and civic interests led by attorney and civic activist Clarence Miles and Mayor Thomas D'Alesandro , Jr . The team 's current owner is American trial lawyer Peter Angelos . The Orioles adopted their team name in honor of the official state bird of Maryland ; it had also been used by several previous major and minor league baseball clubs in Baltimore , including another AL charter member franchise also named the Baltimore Orioles , which moved north in 1903 to eventually become the New York Yankees . Nicknames for the team include the O 's and the Birds . The Orioles experienced their greatest success from 1966 to 1983 , when they made six World Series appearances , winning three of them ( 1966 , 1970 , 1983 ) . This era of the club featured several future Hall of Famers who would later be inducted representing the Orioles , such as third baseman Brooks Robinson , outfielder Frank Robinson , starting pitcher Jim Palmer , first baseman Eddie Murray , shortstop Cal Ripken Jr. , and manager Earl Weaver . The Orioles have won a total of nine division championships ( 1969-1971 , 1973-1974 , 1979 , 1983 , 1997 , 2014 ) , six pennants ( 1966 , 1969-1971 , 1979 , 1983 ) , and three wild card berths ( 1996 , 2012 , 2016 ) . Since moving to Baltimore in 1954 , the franchise has a win-loss record of 5306-5174 ( with a winning percentage of .506 ) as of the end of the 2019 season . After suffering a stretch of 14 straight losing seasons from 1998 to 2011 , the team qualified for the postseason three times under manager Buck Showalter and general manager Dan Duquette , including a division title and advancement to the American League Championship Series for the first time in 17 years in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_Major_League_Baseball_Draft', 'summary': "The 2002 First-Year Player Draft , Major League Baseball 's annual amateur draft , was held on June 4 and 5 . It is featured in Michael Lewis ' 2003 book Moneyball ."}]}, {'value': 'Fischer Sam Sam Fischer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Astros', 'summary': "The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt .45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name , reflecting Houston 's role as the host of the Johnson Space Center , was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium and the so-called eighth wonder of the world . The Astros moved to a new stadium called Minute Maid Park in 2000 . The Astros played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , then the NL Central division from 1994 to 2012 , before being moved to the AL West as part of a minor realignment in 2013 . The Astros posted their first winning record in 1972 and made the playoffs for the first time in 1980 . The team made its first World Series appearance in 2005 as an NL team , only to be swept by the Chicago White Sox . The team embraced sabermetrics and new technologies in the 2010s , transforming from a tanking 100-loss team into a powerhouse . The Astros won the 2017 World Series , their first championship , against the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games in the wake of Hurricane Harvey . They returned to the World Series in 2019 , losing to the Washington Nationals in seven games . On January 13 , 2020 , the Astros manager A.J ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Major_League_Baseball_Draft', 'summary': "The 2004 First-Year Player Draft , Major League Baseball 's annual amateur draft , was held on June 7 and 8 . It was conducted via conference call with representatives from each of the league 's 30 teams . The draft marked the first time three players from the same university were chosen in the first ten picks . Source : MLB.com 2004 Draft Tracker"}]}, {'value': 'Blevins Jerry Jerry Blevins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerry_Blevins', 'summary': 'Jerry Richard Blevins ( born September 6 , 1983 ) , nicknamed Gordo ( Spanish for fat ) , is an American professional baseball pitcher for the San Francisco Giants organization . Blevins was drafted by the Chicago Cubs in the 17th round of the 2004 Major League Baseball draft , and made his major league debut in 2007 . He has played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Oakland Athletics , Washington Nationals , New York Mets , and Atlanta Braves .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cubs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Cubs', 'summary': "The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . The team plays its home games at Wrigley Field , located on the city 's North Side . The Cubs are one of two major league teams in Chicago ; the other , the Chicago White Sox , is a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The Cubs , first known as the White Stockings , were a founding member of the NL in 1876 , becoming the Chicago Cubs in 1903 . The Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series . The 1906 Cubs won 116 games , finishing 116-36 and posting a modern-era record winning percentage of .763 , before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox ( The Hitless Wonders ) by four games to two . The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908 , becoming the first major league team to play in three consecutive World Series , and the first to win it twice . Most recently , the Cubs won the 2016 National League Championship Series and 2016 World Series , which ended a 71-year National League pennant drought and a 108-year World Series championship drought , both of which are record droughts in Major League Baseball . The 108-year drought was also the longest such occurrence in all major North American sports . Since the start of divisional play in 1969 , the Cubs have appeared in the postseason ten times through the 2019 season . The Cubs are known as the North Siders , a reference to the location of Wrigley Field within the city of Chicago , and in contrast to the White Sox , whose home field ( Guaranteed Rate Field ) is located on the South Side ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_Major_League_Baseball_Draft', 'summary': "The 2005 First-Year Player Draft , Major League Baseball 's annual amateur draft , was held on June 7 and 8 . It was conducted via conference call with representatives from each of the league 's 30 teams . It is widely considered to be one of the best drafts in recent memory . Source : Major League Baseball 2005 Official Draft Site"}]}, {'value': 'Stammen Craig Craig Stammen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Craig_Stammen', 'summary': 'Craig N. Stammen ( born March 9 , 1984 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He previously played for the Washington Nationals .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nationals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Nationals', 'summary': "The Washington Nationals are an American professional baseball team based in Washington , D.C . The Nationals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . From 2005 to 2007 , the team played in RFK Stadium while their permanent stadium was being built . In 2008 , they moved in to Nationals Park , located on South Capitol Street in the Southeast quadrant of D.C. , near the Anacostia River . The Nationals are the eighth major league franchise to be based in Washington , D.C. , and the first since 1971 . The current franchise was founded in 1969 as the Montreal Expos as part of the MLB expansion . After a failed contraction plan , the Expos were purchased by MLB , which sought to relocate the team to a new city . Washington , D.C. was chosen in 2004 , and the Nationals were established in 2005 as the first franchise relocation in MLB since the third Washington Senators moved to Texas in 1971 . While the team initially struggled after moving to Washington , the Nationals had considerable success throughout the 2010s . The team 's two overall first picks in the MLB draft , Stephen Strasburg in 2009 and Bryce Harper in 2010 , attracted new levels of attention to the team . They achieved their first playoff berth and first division title in 2012 , but were knocked out in the NLDS . They won the National League East again in 2014 , 2016 , and 2017 , but were eliminated in the NLDS each time ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_Major_League_Baseball_Draft', 'summary': "The 2006 First-Year Player Draft , Major League Baseball 's annual amateur draft , was held on June 6 and 7 . It was conducted via conference call with representatives from each of the league 's 30 teams ."}]}, {'value': 'Trubee Luke Luke Trubee', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yankees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Yankees', 'summary': "The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the National League 's ( NL ) New York Mets . The Yankees began play in the 1901 season as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . In 1903 , Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise after it ceased operations and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in 1913 . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the team 's general manager , and Aaron Boone is the team 's field manager . The team 's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility , which was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Major_League_Baseball_Draft', 'summary': 'The 2010 Major League Baseball First-Year Player Draft was held on June 7-9 , 2010 at the MLB Network Studios in Secaucus , New Jersey .'}]}, {'value': 'Tyrell Cole Cole Tyrell', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Padres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego_Padres', 'summary': 'The San Diego Padres are an American professional baseball team based in San Diego , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Founded in 1969 , the Padres have won two NL pennants - in 1984 and 1998 , losing in the World Series both years . As of 2018 , they have had 14 winning seasons in franchise history . The Padres are one of two Major League Baseball teams ( the other being the Los Angeles Angels ) in California to originate from that state ; the Athletics were originally from Philadelphia ( and moved to the state from Kansas City ) , and the Dodgers and Giants are originally from two New York City boroughs - Brooklyn and Manhattan , respectively . The Padres are the only MLB team that does not share its city with another franchise in the four major American professional sports leagues . The Padres are the only major professional sports franchise to be located in San Diego , following the relocation of the Chargers to Los Angeles in 2017 . They are also the only franchise in the MLB not to have a no-hitter , having gone 8,020 games without throwing one , a major league record to begin a franchise .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Major_League_Baseball_Draft', 'summary': 'The 2010 Major League Baseball First-Year Player Draft was held on June 7-9 , 2010 at the MLB Network Studios in Secaucus , New Jersey .'}]}, {'value': 'Hobson Cam Cam Hobson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yankees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Yankees', 'summary': "The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the National League 's ( NL ) New York Mets . The Yankees began play in the 1901 season as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . In 1903 , Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise after it ceased operations and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in 1913 . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the team 's general manager , and Aaron Boone is the team 's field manager . The team 's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility , which was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Major_League_Baseball_Draft', 'summary': 'The 2011 Major League Baseball First-Year Player Draft was held from June 6 through June 8 , 2011 , from Studio 42 of the MLB Network in Secaucus , New Jersey . The Pittsburgh Pirates selected Gerrit Cole out of the University of California , Los Angeles , with the first overall pick .'}]}, {'value': 'Hobson Cam Cam Hobson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mariners', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Mariners', 'summary': "The Seattle Mariners are an American professional baseball team based in Seattle , Washington . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . The team joined the American League as an expansion team in 1977 playing their home games in the Kingdome . Since July 1999 , the Mariners ' home ballpark has been T-Mobile Park ( formerly Safeco Field ) , located in the SoDo neighborhood of Seattle . The Mariners name originates from the prominence of marine culture in the city of Seattle . They are nicknamed the M 's , a title featured in their primary logo from 1987 to 1992 . They adopted their current team colors - navy blue , northwest green ( teal ) , and silver - prior to the 1993 season , after having been royal blue and gold since the team 's inception . Their mascot is the Mariner Moose . The organization did not field a winning team until 1991 , and any real success eluded them until 1995 when they won their first division championship and defeated the New York Yankees in the ALDS . The game-winning hit in Game 5 , in which Edgar Martínez drove home Ken Griffey Jr. to win the game in the 11th inning , clinched a series win for the Mariners , served as a powerful impetus to preserve baseball in Seattle , and has since become an iconic moment in team history . The Mariners won 116 games in 2001 , which set the American League record for most wins in a single season and tied the 1906 Chicago Cubs for the Major League record for most wins in a single season . Through the end of the 2019 season , the franchise has finished with a losing record in 29 of 43 seasons ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Major_League_Baseball_Draft', 'summary': 'The 2012 Major League Baseball First-Year Player Draft was held from June 4 through June 6 , 2012 , from Studio 42 of the MLB Network in Secaucus , New Jersey . The Houston Astros , with the first overall pick , selected Carlos Correa from the Puerto Rico Baseball Academy and High School .'}]}, {'value': 'Hauschild Mike Mike Hauschild', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Hauschild', 'summary': 'Michael Hauschild ( born January 22 , 1990 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent . He has played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Toronto Blue Jays and Texas Rangers .'}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Astros', 'summary': "The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt .45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name , reflecting Houston 's role as the host of the Johnson Space Center , was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium and the so-called eighth wonder of the world . The Astros moved to a new stadium called Minute Maid Park in 2000 . The Astros played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , then the NL Central division from 1994 to 2012 , before being moved to the AL West as part of a minor realignment in 2013 . The Astros posted their first winning record in 1972 and made the playoffs for the first time in 1980 . The team made its first World Series appearance in 2005 as an NL team , only to be swept by the Chicago White Sox . The team embraced sabermetrics and new technologies in the 2010s , transforming from a tanking 100-loss team into a powerhouse . The Astros won the 2017 World Series , their first championship , against the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games in the wake of Hurricane Harvey . They returned to the World Series in 2019 , losing to the Washington Nationals in seven games . On January 13 , 2020 , the Astros manager A.J ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Dayton_Flyers_baseball_0', 'intro': "The Dayton Flyers baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Dayton in Dayton, Ohio, United States. The team is a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference, which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I. The team plays its home games at Woerner Field in Dayton, Ohio. The Flyers are coached by Jayson King."} | null | null | What year was the player born who was drafted by the team that used to be the Montreal Expos ? | 1984 |
07e8fd91a0870141 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_ICC_World_Twenty20_Qualifier', 'title': '2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier', 'header': ['Team', 'Qualification', 'Region', 'Group'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ireland_cricket_team', 'summary': "The Ireland cricket team represents all of Ireland in international cricket . The Irish Cricket Union , operating under the brand Cricket Ireland is the sport 's governing body in Ireland , and organises the international team . Ireland participate in all three major forms of the international game ; Test , One-Day International ( ODI ) and Twenty20 International ( T20I ) matches . They are the 11th Full Member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) , and the second Full Member from Europe , having been awarded Test status , along with Afghanistan , on 22 June 2017 . Cricket was introduced to Ireland in the 19th century , and the first match played by an Ireland team was in 1855 . Ireland toured Canada and the United States in the late 19th century , and occasionally hosted matches against touring sides . Ireland 's most significant international rivalry , with the Scotland national cricket team , was established when the teams first played each other in 1888 . Ireland 's maiden first-class match was played in 1902 . Ireland were elected to Associate membership of the ICC in 1993 , but played their first full ODI in 2006 against England in the build-up to the 2007 ICC Cricket World Cup , their first successful qualification . At that tournament , a series of eye-catching results against Full Members , including a draw against Zimbabwe , and wins against Pakistan and Bangladesh confirmed Ireland 's ODI status after the competition . Since then , they have gone on to play 150 ODIs , resulting in 64 victories , 75 defeats , 8 no results , and 3 ties . Contracts for players were introduced in 2009 , marking the transition to becoming a professional team ."}]}, {'value': '2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_ICC_World_Twenty20_Qualifier', 'summary': 'The 2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier was played in early 2012 as a part of ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier series . This edition of the qualifier for the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 was an expanded version comprising ten qualifiers from regional Twenty20 tournaments , in addition to the six ODI/Twenty20 status countries . It was staged in the UAE . ICC Associate and Affiliate Members from around the globe had the opportunity to qualify for the ICC World Twenty20 2012 in Sri Lanka . Regional qualifying events were held in the five regions to provide a qualifying pathway to the 16-team qualifier which took place in early 2012 in the United Arab Emirates . The six Associate/Affiliate Members with ODI status - Afghanistan , Canada , Ireland , Kenya , Netherlands and Scotland - have automatically qualified for this event . Three teams from the Asia region , two teams from Africa , Americas and Europe , and one team from East Asia-Pacific had the opportunity to qualify for the ICC World Twenty20 2012 global qualifier . Some ODI status Associate/Affiliate sides took part in these qualifying events , along with emerging teams from ICC Full Members ( e.g. , South Africa and Zimbabwe ) . In such cases , the highest placed Associate and Affiliate sides from these events progressed to the global qualifier , based on the qualifying spots available . The tournament was won by Ireland , who defeated Afghanistan in the final , in a rematch of the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier . Both the teams qualified for the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 in Sri Lanka . Paul Stirling was the highest run-getter with 357 runs including the second-fastest half-century ever in T20I match ( 17 balls ) in the final , while Dawlat Zadran with 17 wickets was the highest wicket-taker .'}]}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland_national_cricket_team', 'summary': 'The Scotland national cricket team represents the country of Scotland . They play their home matches at The Grange , Edinburgh , and also some other venues . Scotland became Associate Members of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) in 1994 after severing links with the England cricket team two years earlier . Since then , they have played in three Cricket World Cups ( 1999 , 2007 and 2015 ) and three ICC World Twenty20 tournaments ( 2007 , 2009 and 2016 ) . However , their first win in either of these events did not come until they beat Hong Kong in the 2016 World Twenty20 . Scottish cricket team is governed by Cricket Scotland . Scotland have also played in every ICC Intercontinental Cup tournament , winning the inaugural edition in 2004 . Between 2010 and 2013 , the team competed in the ECB 40 as the Scottish Saltires . Kyle Coetzer became captain of the side in November 2016 after Preston Mommsen who had captained the side since September 2014 stepped down . The coach is South African Shane Burger , who took on the role in January 2019 . In April 2018 , the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status to all its members . Therefore , all Twenty20 matches played between Scotland and other ICC members after 1 January 2019 are a full T20I .'}]}, {'value': '2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_ICC_World_Twenty20_Qualifier', 'summary': 'The 2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier was played in early 2012 as a part of ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier series . This edition of the qualifier for the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 was an expanded version comprising ten qualifiers from regional Twenty20 tournaments , in addition to the six ODI/Twenty20 status countries . It was staged in the UAE . ICC Associate and Affiliate Members from around the globe had the opportunity to qualify for the ICC World Twenty20 2012 in Sri Lanka . Regional qualifying events were held in the five regions to provide a qualifying pathway to the 16-team qualifier which took place in early 2012 in the United Arab Emirates . The six Associate/Affiliate Members with ODI status - Afghanistan , Canada , Ireland , Kenya , Netherlands and Scotland - have automatically qualified for this event . Three teams from the Asia region , two teams from Africa , Americas and Europe , and one team from East Asia-Pacific had the opportunity to qualify for the ICC World Twenty20 2012 global qualifier . Some ODI status Associate/Affiliate sides took part in these qualifying events , along with emerging teams from ICC Full Members ( e.g. , South Africa and Zimbabwe ) . In such cases , the highest placed Associate and Affiliate sides from these events progressed to the global qualifier , based on the qualifying spots available . The tournament was won by Ireland , who defeated Afghanistan in the final , in a rematch of the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier . Both the teams qualified for the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 in Sri Lanka . Paul Stirling was the highest run-getter with 357 runs including the second-fastest half-century ever in T20I match ( 17 balls ) in the final , while Dawlat Zadran with 17 wickets was the highest wicket-taker .'}]}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The Netherlands national cricket team is the team that represents the Kingdom of the Netherlands and is administered by the Koninklijke Nederlandse Cricket Bond ( Royal Dutch Cricket Association ) . Cricket has been played in the Netherlands since at least the 19th century , and in the 1860s was considered a major sport in the country . Other sports - notably football - have long since surpassed cricket in popularity amongst the Dutch , but today there are around 6,000 cricketers in the Netherlands . The first national association , the forerunner of today 's Royal Dutch Cricket Association , was formed in 1883 and the Netherlands achieved Associate Membership of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) in 1966 . The Netherlands have taken part in all eleven ICC Trophy/World Cup Qualifier tournaments , winning the competition in Canada in 2001 and finishing as runners-up twice ( in 1986 and 1990 ) . The Netherlands also participated in the 1996 , 2003 , 2007 and 2011 Cricket World Cups , and from 1996 onwards the national team entered the English domestic NatWest Trophy competition ( and its successor , the C & G Trophy ) . In 2004 they played first-class cricket in the ICC Intercontinental Cup , drawing with Scotland in Aberdeen and then going down to an innings defeat against Ireland in Deventer . The Netherlands enjoyed full One Day International status from 1 January 2006 until 1 February 2014 . They regained Twenty20 International status in June 2014 , having played their first match in this format in 2008 . The Netherlands regained their ODI status after the conclusion of the 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier in March 2018 . They had guaranteed this status before the tournament as a result of winning the 2015-17 ICC World Cricket League Championship and thus qualifying for the 2020-22 ICC ODI League , and will retain the status until the 2022 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . In April 2018 , the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status to all its members ."}]}, {'value': '2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_ICC_World_Twenty20_Qualifier', 'summary': 'The 2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier was played in early 2012 as a part of ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier series . This edition of the qualifier for the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 was an expanded version comprising ten qualifiers from regional Twenty20 tournaments , in addition to the six ODI/Twenty20 status countries . It was staged in the UAE . ICC Associate and Affiliate Members from around the globe had the opportunity to qualify for the ICC World Twenty20 2012 in Sri Lanka . Regional qualifying events were held in the five regions to provide a qualifying pathway to the 16-team qualifier which took place in early 2012 in the United Arab Emirates . The six Associate/Affiliate Members with ODI status - Afghanistan , Canada , Ireland , Kenya , Netherlands and Scotland - have automatically qualified for this event . Three teams from the Asia region , two teams from Africa , Americas and Europe , and one team from East Asia-Pacific had the opportunity to qualify for the ICC World Twenty20 2012 global qualifier . Some ODI status Associate/Affiliate sides took part in these qualifying events , along with emerging teams from ICC Full Members ( e.g. , South Africa and Zimbabwe ) . In such cases , the highest placed Associate and Affiliate sides from these events progressed to the global qualifier , based on the qualifying spots available . The tournament was won by Ireland , who defeated Afghanistan in the final , in a rematch of the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier . Both the teams qualified for the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 in Sri Lanka . Paul Stirling was the highest run-getter with 357 runs including the second-fastest half-century ever in T20I match ( 17 balls ) in the final , while Dawlat Zadran with 17 wickets was the highest wicket-taker .'}]}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Afghanistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Afghanistan_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The Afghanistan men 's national team ( Pashto : د افغانستان د کرېکټ ملي لوبډله , Persian : تیم ملی کریکت افغانستان ) is the 12th test cricket playing Full Member nation . Cricket has been played in Afghanistan since the mid 19th century , but it is only in recent years that the national team has become successful . The Afghanistan Cricket Board was formed in 1995 and became an affiliate member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) in 2001 and a member of the Asian Cricket Council ( ACC ) in 2003 . They are ranked 8th in Twenty20 International cricket as of November 2019 . After nearly a decade of playing international cricket , on 22 June 2017 , in an ICC meeting in London , full ICC Membership ( and therefore Test status ) was granted to Afghanistan ( concurrently with Ireland ) , taking the number of Test cricket playing nations to twelve . They are also the first country to ever achieve full member status after holding Affiliate Membership of the ICC from 2001 until 2013 and were the only Affiliate member country to ever compete in a major ICC international cricket tournament . They hold the world record for the highest ever T20I score with their 278/3 against Ireland at Dehradun on 23 February 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_ICC_World_Twenty20_Qualifier', 'summary': 'The 2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier was played in early 2012 as a part of ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier series . This edition of the qualifier for the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 was an expanded version comprising ten qualifiers from regional Twenty20 tournaments , in addition to the six ODI/Twenty20 status countries . It was staged in the UAE . ICC Associate and Affiliate Members from around the globe had the opportunity to qualify for the ICC World Twenty20 2012 in Sri Lanka . Regional qualifying events were held in the five regions to provide a qualifying pathway to the 16-team qualifier which took place in early 2012 in the United Arab Emirates . The six Associate/Affiliate Members with ODI status - Afghanistan , Canada , Ireland , Kenya , Netherlands and Scotland - have automatically qualified for this event . Three teams from the Asia region , two teams from Africa , Americas and Europe , and one team from East Asia-Pacific had the opportunity to qualify for the ICC World Twenty20 2012 global qualifier . Some ODI status Associate/Affiliate sides took part in these qualifying events , along with emerging teams from ICC Full Members ( e.g. , South Africa and Zimbabwe ) . In such cases , the highest placed Associate and Affiliate sides from these events progressed to the global qualifier , based on the qualifying spots available . The tournament was won by Ireland , who defeated Afghanistan in the final , in a rematch of the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier . Both the teams qualified for the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 in Sri Lanka . Paul Stirling was the highest run-getter with 357 runs including the second-fastest half-century ever in T20I match ( 17 balls ) in the final , while Dawlat Zadran with 17 wickets was the highest wicket-taker .'}]}, {'value': 'Asia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The Canada national cricket team is the team that represents the country of Canada in international cricket . The team is organised by Cricket Canada , which became an Associate Member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) in 1968 . With the United States , Canada was one of the two participants in the first ever international cricket match , played in New York City in 1844 . The annual Canada-U.S. fixture is now known as the Auty Cup . Canada 's first international match against a team other than the U.S. came in 1932 , when Australia toured . As with the ICC associate members , the team 's first major international tournament was the 1979 ICC Trophy in England , where they qualified for the 1979 World Cup after placing second to Sri Lanka . After that , Canada did not make another World Cup until 2003 , although they remained one of the leading associate teams . From 2006 to 2013 , Canada had both One Day International ( ODI ) and Twenty20 International status , making appearances at the 2007 and 2011 World Cups . However , since the introduction of the new World Cricket League divisional structure , the team has been less successful - they placed amongst the bottom teams at the 2014 World Cup Qualifier and the 2015 WCL Division Two tournaments , and were consequently relegated to the 2017 Division Three event . In April 2018 , the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status to all its members . Therefore , all Twenty20 matches played between Canada and other ICC members after 1 January 2019 will be a full T20I ."}]}, {'value': '2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_ICC_World_Twenty20_Qualifier', 'summary': 'The 2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier was played in early 2012 as a part of ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier series . This edition of the qualifier for the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 was an expanded version comprising ten qualifiers from regional Twenty20 tournaments , in addition to the six ODI/Twenty20 status countries . It was staged in the UAE . ICC Associate and Affiliate Members from around the globe had the opportunity to qualify for the ICC World Twenty20 2012 in Sri Lanka . Regional qualifying events were held in the five regions to provide a qualifying pathway to the 16-team qualifier which took place in early 2012 in the United Arab Emirates . The six Associate/Affiliate Members with ODI status - Afghanistan , Canada , Ireland , Kenya , Netherlands and Scotland - have automatically qualified for this event . Three teams from the Asia region , two teams from Africa , Americas and Europe , and one team from East Asia-Pacific had the opportunity to qualify for the ICC World Twenty20 2012 global qualifier . Some ODI status Associate/Affiliate sides took part in these qualifying events , along with emerging teams from ICC Full Members ( e.g. , South Africa and Zimbabwe ) . In such cases , the highest placed Associate and Affiliate sides from these events progressed to the global qualifier , based on the qualifying spots available . The tournament was won by Ireland , who defeated Afghanistan in the final , in a rematch of the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier . Both the teams qualified for the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 in Sri Lanka . Paul Stirling was the highest run-getter with 357 runs including the second-fastest half-century ever in T20I match ( 17 balls ) in the final , while Dawlat Zadran with 17 wickets was the highest wicket-taker .'}]}, {'value': 'Americas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Namibia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namibia_national_cricket_team', 'summary': 'The Namibia national cricket team is the team that represents the Republic of Namibia and is governed by Cricket Namibia , an Associate Member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) since 1992 , and became part of the High Performance Program in 2007 . They took part in the 2003 Cricket World Cup in South Africa , though they lost all their games . They have played in each edition of the ICC Intercontinental Cup . In April 2018 , the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status to all its members . Therefore , all Twenty20 matches played between Namibia and other ICC members after 1 January 2019 will be a full T20I .'}]}, {'value': '2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_ICC_World_Twenty20_Qualifier', 'summary': 'The 2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier was played in early 2012 as a part of ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier series . This edition of the qualifier for the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 was an expanded version comprising ten qualifiers from regional Twenty20 tournaments , in addition to the six ODI/Twenty20 status countries . It was staged in the UAE . ICC Associate and Affiliate Members from around the globe had the opportunity to qualify for the ICC World Twenty20 2012 in Sri Lanka . Regional qualifying events were held in the five regions to provide a qualifying pathway to the 16-team qualifier which took place in early 2012 in the United Arab Emirates . The six Associate/Affiliate Members with ODI status - Afghanistan , Canada , Ireland , Kenya , Netherlands and Scotland - have automatically qualified for this event . Three teams from the Asia region , two teams from Africa , Americas and Europe , and one team from East Asia-Pacific had the opportunity to qualify for the ICC World Twenty20 2012 global qualifier . Some ODI status Associate/Affiliate sides took part in these qualifying events , along with emerging teams from ICC Full Members ( e.g. , South Africa and Zimbabwe ) . In such cases , the highest placed Associate and Affiliate sides from these events progressed to the global qualifier , based on the qualifying spots available . The tournament was won by Ireland , who defeated Afghanistan in the final , in a rematch of the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier . Both the teams qualified for the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 in Sri Lanka . Paul Stirling was the highest run-getter with 357 runs including the second-fastest half-century ever in T20I match ( 17 balls ) in the final , while Dawlat Zadran with 17 wickets was the highest wicket-taker .'}]}, {'value': 'Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Arab Emirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The United Arab Emirates national cricket team ( Arabic : فريق الإمارات الوطني للكريكيت ) is the team that represents the United Arab Emirates in international cricket . They are governed by the Emirates Cricket Board ( ECB ) which became an Affiliate Member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) in 1989 and an Associate Member the following year . Since 2005 , the ICC 's headquarters have been located in Dubai . One of the emerging One Day International ( ODI ) teams , the UAE won the ACC Trophy on four consecutive occasions between 2000 and 2006 , and were runners-up in the other three times the tournament has been played in 1996 , 1998 and 2008 . They won the ICC Trophy in 1994 , and played their first ODIs that year , later playing in the 1996 Cricket World Cup . Other ODI matches came in the 2004 and 2008 Asia Cups . At the 2014 World Cup Qualifier , the UAE placed second behind Scotland , qualifying for the 2015 World Cup and gaining ODI status until 2018 . UAE made the group stage of the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 . The team has qualified for the 2019 ICC T20 World Cup Qualifier as hosts . Following the demise of the World Cricket League ( WCL ) , UAE will play in the 2019-22 ICC Cricket World Cup League 2 going forward ."}]}, {'value': 'Tournament host', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Papua New Guinea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_national_cricket_team', 'summary': 'The Papua New Guinea national cricket team , nicknamed the Barramundis , is the team that represents the country of Papua New Guinea in international cricket . The team is organised by Cricket PNG , which has been an Associate Member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) since 1973 . Papua New Guinea previously had One-Day International ( ODI ) status , which it gained by finishing fourth in 2014 World Cup Qualifier . Papua New Guinea lost both their ODI and T20I status in March 2018 after losing a playoff match against Nepal during the 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier , a result that earned ODI and T20I status for their opponents . On 26 April 2019 , at the final World Cricket League 2 fixture ; PNG defeated Oman to finish at the fourth position and reclaim their ODI status . Papua New Guinea is the strongest team in the ICC East Asia-Pacific region , winning most ICC regional tournaments and having a similar record in the cricket tournament at the Pacific Games . The team has also played in every edition of the World Cup Qualifier ( previously the ICC Trophy ) . Papua New Guinea holds the world record for the highest score in a one-day match , making 572/7 against New Caledonia in 2007 . In April 2018 , the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status to all its Members . Therefore , all Twenty20 matches played between Papua New Guinea and other ICC members after 1 January 2019 will be a full T20I .'}]}, {'value': "2013 ICC East Asia-Pacific Men 's Championship", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2013_ICC_East_Asia-Pacific_Men's_Championship", 'summary': "The 2013 ICC East Asia-Pacific Men 's Championship was played between 3-7 February 2013 in Auckland , New Zealand . The tournament was a Twenty20 competition with the winner promoted to the 2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier in the United Arab Emirates ."}]}, {'value': 'East Asia Pacific', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_national_cricket_team', 'summary': 'The United States national cricket team is the team that represents the United States in international cricket . The team was formerly organised by the United States of America Cricket Association ( USACA ) , which became an associate member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) in 1965 . In June 2017 , the USACA was expelled by the ICC due to governance and financing issues , with the U.S. team being temporarily overseen by ICC Americas until a new sanctioning body was established . In January 2019 , associate membership was officially granted to USA Cricket . A U.S. representative team participated in the first international cricket match , played against Canada in 1844 . For a century and a half , the U.S. national team seldom played against other national teams . It played mostly against Canada ( in the annual Auty Cup ) , or against visiting teams from other countries . The United States made its international tournament debut at the 1979 ICC Trophy in England ; it has since missed only two editions of the tournament ( now known as the World Cup Qualifier ) . After winning the 2004 ICC Six Nations Challenge , the team qualified for the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy , playing its first two One Day International ( ODI ) matches . In April 2018 , the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status to all its members . Therefore , all Twenty20 matches played between the United States and other ICC members after January 1 , 2019 are a full T20I . The first ever T20I to be played by the United States was scheduled against the United Arab Emirates in March 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '2013 ICC World Cricket League Americas Region Twenty20 Division One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Americas_Region_Twenty20_Division_One', 'summary': 'The 2013 ICC Americas Twenty20 Division One is a cricket tournament that took place between 18-24 March 2013 . The United States hosted the event , with all matches played at the Central Broward Regional Park in Lauderhill , Florida .'}]}, {'value': 'Americas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bermuda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bermuda_national_cricket_team', 'summary': 'The Bermuda national cricket team represents the British overseas territory of Bermuda in international cricket . The team is organised by the Bermuda Cricket Board ( BCB ) , which became an associate member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) in 1966 . A Bermudian national team was first organised in 1891 , when a tour of New York City arranged . In the years before World War I , Bermuda and American teams ( including the Philadelphians ) frequently exchanged tours , although it was not until 1912 , when Australia toured , that the national team played a full international . After the 1920s , the focus of Bermudian cricket moved away from the United States towards the countries of the West Indies , although frequent tours from West Indian teams began only in the 1950s . The national team also played matches against international teams travelling to and from tours of the West Indies . However , only one of these games , against New Zealand in 1972 , held first-class status . The ICC Trophy ( now the World Cup Qualifier ) commenced in 1979 as the first World Cup qualifying tournament for ICC associate members . Bermuda made the semi-finals that year , and at 1982 edition made the final , losing to Zimbabwe . However , the side did not qualify for the World Cup , as it featured only one associate qualifier . By the time of the 2005 ICC Trophy , the number of associate qualifiers had been increased to six . By making the semi-finals that year , Bermuda qualified for the 2007 World Cup , becoming the smallest country to do so ( both in terms of population and area ) .'}]}, {'value': '2013 ICC World Cricket League Americas Region Twenty20 Division One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Americas_Region_Twenty20_Division_One', 'summary': 'The 2013 ICC Americas Twenty20 Division One is a cricket tournament that took place between 18-24 March 2013 . The United States hosted the event , with all matches played at the Central Broward Regional Park in Lauderhill , Florida .'}]}, {'value': 'Americas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya_national_cricket_team', 'summary': 'The Kenya national cricket team represents the Republic of Kenya in international cricket . Kenya is an associate member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) which has Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status after the ICC granted T20I status to all of their members . They have been an associate member of the ICC since 1981 . Since then they have played in five Cricket World Cups from 1996 to 2011 with their best result being a semi-final appearance at the 2003 Cricket World Cup in Southern Africa . They have only qualified for one ICC World Twenty20 tournament with that being in 2007 . The Kenyan national team is governed by Cricket Kenya . Kenya did have One Day International ( ODI ) status in 1996 in preparation for the 1996 Cricket World Cup and would have it for eighteen years before losing it at the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier where they finished in fifth place . After April 2019 , Kenya will play in the 2019-21 ICC Cricket World Cup Challenge League .'}]}, {'value': '2013 ICC World Cricket League Africa Region Twenty20 Division One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Africa_Region_Twenty20_Division_One', 'summary': "The 2013 ICC World Cricket League Africa Region Twenty20 Division One was an international Twenty20 cricket tournament that took place between 23 February-1 March 2013 . It was the second edition of the ICC Africa Twenty20 Championship 's Division One . Uganda hosted the event for the second time in a row , with all matches again played in the capital , Kampala ."}]}, {'value': 'Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uganda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uganda_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The Uganda national cricket team , nicknamed the Cricket Cranes , represents the Republic of Uganda in international cricket . The team is organised by the Uganda Cricket Association , which has been an associate member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) since 1998 . Uganda first fielded an international team as early as 1914 , against the East Africa Protectorate , but only began competing regularly from the early 1950s , playing frequent series against regional rivals Kenya and Tanzania ( then Tanganyika ) . From 1966 , Uganda contributed players to a combined East African team , which was reconstituted as East and Central Africa in 1989 . The country 's first ICC tournament played in its own right was the 2001 ICC Trophy in Canada . Uganda played in the next three editions of the tournament , renamed the ICC World Cup Qualifier , but did not come close to qualifying for the Cricket World Cup . In the World Cricket League ( WCL ) , Uganda reached ICC World Cricket League Division Two on three occasions , but was relegated to Division Three each time . The team has twice participated in the ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier , in 2012 and 2013 , but finished in the bottom four teams on both occasions . In April 2018 , the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status to all its members . Therefore , all Twenty20 matches played between Uganda and other ICC members after 1 January 2019 will be a full T20I . After April 2019 , Uganda will play in the 2019-21 ICC Cricket World Cup Challenge League ."}]}, {'value': '2013 ICC World Cricket League Africa Region Twenty20 Division One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Africa_Region_Twenty20_Division_One', 'summary': "The 2013 ICC World Cricket League Africa Region Twenty20 Division One was an international Twenty20 cricket tournament that took place between 23 February-1 March 2013 . It was the second edition of the ICC Africa Twenty20 Championship 's Division One . Uganda hosted the event for the second time in a row , with all matches again played in the capital , Kampala ."}]}, {'value': 'Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong_national_cricket_team', 'summary': 'The Hong Kong national cricket team is the team that represents Hong Kong and played its first match in 1866 and has been an associate member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) since 1969 . Hong Kong played its first One Day Internationals in the 2004 Asia Cup , and in January 2014 was granted ODI status until 2018 , as a result of finishing third in the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . The team gained Twenty20 International status in November 2013 , as a result of qualifying for the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 . Hong Kong lost their ODI status in March 2018 after losing to the Netherlands in a play-off match during the 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . They did , however , play two further ODI matches at the 2018 Asia Cup in September 2018 after winning the 2018 Asia Cup Qualifier , as the ICC announced that all matches played at the finals would have ODI status . Hong Kong has played in every ICC Trophy/World Cup Qualifier tournament , with the exceptions of the 1979 and 2005 events . It has also taken part in two ICC Intercontinental Cup tournaments , in 2005 and in 2015-17 , and in two ICC T20 World Cup tournaments , in 2014 and 2016 . In April 2018 , the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status to all its members . Therefore , all Twenty20 matches played between Hong Kong and other ICC members after 1 January 2019 will be a full T20I .'}]}, {'value': '2013 ACC Twenty20 Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_ACC_Twenty20_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2013 ACC Twenty20 Cup was a cricket tournament held between March 26 and April 3 in Nepal . The tournament served as a qualifying tournament for the 2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier . Afghanistan has already qualified as an ODI nation while UAE has already qualified as host for the 2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier . Hence , the tournament will , in reality , serve as qualifier for other top two teams from Asian region .'}]}, {'value': 'Asia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nepal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nepal_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The Nepal national cricket team ( Nepali : नेपाली राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट टोली ) nicknamed The Rhinos and Gorkhalis , represents the country of Nepal in the international cricket and is governed by the Cricket Association of Nepal ( CAN ) . They have been an Associate Member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) since 1996 . Nepal were awarded Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status by the ICC in June 2014 until the 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier . On 15 March 2018 , Nepal gained One Day International ( ODI ) status for the first time ( and regained Twenty20 International status ) , after winning the first playoff match in the 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . Nepal made their maiden appearance in the ICC global event at the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 in Bangladesh . They have been participating in international matches since 1996 , including every ACC Trophy tournaments except 2015 ACC Twenty20 Cup in UAE , where they did n't participate . Nepal also participated in ICC World Cup Qualifier in 2001 2014 and 2018 , ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier in 2012 , 2013 and 2015 , ICC Intercontinental Cup in 2004 and 2005 , ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament in 2004 , 2005 and 2006 , ACC Twenty20 Cup in 2007 , 2009 , 2011 and 2013 , Asian Games in 2010 and 2014 and ACC Premier League in 2014 . Unlike some other smaller cricketing nations , where teams are largely made up of expatriates , Nepal 's national team comprises indigenous players who have usually come through the ranks playing age-group cricket . On 15 March 2018 Nepal claimed One Day International ( ODI ) status for the first time with a win over Papua New Guinea in the 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier 9th place play off encounter . In April 2018 , the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status to all its members . Therefore , all Twenty20 matches played between Nepal and other ICC members after 1 January 2019 became full T20I matches ."}]}, {'value': '2013 ACC Twenty20 Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_ACC_Twenty20_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2013 ACC Twenty20 Cup was a cricket tournament held between March 26 and April 3 in Nepal . The tournament served as a qualifying tournament for the 2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier . Afghanistan has already qualified as an ODI nation while UAE has already qualified as host for the 2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier . Hence , the tournament will , in reality , serve as qualifier for other top two teams from Asian region .'}]}, {'value': 'Asia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy_national_cricket_team', 'summary': 'The Italy national cricket team is the team that represents the country of Italy in international cricket . They have been an associate member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) since 1995 , having previously been an affiliate member since 1984 . The Italian national cricket team is administered by the Federazione Cricket Italiana ( Italian Cricket Federation ) . In April 2018 , the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status to all its members . Therefore , all Twenty20 matches played between Italy and other ICC members after 1 January 2019 will be a full T20I . Italy played their first T20I against Germany in May 2019 . From August 2019 , Italy will play in the 2019-21 ICC Cricket World Cup Challenge League .'}]}, {'value': '2013 ICC European T20 Championship Division One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_ICC_European_T20_Championship_Division_One', 'summary': 'The 2013 ICC European Twenty20 Championship Division One was a cricket tournament that took place from 8-14 July 2013 . It formed part of the European Cricket Championship . England hosted the event .'}]}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The Denmark national cricket team is the team that represents the Kingdom of Denmark in international cricket . They have been an associate member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) since 1966 , and have previously been a part of the ICC 's High Performance Programme . Denmark played in the inaugural edition of the ICC Cricket World Cup Challenge League starting in August 2019 as a result of finishing in Division Three of the now defunct ICC World Cricket League . In April 2018 , the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status to all its members . Therefore , all Twenty20 matches played between Denmark and other ICC members after 1 January 2019 will be a full T20I . After April 2019 , Denmark will play in the 2019-21 ICC Cricket World Cup Challenge League ."}]}, {'value': '2013 ICC European T20 Championship Division One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_ICC_European_T20_Championship_Division_One', 'summary': 'The 2013 ICC European Twenty20 Championship Division One was a cricket tournament that took place from 8-14 July 2013 . It formed part of the European Cricket Championship . England hosted the event .'}]}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Qualification -- Regional qualification', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2013_ICC_World_Twenty20_Qualifier_0', 'intro': 'The 2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier was played in November 2013 in the United Arab Emirates and is a part of the ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier series. This edition of the qualifier for the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 was an expanded version comprising ten qualifiers from regional Twenty20 tournaments in addition to the top six finishers of the previous edition. The groups were announced by the ICC on 7 August 2013. Ireland met Afghanistan in the final for the third time with Ireland winning their 2nd title against Afghanistan and 3rd title overall. The top 6 nations (previously 2) qualified for the 2014 ICC World Twenty20: Ireland, Afghanistan, Netherlands and making their World Twenty20 debut the UAE, Nepal and Hong Kong.'} | null | null | the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 qualifiers staged ? | UAE |
07e97852f712ba97 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Amateur_Championship_(golf)', 'title': 'United States Amateur Championship (golf)', 'header': ['Year', 'Venue', 'Winner', 'Country', 'Score', 'Runner-up'], 'data': [{'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pinehurst Resort', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pinehurst_Resort', 'summary': 'Pinehurst Resort is a historic golf resort in the United States , located in Pinehurst , North Carolina . It has hosted a number of prestigious golf tournaments .'}]}, {'value': 'Andy Ogletree', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Ogletree', 'summary': 'Andy Ogletree ( born April 3 , 1998 ) is an American amateur golfer from Little Rock , Mississippi .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2 & 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Augenstein', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pebble Beach Golf Links', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pebble_Beach_Golf_Links', 'summary': "Pebble Beach Golf Links is a public golf course on the west coast of the United States , located in Pebble Beach , California . Widely regarded as one of the most beautiful courses in the world , it hugs the rugged coastline and has wide open views of Carmel Bay , opening to the Pacific Ocean on the south side of the Monterey Peninsula . In 2001 , it became the first public course to be selected as the No . 1 Golf Course in America by Golf Digest . Greens fees are among the highest in the world , at $ 525 ( plus $ 40 cart fee or $ 92.50 caddie fee for non-resort guests ) per round in 2018 . Four of the courses in the coastal community of Pebble Beach , including Pebble Beach Golf Links , belong to the Pebble Beach Company , which also operates three hotels and a spa at the resort . The other courses are The Links at Spanish Bay , Spyglass Hill Golf Course , and Del Monte Golf Course . The PGA Tour and PGA Tour Champions play annual events at Pebble Beach , AT & T Pebble Beach Pro-Am and the First Tee Open . It has hosted six men 's major championships : six U.S . Opens and a PGA Championship . It also hosted the 1988 Nabisco Championship , now known as the Tour Championship , the season-ending event on the PGA Tour . World-renowned , the course is included in many golf video games , such as the Links series and the Tiger Woods PGA Tour series ."}]}, {'value': 'Viktor Hovland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viktor_Hovland', 'summary': 'Viktor Hovland ( born 18 September 1997 ) is a Norwegian professional golfer .'}]}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': '6 & 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Devon Bling', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Riviera Country Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riviera_Country_Club', 'summary': "The Riviera Country Club is an exclusive private club with a championship golf course in the western United States , located in southern California in Pacific Palisades , a community within the city limits of Los Angeles . It 's in Santa Monica Canyon , just below the Santa Monica Mountains and a block south of Sunset Boulevard . Designed by golf course architects George C. Thomas , Jr. and William P. Bell , it has been the primary host for the Genesis Invitational ( originally the Los Angeles Open ) , an annual event on the PGA Tour in February . The 2020 edition was the 57th held at Riviera . Riviera has also hosted three major championships : the U.S. Open in 1948 , and the PGA Championship in 1983 and 1995 . In addition , it was site of the U.S. Senior Open , a senior major , in 1998 and the U.S . Amateur in August 2017 . The club is scheduled to host the Olympics in 2028 ."}]}, {'value': 'Doc Redman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doc_Redman', 'summary': 'Doc Hudspeth Redman ( born December 27 , 1997 ) is an American professional golfer .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '37th hole', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doug Ghim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doug_Ghim', 'summary': 'Doug Ghim ( born April 16 , 1996 ) is an American professional golfer who grew up in Arlington Heights , Illinois and graduated from Buffalo Grove High School . In May 2018 , Ghim became the top-ranked golfer in the World Amateur Golf Ranking .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oakland Hills Country Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakland_Hills_Country_Club', 'summary': 'Oakland Hills Country Club is a private golf club in the central United States , located in Bloomfield Township , Michigan , a suburb northwest of Detroit . It consists of two 18-hole courses designed by Donald Ross : the South Course ( 1918 ) and the North Course ( 1923 ) . Oakland Hills has hosted many prestigious professional golf tournaments throughout its history , including six U.S . Opens and three PGA Championships , the 2004 Ryder Cup and the 2002 and 2016 U.S . Amateur on its South Course .'}]}, {'value': 'Curtis Luck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curtis_Luck', 'summary': 'Curtis Luck ( born 9 August 1996 ) is an Australian professional golfer from Cottesloe , Western Australia . In March 2017 he became the number one ranked amateur golfer in the world , heading the World Amateur Golf Ranking . He held that ranking before turning professional in April .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '6 & 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brad Dalke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brad_Dalke', 'summary': 'Brad Dalke ( born August 19 , 1997 ) is an American amateur golfer . Dalke was born in Yukon , Oklahoma and currently plays golf at the University of Oklahoma . He led the Sooners to the 2017 NCAA Championship at Rich Harvest Farms in Sugar Grove , Illinois . In 2015 , Dalke won the Junior PGA Championship and earned an exemption into the 2016 Valero Texas Open , where he missed the cut . Dalke finished runner-up to Curtis Luck at the 2016 U.S . Amateur , thus earning invitations into the 2017 Masters Tournament and the 2017 U.S. Open .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olympia Fields Country Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympia_Fields_Country_Club', 'summary': 'Olympia Fields Country Club is a private golf club in the central United States , located in Olympia Fields , Illinois , a suburb of Chicago , about 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of The Loop . It contains two eighteen-hole courses , North and South . The North Course is considered one of the top three courses in the Chicago area , and is generally ranked in the top 50 courses in the United States . The South Course is regularly ranked in the top ten in Illinois . Olympia Fields is one of the few private clubs in the U.S. with multiple courses ranked , and it is on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'Bryson DeChambeau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryson_DeChambeau', 'summary': 'Bryson James Aldrich DeChambeau ( born September 16 , 1993 ) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour . In 2015 , he became the fifth player in history to win both the NCAA Division I championship and the U.S . Amateur in the same year .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '7 & 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Derek Bard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derek_Bard', 'summary': 'Derek Bard ( born June 14 , 1995 ) is an American professional golfer . Bard was born in New Hartford , New York and played college golf at the University of Virginia . He currently resides in Jacksonville Beach , Florida . Bard finished runner-up to Bryson DeChambeau at the 2015 U.S . Amateur , thus earning an invitation to the 2016 Masters Tournament and the 2016 U.S. Open . Bard missed the cut at the Masters by three shots , shooting rounds of 76-77 , 9-over-par .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta Athletic Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta_Athletic_Club', 'summary': "Atlanta Athletic Club ( AAC ) , founded in 1898 , is a private athletic club in Johns Creek , Georgia , a suburb 23 miles north of Atlanta . The original home of the club was a 10-story building located on Carnegie Way , and in 1904 a golf course was built on Atlanta 's East Lake property . In 1908 , John Heisman ( the Georgia Tech football coach for whom the Heisman Trophy was named ) was hired as the AAC athletic director . While it was downtown , its team placed third in the 1921 Amateur Athletic Union National Basketball Championship defeating Lowe and Campbell Athletic Goods 36-31 in the third place game . At the time colleges , athletic clubs and factory-sponsored clubs all competed in the same league . In 1967 the AAC sold both properties and moved to a big site in a then-unincorporated area of Fulton County that had a Duluth mailing address and would eventually become Johns Creek in 2006 . The vacated East Lake site became East Lake Golf Club and was refurbished during the 1990s . It is now the home of The Tour Championship , currently the final event of the PGA Tour golf season . AAC hosted the 1950 U.S. Women 's Amateur and 1963 Ryder Cup at East Lake , the 1976 U.S. Open , the 1981 , 2001 , and 2011 PGA Championships on its Highlands Course , and the 1990 U.S. Women 's Open on its Riverside Course . The AAC used both of its current regulation courses to host the 2014 U.S . Amateur , with stroke-play qualifying on the Riverside Course and match play on the Highlands Course . The Riverside course , renovated by Rees Jones in 2002 , was recognized among the top 10 new private courses in 2004 by Golf Digest ."}]}, {'value': 'Gunn Yang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gunn_Yang', 'summary': 'Gunn Yang ( Korean : 양건 ; born 30 September 1993 ) is a South Korean professional golfer . In 2014 , he won the U.S . Amateur , defeating Corey Conners , 2 & 1 , in the final round of the championship at Atlanta Athletic Club . He became the second South Korean to claim the U.S . Amateur title . He made his PGA Tour debut at the Farmers Insurance Open in February 2015 and also competed in Arnold Palmer Invitational , RBC Heritage , and The Masters . Yang made his first cut on the PGA Tour at the Crowne Plaza Invitational , where he was T-15th after 2nd round , but finished as T-65th . He competed in his first major championship in 2015 , competing in the Masters Tournament and was cut after the second round . Yang played on the European Challenge Tour in 2017 . He missed the cut in every tournament he played in 2017 and 2018 . As of 30 October 2018 , he last played in the 2018 Sony Open in Hawaii .'}]}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': '2 & 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corey Conners', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corey_Conners', 'summary': 'Corey Conners ( born January 6 , 1992 ) is a Canadian professional golfer currently playing on the PGA Tour . Conners has played on PGA Tour Canada , PGA Tour Latinoamérica , and the Web.com Tour . Conners was raised in Listowel , Ontario . He won the 2010 Ontario Amateur and was runner-up to Gunn Yang at the 2014 U.S . Amateur conducted at Atlanta Athletic Club . Conners played in the 2015 Masters Tournament where he missed the cut . He turned professional immediately afterwards , and played in the RBC Canadian Open in 2016 . In December 2016 , Conners tied for 42nd at the Web.com Tour qualifying tournament . By making the top 45 , he earned a place on the Web.com Tour in 2017 . In March 2018 , Conners held the 54-hole lead at the Valspar Championship in Florida , one stroke ahead of Justin Rose , Brandt Snedeker and Tiger Woods . In the fourth round , Conners shot 77 and finished T16 . Conners ended the season 130th in the FedEx Cup , five spots out of full status for the 2019 season .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Country Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Country_Club', 'summary': 'The Country Club , located in Brookline , Massachusetts , is one of the oldest country clubs in the United States . It holds an important place in golf history , as it is one of the five charter clubs that founded the United States Golf Association , and has hosted numerous USGA tournaments including the 1913 U.S. Open won by then-unknown Francis Ouimet . Today , the club has nearly 1300 members .'}]}, {'value': 'Matthew Fitzpatrick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Fitzpatrick', 'summary': 'Matthew Thomas Fitzpatrick ( born 1 September 1994 ) is an English professional golfer . His biggest achievement as an amateur was winning the 2013 U.S . Amateur . His first professional win was in the 2015 British Masters .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '4 & 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oliver Goss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oliver_Goss', 'summary': "Oliver Goss ( born 12 April 1994 ) is an Australian professional golfer . He is from Fremantle , Western Australia . Goss won the 2012 John Hughes Geely Nexus Risk Services Western Australia Open Championship on the PGA Tour of Australasia while still an amateur . Goss was runner-up in the 2013 U.S . Amateur . He was the only amateur golfer to make the cut at the 2014 Masters Tournament and thus received low amateur honors . Goss turned professional after the 2014 U.S. Open and made his professional debut at the next week 's Travelers Championship ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cherry Hills Country Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cherry_Hills_Country_Club', 'summary': "Cherry Hills Country Club is a private country club in the western United States , located in Cherry Hills Village , Colorado , a suburb south of Denver . Founded 98 years ago in 1922 and designed by William Flynn , the club features a championship 18-hole golf course , a 9-hole par three course , eight tennis courts , and a lap pool . The nine-hole course is called the Rip Arnold Course , named for the club 's head professional from 1939 to 1962 . It hosts a pro-member invitational event every September named for Warren Smith , the head pro from 1963 to 1991 . A bas relief of Smith , the PGA of America 's Golf Professional of the Year in 1973 , is near the tenth tee . In 2005 , Cherry Hills completed a $ 12 million renovation on its club house facilities . [ citation needed ] The club 's signature colors are cherry red and white ."}]}, {'value': 'Steven Fox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steven_Fox_(golfer)', 'summary': 'Steven Fox ( born January 14 , 1991 ) is an American professional golfer who won the 2012 U.S . Amateur . Fox was born in Greenville , South Carolina . He attended Hendersonville High School in Hendersonville , Tennessee and the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga . Fox won the 2012 U.S . Amateur at Cherry Hills Country Club on the 37th hole after being down two with two holes to play . Fox was the 63rd player to qualify for match play . He had to survive a 17-man playoff for 14 spots in stroke play to qualify for the match play of the U.S . Amateur . With the win , Fox qualified for the 2013 Masters Tournament , 2013 U.S. Open , and 2013 Open Championship where he missed the cut at all three events . Fox won the Tennessee State Amateur in August 2013 . Fox turned professional in September 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '37th hole', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Weaver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Weaver_(golfer)', 'summary': 'Michael James Weaver ( born April 12 , 1991 ) is an American professional golfer who finished 64th at the 2013 U.S. Open as an amateur . Weaver was also runner-up at the 2012 U.S . Amateur .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erin Hills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erin_Hills', 'summary': "Erin Hills is a golf course in the north central United States , located in Erin , Wisconsin , in Washington County , 35 miles ( 55 km ) northwest of Milwaukee . the course officially opened in 1999 . It hosted the 117th U.S. Open in 2017 . The announcement was made in 2010 . It was the first USGA regular men 's event ever awarded to a course owned by an individual . The 2011 U.S . Amateur , won by Kelly Kraft , was also held at Erin Hills ."}]}, {'value': 'Kelly Kraft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Kraft', 'summary': 'Kelly Kraft ( born October 5 , 1988 ) is an American professional golfer .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2 up', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patrick Cantlay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Cantlay', 'summary': 'Patrick Cantlay ( born March 17 , 1992 ) is an American professional golfer . He had a successful amateur career and was the number one golfer in the World Amateur Golf Ranking for 55 weeks . He has won twice on the PGA Tour , the Shriners Hospitals for Children Open in 2017 and the Memorial Tournament in 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chambers Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chambers_Bay', 'summary': 'Chambers Bay is a public golf course in the northwest United States , located in University Place , Washington , on the Puget Sound southwest of Tacoma . The British links-style course is owned by Pierce County and opened for play on June 23 , 2007 . It hosted the U.S . Amateur in 2010 and the U.S. Open in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Peter Uihlein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Uihlein', 'summary': 'Peter Uihlein ( born August 29 , 1989 ) is an American professional golfer who currently plays on the PGA Tour and the European Tour . He was a member of the victorious U.S. team at the 2009 Walker Cup , where he compiled a 4-0 match record . Uihlein won the 2010 U.S . Amateur and is a former number one ranked amateur golfer in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '4 & 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Chung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Chung_(golfer)', 'summary': 'David Chung ( born January 14 , 1990 ) is a Korean-American professional golfer . He was the number one ranked golfer in the World Amateur Golf Ranking in late 2010 and early 2011 . Chung was born in Fayetteville , North Carolina to Christian and Elise Chung .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Hills Country Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Hills_Country_Club', 'summary': 'Southern Hills Country Club is a private golf and country club in Tulsa , Oklahoma .'}]}, {'value': 'An Byeong-hun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/An_Byeong-hun', 'summary': 'An Byeong-hun ( Korean : 안병훈 ; born 17 September 1991 ) , also known as Byeong-Hun An or Ben An , is a professional golfer from Seoul , South Korea . In August 2009 , he became the youngest-ever winner of the U.S . Amateur .'}]}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': '7 & 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ben Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Martin_(golfer)', 'summary': 'Ben Martin ( born August 26 , 1987 ) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pinehurst Resort', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pinehurst_Resort', 'summary': 'Pinehurst Resort is a historic golf resort in the United States , located in Pinehurst , North Carolina . It has hosted a number of prestigious golf tournaments .'}]}, {'value': 'Danny Lee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danny_Lee_(golfer)', 'summary': "Danny Jin-Myung Lee ( Korean : 이진명 ; born 24 July 1990 ) is a New Zealand professional golfer . Lee was born in Incheon , South Korea , and emigrated to New Zealand at the age of eight . He became a New Zealand citizen on 2 September 2008 at Rotorua , where he attended Rotorua Boys ' High School ."}]}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': '5 & 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drew Kittleson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drew_Kittleson', 'summary': 'Drew Kittleson ( born April 2 , 1989 ) is an American professional golfer from Scottsdale , Arizona . Kittleson played college golf at Florida State University . As a member of the Seminoles lineup , he helped the team win its first ever Atlantic Coast Conference golf championship . Kittleson advanced to the finals of the 2008 U.S . Amateur at Pinehurst before falling to Danny Lee , 5 & 4 . With the second-place finish , he qualified to play in the 2009 Masters Tournament at Augusta National and the 2009 U.S. Open at Bethpage Black Course . Kittleson turned professional after graduating from FSU in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olympic Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_Club', 'summary': "The Olympic Club is an athletic club and private social club in San Francisco , California . First named the San Francisco Olympic Club , it is the oldest athletic club in the United States . Established on May 6 , 1860 , its first officers were President , G.W . Bell , Secretary , E. Bonnell , Treasurer , H.G . Hanks , and Leader , Arthur Nahl . Its main City Clubhouse is located in San Francisco 's Union Square district , and its three golf courses are in the southwestern corner of the city , at the border with Daly City . The Lakeside Clubhouse is located just north of the Daly City border ; the two clubhouses are separated by about 10 miles ( 16 km ) . The three golf courses are named Lake , Ocean , and Cliffs . Lake and Ocean are 18-hole par-71 courses , and the Cliffs is a nine-hole par-3 course in the bluffs overlooking the Pacific Ocean . All three venues are lined with many trees ( almost 40,000 on the Lake course ) and offer views of the Golden Gate Bridge and Golden Gate Park . The United States Golf Association recognizes the Olympic Club as one of the first 100 golf clubs established in the United States . In November 2017 , it was announced that Olympic Club would host the 2032 Ryder Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Colt Knost', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colt_Knost', 'summary': 'Colt Knost ( born June 26 , 1985 ) is a former American professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2 & 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Thompson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(golfer)', 'summary': 'Michael Hayes Thompson ( born April 16 , 1985 ) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hazeltine National Golf Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hazeltine_National_Golf_Club', 'summary': 'Hazeltine National Golf Club is a golf club located in Chaska , Minnesota , a suburb southwest of Minneapolis , United States . It is a private club and therefore closed to guests not accompanied by a member . The golf course was designed by Robert Trent Jones and opened in 1962 . Hazeltine also hosts functions other than golf . The clubhouse has a ballroom and two restaurants .'}]}, {'value': 'Richie Ramsay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richie_Ramsay', 'summary': 'Richie Ramsay ( born 15 June 1983 ) is a Scottish professional golfer who plays on the European Tour . Ramsay played in the 2005 Walker Cup and , in 2006 , became the first British golfer in almost a century to win the U.S . Amateur . Ramsay turned professional in 2007 , and played two seasons on the second tier Challenge Tour , winning twice in 2008 . He has played on the European Tour since 2009 , winning three times .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '4 & 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Kelly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Kelly_(golfer)', 'summary': "John Kelly ( born November 1 , 1984 ) is an amateur golfer who plays for the University of Missouri and was runner-up in the 2006 U.S . Amateur . Kelly was born in St. Louis , Missouri and graduated from Christian Brothers College High School . During his run to the U.S . Amateur final , Kelly beat several nationally ranked players , including Trip Kuehne ( who was runner-up to Tiger Woods in the 1994 U.S . Amateur ) . He lost the final match to Scotland 's Richie Ramsay on the 34th hole by a score of 4 and 2 . By making the finals , he qualified for the 2007 U.S. Open and gained an invitation to the 2007 Masters Tournament . Kelly also won the 2006 Missouri Stroke Play championship ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merion Golf Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merion_Golf_Club', 'summary': "Merion Golf Club is a private golf club located in Haverford Township , Delaware County , Pennsylvania , a township bordering Philadelphia to the northwest along the historic Main Line . The club has two courses : the East Course , and the West Course . The East Course has been consistently rated in the top 10 , # 5 in 2015 , by Golf Digest in the annual America 's 100 Greatest Golf Courses , and it has hosted five U.S . Opens , most recently in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Edoardo Molinari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edoardo_Molinari', 'summary': 'Edoardo Molinari ( born 11 February 1981 ) is an Italian professional golfer who plays on the European Tour , where he is a three-time winner . He was also the 2005 U.S . Amateur champion , 2009 Challenge Tour Rankings leader , winner , with his brother Francesco , of the 2009 World Cup and a member of the 2010 European Ryder Cup winning team . He has won professional tournaments on four of six continents on which golf is played : Europe , South America , Africa and Asia .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '4 & 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dillon Dougherty', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winged Foot Golf Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winged_Foot_Golf_Club', 'summary': "Winged Foot Golf Club is a private club with two 18-hole golf courses located in Mamaroneck , New York . The course architect is A. W. Tillinghast , who also designed courses which have hosted major professional golf events such as Baltusrol ( Lower ) and Bethpage Black . Winged Foot Golf Club was founded in 1921 , by a consortium consisting mainly of members of The New York Athletic Club . The club gets its name and logo from the NYAC 's logo , but the two have never had any direct affiliation . Winged Foot G.C . opened in June 1923 . Application for membership is by invitation only . The West Course is a par 72 that measures 7,264 yards ( 6,642 m ) ; it has a course rating of 75.7 and a slope of 141 . The East Course is a par 72 that measures 6,750 yards ( 6,172 m ) ; it has a course rating of 73.9 and a slope of 141 . Golf Digest ' ranked the West Course 8th and the East Course 65th in its 2009-10 listing of America 's 100 Greatest Golf Courses . In 2019 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places , as the last course Tillinghast designed that was complemented by a Clifford Charles Wendehack clubhouse ."}]}, {'value': 'Ryan Moore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Moore_(golfer)', 'summary': 'Ryan David Moore ( born December 5 , 1982 ) is an American professional golfer , currently playing on the PGA Tour . He had a highly successful amateur career , winning the NCAA Individual Championship , the U.S . Amateur Public Links , and the U.S . Amateur in 2004 . Since turning professional in 2005 he has won five titles on the PGA Tour as of the 2016 season and earned rankings inside the top thirty in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2 up', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luke List', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luke_List_(golfer)', 'summary': 'Luke List ( born January 14 , 1985 ) is an American professional golfer who has played on the PGA Tour .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oakmont Country Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakmont_Country_Club', 'summary': 'Oakmont Country Club is a country club in the eastern United States , located mostly in Plum with only a very small portion of the property located in Oakmont , suburbs of Pittsburgh in western Pennsylvania . None of the area in play of the golf course is actually located in Oakmont . Established 117 years ago in 1903 , its golf course is regarded as the oldest top-ranked golf course in the United States . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987 . The Pennsylvania Turnpike separates seven holes ( 2-8 ) from the rest of the course .'}]}, {'value': 'Nick Flanagan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Flanagan', 'summary': "Nick Flanagan ( born 13 June 1984 ) is an Australian professional golfer . Flanagan was born in Belmont , New South Wales . He won the 2003 U.S . Amateur , the first non-American winner since 1971 . He turned professional in 2004 . Flanagan currently plays on the Nationwide Tour . He achieved his first professional win at the 2005 Queensland Masters , which is part of the PGA Tour of Australasia 's developmental series known as the Von Nida Tour . In 2007 , Flanagan won back-to-back starts on the Nationwide Tour , the Henrico County Open and the BMW Charity Pro-Am at The Cliffs . A third win later that year at the Xerox Classic , gave Flanagan an automatic battlefield promotion to the PGA Tour . Flanagan recorded two top 20 finishes in his first two starts on the PGA Tour as an official member . He finished tied for 18th and tied for 17th in two Fall Series events . He was voted the 2007 Nationwide Tour Player of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '37th hole', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Casey Wittenberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Casey_Wittenberg', 'summary': "Casey Wittenberg ( born November 30 , 1984 ) is an American professional golfer who had a successful amateur career . Wittenberg was born in Memphis , Tennessee . He played collegiately at Oklahoma State University . He lost to Nick Flanagan in the finals of the 2003 U.S . Amateur . In 2004 , he finished 13th at the Masters Tournament , the lowest amateur finish in 41 years . He was the only player in the field to improve his score each round . Additionally , he registered the lowest Sunday back 9 score ( 31 ) of any amateur in Masters history . At the 2004 U.S. Open at Shinnecock Hills , he shot a four round total of 296 , which was the second best of any amateur in the tournament that year . Wittenberg turned professional in 2004 and has played on the PGA Tour , Web.com Tour ( formerly Nationwide Tour ) , and mini-tours since . In 2012 , Wittenberg won his first title on a major golf tour , the Nationwide Tour 's Chitimacha Louisiana Open . He followed it up three months later with his second win of the season at the Preferred Health Systems Wichita Open , one week after finishing T10 at the U.S. Open ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oakland Hills Country Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakland_Hills_Country_Club', 'summary': 'Oakland Hills Country Club is a private golf club in the central United States , located in Bloomfield Township , Michigan , a suburb northwest of Detroit . It consists of two 18-hole courses designed by Donald Ross : the South Course ( 1918 ) and the North Course ( 1923 ) . Oakland Hills has hosted many prestigious professional golf tournaments throughout its history , including six U.S . Opens and three PGA Championships , the 2004 Ryder Cup and the 2002 and 2016 U.S . Amateur on its South Course .'}]}, {'value': 'Ricky Barnes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Barnes', 'summary': 'Richard Kyle Barnes ( born February 6 , 1981 ) is an American professional golfer who currently plays on the PGA Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2 & 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hunter Mahan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hunter_Mahan', 'summary': 'Hunter Myles Mahan ( born May 17 , 1982 ) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour . He is a winner of two World Golf Championship events , the 2010 WGC-Bridgestone Invitational and the 2012 WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship . Mahan has spent 19 weeks in the top-10 of the Official World Golf Ranking . He reached a career-high world ranking of No . 4 on April 1 , 2012 , becoming the highest ranked American golfer at the time .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Lake Golf Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Lake_Golf_Club', 'summary': "East Lake Golf Club is a private golf club located approximately 5 miles east of downtown Atlanta , Georgia . Established in 1904 , East Lake is the oldest golf course in the city of Atlanta . East Lake was the home course of golfer Bobby Jones and much of its clubhouse serves as a tribute to his accomplishments . Since 2004 , East Lake has been the permanent home of The Tour Championship , the culminating event of the PGA Tour Playoffs for the FedEx Cup . The Tour Championship was first played at the course in 1998 . The 2019 Tour Championship and FedEx Cup champion is Rory McIlroy . All proceeds from operations at East Lake Golf Club - more than $ 20 million to date - go to support the East Lake Foundation , which has helped transform one of the nation 's worst public housing projects into a thriving community ."}]}, {'value': 'Bubba Dickerson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bubba_Dickerson', 'summary': "Benjamin Gordon Bubba Dickerson ( born May 6 , 1981 ) is an American professional golfer who was previously a PGA Tour member and currently plays on the Nationwide Tour . He is best known for winning the 2001 U.S . Amateur . Dickerson was born in Jacksonville , Florida . He accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville , Florida , where he played for coach Buddy Alexander 's Florida Gators men 's golf team in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) competition in 2000 and 2001 . Dickerson was runner-up in the 2000 U.S . Amateur Public Links championship . In 2001 , he was a member of the Florida Gators team that won the NCAA Championship , and followed that with a win at the Western Amateur . Dickerson received second-team All-Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) honors in 2000 and first-team All-SEC honors in 2001 , and was a first-team All-American in 2001 . In the U.S . Amateur that fall , Dickerson made the finals against Robert Hamilton . In the 36-hole final match , Dickerson was down five holes through fourteen played but won the last four holes of the morning round to pull within one ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '1 up', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Hamilton', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltusrol Golf Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltusrol_Golf_Club', 'summary': "The Baltusrol Golf Club is a private 36-hole golf club in the eastern United States , located in Springfield , New Jersey , about twenty miles ( 30 km ) west of New York City . It was founded 125 years ago in 1895 by Louis Keller . In 1985 , Baltusrol became the first club to have hosted both the U.S. Open and Women 's U.S. Open on two different courses . Both courses were originally designed by A. W. Tillinghast in 1918 . Among the many major tournaments it has hosted the club was the site of seven U.S . Opens and two PGA Championships ( 2005 , 2016 ) . In 2005 , the club was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . In 2014 , it was further designated a National Historic Landmark in recognition of its importance to Tillinghast 's career as a course designer ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Quinney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Quinney', 'summary': 'Jeffrey Michael Quinney ( born November 17 , 1978 ) is an American professional golfer . Quinney was born in Eugene , Oregon . He had a successful amateur career , winning the U.S . Amateur in 2000 , and represented the USA in the Walker Cup in 2001 . After turning professional in 2001 he played on the Canadian Tour and Nationwide Tour , and won the Oregon Classic in 2004 . He finished in the top 10 of the Nationwide Tour Order of Merit in 2006 , enabling him to play on the PGA Tour in 2007 . Quinney made a strong start in his rookie season , earning four top-ten finishes in his first five events . This run of good form propelled him into the top 100 of the Official World Golf Rankings . In May 2008 he reached the top 50 of the world rankings after finishing third at The Players Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '39th hole', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Driscoll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Driscoll', 'summary': 'James Driscoll ( born October 9 , 1977 ) is an American professional golfer who has played on the PGA Tour .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Winners', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'United_States_Amateur_Championship_(golf)_0', 'intro': "The United States Amateur Championship, commonly known as the U.S. Amateur, is the leading annual golf tournament in the United States for amateur golfers. It is organized by the United States Golf Association and is currently held each August over a 7-day period. In 1894 there were two tournaments called the National Amateur Championship. One of them was played at Newport Country Club and was won by William G. Lawrence, and the other took place at St Andrew's Golf Club and was won by Laurence B. Stottard. This state of affairs prompted Charles B. Macdonald of the Chicago Golf Club to call for the creation of a national governing body to authorize an official national championship, and the Amateur Golf Association of the United States, which was soon to be renamed the United States Golf Association, was formed on December 22 of that year. In 1895 it organized both the first U.S. Amateur Championship and the first U.S. Open, both of which were played at Newport Country Club. There are no age or gender restrictions on entry, but players must have a handicap index of 2.4 or less. Originally, entry was restricted to members of USGA-affiliated private clubs (and, presumably, international players who were members of private clubs affiliated with their nations' golf governing bodies), a restriction that was not lifted until 1979. The tournament consists of two days of stroke play, with the leading 64 competitors then playing a knockout competition held at match play to decide the champion. All knockout matches are over 18 holes except for the final, which consists of 36 holes, separated into morning and afternoon 18-hole rounds."} | null | null | What year did a war in the homeland of Gunn Yang start and end three years later ? | 1950 |
07ed4d9840ab9b25 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_DOS_games_(Q)', 'title': 'Index of DOS games (Q)', 'header': ['Title', 'Released', 'Developer ( s )', 'Publisher ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'QAD : Quintessential Art of Destruction', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cranberry Source', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philips Interactive Media', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philips', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Philips N.V. ( literally Royal Philips , stylized as PHILIPS ) is a Dutch multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Amsterdam , formerly one of the largest electronics companies in the world , currently focused in the area of health technology , with other divisions being successfully divested . It was founded in Eindhoven in 1891 by Gerard Philips and his father Frederik , with their first products being light bulbs . It was once one of the largest electronic conglomerates in the world and currently employs around 74,000 people across 100 countries . The company gained its royal honorary title in 1998 and dropped the Electronics in its name in 2013 , due to its refocusing from consumer electronics to healthcare technology . Philips is organized into three main divisions : Philips Consumer Health , Well-being ( formerly Philips Consumer Electronics and Philips Domestic Appliances and Personal Care ) and Philips Professional Healthcare ( formerly Philips Medical Systems ) . The lighting division was spun off as a separate company , Signify N.V. ( formerly Philips Lighting prior to 2018 ) . The company started making electric shavers in 1939 under the Philishave brand , and post-war they developed the Compact Cassette format and co-developed the Compact Disc format with Sony , as well as numerous other technologies . As of 2012 , Philips was the largest manufacturer of lighting in the world as measured by applicable revenues . Philips has a primary listing on the Euronext Amsterdam stock exchange and is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index . It has a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange . Acquisitions include that of Signetics and Magnavox . They also have had a sports club since 1913 called PSV Eindhoven .'}]}, {'value': 'Qin : Tomb of the Middle Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qin:_Tomb_of_the_Middle_Kingdom', 'summary': 'Qin : Tomb of the Middle Kingdom is a Myst-like graphic adventure computer game developed by Learn Technologies Interactive published by Time Warner Interactive and released for MS-DOS , Windows , and Macintosh systems .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Learn Technologies Interactive', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Time Warner Electronic Publishing , SouthPeak Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SouthPeak_Games', 'summary': 'SouthPeak Interactive Corporation , doing business as SouthPeak Games , was an American video game publisher based in Midlothian , Virginia . Founded on March 1 , 1996 , as a subsidiary of SAS Institute in Cary , North Carolina , it was sold and moved to Midlothian , Virginia in 2000 , and became a public company in 2008 . Also in 2008 , the company acquired and closed Austin , Texas-based publisher Gamecock Media Group , and opened a separate digital distribution subsidiary 7Sixty in Grapevine , Texas in 2011 . SouthPeak Games quietly ceased from the public eye in July 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Qix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qix', 'summary': 'Qix ( クイックス , Kuikkusu ) ( pronounced kicks ) is an arcade game developed by Taito America Corporation and released in October 1981 . The objective of Qix is to fence off , or claim , a supermajority of the playfield . At the start of each level , the playing field is a large , empty rectangle , containing the Qix - a stick-like entity that performs graceful but unpredictable motions within the confines of the rectangle . Qix was ported to the contemporary Atari 5200 ( 1982 ) , Atari 8-bit family ( 1983 ) , and Commodore 64 ( 1983 ) , then was brought to a wide variety of systems in the late 1980s and early 1990s : MS-DOS ( 1989 ) , Amiga ( 1989 ) , another version for the C64 ( 1989 ) , Apple IIgs ( 1990 ) , Game Boy ( 1990 ) , Nintendo Entertainment System ( 1991 ) , and Atari Lynx ( 1991 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alien Technology Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taito', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taito', 'summary': 'Taito Corporation ( 株式会社タイトー , Kabushiki gaisha Taitō ) is a Japanese company that specializes in video games , toys , arcade cabinets and game centers , based out of Shinjuku , Tokyo . The company was founded by Michael Kogan in 1953 as the Taito Trading Company , importing vodka , vending machines and jukeboxes into Japan . It would begin production of video games in 1973 . In 2005 , Taito was purchased by Square Enix , becoming a wholly owned subsidiary by 2006 . Taito is recognized as an important player in the early days of video games , producing several hit games such as Space Invaders , Bubble Bobble , Arkanoid , and Darius . Alongside Konami , Namco and Sega , it is one of the most prominent video game companies from Japan and the first that exported its games into other countries . Several of its games have since been recognized as important and revolutionary for the industry - Space Invaders in particular was a major contributor to the growth of video games in the mid-1970s , and the aliens featured in the games are seen as iconic emblems within the video game industry . The company maintains a chain of arcade centers , known as Game Taito Stations , across Japan , alongside being a manufacturer of toys , plush dolls and UFO-catcher prizes . It is currently housed in Shinjuku Bunka Quint Building in Yoyogi , Shibuya , the same building as parent company Square Enix .'}]}, {'value': 'Quadralien', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astral Software', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spinnaker Software Corporation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quadrel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quadrel', 'summary': 'Quadrel is a puzzle video game developed by Loriciels and released during June 1991 . It was released for MS-DOS , Amiga , Atari ST and Amstrad CPC'}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loriciels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loriciels', 'summary': "Loriciel ( also sometimes Loriciels ) was a French video game developing company that was active from 1983 to the early 1990s . During the 1980s , they developed games for various systems ( Oric 1 , ZX81 , ZX Spectrum , Amstrad CPC , Thomson and the Atari ST ) . The first game that Loriciel developed was Hubert for the Commodore 64 . They managed to publish 150 different games within their short lifespan as a company . While several attempts were made to revive the company ( first as 'Loriciel ' then 'Virtual Studio ' ) , financial difficulties would force this company to shut down after developing Tommy Moe 's Winter Extreme : Skiing & Snowboarding for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ."}]}, {'value': 'Loriciels', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quake_(video_game)', 'summary': "Quake is a first-person shooter video game developed by id Software and published by GT Interactive in 1996 . It is the first game in the Quake series . In the game , players must find their way through various maze-like , medieval environments while battling a variety of monsters using an array of weaponry . The overall atmosphere is dark and gritty , with lots of stone textures and a rusty , capitalized font . The successor to id Software 's Doom series , Quake built upon the technology and gameplay of its predecessor . Unlike the Doom engine before it , the Quake engine offered full real-time 3D rendering and had early support for 3D acceleration through OpenGL . After Doom helped to popularize multiplayer deathmatches in 1993 , Quake added various multiplayer options . Online multiplayer became increasingly common , with the QuakeWorld update and software such as QuakeSpy making the process of finding and playing against others on the Internet easier and more reliable . Quake features music composed by Trent Reznor and his band , Nine Inch Nails ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'id Software', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Id_Software', 'summary': "id Software LLC ( /ɪd/ ) is an American video game developer based in Dallas , Texas . The company was founded on February 1 , 1991 , by four members of the computer company Softdisk , programmers John Carmack and John Romero , game designer Tom Hall , and artist Adrian Carmack ( no relation to John Carmack ) . Business manager Jay Wilbur was also involved . id Software made important technological developments in video game technologies for the PC ( running MS-DOS and Windows ) , including work done for the Wolfenstein , Doom , and Quake franchises . id 's work was particularly important in 3D computer graphics technology and in game engines that are used throughout the video game industry . The company was involved in the creation of the first-person shooter ( FPS ) genre . Wolfenstein 3D is often considered to be the first true FPS , Doom is a game that popularized the genre and PC gaming in general , and Quake was id 's first true 3D FPS . On June 24 , 2009 , ZeniMax Media acquired the company . In 2015 , they opened a second studio in Frankfurt , Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'id Software', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quarantine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarantine_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Quarantine is a 1994 racing/first-person shooter video game for MS-DOS and 3DO , created by Imagexcel and published by GameTek . Versions for the Japanese market were done in 1996 by Asmik for the PlayStation and MediaQuest for the Sega Saturn , renamed as Hard Rock Cab and Death Throttle respectively . In the game the player drives a taxicab through a post-apocalyptic city , picking up customers and killing enemies . Due to the gratuitous violence the game was controversial at the time of release .'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Imagexcel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imagexcel', 'summary': "Rockstar Games Toronto ULC ( trade name : Rockstar Toronto ; formerly Imagexcel , Alternative Reality Technologies and Rockstar Canada ) is a Canadian video game developer and a studio of Rockstar Games based in Oakville , Ontario . The company was established as Imagexcel and became part of GameTek through its Alternative Reality Technologies ( ART ) division in March 1995 . ART was acquired by Take-Two Interactive in July 1997 and became part of Take-Two 's Rockstar Games label in 1999 as Rockstar Canada . In August 2002 , the company was renamed Rockstar Toronto to avoid confusion with the newly-acquired Rockstar Vancouver . Under Rockstar Games , Rockstar Toronto has primarily been a porting house for games developed by other studios of Rockstar Games , but also developed the 2005 game The Warriors , based on the 1979 film of the same name , and co-developed Max Payne 3 , as part of Rockstar Studios , in 2011 . Following the release of Max Payne 3 , Rockstar Vancouver was folded and merged into Rockstar Toronto , with the resulting company moving into new , bigger offices ."}]}, {'value': 'GameTek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GameTek', 'summary': "GameTek was a video game publisher based in North Miami Beach , Florida well known for publishing video game adaptations of game shows in the late 1980s and early 1990s . GameTek was a trade name for IJE , the owner of electronic publishing rights to Jeopardy ! and Wheel of Fortune . Originally IJE licensed these titles to ShareData of Chandler , Arizona ; however , when IJE saw ShareData 's success with the titles , IJE decided to publish the titles themselves , resulting in the founding of GameTek . After establishing distribution for the game show titles , GameTek branched out by licensing European titles for the North American market , including Frontier : Elite II and The Humans . In 1996 GameTek scaled down its publishing activities , turning most of that aspect of its business over to Philips . GameTek filed for bankruptcy in 1997 and closed in July 1998 . Most of the company 's assets were acquired by Take-Two Interactive in 1997 ."}]}, {'value': 'Quarantine II : Road Warrior', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarantine_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Quarantine is a 1994 racing/first-person shooter video game for MS-DOS and 3DO , created by Imagexcel and published by GameTek . Versions for the Japanese market were done in 1996 by Asmik for the PlayStation and MediaQuest for the Sega Saturn , renamed as Hard Rock Cab and Death Throttle respectively . In the game the player drives a taxicab through a post-apocalyptic city , picking up customers and killing enemies . Due to the gratuitous violence the game was controversial at the time of release .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GameTek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GameTek', 'summary': "GameTek was a video game publisher based in North Miami Beach , Florida well known for publishing video game adaptations of game shows in the late 1980s and early 1990s . GameTek was a trade name for IJE , the owner of electronic publishing rights to Jeopardy ! and Wheel of Fortune . Originally IJE licensed these titles to ShareData of Chandler , Arizona ; however , when IJE saw ShareData 's success with the titles , IJE decided to publish the titles themselves , resulting in the founding of GameTek . After establishing distribution for the game show titles , GameTek branched out by licensing European titles for the North American market , including Frontier : Elite II and The Humans . In 1996 GameTek scaled down its publishing activities , turning most of that aspect of its business over to Philips . GameTek filed for bankruptcy in 1997 and closed in July 1998 . Most of the company 's assets were acquired by Take-Two Interactive in 1997 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mindscape', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mindscape', 'summary': "Mindscape was a French ( previously American ) video game developer and publisher based in Boulogne-Billancourt . The company was founded by Roger Buoy in October 1983 in the Northbrook , Illinois , originally as part of SFN Companies until a management buyout was completed in 1987 . Mindscape went public in 1988 and was subsequently acquired in 1990 by The Software Toolworks , eyeing Mindscape 's Nintendo license . When Toolworks was acquired by Pearson plc in 1994 , Mindscape became the primary identity for the development group . Mindscape was then sold to The Learning Company in 1998 , and bought out by Jean-Pierre Nordman in 2001 . Following the poor performance of its products , Mindscape exited the video game industry in August 2011. Notable titles released by Mindscape include Déjà Vu , Balance of Power , Sub Mission : A Matter of Life and Death , and Lego Island ."}]}, {'value': "Quarky & Quaysoo 's Turbo Science", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Quarky_&_Quaysoo's_Turbo_Science", 'summary': "Quarky & Quaysoo 's Turbo Science is an educational computer game developed by Jeff Tunnell Productions and published by Sierra On-Line for MS-DOS in early 1992 . It was designed to teach scientific concepts to children . The game centered on Quarky and Quaysoo O'Gandi , two space elfs that were green and yellow respectively . With the help of the player they raced through a town in vehicles ranging from cars to jet packs . To purchase vehicles , the player answered questions relating to science at stops along the way . Each stop had a theme : the construction site was simple machines , Clown College was chemistry , etc . There were three opposing teams : two tough street fighters , a pair of alien siblings , and a know-it-all named Odessa King . The game also featured an information book that ran over one-hundred pages long and taught science topics such as optics ( via a run-in with the light police ) and energy ( with the help of Sheik Oil Slick ) ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeff Tunnell Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Tunnell_Productions', 'summary': 'The Incredible Machine ( sometimes abbreviated as TIM ) is a series of video games that were originally designed and coded by Kevin Ryan and produced by Jeff Tunnell , the now-defunct Jeff Tunnell Productions , and published by Dynamix ; the 1993 through 1995 versions had the same development team , but the later 2000-2001 titles had different designers . All versions were published by Sierra Entertainment . The entire series and intellectual property were acquired by Jeff Tunnell-founded PushButton Labs in October 2009 . Pushbutton Labs was later acquired by Playdom , itself a division of Disney Interactive , so as of now the rights are held by The Walt Disney Company . In 2013 , Jeff Tunnell announced a new game , called Contraption Maker , that would be the spiritual successor to the Incredible Machine series . Contraption Maker was produced by Spotkin Games , a company founded by Jeff Tunnell , and featured the same developers of the original Incredible Machine . It was released through Steam for Windows and OS X on July 7 , 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sierra On-Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sierra_On-Line', 'summary': "Sierra Entertainment , Inc. ( formerly On-Line Systems and Sierra On-Line , Inc. ) was an American video game developer and publisher . Founded in 1979 as On-Line Systems , by Ken and Roberta Williams , Sierra is known primarily for its graphic adventure game series such as King 's Quest , Space Quest , Police Quest , Gabriel Knight , Leisure Suit Larry , and Quest for Glory . Sierra On-Line was acquired by CUC International in February 1996 and became part of CUC International 's newly established CUC Software ( sold and renamed multiple times until becoming Vivendi Games in 2006 ) . In June 2004 , after months of significant downsizing and restructuring at the company , Sierra Entertainment was disestablished as a company in August that year . Sierra continued to operate as a division of Vivendi Games through June 2008 , when Vivendi Games merged with Activision and formed Activision Blizzard , with Sierra becoming part of Activision Blizzard 's Activision subsidiary , though shut down later that year . The Sierra brand name was revived by Activision in 2014 to re-release former Sierra games and some independently-developed games ."}]}, {'value': 'Quarterback Attack with Mike Ditka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback_Attack_with_Mike_Ditka', 'summary': "Quarterback Attack with Mike Ditka is a 1995 football video game published by Digital Pictures for the Sega Saturn , 3DO and MS-DOS . It features Mike Ditka as head coach of the player 's team . Unlike in most football video games , the player does not control an entire team . Instead , Quarterback Attack attempts to simulate the experience of being a professional quarterback , with the other players rendered in full motion video ( FMV ) . This break with convention divided critical response to the game . The game was developed on a budget of two million dollars . The video footage was filmed over two weeks . When asked if it was difficult to call up his usual energy when working with a film crew instead of a real game-day situation , Mike Ditka said , I 've been called a lot of things , and being called 'an actor ' has been one of them . It 's not that hard to do , really . Footage from the game was used in the film Game Over . After Digital Pictures bankruptcy , the rights to several of their games were purchased by a consortium that included visual effects company Flash Film Works . In December 2016 , Quarterback Attack was remastered from the original source video and released as an app for Google Play and iTunes ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Digital Pictures', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Digital_Pictures', 'summary': "Digital Pictures was an American video game developer founded in 1991 by Lode Coen , Mark Klein , Ken Melville , Anne Flaut-Reed , Kevin Welsh and Tom Zito . The company originated from an attempt to produce a game for the failed VHS-based NEMO game system . One of its first titles , Night Trap was originally produced as a title for the NEMO , before being converted for use with Sega 's new Sega CD . The mature-themed content of Night Trap made it the source of some controversy . Nevertheless , the title was a bestseller . Digital Pictures went on to create other full motion video-based titles primarily for Sega hardware , and are regarded as a pioneer of the interactive movie genre . However , the company declined in the mid-1990s due to waning interest in full motion video games . Its final title , Maximum Surge went unreleased and was later repurposed into a film called Game Over ."}]}, {'value': 'Digital Pictures', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queen of Hearts Maze Game , The', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TexaSoft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TexaSoft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queen : The eYe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen:_The_eYe', 'summary': "Queen : The eYe is an action-adventure electronic video game that was released in 1998 by Electronic Arts , and featured music by the rock group Queen which was remixed exclusively for The eYe by Joshua J. Macrae at Roger Taylor 's studio in Surrey . The game is set in the future where the world is ruled by an all-seeing machine called The eYe which has eradicated everything that promotes creative expression . The player takes the role of Dubroc , a secret agent of The eYe who in the course of his duties has re-discovered a database of popular rock music , and is sentenced to death in The Arena , a live television show broadcast through satellites to the world in which the contestant battles fighting arena champions called the Watchers . From there Dubroc goes on a quest to destroy The eYe . Many elements of the story were adapted into the Queen musical We Will Rock You . Queen : The eYe came on five CDs , each of which includes several of the Queen tracks in the Red Book Audio format used by audio CD players , though some songs can only be heard by playing the game . The game suffered poor sales due to weak gameplay , very little promotion and graphics that already seemed dated at release due to the game 's unusually long development time ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Destination Design', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Electronic Arts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Electronic_Arts', 'summary': "Electronic Arts Inc. ( EA ) is an American video game company headquartered in Redwood City , California . It is the second-largest gaming company in the Americas and Europe by revenue and market capitalization after Activision Blizzard and ahead of Take-Two Interactive and Ubisoft as of March 2018 . Founded and incorporated on May 27 , 1982 , by Apple employee Trip Hawkins , the company was a pioneer of the early home computer games industry and was notable for promoting the designers and programmers responsible for its games . EA published numerous games and productivity software for personal computers and later experimented on techniques to internally develop games , leading to the 1987 release of Skate or Die ! . The company would later decide in favor of abandoning their original principles and acquiring smaller companies that they see profitable , as well as annually releasing franchises to stay profitable . Currently , EA develops and publishes games of established franchises , including Battlefield , Need for Speed , The Sims , Medal of Honor , Command & Conquer , Dead Space , Mass Effect , Dragon Age , Army of Two , Titanfall , and Star Wars , as well as the EA Sports titles FIFA , Madden NFL , NBA Live , NHL , and EA Sports UFC . Their desktop titles appear on self-developed Origin , an online gaming digital distribution platform for PCs and a direct competitor to Valve 's Steam and Epic Games ' Store . EA also owns and operates major gaming studios such as EA Tiburon in Orlando , EA Vancouver in Burnaby , DICE in Sweden and Los Angeles , BioWare in Edmonton and Austin , and Respawn Entertainment in Los Angeles ."}]}, {'value': 'Quest II', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A. Dax', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quest for Glory I : So You Want To Be A Hero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quest_for_Glory_I:_So_You_Want_To_Be_A_Hero', 'summary': "Quest for Glory : So You Want to Be a Hero ( originally known as Hero 's Quest : So You Want to Be a Hero ) is a 1989 adventure game/role-playing game hybrid , designed by Lori Ann Cole and published by Sierra On-Line for MS-DOS . It is the first game in the Quest for Glory series , and has been credited for being a genre-defining game , as it tried to mix graphical adventure gaming with role-playing-like elements such as statistic building ( strength , intelligence , health ) that would actually affect the ability to accomplish certain parts of the game . The game has a satirical and silly tone . Ports for the Amiga , Atari ST , and NEC PC-9801 were released in the early 1990s . A VGA remake , titled Quest for Glory I : So You Want To Be A Hero , was released in 1992 for DOS and later in 1994 for Mac OS ."}]}, {'value': '1989 , 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sierra On-Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sierra_On-Line', 'summary': "Sierra Entertainment , Inc. ( formerly On-Line Systems and Sierra On-Line , Inc. ) was an American video game developer and publisher . Founded in 1979 as On-Line Systems , by Ken and Roberta Williams , Sierra is known primarily for its graphic adventure game series such as King 's Quest , Space Quest , Police Quest , Gabriel Knight , Leisure Suit Larry , and Quest for Glory . Sierra On-Line was acquired by CUC International in February 1996 and became part of CUC International 's newly established CUC Software ( sold and renamed multiple times until becoming Vivendi Games in 2006 ) . In June 2004 , after months of significant downsizing and restructuring at the company , Sierra Entertainment was disestablished as a company in August that year . Sierra continued to operate as a division of Vivendi Games through June 2008 , when Vivendi Games merged with Activision and formed Activision Blizzard , with Sierra becoming part of Activision Blizzard 's Activision subsidiary , though shut down later that year . The Sierra brand name was revived by Activision in 2014 to re-release former Sierra games and some independently-developed games ."}]}, {'value': 'Sierra On-Line', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quest for Glory II : Trial by Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quest_for_Glory_II:_Trial_by_Fire', 'summary': "Quest for Glory II : Trial by Fire is the second video game in Sierra On-Line 's Quest for Glory series , and the sequel to Hero 's Quest : So You Want to Be a Hero ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sierra On-Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sierra_On-Line', 'summary': "Sierra Entertainment , Inc. ( formerly On-Line Systems and Sierra On-Line , Inc. ) was an American video game developer and publisher . Founded in 1979 as On-Line Systems , by Ken and Roberta Williams , Sierra is known primarily for its graphic adventure game series such as King 's Quest , Space Quest , Police Quest , Gabriel Knight , Leisure Suit Larry , and Quest for Glory . Sierra On-Line was acquired by CUC International in February 1996 and became part of CUC International 's newly established CUC Software ( sold and renamed multiple times until becoming Vivendi Games in 2006 ) . In June 2004 , after months of significant downsizing and restructuring at the company , Sierra Entertainment was disestablished as a company in August that year . Sierra continued to operate as a division of Vivendi Games through June 2008 , when Vivendi Games merged with Activision and formed Activision Blizzard , with Sierra becoming part of Activision Blizzard 's Activision subsidiary , though shut down later that year . The Sierra brand name was revived by Activision in 2014 to re-release former Sierra games and some independently-developed games ."}]}, {'value': 'Sierra On-Line', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quest for Glory III : Wages of War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quest_for_Glory_III:_Wages_of_War', 'summary': "Quest for Glory III : Wages of War is a hybrid adventure/role-playing video game released in 1992 for MS-DOS . It is the third entry in the Quest for Glory video game series , and the sequel to Quest for Glory II : Trial by Fire . Quest for Glory II hinted that Ad Avis would return in this installment of the video game series . However , the Coles did n't think they could reach a new audience with a game that was significantly darker in tone than previous games in the series . Therefore , Quest for Glory III : Wages of War was created instead with the game just hinting at the whereabouts of Ad Avis and saving that particular plotline for Shadows of Darkness , which was changed to the fourth in the series . The game was re-released on Steam with support for Windows ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sierra On-Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sierra_On-Line', 'summary': "Sierra Entertainment , Inc. ( formerly On-Line Systems and Sierra On-Line , Inc. ) was an American video game developer and publisher . Founded in 1979 as On-Line Systems , by Ken and Roberta Williams , Sierra is known primarily for its graphic adventure game series such as King 's Quest , Space Quest , Police Quest , Gabriel Knight , Leisure Suit Larry , and Quest for Glory . Sierra On-Line was acquired by CUC International in February 1996 and became part of CUC International 's newly established CUC Software ( sold and renamed multiple times until becoming Vivendi Games in 2006 ) . In June 2004 , after months of significant downsizing and restructuring at the company , Sierra Entertainment was disestablished as a company in August that year . Sierra continued to operate as a division of Vivendi Games through June 2008 , when Vivendi Games merged with Activision and formed Activision Blizzard , with Sierra becoming part of Activision Blizzard 's Activision subsidiary , though shut down later that year . The Sierra brand name was revived by Activision in 2014 to re-release former Sierra games and some independently-developed games ."}]}, {'value': 'Sierra On-Line', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quest for Glory IV : Shadows of Darkness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quest_for_Glory_IV:_Shadows_of_Darkness', 'summary': 'Quest for Glory : Shadows of Darkness is an adventure game/role-playing video game hybrid . It is the fourth installment of the Quest for Glory computer game series by Sierra On-Line . It was the first and only game of the series to drop the numerals from the title .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sierra On-Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sierra_On-Line', 'summary': "Sierra Entertainment , Inc. ( formerly On-Line Systems and Sierra On-Line , Inc. ) was an American video game developer and publisher . Founded in 1979 as On-Line Systems , by Ken and Roberta Williams , Sierra is known primarily for its graphic adventure game series such as King 's Quest , Space Quest , Police Quest , Gabriel Knight , Leisure Suit Larry , and Quest for Glory . Sierra On-Line was acquired by CUC International in February 1996 and became part of CUC International 's newly established CUC Software ( sold and renamed multiple times until becoming Vivendi Games in 2006 ) . In June 2004 , after months of significant downsizing and restructuring at the company , Sierra Entertainment was disestablished as a company in August that year . Sierra continued to operate as a division of Vivendi Games through June 2008 , when Vivendi Games merged with Activision and formed Activision Blizzard , with Sierra becoming part of Activision Blizzard 's Activision subsidiary , though shut down later that year . The Sierra brand name was revived by Activision in 2014 to re-release former Sierra games and some independently-developed games ."}]}, {'value': 'Sierra On-Line', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quest for the Time-bird , The', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Infogrames', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Infogrames', 'summary': 'Atari SA ( formerly Infogrames Entertainment SA ) is a French video game holding company headquartered in Paris . Its subsidiaries include Atari Interactive and Atari , Inc. Because of continuing pressures upon the company , and difficulty finding investors , it sought bankruptcy protection under French law in January 2013 ; its subsidiaries in the United States have sought Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection as well . All three subsidiaries have since exited bankruptcy , and are all going through a vigorous turnaround campaign .'}]}, {'value': 'Infogrames', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Questmaster I : The Prism of Heheutotol', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miles Computing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gigabit Systems', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Quest of Kwirk 's Castle , The", 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JME Engineering', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JME Engineering', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Index_of_MS-DOS_games_(Q)_0', 'intro': 'This is an index of DOS games. This list has been split into multiple pages. Please use the Table of Contents to browse it.'} | null | null | What was the earliest game shown in the table that was developed by the company that was founded in 1979 as On-Line Systems ? | Quest for Glory I : So You Want To Be A Hero |
07ed9a992c800cdc | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Folk_Album', 'title': 'Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album', 'header': ['Year', 'Performing artist ( s )', 'Nationality', 'Work', 'Nominees'], 'data': [{'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards_of_2000', 'summary': 'The 1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards were held in Los Angeles at the Staples Center on Wednesday , September 13 , 2000 . The big winners were Luis Miguel , Santana and Maná with 3 awards ; Juan Luis Guerra , Shakira , Fito Páez and Emilio Estefan Jr. received 2 awards each . Winners were chosen by voting members of the Latin Academy from a list of finalists . The inaugural ceremony was broadcast live on CBS that year and was seen in more than 100 countries across the world . The two-hour show was the first bilingual broadcast ever to air on network television during prime time .'}]}, {'value': 'Mercedes Sosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_Sosa', 'summary': "Haydée Mercedes Sosa ( Spanish pronunciation : [ meɾˈseðes ˈsosa ] ; 9 July 1935 - 4 October 2009 ) , sometimes known as La Negra ( literally : The Black One ) , was an Argentine singer who was popular throughout Latin America and many countries outside the region . With her roots in Argentine folk music , Sosa became one of the preeminent exponents of nueva canción . She gave voice to songs written by many Latin American songwriters . Her music made people hail her as the voice of the voiceless ones . Sosa performed in venues such as the Lincoln Center in New York City , the Théâtre Mogador in Paris and the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City , as well as sell-out shows in New York 's Carnegie Hall and the Roman Colosseum during her final decade of life . Her career spanned four decades and she was the recipient of six Latin Grammy awards ( 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2009 , 2011 ) , including a Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004 and two posthumous Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album in 2009 and 2011 . She won the Premio Gardel in 2000 , the main musical award in Argentina . She served as an ambassador for UNICEF ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Misa Criolla', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hevia - Tierra de nadie Los Nocheros - Nocheros Carlos Núñez - Os amores libres Totó la Momposina - Pacantó', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hevia', 'summary': "José Ángel Hevia Velasco , known professionally as Hevia ( born October 11 , 1967 in Villaviciosa , Asturias ) , is a Spanish bagpiper - specifically , an Asturian gaita player . He commonly performs with his sister , María José , on drums . In 1992 he was awarded first prize for solo bagpipes at the Festival Interceltique de Lorient , Brittany . Possibly his most recognisable composition is the 1998 piece Busindre Reel , from his first album Tierra de Nadie . Hevia is known for helping invent a special brand of MIDI electronic bagpipes , which he is often seen playing live . The instrument was developed with Alberto Arias ( pupil and computer programmer ) and the electronic technician Miguel Dopico . Two of Hevia 's tracks , La Línea Trazada and El Garrotin ( single release ) , appeared on the cross-platform video game Vigilante 8 : 2nd Offense . His music is also featured in Walt Disney World at Epcot , just before the nightly IllumiNations : Reflections of Earth fireworks show ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Nocheros', 'summary': 'Los Nocheros is a pop/folk music group from Salta , Argentina . Composed of Mario Teruel , Rubén Ehizaguirre , Kike Teruel and Álvaro Teruel ( who replaced Jorge Rojas when the latter pursued a solo career in 2005 ) , their 1994 debut album was titled Con El Alma . Los Nocheros gained fame during appearances at the National Folklore Festival in Cosquín , Córdoba . Receiving numerous local awards , they were nominated for a Best Folk Album award at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2005 . Their album sales have totaled around 2,000,000 in Argentina alone . Among the 21 albums the group has released as of 2009 , Signos ( 1998 ) and Señal de Amor ( 2001 ) have been the most successful , with 500,000 and 250,000 sales , each .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Núñez_Muñoz', 'summary': 'Carlos Núñez Muñoz ( born 1971 ) is a Galician musician and multi-instrumentalist who plays the gaita , the traditional Galician bagpipe , Galician flute , ocarina , Irish flute , whistle and low whistle .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Totó_la_Momposina', 'summary': "Sonia Bazanta Vides ( born 1 August 1940 ) , also known as Totó la Momposina , is a Colombian singer of Afro-Colombian and Indigenous descent . She reached international attention with the release of her 1993 album La Candela Viva on Peter Gabriel 's Real World Records label ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards_of_2001', 'summary': 'The winners of the Second Annual Latin Grammy Awards were announced during a press conference on Tuesday , October 30 , 2001 at the Conga Room in Los Angeles , California . The conference , which was broadcast live on the internet , was hosted by Jimmy Smits and Paul Rodriguez . Alejandro Sanz was the big winner winning four awards including Album of the Year . Juanes won three awards including Best New Artist .'}]}, {'value': 'El All-Stars de La Rumba Cubana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Rumba Soy Yo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaime Uribe Espitia , José Revelo and John Villegas - Seresta Hevia - The Other Side Carlos Núñez - Mayo Longo Lázaro Ros - Yamayá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hevia', 'summary': "José Ángel Hevia Velasco , known professionally as Hevia ( born October 11 , 1967 in Villaviciosa , Asturias ) , is a Spanish bagpiper - specifically , an Asturian gaita player . He commonly performs with his sister , María José , on drums . In 1992 he was awarded first prize for solo bagpipes at the Festival Interceltique de Lorient , Brittany . Possibly his most recognisable composition is the 1998 piece Busindre Reel , from his first album Tierra de Nadie . Hevia is known for helping invent a special brand of MIDI electronic bagpipes , which he is often seen playing live . The instrument was developed with Alberto Arias ( pupil and computer programmer ) and the electronic technician Miguel Dopico . Two of Hevia 's tracks , La Línea Trazada and El Garrotin ( single release ) , appeared on the cross-platform video game Vigilante 8 : 2nd Offense . His music is also featured in Walt Disney World at Epcot , just before the nightly IllumiNations : Reflections of Earth fireworks show ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Núñez_Muñoz', 'summary': 'Carlos Núñez Muñoz ( born 1971 ) is a Galician musician and multi-instrumentalist who plays the gaita , the traditional Galician bagpipe , Galician flute , ocarina , Irish flute , whistle and low whistle .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lázaro_Ros', 'summary': 'Lázaro Ros ( May 11 , 1925 - February 8 , 2005 ) was an Afro-Cuban singer . His music borrowed much from Africa , as he performed music of the Lucumí culture , of the Yoruba people from modern-day Nigeria , and of the Arará culture of the Dahomeyan people from modern-day Benin . Ros was largely self-taught , and first learned to sing by learning the chants associated with Santería , a religion based in the Lucumí and Arará cultures .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards_of_2002', 'summary': "The 3rd Annual Latin Grammys were held in Los Angeles at the Kodak Theatre on Wednesday , September 18 , 2002 . Alejandro Sanz was the night 's big winner winning a total of three awards including Album of the Year . The ceremony returned in style after the 2001 ceremony was cancelled because of the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks across America , and all presenters apologized to viewers during the broadcast for such ."}]}, {'value': 'Susana Baca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susana_Baca', 'summary': "Susana Esther Baca de la Colina ( Spanish pronunciation : [ suˈsana ˈβaka ] ; born 24 May 1944 in Chorrillos , Lima Province , Peru ) is a prominent Peruvian singer-songwriter , school teacher , folklorist , ethnomusicologist and two-times Latin Grammy Award winner . She has been a key figure in the revival of Afro-Peruvian music . In July 2011 , she was named Peru 's Minister of Culture in the Ollanta Humala government , becoming the second Afro-Peruvian cabinet minister in the history of independent Peru . In November 2011 she was elected to the Organization of American States ( OAS ) as the President of the Commission of Culture for the period 2011-13 ."}]}, {'value': 'Peru', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lamento Negro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berrogüetto - Hepta Kepa Junkera - Maren Petrona Martínez - Bonito Que Canta Lázaro Ros - Orisha Ayé . Shangó', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berrogüetto', 'summary': 'Berrogüetto is a folk band from Galicia , formed in the spring of 1995 . They are signed to BOA records and released their first album Navicularia in 1996 , going on to receive various awards . The name Berrogüetto was born when the components of this artistic project met in Vigo to form and give a name to the new grouping . The name is a neologism , that has a triple origin Berro meaning scream or shout in Galician , Güeto from the word ghetto and , finally , Soweto , the South African district where the fight against apartheid started . The amalgamation of these three names , of these three semantic ideas , is the word Berrogüetto , that would come to mean the shout of the ghetto - the oppressed ones . The group was disbanded in February 2014 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kepa_Junkera', 'summary': 'Kepa Junkera Urraza ( born 1965 in Bilbao , Euskadi , Spain ) is a Basque musician and composer . A master of the trikitixa , the diatonic accordion , he has recorded more than 10 albums . Junkera won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album in 2004 for his album K .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lázaro_Ros', 'summary': 'Lázaro Ros ( May 11 , 1925 - February 8 , 2005 ) was an Afro-Cuban singer . His music borrowed much from Africa , as he performed music of the Lucumí culture , of the Yoruba people from modern-day Nigeria , and of the Arará culture of the Dahomeyan people from modern-day Benin . Ros was largely self-taught , and first learned to sing by learning the chants associated with Santería , a religion based in the Lucumí and Arará cultures .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards_of_2003', 'summary': "The 4th Annual Latin Grammys were held in Miami at the American Airlines Arena on Wednesday , September 3 , 2003 . It was the first time the telecast was held outside of Los Angeles . Juanes was the night 's biggest winner winning a record five awards including Album of the Year . He tied his own record winning five awards again five years later in 2008 . Juan Luis Guerra and Calle 13 also tied this record in 2007 and 2009 respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Mercedes Sosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_Sosa', 'summary': "Haydée Mercedes Sosa ( Spanish pronunciation : [ meɾˈseðes ˈsosa ] ; 9 July 1935 - 4 October 2009 ) , sometimes known as La Negra ( literally : The Black One ) , was an Argentine singer who was popular throughout Latin America and many countries outside the region . With her roots in Argentine folk music , Sosa became one of the preeminent exponents of nueva canción . She gave voice to songs written by many Latin American songwriters . Her music made people hail her as the voice of the voiceless ones . Sosa performed in venues such as the Lincoln Center in New York City , the Théâtre Mogador in Paris and the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City , as well as sell-out shows in New York 's Carnegie Hall and the Roman Colosseum during her final decade of life . Her career spanned four decades and she was the recipient of six Latin Grammy awards ( 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2009 , 2011 ) , including a Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004 and two posthumous Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album in 2009 and 2011 . She won the Premio Gardel in 2000 , the main musical award in Argentina . She served as an ambassador for UNICEF ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Acústico', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alex Acuña and Eva Ayllón with Los Hijos Del Sol - To My Country Eva Ayllón - Eva Los Muñequitos de Matanzas - Rumba De Corazón Raíces Habaneras - Raíces Habaneras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Acuña', 'summary': 'Alejandro Neciosup Acuña ( born December 12 , 1944 ) , known professionally as Alex Acuña , is a Peruvian drummer and percussionist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eva_Ayllón', 'summary': "María Angélica Ayllón Urbina ( born February 7 , 1956 ) better known by her stage name Eva Ayllón , is a composer and singer , one of Peru 's foremost Afro-Peruvian musicians , and one of the country 's most enduring living legends . She holds the record for most nominations without a win with six for the Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eva_Ayllón', 'summary': "María Angélica Ayllón Urbina ( born February 7 , 1956 ) better known by her stage name Eva Ayllón , is a composer and singer , one of Peru 's foremost Afro-Peruvian musicians , and one of the country 's most enduring living legends . She holds the record for most nominations without a win with six for the Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Muñequitos_de_Matanzas', 'summary': 'Los Muñequitos de Matanzas is a Cuban rumba ensemble from the city of Matanzas . The group was established in 1952 as Conjunto Guaguancó Matancero and released their first LP in 1956 through Puchito . Since then , Los Muñequitos have continued to perform and record , becoming one of the most successful and critically acclaimed rumba groups of all time .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards_of_2004', 'summary': 'The 5th Annual Latin Grammy Awards were held on Wednesday , September 1 , 2004 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles . This was the last telecast of the awards nationally in the United States in English with a CBS contract . Effective in 2005 , the awards were announced in Spanish with an exclusive Spanish-language telecast . Alejandro Sanz was the big winner winning four awards including Album of the Year .'}]}, {'value': 'Kepa Junkera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kepa_Junkera', 'summary': 'Kepa Junkera Urraza ( born 1965 in Bilbao , Euskadi , Spain ) is a Basque musician and composer . A master of the trikitixa , the diatonic accordion , he has recorded more than 10 albums . Junkera won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album in 2004 for his album K .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manuel Alejandro - Manuel Alejandro y Punto : Homenaje Al Grupo Haciendo Punto en Otro Son Ecos de Borinquen - Jíbaro Hasta el Hueso : Mountain Music of Puerto Rico Horacio Guarany - Cantor de Cantores Perú Negro - Jolgorio Radio Tarifa - Fiebre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manuel_Alejandro', 'summary': 'Manuel Álvarez-Beigbeder Pérez ( born 1933 ) , better known as Manuel Alejandro , is a Spanish composer of Latin love songs , which are better known as ballads . He has written , composed , and arranged songs for the likes of Luis Miguel , Plácido Domingo , Nino Bravo , Julio Iglesias , Raphael , Hernaldo Zúñiga , José José , José Luis Rodríguez , Emmanuel , Enrique Guzmán , Isabel Pantoja , Rocío Jurado , Rudy Marquez , and Jeanette , among many others .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Perú_Negro', 'summary': "Perú Negro is an Afro-Peruvian musical ensemble founded in 1969 to celebrate and preserve Peru 's black culture and música criolla . Ronaldo Campos de la Colina founded the Lima-based group with 12 family members . The group has been appointed by the government of Peru as the Cultural Ambassadors of Black Peru . When Ronaldo Campos died in 2001 , his son Rony Campos took over the direction of the troupe . Today , the group has over 30 members and a youth troupe , Peru Negrito . The group 's album , Sangre de un Don led to the first ever U.S. tour in 2002 . In 2005 the group was honored with two Grammy nominations for their second US album , Jolgorio . The first nomination came through the Latin Grammys traditional music category and the second for the Grammy 's World Music category and in 2008 the group received another Grammy nomination for their album Zamba Malato . In 2010 , the group teamed up with famed Peruvian singer , Eva Ayllon to record the album 40 years of Afro Peruvian Classics . The collaboration led to a Latin Grammy Nomination for Best Folk Album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Radio_Tarifa', 'summary': 'Radio Tarifa was a Spanish World music ensemble combining Flamenco , Arab-Andalusian music , Arabian music , Moorish music and also influences of the Mediterranean , of the Middle Ages and of the Caribbean . The name of the ensemble comes from an imaginary radio station in Tarifa , a small town in the southernmost Spanish province of Cadiz , Andalusia , the nearest part of Spain to Morocco . Instead of simply fusing musical styles as they currently exist , Radio Tarifa goes back in time to the common past of those styles , back to before 1492 when the Moors and Jews were exiled from Spain . This invented style sheds light upon the real styles of Spain , most notably flamenco although the band rejected all musical purism , preferring to mix arrangements of traditional compositions with their own melodies and combining instruments from Ancient Egypt , classical Greek and Roman times with modern saxophones and electric bass .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards_of_2005', 'summary': 'The 6th Annual Latin Grammy Awards were held in Los Angeles at the Shrine Auditorium on Thursday , November 3 , 2005 . It was the first ceremony to be broadcast by Univision in the United States . Ivan Lins was the big winner winning two awards including Album of the Year . He is the first and only Brazilian and Portuguese language artist to win Album of the Year to date . Alejandro Sanz was honored with Record of the Year and Song of the Year . Juanes won three awards including Best Rock Solo Vocal Album .'}]}, {'value': 'Lila Downs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lila_Downs', 'summary': "Ana Lila Downs Sánchez ( born September 9 , 1968 ) is a Mexican singer-songwriter and actress . She performs her own compositions and the works of others in multiple genres , as well as tapping into Mexican traditional and popular music . She also incorporates indigenous Mexican influences and has recorded songs in many indigenous languages such as Mixtec , Zapotec , Mayan , Nahuatl and Purépecha . Born and raised in Oaxaca , she primarily studied at the Institute of Arts by Oaxaca and briefly attended University of Minnesota , before withdrawing to focus on her musical career . She soon began performing in the traditional music scene of Oaxaca City . Her first album , Ofrenda , was released in 1994 . In 1999 , Downs came to prominence with her debut studio album , La Sandunga , which was a critical and commercial success . She achieved international success in 2001 with the album Border which emerged in the music scene of Mexico and Latin America in the early 2000s ( decade ) . Downs 's seventh album , Pecados y milagros ( 2011 ) , topped album charts in most major markets and generated chart-topping world music albums . Her eighth album , Balas y Chocolate , was released in 2015 . Salón Lágrimas y Deseo , her ninth album , came out in 2017 . Downs began performing in school , demonstrating her vocal ability with traditional music , Latin and American influences , and with her own original twist on dancing ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One Blood Una Sangre', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camerata Coral and Grupo Tepeu - Misa Criolla - Navidad Nuestra De Ariel Ramírez Los Nocheros - Noche Amiga Mía John Santos and El Coro Folklórico Kindembo - Para Ellos Various Artists - Homenaje A Luis Miranda El Pico De Oro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Nocheros', 'summary': 'Los Nocheros is a pop/folk music group from Salta , Argentina . Composed of Mario Teruel , Rubén Ehizaguirre , Kike Teruel and Álvaro Teruel ( who replaced Jorge Rojas when the latter pursued a solo career in 2005 ) , their 1994 debut album was titled Con El Alma . Los Nocheros gained fame during appearances at the National Folklore Festival in Cosquín , Córdoba . Receiving numerous local awards , they were nominated for a Best Folk Album award at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2005 . Their album sales have totaled around 2,000,000 in Argentina alone . Among the 21 albums the group has released as of 2009 , Signos ( 1998 ) and Señal de Amor ( 2001 ) have been the most successful , with 500,000 and 250,000 sales , each .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Santos', 'summary': "The Machete Ensemble was a Latin jazz band whose 21-year organization ended with its final concert on November 12 , 2006 , when it closed the 2006 San Francisco Jazz Festival . KQED News noted that it seemed like everyone who was ever part of the San Francisco Latin jazz scene was on hand to bid adios to John Santos ' Machete Ensemble . Its main personnel were San Francisco Bay Area musicians John Santos , director , congas , percussion , composer ; Orestes Vilató , timbales , bongos ; John Calloway , flute , composer/arranger ; Wayne Wallace , trombone , composer/arranger ; Melecio Magdaluyo , saxophone , clarinet , flute ; Ron Stallings , saxophone , clarinet ; David Belove , bass ; Paul Van Wageningen , drumset ; Murray Low , piano ; Orlando Torriente , vocals , percussion ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards_of_2006', 'summary': 'The 7th Annual Latin Grammy Awards were held for the first time in New York City , NY . The awards show was held at Madison Square Garden on Thursday , November 2 , 2006 . Shakira was the big winner winning Album of the Year , one of four awards that she won . She is the first female artist to win Record of the Year , Album of the Year , and Song of the Year .'}]}, {'value': 'Mercedes Sosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_Sosa', 'summary': "Haydée Mercedes Sosa ( Spanish pronunciation : [ meɾˈseðes ˈsosa ] ; 9 July 1935 - 4 October 2009 ) , sometimes known as La Negra ( literally : The Black One ) , was an Argentine singer who was popular throughout Latin America and many countries outside the region . With her roots in Argentine folk music , Sosa became one of the preeminent exponents of nueva canción . She gave voice to songs written by many Latin American songwriters . Her music made people hail her as the voice of the voiceless ones . Sosa performed in venues such as the Lincoln Center in New York City , the Théâtre Mogador in Paris and the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City , as well as sell-out shows in New York 's Carnegie Hall and the Roman Colosseum during her final decade of life . Her career spanned four decades and she was the recipient of six Latin Grammy awards ( 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2009 , 2011 ) , including a Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004 and two posthumous Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album in 2009 and 2011 . She won the Premio Gardel in 2000 , the main musical award in Argentina . She served as an ambassador for UNICEF ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corazón Libre', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quique Domenech and Alejandro Croatto - Con El Corazón ... Grupo Renacer - Puerto Rico Te Saluda ... Chango Spasiuk - Tarefero De Mis Pagos Cacho Tirao - La Guitarra Argentina Yoruba Andabo - Rumba En La Habana Con', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chango_Spasiuk', 'summary': 'Horacio Chango Spasiuk ( born September 23 , 1968 in Apóstoles , Misiones ) is an Argentine chamamé musician and accordion player . Of Ukrainian grandparents , El Chango had a strong Polka music influence from his early days ; Eastern European musical influences were also already present in the chamamé music of the region . He had his first accordion at age 12 , which he played at parties , weddings and other events with his father and uncle .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards_of_2007', 'summary': "The 8th Annual Latin Grammy Awards took place on Thursday , November 8 , 2007 at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas , Nevada . The show aired on Univision . Juan Luis Guerra was the night 's big winner winning 5 awards including Album of the Year . Juan Luis Guerra was honored as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year one night prior to the telecast ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Gaiteros de San Jacinto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Gaiteros_de_San_Jacinto', 'summary': 'Los Gaiteros de San Jacinto are a Colombian traditional folkloric cumbia group formed in the Caribbean Region of Colombia which have been active since 1940 . Their folkloric music preserves the traditional rhythms and sounds product of a mixture of the Colombian Indigenous , Spanish and Afro-Colombian heritage . The gaiteros meaning those who play the gaita flute and San Jacinto for the town the group originated from San Jacinto in the Colombian Department of Bolívar . On November 9 , 2007 the group won a Latin Grammy award in the category Folkloric Music for their album Un Fuego de Sangre Pura : Los Gaiteros de San Jacinto from Colombia ( A Fire of Pure Blood ) , released on Smithsonian Folkways Recordings .'}]}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Un Fuego de Sangre Pura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Un_Fuego_de_Sangre_Pura', 'summary': 'Un Fuego de Sangre Pura is an album by the Colombian folkloric cumbia group Los Gaiteros de San Jacinto released in 2006 in the Smithsonian Folkways label . On November 9 , 2007 , the group won a Latin Grammy award in the Folkloric Music category .'}]}, {'value': 'Los Muñequitos de Matanzas - Tambor De Fuego Mariza - Concerto em Lisboa Sones de México Ensemble Chicago - Esta Tierra Es Tuya ( This Land is Your Land )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Muñequitos_de_Matanzas', 'summary': 'Los Muñequitos de Matanzas is a Cuban rumba ensemble from the city of Matanzas . The group was established in 1952 as Conjunto Guaguancó Matancero and released their first LP in 1956 through Puchito . Since then , Los Muñequitos have continued to perform and record , becoming one of the most successful and critically acclaimed rumba groups of all time .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mariza', 'summary': "Mariza ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ mɐˈɾizɐ ] ) , ComIH , born Marisa dos Reis Nunes ( born 16 December 1973 ) , is a popular Portuguese fado singer . Mariza was born in Lourenço Marques , Portuguese Mozambique , to a Portuguese father , José Brandão Nunes , and a Mozambican mother , Isabel Nunes . When she was three years old , her family moved to Metropolitan Portugal , and she was raised in Lisbon 's historic quarters of Mouraria and Alfama . While very young she began singing in a wide variety of musical styles , including gospel , soul and jazz . Her father strongly encouraged her to adopt fado ; he felt that participating in the traditional music would grant her greater acceptance in the Portuguese community . Mariza has sold over 1,000,000 records worldwide ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Concerto_em_Lisboa', 'summary': 'Concerto em Lisboa is an album released on November 6 , 2006 by fado singer Mariza . It was nominated in 2007 for a Latin Grammy in the category of Best Folk Album , becoming the first Portuguese artist to receive a nomination for a Latin Grammy Award .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sones_de_México_Ensemble_Chicago', 'summary': "Sones de México Ensemble Chicago is a Chicago , United States , folk music group that specializes in the Mexican musical tradition known as son . Sones de México Ensemble Chicago formed in 1994 to keep the Mexican son tradition alive in its many regional forms , including the regional styles of huapango , gustos , chilenas , and son jarocho , among others . As performers and recording artists , the ensemble has developed and popularized many original arrangements of Mexican traditional tunes touring mostly in the Midwest , East Coast and Southern U.S . Some of its original work has experimented cross-culturally with symphonic , Irish , folk , country , jazz , and rock music , though never abandoning its roots in Mexican son . Also a not-for-profit 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) organization , the ensemble is committed to teaching . The ensemble members reach out to young and old with many of their educational programs nationwide . Sones de México 's album Esta Tierra Es Tuya ( This Land Is Your Land ) was nominated both for a Latin Grammy for Best Folk Album of 2007 and for a Grammy for Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album . The title song is the group 's translation of the Woody Guthrie song , with some slight modifications for the Mexican immigrant context . That album also included arrangements of J.S . Bach 's Brandenburg Concerto No . 3 and of Led Zeppelin 's instrumental Four Sticks , with most of the remaining nine pieces being traditional , all played on over 50 all-acoustic instruments from México . In 2010 Sones de México marked the 100th anniversary of the Mexican Revolution with its ¡Viva la Revolución !"}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards_of_2008', 'summary': "The 9th Annual Latin Grammy Awards took place on Thursday , November 13 , 2008 at the Toyota Center in Houston , Texas and were aired on Univision . The Brazilian Field awards were presented on the same day at the Ibirapuera Auditorium in São Paulo . The Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year was Gloria Estefan . Juanes was the night 's big winner , winning 5 awards including Album of the Year . He now has 17 Latin Grammy awards which is more than any other recording artist ."}]}, {'value': 'Cholo Valderrama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caballo !', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damaris - Mil Caminos Mariza - Terra Perú Negro - Zamba Malató Walter Silva - 20 Éxitos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damaris_(singer)', 'summary': 'Damaris Mallma Porras ( born January 26 , 1986 in Huancayo ) , is a Peruvian folk singer . She is a representative of contemporary Andean music , which consists of a mix of the traditional Native American language Quechua and modern pop music .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mariza', 'summary': "Mariza ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ mɐˈɾizɐ ] ) , ComIH , born Marisa dos Reis Nunes ( born 16 December 1973 ) , is a popular Portuguese fado singer . Mariza was born in Lourenço Marques , Portuguese Mozambique , to a Portuguese father , José Brandão Nunes , and a Mozambican mother , Isabel Nunes . When she was three years old , her family moved to Metropolitan Portugal , and she was raised in Lisbon 's historic quarters of Mouraria and Alfama . While very young she began singing in a wide variety of musical styles , including gospel , soul and jazz . Her father strongly encouraged her to adopt fado ; he felt that participating in the traditional music would grant her greater acceptance in the Portuguese community . Mariza has sold over 1,000,000 records worldwide ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Terra_(Mariza_album)', 'summary': "Terra is the fourth studio album by Portuguese fado singer Mariza , released on 30 June 2008 . At the Latin Grammy Awards , it was nominated for both Best Folk Album and Best Producer . Contributions from Cape Verdean singer Tito Paris , Argentine guitarist Dominic Miller , and Spanish singer Concha Buika give Terra a jazz , African , and Latin influence . Also included at the end of the album is a cover of Charlie Chaplin 's famous ballad , Smile ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Perú_Negro', 'summary': "Perú Negro is an Afro-Peruvian musical ensemble founded in 1969 to celebrate and preserve Peru 's black culture and música criolla . Ronaldo Campos de la Colina founded the Lima-based group with 12 family members . The group has been appointed by the government of Peru as the Cultural Ambassadors of Black Peru . When Ronaldo Campos died in 2001 , his son Rony Campos took over the direction of the troupe . Today , the group has over 30 members and a youth troupe , Peru Negrito . The group 's album , Sangre de un Don led to the first ever U.S. tour in 2002 . In 2005 the group was honored with two Grammy nominations for their second US album , Jolgorio . The first nomination came through the Latin Grammys traditional music category and the second for the Grammy 's World Music category and in 2008 the group received another Grammy nomination for their album Zamba Malato . In 2010 , the group teamed up with famed Peruvian singer , Eva Ayllon to record the album 40 years of Afro Peruvian Classics . The collaboration led to a Latin Grammy Nomination for Best Folk Album ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards_of_2009', 'summary': 'The 10th Annual Latin Grammy Awards took place on Thursday , November 5 , 2009 at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas , Nevada . This was the second time the show took place in Las Vegas . Juan Gabriel was honored as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year on November 4 , the day prior to the telecast . Calle 13 were the big winners , winning five awards including Album of the Year . 2009 marked the ten-year anniversary of the Latin Grammy Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Mercedes Sosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_Sosa', 'summary': "Haydée Mercedes Sosa ( Spanish pronunciation : [ meɾˈseðes ˈsosa ] ; 9 July 1935 - 4 October 2009 ) , sometimes known as La Negra ( literally : The Black One ) , was an Argentine singer who was popular throughout Latin America and many countries outside the region . With her roots in Argentine folk music , Sosa became one of the preeminent exponents of nueva canción . She gave voice to songs written by many Latin American songwriters . Her music made people hail her as the voice of the voiceless ones . Sosa performed in venues such as the Lincoln Center in New York City , the Théâtre Mogador in Paris and the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City , as well as sell-out shows in New York 's Carnegie Hall and the Roman Colosseum during her final decade of life . Her career spanned four decades and she was the recipient of six Latin Grammy awards ( 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2009 , 2011 ) , including a Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004 and two posthumous Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album in 2009 and 2011 . She won the Premio Gardel in 2000 , the main musical award in Argentina . She served as an ambassador for UNICEF ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cantora 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cantora_1', 'summary': 'Cantora 1 is a studio album by the late Argentine singer Mercedes Sosa . It was released in 2009 and features duets with prominent Latin American recording artists . It was certified platinum by the CAPIF . This means that the album sold 40,000 copies in Argentina . Cantora , un Viaje Íntimo features Cantora 1 and Cantora 2 . The recompilation sold more than 200,000 copies in Argentina .'}]}, {'value': "Eva Ayllón - Kimba Fá Los Muñequitos de Matanzas - D ' Palo Pa ' Rumba Walter Silva - Ya No Le Camino Mas Soledad - Folklore", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eva_Ayllón', 'summary': "María Angélica Ayllón Urbina ( born February 7 , 1956 ) better known by her stage name Eva Ayllón , is a composer and singer , one of Peru 's foremost Afro-Peruvian musicians , and one of the country 's most enduring living legends . She holds the record for most nominations without a win with six for the Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Muñequitos_de_Matanzas', 'summary': 'Los Muñequitos de Matanzas is a Cuban rumba ensemble from the city of Matanzas . The group was established in 1952 as Conjunto Guaguancó Matancero and released their first LP in 1956 through Puchito . Since then , Los Muñequitos have continued to perform and record , becoming one of the most successful and critically acclaimed rumba groups of all time .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Soledad_Pastorutti', 'summary': "Soledad La Sole Pastorutti ( born October 12 , 1980 in Arequito , Santa Fe ) is an Argentine folk singer , who brought the genre to the younger generations at the end of the 20th century , and the beginning of the 21st . She is also a film and TV actress . Soledad is the older sister of Argentine singer Natalia Pastorutti . Her first album , Poncho al Viento , is Sony Music 's best-selling album ever in Argentina according to Alberto Caldero , Sony Music 's president in the late 90s , in an interview with La Nación newspaper . Her second album , La Sole , is Sony Music Argentina 's second best-selling album ever . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards_of_2010', 'summary': "The 11th Annual Latin Grammy Awards were held on Thursday , November 11 , 2010 at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas , Nevada . It was the third time the annual event had taken place at this location . The eligibility period for recordings to be nominated was July 1 , 2009 to June 30 , 2010 . Nominations were announced on September 8 , 2010 . On September 14 , 2010 it was announced that the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year honoree would be Plácido Domingo . The big winners of the night were Camila , Juan Luis Guerra and Gustavo Cerati with three awards . Juan Luis Guerra 's A Son de Guerra was awarded the Album of the Year , the second time he has received this award . Mientes by pop band Camila won the Record of the Year and Song of the Year . Alex Cuba and Nelly Furtado became the first Canadian musicians to receive a Latin Grammy Award . Cuba received a Latin Grammy Award for Best New Artist and Furtado the Best Female Pop Vocal Album ."}]}, {'value': 'Ilan Chester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilan_Chester', 'summary': 'Ilan Chester ( born Ilan Czenstochowski ) is a celebrated Venezuelan musician , singer , songwriter and record producer . Born in Israel in 1952 , to Ashkenazi parents , Ilan emigrated to Venezuela in 1953 .'}]}, {'value': 'Venezuela', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tesoros de la Música Venezolana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Checo Acosta - El Folclor de Mi Tierra Eva Ayllón - Canta a Chabuca Granda Petrona Martínez - Las Penas Alegres Juan Fernando Velasco - Con Toda el Alma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Checo_Acosta', 'summary': 'Alcibiades Antonio Acosta Agudelo ( June 6 , 1965 in Soledad , Atlántico , Colombia ) is a Colombian folk singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eva_Ayllón', 'summary': "María Angélica Ayllón Urbina ( born February 7 , 1956 ) better known by her stage name Eva Ayllón , is a composer and singer , one of Peru 's foremost Afro-Peruvian musicians , and one of the country 's most enduring living legends . She holds the record for most nominations without a win with six for the Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Juan_Fernando_Velasco', 'summary': 'Juan Fernando Velasco ( born January 17 , 1972 in Quito , Ecuador ) is an Ecuadorian musician .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards_of_2011', 'summary': 'The 12th Annual Latin Grammy Awards was held on Thursday , November 10 , 2011 , at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas and was hosted by Lucero and Cristián de la Fuente . The eligibility period for recordings to be nominated is July 1 , 2010 to June 30 , 2011 . The show will be aired on Univision . Puerto Rican band Calle 13 were the big winners of the night with nine awards ( breaking the previous record of five wins in a single ceremony ) including Album of the Year for Entren Los Que Quieran ; and Record of the Year and Song of the Year for Latinoamérica . The Best New Artist award went to Sie7e . Shakira was honored as the Person of the Year the night before the telecast and she also won the award for Best Female Pop Vocal Album for Sale El Sol .'}]}, {'value': 'Mercedes Sosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_Sosa', 'summary': "Haydée Mercedes Sosa ( Spanish pronunciation : [ meɾˈseðes ˈsosa ] ; 9 July 1935 - 4 October 2009 ) , sometimes known as La Negra ( literally : The Black One ) , was an Argentine singer who was popular throughout Latin America and many countries outside the region . With her roots in Argentine folk music , Sosa became one of the preeminent exponents of nueva canción . She gave voice to songs written by many Latin American songwriters . Her music made people hail her as the voice of the voiceless ones . Sosa performed in venues such as the Lincoln Center in New York City , the Théâtre Mogador in Paris and the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City , as well as sell-out shows in New York 's Carnegie Hall and the Roman Colosseum during her final decade of life . Her career spanned four decades and she was the recipient of six Latin Grammy awards ( 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2009 , 2011 ) , including a Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004 and two posthumous Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album in 2009 and 2011 . She won the Premio Gardel in 2000 , the main musical award in Argentina . She served as an ambassador for UNICEF ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deja La Vida Volar - En Gira', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eva Ayllón & Perú Negro - 40 Años de Clasicos Afro Peruanos Jorge Pardo - Música Tradicional Peruana Homenaje A Arturo Zambo Cavero Y Oscar Aviles Soledad Pastorutti - Vivo En Arequito Santoral - Más Que Enamorao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eva_Ayllón', 'summary': "María Angélica Ayllón Urbina ( born February 7 , 1956 ) better known by her stage name Eva Ayllón , is a composer and singer , one of Peru 's foremost Afro-Peruvian musicians , and one of the country 's most enduring living legends . She holds the record for most nominations without a win with six for the Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Soledad_Pastorutti', 'summary': "Soledad La Sole Pastorutti ( born October 12 , 1980 in Arequito , Santa Fe ) is an Argentine folk singer , who brought the genre to the younger generations at the end of the 20th century , and the beginning of the 21st . She is also a film and TV actress . Soledad is the older sister of Argentine singer Natalia Pastorutti . Her first album , Poncho al Viento , is Sony Music 's best-selling album ever in Argentina according to Alberto Caldero , Sony Music 's president in the late 90s , in an interview with La Nación newspaper . Her second album , La Sole , is Sony Music Argentina 's second best-selling album ever . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards_of_2012', 'summary': "The 13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards was held on Thursday , November 15 , 2012 at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas , Nevada . It was the fifth time the awards was held at this venue and in Las Vegas . It also marks the last year in the Latin Recording Academy 's contract where the Mandalay Bay Events Center hosted . It is unknown if the awards will continue to be held at this location beyond 2012 . Recordings must have been released between July 1 , 2011 and June 30 , 2012 in order to be eligible for the 13th Latin Grammy Awards . Nominations were announced on September 25 , 2012 . Juan Luis Guerra led the nominations field with six ; Jesse & Joy earned five nods ; Ricardo Arjona , Edgar Barrera , Juanes , Carla Morrison , Arturo Sandoval , Ivete Sangalo , and Caetano Veloso each received four nominations . The telecast was aired on Univision at 8pm/7c . Caetano Veloso was honored as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year on November 14 , 2012 . Jesse & Joy won four awards including Record of the Year and Song of the Year for ¡Corre ! , Juanes took the Album of the Year for MTV Unplugged and 3BallMTY was named Best New Artist ."}]}, {'value': 'Lila Downs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lila_Downs', 'summary': "Ana Lila Downs Sánchez ( born September 9 , 1968 ) is a Mexican singer-songwriter and actress . She performs her own compositions and the works of others in multiple genres , as well as tapping into Mexican traditional and popular music . She also incorporates indigenous Mexican influences and has recorded songs in many indigenous languages such as Mixtec , Zapotec , Mayan , Nahuatl and Purépecha . Born and raised in Oaxaca , she primarily studied at the Institute of Arts by Oaxaca and briefly attended University of Minnesota , before withdrawing to focus on her musical career . She soon began performing in the traditional music scene of Oaxaca City . Her first album , Ofrenda , was released in 1994 . In 1999 , Downs came to prominence with her debut studio album , La Sandunga , which was a critical and commercial success . She achieved international success in 2001 with the album Border which emerged in the music scene of Mexico and Latin America in the early 2000s ( decade ) . Downs 's seventh album , Pecados y milagros ( 2011 ) , topped album charts in most major markets and generated chart-topping world music albums . Her eighth album , Balas y Chocolate , was released in 2015 . Salón Lágrimas y Deseo , her ninth album , came out in 2017 . Downs began performing in school , demonstrating her vocal ability with traditional music , Latin and American influences , and with her own original twist on dancing ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pecados y Milagros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pecados_y_Milagros', 'summary': 'Pecados y milagros ( English : Sins and miracles ) is the seventh studio album by Mexican singer-songwriter Lila Downs , released on October 18 , 2011 . The album cover was released on September 14 , 2011 . The album debuted at number fifty two on the Billboard 200 becoming her fourth-highest peak on the chart . It also debuted at number one on the Billboard Top Latin Albums Chart and stayed there for over 3 consecutive weeks . This album has sold over 60,000 copies in the US and over 290,000 copies worldwide . The album is the first album to win the Grammy Award for Best Regional Mexican Music Album ( including Tejano ) and the Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album .'}]}, {'value': "Eva Ayllón & Inti-Illimani - Eva Ayllón + Inti-Illimani Histórico Reynaldo Armas - Me Emborraché Pa ' Olvidarla Luciano Pereyra - Con Alma De Pueblo Chuchito Valdés & Eddy Navia - Piano & Charango", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eva_Ayllón', 'summary': "María Angélica Ayllón Urbina ( born February 7 , 1956 ) better known by her stage name Eva Ayllón , is a composer and singer , one of Peru 's foremost Afro-Peruvian musicians , and one of the country 's most enduring living legends . She holds the record for most nominations without a win with six for the Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards_of_2013', 'summary': 'The 14th Annual Latin Grammy Awards was held on Thursday , November 21 , 2013 at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas . This was the sixth time that Latin Grammys has been held at this location . The main telecast was broadcast on Univision at 8:00 PM EST . The nominations were announced on September 25 , 2013 . Javier Garza , Illya Kuryaki and the Valderramas and Carlos Vives led the nominations with five nods each . Miguel Bosé was honored as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year on November 20 , the day prior to the Latin Grammy Awards . Carlos Vives was the biggest winner with three awards , including Song of the Year for Volví a Nacer ; Marc Anthony won Record of the Year for Vivir Mi Vida ; Draco Rosa won the award for Album of the Year for Vida ; and Gaby Moreno was awarded Best New Artist . This marks the first time since the inaugural awards that the three categories were given to three different artists . Producer Sergio George won three awards , including Producer of the Year .'}]}, {'value': 'Reynaldo Armas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reynaldo_Armas', 'summary': 'Reinaldo Armas Enguaima ( born August 4 , 1953 ) , better known as Reynaldo Armas , is a Venezuelan llanero singer and composer .'}]}, {'value': 'Venezuela', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Caballo de Oro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gaêlica - Luz - Una Navidad Celta En Venezuela Gualberto Ibarreto and C4 Trío - Gualberto + C4 Los Nocheros - Clásicos - El Pecado Original María Mulata - De Cantos Y Vuelos Chuchito Valdés and Eddy Navia - Carnaval En Piano Charango', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Nocheros', 'summary': 'Los Nocheros is a pop/folk music group from Salta , Argentina . Composed of Mario Teruel , Rubén Ehizaguirre , Kike Teruel and Álvaro Teruel ( who replaced Jorge Rojas when the latter pursued a solo career in 2005 ) , their 1994 debut album was titled Con El Alma . Los Nocheros gained fame during appearances at the National Folklore Festival in Cosquín , Córdoba . Receiving numerous local awards , they were nominated for a Best Folk Album award at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2005 . Their album sales have totaled around 2,000,000 in Argentina alone . Among the 21 albums the group has released as of 2009 , Signos ( 1998 ) and Señal de Amor ( 2001 ) have been the most successful , with 500,000 and 250,000 sales , each .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards_of_2014', 'summary': 'The 15th Annual Latin Grammy Awards was held on November 20 , 2014 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Paradise . This was the first time that Latin Grammys has been held at this location . The main telecast was broadcast on Univision at 8:00PM EST . The nominations were announced on September 24 , 2014 . Puerto Rican musician Eduardo Cabra led the nominations with ten nominations each . Joan Manuel Serrat was honored as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year on November 19 , the day prior to the Latin Grammy Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Lila Downs , Niña Pastori and Soledad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lila_Downs', 'summary': "Ana Lila Downs Sánchez ( born September 9 , 1968 ) is a Mexican singer-songwriter and actress . She performs her own compositions and the works of others in multiple genres , as well as tapping into Mexican traditional and popular music . She also incorporates indigenous Mexican influences and has recorded songs in many indigenous languages such as Mixtec , Zapotec , Mayan , Nahuatl and Purépecha . Born and raised in Oaxaca , she primarily studied at the Institute of Arts by Oaxaca and briefly attended University of Minnesota , before withdrawing to focus on her musical career . She soon began performing in the traditional music scene of Oaxaca City . Her first album , Ofrenda , was released in 1994 . In 1999 , Downs came to prominence with her debut studio album , La Sandunga , which was a critical and commercial success . She achieved international success in 2001 with the album Border which emerged in the music scene of Mexico and Latin America in the early 2000s ( decade ) . Downs 's seventh album , Pecados y milagros ( 2011 ) , topped album charts in most major markets and generated chart-topping world music albums . Her eighth album , Balas y Chocolate , was released in 2015 . Salón Lágrimas y Deseo , her ninth album , came out in 2017 . Downs began performing in school , demonstrating her vocal ability with traditional music , Latin and American influences , and with her own original twist on dancing ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Niña_Pastori', 'summary': 'María Rosa García García better known as Niña Pastori is a Spanish flamenco singer ( cantaora ) . She was born in San Fernando ( Cádiz ) on 15 January 1978 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico , Spain and Argentina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raíz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raíz_(album)', 'summary': "Raíz ( transl . Origin ) is a collaborative studio album by singers Lila Downs , Niña Pastori and Soledad Pastorutti ; released on April 1 , 2014 by RCA Records . The album 's first single , La raíz de mi tierra , was released on February 25 , 2014 on VEVO . Raíz received two nominations at the 2014 Latin Grammys : Record of the Year and Best Folk Album , which it won . It was also nominated at the Grammy Awards 2015 in the category Best Latin Pop Album ."}]}, {'value': 'Albita , Eva Ayllón and Olga Cerpa - Mujeres Con Cajones C4 Trío and Rafael Pollo Brito - De Repente Orozco - Barrientos - Tinto Totó la Momposina - El Asunto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albita', 'summary': "Albita Rodríguez ( born 6 June 1962 ) , known in her music career simply as Albita , is a Grammy-winning Cuban singer , producer and composer . Albita was born in Havana , Cuba . Her parents , Martín Rodríguez and Minerva Herrera were well-known Cuban folk music singers ( who performed as Martín y Minerva or better known as Mima y Pipo ) , which ensured Albita 's exposure to the world of Cuban country music from her early years . Working professionally since her teen years , by the late eighties she had attained recognition among national interpreters of Cuban folk music . In 1988 , her first album , Habrá Música Guajira ( There Will Be Guajira Music ) , was released . In 1990 , work commitments took her to Colombia and from there she defected to the United States on April 15 , 1993 , making the southern city of Miami her place of permanent residence . Once in Miami , Albita got the attention of celebrities like Gianni Versace , Quincy Jones , Madonna , Sylvester Stallone , Paco de Lucia , Tom Cruise , Nicole Kidman , among others that soon became her fans . In 1994 she was signed by Emilio Estefan 's Crescent Moon label and her first single in the U.S. , Qué Manera de Quererte ( What a Way of Loving You ) , was released . In 1995 , her album No Se Parece a Nada ( Like Nothing Else ) saw daylight . Her career in the U.S. has produced success . She travels extensively , performing in such places as Australia , all Europe , Malaysia , Africa and of course all of Latin America . She has shared the stage with Celia Cruz , Willy Chirino , Phil Collins , Tony Bennett , Gilberto Gil , Juan Luis Guerra , Daniela Mercury , Miriam Makeba , Arturo Sandoval , Paquito DRivera and Melissa Etheridge ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eva_Ayllón', 'summary': "María Angélica Ayllón Urbina ( born February 7 , 1956 ) better known by her stage name Eva Ayllón , is a composer and singer , one of Peru 's foremost Afro-Peruvian musicians , and one of the country 's most enduring living legends . She holds the record for most nominations without a win with six for the Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Totó_la_Momposina', 'summary': "Sonia Bazanta Vides ( born 1 August 1940 ) , also known as Totó la Momposina , is a Colombian singer of Afro-Colombian and Indigenous descent . She reached international attention with the release of her 1993 album La Candela Viva on Peter Gabriel 's Real World Records label ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Recipients', 'section_text': 'Mercedes Sosa , the most awarded performer in this category , with five wins . The Peruvian ministry of Culture Susana Baca won the award in 2002 . Lila Downs the first and to date only Mexican to win this award . The Colombian ensemble Gaiteros de San Jacinto won the award in 2007 .', 'uid': 'Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Folk_Album_0', 'intro': "The Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album is an honor presented annually at the Latin Grammy Awards, a ceremony that recognizes excellence and creates a wider awareness of cultural diversity and contributions of Latin recording artists in the United States and internationally. The award goes to solo artists, duos, or groups for releasing vocal or instrumental albums containing at least 51% of new recordings. The award was first presented to Argentine singer Mercedes Sosa for the album Misa Criolla at the 1st Latin Grammy Awards ceremony in 2000. She also happens to be the most nominated and awarded performer in this category with five accolades. Her album Cantora 1 became the first folk album to be nominated for Album of the Year in 2009 but lost to Calle 13's Los de atrás vienen conmigo. In 2011 she became the first artist to receive this award posthumously for the album Deja La Vida Volar. On the other hand, Peruvian singer Eva Ayllón holds the record for most nominations without a win with seven. Musicians originating from Argentina and Colombia have received this award more times than any other nationality winning on four and two occasions respectively."} | null | null | What is the diatonic accordion the 2004 winner of the Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album plays ? | trikitixa |
07ee4b22d43ad4de | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venues_of_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'title': 'Venues of the 1988 Summer Olympics', 'header': ['Venue', 'Sports', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Busan Yachting Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busan_Yachting_Center', 'summary': 'The Busan Yachting Center ( Korean : 수영만 요트경기장 ) is a yachting center in Busan , South Korea . Constructed between June 1983 and May 1986 after receiving permission from the Busan Port Authority in early 1982 , the venue hosted the sailing competitions for the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul .'}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the 1896 Olympics in Athens , Greece ) . With the exception of 1904 and possibly the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics , sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule . The Sailing program of 1988 consisted of a total of eight sailing classes ( disciplines ) . For each class seven races were scheduled from September 20 , 1988 to September 27 , 1988 of the coast of Busan and was the first time that a separate event was allocated exclusively for women ( sailed in the 470 class ) . The sailing was done on the triangular type Olympic courses .'}]}, {'value': '80', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Han River Regatta Course/Canoeing Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Misari_Regatta', 'summary': 'Misari Regatta is a boat racing track and park located in the neighborhood of Misa-dong in Hanam City , Gyeonggi Province , in the vicinity of 20 km east of Seoul , South Korea . It was established for the rowing and canoeing competition during the 1986 Asian Games and the 1988 Olympics . The place has a 4.4 million square meters in total , the lake area of which covers 2,212 m in length , 140m in width and depth 3m . The area was originally a small island surrounded by sand which made its scenery as beautiful as if it were waving , so was named Misa-ri ( sand waving ) in Korean .'}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing , Rowing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , twelve events in sprint canoe racing were contested . The program was unchanged from the previous Games in 1984 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Rowing at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul featured 14 events in total , for men and women , held on the Han River Regatta Course . The women 's quadruple sculls event was held without coxswain for the first time at this Olympics ( from 1976 through 1984 it was coxed for women and coxless for men ) ."}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hanyang University Gymnasium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanyang_University_Gymnasium', 'summary': 'Hanyang University Gymnasium is an indoor sporting arena located in Seoul , South Korea . The capacity of the arena is 8,000 people and was built in 1986 to host volleyball events at the 1988 Summer Olympics . It hosted a roadblock in the US TV series The Amazing Race ( U.S. TV Series ) . An indoor gymnasium with two stories underground and four stories above ground with reinforced concrete truss structure built on the campus of Hanyang University in Haengdang-dong , Seongdong - gu . It is a building of 31,247 ㎡ with a building area of 31,247 ㎡ and its size is 80m * 80m * 26m . The floor of the stadium is 50m * 36m ( Maple tree floor ) and the practice field : 37m * 21m ( 2 sides ) . In the 1988 Seoul Olympics , it is offered as a volleyball arena . Evening games are possible .'}]}, {'value': 'Volleyball preliminaries', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saemaul Sports Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saemaul_Sports_Hall', 'summary': 'Saemaul Sports Hall is an indoor arena located in Seoul , South Korea . Built from June 1984 to June 1986 , it hosted the volleyball preliminaries for the 1988 Summer Olympics . At the Asian Games two years earlier , the hall hosted the judo competitions .'}]}, {'value': 'Volleyball preliminaries', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sangmu Gymnasium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sangmu_Gymnasium', 'summary': 'Sangmu Gymnasium is an indoor sporting arena located in Seongnam , South Korea . The capacity of the arena is 5,000 people and was built in 1986 to host wrestling events at the 1988 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , 20 wrestling events were contested , for all men only . There were 10 weight classes in each of the freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling disciplines .'}]}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seoul Equestrian Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul_Race_Park', 'summary': "LetsRun Park Seoul , also known a Seoul Race Park or Seoul Racecourse Park is a 40,000 capacity Korean thoroughbred racetrack in Gwacheon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea . It is host to many of Korea 's most valuable thoroughbred horse races including the Korean Derby and Grand Prix . LetsRun Park Seoul is located next to Seoul Racecourse Park Station on Line 4 of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway . It is operated by the Korea Racing Authority ( KRA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Equestrian ( all but jumping individual final ) , Modern pentathlon ( riding )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seoul National University Gymnasium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul_National_University_Gymnasium', 'summary': 'Seoul National University Gymnasium is an indoor sporting arena located in Seoul , South Korea . The capacity of the arena is 5,000 people and was built in 1986 to host table tennis and badminton ( demonstration ) events at the 1988 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Badminton ( demonstration ) , table tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Badminton was an exhibition sport at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . There were five events : men 's singles , women 's singles , men 's doubles , women 's doubles , and mixed doubles . Competitions took place at the Seoul National University Gymnasium on 19 September 1988 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Table tennis was first included in the Olympic program at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , with four events contested .'}]}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suwon Gymnasium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suwon_Gymnasium', 'summary': 'Suwon Gymnasium is an indoor sporting arena located in Suwon , South Korea . The arena has a capacity for 5,145 spectators and was built in 1984 to host handball events at the 1988 Summer Olympics . Today , Suwon Gymnasium is part of the Suwon Sports Complex .'}]}, {'value': 'Handball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handball_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Final results for the Handball competition at the 1988 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '6,000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Venues -- New venues', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Venues_of_the_1988_Summer_Olympics_2', 'intro': "For the 1988 Summer Olympics, a total of thirty-one sports venues were used. South Korea hosted its first World Championships in 1978 in shooting sports. Three years later, Seoul was awarded the 1988 Summer Olympics. Many of the venues constructed for the 1988 Games were completed two years earlier in time for the Asian Games. The 1986 Asian Games served as test events for the 1988 Summer Olympics. The men's marathon course was lined by 36,000 policemen. Steffi Graf won a gold medal in women's singles to complete the Golden Slam. None of the football venues used for these games were used for the 2002 FIFA World Cup that Korea co-hosted with Japan."} | null | null | When was the venue with a capacity of 80 built ? | between June 1983 and May 1986 |
07f05935e549ee4c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships', 'title': '1992 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships', 'header': ['Place', 'Nation', 'Total'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '38.650', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '38.550', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Korea', 'summary': "North Korea ( Korean : 조선 ; MR : Chosŏn or literally 북조선 ; MR : Pukchosŏn ) , officially the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( DPRK or DPR Korea ; Korean : 조선민주주의인민공화국 , Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk ) , is a country in East Asia constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula , with Pyongyang as its capital and the largest city in the country . To the north and northwest , the country is bordered by China and by Russia along the Amnok ( known as the Yalu in Chinese ) and Tumen rivers , and to the south , it is bordered by South Korea , with the heavily fortified Korean Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) separating the two . Nevertheless , North Korea , like its southern counterpart , claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands . In 1910 , Korea was annexed by Imperial Japan . At the Japanese surrender at the end of World War II in 1945 , Korea was divided into two zones , with the north occupied by the Soviet Union and the south occupied by the United States . Negotiations on reunification failed , and in 1948 , separate governments were formed : the socialist Democratic People 's Republic of Korea in the north , and the capitalist Republic of Korea in the south . An invasion initiated by North Korea led to the Korean War ( 1950-1953 ) . The Korean Armistice Agreement brought about a ceasefire , but no peace treaty was signed . North Korea officially describes itself as a self-reliant socialist state , and formally holds elections , though they have been described by outside observers as sham elections . Outside observers also generally view North Korea as a Stalinist dictatorship , particularly noting the elaborate cult of personality around the Kim dynasty . The Workers ' Party of Korea ( WPK ) , led by a member of the ruling family , holds absolute power in the state and leads the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland of which all political officers are required to be members . Juche , an ideology of national self-reliance , was introduced into the constitution in 1972 ."}]}, {'value': '38.550', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '38.450', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '38.400', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '37.900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '37.900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': '37.900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '37.850', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '37.800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belarus', 'summary': "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ."}]}, {'value': '37.700', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}]}, {'value': '37.400', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Group -- All-Around', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1992_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships_5', 'intro': 'The XVI World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships were held in Brussels, Belgium, on November 20-22, 1992.'} | null | null | What zone separates the Asian country that scored 38.550 points at the 1992 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships from its southern neighbor ? | Korean Demilitarized Zone |
07f11d81738cfdf9 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Cheshire', 'title': 'List of castles in Cheshire', 'header': ['Castle', 'Location', 'Type', 'Constructed', 'Scheduled Monument', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aldford Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aldford_Castle', 'summary': "Aldford Castle is a motte and bailey castle in the village of Aldford in Cheshire . The motte is to the north of St John 's Church , and the church stands on the site of an infilled bailey ditch . The origin and dates of construction of the castle are uncertain . It is thought initially to have been an earth-and-timber construction , possibly built by Robert de Alford in the mid-12th century , in the time of Henry II , though archaeological evidence of the date is lacking and it may have been significantly earlier . The earliest written records establish that it was in the possession of Richard de Alford in the early 13th century , and after his death in 1213 , of the family of John de Aderne who likely married de Alford 's daughter Margaret . Archaeological findings show that it was rebuilt in stone as a shell keep castle in the 13th century . Some fragments of the stonework around the bailey and significant earthworks survive . It overlooked a ford across the River Dee . The site is a Scheduled Monument ."}]}, {'value': 'Aldford 53°07′49″N 2°52′11″W / 53.1304°N 2.8698°W / 53.1304 ; -2.8698 ( Aldford Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aldford', 'summary': 'Aldford is a village and former civil parish , now in the parish of Aldford and Saighton , in the county of Cheshire , England , south of Chester ( grid reference SJ420592 ) . In 2001 it had a population of 213 , increasing to 272 in the 2011 Census . The civil parish was abolished in 2015 to form Aldford and Saighton .'}]}, {'value': 'Motte-and-bailey and shell keep', 'urls': []}, {'value': '09 12th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The motte , which survives to a height of 5.2 m ( 17 ft ) , is surrounded by a 10 m ( 33 ft ) wide and 2.4 m ( 7 ft 10 in ) deep ditch . The bailey is surrounded by a 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) deep 18 m ( 59 ft ) wide ditch , and is triangular in shape , covering an area of 4,250 m ( 45,700 sq ft ) . A later manor house was probably built on the motte', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beeston Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beeston_Castle', 'summary': "Beeston Castle is a former Royal castle in Beeston , Cheshire , England ( grid reference SJ537593 ) , perched on a rocky sandstone crag 350 feet ( 107 m ) above the Cheshire Plain . It was built in the 1220s by Ranulf de Blondeville , 6th Earl of Chester , ( 1170-1232 ) , on his return from the Crusades . In 1237 , Henry III took over the ownership of Beeston , and it was kept in good repair until the 16th century , when it was considered to be of no further military use , although it was pressed into service again in 1643 , during the English Civil War . The castle was slighted ( partly demolished ) in 1646 , in accordance with Cromwell 's destruction order , to prevent its further use as a bastion . During the 18th century , parts of the site were used as a quarry . The castle is a Scheduled Ancient Monument owned and managed by English Heritage . The walls of the outer bailey and the gatehouse and curtain walls of the inner bailey are recorded separately in the National Heritage List for England as designated Grade I listed buildings . A legend states that the royal treasure of Richard II was buried in the castle grounds but many searches have failed to discover the hoard ."}]}, {'value': 'Beeston 53°07′40″N 2°41′26″W / 53.127894°N 2.690455°W / 53.127894 ; -2.690455 ( Beeston Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beeston,_Cheshire', 'summary': 'Beeston is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester , which itself is located in the ceremonial county of Cheshire in the north of England . It is located approximately 10 km south-east of Chester , and approximately 3.5 km south-west of Tarporley , close to the Shropshire Union Canal . According to the 2011 census , Beeston had a population of 188 .'}]}, {'value': 'Enclosure', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13 1220s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Beeston Castle is on a crag 90 m ( 300 ft ) above the surrounding countryside , at the northern end of the Peckforton Hills . The site is strategically strong because of its natural defences and overlooks the surrounding area for miles . It has an outer and inner bailey and no motte ; this , coupled with strong defensive walls and gatehouse and no inner keep means it is an enclosure type castle . The inner bailey is surrounded by a sheer drop on three sides , and is protected by a 9 m ( 30 ft ) deep ditch on the fourth side . The curtain wall of the outer bailey was 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) thick . It was built in the 1220s by Ranulf de Blondeville , 6th Earl of Chester , and is similar in design to Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire which he built around the same time . The castle passed into the possession of the Crown when John le Scot , Blondeville 's heir , died in 1237 . Beeston Castle was involved in the Second Barons ' War ( 1264-1265 ) when it was captured by Prince Edward from Simon de Montfort , 6th Earl of Leicester . In the English Civil War it was captured by the Parliamentarians and then recaptured by the Royalists before being slighted in 1646 to render its defences useless . The castle is protected as a Grade I listed building and is now a museum", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)', 'summary': 'A curtain wall is a defensive wall between two towers ( bastions ) of a castle , fortress , or town .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ranulf_de_Blondeville,_6th_Earl_of_Chester', 'summary': 'Ranulf de Blondeville , 6th Earl of Chester and 1st Earl of Lincoln ( 1170-1232 ) , known in some references as the 4th Earl of Chester ( in the second lineage of the title after the original family line was broken after the 2nd Earl ) , was one of the old school of Anglo-Norman barons whose loyalty to the Angevin dynasty was consistent but contingent on the receipt of lucrative favours . He has been described as almost the last relic of the great feudal aristocracy of the Conquest .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bolingbroke_Castle', 'summary': 'Bolingbroke Castle is a ruined castle in Bolingbroke ( or Old Bolingbroke ) Lincolnshire , England .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lincolnshire', 'summary': "Lincolnshire ( abbreviated Lincs . ) is a county in eastern England , with a long coastline on the North Sea to the east . It borders Norfolk to the south east , Cambridgeshire to the south , Rutland to the south west , Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire to the west , South Yorkshire to the north west , and the East Riding of Yorkshire to the north . It also borders Northamptonshire in the south for just 20 yards ( 19 m ) , England 's shortest county boundary . The county town is the city of Lincoln , where the county council has its headquarters . The ceremonial county of Lincolnshire is composed of the non-metropolitan county of Lincolnshire and the area covered by the unitary authorities of North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire . Part of the ceremonial county is in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England , and most is in the East Midlands region . The county is the second-largest of the English ceremonial counties and one that is predominantly agricultural in land use . The county is fourth-largest of the two-tier counties , as the unitary authorities of North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire are not included . The county has several geographical sub-regions , including the rolling chalk hills of the Lincolnshire Wolds . In the southeast are the Lincolnshire Fens ( southeast Lincolnshire ) , the Carrs ( similar to the Fens but in north Lincolnshire ) , the industrial Humber Estuary and North Sea coast around Grimsby and Scunthorpe , and in the southwest of the county , the Kesteven Uplands , comprising rolling limestone hills in the district of South Kesteven ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Second_Barons'_War", 'summary': "The Second Barons ' War ( 1264-1267 ) was a civil war in England between the forces of a number of barons led by Simon de Montfort against the royalist forces of King Henry III , led initially by the king himself and later by his son , the future King Edward I . The war featured a series of massacres of Jews by Montfort 's supporters including his sons Henry and Simon , in attacks aimed at seizing and destroying evidence of Baronial debts . After a rule of just over a year , Montfort was killed by forces loyal to the King in the Battle of Evesham ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Edward_I_of_England', 'summary': "Edward I ( 17/18 June 1239 - 7 July 1307 ) , also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots ( Latin : Malleus Scotorum ) , was King of England from 1272 to 1307 . He was the fifth king of the House of Plantagenet . Before his accession to the throne , he was commonly referred to as Lord Edward . The first son of Henry III , Edward was involved from an early age in the political intrigues of his father 's reign , which included an outright rebellion by the English barons . In 1259 , he briefly sided with a baronial reform movement , supporting the Provisions of Oxford . After reconciliation with his father , however , he remained loyal throughout the subsequent armed conflict , known as the Second Barons ' War . After the Battle of Lewes , Edward was hostage to the rebellious barons , but escaped after a few months and defeated the baronial leader Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265 . Within two years the rebellion was extinguished and , with England pacified , Edward joined the Ninth Crusade to the Holy Land . He was on his way home in 1272 when he was informed that his father had died . Making a slow return , he reached England in 1274 and was crowned at Westminster Abbey . Edward spent much of his reign reforming royal administration and common law . Through an extensive legal inquiry , he investigated the tenure of various feudal liberties , while the law was reformed through a series of statutes regulating criminal and property law ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester', 'summary': "Simon de Montfort , 6th Earl of Leicester ( c. 1208 - 4 August 1265 ) , later sometimes referred to as Simon V [ A ] de Montfort to distinguish him from his namesake relatives , was a nobleman of French origin and a member of the English peerage , who led the baronial opposition to the rule of King Henry III of England , culminating in the Second Barons ' War . Following his initial victories over royal forces , he became de facto ruler of the country , and played a major role in the constitutional development of England . During his rule , Montfort called two famous parliaments . The first stripped the King of unlimited authority , while the second included ordinary citizens from the towns . For this reason , Montfort is regarded today as one of the progenitors of modern parliamentary democracy . As Earl of Leicester he expelled Jews from that city ; as he became ruler of England he also cancelled debts owed to Jews through violent seizures of records . Events in London and Worcester , for instance , led to massacres . After a rule of just over a year , Montfort was killed by forces loyal to the King in the Battle of Evesham ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cavalier', 'summary': "Cavalier ( /ˌkævəˈlɪər/ ) was first used by Roundheads as a term of abuse for the wealthier Royalist supporters of King Charles I and his son Charles II of England during the English Civil War , the Interregnum , and the Restoration ( 1642 - c. 1679 ) . It was later adopted by the Royalists themselves . Although it referred originally to political and social attitudes and behaviour , of which clothing was a very small part , it has subsequently become strongly identified with the fashionable clothing of the court at the time . Prince Rupert , commander of much of Charles I 's cavalry , is often considered to be an archetypal Cavalier ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roundhead', 'summary': "Roundheads were the supporters of the Parliament of England during the English Civil War ( 1641-1652 ) . Also known as Parliamentarians , they fought against King Charles I of England and his supporters , known as the Cavaliers or Royalists , who claimed rule by absolute monarchy and the principle of the 'divine right of kings ' . The goal of the Roundhead party was to give the Parliament supreme control over executive administration of the country/kingdom ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Slighting', 'summary': 'Slighting is the deliberate damage of high-status buildings to reduce their value as military , administrative or social structures . The destruction of property extended to the contents of buildings and the surrounding landscape . It is a phenomenon with complex motivations and was often used as a tool of control . Slighting spanned cultures and periods , with particularly well-known examples from the English Civil War in the 17th century .'}]}, {'value': 'Bradlegh Old Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burtonwood 53°26′24″N 2°38′47″W / 53.4399°N 2.6463°W / 53.4399 ; -2.6463 ( Bradlegh Old Hall moated site )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burtonwood', 'summary': 'Burtonwood and Westbrook is a civil parish in the outermost suburbs of Warrington , Cheshire , England . The name Burtonwood is known worldwide as the location of the former RAF Station Burtonwood military camp . Burtonwood village itself is a few miles away from the site of the former station . The civil parish also includes Westbrook , which is a council ward and suburb of Warrington . According to the 2001 census , the population of the entire civil parish was 11,265 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fortified manor house', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 15th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The hall was built as a manor house in the 15th century with a moat and a fortified gatehouse . It was owned by the Legh family who owned Lyme Park . Additions were made in the 16th century , and the structure was encased in brick in the 18th century . The ruinous gateway , which was built in 1460 , is a Grade II* listed building . Only the gateway and moat survive from the 15th century hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leghs_of_Lyme', 'summary': "The Leghs of Lyme were a gentry family seated at Lyme Park in Cheshire , England , from 1398 until 1946 , when the stately home and its surrounding parkland were donated by the 3rd Lord Newton to The National Trust . Since the Middle Ages various spellings of this ancient surname have been used : Legh , a Lee , Leghe , Leigh and Leyghe ; there were also variations on Peter , eg . Piers and Peers , the family 's most oft-used given name . The first Sir Piers Legh , of Lyme , was knighted in 1397 and assumed as a coat of arms those of his mother , Matilda de Norley , in lieu of his ancient patrilineal Leigh arms . For ease of distinguishing between the earlier generations , it became customary to append a Roman numeral to the various Leghs ' names ; in this case the numbering system is as used in The National Trust Handbook for Lyme Park ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lyme_Park', 'summary': "Lyme Park is a large estate located south of Disley , Cheshire . The estate is managed by the National Trust and consists of a mansion house surrounded by formal gardens , in a deer park in the Peak District National Park . The house is the largest in Cheshire , and is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building . The estate was granted to Sir Thomas Danyers in 1346 and passed to the Leghs of Lyme by marriage in 1388 . It remained in the possession of the Legh family until 1946 when it was given to the National Trust . The house dates from the latter part of the 16th century . Modifications were made to it in the 1720s by Giacomo Leoni , who retained some of the Elizabethan features and added others , particularly the courtyard and the south range . It is difficult to classify Leoni 's work at Lyme , as it contains elements of both Palladian and Baroque styles . [ a ] Further modifications were made by Lewis Wyatt in the 19th century , especially to the interior . Formal gardens were created and developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . The house , gardens and park have been used as locations for filming and they are open to the public . The Lyme Caxton Missal is on display in the Library ."}]}, {'value': 'Chester Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chester_Castle', 'summary': 'Chester Castle is in the city of Chester , Cheshire , England . It is sited at the southwest extremity of the area bounded by the city walls . The castle stands on an eminence overlooking the River Dee . In the castle complex are the remaining parts of the medieval castle together with the neoclassical buildings designed by Thomas Harrison which were built between 1788 and 1813 . Parts of the neoclassical buildings are used today as Crown Courts and as a military museum . The museum and the medieval remains are a tourist attraction .'}]}, {'value': 'Chester 53°11′06″N 2°53′27″W / 53.185091°N 2.890729°W / 53.185091 ; -2.890729 ( Chester Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chester', 'summary': "Chester is a walled city in Cheshire , England , on the River Dee , close to the border with Wales . With a population of 79,645 in 2011 , it is the most populous settlement of Cheshire West and Chester , which had a population of 329,608 in 2011 , and serves as the unitary authority 's administrative headquarters . Chester is the second-largest settlement in Cheshire after Warrington . Chester was founded as a castrum or Roman fort with the name Deva Victrix in the reign of the Emperor Vespasian in 79 AD . One of the main army camps in Roman Britain , Deva later became a major civilian settlement . In 689 , King Æthelred of Mercia founded the Minster Church of West Mercia , which later became Chester 's first cathedral , and the Saxons extended and strengthened the walls to protect the city against the Danes . Chester was one of the last cities in England to fall to the Normans . William the Conqueror ordered the construction of a castle , to dominate the town and the nearby Welsh border . Chester was granted city status in 1541 . Chester is one of the best-preserved walled cities in Britain . It has a number of medieval buildings , but many of the black-and-white buildings within the city centre are Victorian restorations , originating from the Black-and-white Revival movement . Apart from a 100-metre ( 330 ft ) section , the Grade I listed walls are almost complete ."}]}, {'value': 'Motte-and-bailey ( also a possible ringwork )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '01 1070', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Chester Castle was built in 1070 by William the Conqueror . Originally a motte-and-bailey castle constructed from timber and turf , it was rebuilt in stone in the 12th century . The castle underwent many periods of construction , with an outer bailey , new towers along the inner bailey , new structures within the castle walls , and a new gatehouse all added in the 13th century , during the Welsh Wars . Chester Castle was given by William I to the Earls of Chester and it served as the administrative centre of the earldom . It passed into the possession of the Crown on the extinction of the line of earls in 1237 . After the 13th century , most expenditure on the castle was to maintain it rather than aggrandise it as happened with other castles such as Warwick Castle . When the medieval castle was destroyed by fire in the 18th century , only the Agricola Tower survived . The tower ( also known as Caesar 's Tower ) and the curtain walls are Grade I listed buildings", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_I_of_England', 'summary': 'William I [ a ] ( c. 1028 - 9 September 1087 ) , usually known as William the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bastard , [ b ] was the first Norman King of England , reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087 . He was a descendant of Rollo and was Duke of Normandy from 1035 onward . His hold was secure on Normandy by 1060 , following a long struggle to establish his throne , and he launched the Norman conquest of England six years later . The rest of his life was marked by struggles to consolidate his hold over England and his continental lands and by difficulties with his eldest son , Robert Curthose . William was the son of the unmarried Robert I , Duke of Normandy , by his mistress Herleva . His illegitimate status and his youth caused some difficulties for him after he succeeded his father , as did the anarchy which plagued the first years of his rule . During his childhood and adolescence , members of the Norman aristocracy battled each other , both for control of the child duke and for their own ends . In 1047 , William was able to quash a rebellion and begin to establish his authority over the duchy , a process that was not complete until about 1060 . His marriage in the 1050s to Matilda of Flanders provided him with a powerful ally in the neighbouring county of Flanders . By the time of his marriage , William was able to arrange the appointment of his supporters as bishops and abbots in the Norman church . His consolidation of power allowed him to expand his horizons , and he secured control of the neighbouring county of Maine by 1062 . In the 1050s and early 1060s , William became a contender for the throne of England held by the childless Edward the Confessor , his first cousin once removed .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Chester', 'summary': 'The Earldom of Chester ( Welsh : Iarllaeth Caer ) was one of the most powerful earldoms in medieval England , extending principally over the counties of Cheshire and Flintshire . Since 1301 the title has generally been granted to heirs apparent to the English throne , and from the late 14th century it has been given only in conjunction with that of Prince of Wales .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Warwick_Castle', 'summary': "Warwick Castle is a medieval castle developed from a wooden fort , originally built by William the Conqueror during 1068 . Warwick is the county town of Warwickshire , England , situated on a bend of the River Avon . The original wooden motte-and-bailey castle was rebuilt in stone during the 12th century . During the Hundred Years War , the facade opposite the town was refortified , resulting in one of the most recognisable examples of 14th-century military architecture . It was used as a stronghold until the early 17th century , when it was granted to Sir Fulke Greville by James I in 1604 . Greville converted it to a country house and it was owned by the Greville family , who became Earls of Warwick in 1759 , until 1978 when it was bought by the Tussauds Group . In 2007 , the Tussauds Group was purchased by The Blackstone Group which merged it with Merlin Entertainments ; Warwick Castle was then sold to Nick Leslau 's investment firm Prestbury Group under a sale and leaseback agreement . Merlin continues to operate the site under a renewable 35-year lease ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)', 'summary': 'A curtain wall is a defensive wall between two towers ( bastions ) of a castle , fortress , or town .'}]}, {'value': 'Doddington Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delves_Hall', 'summary': 'Delves Hall , also known as Doddington Castle , is a fortified structure in Doddington Park to the north of Doddington Hall in the civil parish of Doddington , Cheshire , England . It is designated by Historic England as a Grade I listed building .'}]}, {'value': 'Doddington 53°01′10″N 2°26′03″W / 53.019424°N 2.434224°W / 53.019424 ; -2.434224 ( Doddington Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doddington,_Cheshire', 'summary': 'Doddington is a civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire East and the ceremonial county of Cheshire , England , which lies to the north east of Audlem and to the south of Crewe . Nearby villages include Blakenhall , Bridgemere , Checkley , Hatherton , Walgherton and Wybunbury . The A51 runs north-south through the parish . In 2001 , the civil parish had a population of a little under 50 . At the 2011 census the population remained less than 100 . Details are included in the civil parish of Plumley .'}]}, {'value': 'Tower house', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 1364-1403', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doddington Castle was built in 1364-1403 by Sir John Delves . He acquired a licence to crenellate and erected a free-standing tower separate from his mansion . In the 17th century , the tower was incorporated into a series of domestic houses . When these houses were demolished in 1777 , the tower was retained as a landscape feature . The castle is three storeys high and made from sandstone . It is protected as a Grade I listed building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Listed_building', 'summary': "A listed building , or listed structure , is one that has been placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England , Historic Environment Scotland in Scotland , Cadw in Wales , and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency in Northern Ireland . The term has also been used in Ireland , where buildings are surveyed for the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage in accordance with the country 's obligations under the Granada Convention . However , the preferred term in Ireland is protected structure . A listed building may not be demolished , extended , or altered without special permission from the local planning authority , which typically consults the relevant central government agency , particularly for significant alterations to the more notable listed buildings . In England and Wales , a national amenity society must be notified of any work to a listed building which involves any element of demolition . Exemption from secular listed building control is provided for some buildings in current use for worship , but only in cases where the relevant religious organisation operates its own equivalent permissions procedure . Owners of listed buildings are , in some circumstances , compelled to repair and maintain them and can face criminal prosecution if they fail to do so or if they perform unauthorised alterations . When alterations are permitted , or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained , the owners are often required to use specific materials or techniques . Although most sites appearing on the lists are buildings , other structures such as bridges , monuments , sculptures , war memorials , and even milestones and mileposts and The Beatles ' Abbey Road pedestrian crossing are also listed . Ancient , military , and uninhabited structures , such as Stonehenge , are sometimes instead classified as scheduled monuments and protected by much older legislation , whilst cultural landscapes such as parks and gardens are currently listed on a non-statutory basis ."}]}, {'value': 'Dodleston Castle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dodleston 53°08′27″N 2°57′17″W / 53.140902°N 2.954703°W / 53.140902 ; -2.954703 ( Dodleston Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dodleston', 'summary': 'Dodleston is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire , situated on the border between England and Wales . At the 2001 census , the population of Dodleston was 777 , reducing to 715 at the 2011 Census . It is one of the three old Cheshire parishes which are situated on the Flintshire side of the River Dee .'}]}, {'value': 'Motte-and-bailey', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 Medieval', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The 3.3 m ( 11 ft ) high motte is surrounded by a 2.3 m ( 7 ft 7 in ) deep ditch . The bailey , to the west of the motte , is surrounded by a rampart and ditch ; the ditch is 12 m ( 39 ft ) wide and is up to 2.4 m ( 7 ft 10 in ) deep , while the rampart survives to a height of 1.5 m ( 4 ft 11 in ) . Dodlestone Castle was the seat of the Boydell family . The site has been damaged by landscaping and construction work . A later mansion was built on the site for the Manley family of Lache , and this building was probably used in the English Civil War as Sir William Brereton 's headquarters during the Siege of Chester", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lache', 'summary': 'Lache ( sometimes The Lache ) is a housing estate in the city of Chester , in Cheshire , United Kingdom , with a population of around 10,000 . It is located approximately 2 miles ( 3 km ) southwest of the ancient city , with good local transport links en route to Saltney . The main streets are Cliveden Road , which runs through the centre of the estate , and Sycamore Drive . The area runs almost continuously into Westminster Park and Saltney .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sir_William_Brereton,_1st_Baronet', 'summary': 'Sir William Brereton , 1st Baronet ( 13 September 1604 - 7 April 1661 ) was an English writer and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1628 and 1659 . He was a commander in the Parliamentary army in the English Civil War .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Siege_of_Chester', 'summary': 'The Siege of Chester was a siege of the First English Civil War , between February 1645 and January 1646 , with an intermission during the summer of 1645 . From the beginning of the war , the city of Chester was held by forces loyal to Charles I of England . It was first besieged in late 1644 , but was relieved in March 1645 by Prince Maurice . With fighting continuing around Cheshire , the siege was not pursued again in earnest until September 1645 , continuing ferociously until the following January . At the Battle of Rowton Heath in September , Charles himself failed to lift the siege , suffering a disastrous defeat . Throughout the siege , which varied considerably in intensity , the garrison was commanded by Lord Byron , who in the final months strongly defended the city against great odds . In January 1646 ( 1645 , old style ) , faced with the starvation of the inhabitants , Byron was persuaded to surrender , and the city was occupied by forces of the New Model Army under Sir William Brereton .'}]}, {'value': 'Frodsham Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frodsham_Castle', 'summary': 'Frodsham Castle was in the market town of Frodsham , Cheshire , England ( grid reference SJ514775 ) . Initially it served a military purpose , it then became a manor house and a gaol . After being damaged in the Civil War it was replaced by new house , Park Place .'}]}, {'value': 'Frodsham 53°17′32″N 2°43′46″W / 53.29236°N 2.729414°W / 53.29236 ; -2.729414 ( Frodsham Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frodsham', 'summary': "Frodsham /ˌfrɒdʃəm/ ( listen ) is a market town , civil parish and electoral ward in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire , England . Its population was 8,982 in 2001 , increasing to 9,077 at the 2011 Census . It is approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) south of Runcorn , 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Liverpool , and 28 miles ( 45 km ) southwest of Manchester . The River Weaver runs to its northeast and on the west it overlooks the estuary of the River Mersey . The A56 road and the Chester-Manchester railway line pass through the town , and the M56 motorway passes to the northwest . In medieval times Frodsham was an important borough and port belonging to the Earls of Chester . [ citation needed ] Its parish church , St. Laurence 's , still exhibits evidence of a building present in the 12th century in its nave [ citation needed ] and is referenced in Domesday Book . A market is held each Thursday , and Frodsham 's viability as a trading centre was emphasised by the presence of the big five clearing banks and several building societies , though the branches of HSBC and NatWest have recently closed . Development in the town 's shops and premises with alcohol licences is evident through the recent ( post-2002 ) opening or modernisation of contemporary-style bar/restaurants , take-away food shops and public houses , and in the continued presence of small , specialised , businesses operating from town-centre shops ."}]}, {'value': 'Unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '02 1070', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frodsham Castle is located at the foot of Overton Hill in the western part of the town of Frodsham . It guarded a pass between the hill and Frodsham Marsh . The castle was probably built by Hugh Lupus , the first Earl of Chester . In 1355 , Frodsham Castle was recorded as requiring repair . The Norman castle collapsed in the 14th century and was replaced by a fortified manor house . This was destroyed by fire in 1654 . Although there are no visible traces of the structure , some of the foundations were incorporated into the cellars of Castle Park , a building constructed on the site in 1721', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Hugh_d'Avranches,_1st_Earl_of_Chester", 'summary': "Hugh d'Avranches ( c. 1047 - 27 July 1101 ) , also known as Hugh the Fat ( French : Hugues le Gros ) or Hugh the Wolf ( Latin : Hugo Lupus ) , was the second Norman Earl of Chester ( 1st of the 2nd creation ) and one of the great magnates of early Norman England ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Chester', 'summary': 'The Earldom of Chester ( Welsh : Iarllaeth Caer ) was one of the most powerful earldoms in medieval England , extending principally over the counties of Cheshire and Flintshire . Since 1301 the title has generally been granted to heirs apparent to the English throne , and from the late 14th century it has been given only in conjunction with that of Prince of Wales .'}]}, {'value': 'Halton Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halton_Castle', 'summary': 'Halton Castle is a castle in the village of Halton which is part of the town of Runcorn , Cheshire , England . The castle is situated on the top of Halton Hill , a sandstone prominence overlooking the village . A motte and bailey castle was built with construction starting in 1071 , the original building was replaced with the current sandstone castle in the 13th Century . Building alterations continued until at least 1609 when the structure is recorded as in disrepair . The castle is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building , and a scheduled ancient monument . It was the seat of the Barons of Halton from the 11th century until the 14th century and it then passed to the Duchy of Lancaster . It was besieged twice in the Civil War after which its structure deteriorated . In the 18th century a new courthouse was built on the site of the previous gatehouse . The castle lies in ruins apart from the courthouse which has been converted into a public house .'}]}, {'value': 'Halton , Runcorn 53°19′58″N 2°41′40″W / 53.332844°N 2.694361°W / 53.332844 ; -2.694361 ( Halton Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halton,_Cheshire', 'summary': 'Halton , formerly a separate village , is now part of the town of Runcorn , Cheshire , England . The name Halton has been assumed by the Borough of Halton , which includes Runcorn , Widnes and some outlying parishes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Runcorn', 'summary': 'Runcorn is an industrial town and cargo port in the Borough of Halton in Cheshire , England . Its population in 2011 was 61,789 . The town is in the southeast of the Liverpool City Region on the southern bank of the River Mersey where the estuary narrows to form the Runcorn Gap . To the north across the River Mersey is Widnes , with Warrington 7 miles ( 11 km ) to the northeast and Liverpool 11 miles ( 18 km ) to the northwest . Runcorn was founded by Ethelfleda in 915 AD as a fortification to guard against Viking invasion at a narrowing of the River Mersey . Under Norman rule , Runcorn fell under the Barony of Halton and an Augustinian abbey was established here in 1115 . It remained a small , isolated settlement until the Industrial Revolution when the extension of the Bridgewater Canal to Runcorn in 1776 established it as a port which would link Liverpool with inland Manchester and Staffordshire . The docks enabled the growth of industry , initially shipwrights and sandstone quarries . In the late 18th and early 19th centuries , it was a spa and health resort but this ended with the growth of polluting industries , especially soap and chemical works . In 1964 , Runcorn was designated a new town and expanded eastward , swallowing neighbouring settlements and more than doubling its population . Three bridges span the River Mersey and the Manchester Ship Canal at Runcorn : the Silver Jubilee Bridge , Mersey Gateway , and Runcorn Railway Bridge . Its location between Liverpool and Manchester and its links to the rail , motorway and canal networks have made it a centre for logistics , manufacturing , energy , and wholesale and retail .'}]}, {'value': 'Motte-and-bailey', 'urls': []}, {'value': '03 c. 1070', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halton Castle is on the summit of Halton Hill and overlooks the estuary of the River Mersey . Halton Castle was probably built in the late 11th century for Nigel of Cotentin , the first Baron of Halton . The first timber castle was replaced by the current stone structure in the 12th century . The castle passed into the possession of the crown when the 15th baron , Henry Bolingbroke , ascended to the throne as Henry IV . Although used as a prison and centre of administration in the Tudor period , by 1609 the structure was in a state of disrepair . The castle was used in the English Civil War , but afterwards its defences were dismantled . After that , the castle was allowed to deteriorate . The ruins of the castle are protected as a Grade I listed building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barony_of_Halton', 'summary': 'The Barony of Halton , in Cheshire , England , comprised a succession of 15 barons who held under the overlordship of the County Palatine of Chester ruled by the Earl of Chester . It was not therefore an English feudal barony which was under full royal jurisdiction , which is the usual sense of the term , [ a ] but a separate class of barony within a palatinate . After the Norman conquest , William the Conqueror created three earldoms to protect his border with Wales , namely Shrewsbury , Hereford and Chester . Hugh Lupus was appointed Earl of Chester and he appointed his cousin , Nigel of Cotentin , as the first Baron of Halton . Halton was a village in Cheshire which is now part of the town of Runcorn . At its centre is a rocky prominence on which was built Halton Castle , the seat of the Barons of Halton ; the castle is now a ruin .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England', 'summary': 'Henry IV ( 15 April 1367 - 20 March 1413 ) , also known as Henry Bolingbroke ( /ˈbɒlɪŋbrʊk/ ) , was King of England from 1399 to 1413 . He asserted the claim of his grandfather King Edward III , a maternal grandson of Philip IV of France , to the Kingdom of France . Henry was the son of John of Gaunt ( the fourth son of Edward III ) and Blanche of Lancaster . John enjoyed a position of considerable influence during much of the reign of his nephew King Richard II , whom Henry eventually deposed . Henry founded the Lancaster branch of the House of Plantagenet . He was the first King of England since the Norman Conquest whose mother tongue was English rather than French .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tudor_period', 'summary': 'The Tudor period occurred between 1485 and 1603 in England and Wales and includes the Elizabethan period during the reign of Elizabeth I until 1603 . The Tudor period coincides with the dynasty of the House of Tudor in England whose first monarch was Henry VII ( b.1457 , r.1485-1509 ) . Historian John Guy ( 1988 ) argued that England was economically healthier , more expansive , and more optimistic under the Tudors than at any time in a hundred years .'}]}, {'value': 'Kingsley Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingsley_Castle', 'summary': 'Kingsley Castle , also known as Castle Cob , a medieval motte in Kingsley , Cheshire , England . ( grid reference SJ53387341 ) It is listed as a Scheduled Ancient Monument . The motte is a cone shaped mound , 2.8 metres ( 9.2 ft ) high ; it has a diameter of 23 metres ( 75 ft ) at the base and tapers to 6 metres ( 20 ft ) at the top . It is artificial and made from black soil . Historians used to think that the motte was a large barrow . The stone steps and concrete foundations of a summerhouse not contemporary with the castle are excluded from the protection of the scheduling . There have been limited excavations on the site by antiquarians .'}]}, {'value': 'Manley 53°15′21″N 2°41′59″W / 53.2558°N 2.6998°W / 53.2558 ; -2.6998 ( Kingsley Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manley,_Cheshire', 'summary': 'Manley is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester ( formerly Vale Royal ) and the ceremonial county of Cheshire , in the north west of England . Manley had a quarry which was opened in 1860 and claimed to produce white building stone of the same quality as that used to build Eaton Hall and Chester Castle . When the railway came through the quarry was connected to it via a rail siding close to Manley Station - which was one of the shortest lived passenger stations , opening on 22 June 1870 and closing for passengers on 1 May 1875 , though it remained open for goods traffic . The quarry sidings closed around 1910 , though the track remained in use for freight traffic until 1991 . The population at the 2011 census was 614 . The television writer and novelist Cyril Abraham , who created the popular BBC drama The Onedin Line , lived in Manley until his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Motte', 'urls': []}, {'value': '07 Medieval , possibly Norman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The motte survives to a height of 2.8 m ( 9 ft 2 in ) and is 23 m ( 75 ft ) in diameter . There is no trace of a surrounding ditch or a bailey associated with the motte . There are the remains of a summerhouse on the side of the motte , not contemporary with the medieval castle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macclesfield Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macclesfield_Castle', 'summary': 'Macclesfield Castle ( also known as Buckingham Castle or Buckingham Palace ) was a fortified manor house in Macclesfield , Cheshire ( grid reference SJ91717358 ) . John de Macclesfield began construction of the castle in 1398 . It was made from sandstone , and was square with projecting wings . Alterations were made in the 15th century , and it passed through the hands of two families of earls . By 1585 the building was ruinous , and all that survived to the 20th century was the porch . This was dismantled in 1932 , and the site reused for cottages and shops .'}]}, {'value': 'Macclesfield 53°15′32″N 2°07′27″W / 53.258926°N 2.12421°W / 53.258926 ; -2.12421 ( Macclesfield Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macclesfield', 'summary': "Macclesfield is a market town and civil parish in Cheshire , England . The town lies on the River Bollin , in the east of the county on the edge of the Cheshire Plain , with Macclesfield Forest to its east . It is around 16 miles south of Manchester city centre and 38 miles ( 60 km ) to the east of Chester . Before the Norman Conquest , Macclesfield was held by Edwin , Earl of Mercia and was assessed at £8 . The manor is recorded in the Domesday Book as Maclesfeld , meaning Maccel 's open country . The medieval town grew up on the hilltop around what is now St Michael 's Church . It was granted a charter by Edward I in 1261 , before he became king . Macclesfield Grammar School was founded in 1502 . The town had a silk-button industry from at least the middle of the 17th century , and became a major silk-manufacturing centre from the mid-18th century . The Macclesfield Canal was constructed in 1826-31 . Hovis breadmakers were another Victorian employer . Modern industries include pharmaceuticals ."}]}, {'value': 'Fortified manor house', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 1398', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Located in the town of Macclesfield , the castle was built by John de Macclesfield in the late 14th-early 15th century , probably because of the crisis towards the end of Richard II 's reign . The castle was square with projecting wings , and measured 130 by 36 metres ( 142 by 39 yd ) . After de Macclesfield died in 1422 , the castle passed through the possession of two families of earls , one of which was the Earl of Buckingham 's family , after which the castle became known as Buckingham Palace . It was altered in the 15th century , and by 1585 was ruinous . By the 20th century , only the porch was still standing , and this was demolished in 1932 and shops and cottages were built on the site", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_II_of_England', 'summary': "Richard II ( 6 January 1367 - c. 14 February 1400 ) , also known as Richard of Bordeaux , was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399 . He was the eighth king of the House of Plantagenet , and the final one of the direct line . Richard 's father , Edward the Black Prince , died in 1376 , leaving Richard as heir apparent to King Edward III . Upon the death of his grandfather Edward III , the 10-year-old Richard succeeded to the throne . During Richard 's first years as king , government was in the hands of a series of regency councils , influenced by Richard 's uncles John of Gaunt and Thomas of Woodstock . England then faced various problems , most notably the Hundred Years ' War . A major challenge of the reign was the Peasants ' Revolt in 1381 , and the young king played a central part in the successful suppression of this crisis . Less warlike than either his father or grandfather , he sought to bring an end to the Hundred Years ' War . A firm believer in the royal prerogative , Richard restrained the power of the aristocracy and relied on a private retinue for military protection instead . In contrast to his grandfather , Richard cultivated a refined atmosphere at court , in which the king was an elevated figure , with art and culture at its centre . The king 's dependence on a small number of courtiers caused discontent among the influential , and in 1387 control of government was taken over by a group of aristocrats known as the Lords Appellant . By 1389 Richard had regained control , and for the next eight years governed in relative harmony with his former opponents ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_II_of_England', 'summary': "Richard II ( 6 January 1367 - c. 14 February 1400 ) , also known as Richard of Bordeaux , was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399 . He was the eighth king of the House of Plantagenet , and the final one of the direct line . Richard 's father , Edward the Black Prince , died in 1376 , leaving Richard as heir apparent to King Edward III . Upon the death of his grandfather Edward III , the 10-year-old Richard succeeded to the throne . During Richard 's first years as king , government was in the hands of a series of regency councils , influenced by Richard 's uncles John of Gaunt and Thomas of Woodstock . England then faced various problems , most notably the Hundred Years ' War . A major challenge of the reign was the Peasants ' Revolt in 1381 , and the young king played a central part in the successful suppression of this crisis . Less warlike than either his father or grandfather , he sought to bring an end to the Hundred Years ' War . A firm believer in the royal prerogative , Richard restrained the power of the aristocracy and relied on a private retinue for military protection instead . In contrast to his grandfather , Richard cultivated a refined atmosphere at court , in which the king was an elevated figure , with art and culture at its centre . The king 's dependence on a small number of courtiers caused discontent among the influential , and in 1387 control of government was taken over by a group of aristocrats known as the Lords Appellant . By 1389 Richard had regained control , and for the next eight years governed in relative harmony with his former opponents ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Buckingham', 'summary': 'The peerage title Earl of Buckingham was created several times in the Peerage of England . It is not to be confused with the title of Earl of Buckinghamshire . It was first created in 1097 for Walter Giffard , but became extinct in 1164 with the death of the second earl . It may have been created again in 1164 for Richard de Clare ( Strongbow ) , who died without issue in 1176 . It was created again in 1377 for Thomas of Woodstock , the youngest son of King Edward III . He was created Duke of Gloucester in 1385 . The dukedom was forfeit on his attainder in 1397 , but the earldom passed to his son , Humphrey , but became extinct on his death two years later . The title was created a fourth time in 1618 for Mary Villiers for life only . The title was created for a fifth time in 1617 for her son George Villiers , 1st Viscount Villiers , who was subsequently created Duke of Buckingham in 1623 . All titles became extinct on the death of the second duke in 1687 .'}]}, {'value': 'Malpas Castle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malpas 53°01′10″N 2°45′57″W / 53.019549°N 2.765804°W / 53.019549 ; -2.765804 ( Malpas Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malpas,_Cheshire', 'summary': 'Malpas is a small ancient market town . It is a civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire , England . The parish lies on the border with Shropshire and Wales . The name is from Old French and means bad/poor ( mal ) and passage/way ( pas ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Motte', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 Probable 12th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malpas Castle is in the Broxton Hills and was built for the Barons of Malpas . It was part of a series of defences along the Welsh border , and was linked with Aldford and Shocklach castles ( Shocklach was also built by the Barons of Malpas ) . Its links with Alford and Shocklach castles and the Barons of Malpas means it was probably built in the 12th century . The motte survives to 3.7 metres ( 12 ft ) in height and is 37 m ( 40 yd ) in diameter and is surrounded by a ditch . Although there is no sign of a bailey , there was probably one to the south of the motte ; the site today is heavily disturbed and covered in grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nantwich Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nantwich_Castle', 'summary': "Nantwich Castle was a Norman castle in Nantwich , Cheshire , England , built before 1180 to guard a ford across the River Weaver . The castle is first documented in 1288 . It was last recorded in 1462 , and was in ruins by 1485 . No trace now remains above ground ; excavations in 1978 near the Crown Inn uncovered terracing and two ditches , one or both of which possibly formed the castle 's bailey ."}]}, {'value': 'Nantwich 53°03′59″N 2°31′17″W / 53.066452°N 2.521413°W / 53.066452 ; -2.521413 ( Nantwich Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nantwich', 'summary': 'Nantwich ( /ˈnæntwɪtʃ/ NAN-twitch ) is a market town and civil parish in Cheshire , England . It is known for having among the highest concentrations of listed buildings in England , with particularly good examples of Tudor and Georgian architecture . In 2011 , it had a population of 17,424 .'}]}, {'value': 'Unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15 Before 1180', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nantwich Castle lay in ruins by 1485 . No trace survives , and Castle Street and Mill Street are on the site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newhall Tower', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newhall 53°00′17″N 2°34′55″W / 53.0046°N 2.5820°W / 53.0046 ; -2.5820 ( Newhall Tower )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newhall,_Cheshire', 'summary': "Newhall is a village ( at SJ609454 ) and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire East and the ceremonial county of Cheshire , England . The village lies 3½ miles to the west of Audlem and 5 miles to the south west of Nantwich . The parish also includes the village of Aston ( at SJ610468 ) , and the small settlements of Aston Heath , Barnett Brook , Brown 's Bank , Dodd 's Green , Grandford , Grindley Green , Hollingreen , Kingswood Green , Maiden Estate , Salesbrook , Sheppenhall and part of Sandford . Nearby villages include Audlem and Wrenbury . According to the 2001 census , the parish had a population of 669 , increasing to 776 at the 2011 Census ."}]}, {'value': 'Tower house', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14 c. 1227', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newhall Tower was probably built in 1227 for the Audley family when they gained ownership of the land , but it is first documented in 1275 . It was still in use in 1363 , but was ruinous by the late 16th century . The site of the castle is uncertain , but a series of earthworks with a central mound and a square ditch is the likeliest location', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northwich Castle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northwich 53°15′32″N 2°31′05″W / 53.259°N 2.518°W / 53.259 ; -2.518 ( Northwich Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northwich', 'summary': 'Northwich is a town and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire , England . It lies in the heart of the Cheshire Plain , at the confluence of the rivers Weaver and Dane . The town is about 18 miles ( 29 km ) east of Chester , 15 miles ( 24 km ) south of Warrington , 19 miles ( 31 km ) south of Manchester and 12 miles ( 19 km ) south of Manchester Airport . The population of the civil parish was 19,924 in 2011 and for the wider built-up area ( which also covers parts of several other civil parishes ) was 47,421 . Northwich was named as one of the best places to live in the United Kingdom by The Sunday Times in 2014 . The area around Northwich has been exploited for its salt pans since Roman times , when the settlement was known as Condate . The town has been severely affected by salt mining , and subsidence has historically been a significant problem . Mine stabilisation work was completed in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Motte', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 Probable 12th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The castle is first referred to in the 1190s , and again in 1278 . Excavations have not revealed the location of the castle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oldcastle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oldcastle,_Cheshire', 'summary': 'Oldcastle is a former civil parish , now in the parishes of Malpas and Threapwood , in the Cheshire West and Chester district and ceremonial county of Cheshire in England . In 2001 it had a population of 54 . The civil parish was abolished in 2015 and merged into Malpas and Threapwood .'}]}, {'value': 'Oldcastle 52°59′30″N 2°47′34″W / 52.991681°N 2.792876°W / 52.991681 ; -2.792876 ( Oldcastle )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 13th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The first documented evidence of Oldcastle comes from 1288 . By 1485 , the castle was ruinous . Little is known about the castle , although it was surrounded by two defensive ditches . One ditch began silting up in the 13th century and was filled in during the late 14th-early 15th centuries , while the other was in use until the 15th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pulford Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulford_Castle', 'summary': "Pulford Castle is in the village of Pulford , Cheshire , England , immediately south of St Mary 's Church ( grid reference SJ375586 ) . It is listed as a Scheduled Ancient Monument ."}]}, {'value': 'Pulford 53°07′16″N 2°56′00″W / 53.121069°N 2.933267°W / 53.121069 ; -2.933267 ( Pulford Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pulford', 'summary': 'Pulford is a village and former civil parish , now in the parish of Poulton and Pulford , in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire , England . It is on the B5445 road , to the south west of Chester and on the border with Wales . It is believed that the name of the village is derived from the Welsh words Pwll marsh and Ffordd crossing . According to the 2001 Census , the population of the entire parish was 395 , increasing to 580 at the 2011 Census . The civil parish was abolished in 2015 to form Poulton and Pulford . Pulford Castle , which no longer stands , was a small Norman motte-and-bailey defensive structure . Today , only the mound of the castle remains , just behind the church of S Mary , on the outskirts of the village . The castle was built at a strategic location , protecting a road at a river crossing . Although no firm date of construction is recorded , it is believed to have been built around 1100 . [ citation needed ] The castle is mentioned as having a garrison stationed at it , during the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr in 1403 . [ citation needed ] Pulford Parish Church is named after St. Mary . It was rebuilt in 1884 , to a design by the architect John Douglas , the benefactor being Hugh Lupus Grosvenor , 1st Duke of Westminster .'}]}, {'value': 'Motte-and-bailey', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 Late 12th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Pulford Castle is first documented in 1190-1220 . Having been built by the Ormesbee family , the castle was given to the Pulford family in 1245 . In 1403 , Henry IV ordered Sir Thomas le Grosvenor to hold the castle against Owen Glendower . The motte is surrounded by a ditch apart from in the south , where Pulford Brook forms part of the defences . The motte survives to a height of 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) and measures 11 by 9 m ( 36 by 30 ft ) at the summit . In 1313 , a jury of the Chester county court found that the lord of Little Caldy ( Wirral ) held that manor by the service of 'palisading ' ( i.e . repairing the wooden defences ) of Robert de Pulford 's castle at Pulford", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England', 'summary': 'Henry IV ( 15 April 1367 - 20 March 1413 ) , also known as Henry Bolingbroke ( /ˈbɒlɪŋbrʊk/ ) , was King of England from 1399 to 1413 . He asserted the claim of his grandfather King Edward III , a maternal grandson of Philip IV of France , to the Kingdom of France . Henry was the son of John of Gaunt ( the fourth son of Edward III ) and Blanche of Lancaster . John enjoyed a position of considerable influence during much of the reign of his nephew King Richard II , whom Henry eventually deposed . Henry founded the Lancaster branch of the House of Plantagenet . He was the first King of England since the Norman Conquest whose mother tongue was English rather than French .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Owen_Glendower', 'summary': "Owain ab Gruffydd , lord of Glyndyfrdwy ( c. 1359 - c. 1415 ) , or simply Owain Glyndŵr or Glyn Dŵr ( pronounced [ ˈoʊain ɡlɨ̞nˈduːr ] , anglicized to Owen Glendower ) , was a Welsh leader who instigated a fierce and long-running yet ultimately unsuccessful war of independence with the aim of ending English rule in Wales during the Late Middle Ages . He was the last native Welshman to hold the title Prince of Wales ( Welsh : Tywysog Cymru ) . Glyndŵr was a descendant of the Princes of Powys through his father Gruffudd Fychan II , hereditary Tywysog of Powys Fadog and Lord of Glyndyfrdwy , and of those of Deheubarth through his mother Elen ferch Tomas ap Llywelyn ab Owen . On 16 September 1400 , Glyndŵr instigated the Welsh Revolt against the rule of Henry IV of England . The uprising was initially very successful and rapidly gained control of large areas of Wales , but it suffered from key weaknesses - particularly a lack of artillery , which made capturing defended fortresses difficult , and of ships , which made rebel-controlled coastlands vulnerable . The uprising was eventually suppressed by the superior resources of the English . Glyndŵr was driven from his last remaining strongholds in 1409 , but he avoided capture ; the last documented sighting of him was in 1412 . He twice ignored offers of a pardon from his military nemesis , the new king Henry V of England , and despite the large rewards offered , Glyndŵr was never betrayed to the English . His death was recorded by a former follower in the year 1415 . With his death Owain acquired a mythical status along with Cadwaladr , Cynan and Arthur as a folk hero awaiting the call to return and liberate his people . In William Shakespeare 's play Henry IV , Part 1 , the character of Owen Glendower is a wild and exotic king ruled by magic and emotion . In the late 19th century , the Cymru Fydd movement recreated him as the father of Welsh nationalism ."}]}, {'value': 'Shipbrook Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shipbrook_Castle', 'summary': 'Shipbrook Castle near Davenham in Cheshire was a Norman castle situated beside the River Dane , the exact site of which is now unknown . Davenham is recorded in the Domesday Book as Devenham . Its name means hamlet on the River Dane . The site of the Norman Shipbrook Castle by the River Dane is indicated by the name of Castle Hill , between Shipbrook Bridge and Shipbrook Hill Farm , but no traces now remain . The site of the castle is thought to be on Castle Hill near Shipbrook Bridge . Castles such as Shipbrook were built during the Welsh Wars . It was demolished in about 1850 .'}]}, {'value': 'Davenham 53°14′08″N 2°29′21″W / 53.235692°N 2.489153°W / 53.235692 ; -2.489153 ( Shipbrook Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davenham', 'summary': 'Davenham ( pronounced Dave-n-ham ) is a rural village and civil parish approximately 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) south of the town of Northwich , part of the Borough of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire in England . It has a population of 5,655 , reducing following reorganisation to 2,745 at the 2011 Census . The village is close to the A556 and A533 roads and both the River Dane and River Weaver . It is the birthplace of marathon world record holder , Paula Radcliffe .'}]}, {'value': 'Unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '05 11th-12th centuries', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The exact location of Shipbrook Castle is uncertain , but it is thought to be on Castle Hill near Shipbrook Bridge . During the Welsh Wars , baronial castles were built as a form of defence , and Shipbrook Castle was one of these . It was demolished in around 1850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shocklach Castle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shocklach 53°03′06″N 2°50′37″W / 53.051612°N 2.843735°W / 53.051612 ; -2.843735 ( Shocklach Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shocklach', 'summary': 'Shocklach is a village in the civil parish of Shocklach Oviatt and District , in the Cheshire West and Chester district , in the county of Cheshire , England . Shocklach village is in the southwestern corner of Cheshire , approximately 1 kilometre ( 0.6 mi ) from the border between Wales and England , the River Dee . The village lies between Wrexham , 10 kilometres ( 6 mi ) to the west , and Nantwich , 21 kilometres ( 13 mi ) to the east .'}]}, {'value': 'Fortified manor house', 'urls': []}, {'value': '06 1100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shocklach Castle is on the edge of a steep ravine . The earliest fortification on the site is a motte surrounded by a ditch ; the motte survives to a height of 4 m ( 13 ft ) from the bottom of the ditch . Although there is no bailey connected to the motte , there is a D-shaped enclosure 30 m ( 98 ft ) east of the motte . The enclosure near the motte was the site of a fortified manor house and was surrounded by a moat ; it was the successor fortification from the earlier motte and it thought to have been built around 1100 for the Barons of Malpas . Shocklach Castle was part of a series of defences along the Welsh border , and was linked with Aldford and Malpas castles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shotwick Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shotwick_Castle', 'summary': 'Shotwick Castle is a Norman medieval fortification near the village of Saughall , Cheshire , England . Construction began in the late 11th century . Its purpose was to control a crossing point on the River Dee between England and Wales . The site is a scheduled monument . No masonry features remain above ground except for earthworks .'}]}, {'value': 'Shotwick 53°13′37″N 2°58′27″W / 53.226871°N 2.974293°W / 53.226871 ; -2.974293 ( Shotwick Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shotwick', 'summary': 'Shotwick is a small village and former civil parish , now in the parish of Puddington , on the southern end of the Wirral Peninsula in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire , England . The village is close to the county of Flintshire on the England-Wales border . The village was located on the River Dee until it was canalised in 1736 after which the reclaimed land has since developed into the neighbouring Deeside Industrial Park . The civil parish was abolished in 2015 and merged into Puddington .'}]}, {'value': 'Motte-and-bailey', 'urls': []}, {'value': '04 Probably pre-1093', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'It is located on a steep escarpment which was on the shore of the Dee estuary when the castle was built ; it is protected by streams on two sides and guarded a ford over the River Dee . The motte is an irregular hexagon and measures 40 m ( 130 ft ) north-south and 20 m ( 66 ft ) east-west . A kidney-shaped bailey next to the motte measures 80 m ( 260 ft ) north-south and 38 m ( 125 ft ) east-west . A ditch surrounds the bailey varying between 15 and 29 m ( 49 and 95 ft ) wide and 2.2 to 3.8 m ( 7 ft 3 in to 12 ft 6 in ) deep . Shotwick Castle was probably built by Hugh Lupus , 1st Earl of Chester , in the late 11th century , although the castle was first documented in 1260 . It was used as border defence against the Welsh until peace was achieved in 1281 . After this , it fell out of use as a military castle , and became part of a royal manor and game park for Edward III . Shotwick Castle was ruinous by 1621 and demolished in 1756 . The castle survives as earthworks but has been damaged by treasure hunters and ploughing , and is now used as pasture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Escarpment', 'summary': 'An escarpment is a steep slope or long cliff that forms as a result of faulting or erosion and separates two relatively level areas having different elevations . Usually scarp and scarp face are used interchangeably with escarpment . Some sources differentiate the two terms , however , where escarpment refers to the margin between two landforms ( while scarp remains synonymous with a cliff or steep slope ) . In this usage an escarpment is a ridge which has a gentle slope on one side and a steep scarp on the other side . More loosely , the term scarp also describes a zone between a coastal lowland and a continental plateau which shows a marked , abrupt change in elevation [ citation needed ] caused by coastal erosion at the base of the plateau .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Hugh_d'Avranches,_1st_Earl_of_Chester", 'summary': "Hugh d'Avranches ( c. 1047 - 27 July 1101 ) , also known as Hugh the Fat ( French : Hugues le Gros ) or Hugh the Wolf ( Latin : Hugo Lupus ) , was the second Norman Earl of Chester ( 1st of the 2nd creation ) and one of the great magnates of early Norman England ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Edward_III_of_England', 'summary': "Edward III ( 13 November 1312 - 21 June 1377 ) was king of England and Lord of Ireland from January 1327 until his death . He was the seventh king of the House of Plantagenet . He is noted for his military success and for restoring royal authority after the disastrous and unorthodox reign of his father , Edward II . Edward III transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe . His long reign of 50 years was the second-longest in medieval England ( after that of his great-grandfather Henry III ) and saw vital developments in legislation and government , in particular the evolution of the English Parliament , as well as the ravages of the Black Death . Edward was crowned at age fourteen after his father was deposed by his mother , Isabella of France , and her lover Roger Mortimer . At age seventeen he led a successful coup d'état against Mortimer , the de facto ruler of the country , and began his personal reign . After a successful campaign in Scotland he declared himself rightful heir to the French throne in 1337 . This started what became known as the Hundred Years ' War . Following some initial setbacks , this first phase of the war went exceptionally well for England ; victories at Crécy and Poitiers led to the highly favourable Treaty of Brétigny , in which England made territorial gains , and Edward renounced his claim to the French throne . This phase would become known as the Edwardian War . Edward 's later years were marked by international failure and domestic strife , largely as a result of his inactivity and poor health ."}]}, {'value': 'Warrington Castle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warrington 53°23′31″N 2°34′34″W / 53.392°N 2.576°W / 53.392 ; -2.576 ( Warrington Castle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warrington', 'summary': 'Warrington ( /ˈwɒrɪŋtən/ ) is a large town and unitary authority area in Cheshire , England , on the banks of the River Mersey . It is 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Liverpool , and 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of Manchester . The population in 2018 was estimated at just over 209,500 , more than double that of 1968 when it became a New Town . Warrington is the largest town in the county of Cheshire . Warrington was founded by the Romans at an important crossing place on the River Mersey . A new settlement was established by the Saxons . By the Middle Ages , Warrington had emerged as a market town at the lowest bridging point of the river . A local tradition of textile and tool production dates from this time . Historically part of Lancashire , the expansion and urbanisation of Warrington coincided with the Industrial Revolution , particularly after the Mersey was made navigable in the 18th century . The West Coast Main Line runs north to south through the town , and the Liverpool to Manchester railway ( the Cheshire Lines route ) west to east . The Manchester Ship Canal cuts through the south of the borough ( west to east ) . The M6 , M56 and M62 motorways form a partial box around the town .'}]}, {'value': 'Motte-and-bailey', 'urls': []}, {'value': '08 Medieval , possibly Norman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warrington Castle is on a slight prominence 230 m ( 250 yd ) north of the bank of the River Mersey , overlooking a ford and its approaches . The motte was surrounded by a ditch and oval in shape , measuring 49 by 39 m ( 161 by 128 ft ) and survives to a height of 2.7 m ( 8 ft 10 in ) in 1908 . The bailey was defended by a rampart and ditch . It was probably built in the Norman period , and the residence of the Lords of the Manor of Warrington until they moved to Bewsey Hall in Burtonwood . Warrington Castle was the largest motte-and-bailey castle in Lancashire . By 1587 , the castle was in a state of decay . Although the site was reused in the English Civil War , it otherwise slips out of records after 1587 and was probably left derelict . No trace of the castle remains , and the site is occupied by a park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burtonwood', 'summary': 'Burtonwood and Westbrook is a civil parish in the outermost suburbs of Warrington , Cheshire , England . The name Burtonwood is known worldwide as the location of the former RAF Station Burtonwood military camp . Burtonwood village itself is a few miles away from the site of the former station . The civil parish also includes Westbrook , which is a council ward and suburb of Warrington . According to the 2001 census , the population of the entire civil parish was 11,265 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/English_Civil_War', 'summary': "The English Civil War ( 1642-1651 ) was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians ( Roundheads ) and Royalists ( Cavaliers ) principally over the manner of England 's governance . The first ( 1642-1646 ) and second ( 1648-1649 ) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament , while the third ( 1649-1651 ) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament . The war ended with Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651 . The outcome of the war was threefold : the trial and execution of Charles I ( 1649 ) ; the exile of his son , Charles II ( 1651 ) ; and the replacement of English monarchy with , at first , the Commonwealth of England ( 1649-1653 ) and then the Protectorate under the personal rule of Oliver Cromwell ( 1653-1658 ) and briefly his son Richard ( 1658-1659 ) . A king had never been executed before . In England , the monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship was ended , while in Ireland the victors consolidated the established Protestant Ascendancy . Constitutionally , the wars established the precedent that an English monarch can not govern without Parliament 's consent , although the idea of Parliamentary sovereignty was only legally established as part of the Glorious Revolution in 1688 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'List of castles', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_castles_in_Cheshire_0', 'intro': 'There are 20 castles in the county of Cheshire in North West England. Cheshire is one of the historic counties of England and its historic boundaries are different from the modern county lines. Some castles that were formerly in Cheshire are now in Greater Manchester. In addition, Warrington Castle is historically a part of Lancashire but is within the current boundaries of Cheshire. Before the Norman conquest of England began in 1066, defensive sites in England were communal, such as Anglo-Saxon burhs built as a defence against the Danes. Castles were popularised in England by the Normans - although a few sites in the south-east pre-dating the Norman conquest - and were owned by the feudal lords. The primary purpose of a castle was military: to be used as a base of operations and to control the surrounding areas. A castle was considered to be a stamp of authority over the population of an area, and a status symbol. Some would have acted as centres of trade and administration for a manor. Castles can take several forms. The most common is the motte-and-bailey which consists of a motte (a mound) - surmounted by a keep or tower - connected to a bailey, an outer enclosure where the barracks and workshops were located. Other types of castle in Cheshire are ringworks and fortified manor houses.'} | null | null | What castle located in a civil parish that was less to 100 in 2011 , is protected by a protocol that says that the structure may not be demolished , extended , or altered without special permission from the local planning authority ? | Doddington Castle |
07f1aed976e640dd | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_MLS_SuperDraft', 'title': '2002 MLS SuperDraft', 'header': ['Pick #', 'MLS team', 'Player', 'Position', 'Affiliation'], 'data': [{'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Galaxy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy', 'summary': "The LA Galaxy , also known as the Los Angeles Galaxy , is an American professional soccer club based in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson , California , that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , as a member of the Western Conference . The club began play in 1996 as one of the league 's ten charter members . The Galaxy was founded in 1994 and is owned by Anschutz Entertainment Group . In their early years , the club played its home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . Since 2003 , they have played at Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson , California . The team holds a rivalry with the San Jose Earthquakes in the California Clásico and used to play the SuperClasico against city rivals Chivas USA before that team folded in 2014 . A new rival emerged in 2018 in the form of Los Angeles FC in the El Tráfico derby . The franchise is one of Major League Soccer 's most successful teams , with a record five MLS Cups and having appeared an additional four times in the final , and won the Western Conference regular season title eight times , four Supporters ' Shields , two U.S. Open Cups and one CONCACAF Champions ' Cup title . In 2017 , the club added the dubious MLS Wooden Spoon to its trophy case for finishing bottom of the MLS league table . In 2007 , the club made international headlines with the signing of English player David Beckham from Real Madrid , the most high-profile transaction with Major League Soccer to that point . The club has fielded other high-profile international players including Zlatan Ibrahimović , Robbie Keane , Luis Hernández , Giovani dos Santos , Jonathan dos Santos , Jorge Campos , Steven Gerrard , Ashley Cole , and American Landon Donovan who is the all-time leading scorer for the club . Mostly recently in 2020 they signed Javier Chicharito Hernández , the all-time leading scorer for Mexico 's National Team ."}]}, {'value': 'Hemir Neibles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brooklyn Knights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Knights', 'summary': "Brooklyn Knights were an American soccer club based in New York City . Founded in 1999 , the Knights currently field youth teams in the United Soccer Leagues Super-20 League and Super Y-League . The team also previously field a team in the USL Premier Development League ( PDL ) , the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid , in the Mid Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The Knights decided to cease fielding a team in the PDL in January 2013 . The club plays its home games at the Metropolitan Oval in Maspeth , Queens , where they have played since 2004 . Brooklyn 's team colors are white and blue ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New England Revolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_England_Revolution', 'summary': "The New England Revolution is an American professional soccer club based in the Greater Boston area that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , in the Eastern Conference of the league . It is one of the ten charter clubs of MLS , having competed in the league since its inaugural season . The club is owned by Robert Kraft , who also owns the New England Patriots along with his son , Jonathan Kraft . The name Revolution refers to the New England region 's significant involvement in the American Revolution that took place from 1775-1783 . New England plays their home matches at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , located 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of downtown Boston , Massachusetts . The club played their home games at the adjacent and now-demolished Foxboro Stadium , from 1996 until 2001 . The Revs are the only original MLS team to have every league game in their history televised . The Revolution won their first major trophy in the 2007 U.S. Open Cup . The following year , they won the 2008 North American SuperLiga . The Revolution have participated in five MLS Cup finals in 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , and 2014 . They also placed second in the 2005 regular season . However , they have never won an MLS Cup or MLS Supporters ' Shield ."}]}, {'value': 'Shalrie Joseph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shalrie_Joseph', 'summary': 'Shalrie Jamal Joseph ( born May 24 , 1978 ) is a Grenadian former footballer who is currently the head coach of the Grenada national football team .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's University", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Saint_John's_University,_New_York", 'summary': "St. John 's University is a private Roman Catholic university in New York City . Founded and run by the Congregation of the Mission ( C.M. , the Vincentian Fathers ) in 1870 , the school was originally located in the neighborhood of Bedford-Stuyvesant in the borough of Brooklyn . In the 1950s , the school was relocated to its current site at Utopia Parkway in Hillcrest , Queens . St. John 's also has campuses in Staten Island and Manhattan in New York City and overseas in Rome , Italy . In addition , the university has a Long Island Graduate Center in Hauppauge , along with academic locations in Paris , France , and Limerick , Ireland . The university is named after Saint John the Baptist . St. John 's is organized into five undergraduate schools and six graduate schools . In 2016 , the university had 16,440 undergraduate and 4,647 graduate students . St. John 's offers more than 100 bachelor , master , and doctoral degree programs as well as professional certificates ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dallas Burn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Burn', 'summary': "FC Dallas is an American professional soccer club based in the Dallas suburb of Frisco , Texas . The club competes as a member of the Western Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 as a charter club of the league . The club was founded in 1995 as the Dallas Burn before adopting its current name in 2004 . Dallas plays its home games at their 20,500-capacity soccer-specific Toyota Stadium , where they have played since 2005 . In the club 's early years , Dallas played their home games in the Cotton Bowl . The team is owned by the Hunt Sports Group led by brothers Clark Hunt and Dan Hunt , who is the team 's president . The Hunt family also owns the NFL 's Kansas City Chiefs and part of the Chicago Bulls . FC Dallas in 2016 won their first Supporters ' Shield . In 2010 they were runners-up in the MLS Cup , losing to the Colorado Rapids in extra time . The team has won the U.S. Open Cup on two occasions ( in 1997 and again in 2016 ) . Their fully owned USL affiliate , North Texas SC , won the 2019 USL League One regular season and overall championship titles , the third division title in American soccer ."}]}, {'value': '* Jordan Stone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Stone', 'summary': 'Jordan Stone ( born March 16 , 1984 ) , is a retired American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Project-40', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Project-40', 'summary': 'Generation Adidas is a joint venture between Major League Soccer and U.S. Soccer aimed at raising the level of young professional soccer talent in the United States . The program , sponsored by Adidas , offers professional-ready players in the U.S. developmental system not yet eligible for the MLS SuperDraft early entry , allowing MLS to compete with foreign professional clubs without comparable restrictions on player signing . From its establishment in 1997 to 2005 , the program was sponsored by Nike and was called Project-40 . Originally intended to improve the U.S. national team player pool , American national team eligibility is no longer required for program entry . Carlos Parra was the first Project-40 player when he signed with the league and was allocated to the New York/New Jersey MetroStars in 1997 . Since then , the program has included players such as Tim Howard , DaMarcus Beasley , Maurice Edu , Carlos Bocanegra , Clint Dempsey , Jozy Altidore , Ben Olsen , Sacha Kljestan , Freddy Adu , Brad Guzan , Michael Bradley , Nick Rimando and Kyle Beckerman . Generation Adidas players do not count against the MLS senior roster and usually earn a much higher salary than the league minimum . Entering into the program automatically classifies a player as professional , and thus disqualifies them from playing college soccer . As a result , Generation Adidas players are also guaranteed scholarships to continue their college education should their professional career not pan out . From 1998 to 2000 , MLS entered a team of Project-40 players , supplemented by other MLS players who did not get much playing time , into the A-League in the USL . In 2017 , MLS introduced Canadian Generation Adidas players , part of a new initiative with the Canadian Soccer Association . Canadian Generation Adidas players count as domestic players on US based MLS teams .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'summary': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City , Colorado . The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Western Conference . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS . Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010 , their second MLS Cup appearance . The first appearance was in 1997 , losing to D.C. United . They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament , where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos , the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup . The Rapids play their home games at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Danny Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danny_Jackson_(soccer)', 'summary': 'Danny Jackson ( born 20 October 1979 ) is an English central defender/sweeper who last played for the Seattle Sounders , and served as captain from 2004-2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill', 'summary': "The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( UNC , UNC-Chapel Hill , North Carolina , Chapel Hill , or simply Carolina ) is a public research university in Chapel Hill , North Carolina . The flagship of the University of North Carolina system , it is considered a Public Ivy , or a public institution which offers an academic experience equivalent to an Ivy League university . After being chartered in 1789 , the university first began enrolling students in 1795 , which also allows it to be one of three schools to claim the title of the oldest public university in the United States . Among the claimants , the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is the only one to have held classes and graduated students as a public university in the eighteenth century . The first public institution of higher education in North Carolina , the school opened its doors to students on February 12 , 1795 . Under the leadership of President Kemp Plummer Battle , in 1877 North Carolina became coeducational and began the process of desegregation in 1951 when African-American graduate students were admitted under Chancellor Robert Burton House . In 1952 , North Carolina opened its own hospital , UNC Health Care , for research and treatment , and has since specialized in cancer care . The school 's students , alumni , and sports teams are known as Tar Heels . The university offers degrees in over 70 courses of study and is administratively divided into 13 separate professional schools and a primary unit , the College of Arts & Sciences . Five of the schools have been named : the UNC Kenan-Flagler Business School , the UNC Hussman School of Journalism and Media , the UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health , the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy , and the UNC Adams School of Dentistry . All undergraduates receive a liberal arts education and have the option to pursue a major within the professional schools of the university or within the College of Arts and Sciences from the time they obtain junior status . UNC 's faculty and alumni include 9 Nobel Prize laureates , 23 Pulitzer Prize winners , and 49 Rhodes Scholars ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Fire_Soccer_Club', 'summary': "Chicago Fire Football Club is an American professional soccer franchise based in Chicago , Illinois . The team competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference , having moved to the conference in 2002 . The franchise is named after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , and was founded as the Chicago Fire Soccer Club on October 8 , 1997 , the event 's 126th anniversary . The team began play in 1998 as one of the league 's first expansion teams . The Fire won the MLS Cup as well as the U.S. Open Cup ( the double ) in their first season in 1998 . They also won U.S. Open Cups in 2000 , 2003 , and 2006 , in addition to the 2003 MLS Supporters ' Shield . In 2015 , the club won the first ever MLS Wooden Spoon , and repeated the feat in 2016 . The Fire maintains an extensive development system , consisting of the Chicago Fire Development Academy and the Chicago Fire Juniors youth organization . They also operate the Chicago Fire Foundation , the team 's community-based charitable division . The Fire 's home stadium is Soldier Field ."}]}, {'value': '* Craig Capano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Craig_Capano', 'summary': "Craig Capano ( born July 7 , 1985 ) is an American soccer player , who last played for the Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer . Capano was selected 17th overall in the 2002 MLS SuperDraft by the Fire , ( the youngest player ever drafted by the Fire at the age of sixteen ) having elected to forgo college to focus on his professional career . Before joining the Fire , Capano had spent two years at the USSF 's Bradenton Academy training with the U-17 U.S. national team . Capano saw little playing time with the Fire , playing 92 minutes over four games in his first season and 122 minutes over 5 games in his second . In 2004 , his third season , he appeared to have reached a turning point , earning 440 minutes , scoring his first MLS goal , and being widely rated as one of the team 's better players when he was finally given consistent playing time toward the end of the year . However , he saw no time in 2005 after undergoing surgery on March 7 , 2005 to repair a tear in his left anterior cruciate ligament , or in 2006 . He was waived at the end of the latter season . Despite playing little in MLS , Capano was a vital player for the U-20 US national team , along with other notables such as Eddie Gaven , Freddy Adu , Danny Szetela , and Jonathan Spector . He played in all four games of the 2004 Northern Ireland Milk Cup and served as the U-20 Men 's National Team captain that July , helping the squad to finish 6th , also scoring the game 's lone goal on April 21 for a 1-0 win over Haiti 's U-20 . As of March , 2007 , Capano was known to be training in camp with New York Red Bulls . Throughout his career , Capano - widely seen as a skillful player - has battled the perception that he was too small and slight to forge a successful career in MLS ."}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Project-40', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Project-40', 'summary': 'Generation Adidas is a joint venture between Major League Soccer and U.S. Soccer aimed at raising the level of young professional soccer talent in the United States . The program , sponsored by Adidas , offers professional-ready players in the U.S. developmental system not yet eligible for the MLS SuperDraft early entry , allowing MLS to compete with foreign professional clubs without comparable restrictions on player signing . From its establishment in 1997 to 2005 , the program was sponsored by Nike and was called Project-40 . Originally intended to improve the U.S. national team player pool , American national team eligibility is no longer required for program entry . Carlos Parra was the first Project-40 player when he signed with the league and was allocated to the New York/New Jersey MetroStars in 1997 . Since then , the program has included players such as Tim Howard , DaMarcus Beasley , Maurice Edu , Carlos Bocanegra , Clint Dempsey , Jozy Altidore , Ben Olsen , Sacha Kljestan , Freddy Adu , Brad Guzan , Michael Bradley , Nick Rimando and Kyle Beckerman . Generation Adidas players do not count against the MLS senior roster and usually earn a much higher salary than the league minimum . Entering into the program automatically classifies a player as professional , and thus disqualifies them from playing college soccer . As a result , Generation Adidas players are also guaranteed scholarships to continue their college education should their professional career not pan out . From 1998 to 2000 , MLS entered a team of Project-40 players , supplemented by other MLS players who did not get much playing time , into the A-League in the USL . In 2017 , MLS introduced Canadian Generation Adidas players , part of a new initiative with the Canadian Soccer Association . Canadian Generation Adidas players count as domestic players on US based MLS teams .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dallas Burn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Burn', 'summary': "FC Dallas is an American professional soccer club based in the Dallas suburb of Frisco , Texas . The club competes as a member of the Western Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 as a charter club of the league . The club was founded in 1995 as the Dallas Burn before adopting its current name in 2004 . Dallas plays its home games at their 20,500-capacity soccer-specific Toyota Stadium , where they have played since 2005 . In the club 's early years , Dallas played their home games in the Cotton Bowl . The team is owned by the Hunt Sports Group led by brothers Clark Hunt and Dan Hunt , who is the team 's president . The Hunt family also owns the NFL 's Kansas City Chiefs and part of the Chicago Bulls . FC Dallas in 2016 won their first Supporters ' Shield . In 2010 they were runners-up in the MLS Cup , losing to the Colorado Rapids in extra time . The team has won the U.S. Open Cup on two occasions ( in 1997 and again in 2016 ) . Their fully owned USL affiliate , North Texas SC , won the 2019 USL League One regular season and overall championship titles , the third division title in American soccer ."}]}, {'value': 'Matt Behncke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Behncke', 'summary': 'Matt Behncke ( born February 20 , 1980 ) is an American former professional soccer player and attorney . He last played for Real Salt Lake of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) .'}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Princeton University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princeton_University', 'summary': "Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton , New Jersey . Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey , Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . [ a ] The institution moved to Newark in 1747 , then to the current site nine years later , and renamed itself Princeton University in 1896 . Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities , social sciences , natural sciences , and engineering . It offers professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs , the School of Engineering and Applied Science , the School of Architecture and the Bendheim Center for Finance . The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study , Princeton Theological Seminary and the Westminster Choir College of Rider University . [ b ] Princeton has the largest endowment per student in the United States . From 2001 to 2018 , Princeton University was ranked either first or second among national universities by U.S. News & World Report , holding the top spot for 16 of those 18 years . As of November 2019 , 68 Nobel laureates , 15 Fields Medalists and 13 Turing Award laureates have been affiliated with Princeton University as alumni , faculty members or researchers . In addition , Princeton has been associated with 21 National Medal of Science winners , 5 Abel Prize winners , 5 National Humanities Medal recipients , 209 Rhodes Scholars , 139 Gates Cambridge Scholars and 126 Marshall Scholars . Two U.S. Presidents , twelve U.S. Supreme Court Justices ( three of whom currently serve on the court ) and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princeton 's alumni body . Princeton has also graduated many prominent members of the U.S. Congress and the U.S ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'summary': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City , Colorado . The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Western Conference . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS . Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010 , their second MLS Cup appearance . The first appearance was in 1997 , losing to D.C. United . They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament , where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos , the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup . The Rapids play their home games at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Stewart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Stewart_(soccer_player)', 'summary': 'Jeff Stewart ( born June 21 , 1980 in Bellevue , Washington ) is an American soccer defender who last played for Colorado Rapids of Major League Soccer . Stewart played college soccer at Santa Clara University from 1998 to 2001 . As a junior , he was named the West Coast Conference Defender of the Year ; he finished his career at Santa Clara with six goals and one assist in 81 games , 65 of them starts . Upon graduating , Stewart was selected 19th overall in the 2002 MLS SuperDraft by Rapids . Stewart immediately earned a starting place , appearing in 23 games for the Rapids as a rookie , and adding three assists . Stewart started seven of eight games for the team in 2003 , before suffering a serious knee injury that kept him out the rest of the season . Unfortunately , Stewart would suffer injury problems throughout the 2004 season as well and , combined with new competition from Nat Borchers , he did not see any playing time . Stewart was selected 19th overall in the 2004 MLS Expansion Draft by Chivas USA . Five days later he was traded to Real Salt Lake for a permanent international roster slot . However , Stewart was not able to come back from the injuries and was placed on the season-ending injured reserve .'}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Clara University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Clara_University', 'summary': "Santa Clara University is a private Jesuit university in Santa Clara , California , with about 5,400 undergraduate students and about 3,300 postgraduate students . Established in 1851 , Santa Clara University is the oldest operating institution of higher learning in California and has remained in its original location for 168 years . The university 's campus surrounds the historic Mission Santa Clara de Asis which traces its founding to 1776 . The campus mirrors the Mission 's architectural style and provides a fine early example of Mission Revival architecture . The university is classified as a Doctoral/Professional university by Carnegie Classification . The university offers bachelor 's degrees , master 's degrees , and doctoral degrees through its six colleges , the School of Arts and Sciences , School of Education and Counseling Psychology , Leavey School of Business , School of Engineering , Jesuit School of Theology , and School of Law . Among Santa Clara 's alumni are governors , congressmen , mayors , senators , and presidential cabinet members . Santa Clara alumni founded Nvidia and Farmer 's Insurance , and created JavaScript . Santa Clara 's alumni have won a number of honors , including Pulitzer Prizes , the NBA MVP Award , and induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Santa Clara alumni have served as mayors of San Francisco , Los Angeles , Oakland , San Jose , and Washington , DC . The two most recent Governors of California attended Santa Clara . Santa Clara 's sports teams are called the Broncos ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus Crew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus_Crew', 'summary': "Columbus Crew Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club based in Columbus , Ohio . The Crew competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference and began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The team is currently being operated by an ownership group led by the Haslam family and former team doctor Pete Edwards . The Haslam/Edwards group is the third owner in club history . The franchise was founded in 1994 as simply the Columbus Crew . Since 1999 , the Crew has played home games at Mapfre Stadium , the first soccer-specific stadium ever built for an MLS team , with a seating capacity of 19,968 as of the 2015 season . From 1996 to 1998 , the Crew played its home games at Ohio Stadium on the campus of the Ohio State University . In 2014 , the team set club attendance records for both most cumulative attendance and most sellouts . Crew SC has won five major trophies : MLS Cup 2008 , the Supporters ' Shield in 2004 , 2008 , and 2009 , and the 2002 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup . The Crew have qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League ( or its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup ) three times , reaching the quarterfinals each time ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Matteo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's University", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Saint_John's_University,_New_York", 'summary': "St. John 's University is a private Roman Catholic university in New York City . Founded and run by the Congregation of the Mission ( C.M. , the Vincentian Fathers ) in 1870 , the school was originally located in the neighborhood of Bedford-Stuyvesant in the borough of Brooklyn . In the 1950s , the school was relocated to its current site at Utopia Parkway in Hillcrest , Queens . St. John 's also has campuses in Staten Island and Manhattan in New York City and overseas in Rome , Italy . In addition , the university has a Long Island Graduate Center in Hauppauge , along with academic locations in Paris , France , and Limerick , Ireland . The university is named after Saint John the Baptist . St. John 's is organized into five undergraduate schools and six graduate schools . In 2016 , the university had 16,440 undergraduate and 4,647 graduate students . St. John 's offers more than 100 bachelor , master , and doctoral degree programs as well as professional certificates ."}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New England Revolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_England_Revolution', 'summary': "The New England Revolution is an American professional soccer club based in the Greater Boston area that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , in the Eastern Conference of the league . It is one of the ten charter clubs of MLS , having competed in the league since its inaugural season . The club is owned by Robert Kraft , who also owns the New England Patriots along with his son , Jonathan Kraft . The name Revolution refers to the New England region 's significant involvement in the American Revolution that took place from 1775-1783 . New England plays their home matches at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , located 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of downtown Boston , Massachusetts . The club played their home games at the adjacent and now-demolished Foxboro Stadium , from 1996 until 2001 . The Revs are the only original MLS team to have every league game in their history televised . The Revolution won their first major trophy in the 2007 U.S. Open Cup . The following year , they won the 2008 North American SuperLiga . The Revolution have participated in five MLS Cup finals in 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , and 2014 . They also placed second in the 2005 regular season . However , they have never won an MLS Cup or MLS Supporters ' Shield ."}]}, {'value': 'Ian Fuller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ian_Fuller', 'summary': 'Ian Fuller ( born August 31 , 1979 ) is a former American soccer player who currently serves as an assistant coach for Minnesota United FC .'}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clemson University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clemson_University', 'summary': "Clemson University ( /ˈklɛmp.sən , ˈklɛm.zən/ [ note a ] ) is a public , land-grant research university in Clemson , South Carolina . Founded in 1889 , Clemson is the second-largest university in student population in South Carolina . For the fall 2017 semester , the university enrolled a total of 19,402 undergraduate students and 4,985 graduate students , and the student/faculty ratio was 18:1 . Clemson 's 1,400-acre campus is in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains and sits next to Lake Hartwell . The university manages the nearby 17,500-acre Clemson Experimental Forest that is used for research , education , and recreation . Clemson University consists of seven colleges : Agriculture , Forestry and Life Sciences ; Architecture , Arts and Humanities ; Business ; Behavioral , Social and Health Sciences ; Education ; Engineering , Computing and Applied Sciences ; and Science . U.S. News & World Report ranks Clemson University tied for 24 among all national public universities . Clemson University is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Galaxy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy', 'summary': "The LA Galaxy , also known as the Los Angeles Galaxy , is an American professional soccer club based in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson , California , that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , as a member of the Western Conference . The club began play in 1996 as one of the league 's ten charter members . The Galaxy was founded in 1994 and is owned by Anschutz Entertainment Group . In their early years , the club played its home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . Since 2003 , they have played at Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson , California . The team holds a rivalry with the San Jose Earthquakes in the California Clásico and used to play the SuperClasico against city rivals Chivas USA before that team folded in 2014 . A new rival emerged in 2018 in the form of Los Angeles FC in the El Tráfico derby . The franchise is one of Major League Soccer 's most successful teams , with a record five MLS Cups and having appeared an additional four times in the final , and won the Western Conference regular season title eight times , four Supporters ' Shields , two U.S. Open Cups and one CONCACAF Champions ' Cup title . In 2017 , the club added the dubious MLS Wooden Spoon to its trophy case for finishing bottom of the MLS league table . In 2007 , the club made international headlines with the signing of English player David Beckham from Real Madrid , the most high-profile transaction with Major League Soccer to that point . The club has fielded other high-profile international players including Zlatan Ibrahimović , Robbie Keane , Luis Hernández , Giovani dos Santos , Jonathan dos Santos , Jorge Campos , Steven Gerrard , Ashley Cole , and American Landon Donovan who is the all-time leading scorer for the club . Mostly recently in 2020 they signed Javier Chicharito Hernández , the all-time leading scorer for Mexico 's National Team ."}]}, {'value': 'Bryheem Hancock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryheem_Hancock', 'summary': 'Bryheem Hancock ( born March 1 , 1980 in Middletown , Delaware ) is a former American soccer player who played professional soccer as a goalkeeper for clubs in the Major League Soccer , and A-League . He is currently the head coach at Radford University .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Connecticut', 'summary': "The University of Connecticut ( UConn ) is a public land grant , National Sea Grant and National Space Grant research university in Storrs , Connecticut . It was founded in 1881 . The primary 4,400-acre ( 17.8 km2 ) campus is in Storrs , Connecticut , approximately a half hour 's drive from Hartford and 90 minutes from Boston . It is a flagship university that is ranked as tied for the best public national university in New England and is tied for 24th in top public schools and tied for 64th best national university in the 2020 U.S. News & World Report rankings . UConn has been ranked by Money Magazine and Princeton Review top 18th in value . The university is designated R-1 : Doctoral Universities - Highest Research Activity with the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education classifying the student body as More Selective , its most selective admissions category . The university has been recognized as a Public Ivy , defined as a select group of publicly funded universities considered to provide a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League . UConn is one of the founding institutions of the Hartford , Connecticut/Springfield , Massachusetts regional economic and cultural partnership alliance known as New England 's Knowledge Corridor . UConn was the second U.S. university invited into Universitas 21 , an elite international network of 24 research-intensive universities , who work together to foster global citizenship . UConn is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges . UConn was founded in 1881 as the Storrs Agricultural School , named after two brothers who donated the land for the school . In 1893 , the school became a land grant college ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus Crew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus_Crew', 'summary': "Columbus Crew Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club based in Columbus , Ohio . The Crew competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference and began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The team is currently being operated by an ownership group led by the Haslam family and former team doctor Pete Edwards . The Haslam/Edwards group is the third owner in club history . The franchise was founded in 1994 as simply the Columbus Crew . Since 1999 , the Crew has played home games at Mapfre Stadium , the first soccer-specific stadium ever built for an MLS team , with a seating capacity of 19,968 as of the 2015 season . From 1996 to 1998 , the Crew played its home games at Ohio Stadium on the campus of the Ohio State University . In 2014 , the team set club attendance records for both most cumulative attendance and most sellouts . Crew SC has won five major trophies : MLS Cup 2008 , the Supporters ' Shield in 2004 , 2008 , and 2009 , and the 2002 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup . The Crew have qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League ( or its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup ) three times , reaching the quarterfinals each time ."}]}, {'value': 'Jon Busch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jon_Busch', 'summary': 'Jon Busch ( born August 18 , 1976 ) is a retired American professional soccer goalkeeper . Busch is best remembered for his captivating saves , despite his shorter stature for an elite goalkeeper , and spent most of his 21-year professional playing years in Major League Soccer , appearing for the Columbus Crew , Chicago Fire and San Jose Earthquakes . Busch also represented the United States at both youth and senior level . Arguably his best season was in 2008 when he was named MLS Goalkeeper of the Year . As of the end of the 2015 season , Busch ranks fourth in MLS history in number of shutouts .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hershey Wildcats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hershey_Wildcats', 'summary': "Hershey Wildcats were a professional soccer team , based in Hershey , Pennsylvania , USA , that played in the USL A-League between 1997 and 2001 . The team was owned by Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company . The team played in Hersheypark Stadium , located at Hersheypark , and received its name from the Wild Cat roller coaster . In the Wildcats ' 5-year history , the average attendance was 3,189 per game ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D.C. United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D.C._United', 'summary': "D.C. United is an American professional soccer club based in Washington , D.C . The club competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , the top level of professional American soccer . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The club was one of the most successful clubs in the early years of MLS , winning eight of its thirteen titles between 1996 and 1998 under then head coach Bruce Arena . United holds the joint MLS record for most Supporters ' Shields , has four MLS Cups , and been crowned U.S. Open Cup champions three times . It is also the first club to win both the MLS Supporters ' Shield and MLS Cup consecutively . On the international stage , D.C. United has competed in both the CONCACAF Champions League and its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup . The club won the 1998 CONCACAF Champions ' Cup , making them one of only two MLS teams to ever win a CONCACAF tournament . Subsequently , United won the now-defunct Copa Interamericana in 1998 against Vasco da Gama of Brazil . This is the only intercontinental title won by an MLS club . The team 's home field from 1996 to 2017 was the 45,596-seat Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium , owned by the District of Columbia . The team moved into the new Audi Field , a soccer-specific stadium with a capacity of 20,000 at Buzzard Point just a few blocks from Nationals Park in July 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike McGinty', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richmond Kickers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond_Kickers', 'summary': "The Richmond Kickers are an American professional soccer club based in Richmond , Virginia . Founded in 1993 , the Kickers are one of the oldest continuously run professional soccer clubs in the United States , tied with the Charleston Battery . After following the United Soccer League into the second division for 2017 and 2018 , the Kickers returned to the third tier of American soccer in 2019 as a founding member of USL League One . The team 's home field is City Stadium , where the club has played since 1995 . The team 's chairman is Robert Ukrop , a Richmond native and former Kickers player ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Galaxy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy', 'summary': "The LA Galaxy , also known as the Los Angeles Galaxy , is an American professional soccer club based in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson , California , that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , as a member of the Western Conference . The club began play in 1996 as one of the league 's ten charter members . The Galaxy was founded in 1994 and is owned by Anschutz Entertainment Group . In their early years , the club played its home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . Since 2003 , they have played at Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson , California . The team holds a rivalry with the San Jose Earthquakes in the California Clásico and used to play the SuperClasico against city rivals Chivas USA before that team folded in 2014 . A new rival emerged in 2018 in the form of Los Angeles FC in the El Tráfico derby . The franchise is one of Major League Soccer 's most successful teams , with a record five MLS Cups and having appeared an additional four times in the final , and won the Western Conference regular season title eight times , four Supporters ' Shields , two U.S. Open Cups and one CONCACAF Champions ' Cup title . In 2017 , the club added the dubious MLS Wooden Spoon to its trophy case for finishing bottom of the MLS league table . In 2007 , the club made international headlines with the signing of English player David Beckham from Real Madrid , the most high-profile transaction with Major League Soccer to that point . The club has fielded other high-profile international players including Zlatan Ibrahimović , Robbie Keane , Luis Hernández , Giovani dos Santos , Jonathan dos Santos , Jorge Campos , Steven Gerrard , Ashley Cole , and American Landon Donovan who is the all-time leading scorer for the club . Mostly recently in 2020 they signed Javier Chicharito Hernández , the all-time leading scorer for Mexico 's National Team ."}]}, {'value': 'Gavin Glinton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gavin_Glinton', 'summary': 'Gavin Glinton ( born 1 March 1979 in Grand Turk ) is a Turks and Caicos Islands football coach and former player . He is currently an assistant coach for New Mexico United , having previously served as the U13 and U14 Academy Coach at Sacramento Republic FC .'}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bradley University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradley_University', 'summary': 'Bradley University is a private university in Peoria , Illinois . Founded in 1897 , Bradley University currently enrolls 5,400 students who are pursuing degrees in more than 100 undergraduate programs and more than 30 graduate programs in five colleges . The university is regionally accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and 22 national accrediting agencies .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Round two', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2002_MLS_SuperDraft_1', 'intro': 'The 2002 Major League Soccer SuperDraft was held on February 10, 2002 in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. One month earlier, MLS had contracted two clubs: Tampa Bay Mutiny and Miami Fusion. In conjunction with the contraction, the league conducted both an Allocation Draft and a Dispersal Draft in which the top 2002 SuperDraft picks of Tampa Bay and Miami, as well as players from those clubs, were made available to remaining MLS clubs.'} | null | null | Who is the owner of the team that had the 14th pick in the 2002 MLS SuperDraft ? | Robert Kraft |
07f204b7f9fa4e85 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_rural_Western_Australia', 'title': 'List of schools in rural Western Australia', 'header': ['Name', 'Suburb', 'LGA', 'District', 'Established', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Albany Senior High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albany_Senior_High_School,_Western_Australia', 'summary': "Albany Senior High School is a comprehensive public co-educational high day school , located in Albany , a regional centre in the Great Southern region , 420 kilometres ( 261 mi ) south-southeast of Perth , Western Australia . The school was established in 1918 . The school 's catchment area covers most of the City of Albany and in 2015 the school had an enrolment of 1,113 students between Year 7 and Year 12 ; four percent of whom were Indigenous Australians ."}]}, {'value': 'Albany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia', 'summary': "Albany /ˈælbəni/ is a port city in the Great Southern region in the Australian state of Western Australia , 418 km southeast of Perth , the state capital . Albany is the oldest colonial settlement in Western Australia , predating Perth and Fremantle by over two years . The city centre is at the northern edge of Princess Royal Harbour , which is a part of King George Sound . The central business district is bounded by Mount Clarence to the east and Mount Melville to the west . The city is in the local government area of the City of Albany . The Albany settlement was founded on 26 December 1826 , as a military outpost of New South Wales as part of a plan to forestall French ambitions in the region . To that end , on 21 January 1827 , the commander of the outpost , Major Edmund Lockyer , formally took possession of the western third of the continent for the British Crown . The settlement was initially named Frederick Town in honour of Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany . In 1831 , the settlement was transferred to the control of the Swan River Colony and renamed Albany by Lieutenant-Governor James Stirling . During the last decade of the 19th century the town served as a gateway to the Eastern Goldfields . For many years , it was the colony 's only deep-water port , having a place of eminence on shipping services between Britain and its Australian colonies . The opening of the Fremantle Inner Harbour in 1897 , however , saw its importance as a port decline , after which the town 's industries turned primarily to agriculture , timber and later , whaling ."}]}, {'value': 'Albany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Albany', 'summary': 'The City of Albany is a local government area in the Great Southern region of Western Australia , about 410 kilometres ( 255 mi ) south-southeast of Perth , the capital of Western Australia . It covers an area of 4,312.3 square kilometres ( 1,665 sq mi ) , including the Greater Albany metropolitan area and the Port of Albany , as well as the surrounding agricultural district and some national parks . The City of Albany had a population of over 36,000 at the 2016 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Great Southern', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Relocated and became a HS in 1924', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australind Senior High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australind_Senior_High_School', 'summary': 'Australind Senior High School is a comprehensive public co-educational high day school , located in Australind , a regional centre in the South West region , 163 kilometres ( 101 mi ) south of Perth , Western Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Australind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australind,_Western_Australia', 'summary': "Australind is a town in the Shire of Harvey , Western Australia , located 12 km north-east of Bunbury 's central business district . Its local government area is the Shire of Harvey . At the 2016 census , Australind had a population of 14,539 ."}]}, {'value': 'Harvey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Harvey', 'summary': "The Shire of Harvey is a local government area of Western Australia . It is located in the state 's South West region , approximately 140 km south of Perth , and includes some of Bunbury 's northern suburbs . The shire covers an area of 1,728 km² and had a population of approximately 26,500 as at the 2016 Census . Around 12% of the population are of Southern or Eastern European origin . It contains three large towns , Harvey , Australind and Brunswick Junction and a number of smaller towns . The shire office is located on Uduc Road , Harvey , and an administration centre is open at Mulgara Street , Australind ."}]}, {'value': 'South West', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridgetown High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgetown_High_School', 'summary': 'Bridgetown High School is a comprehensive public co-educational middle day school , located in Bridgetown , a regional centre in the South West region , 270 kilometres ( 168 mi ) south of Perth , Western Australia . The school was established in 1954 as a high school catering for students from Year 8 to Year 10 , and students who are to complete Year 11 and 12 travel to Manjimup Senior High School . Enrolments at the school were 138 in 2007 , 151 in 2008 , 155 in 2009 , 133 in 2010 , 125 in 2011 and 119 in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bridgetown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgetown,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Bridgetown is a town in the South West region of Western Australia , approximately 270 kilometres ( 168 mi ) south of Perth on the Blackwood River at the intersection of South Western Highway with Brockman Highway to Nannup and Augusta .'}]}, {'value': 'Bridgetown-Greenbushes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Bridgetown-Greenbushes', 'summary': 'The Shire of Bridgetown-Greenbushes is a local government area in the South West region of Western Australia , about 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) southeast of Bunbury and about 260 kilometres ( 162 mi ) south of the state capital , Perth . The Shire covers an area of 1,340 square kilometres ( 517 sq mi ) , and its seat of government is the town of Bridgetown .'}]}, {'value': 'South West', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JHS until 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Broome Senior High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broome_Senior_High_School', 'summary': 'Broome Senior High School is a comprehensive public co-educational high day school , located in Broome , a regional centre in the Kimberley region , 2,240 kilometres ( 1,392 mi ) north east of Perth , Western Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Broome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broome,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Broome , traditionally known as Rubibi by the Jaburu people , is a coastal , pearling and tourist town in the Kimberley region of Western Australia , 1,681 km ( 1,045 mi ) north of Perth . The urban population was 14,445 in June 2018 growing to over 45,000 per month during the peak tourist season ( June to August ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Broome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Broome', 'summary': "The Shire of Broome is one of the four local government areas in the Kimberley region of northern Western Australia , covering an area of 55,796 square kilometres ( 21,543 sq mi ) , most of which is sparsely populated . The Shire 's estimated population as at the 2016 census was 16,222 most of whom reside in the town of Broome . Many Aboriginal communities are within the Shire , notably Beagle Bay and Bardi ( One Arm Point ) . The Shire of Broome includes the Rowley Shoals 260 km ( 162 mi ) to the west ."}]}, {'value': 'Kimberley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bunbury Senior High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bunbury_Senior_High_School', 'summary': 'Bunbury Senior High School is a comprehensive public co-educational high day school , located in Bunbury , a regional centre in the South West region , 175 kilometres ( 109 mi ) south of Perth , Western Australia . it is great'}]}, {'value': 'Bunbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bunbury,_Western_Australia', 'summary': "Bunbury is a coastal city in the Australian state of Western Australia , approximately 175 kilometres ( 109 mi ) south of the state capital , Perth . It is the state 's third-largest city after Perth and Mandurah , with a population of approximately 75,000 . Located at the south of the Leschenault Estuary , Bunbury was established in 1836 on the orders of Governor James Stirling , and named in honour of its founder , Lieutenant ( at the time ) Henry Bunbury . A port was constructed on the existing natural harbour soon after , and eventually became the main port for the wider South West region . Further economic growth was fuelled by completion of the South Western Railway in 1893 , which linked Bunbury with Perth . Greater Bunbury includes four local government areas ( the City of Bunbury and the shires of Capel , Dardanup , and Harvey ) , and extends between Yarloop in the north , Boyanup to the south and Capel to the southwest ."}]}, {'value': 'Bunbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Bunbury', 'summary': 'The City of Bunbury is a local government area in the South West region of Western Australia , covering an area of 65.7 square kilometres ( 25.4 sq mi ) along the coast about 180 kilometres ( 112 mi ) south of Perth , the capital of Western Australia . The City of Bunbury is one of four local governments comprising the Greater Bunbury sub-region . As at the 2016 Census , the City of Bunbury had an estimated population of almost 32,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'South West', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Busselton Senior High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busselton_Senior_High_School', 'summary': 'Busselton Senior High School is a comprehensive public co-educational high day school , located in the Busselton suburb of West Busselton in the South West region . By 2012 it had an enrolment of 562 students between Year 8 and Year 12 , approximately 6 of whom were Aboriginal . The school was established in 1952 as Busselton Junior High School , serving students from primary years up to year 10 . In 1958 , it was made a three-year high school and it was separated from the primary school in 1960 . In 1962 , it became a five-year high school . The land on which it is situated previously belonged to Carlo and Flora Sayers , a pioneering Busselton family , who had both expressed wishes that their land be used for an educational institution after their death ; Flora died in 1955 and the land was then transferred to the Education Department . The school was struck by tragedy in 1980 when in May holidays of 1980 a number of students from Busselton Senior High School flew out of Perth airport for a school excursion in New South Wales . After landing in Adelaide the students boarded buses to drive through outback areas of South Australia and New South Wales . Just out of the town of Hay on Mothers Day one of the buses ran off the Sturt Highway , resulting in the deaths of the Adelaide bus driver John Mackenzie and two students Tracy Blum and Ann Lloyd both aged 15 years . With so many people injured much of the town of Hay was mobilized to help . Parts of the school including the Administration area , Staffroom and Geographe Education Support Centre were vandalised and then set alight in September 2009 causing an estimated $ 150,000 in damage . A longstanding competitor in the High School Country Week tournament the school won the champion school award in 1986 and 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'West Busselton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Busselton', 'summary': "West Busselton is a suburb of the Western Australian city of Busselton . At the 2016 census , it had a population of 8,517 . Buildings from the 1850s , 1860s , and 1870s in the suburb include Broadwater Homestead , the home of Alfred Bussell , the Gulch , a police residence , bond store and custom officer 's residence , and Phoebe Abbey 's House . West Busselton was a residential area by the 1930s . West Busselton Primary School was established in 1965 . The suburb also contains a government high school , Busselton Senior High School , along with two private schools , St Mary MacKillop College and Cornerstone Christian College . The Busselton Health Campus is in West Busselton ."}]}, {'value': 'Busselton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Busselton', 'summary': 'The City of Busselton is a local government area in the South West region of Western Australia , approximately 230 km ( 140 mi ) south of Perth , the state capital . The city covers an area of 1,455 km2 ( 562 sq mi ) and had a population of 36,686 as at the 2016 Census . It contains two large towns , Busselton and Dunsborough , and a number of smaller towns . The city office is located on Southern Drive , Busselton .'}]}, {'value': 'South West', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JHS until 1957 ; HS until 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cape Naturaliste College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cape_Naturaliste_College', 'summary': 'Cape Naturaliste College is a comprehensive public co-educational high day school , located in Vasse , a regional centre in the South West region , 240 kilometres ( 149 mi ) south of Perth , Western Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Vasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vasse,_Western_Australia', 'summary': "Vasse is a suburb of the city of Busselton in the South West region of Western Australia , 10 kilometres ( 6 mi ) west of the Busselton and 240 kilometres ( 149 mi ) southwest of Perth . Its local government area is the City of Busselton . At the 2016 census , Vasse had a population of 2,479 . The area was originally inhabited by the Wardandi people . Hurford and Penney seem to have had a bay whaling operation in Geographe Bay in 1846 . The town is named after the Vasse River and Vasse Estuary , both of which in turn are named after French seaman , Thomas Vasse , who disappeared in the area in June 1801 during Nicolas Baudin 's expedition . . The townsite of Vasse was gazetted in 1927 ; the area had previously been known as Newtown . A hall ( originally known as Newtown Hall ) was built in 1898 , while the Old Vasse Primary School was constructed in 1901 and replaced by a newer school on the same site in 1960 . The population of Vasse was around 75 according to a 2001 estimate . It was predominantly a farming area until the establishment of a housing estate in 2004 . Along with the government primary school , Vasse is also serviced by a high school at Cape Naturaliste College ( established in 2008 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Busselton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Busselton', 'summary': 'The City of Busselton is a local government area in the South West region of Western Australia , approximately 230 km ( 140 mi ) south of Perth , the state capital . The city covers an area of 1,455 km2 ( 562 sq mi ) and had a population of 36,686 as at the 2016 Census . It contains two large towns , Busselton and Dunsborough , and a number of smaller towns . The city office is located on Southern Drive , Busselton .'}]}, {'value': 'South West', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8-9 ( 2009 ) 8-10 ( 2010 ) 8-11 ( 2011 ) 8-12 ( 2012-2014 ) 7-12 ( 2015 onwards )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carnarvon Community College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carnarvon_Community_College', 'summary': 'Carnarvon Community College is a government comprehensive early learning , primary , and secondary school , located in Carnarvon , a regional centre in the Gascoyne region , 906 kilometres ( 563 mi ) north-west of Perth , Western Australia . Established in 1954 , the College enrolled 464 students in 2018 , from early learning , through to Years K-12 ; of whom seventy percent identified as Indigenous Australians and seven percent of whom were from a language background other than English . The school is operated by the WA Department of Education . The school principal is Ryan Govan .'}]}, {'value': 'Carnarvon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carnarvon,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Carnarvon is a coastal town situated approximately 900 kilometres ( 560 mi ) north of Perth , Western Australia . It lies at the mouth of the Gascoyne River on the Indian Ocean . The popular Shark Bay world heritage area lies to the south of the town and the Ningaloo Reef and the popular tourist town of Exmouth lie to the north . Within Carnarvon is the Mungullah Aboriginal Community . Inland , Carnarvon has strong links with the town of Gascoyne Junction and the Burringurrah Community . At the 2016 census , Carnarvon had a population of 4,426 .'}]}, {'value': 'Carnarvon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Carnarvon', 'summary': 'The Shire of Carnarvon is a local government area in the Gascoyne region of Western Australia , located about 900 kilometres ( 560 mi ) north of the state capital , Perth . The Shire covers an area of 46,664 square kilometres ( 18,017 sq mi ) , and its seat of government is the town of Carnarvon . The major industries in the area are wool , agriculture ( especially bananas and tomatoes ) and , more recently , tourism .'}]}, {'value': 'Gascoyne', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JHS until 1965 ; HS until 1971 ; combined ELC , PS and HS since 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Midlands Senior High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Midlands_Senior_High_School', 'summary': 'Central Midlands Senior High School is a comprehensive Public co-educational high day school , located on Ranfurly Street in Moora , a regional centre in the Wheatbelt region , 172 kilometres ( 107 mi ) north of Perth , Western Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Moora', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moora,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'The town is the most substantial wheat belt town between Geraldton and Perth . The town provides facilities and services such as commercial banks , schools , commerce and retail sectors , community recreational facilities ; plus a Pharmacy , Dentist , Doctors and District Hospital . The surrounding areas produce wheat and other cereal crops . The town is a receival site for Cooperative Bulk Handling .'}]}, {'value': 'Moora', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Moora', 'summary': 'The Shire of Moora is a local government area in the northern Wheatbelt region of Western Australia , and generally lies between the Brand Highway and Great Northern Highway about 180 kilometres ( 112 mi ) north of Perth , the state capital . The Shire covers an area of 3,767 square kilometres ( 1,454 sq mi ) and its seat of government is the town of Moora .'}]}, {'value': 'Wheatbelt', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JHS until 1970 ; HS until 1974 ; named Moora until 1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coastal Lakes College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lakelands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakelands,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Mandurah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Mandurah', 'summary': 'The City of Mandurah is a local government area of Western Australia , covering both Mandurah proper and an additional area reaching down as far south as Lake Clifton . The city has a total area of approximately 174 square kilometres ( 67 sq mi ) . The city is located in the Peel region , just beyond the southern boundary of metropolitan Perth , and lies about 75 kilometres ( 47 mi ) south of the Perth central business district . It is bordered by the City of Rockingham to the north , the Shire of Murray to the east ( the border being for the most part the Harvey Estuary and Serpentine River ) , and Shire of Waroona to the south .'}]}, {'value': 'Peel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Collie Senior High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collie_Senior_High_School', 'summary': 'Collie Senior High School is a comprehensive public co-educational high day school , located in Collie , a regional centre in the South West region , 213 kilometres ( 132 mi ) south of Perth , Western Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Collie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collie,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Collie is a town in the South West region of Western Australia , 213 kilometres ( 132 mi ) south of the state capital , Perth , and 59 kilometres ( 37 mi ) inland from the regional city and port of Bunbury . It is near the junction of the Collie and Harris Rivers , in the middle of dense jarrah forest and the only coalfields in Western Australia . At the 2016 census , Collie had a population of 7,192 . Collie is mainly known as a coal-producing centre , but also offers industrial , agricultural and aquaculture tourism industries . Muja Power station is located east of the town , and to its west is the Wellington Dam , a popular location for fishing , swimming and boating . The town is named after the river on which it is situated . James Stirling named the Collie River , which in turn is named after Alexander Collie . He and William Preston were the first Europeans to explore the area in 1829 . Coal was discovered in the area by a shepherd named George Marsh in the early 1880s . The coal fields were developed in the late 1890s and the townsite surveyed and gazetted in 1897 . Collie was once referred to as a dirty mining town , but on 8 April 2006 it won the Australian Tidy Towns Competition from finalists from six states and the Northern Territory . Collie was named the top Tidy Town because of the commitment of the community to recycling , waste management , beautification and community projects .'}]}, {'value': 'Collie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Collie', 'summary': 'The Shire of Collie is a local government area in the South West region of Western Australia , about 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) east of Bunbury and about 200 kilometres ( 124 mi ) south of the state capital , Perth . The Shire covers an area of 1,711 square kilometres ( 661 sq mi ) , and its seat of government is the town of Collie .'}]}, {'value': 'South West', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1899', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PS until 1922 ; JHS until 1945 ; HS until 1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coodanup Community College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coodanup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coodanup,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'The name Coodanup is of unknown origin , although the WA gazetteer states that in 1836 , Lieutenant Henry Bunbury noted Colanup was the local Noongar name for the mouth of the Serpentine River . The Coodanup Park Estate was subdivided in 1956 , including Beachley Street and the triangle between Wanjeep and Beacham Streets , and the suburb was gazetted in 1970 . In the late 1980s , following the construction of the Mandurah Forum shopping centre in 1983 , demand in the area grew and the northern part of the suburb adjacent to the Mandurah Bypass was developed , with Coodanup Senior High School ( now Coodanup Community College ) being built there in 1989 . In 1996 , a park home estate , Mandurah Garden Estate Caravan Park , was constructed on Pinjarra Road at the Serpentine River crossing . Several small estates have since been developed in eastern Coodanup and work is continuing . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Mandurah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Mandurah', 'summary': 'The City of Mandurah is a local government area of Western Australia , covering both Mandurah proper and an additional area reaching down as far south as Lake Clifton . The city has a total area of approximately 174 square kilometres ( 67 sq mi ) . The city is located in the Peel region , just beyond the southern boundary of metropolitan Perth , and lies about 75 kilometres ( 47 mi ) south of the Perth central business district . It is bordered by the City of Rockingham to the north , the Shire of Murray to the east ( the border being for the most part the Harvey Estuary and Serpentine River ) , and Shire of Waroona to the south .'}]}, {'value': 'Peel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Formerly Coodanup SHS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denmark High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark_High_School_(Denmark,_Australia)', 'summary': 'Denmark High School is a comprehensive public co-educational high day school , located in Denmark , a regional centre 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) south-southeast of Perth , Western Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Denmark is a coastal town located on Wilson Inlet in the Great Southern region of Western Australia , 423 kilometres ( 263 mi ) south-south-east of the state capital of Perth . At the 2016 census , Denmark had a population of 2,558 ; however , the population can be several times the base population during tourist seasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Denmark', 'summary': 'The Shire of Denmark is a local government area in the Great Southern region of Western Australia , about 55 kilometres ( 34 mi ) west of Albany and about 420 kilometres ( 261 mi ) south-southeast of the state capital , Perth . The Shire of Denmark covers an area of 1,860 square kilometres ( 718 sq mi ) , and its seat of government is located in the townsite and locality of Denmark .'}]}, {'value': 'Great Southern', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Formerly Denmark DHS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern Goldfields College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Goldfields_College', 'summary': 'Eastern Goldfields College is a public co-educational high day school , located in Kalgoorlie , Western Australia . It is located on the Curtin University campus in Kalgoorlie and shares many facilities with the University . The College accepts year 11 and 12 students from across the Goldfields region .'}]}, {'value': 'Kalgoorlie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kalgoorlie,_Western_Australia', 'summary': "Kalgoorlie-Boulder , known colloquially as just Kalgoorlie , is a city in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia , located 595 km ( 370 mi ) east-northeast of Perth at the end of the Great Eastern Highway . The city was founded in 1889 by the amalgamation of the towns of Kalgoorlie and Boulder , which developed in 1893 during the Coolgardie gold rush , on Western Australia 's Golden Mile . It is also the ultimate destination of the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme and the Golden Pipeline Heritage Trail . At June 2018 , Kalgoorlie-Boulder had an estimated urban population of 29,849 , a decline from the recent peak of 32,966 in 2013 . The name Kalgoorlie is derived from the Wangai word Karlkurla or Kulgooluh , meaning place of the silky pears ."}]}, {'value': 'Kalgoorlie-Boulder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Kalgoorlie-Boulder', 'summary': "The City of Kalgoorlie-Boulder is a local government area in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia , about 550 kilometres ( 342 mi ) east of the state capital , Perth . The City covers an area of 95,575 square kilometres ( 36,902 sq mi ) , and its seat of government is the town of Kalgoorlie ; all but 244 of the city 's population live in either Kalgoorlie or Boulder ."}]}, {'value': 'Goldfields', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11-12 only', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eaton Community College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eaton_Community_College', 'summary': 'Eaton Community College is a comprehensive public co-educational high day school , located in Eaton , Western Australia , sited to the east of Bunbury and 145 kilometres ( 90 mi ) south of Perth . The school was established in 2003 and caters for students from Year 7 to Year 12 . The school welcomed the first Year 11 cohort in 2009 and Year 12 cohort in 2010 . The campus is divided between the Middle School which houses students from Year 7 to 9 and the Senior School that houses Year 10 to Year 12 . Facilities such as the library , recreation centre and ovals are shared with the Shire of Dardanup . The campus site also includes 2 hectares ( 5 acres ) of wetlands that form the focal point of the buildings which in turn are surrounded by spacious landscaped gardens . Enrolments at the school were 296 in 2007 , 256 in 2008 , 325 in 2009 , 364 in 2010 , 334 in 2011 and 379 in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Eaton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eaton,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Dardanup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Dardanup', 'summary': "The Shire of Dardanup is a local government area in the South West region of Western Australia , immediately to the east and southeast of the City of Bunbury and about 180 kilometres ( 112 mi ) south of the state capital , Perth . The Shire covers an area of 526.6 square kilometres ( 203.3 sq mi ) , and its seat of government is in Eaton in Bunbury 's eastern suburbs ."}]}, {'value': 'South West', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Esperance Senior High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esperance_Senior_High_School', 'summary': 'Esperance Senior High School is a comprehensive public high day and boarding school , located in Esperance , a regional centre 780 kilometres ( 485 mi ) southeast of Perth , Western Australia . The school farm 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) north of the town , produces grain , sheep and cattle on a commercial basis . A Pre-Vocational Rural Skills program and a Year 11 and 12 Primary Industry Studies Vocational Education and Training ( VET ) course are currently provided for students at the School Farm . There is also a farm demonstration block on the school site where lower school agricultural subjects are offered to students . The farm program allows educational programs for agricultural studies and equine studies . The Esperance Community Education Campus ( ECEC ) is a further dimension of the school , representing a federation of the High School , the Esperance Senior High School Education Support Centre , the Vocational Training and Education Centre and the Esperance Residential College .'}]}, {'value': 'Esperance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esperance,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Esperance is a town in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia , on the Southern Ocean coastline approximately 720 kilometres ( 450 mi ) east-southeast of the state capital , Perth . The urban population of Esperance was 12,145 at June 2018 . Its major industries are tourism , agriculture , and fishing .'}]}, {'value': 'Esperance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Esperance', 'summary': "The Shire of Esperance is a local government area in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia , about 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) south of the town of Kalgoorlie and about 720 kilometres ( 450 mi ) east-southeast of the state capital , Perth . The Shire covers an area of 42,547 square kilometres ( 16,427 sq mi ) , and its seat of government is the town of Esperance , where about three-quarters of the Shire 's population resides ."}]}, {'value': 'Goldfields', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JHS until 1965 ; HS until 1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Geraldton Senior College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geraldton_Senior_College', 'summary': 'Geraldton Senior High School is a comprehensive public co-educational high day school , located in Geraldton , a regional centre 424 kilometres ( 263 mi ) north west of Perth , Western Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Geraldton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geraldton', 'summary': 'Geraldton is a coastal city in the Mid West region of the Australian state of Western Australia , 424 kilometres ( 263 mi ) north of the state capital , Perth . At June 2018 , Geraldton had an urban population of 37,648 . Geraldton is the seat of government for the City of Greater Geraldton , which also incorporates the town of Mullewa , Walkaway and large rural areas previously forming the shires of Greenough and Mullewa . The Port of Geraldton is a major west coast seaport . Geraldton is an important service and logistics centre for regional mining , fishing , wheat , sheep and tourism industries .'}]}, {'value': 'Greater Geraldton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Greater_Geraldton', 'summary': 'The City of Greater Geraldton is a local government area in the Mid West region of Western Australia , 424 kilometres ( 263 mi ) north of the state capital , Perth on the Indian Ocean . It covers an area of 12,625.5 square kilometres ( 4,874.7 sq mi ) , and its seat of government is the town of Geraldton . It was established on 1 July 2011 following the amalgamation of the Shire of Mullewa and the City of Geraldton-Greenough , itself a product of a 2007 amalgamation between the City of Geraldton and Shire of Greenough .'}]}, {'value': 'Mid West', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10-12 only', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halls Head Community College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halls Head', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halls_Head,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Halls Head is one of four Mandurah suburbs ( along with Erskine , Falcon and Wannanup ) that lie on an island bound by the Mandurah Estuary to the north , the Peel-Harvey Estuary to the east , the Dawesville Channel to the south and the Indian Ocean to the west . Halls Head is the northernmost and most-populated of the four suburbs . The main roads are Mary Street , which links Halls Head directly to Mandurah CBD and Pinjarra Road . The other access road is the Old Coast Road , part of the national Highway 1 which links the suburb to not only Mandurah but also Perth and Bunbury . This road also acts as a suburban boundary , with Erskine on the opposite side of the road . Peelwood Parade and McLarty Road forms a general north-south arterial through the suburb , with other major roads including Leighton Road , Casuarina Drive and Seascapes Boulevard .'}]}, {'value': 'Mandurah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Mandurah', 'summary': 'The City of Mandurah is a local government area of Western Australia , covering both Mandurah proper and an additional area reaching down as far south as Lake Clifton . The city has a total area of approximately 174 square kilometres ( 67 sq mi ) . The city is located in the Peel region , just beyond the southern boundary of metropolitan Perth , and lies about 75 kilometres ( 47 mi ) south of the Perth central business district . It is bordered by the City of Rockingham to the north , the Shire of Murray to the east ( the border being for the most part the Harvey Estuary and Serpentine River ) , and Shire of Waroona to the south .'}]}, {'value': 'Peel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harvey Senior High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvey_Senior_High_School', 'summary': 'Harvey Senior High School is a comprehensive public co-educational high day school , located in Harvey , a regional centre 140 kilometres ( 87 mi ) south of Perth , Western Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Harvey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvey,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Harvey is a town located in the South West of Western Australia along the South Western Highway , 140 km south of Perth , between Pinjarra and Bunbury . It has a population of 2,606 .'}]}, {'value': 'Harvey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Harvey', 'summary': "The Shire of Harvey is a local government area of Western Australia . It is located in the state 's South West region , approximately 140 km south of Perth , and includes some of Bunbury 's northern suburbs . The shire covers an area of 1,728 km² and had a population of approximately 26,500 as at the 2016 Census . Around 12% of the population are of Southern or Eastern European origin . It contains three large towns , Harvey , Australind and Brunswick Junction and a number of smaller towns . The shire office is located on Uduc Road , Harvey , and an administration centre is open at Mulgara Street , Australind ."}]}, {'value': 'South West', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agric JHS 1953-1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hedland Senior High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hedland_Senior_High_School', 'summary': 'Hedland Senior High School is a comprehensive public co-educational high day school , located in South Hedland , a regional centre 1,632 kilometres ( 1,014 mi ) north east of Perth , Western Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'South Hedland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Hedland,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'South Hedland or Port Hedland City Centre is a suburb of the Town of Port Hedland , in the Pilbara region in north-western Western Australia . It is the CBD of the Town of Port Hedland and is the Port Hedland Town Centre . It can be reached by the North West Coastal Highway and Great Northern Highway . At the 2011 census , South Hedland had a population of 9,375 .'}]}, {'value': 'Port Hedland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Town_of_Port_Hedland', 'summary': 'The Town of Port Hedland is a local government area in the Pilbara region of Western Australia for the twin towns of Port Hedland and South Hedland . It had a population of approximately 14,500 as at the 2016 Census of which only a few hundred live outside the settlement boundaries . The council maintains 171 km of sealed and 380 km of unsealed roads .'}]}, {'value': 'Pilbara', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JHS until 1970 ; HS until 1971 ; renamed from Port Hedland 1972', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Public schools -- High schools', 'section_text': 'Historically , a Junior High School ( JHS ) was a primary school with a Year 8–10 component ( now known as a District High School ) , a High School ( HS ) was a high school limited to Year 8–10 , whilst a Senior High School ( SHS ) was a high school extending to year 12 .', 'uid': 'List_of_schools_in_rural_Western_Australia_2', 'intro': 'This is a list of schools in the state of Western Australia, located outside the Perth metropolitan area. The Western Australian education system traditionally consists of primary schools, which accommodate students from kindergarten to Year 6, and high schools, which accommodate students from Years 7 to 12. Previously primary schools accounted for Year 7 education, but in 2015 all Western Australian schools transitioned Year 7 to be a part of the high school system. In country areas, District High Schools serve as both a primary and a junior high school, with students generally commuting to or boarding at larger towns to finish the last two years of their education.'} | null | null | In which suburb is the school located on the Curtin University campus ? | Kalgoorlie |
07f209b7c81b5641 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Macedonia', 'title': 'List of cities in North Macedonia', 'header': ['city', 'municipality', 'population'], 'data': [{'value': 'Berovo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berovo', 'summary': 'Berovo ( Macedonian : Берово [ ˈbɛrɔvɔ ] ( listen ) ) is a small town near the Maleševo Mountains , 161 km ( 100 mi ) from Skopje , 47 km ( 29 mi ) from Strumica and 52 km ( 32 mi ) from Kočani , in North Macedonia . It is the seat of Berovo Municipality .'}]}, {'value': 'Berovo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berovo_Municipality', 'summary': 'Berovo ( Macedonian : Берово [ ˈbɛrɔvɔ ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in eastern part of Republic of North Macedonia . Berovo is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found . Berovo Municipality is part of the Eastern Statistical Region .'}]}, {'value': '7,002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delčevo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delčevo', 'summary': 'Delčevo ( Macedonian : Делчево [ ˈdɛɫtʃɛvɔ ] ( listen ) ) is a small town in the eastern mountainous part of North Macedonia . It is the municipal seat of the eponymous municipality . A festival in celebration of Macedonian revolutionary leader Gotse Delchev is held every year on August 2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Delčevo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delčevo_Municipality', 'summary': 'Delčevo Municipality ( Macedonian : Делчево [ ˈdɛɫtʃɛvɔ ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in the eastern part of the Republic of North Macedonia . The seat is found at the town of Delčevo . Delčevo Municipality is part of the Eastern Statistical Region .'}]}, {'value': '11,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kočani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kočani', 'summary': 'Kočani ( Macedonian : Кочани [ ˈkɔtʃani ] ( listen ) ) is a town in the eastern part of North Macedonia , 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) from Skopje . It has a population of 38,092 and is the seat of the Kočani Municipality'}]}, {'value': 'Kočani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kočani_Municipality', 'summary': 'Kočani ( Macedonian : Кочани [ ˈkɔtʃani ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in eastern part of the Republic of North Macedonia . Kočani is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found . The municipality is part of the Eastern Statistical Region .'}]}, {'value': '28,330', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Makedonska Kamenica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Makedonska_Kamenica', 'summary': 'Makedonska Kamenica ( Macedonian : Македонска Каменица [ maˈkɛdɔnska kaˈmɛnitsa ] ( listen ) ) is a town in the north-east of North Macedonia . It has 5,147 inhabitants , the majority of whom are ethnic Macedonians . The town is the seat of Makedonska Kamenica Municipality .'}]}, {'value': 'Makedonska Kamenica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Makedonska_Kamenica_Municipality', 'summary': 'Makedonska Kamenica ( Macedonian : Македонска Каменица [ maˈkɛdɔnska kaˈmɛnitsa ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in eastern North Macedonia . Makedonska Kamenica is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found . The municipality is part of Eastern Statistical Region .'}]}, {'value': '5,147', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pehčevo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pehčevo', 'summary': 'Pehčevo ( Macedonian : Пехчево , [ ˈpɛxtʃɛvɔ ] ( listen ) is a small town in the eastern part of North Macedonia . It is the seat of Pehčevo Municipality . In 2002 , the town had 3,193 residents .'}]}, {'value': 'Pehčevo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pehčevo_Municipality', 'summary': 'Pehčevo Municipality ( Macedonian : Општина Пехчево [ ˈpɛxtʃɛvɔ ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in the eastern part of the Republic of North Macedonia . Pehčevo is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found . This municipality is part of the Eastern Statistical Region .'}]}, {'value': '3,237', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Probištip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Probištip', 'summary': 'Probištip ( Macedonian : Пробиштип [ ˈprɔbiʃtip ] ( listen ) ) is a town in North Macedonia , and seat of Probištip Municipality . The town has a population of 10,826 .'}]}, {'value': 'Probištip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Probištip_Municipality', 'summary': 'Probištip Municipality ( Macedonian : Општина Пробиштип [ ˈprɔbiʃtip ] ( listen ) ) is an urban municipality in eastern Republic of North Macedonia . Probištip is also the name of the city where the municipal seat is found . This municipality is part of the Eastern Statistical Region .'}]}, {'value': '8,714', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Štip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Štip', 'summary': 'Štip ( Macedonian : Штип [ ʃtip ] ( listen ) ) is the largest urban agglomeration in the eastern part of North Macedonia , serving as the economic , industrial , entertainment and educational focal point for the surrounding municipalities . As of the 2002 census , the Štip municipality alone had a population of about 47,796 . Štip is the largest textile production center in the country ; Center of the fashion industry in North Macedonia , as well as the location of the sole public university in eastern North Macedonia , Goce Delčev University of Štip . The city of Štip is the seat of Štip Municipality .'}]}, {'value': 'Štip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Štip_Municipality', 'summary': 'Štip ( Macedonian : Штип [ ʃtip ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in eastern Republic of North Macedonia . Štip is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found . This municipality is part of the Eastern Statistical Region .'}]}, {'value': '43,652', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vinica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vinica,_Macedonia', 'summary': 'Vinica ( Macedonian : Виница [ ˈvinitsa ] ( listen ) ) is a town in North Macedonia , in the Eastern Statistical Region of the country . The town of Vinica is the seat of Vinica Municipality .'}]}, {'value': 'Vinica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vinica_Municipality,_Macedonia', 'summary': 'Vinica ( Macedonian : Виница [ ˈvinitsa ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in eastern part of North Macedonia . Vinica is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found . Vinica Municipality is part of the Eastern Statistical Region .'}]}, {'value': '10,863', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Settlements by region -- Eastern Region', 'section_text': 'Map of the Eastern Region .', 'uid': 'List_of_cities_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia_3', 'intro': 'This is a list of cities and towns in North Macedonia. In the country there are 34 cities, of which 5 have population of over 50,000 and 12 towns with population of under 10,000 people. The capital city, Skopje, is home to around 25% of the total population of the country. As of 2002, 59.5% of the population lived in urban areas. Twelve towns in North Macedonia have population under 10,000: Demir Hisar (2,593), Pehčevo (3,237), Demir Kapija (3,275), Makedonski Brod (3,740), Valandovo (4,402), Makedonska Kamenica (5,147), Kruševo (5,330), Bogdanci (6,011), Kratovo (6,924), Berovo (7,002), Probištip (8,714) and Resen (8,748). These towns are officially called cities, but they are often called as small towns (гратчиња, gratčinja), because of the size of the population. In North Macedonia there are only 5 cities with population of over 50,000: Skopje (506,926), Bitola (74,550), Kumanovo (70,842), Prilep (66,246) and Tetovo (86,580). These are the largest cities in the country. Seventeen towns in North Macedonia have population between 10,000 and 50,000: Veles (43,716), Štip (43,652), Ohrid (42,033), Gostivar (35,847), Strumica (35,311), Kavadarci (29,188), Kočani (28,330), Kičevo (27,067), Struga (16,559), Radoviš (16,223), Gevgelija (15,685), Debar (14,561), Kriva Palanka (14,558), Sveti Nikole (13,746), Negotino (13,284), Delčevo (11,500) and Vinica (10,863). These towns are often referred to as cities of medium size.'} | null | null | What is the population of the city that holds a festival in celebration of a Macedonian revolutionary leader every year on August 2 ? | 11,500 |
07f273c78019023c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_European_Grand_Prix', 'title': '2001 European Grand Prix', 'header': ['Pos', 'No', 'Driver', 'Constructor', 'Lap', 'Gap'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Schumacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Schumacher', 'summary': "Michael Schumacher ( /ˈʃuːmɑːkər/ ; German : [ ˈmɪçaːʔeːl ˈʃuːmaxɐ ] ( listen ) ; born 3 January 1969 ) is a retired German racing driver who raced in Formula One for Jordan Grand Prix , Benetton and Ferrari , where he spent most of his career , as well as for Mercedes upon his return to the sport . Widely regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers ever , and regarded by some as the greatest of all time , Schumacher is the only driver in history to win seven Formula One World Championships , five of which he won consecutively . The most successful driver in the history of the sport , Schumacher holds the records for the most World Championship titles ( 7 ) , the most Grand Prix wins ( 91 ) , the most fastest laps ( 77 ) and the most races won in a single season ( 13 ) , and according to the official Formula One website ( Formula1.com ) , Schumacher was statistically the greatest driver the sport has ever seen at the time of his retirement from the sport . After success in karting as a child , Schumacher won titles in Formula König and Formula Three before joining Mercedes in the World Sportscar Championship . In 1991 his Mercedes-funded race debut for the Jordan Formula One team resulted in Schumacher being signed by Benetton for the rest of that season . He finished third in 1992 and fourth in 1993 , before becoming the first German World Drivers ' Champion in 1994 by one point over Damon Hill , albeit in controversial circumstances . In 1995 he repeated the success , this time with a greater margin . In 1996 Schumacher moved to Ferrari , who had last won the Drivers ' Championship in 1979 , and helped them transform into the most successful team in Formula One history , as he came close to winning the 1997 and 1998 titles , before breaking his leg at the 1999 British Grand Prix , ending another title run . Schumacher won five consecutive drivers ' titles from 2000 to 2004 , including an unprecedented sixth and seventh title . In 2002 Schumacher won the title with a record six races remaining and finished on the podium in every race . In 2004 Schumacher won twelve out of the first thirteen races and went on to win a record 13 times as he won his final title . Schumacher retired from Formula One in 2006 , after finishing runner-up to Renault 's Fernando Alonso ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:14.960', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ralf Schumacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralf_Schumacher', 'summary': "Ralf Schumacher ( born 30 June 1975 ) is a German former racing driver . He is the younger brother of seven-time Formula One World Champion Michael Schumacher and the pair are the only siblings to win Formula One races . Schumacher began karting at the age of three and achieved early success before making the transition to automobile racing in the German Formula Three Championship and the Formula Nippon series . He first drove in Formula One with Jordan Grand Prix for the 1997 season . Schumacher moved to the Williams F1 team in 1999 , finishing sixth in the Drivers ' Championship that year . He won his first Grand Prix in 2001 , en route to fourth place in the Drivers ' Championship , and subsequently won five more races over the course of two years . Schumacher left Williams at the end of 2004 and joined Toyota Racing in 2005 . However , his performance throughout 2006 and 2007 resulted in Schumacher leaving Formula One , as a result of internal pressure . After leaving Formula One , Schumacher joined the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters in 2008 , achieving minor success , and retired from motorsport at the end of 2012 to enter a managerial role within DTM , mentoring young drivers ."}]}, {'value': 'Williams - BMW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williams_F1', 'summary': "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/BMW_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "BMW has been involved in Formula One in a number of capacities since the inauguration of the World Drivers ' Championship in 1950 . The company entered occasional races in the 1950s and 1960s ( often under Formula Two regulations ) , before building the BMW M12/13 inline-four turbocharged engine in the 1980s . This engine was the result of a deal between BMW and Brabham , which resulted in the team 's chassis being powered by BMW engines from 1982 until 1987 , a period in which Nelson Piquet won the 1983 championship driving a Brabham BT52-BMW . BMW also supplied the M12/13 on a customer basis to the ATS , Arrows , Benetton and Ligier teams during this period , with various degrees of success . In 1988 , Brabham temporarily withdrew from the sport and BMW withdrew its official backing from the engines , which were still used by the Arrows team under the Megatron badge . Turbocharged engines were banned by the revised Formula One Technical Regulations for 1989 , rendering the M12/13 obsolete . BMW decided to return to Formula One in the late 1990s by signing an exclusive contract with the Williams team , which needed a new long-term engine supplier after the withdrawal of Renault in 1997 . The programme resulted in the creation of a new V10 engine which made its race début in the Williams FW22 in 2000 . The following year saw the partnership move from the midfield to challenging for race victories , but the desired championship remained elusive due to the dominance of Michael Schumacher and Ferrari in the first half of the 2000s . By 2005 , the relationship between BMW and Williams had deteriorated , and BMW chose to part company and buy the rival Sauber team outright . The BMW Sauber project lasted from 2006 until 2009 , and resulted in a substantial increase in competitiveness for the Swiss former privateer team . Two podium finishes in the first year were followed by a solid third in the Constructors ' Championship in 2007 ( which became second when McLaren was disqualified ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:15.226', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.266', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juan Pablo Montoya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Montoya', 'summary': "Juan Pablo Montoya Roldán ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈxwan ˈpaβlo monˈtoʝa ] ; born September 20 , 1975 ) , is a Colombian-American racing driver . He currently competes in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship driving for Acura Team Penske , having won the championship in 2019 . He won the International F3000 championship in 1998 , the CART FedEx Championship Series in 1999 in his debut year in the series , and the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship in 2019 . His race wins include the Indianapolis 500 ( 2000 , 2015 ) , Grand Prix of Monaco ( 2003 ) , 24 Hours of Daytona ( 2007 , 2008 , 2013 ) , British Grand Prix ( 2005 ) , Italian Grand Prix ( 2001 , 2005 ) , Grand Prix of Long Beach ( 1999 ) , and the Race of Champions ( 2017 ) . Montoya is , alongside Fernando Alonso , one of only two active drivers who have won two legs of the Triple Crown of Motorsport in its original definition . Montoya also equals Mario Andretti and Dan Gurney by winning races in Indy cars , Formula One cars and NASCAR Cup cars . In October 2009 , Montoya was ranked 30th on Times Online 's list of the Top 50 Formula One drivers of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Williams - BMW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williams_F1', 'summary': "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/BMW_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "BMW has been involved in Formula One in a number of capacities since the inauguration of the World Drivers ' Championship in 1950 . The company entered occasional races in the 1950s and 1960s ( often under Formula Two regulations ) , before building the BMW M12/13 inline-four turbocharged engine in the 1980s . This engine was the result of a deal between BMW and Brabham , which resulted in the team 's chassis being powered by BMW engines from 1982 until 1987 , a period in which Nelson Piquet won the 1983 championship driving a Brabham BT52-BMW . BMW also supplied the M12/13 on a customer basis to the ATS , Arrows , Benetton and Ligier teams during this period , with various degrees of success . In 1988 , Brabham temporarily withdrew from the sport and BMW withdrew its official backing from the engines , which were still used by the Arrows team under the Megatron badge . Turbocharged engines were banned by the revised Formula One Technical Regulations for 1989 , rendering the M12/13 obsolete . BMW decided to return to Formula One in the late 1990s by signing an exclusive contract with the Williams team , which needed a new long-term engine supplier after the withdrawal of Renault in 1997 . The programme resulted in the creation of a new V10 engine which made its race début in the Williams FW22 in 2000 . The following year saw the partnership move from the midfield to challenging for race victories , but the desired championship remained elusive due to the dominance of Michael Schumacher and Ferrari in the first half of the 2000s . By 2005 , the relationship between BMW and Williams had deteriorated , and BMW chose to part company and buy the rival Sauber team outright . The BMW Sauber project lasted from 2006 until 2009 , and resulted in a substantial increase in competitiveness for the Swiss former privateer team . Two podium finishes in the first year were followed by a solid third in the Constructors ' Championship in 2007 ( which became second when McLaren was disqualified ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:15.490', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.530', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rubens Barrichello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rubens_Barrichello', 'summary': "Rubens Rubinho Gonçalves Barrichello ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈʁubẽjz ɡõ'sawviz baʁiˈkɛlʊ ] , [ ʁuˈbĩjʊ ] ; born 23 May 1972 ) is a Brazilian racing driver who competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2011 , scoring 11 Grand Prix wins and 68 podiums . Barrichello drove for Ferrari from 2000 to 2005 , as Michael Schumacher 's teammate , enjoying considerable success including finishing as championship runner-up in 2002 and 2004 . He also finished third in 2001 and 2009 . Barrichello holds the record for most race starts in Formula One ( 322 ) and has scored the eleventh highest points total in Formula One history . Schumacher 's retirement at the end of 2006 made Barrichello the most experienced driver on the grid , and at the 2008 Turkish Grand Prix he became the most experienced driver in F1 history . He became the first driver to reach 300 Grand Prix entries and 300 starts , doing so in 2010 . During his six years with Ferrari , Barrichello was involved in winning five constructors ' titles , as Schumacher won five drivers ' titles in a row between 2000 and 2004 . At the end of 2005 Barrichello left Ferrari to sign a contract with Honda . In 2009 , he finished third in the Drivers ' Championship for Brawn GP , as his teammate Jenson Button won the title . This meant Barrichello was involved in a sixth Constructors ' title . He was also appointed chairman of the Grand Prix Drivers ' Association in 2010 , but after losing his seat in Formula One , he was replaced by Pedro de la Rosa . Barrichello was renowned for his mechanical and technical expertise , with a sixth sense of predicting and detecting technical issues and opportunities for improvement in a car ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:15.622', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.662', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Coulthard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Coulthard', 'summary': "David Marshall Coulthard , MBE ( /ˈkoʊlθɑːrt/ ; born 27 March 1971 ) , known as DC , is a Scottish former Formula One racing driver turned presenter , commentator and journalist . He was runner-up in the 2001 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for McLaren . Coulthard began karting at the age of eleven and achieved early success before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the Formula 3000 series . He first drove in Formula One with Williams in the 1994 season succeeding the late Ayrton Senna . The following year he won his first Grand Prix in Portugal , and then for the 1996 season he moved to McLaren . After winning two races in the 1997 season , he finished 3rd in the World Drivers ' Championship in the 1998 season . He won five races throughout 1999 and 2000 before finishing 2nd in the Drivers ' Championship to Michael Schumacher in 2001 . Two more victories followed between 2002 and 2003 before he left McLaren at the end of 2004 . He moved to Red Bull in 2005 and secured their first podium a year later . Coulthard retired from Formula One racing at the end of 2008 . After retiring from Formula One Coulthard continued working with Red Bull as a consultant and joined the BBC as a commentator and pundit for their coverage of Formula One . He returned to active motorsports in 2010 joining Mücke Motorsport in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters and retired at the end of 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'McLaren - Mercedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLaren', 'summary': "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains', 'summary': "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:15.717', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.757', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mika Häkkinen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mika_Häkkinen', 'summary': "Mika Pauli Häkkinen ( Finnish : [ ˈmikɑ ˈhækːinen ] ( listen ) ; born 28 September 1968 ) , nicknamed The Flying Finn , is a Finnish former racing driver . He was the 1998 and 1999 Formula One World Champion , driving for McLaren and has been ranked among the greatest Formula One drivers in various motorsport polls . Häkkinen currently works in driver management and is a brand ambassador for various companies . Häkkinen began his career in karting at the age of five and achieved success by winning regional and national kart championships . He progressed to car racing when he entered the Formula Ford and Formula Three series in Italy and the United Kingdom . After success in the series , Häkkinen entered Formula One in 1991 with the Team Lotus where he remained until 1992 . The following year , he moved to McLaren as test driver before he was promoted to the race team following the departure of Michael Andretti . After four years which yielded minor success for Häkkinen , he scored his first Formula One victory in 1997 . He went on to win eight races of the 1998 season , securing the World Drivers ' Championship at the season ending Japanese Grand Prix ; his success also helped McLaren secure the World Constructors ' Championship . Häkkinen repeated his World Championship success in 1999 , taking five victories . He finished as runner-up in the Drivers ' Championship in 2000 , behind Michael Schumacher and secured two more victories in 2001 before announcing a sabbatical from the sport , which became full-time retirement in mid-2002 . For 2005 , he moved to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) series , where he secured his first victory that year ."}]}, {'value': 'McLaren - Mercedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLaren', 'summary': "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains', 'summary': "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:15.776', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.816', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jarno Trulli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jarno_Trulli', 'summary': "Jarno Trulli ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈjarno ˈtrulli ] ; born 13 July 1974 ) is an Italian racing driver . He regularly competed in Formula One from 1997 to 2011 , driving for Minardi , Prost , Jordan , Renault , Toyota , Lotus Racing and Team Lotus . His best result in the World Drivers ' Championship was sixth place in 2004 ; this was also the year in which he scored the only win of his Formula One career at the 2004 Monaco Grand Prix . Throughout his Formula One career , Trulli was renowned for his skill in qualifying , regularly achieving far better grid positions than rivals with superior cars to his own . He was also known for his defensive driving style which allowed him to successfully hold off quicker drivers , sometimes for an entire race . The combination of being able to achieve high grid positions in comparatively slow cars and his ability to hold off faster drivers would often result in a line of vehicles forming behind him during a race , which was commonly referred to as the 'Trulli Train ' by commentators , fans and journalists . Trulli was slated to compete in the 2012 Formula One season , but retired before the season began . In 2014-15 he competed in the inaugural season of the FIA Formula E Championship , driving for Trulli GP , a team he founded himself ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Honda_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "Honda has participated in Formula One , as an entrant , constructor and engine supplier , for various periods since 1964 . Honda 's involvement in Formula One began with the 1964 season , and in 1965 they achieved their first victory at the Mexican Grand Prix . After further success with John Surtees , Honda withdrew at the end of the 1968 season due to difficulties selling road cars in the United States and Honda driver Jo Schlesser 's fatal accident . Honda returned in 1983 as an engine supplier , which started a very successful period for Honda . After winning races in 1984 and 1985 , Honda won the Constructors ' Championship every year between 1986 and 1991 with Williams and McLaren , and the Drivers ' Championship every year from 1987 to 1991 with Nelson Piquet , Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost . Honda withdrew at the end of 1992 after having achieved their targets . Honda returned again in 2000 , providing engines for British American Racing ( BAR ) . BAR-Honda finished second in the Constructors ' Championship in 2004 , and by the end of 2005 Honda had bought out the BAR team , which became the Honda team for 2006 . After a good 2006 season where Jenson Button won the Hungarian Grand Prix , Honda announced in December 2008 that they would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the global financial crisis , following two difficult seasons in 2007 and 2008 . In May 2013 , Honda announced their intention to return to the sport in the 2015 season under a works agreement with McLaren to supply power units . The first iterations of the Honda engines proved to be uncompetitive , and Honda spent their first three years under the harsh scrutiny of the public eye as they developed their power unit . McLaren and Honda split after three years , Toro Rosso however , agreed to use Honda engines for the 2018 season as a works outfit ."}]}, {'value': '1:16.138', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.178', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heinz-Harald Frentzen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinz-Harald_Frentzen', 'summary': "Heinz-Harald Frentzen ( born 18 May 1967 ) , nicknamed HHF , is a German former racing driver . He finished runner-up in the 1997 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for Williams ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Honda_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "Honda has participated in Formula One , as an entrant , constructor and engine supplier , for various periods since 1964 . Honda 's involvement in Formula One began with the 1964 season , and in 1965 they achieved their first victory at the Mexican Grand Prix . After further success with John Surtees , Honda withdrew at the end of the 1968 season due to difficulties selling road cars in the United States and Honda driver Jo Schlesser 's fatal accident . Honda returned in 1983 as an engine supplier , which started a very successful period for Honda . After winning races in 1984 and 1985 , Honda won the Constructors ' Championship every year between 1986 and 1991 with Williams and McLaren , and the Drivers ' Championship every year from 1987 to 1991 with Nelson Piquet , Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost . Honda withdrew at the end of 1992 after having achieved their targets . Honda returned again in 2000 , providing engines for British American Racing ( BAR ) . BAR-Honda finished second in the Constructors ' Championship in 2004 , and by the end of 2005 Honda had bought out the BAR team , which became the Honda team for 2006 . After a good 2006 season where Jenson Button won the Hungarian Grand Prix , Honda announced in December 2008 that they would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the global financial crisis , following two difficult seasons in 2007 and 2008 . In May 2013 , Honda announced their intention to return to the sport in the 2015 season under a works agreement with McLaren to supply power units . The first iterations of the Honda engines proved to be uncompetitive , and Honda spent their first three years under the harsh scrutiny of the public eye as they developed their power unit . McLaren and Honda split after three years , Toro Rosso however , agreed to use Honda engines for the 2018 season as a works outfit ."}]}, {'value': '1:16.376', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.416', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kimi Räikkönen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kimi_Räikkönen', 'summary': "Kimi-Matias Räikkönen ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈkimi ˈmɑtiɑs ˈræikːønen ] ; born 17 October 1979 ) , nicknamed Iceman , is a Finnish racing driver currently driving in Formula One for Alfa Romeo Racing . He won the 2007 Formula One World Championship in his first season at Scuderia Ferrari . After nine seasons racing in Formula One he left the sport to compete in the World Rally Championship in 2010 and 2011 , returning to Formula One from 2012 . In addition to this title , Räikkönen also finished second overall in 2003 and 2005 , and third in 2008 , 2012 and 2018 . Räikkönen has won 21 Grands Prix , making him the most successful Finnish driver in terms of Formula One race wins . He is the only driver to take a race win in the V10 , V8 and the hybrid V6 engine eras . Räikkönen entered Formula One as a regular driver for Sauber-Petronas in 2001 , having competed in only 23 car races previously . He joined McLaren-Mercedes in 2002 , and became a title contender by finishing runner-up in the championship to Michael Schumacher in 2003 , and Fernando Alonso in 2005 . Räikkönen 's seasons at McLaren were plagued by severe unreliability from his cars , prompting a move to Ferrari in 2007 . This change saw him crowned Formula One World Drivers ' Champion that season , pipping both McLaren drivers-Lewis Hamilton and Fernando Alonso-to the title by just one point . In 2008 he equalled the record for the greatest number of fastest laps in a season for the second time . Räikkönen left both Scuderia Ferrari and the sport after the 2009 season , his sole victory that year having come in that season 's Belgian Grand Prix due to driving an uncompetitive Ferrari F60 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sauber - Petronas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sauber', 'summary': "Sauber Motorsport AG is a Swiss motorsport engineering company . It was founded in 1970 ( as PP Sauber AG ) by Peter Sauber , who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sportscar Championship to reach Formula One in 1993 . In 2019 , following a sponsorship deal , Sauber Motorsport AG renamed their Formula One racing team to Alfa Romeo Racing after operating it under their own name from 1993 until 2018 . Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent , the team was sold to BMW in 2005 , and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009 , scoring one victory . At the end of the 2009 season BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team 's future remained uncertain for several months , until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry . Due to issues with the Concorde Agreement , the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season . In March 2010 , Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season , but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name . At the beginning of the 2011 season the team dropped BMW from their name . Until mid-2016 Peter Sauber held a controlling 66.6% stake in the team , with the remainder belonging to then CEO Monisha Kaltenborn ; she had been a leading figure in the team since BMW 's withdrawal . The team was sold during the 2016 season to Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A , with Pascal Picci taking over Peter Sauber 's role as chairman of the board and president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sauber_Petronas_Engineering', 'summary': 'Sauber Petronas Engineering AG ( SPE ) was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufacturer Sauber ( 60% ) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas ( 40% ) . It was founded in 1996 for the purpose of supplying engines to the Sauber Formula One team but at the same time the company began work on the design of production car engines for the Malaysian national car company Proton . The company also helped develop racing motorcycles like Petronas GP1 . Former Honda and Ferrari engineer Osamu Goto was in charge of the Powertrain Division , including the F1 engine program . The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded Petronas . Sauber licensed nearly every legally licensable part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff . Many pointed out suspicious similarities between Ferrari and Sauber chassis , but no formal accusations were ever made , even if FIA rules require each team to design their own chassis . The long-term aim of Sauber Petronas was to design and build its own F1 engines for the 1999 season but the programme was abandoned , choosing instead to continue with the Ferrari units . In 1998 , Petronas commissioned the Powertrain Division of SPE to design their own first commercial automotive engine , the Petronas E01e engine . After the 2005 season , Sauber was bought by BMW and the co-operation with Ferrari ended .'}]}, {'value': '1:16.402', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.442', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nick Heidfeld', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Heidfeld', 'summary': 'Nick Lars Heidfeld ( born 10 May 1977 ) is a German professional racing driver . Despite scoring regular podium finishes in 2005 with Williams , and in 2007 and 2008 with BMW Sauber , Heidfeld never won a race after debuting in Formula One in 2000 . Heidfeld currently holds three Formula One records ; most podium finishes without a Grand Prix win ( 13 ) , most second-place finishes without a win ( 8 ) , and the most consecutive race classifications ( 41 ) . In 2011 , Heidfeld raced in Formula One for the Renault team as a replacement for the injured Robert Kubica , his former BMW Sauber teammate , before being replaced by Bruno Senna . He currently drives for the Rebellion Racing team in the FIA World Endurance Championship and for Mahindra Racing Formula E Team in Formula E .'}]}, {'value': 'Sauber - Petronas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sauber', 'summary': "Sauber Motorsport AG is a Swiss motorsport engineering company . It was founded in 1970 ( as PP Sauber AG ) by Peter Sauber , who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sportscar Championship to reach Formula One in 1993 . In 2019 , following a sponsorship deal , Sauber Motorsport AG renamed their Formula One racing team to Alfa Romeo Racing after operating it under their own name from 1993 until 2018 . Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent , the team was sold to BMW in 2005 , and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009 , scoring one victory . At the end of the 2009 season BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team 's future remained uncertain for several months , until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry . Due to issues with the Concorde Agreement , the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season . In March 2010 , Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season , but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name . At the beginning of the 2011 season the team dropped BMW from their name . Until mid-2016 Peter Sauber held a controlling 66.6% stake in the team , with the remainder belonging to then CEO Monisha Kaltenborn ; she had been a leading figure in the team since BMW 's withdrawal . The team was sold during the 2016 season to Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A , with Pascal Picci taking over Peter Sauber 's role as chairman of the board and president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sauber_Petronas_Engineering', 'summary': 'Sauber Petronas Engineering AG ( SPE ) was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufacturer Sauber ( 60% ) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas ( 40% ) . It was founded in 1996 for the purpose of supplying engines to the Sauber Formula One team but at the same time the company began work on the design of production car engines for the Malaysian national car company Proton . The company also helped develop racing motorcycles like Petronas GP1 . Former Honda and Ferrari engineer Osamu Goto was in charge of the Powertrain Division , including the F1 engine program . The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded Petronas . Sauber licensed nearly every legally licensable part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff . Many pointed out suspicious similarities between Ferrari and Sauber chassis , but no formal accusations were ever made , even if FIA rules require each team to design their own chassis . The long-term aim of Sauber Petronas was to design and build its own F1 engines for the 1999 season but the programme was abandoned , choosing instead to continue with the Ferrari units . In 1998 , Petronas commissioned the Powertrain Division of SPE to design their own first commercial automotive engine , the Petronas E01e engine . After the 2005 season , Sauber was bought by BMW and the co-operation with Ferrari ended .'}]}, {'value': '1:16.438', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.478', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacques Villeneuve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Villeneuve', 'summary': "Jacques Joseph Charles Villeneuve OQ ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒɑk vilnœv ] ; born April 9 , 1971 ) is a Canadian professional auto racing driver and amateur musician . Villeneuve currently competes in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series , driving the # 32 Chevrolet Camaro for Go Fas Racing in the Elite 1 class . He is the son of Formula One driver Gilles Villeneuve , and is the namesake of his uncle , who was also a racer . Villeneuve won the 1995 CART Championship , the 1995 Indianapolis 500 and the 1997 Formula One World Championship , making him only the third driver after Mario Andretti and Emerson Fittipaldi to achieve such a feat . As of 2019 [ update ] , no other Canadian has won the Indianapolis 500 or the Formula One Drivers ' title . Following two successful years in CART , Villeneuve moved into Formula One with the front-running Williams team , alongside Damon Hill . In his debut season , Villeneuve challenged teammate Hill for the title , winning four races and taking the fight to the final round in Japan , where Villeneuve retired and Hill won the race and the title . Villeneuve , however , did win the following year 's title , this time challenging Michael Schumacher and once again taking it to the final round in Jerez , where Schumacher retired after the two collided . 1997 would be the last year in which Villeneuve would win a championship level race and finish the season in the top three . For 1998 , Villeneuve 's Williams team had to fare with less competitive Mecachrome engines , and Villeneuve moved to the newly formed British American Racing team in 1999 . He stayed there for the next four seasons but , following poor results he was replaced by former British Formula Three Champion Takuma Sato . Villeneuve also drove for Renault at the end of 2004 , and Sauber in the 2005 season and eleven races of the 2006 season before suffering an injury in Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'BAR - Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_American_Racing', 'summary': "British American Racing , abbreviated as BAR , was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005 . BAR began by acquiring Tyrrell , and used Supertec engines for their first year . Subsequently , they formed a partnership with Honda which lasted for the next six years . The team was named after British American Tobacco plc ( BAT ) , which owned and sponsored it in order to display its Lucky Strike and 555 brands . The headquarters were in Brackley , Northamptonshire , United Kingdom . In mid-November 2004 , Japanese automobile manufacturer Honda purchased 45% of the team , and in September 2005 , purchased the remaining 55% share to become the sole owner . Consequently , BAR Honda became Honda Racing F1 Team for the 2006 Formula One season . BAT continued as title sponsor with the Lucky Strike brand , but due to new tobacco advertising regulations worldwide , pulled its sponsorship from Formula One entirely at the end of the 2006 season . Honda ran the team for the 2006 , 2007 and 2008 seasons . During 2008 , the Honda RA109 was being developed for the following year while Honda attempted to sell the team . A management buy-out by team principal Ross Brawn and an engine supply deal with Mercedes-Benz resulted in a remarkable 2009 season in which Brawn GP team won the Constructors ' Championship with Jenson Button winning the Drivers ' Championship . Mercedes bought the team in November 2009 and as of January 2020 [ update ] , the team competes as Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Honda_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "Honda has participated in Formula One , as an entrant , constructor and engine supplier , for various periods since 1964 . Honda 's involvement in Formula One began with the 1964 season , and in 1965 they achieved their first victory at the Mexican Grand Prix . After further success with John Surtees , Honda withdrew at the end of the 1968 season due to difficulties selling road cars in the United States and Honda driver Jo Schlesser 's fatal accident . Honda returned in 1983 as an engine supplier , which started a very successful period for Honda . After winning races in 1984 and 1985 , Honda won the Constructors ' Championship every year between 1986 and 1991 with Williams and McLaren , and the Drivers ' Championship every year from 1987 to 1991 with Nelson Piquet , Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost . Honda withdrew at the end of 1992 after having achieved their targets . Honda returned again in 2000 , providing engines for British American Racing ( BAR ) . BAR-Honda finished second in the Constructors ' Championship in 2004 , and by the end of 2005 Honda had bought out the BAR team , which became the Honda team for 2006 . After a good 2006 season where Jenson Button won the Hungarian Grand Prix , Honda announced in December 2008 that they would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the global financial crisis , following two difficult seasons in 2007 and 2008 . In May 2013 , Honda announced their intention to return to the sport in the 2015 season under a works agreement with McLaren to supply power units . The first iterations of the Honda engines proved to be uncompetitive , and Honda spent their first three years under the harsh scrutiny of the public eye as they developed their power unit . McLaren and Honda split after three years , Toro Rosso however , agreed to use Honda engines for the 2018 season as a works outfit ."}]}, {'value': '1:16.439', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.479', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddie Irvine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Irvine', 'summary': "Edmund Irvine Jr. ( born 10 November 1965 ) is a former racing driver from Northern Ireland . He competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2002 , and finished runner-up in the 1999 World Drivers ' Championship , driving for Scuderia Ferrari . He began his career at the age of seventeen when he entered the Formula Ford Championship , achieving early success , before progressing to the Formula Three and Formula 3000 Championships . He made his Formula One debut in 1993 with Jordan Grand Prix , where he achieved early notoriety for his involvement in incidents on and off the track . He scored his first podium in 1995 with Jordan , before moving to Ferrari in 1996 . His most successful season was in 1999 when he took four victories and challenged McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen for the World Championship . He moved to Jaguar Racing in 2000 , scoring the team 's first podium in 2001 and his final podium in 2002 . Irvine retired from competitive motorsport at the end of the 2002 season . Since retiring , Irvine became a media personality in Great Britain . He was linked with the takeover of the Jordan and Minardi Formula One teams in 2005 , but talks came to nothing . Irvine also expanded his interests in the property market , having built up an investment portfolio during his racing career ."}]}, {'value': 'Jaguar - Cosworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaguar_Racing', 'summary': "Jaguar Racing is the name given to Jaguar 's racing interests . It currently competes in Formula E under the name Panasonic Jaguar Racing . It was previously a Formula One constructor that competed in the FIA Formula One World Championship from 2000 to 2004 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cosworth', 'summary': 'Cosworth is a British automotive engineering company founded in London in 1958 ; 62 years ago ( 1958 ) , specialising in high-performance internal combustion engines , powertrain , and electronics ; for automobile racing ( motorsport ) and mainstream automotive industries . Cosworth is based in Northampton , England , with American facilities in Indianapolis , Shelby Charter Township , Michigan and Mooresville , North Carolina . Cosworth has collected 176 wins in Formula One ( F1 ) as engine supplier , ranking third with most wins , behind Ferrari and Mercedes .'}]}, {'value': '1:16.588', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.628', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olivier Panis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olivier_Panis', 'summary': 'Olivier Panis ( born 2 September 1966 ) is a French professional racing driver . Panis drove in Formula One for ten seasons , scoring one win at the 1996 Monaco Grand Prix for the Ligier team . As of 2019 , he is the last French driver to win a Formula One Grand Prix . He is the father of racing driver Aurélien Panis .'}]}, {'value': 'BAR - Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_American_Racing', 'summary': "British American Racing , abbreviated as BAR , was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005 . BAR began by acquiring Tyrrell , and used Supertec engines for their first year . Subsequently , they formed a partnership with Honda which lasted for the next six years . The team was named after British American Tobacco plc ( BAT ) , which owned and sponsored it in order to display its Lucky Strike and 555 brands . The headquarters were in Brackley , Northamptonshire , United Kingdom . In mid-November 2004 , Japanese automobile manufacturer Honda purchased 45% of the team , and in September 2005 , purchased the remaining 55% share to become the sole owner . Consequently , BAR Honda became Honda Racing F1 Team for the 2006 Formula One season . BAT continued as title sponsor with the Lucky Strike brand , but due to new tobacco advertising regulations worldwide , pulled its sponsorship from Formula One entirely at the end of the 2006 season . Honda ran the team for the 2006 , 2007 and 2008 seasons . During 2008 , the Honda RA109 was being developed for the following year while Honda attempted to sell the team . A management buy-out by team principal Ross Brawn and an engine supply deal with Mercedes-Benz resulted in a remarkable 2009 season in which Brawn GP team won the Constructors ' Championship with Jenson Button winning the Drivers ' Championship . Mercedes bought the team in November 2009 and as of January 2020 [ update ] , the team competes as Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Honda_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "Honda has participated in Formula One , as an entrant , constructor and engine supplier , for various periods since 1964 . Honda 's involvement in Formula One began with the 1964 season , and in 1965 they achieved their first victory at the Mexican Grand Prix . After further success with John Surtees , Honda withdrew at the end of the 1968 season due to difficulties selling road cars in the United States and Honda driver Jo Schlesser 's fatal accident . Honda returned in 1983 as an engine supplier , which started a very successful period for Honda . After winning races in 1984 and 1985 , Honda won the Constructors ' Championship every year between 1986 and 1991 with Williams and McLaren , and the Drivers ' Championship every year from 1987 to 1991 with Nelson Piquet , Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost . Honda withdrew at the end of 1992 after having achieved their targets . Honda returned again in 2000 , providing engines for British American Racing ( BAR ) . BAR-Honda finished second in the Constructors ' Championship in 2004 , and by the end of 2005 Honda had bought out the BAR team , which became the Honda team for 2006 . After a good 2006 season where Jenson Button won the Hungarian Grand Prix , Honda announced in December 2008 that they would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the global financial crisis , following two difficult seasons in 2007 and 2008 . In May 2013 , Honda announced their intention to return to the sport in the 2015 season under a works agreement with McLaren to supply power units . The first iterations of the Honda engines proved to be uncompetitive , and Honda spent their first three years under the harsh scrutiny of the public eye as they developed their power unit . McLaren and Honda split after three years , Toro Rosso however , agreed to use Honda engines for the 2018 season as a works outfit ."}]}, {'value': '1:16.872', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.912', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean Alesi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Alesi', 'summary': "Jean Alesi ( born Giovanni Alesi ; 11 June 1964 ) is a French racing driver of Italian origin . His father , Franco , was a mechanic from Alcamo , Sicily , and his mother was from Riesi . After successes in the minor categories , notably winning the 1989 Formula 3000 Championship , his Formula One career included spells at Tyrrell , Benetton , Sauber , Prost , Jordan and Ferrari , where he proved very popular among the tifosi . During his spell at Ferrari from 1991 to 1995 , his aggressive driving style , combined with the use of the number 27 on his car , led some journalists , and the tifosi , to compare him to Gilles Villeneuve and he won the 1995 Canadian Grand Prix , but this proved to be the only win of his Formula One career . During his time in Formula One , Alesi was particularly good in the wet , and was a mercurial and passionate racer , whose emotions sometimes got the better of him . After leaving Formula One , from 2002 to 2006 Alesi raced in the DTM championship , winning some races , and his best result was a fifth place in the drivers ' championship . He raced in the Speedcar Series in 2008 and 2009 , and raced at Le Mans in 2010 . He raced in the Indianapolis 500 in 2012 and became the oldest professional driver to perform the rookie test for admission to the competition . For several years he was also a commentator for the Italian TV show Pole Position . In 2006 Alesi was awarded Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ."}]}, {'value': 'Prost - Acer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prost_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Prost Grand Prix was a Formula One racing team owned and managed by four-time Formula One world champion Alain Prost . The team participated in five seasons from 1997 to 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Acer_(engine)', 'summary': "Acer Inc. ( /ˈeɪsər/ AY-sər ; Chinese : 宏碁股份有限公司 ; pinyin : Hóngqí Gǔfèn Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī , lit . Hongqi Corporation Ltd. ; commonly known as Acer and stylized as acer ) is a Taiwanese multinational hardware and electronics corporation , specializing in advanced electronics technology , headquartered in Xizhi , New Taipei City , Taiwan . Acer 's products include desktop PCs , laptop PCs ( clamshells , 2-in-1s , convertibles and Chromebooks ) , tablets , servers , storage devices , virtual reality devices , displays , smartphones and peripherals . Acer also sells gaming PCs and accessories under its Predator brand . In the early 2000s , Acer implemented a new business model , shifting from a manufacturer to a designer , marketer and distributor of products , while performing production processes via contract manufacturers . In 2015 , Acer was the sixth-largest personal computer vendor in the world . Currently , in addition to its core IT products business , Acer also has a new business entity that focuses on the integration of cloud services and platforms , and the development of smartphones and wearable devices with value-added IoT applications ."}]}, {'value': '1:17.251', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.291', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giancarlo Fisichella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giancarlo_Fisichella', 'summary': "Giancarlo Fisichella ( Italian pronunciation : [ dʒaŋˈkarlo fiziˈkɛlla ] ; born 14 January 1973 ) , also known as Fisico , Giano or Fisi , is an Italian professional racing driver . He has driven in Formula One for Minardi , Jordan , Benetton , Sauber , Renault , Force India and Ferrari . Since then he has driven for AF Corse in their Ferrari 458 GTE at various sportscar events , becoming twice a Le Mans 24 Hour class winner , and a GT class winner of the Petit Le Mans at Road Atlanta . He was also Ferrari 's F1 reserve driver for 2010 . Fisichella won three races in his Formula One career , the first of which was at the chaotic 2003 Brazilian Grand Prix , a race abandoned for safety reasons with 15 laps remaining . After several days of confusion regarding rules and technicalities , Fisichella was eventually declared the winner in the following week , and collected his trophy in an unofficial ceremony at the following race . He was brought into the Renault team to replace fellow Italian Jarno Trulli , and won his first race with the team in Australia in 2005 . However , after that race it was his teammate , the Spanish driver Fernando Alonso , that would win the greater share of races for Renault . Although highly rated as a driver , Fisichella was unable to keep pace with eventual champion Alonso , managing just one further race win following his debut . Outside of driving , he has backed his own GP2 team , FMS International . On 17 June 2012 Fisichella won the GTE Pro division of the Le Mans 24hrs for AF Corse and followed this up with the Manufacturers ' title in the WEC at the end of the season ."}]}, {'value': 'Benetton - Renault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benetton_Formula', 'summary': 'Benetton Formula Ltd. , commonly referred to simply as Benetton , was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001 . The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name . In 2000 , the team was purchased by Renault , but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . In 2002 , the team became Renault F1 . The Benetton Formula team was chaired by Alessandro Benetton from 1988 to 1998 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "The French automotive manufacturer Renault has been associated with Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier for various periods since 1977 . In 1977 , the company entered Formula One as a constructor , introducing the turbo engine to Formula One in its first car , the Renault RS01 . In 1983 , Renault began supplying engines to other teams . Although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles , it withdrew at the end of 1985 . Renault continued supplying engines to other teams until 1986 , then again from 1989 to 1997 and at various other times since then until the present . Renault returned to Formula One in 2000 when it acquired the Enstone-based Benetton Formula team ( formerly Toleman ) . In 2002 Renault re-branded the team as Renault F1 Team and started to use Renault as their constructor name , winning both the Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championships in 2005 and 2006 . For the 2011 season the team competed under the name Lotus Renault GP but retained the Renault constructor name . In 2012 , the team changed their constructor name to Lotus and operated as Lotus F1 Team until the end of 2015 , when they returned to the control of Renault as a works manufacturer . For the 2019 season Sport was removed from the team 's official title . Renault has also supplied engines to other teams , including Red Bull Racing ( 2007-2015 ) , Benetton Formula ( 1995-1997 , 2001 ) and Williams ( 1989-1997 , 2012-2013 ) . In addition to its two own F1 World Constructors ' Championships ( 2005 , 2006 ) and two Drivers ' Championships , as an engine supplier , Renault has contributed to nine other World Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:17.378', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.418', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedro de la Rosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_de_la_Rosa', 'summary': 'Pedro Martínez de la Rosa ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈpeðɾo ðe la ˈrosa ] ; born 24 February 1971 ) is a Spanish former Formula One driver who has participated in 107 Grands Prix for the Arrows , Jaguar , McLaren , Sauber and HRT teams , debuting on 7 March 1999 , becoming one of very few drivers to score a point at his first race . He has scored a total of 35 championship points , which includes a podium finish at the 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix . On 21 November 2011 , De la Rosa signed a two-year contract to drive for the HRT F1 team , but he only remained with the team for one season , after HRT withdrew from the 2013 team list , leaving him without a drive for the 2013 season . On 16 January 2013 , De la Rosa was announced as the Ferrari development driver for the 2013 Formula One season . De la Rosa , along with Michael Schumacher was the last F1 driver that had raced in the sport in the 1990s .'}]}, {'value': 'Jaguar - Cosworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaguar_Racing', 'summary': "Jaguar Racing is the name given to Jaguar 's racing interests . It currently competes in Formula E under the name Panasonic Jaguar Racing . It was previously a Formula One constructor that competed in the FIA Formula One World Championship from 2000 to 2004 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cosworth', 'summary': 'Cosworth is a British automotive engineering company founded in London in 1958 ; 62 years ago ( 1958 ) , specialising in high-performance internal combustion engines , powertrain , and electronics ; for automobile racing ( motorsport ) and mainstream automotive industries . Cosworth is based in Northampton , England , with American facilities in Indianapolis , Shelby Charter Township , Michigan and Mooresville , North Carolina . Cosworth has collected 176 wins in Formula One ( F1 ) as engine supplier , ranking third with most wins , behind Ferrari and Mercedes .'}]}, {'value': '1:17.627', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.667', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luciano Burti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luciano_Burti', 'summary': 'Luciano Pucci Burti ( born 5 March 1975 ) is a Brazilian racing driver who briefly raced in Formula One . He is now a commentator for TV Globo .'}]}, {'value': 'Prost - Acer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prost_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Prost Grand Prix was a Formula One racing team owned and managed by four-time Formula One world champion Alain Prost . The team participated in five seasons from 1997 to 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Acer_(engine)', 'summary': "Acer Inc. ( /ˈeɪsər/ AY-sər ; Chinese : 宏碁股份有限公司 ; pinyin : Hóngqí Gǔfèn Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī , lit . Hongqi Corporation Ltd. ; commonly known as Acer and stylized as acer ) is a Taiwanese multinational hardware and electronics corporation , specializing in advanced electronics technology , headquartered in Xizhi , New Taipei City , Taiwan . Acer 's products include desktop PCs , laptop PCs ( clamshells , 2-in-1s , convertibles and Chromebooks ) , tablets , servers , storage devices , virtual reality devices , displays , smartphones and peripherals . Acer also sells gaming PCs and accessories under its Predator brand . In the early 2000s , Acer implemented a new business model , shifting from a manufacturer to a designer , marketer and distributor of products , while performing production processes via contract manufacturers . In 2015 , Acer was the sixth-largest personal computer vendor in the world . Currently , in addition to its core IT products business , Acer also has a new business entity that focuses on the integration of cloud services and platforms , and the development of smartphones and wearable devices with value-added IoT applications ."}]}, {'value': '1:18.113', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.153', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enrique Bernoldi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enrique_Bernoldi', 'summary': 'Enrique Antônio Langue e Silvério de Bernoldi ( born 19 October 1978 in Curitiba ) is a Brazilian professional racing driver who raced for the Arrows Formula One team in 2001 and 2002 , and was the test driver for BAR Honda between 2004 and 2006 . He entered IndyCar racing in 2008 , and competed in the FIA GT World Championship between 2009 and 2011 , in addition to entering multiple other competitions .'}]}, {'value': 'Arrows - Asiatech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrows_Grand_Prix_International', 'summary': 'Arrows Grand Prix International was a British Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002 . It was known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Asiatech', 'summary': 'Asiatech was the trade name of Asia Motor Technologies France , a company founded in 2000 by Japanese private capital under the leadership of Dr. John Gano and Enrique Scalabroni , which purchased the assets of the Peugeot Formula One programme at the end of the 2000 season . Its mandate was to acquire top-level European engine technology for Asia and to create an Asian-themed F1 team . It increased staffing from 170 to 221 employees , supplied its engines in development for testing at no cost to minor teams in 2001 and 2002 , and had designed and presented the wind-tunnel model of its original F1 chassis when its Japanese private funding failed in 2002 . Asiatech returned the staff and facilities it had acquired back to Peugeot and wound down at the end of the 2002 season .'}]}, {'value': '1:18.151', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.191', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jos Verstappen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jos_Verstappen', 'summary': 'Johannes Franciscus Jos Verstappen ( born 4 March 1972 ) is a Dutch former racing driver . After his F1 career Jos Verstappen has won races in A1 Grand Prix and Le Mans Series LMP2 races ( winning the 24 hours of Le Mans LMP2 class in 2008 ) . Prior to his F1 debut in 1994 , he was also the German Formula Three champion and Masters of Formula Three winner in 1993 . Jos was considered the most successful Dutch F1 racing driver before he retired and began mentoring his son Max in Formula 1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Arrows - Asiatech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrows_Grand_Prix_International', 'summary': 'Arrows Grand Prix International was a British Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002 . It was known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Asiatech', 'summary': 'Asiatech was the trade name of Asia Motor Technologies France , a company founded in 2000 by Japanese private capital under the leadership of Dr. John Gano and Enrique Scalabroni , which purchased the assets of the Peugeot Formula One programme at the end of the 2000 season . Its mandate was to acquire top-level European engine technology for Asia and to create an Asian-themed F1 team . It increased staffing from 170 to 221 employees , supplied its engines in development for testing at no cost to minor teams in 2001 and 2002 , and had designed and presented the wind-tunnel model of its original F1 chassis when its Japanese private funding failed in 2002 . Asiatech returned the staff and facilities it had acquired back to Peugeot and wound down at the end of the 2002 season .'}]}, {'value': '1:18.262', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.302', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jenson Button', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jenson_Button', 'summary': "Jenson Alexander Lyons Button MBE ( born 19 January 1980 ) is a British racing driver and former Formula One driver . He won the 2009 Formula One World Championship , driving for Brawn GP . He currently competes in the Japanese Super GT Series driving a Honda NSX-GT for Team Kunimitsu , in which he won the title in 2018 . Button began karting at the age of eight and achieved early success , before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the British Formula 3 Championship . He first drove in Formula One with Williams for the 2000 season . The following year he switched to Benetton , which in 2002 became Renault , and then for the 2003 season he moved to BAR . In 2004 he finished 3rd in the World Drivers ' Championship , with only the two Ferraris ahead of him . BAR was subsequently renamed Honda for the 2006 season , during which Button won his first Grand Prix in Hungary , after 113 races . Following the withdrawal of Honda from the sport in December 2008 , he was left without a drive for the 2009 season , until Ross Brawn led a management buyout of the team in February 2009 , and Button suddenly found himself in a highly competitive , Mercedes-engined car . He went on to win a record-tying six of the first seven races of the 2009 season , securing the World Drivers ' Championship at the Brazilian Grand Prix , having led on points all season ; his success also helped Brawn GP to secure the World Constructors ' Championship . For 2010 , he moved to McLaren , partnering fellow British racer and former World Champion Lewis Hamilton . After finishing fifth for the team in 2010 , Button finished the 2011 season as runner-up ."}]}, {'value': 'Benetton - Renault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benetton_Formula', 'summary': 'Benetton Formula Ltd. , commonly referred to simply as Benetton , was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001 . The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name . In 2000 , the team was purchased by Renault , but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . In 2002 , the team became Renault F1 . The Benetton Formula team was chaired by Alessandro Benetton from 1988 to 1998 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "The French automotive manufacturer Renault has been associated with Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier for various periods since 1977 . In 1977 , the company entered Formula One as a constructor , introducing the turbo engine to Formula One in its first car , the Renault RS01 . In 1983 , Renault began supplying engines to other teams . Although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles , it withdrew at the end of 1985 . Renault continued supplying engines to other teams until 1986 , then again from 1989 to 1997 and at various other times since then until the present . Renault returned to Formula One in 2000 when it acquired the Enstone-based Benetton Formula team ( formerly Toleman ) . In 2002 Renault re-branded the team as Renault F1 Team and started to use Renault as their constructor name , winning both the Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championships in 2005 and 2006 . For the 2011 season the team competed under the name Lotus Renault GP but retained the Renault constructor name . In 2012 , the team changed their constructor name to Lotus and operated as Lotus F1 Team until the end of 2015 , when they returned to the control of Renault as a works manufacturer . For the 2019 season Sport was removed from the team 's official title . Renault has also supplied engines to other teams , including Red Bull Racing ( 2007-2015 ) , Benetton Formula ( 1995-1997 , 2001 ) and Williams ( 1989-1997 , 2012-2013 ) . In addition to its two own F1 World Constructors ' Championships ( 2005 , 2006 ) and two Drivers ' Championships , as an engine supplier , Renault has contributed to nine other World Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:18.626', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.666', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Classification -- Qualifying', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2001_European_Grand_Prix_0', 'intro': "The 2001 European Grand Prix (formally the XLV Warsteiner Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race held on 24 June 2001 at the Nürburgring, Nürburg, Germany. It was the ninth race of the 2001 Formula One season. The 67-lap race was won by Michael Schumacher driving for Ferrari after starting from pole position. Juan Pablo Montoya finished second driving for Williams, with David Coulthard third driving for McLaren. The race was Michael Schumacher's fifth win of the season, his third at the Nürburgring, and the result meant that he extended his lead in the Drivers' Championship to 24 points over Coulthard and 42 ahead of Rubens Barrichello. Ferrari maintained their lead in the Constructors' Championship, 41 points ahead of McLaren and 57 ahead of Williams, with 8 races of the season remaining."} | null | null | Who is the constructor of the driver who was `` statistically the greatest driver the sport has ever seen '' at the time of his retirement from the sport ? | Ferrari |
07f33f9bc0257722 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alpha_Phi_Alpha_brothers', 'title': 'List of Alpha Phi Alpha brothers', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Lee P. Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_P._Brown', 'summary': 'Lee Patrick Brown ( born October 4 , 1937 ) is an American politician , criminologist and businessman ; in 1997 he was the first African-American to be elected mayor of Houston , Texas . He was reelected twice to serve the maximum of three terms from 1998 to 2004 . He has had a long career in law enforcement and academia ; leading police departments in Atlanta , Houston and New York over the course of nearly four decades . With practical experience and a doctorate from University of California , Berkeley , he has combined research and operations in his career . After serving as Public Safety Commissioner of Atlanta , Georgia , he was appointed in 1982 as the first African-American police chief in Houston , Texas , where he implemented techniques in community policing to reduce crime .'}]}, {'value': 'Epsilon Beta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_State_University,_Fresno', 'summary': "California State University , Fresno ( Fresno State ) is a public university in Fresno , California . It is one of 23 campuses in the California State University system . The university had a Fall 2018 enrollment of 24,995 students . It offers bachelor 's degrees in 60 areas of study , 45 master 's degrees , 3 doctoral degrees , 12 certificates of advanced study , and 2 different teaching credentials . The university 's unique facilities include an on-campus planetarium , on-campus raisin and wine grape vineyards , and a commercial winery , where student-made wines have won over 300 awards since 1997 . Members of Fresno State 's nationally ranked Top 10 Equestrian Team have the option of housing their horses on campus , next to indoor and outdoor arenas . Fresno State has a 50,000-square-foot ( 4,600 m2 ) Student Recreation Center and the third-largest library ( by square footage ) in the California State University system . The university is classified as a doctoral university with moderate research activity in the Carnegie Classification , as of the February 1 , 2016 update ."}]}, {'value': 'Director of National Drug Control Policy ; first African-American mayor of Houston , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy', 'summary': 'The Office of National Drug Control Policy is a component of the Executive Office of the President of the United States . The Director of National Drug Control Policy , colloquially known as the Drug Czar , heads the office . Drug Czar was a term first used in the media by then-Senator Joe Biden in October 1982 . In addition to running the ONDCP , the director evaluates , coordinates , and oversees both the international and domestic anti-drug efforts of executive branch agencies and ensures that such efforts sustain and complement State and local anti-drug activities . The Director advises the President regarding changes in the organization , management , budgeting , and personnel of federal agencies that affect U.S. anti-drug efforts ; and regarding federal agency compliance with their obligations under the National Drug Control Strategy , an annual report required by law . The most recent director is James . W. Carroll , who took over from former director Michael Botticelli . The Fiscal Year 2011 National Drug Control Budget proposed by the Obama Administration would devote significant new resources to the prevention and treatment of drug abuse . These resources are complemented by an aggressive effort to enhance domestic law enforcement , interdiction , and supply control programs . New resources , $ 340 million , are added to the prevention and treatment of drug use .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Houston,_Texas', 'summary': "Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ( listen ) HEW-stən ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas , fourth most populous city in the United States , most populous city in the Southern United States , as well as the sixth most populous in North America , with an estimated 2018 population of 2,325,502 . Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , it is the seat of Harris County and the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area , which is the fifth most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second most populous in Texas after the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , with a population of 6,997,384 in 2018 . Comprising a total area of 637.4 square miles ( 1,651 km2 ) , Houston is the eighth most expansive city in the United States ( including consolidated city-counties ) . It is the largest city in the United States by total area , whose government is not consolidated with that of a county , parish or borough . Though primarily in Harris County , small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend and Montgomery counties , bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands . The city of Houston was founded by land investors on August 30 , 1836 , at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou ( a point now known as Allen 's Landing ) and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 . The city is named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had won Texas ' independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Allen 's Landing . After briefly serving as the capital of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s , Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century . The arrival of the 20th century saw a convergence of economic factors which fueled rapid growth in Houston , including a burgeoning port and railroad industry , the decline of Galveston as Texas ' primary port following a devastating 1900 hurricane , the subsequent construction of the Houston Ship Channel , and the Texas oil boom . In the mid-20th century , Houston 's economy diversified as it became home to the Texas Medical Center - the world 's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions - and NASA 's Johnson Space Center , where the Mission Control Center is located . Houston 's economy since the late 19th century has a broad industrial base in energy , manufacturing , aeronautics , and transportation . Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment , Houston has the second most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits ( after New York City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert J . Brown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mu Lambda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Special Assistant to President Nixon for Minority Affairs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Thaddeus Coleman , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Thaddeus_Coleman,_Jr.', 'summary': 'William Thaddeus Coleman Jr. ( July 7 , 1920 - March 31 , 2017 ) was an American attorney and politician . Coleman was the fourth United States Secretary of Transportation , from March 7 , 1975 , to January 20 , 1977 , and the second African American to serve in the United States Cabinet . As an attorney , Coleman played a major role in significant civil rights cases . At the time of his death , Coleman was the oldest living former Cabinet member . [ a ]'}]}, {'value': 'Psi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "The University of Pennsylvania ( Penn or UPenn ) is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The University claims a founding date of 1740 [ note 2 ] and is one of the nine colonial colleges founded prior to the U.S . Declaration of Independence . Benjamin Franklin , Penn 's founder and first president , advocated an educational program that trained leaders in commerce , government , and public service , similar to a modern liberal arts curriculum . Penn has four undergraduate schools as well as twelve graduate and professional schools . Among its graduate and professional schools are the first school of medicine in North America ( Perelman School of Medicine , 1765 ) , the first collegiate business school ( Wharton School , 1881 ) , and the first student union building and organization ( Houston Hall , 1896 ) . In 2019 , the university had an endowment of $ 14.65 billion , the seventh largest endowment of all colleges in the United States , as well as a research budget of $ 1.02 billion . The university 's athletics program , the Quakers , fields varsity teams in 33 sports as a member of the NCAA Division I Ivy League conference . As of 2018 , distinguished alumni include 14 heads of state , 64 billionaires , 3 U.S. Supreme Court justices , 33 U.S . Senators , 44 U.S. Governors , 159 members of the U.S. House of Representatives , 8 signers of the U.S . Declaration of Independence , 12 signers of the U.S. Constitution , 24 members of the Continental Congress , and the current U.S. President , Donald Trump . Other notable alumni include 29 Rhodes Scholars , 15 Marshall Scholars , 16 Pulitzer Prize winners , and 48 Fulbright Scholars ."}]}, {'value': 'Secretary of Transportation ; first Black Supreme Court law clerk ; co-author of the brief in the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ; co-counsel on the landmark case McLaughlin v. Florida , which established the constitutionality of interracial marriages ; editor of the Harvard Law Review ; 1995 Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation', 'summary': "The United States secretary of transportation is the head of the United States Department of Transportation , a member of the president 's Cabinet , and fourteenth in the presidential Line of Succession . The post was created with the formation of the Department of Transportation on October 15 , 1966 , by President Lyndon B. Johnson 's signing of the Department of Transportation Act . The department 's mission is to develop and coordinate policies that will provide an efficient and economical national transportation system , with due regard for need , the environment , and the national defense . The secretary of transportation oversees eleven agencies , including the Federal Aviation Administration , the Federal Highway Administration , and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . In April 2008 , Mary Peters launched the official blog of the secretary of transportation called The Fast Lane . The first secretary of transportation was Alan Stephenson Boyd , nominated to the post by Democratic president Lyndon B. Johnson . Ronald Reagan 's second secretary of transportation , Elizabeth Dole , was the first female holder , and Mary Peters was the second . Gerald Ford 's nominee William Thaddeus Coleman , Jr. was the first African American to serve as transportation secretary , and Federico Peña , serving under Bill Clinton , was the first Hispanic to hold the position , subsequently becoming the secretary of energy . Japanese-American Norman Mineta , who had previously been the secretary of commerce , is the longest-serving secretary , holding the post for over five and a half years , and Andrew Card is the shortest-serving secretary , serving only eleven months . Neil Goldschmidt was the youngest secretary , taking office at age thirty nine , while Norman Mineta was the oldest , retiring at age seventy four . On January 23 , 2009 , the sixteenth secretary Ray LaHood took office , serving under the administration of Democrat Barack Obama ; he had previously been a Republican Congressman from Illinois for fourteen years . The salary of the secretary of transportation is $ 199,700 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States', 'summary': 'The Supreme Court of the United States ( SCOTUS ) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States . It has ultimate ( and largely discretionary ) appellate jurisdiction over all federal and state court cases that involve a point of federal law , and original jurisdiction over a narrow range of cases , specifically all Cases affecting Ambassadors , other public Ministers and Consuls , and those in which a State shall be Party . The Court holds the power of judicial review , the ability to invalidate a statute for violating a provision of the U.S. Constitution . It is also able to strike down presidential directives for violating either the Constitution or statutory law . However , it may act only within the context of a case in an area of law over which it has jurisdiction . The Court may decide cases having political overtones , but it has ruled that it does not have power to decide non-justiciable political questions . Established by Article III of the Constitution , the composition and procedures of the Supreme Court were initially established by the 1st Congress through the Judiciary Act of 1789 . As later set by the Judiciary Act of 1869 , the Court consists of the chief justice of the United States and eight associate justices . Each justice has lifetime tenure , meaning they remain on the Court until they resign , retire , die , or are removed from office . When a vacancy occurs , the president , with the advice and consent of the Senate , appoints a new justice . Each justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it . When in majority , the chief justice decides who writes the opinion of the court ; otherwise , the most senior justice in the majority assigns the task of writing the opinion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education', 'summary': "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) , was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional , even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality . Handed down on May 17 , 1954 , the Court 's unanimous ( 9-0 ) decision stated that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal , and therefore violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution . However , the decision 's 14 pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools , and the Court 's second decision in Brown II ( 349 U.S. 294 ( 1955 ) ) only ordered states to desegregate with all deliberate speed . The case originated in 1951 , when the public school district in Topeka , Kansas , refused to enroll the daughter of local black resident Oliver Brown at the school closest to their home , instead requiring her to ride a bus to a segregated black elementary school farther away . The Browns and twelve other local black families in similar situations then filed a class action lawsuit in U.S. federal court against the Topeka Board of Education , alleging that its segregation policy was unconstitutional . A three-judge panel of the U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas rendered a verdict against the Browns , relying on the precedent of the Supreme Court 's 1896 decision in Plessy v. Ferguson , in which the Court had ruled that racial segregation was not in itself a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection Clause if the facilities in question were otherwise equal , a doctrine that had come to be known as separate but equal . The Browns , then represented by NAACP chief counsel Thurgood Marshall , appealed to the Supreme Court , which agreed to hear the case . The Court 's decision in Brown partially overruled Plessy v. Ferguson by declaring that the separate but equal notion was unconstitutional for American public schools and educational facilities . [ note 1 ] It paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement , and a model for many future impact litigation cases . In the American South , especially the Deep South , where racial segregation was deeply entrenched , the reaction to Brown among most white people was noisy and stubborn . Many Southern governmental and political leaders embraced a plan known as Massive Resistance , created by Virginia Senator Harry F. Byrd , in order to frustrate attempts to force them to de-segregate their school systems . Four years later , in the case of Cooper v. Aaron , the Court reaffirmed its ruling in Brown , and explicitly stated that state officials and legislators had no power to nullify its ruling ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas', 'summary': "Topeka ( /toʊˈpiːkə/ ; Kansa : Tó Pee Kuh ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Kansas and the seat of Shawnee County . It is along the Kansas River in the central part of Shawnee County , in northeast Kansas , in the Central United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 127,473 . The Topeka Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Shawnee , Jackson , Jefferson , Osage , and Wabaunsee counties , had a population of 233,870 in the 2010 census . The name Topeka is a Kansa-Osage sentence that means place where we dug potatoes , or a good place to dig potatoes . As a placename , Topeka was first recorded in 1826 as the Kansa name for what is now called the Kansas River . Topeka 's founders chose the name in 1855 because it was novel , of Indian origin and euphonious of sound . The mixed-blood Kansa Native American , Joseph James , called Jojim , is credited with suggesting Topeka 's name . The city , laid out in 1854 , was one of the Free-State towns founded by Eastern antislavery men immediately after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill . In 1857 , Topeka was chartered as a city . The city is well known for the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , which overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson and declared racial segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional . The U.S. Navy has named three ships USS Topeka after the city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/McLaughlin_v._Florida', 'summary': "McLaughlin v. Florida , 379 U.S. 184 ( 1964 ) , was a case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled unanimously that a cohabitation law of Florida , part of the state 's anti-miscegenation laws , was unconstitutional . The law prohibited habitual cohabitation by two unmarried people of opposite sex , if one was black and the other was white . The decision overturned Pace v. Alabama ( 1883 ) , which had declared such statutes constitutional . It did not overturn the related Florida statute that prohibited interracial marriage between whites and blacks . Such laws were declared unconstitutional in 1967 in Loving v. Virginia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Interracial_marriage', 'summary': 'Interracial marriage is a form of marriage outside a specific social group ( exogamy ) involving spouses who belong to different races or racialized ethnicities . In the past , such marriages were outlawed in the United States , Nazi Germany and Apartheid South Africa as miscegenation . It became legal throughout the United States in 1967 , following the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren in the case Loving v. Virginia , which ruled that race-based restrictions on marriages , such as the anti-miscegenation law in the state of Virginia , violated the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review', 'summary': "The Harvard Law Review is a law review published by an independent student group at Harvard Law School . According to the Journal Citation Reports , the Harvard Law Review 's 2015 impact factor of 4.979 placed the journal first out of 143 journals in the category Law . It is published monthly from November through June , with the November issue dedicated to covering the previous year 's term of the Supreme Court of the United States . The journal also publishes the online-only Harvard Law Review Forum , a rolling journal of scholarly responses to the main journal 's content . The Harvard Law Review Association , in conjunction with the Columbia Law Review , the University of Pennsylvania Law Review , and the Yale Law Journal , publishes the Bluebook : A Uniform System of Citation , a widely followed authority for legal citation formats in the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom', 'summary': 'The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the president of the United States . The Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal are the highest civilian awards of the United States . The presidential medal seeks to recognize those people who have made an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States , world peace , cultural or other significant public or private endeavors . The award is not limited to U.S. citizens and , while it is a civilian award , it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform . It was established in 1963 by President John F. Kennedy , superseding the Medal of Freedom that was established by President Harry S. Truman in 1945 to honor civilian service during World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Malcolm Jackson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delta Phi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_State_University', 'summary': "Jackson State University ( Jackson State or JSU ) is a public , historically black university in Jackson , Mississippi . The university is one of the largest HBCUs in the United States and the fourth largest university in Mississippi . The university is a member of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund . It is classified as a research university with high research activity . Jackson State University 's athletic teams , the Tigers , participate in NCAA Division I athletics as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) . The university is also the home of the Sonic Boom of the South , a marching band founded in the 1940s . Their accompanying danceline , the Prancing J-Settes , are well known for their unique style of dance , known as J-Setting ."}]}, {'value': 'Chief Information Officer and Assistant Administrator : Office of Environmental Information', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rayford Logan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rayford_Logan', 'summary': 'Rayford Whittingham Logan ( January 7 , 1897 - November 4 , 1982 ) was an African-American historian and Pan-African activist . He was best known for his study of post-Reconstruction America , a period he termed the nadir of American race relations . In the late 1940s he was the chief advisor to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) on international affairs . He was professor emeritus of history at Howard University .'}]}, {'value': 'Omicron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh', 'summary': "The University of Pittsburgh ( Pitt ) is a state-related research university in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Pitt was founded as the Pittsburgh Academy in 1787 on the edge of the American frontier . It developed and was renamed as Western University of Pennsylvania by a change to its charter in 1819 . After surviving two devastating fires and various relocations within the area , the school moved to its current location in the Oakland neighborhood of the city ; it was renamed as the University of Pittsburgh in 1908 . Pitt was a private institution until 1966 when it became part of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education . The university is composed of 17 undergraduate and graduate schools and colleges at its urban Pittsburgh campus , home to the university 's central administration and 28,391 undergraduate , graduate , and professional students . The university also includes four undergraduate schools located at campuses within Western Pennsylvania : Bradford , Greensburg , Johnstown , and Titusville . The 132-acre Pittsburgh campus has multiple contributing historic buildings of the Schenley Farms Historic District , most notably its 42-story Gothic revival centerpiece , the Cathedral of Learning . The campus is situated adjacent to the flagship medical facilities of its closely affiliated University of Pittsburgh Medical Center ( UPMC ) , as well as the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh , Schenley Park , and Carnegie Mellon University . The university has an annual operating budget of approximately $ 2 billion . This includes nearly $ 940 million in research and development expenditures as of 2017 , the 16th-highest in the nation . A member of the Association of American Universities , Pitt is the third-largest recipient of federally sponsored health research funding among U.S. universities in 2018 and it is a major recipient of research funding from the National Institutes of Health ."}]}, {'value': "First Executive Director of the National Urban League ; member of President Franklin D Roosevelt 's Black Cabinet ; second Executive Director of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History ( ASALH ) ; 1980 Spingarn Medal recipient ; 15th General President of Alpha Phi Alpha", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Urban_League', 'summary': 'The National Urban League , formerly known as the National League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes , is a nonpartisan historic civil rights organization based in New York City that advocates on behalf of economic and social justice for African Americans and against racial discrimination in the United States . It is the oldest and largest community-based organization of its kind in the nation . Its current President is Marc Morial .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Franklin_D_Roosevelt', 'summary': "Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( /ˈroʊzəvəlt/ , /-vɛlt/ ; January 30 , 1882 - April 12 , 1945 ) , often referred to by his initials FDR , was an American politician who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945 . A member of the Democratic Party , he won a record four presidential elections and became a central figure in world events during the first half of the 20th century . Roosevelt directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression , implementing his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in U.S. history . As a dominant leader of his party , he built the New Deal Coalition , which realigned American politics into the Fifth Party System and defined American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century . His third and fourth terms were dominated by World War II , which ended shortly after he died in office . He is rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U.S. presidents , along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln , but has also been subject to substantial criticism . Roosevelt was born in Hyde Park , New York , to a Dutch American family made well known by the reputation of Theodore Roosevelt , the 26th president of the United States , and William Henry Aspinwall . FDR graduated from Groton School and Harvard College and attended Columbia Law School but left after passing the bar exam to practice law in New York City . In 1905 , he married his fifth cousin once removed , Eleanor Roosevelt . They had six children , of whom five survived into adulthood . He won election to the New York State Senate in 1910 , and then served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson during World War I. Roosevelt was James M. Cox 's running mate on the Democratic Party 's 1920 national ticket , but Cox was defeated by Republican Warren G. Harding . In 1921 , Roosevelt contracted a paralytic illness , believed at the time to be polio , and his legs became permanently paralyzed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Black_Cabinet', 'summary': 'The Black Cabinet , or Federal Council of Negro Affairs or Black Brain Trust , was the informal term for a group of African Americans who served as public policy advisors to President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his wife Eleanor Roosevelt in his 1933-45 terms in office . There was no official organization . The term was coined in 1936 by Mary McLeod Bethune and was occasionally used in the press . By mid-1935 , there were 45 African Americans working in federal executive departments and New Deal agencies .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History', 'summary': "The Association for the Study of African American Life and History ( ASALH ) is an organization dedicated to the study and appreciation of African-American History . It is a non-profit organization founded in Chicago , Illinois , on September 9 , 1915 , and incorporated in Washington , D.C. on October 2 , 1915 , as the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History ( ASNLH ) by Carter G. Woodson , William B. Hartgrove , George Cleveland Hall , Alexander L. Jackson , and James E. Stamps . The association is based in Washington , D.C. ASNLH was renamed the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History in 1973 . ASALH 's official mission is to promote , research , preserve , interpret , and disseminate information about Black life , history , and culture to the global community . ASALH 's official vision is to be the premier Black Heritage and learned society with a diverse and inclusive membership supported by a strong network of national and international branches to continue the Woodson legacy . ASALH created Negro History Week in 1926 . Woodson selected the week to coincide with the birthdays of Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln . Each year , Woodson established a national theme for the celebration . Since 1976 , ASALH extended the celebration for all of February . The organization publishes The Journal of African American History ( formerly The Journal of Negro History ) , and the Black History Bulletin ( formerly the Negro History Bulletin ) . In 2005 , ASALH established the ASALH Press , reissuing Carter G. Woodson 's Mis-Education of the Negro . The same year ASALH established The Woodson Review , a magazine that promotes its Annual Black History Theme , including it as part of its Black History Kit ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Spingarn_Medal', 'summary': 'The Spingarn Medal is awarded annually by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) for outstanding achievement by an African American . The award was created in 1914 by Joel Elias Spingarn , chairman of the Board of Directors of the NAACP . It was first awarded to biologist Ernest E. Just in 1915 , and has been given most years thereafter . At its annual convention , the NAACP presents the award after deciding from open nominations . Should the organization end , it would be managed by Howard or Fisk Universities . The gold medal is valued at $ 100 , and Spingarn left $ 20,000 in his will for the NAACP to continue giving it indefinitely .'}]}, {'value': 'Samuel Pierce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Pierce', 'summary': "Samuel Riley Pierce Jr. ( September 8 , 1922 - October 31 , 2000 ) was Ronald Reagan 's Secretary of Housing and Urban Development from January 23 , 1981 until January 20 , 1989 ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornell_University', 'summary': "Cornell University ( /kɔːrˈnɛl/ kor-NEL ) is a private and statutory Ivy League research university in Ithaca , New York . Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White , the university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge - from the classics to the sciences , and from the theoretical to the applied . These ideals , unconventional for the time , are captured in Cornell 's founding principle , a popular 1868 Ezra Cornell quotation : I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study . The university is broadly organized into seven undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions at its main Ithaca campus , with each college and division defining its own admission standards and academic programs in near autonomy . The university also administers two satellite medical campuses , one in New York City and one in Education City , Qatar , and Cornell Tech , a graduate program that incorporates technology , business , and creative thinking . The program moved from Google 's Chelsea Building in New York City to its permanent campus on Roosevelt Island in September 2017 . Cornell is one of ten private land grant universities in the United States and the only one in New York . [ note 1 ] Of its seven undergraduate colleges , three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system , including its agricultural and human ecology colleges as well as its industrial labor relations school . Of Cornell 's graduate schools , only the veterinary college is state-supported . As a land grant college , Cornell operates a cooperative extension outreach program in every county of New York and receives annual funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions . The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres , but is much larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens ( more than 4,300 acres ) and the numerous university-owned lands in New York City are considered . As of October 2019 , 59 Nobel laureates , four Turing Award winners and one Fields Medalist have been affiliated with Cornell University ."}]}, {'value': 'Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ; argued before the United States Supreme Court on behalf of Martin Luther King Jr. and the New York Times in the important First Amendment case styled New York Times v. Sullivan ; first African-American to serve on the Board of Directors of a Fortune 500 company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development', 'summary': "The United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( or HUD Secretary ) is the head of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development , a member of the President 's Cabinet , and thirteenth in the Presidential line of succession . The post was created with the formation of the Department of Housing and Urban Development on September 9 , 1965 , by President Lyndon B. Johnson 's signing of the Department of Housing and Urban Development Act ( Pub.L . 89-174 ) into law . The department 's mission is to increase homeownership , support community development and increase access to affordable housing free from discrimination . The current HUD secretary is Ben Carson , who was nominated by President Donald Trump and approved by the Senate on March 2 , 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court', 'summary': 'The Supreme Court of the United States ( SCOTUS ) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States . It has ultimate ( and largely discretionary ) appellate jurisdiction over all federal and state court cases that involve a point of federal law , and original jurisdiction over a narrow range of cases , specifically all Cases affecting Ambassadors , other public Ministers and Consuls , and those in which a State shall be Party . The Court holds the power of judicial review , the ability to invalidate a statute for violating a provision of the U.S. Constitution . It is also able to strike down presidential directives for violating either the Constitution or statutory law . However , it may act only within the context of a case in an area of law over which it has jurisdiction . The Court may decide cases having political overtones , but it has ruled that it does not have power to decide non-justiciable political questions . Established by Article III of the Constitution , the composition and procedures of the Supreme Court were initially established by the 1st Congress through the Judiciary Act of 1789 . As later set by the Judiciary Act of 1869 , the Court consists of the chief justice of the United States and eight associate justices . Each justice has lifetime tenure , meaning they remain on the Court until they resign , retire , die , or are removed from office . When a vacancy occurs , the president , with the advice and consent of the Senate , appoints a new justice . Each justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it . When in majority , the chief justice decides who writes the opinion of the court ; otherwise , the most senior justice in the majority assigns the task of writing the opinion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.', 'summary': "Martin Luther King Jr. ( January 15 , 1929 - April 4 , 1968 ) was an American Christian minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Rights Movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968 . King is best known for advancing civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience , inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi . King led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and later became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) . As president of the SCLC , he then led an unsuccessful 1962 struggle against segregation in Albany , Georgia , and helped organize the nonviolent 1963 protests in Birmingham , Alabama . He helped organize the 1963 March on Washington , where he delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial . On October 14 , 1964 , King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance . In 1965 , he helped organize the Selma to Montgomery marches . In his final years , he expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Vietnam War . FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover considered him a radical and made him an object of the FBI 's COINTELPRO from 1963 on . FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties , recorded his extramarital liaisons and reported on them to government officials , and , in 1964 , mailed King a threatening anonymous letter , which he interpreted as an attempt to make him commit suicide . Before his death , King was planning a national occupation of Washington , D.C. , to be called the Poor People 's Campaign , when he was assassinated on April 4 in Memphis , Tennessee . His death was followed by riots in many U.S. cities ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_Times', 'summary': "The New York Times is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership . Founded in 1851 , the paper has won 127 Pulitzer Prizes , more than any other newspaper . The Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation and 3rd in the U.S. Nicknamed The Gray Lady , the Times has long been regarded within the industry as a national newspaper of record . The paper 's motto , All the News That 's Fit to Print , appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page . The paper is owned by The New York Times Company , which is publicly traded and is controlled by the Sulzberger family through a dual-class share structure . It has been owned by the family since 1896 ; A.G. Sulzberger , the paper 's publisher , and his father , Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. , the company 's chairman , are the fourth and fifth generation of the family to head the paper . Since the mid-1970s , The New York Times has greatly expanded its layout and organization , adding special weekly sections on various topics supplementing the regular news , editorials , sports , and features . Since 2008 , the Times has been organized into the following sections : News , Editorials/Opinions-Columns/Op-Ed , New York ( metropolitan ) , Business , Sports of The Times , Arts , Science , Styles , Home , Travel , and other features . On Sunday , the Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review ( formerly the Week in Review ) , The New York Times Book Review , The New York Times Magazine and T : The New York Times Style Magazine . The Times stayed with the broadsheet full-page set-up and an eight-column format for several years after most papers switched to six , and was one of the last newspapers to adopt color photography , especially on the front page ."}, {'url': '/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution', 'summary': "The First Amendment ( Amendment I ) to the United States Constitution prevents the government from making laws which regulate an establishment of religion , prohibit the free exercise of religion , or abridge the freedom of speech , the freedom of the press , the right to peaceably assemble , or the right to petition the government for redress of grievances . It was adopted on December 15 , 1791 , as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights . The Bill of Rights was originally proposed to assuage Anti-Federalist opposition to Constitutional ratification . Initially , the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by the Congress , and many of its provisions were interpreted more narrowly than they are today . Beginning with Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) , the Supreme Court applied the First Amendment to states - a process known as incorporation - through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the Court drew on Thomas Jefferson 's correspondence to call for a wall of separation between church and State , though the precise boundary of this separation remains in dispute . Speech rights were expanded significantly in a series of 20th and 21st century court decisions which protected various forms of political speech , anonymous speech , campaign financing , pornography , and school speech ; these rulings also defined a series of exceptions to First Amendment protections . The Supreme Court overturned English common law precedent to increase the burden of proof for defamation and libel suits , most notably in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) . Commercial speech , however , is less protected by the First Amendment than political speech , and is therefore subject to greater regulation . The Free Press Clause protects publication of information and opinions , and applies to a wide variety of media . In Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) and New York Times v. United States ( 1971 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment protected against prior restraint - pre-publication censorship - in almost all cases . The Petition Clause protects the right to petition all branches and agencies of government for action ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_Times_v._Sullivan', 'summary': "New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , 376 U.S. 254 ( 1964 ) , was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the freedom of speech protections in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution restrict the ability of American public officials to sue for defamation . Specifically , it held that if a plaintiff in a defamation lawsuit is a public official or person running for public office , not only must he or she prove the normal elements of defamation - publication of a false defamatory statement to a third party - he or she must also prove that the statement was made with actual malice , meaning that the defendant either knew the statement was false or recklessly disregarded whether or not it was true . The case began in 1960 when The New York Times published a full-page advertisement by supporters of Martin Luther King Jr. that criticized the police in Montgomery , Alabama , for their mistreatment of civil rights protesters . However , the ad had several factual inaccuracies , such as the number of times King had been arrested during the protests , what song the protesters had sung , and whether or not students had been expelled for participating . In response , Montgomery police commissioner L. B. Sullivan sued the Times in the local county court for defamation . The judge ruled the advertisement 's inaccuracies were defamatory per se , and the jury returned a verdict in favor of Sullivan and awarded him $ 500,000 in damages . The Times appealed the verdict to the Supreme Court of Alabama , which affirmed it . It then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court , which agreed to hear the case and ordered certiorari . In March 1964 , the Court issued a unanimous 9-0 decision holding that the Alabama court 's verdict violated the First Amendment . The decision defended free reporting of the civil rights campaigns in the southern United States . It is one of the key decisions supporting the freedom of the press . Before this decision , there were nearly $ 300 million in libel actions from the southern states outstanding against news organizations , as part of a focused effort by southern officials to use defamation lawsuits as a means of preventing critical coverage of civil rights issues in out-of-state publications ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fortune_500', 'summary': 'The Fortune 500 is an annual list compiled and published by Fortune magazine that ranks 500 of the largest United States corporations by total revenue for their respective fiscal years . The list includes publicly held companies , along with privately held companies for which revenues are publicly available . The concept of the Fortune 500 was created by Edgar P. Smith , a Fortune editor , and the first list was published in 1955 . The Fortune 500 is more commonly used than its subset Fortune 100 or superset Fortune 1000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Emmett Scott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Special Assistant to the Secretary of War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War', 'summary': "The secretary of war was a member of the United States president 's Cabinet , beginning with George Washington 's administration . A similar position , called either Secretary at War or Secretary of War , had been appointed to serve the Congress of the Confederation under the Articles of Confederation between 1781 and 1789 . Benjamin Lincoln and later Henry Knox held the position . When Washington was inaugurated as the first president under the Constitution , he appointed Knox to continue serving as Secretary of War . The secretary of war was the head of the War Department . At first , he was responsible for all military affairs , including naval affairs . In 1798 , the secretary of the Navy was created by statute , and the scope of responsibility for this office was reduced to the affairs of the United States Army . From 1886 onward , the secretary of war was in the line of succession to the presidency , after the vice president of the United States , the speaker of the House of Representatives , the president pro tem of the Senate and the secretary of state . In 1947 , with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947 , the secretary of war was replaced by the secretary of the Army and the secretary of the Air Force , which , along with the secretary of the Navy , have since 1949 been non-Cabinet subordinates under the secretary of defense . The secretary of the Army 's office is generally considered the direct successor to the secretary of war 's office although the secretary of defense took the secretary of war 's position in the Cabinet , and the line of succession to the presidency ."}]}, {'value': 'Ron C. Sims', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeta Pi Lambda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deputy Secretary of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development ; served as King County Executive , King County , Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development', 'summary': "The United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( or HUD Secretary ) is the head of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development , a member of the President 's Cabinet , and thirteenth in the Presidential line of succession . The post was created with the formation of the Department of Housing and Urban Development on September 9 , 1965 , by President Lyndon B. Johnson 's signing of the Department of Housing and Urban Development Act ( Pub.L . 89-174 ) into law . The department 's mission is to increase homeownership , support community development and increase access to affordable housing free from discrimination . The current HUD secretary is Ben Carson , who was nominated by President Donald Trump and approved by the Senate on March 2 , 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/King_County,_Washington', 'summary': "King County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington . The population was 2,233,163 in the 2018 census estimate , making it the most populous county in Washington , and the 12th-most populous in the United States . The county seat is Seattle , also the state 's most populous city . King County is one of three Washington counties that are included in the Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue metropolitan statistical area . ( The others are Snohomish County to the north , and Pierce County to the south . ) About two-thirds of King County 's population lives in Seattle 's suburbs ."}]}, {'value': 'Louis Wade Sullivan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Wade_Sullivan', 'summary': "Louis Wade Sullivan ( born November 3 , 1933 ) is an active health policy leader , minority health advocate , author , physician , and educator . He served as the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services during President George H. W. Bush 's Administration and was Founding Dean of the Morehouse School of Medicine ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Rho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morehouse_College', 'summary': "Morehouse College is a private , historically black men 's college located in Atlanta , Georgia . The college is one of the few remaining traditional men 's liberal arts colleges in the United States . [ a ] Founded in 1867 by William Jefferson White , an aggressive expansionary program undertaken by the college 's 6th President Benjamin Mays , established Morehouse as the largest liberal arts institution for men in the United States with an enrollment over 2,000 students . Along with Clark Atlanta University , Morehouse School of Medicine and nearby women 's college Spelman College , Morehouse is part of the Atlanta University Center . Morehouse is one of two historically black colleges in the country to produce Rhodes Scholars , and it is the alma mater of many African-American community and civil leaders , including Martin Luther King Jr ."}]}, {'value': 'Secretary of Health and Human Services ; co-founder and first President of Morehouse School of Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services', 'summary': "The United States Secretary of Health and Human Services is the head of the United States Department of Health and Human Services , concerned with health matters . The Secretary is a member of the President 's Cabinet . The office was formerly Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare . In 1980 , the Department of Health , Education , and Welfare was renamed the Department of Health and Human Services , and its education functions and Rehabilitation Services Administration were transferred to the new Department of Education . Patricia Roberts Harris headed the department before and after it was renamed . Nominations to the office of Secretary of HHS are referred to the Health , Education , Labor and Pensions Committee and the Finance Committee , which has jurisdiction over Medicare and Medicaid , before confirmation is considered by the full United States Senate . Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act the role of the Secretary has been greatly expanded . Donald Trump selected then-Congressman Tom Price to be the 23rd Secretary of the Health and Human Services Department . Price was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on February 10 , 2017 and resigned on September 29 , 2017 . Trump then named Don J. Wright , Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health and Director of the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion , as acting Secretary until Deputy Secretary Eric Hargan was sworn in on October 10 , 2017 . On November 13 , 2017 , Trump nominated former pharmaceutical executive Alex Azar to fill the position permanently . Azar 's confirmation hearing before the Senate Finance Committee took place on January 9 , 2018 , and on January 24 , 2018 , Azar was confirmed by the U.S. Senate by a vote of 55 to 43 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Morehouse_School_of_Medicine', 'summary': 'Morehouse School of Medicine is a private co-educational medical school in Atlanta , Georgia . Originally a part of Morehouse College , the school became independent in 1981 . The school abbreviates its name with its initials MSM .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Alpha_Phi_Alpha_brothers_8', 'intro': "The list of Alpha Phi Alpha brothers (commonly referred to as Alphas) includes initiated and honorary members of Alpha Phi Alpha (ΑΦΑ), the first inter-collegiate Greek-letter organization established for Black college students. Founded in December 1905 as a literary society with the first presiding officer being CC Poindexter, it was established as a fraternity on December 4, 1906 at Ithaca, New York. Alpha Phi Alpha opened chapters at other colleges, universities, and cities, and named them with Greek letters. Members traditionally pledge into a chapter, although some members were granted honorary status prior to the fraternity's discontinuation of the practice of granting honorary membership. A chapter name ending in Lambda denotes an alumni chapter. The only alumni chapter that does not end in Lambda is Rho Chapter, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. No chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha is designated Omega, the last letter of the Greek alphabet that traditionally signifies the end. Deceased brothers are respectfully referred to as having their membership transferred to Omega Chapter, the fraternity's chapter of sweet rest. Frederick Douglass is distinguished as the only member initiated posthumously when he became an exalted honorary member of Omega chapter in 1921."} | null | null | The person in Epsilon Beta served as the mayor of Houston for how many years ? | 6 |
07f34c6a03d72fcf | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidan_Turner', 'title': 'Aidan Turner', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Sound of People', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Father', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matterhorn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theodoro', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Porcelain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kevin', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alarm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alarm_(2008)', 'summary': 'Alarm is a 2008 Irish thriller film written and directed by Gerard Stembridge and starring Ruth Bradley and Aidan Turner .'}]}, {'value': 'Mal', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hobbit:_An_Unexpected_Journey', 'summary': "The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey is a 2012 epic high fantasy adventure film directed by Peter Jackson . It is the first installment in a three-part film adaptation based on J. R. R. Tolkiens 1937 novel The Hobbit . It is followed by The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) and The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) , and together , they act as a prequel to Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . The film 's screenplay was written by Jackson , his longtime collaborators Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens , and Guillermo del Toro , who was originally chosen to direct the film before leaving the project in 2010 . The story is set in Middle-earth seventy-seven years before the main events of The Lord of the Rings , and portions of the film are adapted from the appendices to Tolkien 's The Return of the King . An Unexpected Journey tells the tale of Bilbo Baggins ( Martin Freeman ) , who is convinced by the wizard Gandalf ( Ian McKellen ) to accompany thirteen Dwarves , led by Thorin Oakenshield ( Richard Armitage ) , on a quest to reclaim the Lonely Mountain from the dragon Smaug . The ensemble cast also includes James Nesbitt , Ken Stott , Cate Blanchett , Ian Holm , Christopher Lee , Hugo Weaving , Elijah Wood and Andy Serkis , and features Sylvester McCoy , Barry Humphries and Manu Bennett . An Unexpected Journey premiered on 28 November 2012 in New Zealand and was released internationally on 12 December 2012 . The film grossed over $ 1.021 billion at the box office , surpassing both The Fellowship of the Ring and The Two Towers nominally , becoming the fourth highest-grossing film of 2012 and the 45th highest-grossing film of all time . Receiving mixed reviews from critics , the film was nominated for three Academy Awards for Best Visual Effects , Best Production Design , and Best Makeup and Hairstyling . It was also nominated for three British Academy Film Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Kíli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kíli', 'summary': "This article describes all named characters appearing in J. R. R. Tolkien 's book The Hobbit . Creatures as collectives are not included . Characters are categorized by race . Spelling and point of view are given as from The Hobbit ; details from sources outside The Hobbit are given only where important to understanding the character within the tale , and with the source noted ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Mortal_Instruments:_City_of_Bones', 'summary': 'The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones is a 2013 action film based on the first book of The Mortal Instruments series by Cassandra Clare . The story takes place in contemporary New York City . Directed by Harald Zwart , the film stars an international cast , including Lily Collins , Jamie Campbell Bower , Robert Sheehan , Kevin Zegers , Jemima West , Godfrey Gao , Lena Headey , Jonathan Rhys Meyers , Aidan Turner , Kevin Durand , and Jared Harris . It was released in theaters on August 21 , 2013 , by Screen Gems in the United States and Entertainment One in the United Kingdom . The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones earned $ 91 million against a $ 60 million production budget . The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones was released on DVD and Blu-ray on December 3 , 2013 , by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment .'}]}, {'value': 'Luke Garroway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Bones_(Mortal_Instruments)', 'summary': "City of Bones is the first urban fantasy book in author Cassandra Clare 's New York Times bestselling series The Mortal Instruments . The novel is set in modern day New York City and has been released in several languages , including Bulgarian , Hebrew , Polish and Japanese ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hobbit:_The_Desolation_of_Smaug', 'summary': "The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug is a 2013 epic high fantasy adventure film directed by Peter Jackson and produced by WingNut Films in collaboration with New Line Cinema and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . It was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures and is the second installment in the three-part film series based on the novel The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien . The film was preceded by An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) and followed by The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) ; together , they act as a prequel to Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . The film follows the titular character Bilbo Baggins as he accompanies Thorin Oakenshield and his fellow dwarves on a quest to reclaim the Lonely Mountain from the dragon Smaug . The film also features the vengeful pursuit of Azog the Defiler and Bolg , while Gandalf the Grey investigates a growing evil in the ruins of Dol Guldur . The ensemble cast includes Ian McKellen , Martin Freeman , Richard Armitage , Benedict Cumberbatch , Evangeline Lilly , Lee Pace , Luke Evans , Ken Stott , James Nesbitt , and Orlando Bloom . Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , Peter Jackson and Guillermo del Toro wrote the screenplay . The films were shot simultaneously in 3D at a projection rate of 48 frames per second , with principal photography taking place around New Zealand and at Pinewood Studios . Additional filming took place throughout May 2013 . The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug premiered on 2 December 2013 in Los Angeles and was released internationally on 11 December 2013 in both conventional and IMAX theatres . The film received generally positive reviews and grossed over $ 958 million at the worldwide box office , surpassing both The Fellowship of the Ring and The Two Towers , and making it the fourth highest-grossing film of 2013 . At the 86th Academy Awards , the film received nominations for Best Visual Effects , Best Sound Editing , and Best Sound Mixing ."}]}, {'value': 'Kíli', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hobbit:_The_Battle_of_the_Five_Armies', 'summary': "The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies is a 2014 epic high fantasy film directed by Peter Jackson and written by Jackson , Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Guillermo del Toro . It is the third and final installment in Peter Jackson 's three-part film adaptation based on the novel The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien , following An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) and The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) , and together , they act as a prequel to Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . It was produced by New Line Cinema , Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and WingNut Films , and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . The Battle of the Five Armies was released on 11 December 2014 in New Zealand , 12 December 2014 in the United Kingdom , and on 17 December 2014 in the United States . It stars Martin Freeman , Ian McKellen , Richard Armitage , Evangeline Lilly , Luke Evans , Lee Pace , Benedict Cumberbatch , Ken Stott , and James Nesbitt . The ensemble cast also features Cate Blanchett , Ian Holm , Christopher Lee , Hugo Weaving , and Orlando Bloom . The film was the final film featuring Christopher Lee that was released in his lifetime and was his final onscreen appearance . The film received mixed reviews , and grossed over $ 956 million worldwide , making it the second highest-grossing film of 2014 ( behind Transformers : Age of Extinction ) . At the 87th Academy Awards , the film received a nomination for Best Sound Editing ."}]}, {'value': 'Kíli', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Secret Scripture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Secret_Scripture_(film)', 'summary': 'The Secret Scripture is an Irish film , directed by Jim Sheridan , from a screenplay by Sheridan and Johnny Ferguson , which is based on the 2008 novel of the same name The Secret Scripture by Sebastian Barry . The film stars Vanessa Redgrave , Rooney Mara , Eric Bana , Theo James , Aidan Turner , and Jack Reynor . The film had its world premiere at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival . It was released in the Republic of Ireland and the UK by Vertigo Releasing on 19 May 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jack Conroy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loving Vincent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loving_Vincent', 'summary': "Loving Vincent is a 2017 experimental animated biographical drama film about the life of the painter Vincent van Gogh , and , in particular , about the circumstances of his death . It is the first fully painted animated feature film . The film , written and directed by Dorota Kobiela and Hugh Welchman , is a Polish-UK co-production , funded by the Polish Film Institute , and partially through a Kickstarter campaign . First conceived as a seven-minute short movie in 2008 , Loving Vincent was realized by Dorota Kobiela , a painter herself , after studying the techniques and the artist 's story through his letters . Each of the film 's 65,000 frames is an oil painting on canvas , using the same technique as Van Gogh , created by a team of over 100 painters . The film premiered at the 2017 Annecy International Animated Film Festival . It won Best Animated Feature Film Award at the 30th European Film Awards in Berlin and was nominated for Best Animated Feature at the 90th Academy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Boatman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Man Who Killed Hitler and Then the Bigfoot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Man_Who_Killed_Hitler_and_Then_the_Bigfoot', 'summary': 'The Man Who Killed Hitler and Then the Bigfoot is a 2018 American adventure drama film , written , co-produced and directed by Robert D. Krzykowski , and starring Sam Elliott , Aidan Turner and Caitlin FitzGerald . The film debuted at the Fantasia Film Festival in Montreal , Canada , where it premiered on July 20 , 2018 . The US Premiere took place at the Plaza Classic Film Festival in El Paso , Texas on August 10 , 2018 . In the UK , it played at FrightFest London on August 26 , 2018 , in Spain at the Sitges Film Festival and in Finland at the Night Visions Film Festival . John Sayles and Douglas Trumbull are executive producers . Trumbull also provided special effects .'}]}, {'value': 'Young Calvin Barr', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Love Is Blind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Love_Is_Blind_(2019_film)', 'summary': "Love Is Blind ( formerly titled Beautiful Darkness ) is an American independent dark comedy-drama film written by Jennifer Schuur , directed by Andy Delaney and Monty Whitebloom and starring Shannon Tarbet , Aidan Turner , Benjamin Walker , Matthew Broderick and Chloë Sevigny . It is Whitebloom and Delaney 's directorial debut . It was released on video on demand on March 25 , 2019 in the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Russell', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Last Planet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Last_Planet', 'summary': "Star Rangers , also known as The Last Planet , is a science fiction novel by the American author Andre Norton . The novel was published on August 20 , 1953 , by Harcourt , Brace & Company . This is one of Norton 's Central Control books , which lay out the history of a galactic empire through events suggested by Norton 's understanding of Terran history ( see also Star Guard ) ."}]}, {'value': 'André', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Film', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Aidan_Turner_0', 'intro': 'Aidan Turner (born 19 June 1983) is an Irish actor. He played the roles of Ross Poldark in the 2015-2019 BBC adaptation of The Poldark Novels by Winston Graham, Dante Gabriel Rossetti in Desperate Romantics, Ruairí McGowan in The Clinic, and John Mitchell in the supernatural drama series Being Human. He played Kíli in the The Hobbit film series.'} | null | null | What was the original title of the 2019 film in which Aiden Turner played Russell ? | Beautiful Darkness |
07f34cf34c1e5e03 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom', 'title': 'List of medical schools in the United Kingdom', 'header': ['Name', 'University', 'Established', 'Comments', 'Degree awarded'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aston Medical School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aston_Medical_School', 'summary': 'Aston Medical School ( AMS ) is a school within Aston University , located in Birmingham city centre , UK . It is the 34th medical school in the UK and 6th in the Midlands . The Dean of Aston Medical School is Professor Asif Ahmed .'}]}, {'value': 'Aston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aston_University', 'summary': "Aston University is a public research university situated in the city centre of Birmingham , England . Aston began as the Birmingham Municipal Technical School in 1895 , evolving into the UK 's first College of Advanced Technology in 1956 . Aston University received its royal charter from Queen Elizabeth II on 22 April 1966 . In 2017 , Aston received recognition by Times Higher Education for the second-best teaching quality in the UK . For 2018 , it was ranked in the top 55 universities in the UK by all major domestic and international league tables . Aston was ranked by QS as the 42nd best university in the world under 50 years old in 2015 . Aston pioneered the integrated placement year concept over 50 years ago , and more than 70% of Aston students take a placement year , the highest percentage in the UK . Aston is ranked 34th in the University League Tables 2020 ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MBChB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anglia Ruskin School of Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University', 'summary': "Anglia Ruskin University ( ARU ) is a public university in East Anglia , United Kingdom . It has its origins in the Cambridge School of Art , founded by William John Beamont in 1858 . It became a university in 1992 and was renamed after John Ruskin in 2005 . It is one of the post-1992 universities . Anglia Ruskin has 39,400 students worldwide and has campuses in Cambridge , Chelmsford , Peterborough and London . It also shares campuses with the College of West Anglia in King 's Lynn , Wisbech and Cambridge and partnerships with universities from the around the world including Berlin , Budapest , Trinidad , Singapore and Kuala Lumpur . There are four faculties of study at the university : Faculty of Business and Law , Faculty of Arts , Humanities & Social Sciences , Faculty of Health , Education , Medicine & Social Care and Faculty of Science & Engineering . The university 's Lord Ashcroft International Business School ( LAIBS ) in Cambridge and Chelmsford is one of the largest business schools in the East of England . In 2019 , the School of Medicine was formally opened at its Chelmsford campus by Prince Edward , Duke of Kent . Anglia Ruskin is ranked within the top 350 universities in the world and ranked 41st in the UK by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2020 . It was awarded Entrepreneurial University of the Year in the 2014 Times Higher Education Awards . Its entrepreneurial excellence was nationally recognised when it won the Duke of York Award for University Entrepreneurship at the Lloyds Bank National Business Awards 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Anglia Ruskin University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University', 'summary': "Anglia Ruskin University ( ARU ) is a public university in East Anglia , United Kingdom . It has its origins in the Cambridge School of Art , founded by William John Beamont in 1858 . It became a university in 1992 and was renamed after John Ruskin in 2005 . It is one of the post-1992 universities . Anglia Ruskin has 39,400 students worldwide and has campuses in Cambridge , Chelmsford , Peterborough and London . It also shares campuses with the College of West Anglia in King 's Lynn , Wisbech and Cambridge and partnerships with universities from the around the world including Berlin , Budapest , Trinidad , Singapore and Kuala Lumpur . There are four faculties of study at the university : Faculty of Business and Law , Faculty of Arts , Humanities & Social Sciences , Faculty of Health , Education , Medicine & Social Care and Faculty of Science & Engineering . The university 's Lord Ashcroft International Business School ( LAIBS ) in Cambridge and Chelmsford is one of the largest business schools in the East of England . In 2019 , the School of Medicine was formally opened at its Chelmsford campus by Prince Edward , Duke of Kent . Anglia Ruskin is ranked within the top 350 universities in the world and ranked 41st in the UK by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2020 . It was awarded Entrepreneurial University of the Year in the 2014 Times Higher Education Awards . Its entrepreneurial excellence was nationally recognised when it won the Duke of York Award for University Entrepreneurship at the Lloyds Bank National Business Awards 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First intake of students took place in the academic year of 2018/9 , with a cohort of 100 students per annum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MBChB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barts_and_The_London_School_of_Medicine_and_Dentistry', 'summary': "Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry , commonly known as Barts , is a medical and dental school in London , England . The school is part of Queen Mary University of London , a constituent college of the federal University of London , and a member of the United Hospitals . It was formed in 1995 by the merger of the London Hospital Medical College ( the first school to be granted an official charter for medical teaching in 1785 ) and St Bartholomew 's Hospital Medical College ( the oldest remaining hospital in the United Kingdom , having been founded in 1123 , with medical teaching beginning from that date ) . The school exists on two main sites , having a presence at the site of both of the former colleges at and near their respective hospitals , St Bartholomew 's Hospital ( in Smithfield in the City of London and nearby in Charterhouse Square ) , and the Royal London Hospital in Whitechapel with an additional site at Queen Mary 's main ( Mile End ) campus . As of 2018 , the school had 2,235 undergraduate and 1,175 postgraduate students , for a total of 3,410 students ."}]}, {'value': 'Queen Mary , ( University of London )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_Mary,_University_of_London', 'summary': "Queen Mary University of London ( QMUL , or informally QM ) is a public research university in London , England , and a constituent college of the federal University of London . It dates back to the foundation of London Hospital Medical College in 1785 . Queen Mary College , named after Mary of Teck , was admitted to the University of London in 1915 and in 1989 merged with Westfield College to form Queen Mary and Westfield College . In 1995 Queen Mary and Westfield College merged with St Bartholomew 's Hospital Medical College and the London Hospital Medical College to form the School of Medicine and Dentistry . Queen Mary has five campuses across East and Central London in Mile End , Whitechapel , Charterhouse Square , Lincoln 's Inn Fields and Smithfield , as well as an international presence in China , France , Greece and Malta . The Mile End campus is the largest self-contained campus of any London-based Russell Group university . In 2018/19 the University had around 26,000 students . Queen Mary is organised into three faculties - the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences , the Faculty of Science and Engineering and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry . Queen Mary is a member of the Russell Group of British research universities , the Association of Commonwealth Universities and Universities UK . Queen Mary is a major centre for medical teaching and research and is part of UCLPartners , the world 's largest academic health science centre . Queen Mary run programmes at the University of London Institute in Paris , taking over the functions provided by Royal Holloway . Queen Mary also collaborates with University of London to offer its Global MBA program ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_London', 'summary': "The University of London ( abbreviated as Lond or more rarely Londin in post-nominals ) is a federal [ a ] research university located in London , England . As of October 2019 [ update ] , the university contains 18 member institutions , central academic bodies and research institutes . The university has over 52,000 distance learning external students and 161,270 campus-based internal students , making it the largest university by number of students in the United Kingdom . The university was established by royal charter in 1836 , as a degree-awarding examination board for students holding certificates from University College London and King 's College London and other such other Institutions , corporate or unincorporated , as shall be established for the purpose of Education , whether within the Metropolis or elsewhere within our United Kingdom , allowing it to be one of three institutions to claim the title of the third-oldest university in England , [ b ] and moved to a federal structure in 1900 . It is now incorporated by its fourth ( 1863 ) royal charter and governed by the University of London Act 2018 . It was the first university in the United Kingdom to introduce examinations for women in 1869 and , a decade later , the first to admit women to degrees . In 1948 it became the first British university to appoint a woman as its vice chancellor ( chief executive ) . [ c ] The university 's member institutions house the oldest teaching hospitals in England . For most practical purposes , ranging from admissions to funding , the member institutions operate on an independent basis , with many awarding their own degrees whilst remaining in the federal university . The largest colleges by enrolment as of 2016/17 are UCL , King 's College London , City , Queen Mary , Birkbeck , the London School of Economics , Royal Holloway , and Goldsmiths , each of which has over 9,000 students . Smaller , more specialist , colleges are the School of Oriental and African Studies ( SOAS ) , St George 's ( medicine ) , the Royal Veterinary College , London Business School , the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama , the Royal Academy of Music , the Courtauld Institute of Art , and the Institute of Cancer Research . Imperial College London was formerly a member from 1907 before it became an independent university in 2007 , and Heythrop College was a member from 1970 until its closure in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '1785', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Current school formed by the merger of the Medical College of St Bartholomew 's Hospital and the London Hospital Medical College which was founded in 1785 . Teaching at St Barts dates from 1123", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Medical_College_of_St_Bartholomew's_Hospital", 'summary': "Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry , commonly known as Barts , is a medical and dental school in London , England . The school is part of Queen Mary University of London , a constituent college of the federal University of London , and a member of the United Hospitals . It was formed in 1995 by the merger of the London Hospital Medical College ( the first school to be granted an official charter for medical teaching in 1785 ) and St Bartholomew 's Hospital Medical College ( the oldest remaining hospital in the United Kingdom , having been founded in 1123 , with medical teaching beginning from that date ) . The school exists on two main sites , having a presence at the site of both of the former colleges at and near their respective hospitals , St Bartholomew 's Hospital ( in Smithfield in the City of London and nearby in Charterhouse Square ) , and the Royal London Hospital in Whitechapel with an additional site at Queen Mary 's main ( Mile End ) campus . As of 2018 , the school had 2,235 undergraduate and 1,175 postgraduate students , for a total of 3,410 students ."}, {'url': '/wiki/London_Hospital_Medical_College', 'summary': "Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry , commonly known as Barts , is a medical and dental school in London , England . The school is part of Queen Mary University of London , a constituent college of the federal University of London , and a member of the United Hospitals . It was formed in 1995 by the merger of the London Hospital Medical College ( the first school to be granted an official charter for medical teaching in 1785 ) and St Bartholomew 's Hospital Medical College ( the oldest remaining hospital in the United Kingdom , having been founded in 1123 , with medical teaching beginning from that date ) . The school exists on two main sites , having a presence at the site of both of the former colleges at and near their respective hospitals , St Bartholomew 's Hospital ( in Smithfield in the City of London and nearby in Charterhouse Square ) , and the Royal London Hospital in Whitechapel with an additional site at Queen Mary 's main ( Mile End ) campus . As of 2018 , the school had 2,235 undergraduate and 1,175 postgraduate students , for a total of 3,410 students ."}]}, {'value': 'MBBS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Birmingham Medical School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Birmingham_Medical_School', 'summary': "The University of Birmingham Medical School is one of Britain 's largest and oldest medical schools with over 400 medical , 70 pharmacy , 140 biomedical science and 130 nursing students graduating each year . It is based at the University of Birmingham in Edgbaston , Birmingham , England . Since 2008 , and following a departmental restructure , the school became an entity within The College of Medical and Dental Sciences ."}]}, {'value': 'Birmingham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Birmingham', 'summary': "The University of Birmingham ( informally Birmingham University ) is a public research university located in Edgbaston , Birmingham , United Kingdom . It received its royal charter in 1900 as a successor to Queen 's College , Birmingham ( founded in 1825 as the Birmingham School of Medicine and Surgery ) and Mason Science College ( established in 1875 by Sir Josiah Mason ) , making it the first English civic or 'red brick ' university to receive its own royal charter . It is a founding member of both the Russell Group of British research universities and the international network of research universities , Universitas 21 . The university was ranked 14th in the UK and 79th in the world in the QS World University Rankings for 2019 . In 2013 , Birmingham was named 'University of the Year 2014 ' in the Times Higher Education awards . The 2017 Global Employability University Ranking places Birmingham at 142nd worldwide and 10th in the UK . Birmingham is also ranked 5th in the UK for Graduate Prospects in The Times and The Sunday Times Good University Guide 2018 . The student population includes 22,440 undergraduate and 12,395 postgraduate students , which is the fourth largest in the UK ( out of 167 ) . The annual income of the institution for 2017-18 was £673.8 million of which £134.2 million was from research grants and contracts , with an expenditure of £663.2 million . The university is home to the Barber Institute of Fine Arts , housing works by Van Gogh , Picasso and Monet ; the Shakespeare Institute ; the Cadbury Research Library , home to the Mingana Collection of Middle Eastern manuscripts ; the Lapworth Museum of Geology ; and the 100-metre Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower , which is a prominent landmark visible from many parts of the city . Academics and alumni of the university include former British Prime Ministers Neville Chamberlain and Stanley Baldwin , the British composer Sir Edward Elgar and eleven Nobel laureates ."}]}, {'value': '1825', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Formal medical education began at Birmingham in 1825 Merged with Mason Science College in 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MBChB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bristol Medical School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bristol_Medical_School', 'summary': 'Bristol Medical School was originally a medical institution in England which existed from 1833 to 1893 . It later became amalgamated with University College , Bristol the predecessor institution to the University of Bristol .'}]}, {'value': 'Bristol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Bristol', 'summary': "The University of Bristol is a red brick research university in Bristol , England . It received its royal charter in 1909 , although it can trace its roots to a Merchant Venturers ' school founded in 1595 and University College , Bristol , which had been in existence since 1876 . Bristol is organised into six academic faculties composed of multiple schools and departments running over 200 undergraduate courses , largely in the Tyndalls Park area of the city . The university had a total income of £642.7 million in 2017-18 , of which £164.0 million was from research grants and contracts . It is the largest independent employer in Bristol . The University of Bristol is ranked 49th by the QS World University Rankings 2020 , and is ranked in the top 10 of UK universities in 2020 by QS World University rankings , Times Higher Education , and ARWU . The University of Bristol was the second most targeted university by the UK 's top 100 employers , according to the Graduate Market in 2019 report produced by High Fliers . An extremely selective institution , it has an average of 6.4 ( Sciences faculty ) to 13.1 ( Medicine & Dentistry Faculty ) applicants for each undergraduate place . It was ranked 9th in the UK among multi-faculty institutions for the quality ( GPA ) of its research and for its Research Power in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework . Current academics include 21 fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences , 13 fellows of the British Academy , 13 fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and 44 fellows of the Royal Society . The university has been associated with 13 Nobel laureates throughout its history , including Paul Dirac , Sir William Ramsay , Cecil Frank Powell , Sir Winston Churchill , Dorothy Hodgkin , Hans Albrecht Bethe , Max Delbrück , Gerhard Herzberg , Sir Nevill Francis Mott , Sir Paul Nurse , Harold Pinter , Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio and most recently , 2015 Economics Nobel Prize winner Angus Deaton . Bristol is a member of the Russell Group of research-intensive British universities , the European-wide Coimbra Group and the Worldwide Universities Network , of which the university 's previous vice-chancellor , Eric Thomas , was chairman from 2005 to 2007 ."}]}, {'value': '1833', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merged with the University College , Bristol ( now University of Bristol ) in 1893', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_College,_Bristol', 'summary': 'University College , Bristol was an educational institution which existed from 1876 to 1909 . It was the predecessor institution to the University of Bristol , which gained a royal charter in 1909 . During its time the college mainly served the middle classes of Bristol , and catered for young men who had entered a family business and needed a greater understanding of scientific topics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Bristol', 'summary': "The University of Bristol is a red brick research university in Bristol , England . It received its royal charter in 1909 , although it can trace its roots to a Merchant Venturers ' school founded in 1595 and University College , Bristol , which had been in existence since 1876 . Bristol is organised into six academic faculties composed of multiple schools and departments running over 200 undergraduate courses , largely in the Tyndalls Park area of the city . The university had a total income of £642.7 million in 2017-18 , of which £164.0 million was from research grants and contracts . It is the largest independent employer in Bristol . The University of Bristol is ranked 49th by the QS World University Rankings 2020 , and is ranked in the top 10 of UK universities in 2020 by QS World University rankings , Times Higher Education , and ARWU . The University of Bristol was the second most targeted university by the UK 's top 100 employers , according to the Graduate Market in 2019 report produced by High Fliers . An extremely selective institution , it has an average of 6.4 ( Sciences faculty ) to 13.1 ( Medicine & Dentistry Faculty ) applicants for each undergraduate place . It was ranked 9th in the UK among multi-faculty institutions for the quality ( GPA ) of its research and for its Research Power in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework . Current academics include 21 fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences , 13 fellows of the British Academy , 13 fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and 44 fellows of the Royal Society . The university has been associated with 13 Nobel laureates throughout its history , including Paul Dirac , Sir William Ramsay , Cecil Frank Powell , Sir Winston Churchill , Dorothy Hodgkin , Hans Albrecht Bethe , Max Delbrück , Gerhard Herzberg , Sir Nevill Francis Mott , Sir Paul Nurse , Harold Pinter , Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio and most recently , 2015 Economics Nobel Prize winner Angus Deaton . Bristol is a member of the Russell Group of research-intensive British universities , the European-wide Coimbra Group and the Worldwide Universities Network , of which the university 's previous vice-chancellor , Eric Thomas , was chairman from 2005 to 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'MBChB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brighton and Sussex Medical School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brighton_and_Sussex_Medical_School', 'summary': "Brighton and Sussex Medical School ( BSMS ) is a medical school formed as a partnership of the University of Brighton and the University of Sussex . Like other UK medical schools it is based on the principles and standards of 'Tomorrow 's Doctors ' , an initiative by the General Medical Council outlining the role of British practitioners . Since opening in 2003 , BSMS has produced more than 1,500 new doctors who now work across the UK ."}]}, {'value': 'Brighton Sussex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Brighton', 'summary': 'The University of Brighton is a public university based on four campuses in Brighton and Eastbourne on the south coast of England . Its roots can be traced back to 1858 when the Brighton School of Art was opened in the Royal Pavilion . It achieved university status in 1992 . The University focuses on professional education , with the majority of degrees awarded also recognised by professional organisations or leading to professional qualifications . Subjects include pharmacy , engineering , ecology , computing , mathematics , architecture , geology , nursing , teaching , sport science , journalism , criminology and business . It has 21,655 students and 2,700 staff .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Sussex', 'summary': 'The University of Sussex is a public research university located in Falmer , Sussex , England . Its campus is surrounded by the South Downs National Park and it is a short distance away from central Brighton . The University received its Royal Charter in August 1961 , the first of the plate glass university generation , and was a founding member of the 1994 Group of research-intensive universities . More than a third of its students are enrolled in postgraduate programs and approximately a third of staff are from outside the United Kingdom . Sussex has a diverse community of over 17,000 students , with around one in three being foreign students , and over 1000 academics , representing over 140 different nationalities . The annual income of the institution for 2016-17 was £286.1 million with an expenditure of £270.4 million . In 2017 , over 32,000 students applied to the University of Sussex , with around 5,000 joining the institution . The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2018 placed Sussex 147th in the world overall , 39th in the world for Social Sciences and 49th globally for Business and Law studies . Sussex is particularly known for its Humanities and Social Sciences departments , with its Development studies program being placed at number 1 globally in the QS World University Ranking . Sussex counts 5 Nobel Prize winners , 15 Fellows of the Royal Society , 9 Fellows of the British Academy , 24 fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences and a winner of the Crafoord Prize among its faculty . By 2011 , many of its faculty members had also received the Royal Society of Literature Prize , the Order of the British Empire and the Bancroft Prize . Alumni include heads of states , diplomats , politicians , eminent scientists and activists .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Affiliated with both the University of Brighton and the University of Sussex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Brighton', 'summary': 'The University of Brighton is a public university based on four campuses in Brighton and Eastbourne on the south coast of England . Its roots can be traced back to 1858 when the Brighton School of Art was opened in the Royal Pavilion . It achieved university status in 1992 . The University focuses on professional education , with the majority of degrees awarded also recognised by professional organisations or leading to professional qualifications . Subjects include pharmacy , engineering , ecology , computing , mathematics , architecture , geology , nursing , teaching , sport science , journalism , criminology and business . It has 21,655 students and 2,700 staff .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Sussex', 'summary': 'The University of Sussex is a public research university located in Falmer , Sussex , England . Its campus is surrounded by the South Downs National Park and it is a short distance away from central Brighton . The University received its Royal Charter in August 1961 , the first of the plate glass university generation , and was a founding member of the 1994 Group of research-intensive universities . More than a third of its students are enrolled in postgraduate programs and approximately a third of staff are from outside the United Kingdom . Sussex has a diverse community of over 17,000 students , with around one in three being foreign students , and over 1000 academics , representing over 140 different nationalities . The annual income of the institution for 2016-17 was £286.1 million with an expenditure of £270.4 million . In 2017 , over 32,000 students applied to the University of Sussex , with around 5,000 joining the institution . The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2018 placed Sussex 147th in the world overall , 39th in the world for Social Sciences and 49th globally for Business and Law studies . Sussex is particularly known for its Humanities and Social Sciences departments , with its Development studies program being placed at number 1 globally in the QS World University Ranking . Sussex counts 5 Nobel Prize winners , 15 Fellows of the Royal Society , 9 Fellows of the British Academy , 24 fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences and a winner of the Crafoord Prize among its faculty . By 2011 , many of its faculty members had also received the Royal Society of Literature Prize , the Order of the British Empire and the Bancroft Prize . Alumni include heads of states , diplomats , politicians , eminent scientists and activists .'}]}, {'value': 'BMBS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'School of Clinical Medicine , University of Cambridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/School_of_Clinical_Medicine,_University_of_Cambridge', 'summary': "The School of Clinical Medicine is the medical school of the University of Cambridge in England . According to the QS World University Rankings 2016 , it ranks as the 3rd best medical school in the world . The school is co-located with Addenbrooke 's Hospital on the Cambridge Biomedical Campus ."}]}, {'value': 'Cambridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Cambridge', 'summary': "The University of Cambridge ( legally The Chancellor , Masters , and Scholars of the University of Cambridge ) is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge , United Kingdom . Founded in 1209 and granted a royal charter by King Henry III in 1231 , Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world 's fourth-oldest surviving university . The university grew out of an association of scholars who left the University of Oxford after a dispute with the townspeople . The two 'ancient universities ' share many common features and are often referred to jointly as 'Oxbridge ' . The academic standards , history , influence and wealth of the University of Cambridge has made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world . Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 semi-autonomous constituent Colleges and over 100 academic departments organised into six schools . Cambridge University Press , a department of the university , is the world 's oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world . Cambridge Assessment , also a department of the university , is one of the world 's leading examining bodies and provides assessment to over eight million learners globally every year . The university also operates eight cultural and scientific museums , including the Fitzwilliam Museum , as well as a botanic garden . Cambridge 's libraries , of which there are over 100 , hold a total of around 16 million books , around nine million of which are in Cambridge University Library , a legal deposit library . The university is home to , but independent of , the Cambridge Union - the world 's oldest debating society . The university is closely linked to the development of the high-tech business cluster known as 'Silicon Fen ' ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Teaching of medicine began in 1540 , but lay dormant for many years . An abortive attempt to put medicine on a proper footing was undertaken in the 1840s , but eventually petered out by the 1860s . It was not until 1976 in response to the recommendation of the Royal Commission on Medical Education that a complete medical course was re-established at Cambridge through partnership with Addenbrooke 's Hospital in Cambridge", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Addenbrooke's_Hospital", 'summary': "Addenbrooke 's Hospital is an internationally renowned teaching hospital and research centre in Cambridge , England , with strong affiliations to the University of Cambridge . Addenbrooke 's Hospital is based on the Cambridge Biomedical Campus . The hospital is run by Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and is a designated academic health science centre . It is also the East of England 's Major Trauma Centre - the first of which to be operational in the UK ."}]}, {'value': 'MB BChir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UCLan School of Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Central_Lancashire', 'summary': 'The University of Central Lancashire ( abbreviated UCLan ) is a public university based in the city of Preston , Lancashire , England . It has its roots in The Institution For The Diffusion Of Useful Knowledge founded in 1828 . Subsequently , known as Harris Art College , then Preston Polytechnic , then Lancashire Polytechnic , in 1992 it was granted university status by the Privy Council . The university is the 19th largest in the UK in terms of student numbers .'}]}, {'value': 'Preston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Central_Lancashire', 'summary': 'The University of Central Lancashire ( abbreviated UCLan ) is a public university based in the city of Preston , Lancashire , England . It has its roots in The Institution For The Diffusion Of Useful Knowledge founded in 1828 . Subsequently , known as Harris Art College , then Preston Polytechnic , then Lancashire Polytechnic , in 1992 it was granted university status by the Privy Council . The university is the 19th largest in the UK in terms of student numbers .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The school works in very close partnership with NHS Trusts and CCGs in both Lancashire and Cumbria.Recruiting international students from 2015 , sponsored UK students from 2017 and UK government funded students from 2018 onwards', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MBBS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Exeter Medical School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Exeter', 'summary': "The University of Exeter is a public research university in Exeter , Devon , South West England , United Kingdom . It was founded and received its royal charter in 1955 , although its predecessor institutions , St Luke 's College , Exeter School of Science , Exeter School of Art , and the Camborne School of Mines were established in 1838 , 1855 , 1863 , and 1888 respectively . In post-nominals , the University of Exeter is abbreviated as Exon . ( from the Latin Exoniensis ) , and is the suffix given to honorary and academic degrees from the university . The university has four campuses : Streatham and St Luke 's ( both of which are in Exeter ) ; and Truro and Penryn ( both of which are in Cornwall ) . The university is primarily located in the city of Exeter , Devon , where it is the principal higher education institution . Streatham is the largest campus containing many of the university 's administrative buildings The Penryn campus is maintained in conjunction with Falmouth University under the Combined Universities in Cornwall ( CUC ) initiative . The Exeter Streatham Campus Library holds more than 1.2 million physical library resources , including historical journals and special collections . Exeter was named the Sunday Times University of the Year in 2013 and was the Times Higher Education University of the Year in 2007 . It has maintained a top ten position in the National Student Survey since the survey was launched in 2005 . The annual income of the institution for 2017-18 was £415.5 million of which £76.1 million was from research grants and contracts , with an expenditure of £414.2 million . Exeter is a member of the Russell Group of leading research-intensive UK universities and is also a member of Universities UK , the European University Association , and the Association of Commonwealth Universities and an accredited institution of the Association of MBAs ( AMBA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Exeter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Exeter', 'summary': "The University of Exeter is a public research university in Exeter , Devon , South West England , United Kingdom . It was founded and received its royal charter in 1955 , although its predecessor institutions , St Luke 's College , Exeter School of Science , Exeter School of Art , and the Camborne School of Mines were established in 1838 , 1855 , 1863 , and 1888 respectively . In post-nominals , the University of Exeter is abbreviated as Exon . ( from the Latin Exoniensis ) , and is the suffix given to honorary and academic degrees from the university . The university has four campuses : Streatham and St Luke 's ( both of which are in Exeter ) ; and Truro and Penryn ( both of which are in Cornwall ) . The university is primarily located in the city of Exeter , Devon , where it is the principal higher education institution . Streatham is the largest campus containing many of the university 's administrative buildings The Penryn campus is maintained in conjunction with Falmouth University under the Combined Universities in Cornwall ( CUC ) initiative . The Exeter Streatham Campus Library holds more than 1.2 million physical library resources , including historical journals and special collections . Exeter was named the Sunday Times University of the Year in 2013 and was the Times Higher Education University of the Year in 2007 . It has maintained a top ten position in the National Student Survey since the survey was launched in 2005 . The annual income of the institution for 2017-18 was £415.5 million of which £76.1 million was from research grants and contracts , with an expenditure of £414.2 million . Exeter is a member of the Russell Group of leading research-intensive UK universities and is also a member of Universities UK , the European University Association , and the Association of Commonwealth Universities and an accredited institution of the Association of MBAs ( AMBA ) ."}]}, {'value': '2013 ( Peninsula College : 2000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Established after the split of the Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peninsula_College_of_Medicine_and_Dentistry', 'summary': 'Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry ( PCMD ) was a Medical and Dental school in England , run in partnership with the University of Exeter , the University of Plymouth and the NHS in Devon and Cornwall . In January 2013 the school began disaggregation to form Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry and the University of Exeter Medical School . The school had campuses at the University of Plymouth , the University of Exeter , the John Bull Building ( Derriford Hospital and Plymouth Science Park ) , the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital and the Royal Cornwall Hospital . Teaching of medical students also took place at North Devon District Hospital in Barnstaple , South Devon Healthcare Trust in Torbay and General Practices across the region plus a number of community orientated healthcare settings .'}]}, {'value': 'BMBS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hull York Medical School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hull_York_Medical_School', 'summary': "Hull York Medical School ( HYMS ) is a medical school in England which took its first intake of students in 2003 . The school was opened as a part of the British Government 's attempts to train more doctors , which also saw Brighton and Sussex Medical School , Peninsula Medical School and University of East Anglia Medical School open their doors ."}]}, {'value': 'Hull York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Hull', 'summary': 'The University of Hull is a public research university in Kingston upon Hull , a city in the East Riding of Yorkshire , England . It was founded in 1927 as University College Hull . The main university campus is located in Hull and is home to the Hull York Medical School , a joint initiative with the University of York . Students are served by Hull University Union . The first chancellor of the university was Lord Middleton ( 1954-1969 ) , followed by Lord Cohen ( 1970-1977 ) , Lord Wilberforce ( 1978-1994 ) , and Lord Armstrong ( 1994- 2006 ) . Virginia Bottomley ( Baroness Bottomley of Nettlestone ) was installed as the current chancellor in April 2006 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_York', 'summary': "The University of York ( abbreviated as Ebor or York for post-nominals ) is a collegiate plate glass research university , located in the city of York , England . Established in 1963 , the campus university has expanded to more than thirty departments and centres , covering a wide range of subjects . Situated to the south-east of the city of York , the university campus is about 500 acres ( 200 hectares ) in size . The original campus , Campus West , incorporates the York Science Park and the National Science Learning Centre , and its wildlife , campus lakes and greenery are prominent . In May 2007 the university was granted permission to build an extension to its main campus , on arable land just east of the nearby village of Heslington . The second campus , Campus East , opened in 2009 and now hosts three colleges and three departments as well as conference spaces , a sports village and a business start-up 'incubator ' . The institution also leases King 's Manor in York city centre . The university had a total income of £331.4 million in 2016/17 , of which £66.0 million was from research grants and contracts . York is a collegiate university and every student is allocated to one of the university 's nine colleges . The ninth college was founded in 2014 and was named Constantine after the Roman emperor Constantine I , who was proclaimed Augustus in York in 306 AD . There are plans to build two new colleges in the near future . In 2012 , York joined the Russell Group of research-intensive British universities ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Affiliated with both the University of Hull and the University of York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Hull', 'summary': 'The University of Hull is a public research university in Kingston upon Hull , a city in the East Riding of Yorkshire , England . It was founded in 1927 as University College Hull . The main university campus is located in Hull and is home to the Hull York Medical School , a joint initiative with the University of York . Students are served by Hull University Union . The first chancellor of the university was Lord Middleton ( 1954-1969 ) , followed by Lord Cohen ( 1970-1977 ) , Lord Wilberforce ( 1978-1994 ) , and Lord Armstrong ( 1994- 2006 ) . Virginia Bottomley ( Baroness Bottomley of Nettlestone ) was installed as the current chancellor in April 2006 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_York', 'summary': "The University of York ( abbreviated as Ebor or York for post-nominals ) is a collegiate plate glass research university , located in the city of York , England . Established in 1963 , the campus university has expanded to more than thirty departments and centres , covering a wide range of subjects . Situated to the south-east of the city of York , the university campus is about 500 acres ( 200 hectares ) in size . The original campus , Campus West , incorporates the York Science Park and the National Science Learning Centre , and its wildlife , campus lakes and greenery are prominent . In May 2007 the university was granted permission to build an extension to its main campus , on arable land just east of the nearby village of Heslington . The second campus , Campus East , opened in 2009 and now hosts three colleges and three departments as well as conference spaces , a sports village and a business start-up 'incubator ' . The institution also leases King 's Manor in York city centre . The university had a total income of £331.4 million in 2016/17 , of which £66.0 million was from research grants and contracts . York is a collegiate university and every student is allocated to one of the university 's nine colleges . The ninth college was founded in 2014 and was named Constantine after the Roman emperor Constantine I , who was proclaimed Augustus in York in 306 AD . There are plans to build two new colleges in the near future . In 2012 , York joined the Russell Group of research-intensive British universities ."}]}, {'value': 'MBBS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Imperial College School of Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_College_School_of_Medicine', 'summary': "Imperial College School of Medicine ( ICSM ) is the medical school of Imperial College London in England , and one of the United Hospitals . It is part of the college 's Faculty of Medicine , and was formed by the merger of several historic medical schools , with core campuses at South Kensington , St Mary 's , Charing Cross , Hammersmith and Chelsea and Westminster . The school ranked 4th in the world for medicine in the 2018 Times Higher Education World University Rankings ."}]}, {'value': 'Imperial College London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_College_London', 'summary': "Imperial College London ( legally Imperial College of Science , Technology and Medicine ) is a public research university located in London . In 1851 , Prince Albert built his vision of an area for culture , including the Victoria and Albert Museum , Natural History Museum , Royal Colleges , Royal Albert Hall , and the Imperial Institute . In 1907 , Imperial College was established by royal charter , merging the Royal College of Science , Royal School of Mines , and City and Guilds of London Institute . In 1988 , the Imperial College School of Medicine was formed by combining with St Mary 's Hospital Medical School . In 2004 , Queen Elizabeth II opened the Imperial College Business School . The main campus is located in South Kensington , with an innovation campus in White City . The college also has a research centre at Silwood Park , and teaching hospitals throughout London . The university focuses exclusively on science , engineering , medicine , and business . Imperial has an international community , with more than 59% of students from outside the UK and 140 countries represented on campus . In 2019-20 , Imperial is internationally ranked 9th in the QS World University Rankings , 10th in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings , 8th in Reuters The World 's Most Innovative Universities , and 24th in the Academic Ranking of World Universities . Student , staff , and researcher affiliations include 14 Nobel laureates , 3 Fields Medalists , 1 Turing Award winner , 74 Fellows of the Royal Society , 87 Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering , and 85 Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences ."}]}, {'value': '1997 ( Charing Cross Hospital : 1818 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Formed by the merger of St Mary 's Hospital Medical School , the National Heart and Lung Institute , the Royal Postgraduate Medical School and the Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_Mary's_Hospital_Medical_School", 'summary': "St Mary 's is the youngest of the constituent schools of Imperial College London , founded in 1854 as part of the new hospital in Paddington . During its existence in the 1980s and 1990s , it was the most popular medical school in the country , with an application to place ratio of 27:1 in 1996 . St Mary 's continued comparatively unmoved by the other nomadic medical schools in the area , until its merger with Imperial College in 1988 , and the foundation of Imperial College School of Medicine in 1997 by the merger with Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Royal_Postgraduate_Medical_School', 'summary': 'The Royal Postgraduate Medical School ( RPMS ) was an independent medical school , based primarily at Hammersmith Hospital in west London . In 1988 , the school merged with the Institute of Obstetrics & Gynaecology , and in 1997 became part of Imperial College School of Medicine .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Charing_Cross_and_Westminster_Medical_School', 'summary': "Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School existed as a legal entity for 13 years , as the midpoint of a series of mergers which strategically consolidated the many small medical schools in west London into one large institution under the aegis of Imperial College London . In 1984 , Charing Cross Hospital Medical School and Westminster Hospital Medical School merged to form the Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School . This move was part of a series of mergers in the London medical schools in the early 1980s , which foreshadowed the second , larger round of mergers in the late 1990s . Based at the Charing Cross Hospital site in Hammersmith and Chelsea and Westminster Hospital in Fulham , the new medical school took the form of its larger precursor ( CXHMS ) in using X as an abbreviation for Cross . The medical school also maintained academic units at the university hospitals of Queen Mary 's Roehampton , West Middlesex , Ashford and Hillingdon . In 1997 , CXWMS merged with Imperial College , London ( whose medical department was at St Mary 's Hospital Medical School ) , The National Heart and Lung Institute and the Royal Postgraduate Medical School to form Imperial College School of Medicine ."}]}, {'value': 'MBBS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keele University School of Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keele_University_School_of_Medicine', 'summary': "Keele Medical School is a medical school based on campus at Keele University near Newcastle-under-Lyme , Staffordshire , England . The first two years of the school 's MBChB course are taught mainly on Keele University campus although early exposure to patients is of importance and in the second year there is considerable interaction in a clinical setting . Years three to five , however , are principally taught within the Royal Stoke University Hospital in Stoke-on-Trent and the County Hospital ( both part of University Hospitals North Midlands Trust ) , at the Royal Shrewsbury Hospital , Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust , North Staffordshire Combined Healthcare NHS Trust and South Staffordshire and Shropshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust . Medical students also have placements in general practices in Staffordshire and Shropshire . The school originally accepted about 120 UK/EU and 10 non-EU medical students each year for the 5-year MBChB course and 10 UK/EU/non-EU students for the 6-year course . From 2011 the total accepted increased to about 150 from all sources . This number may vary depending on NHS requirements and funding . Within the United Kingdom the medical school is ranked third by The Guardian and The Sunday Times . Globally , the School of Medicine at Keele is ranked at 401-450 by the QS World University Rankings ."}]}, {'value': 'Keele', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keele_University', 'summary': "Keele University , officially known as the University of Keele , is a public research university in Keele , approximately 3 miles from Newcastle-under-Lyme , Staffordshire , England . Keele was granted university status by Royal Charter in 1962 and was founded in 1949 as the University College of North Staffordshire . Keele occupies a 625-acre ( 250 ha ) rural campus close to the village of Keele and consists of extensive woods , lakes and Keele Hall set in Staffordshire Potteries . It has a science park and a conference centre , making it the largest campus university in the UK . The university 's School of Medicine operates the clinical part of its courses from a separate campus at the Royal Stoke University Hospital . The School of Nursing and Midwifery practice is based at the nearby Clinical Education Centre ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founded as the Department of Postgraduate Medicine in 1978 ; began teaching undergraduate clinical medicine in 2003 using the Manchester curriculum . As such , the MBChB degree was awarded by the University of Manchester until 2011 . From 2012 ( 2007 intake ) the MBChB degree was awarded by Keele University itself', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Manchester', 'summary': "The University of Manchester is a public research university in Manchester , England , formed in 2004 by the merger of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology and the Victoria University of Manchester . The University of Manchester is a red brick university , a product of the civic university movement of the late 19th century . The main campus is south of Manchester city centre on Oxford Road . The university owns and operates major cultural assets such as the Manchester Museum , Whitworth Art Gallery , John Rylands Library and Jodrell Bank Observatory - a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In 2016/17 , the university had 40,490 students and 10,400 staff , making it the second largest university in the UK ( out of 167 including the Open University ) , and the largest single-site university . The university had a consolidated income of £1.1 billion in 2018-19 , of which £323.6 million was from research grants and contracts ( 6th place nationally behind Oxford , UCL , Cambridge , Imperial and Edinburgh ) . It has the fifth-largest endowment of any university in the UK , after the universities of Cambridge , Oxford , Edinburgh and King 's . It is a member of the worldwide Universities Research Association , the Russell Group of British research universities and the N8 Group . In global university league tables , the university was ranked 27th in the QS World University Rankings 2020 , 57th in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2019 , and 33rd in the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2019 , while in national tables it was ranked 15th by the Complete University Guide 2020 , 34th by the Guardian University Guide 2020 and joint 19th by the Times/Sunday Times Good University Guide 2019 . Manchester was ranked 15th in the UK amongst multi-faculty institutions for the quality ( GPA ) of its research and 5th for its Research Power in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework . The University of Manchester has 25 Nobel laureates among its past and present students and staff , the fourth-highest number of any single university in the United Kingdom . Four Nobel laureates are currently among its staff - more than any other British university ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Keele_University', 'summary': "Keele University , officially known as the University of Keele , is a public research university in Keele , approximately 3 miles from Newcastle-under-Lyme , Staffordshire , England . Keele was granted university status by Royal Charter in 1962 and was founded in 1949 as the University College of North Staffordshire . Keele occupies a 625-acre ( 250 ha ) rural campus close to the village of Keele and consists of extensive woods , lakes and Keele Hall set in Staffordshire Potteries . It has a science park and a conference centre , making it the largest campus university in the UK . The university 's School of Medicine operates the clinical part of its courses from a separate campus at the Royal Stoke University Hospital . The School of Nursing and Midwifery practice is based at the nearby Clinical Education Centre ."}]}, {'value': 'MBChB ( see comments )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kent and Medway Medical School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kent_and_Medway_Medical_School', 'summary': 'Kent and Medway Medical School is a planned medical school which will be based in Canterbury and the surrounding area . It will be jointly run by the University of Kent and Canterbury Christ Church University , and offer around 100 places per year . Funding for the new medical school was announced in March 2017 following a competition to allocate 1500 new medical training posts across England , and the first students are expected to enroll in 2020 . Brighton and Sussex Medical School will act as the parent institution . The medical school will offer five-year undergraduate programmes , with a focus on specialties currently under-represented in Kent and Medway .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Kent & Canterbury Christchurch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Kent', 'summary': "The University of Kent ( formerly the University of Kent at Canterbury , abbreviated as UKC ) is a semi-collegiate public research university based in Kent , United Kingdom . It was founded in 1965 and is recognised as a Beloff 's plate glass university . The University was granted its Royal Charter on 4 January 1965 and the following year Princess Marina , Duchess of Kent was formally installed as the first Chancellor . The university has its main campus north of Canterbury situated within 300 acres ( 1.2 km2 ) of park land , housing over 6,000 students , as well as campuses in Medway and Tonbridge in Kent and European postgraduate centres in Brussels , Athens , Rome and Paris . The University is international , with students from 158 different nationalities and 41% of its academic and research staff being from outside the United Kingdom . In 2016 , over 28,000 students applied to the University through UCAS and 4000 accepted an offer . As of 2020 , the University of Kent is ranked as one of the top universities in the UK by the Guardian , The Times and the Complete University Guide , and scores 85% for overall satisfaction in the 2018 National Student Survey . Almost three-quarters of the work submitted for the 2014 research assessments by the University was judged to be world-leading or internationally excellent . It is a member of the Santander Network of European universities encouraging social and economic development ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canterbury_Christ_Church_University', 'summary': "Canterbury Christ Church University ( CCCU ) is a public university located in Canterbury , Kent , England . Founded as a Church of England college for teacher training in 1962 , it was granted university status in 2005 . The university has developed rapidly since its inception in 1962 and now has around 15,000 students based at locations across Kent in Canterbury , Medway ( as part of the Universities at Medway partnership ) and Tunbridge Wells . As well as being Kent 's largest centre of higher education for the public services - notably teacher training , health and social care and the emergency services - the university also offers academic and professional programmes , including doctorates and research degrees in the arts , humanities and social and applied sciences . The university is also developing its portfolio of STEM courses , including engineering and medicine . The university is working with industry and businesses in the south east to develop its STEM courses and is working in partnership with the University of Kent on the development of the medical school . Canterbury Christ Church University is a member of the Cathedrals Group ( officially the Council of Church Universities and Colleges or CCUC ) ."}]}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The medical school has been formed as a collaboration between the University of Kent and Canterbury Christchurch University . The first cohort will consist of 150 students and is being supervised by Brighton and Sussex Medical School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BMBS', 'urls': []}, {'value': "King 's College London School of Medicine and Dentistry", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/King's_College_London_School_of_Medicine_and_Dentistry", 'summary': "GKT School of Medical Education ( abbreviated : GKT ) is the medical school of King 's College London . The school has campuses at three institutions , Guy 's Hospital ( Southwark ) , King 's College Hospital ( Denmark Hill ) and St Thomas ' Hospital ( Lambeth ) in London - with the initial of each hospital making up the acronymous name of the school . The school in its current guise was formed following a merger with the United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy 's and St Thomas ' Hospitals on 1 August 1998 . The medical school has an annual intake of around 335 places on the standard MBBS Programme , 50 places on the Extended Medical Degree Programme ( EMDP ) and 28 places on the Graduate/Professional Entry Programme ( GPEP ) which does not include 2 places for Maxillo Facial ( MaxFax ) Entry . It receives more applications for medicine than any other UK medical school and as of 2016 applicants were required to sit the UKCAT admission test . The medical school is ranked 8th in the world , as adjudged by Times Higher Education ( THE ) in its World University Rankings 2015-2016 by subject ( Clinical , Pre-clinical and Health Results ) , commenting that .While the overall strength of these countries has dipped , some of their institutions have moved against the tide . One of these is King 's College London , which makes its debut in the top 10 ( eighth ) . As to QS World University Rankings ( Medicine ) 2016 , the school is ranked 21st globally . The school is ranked 27th in the UK by the Complete University Guide 2018 ."}]}, {'value': "King 's College London ( University of London )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/King's_College_London", 'summary': "King 's College London ( informally King 's or KCL ) is a public research university located in London , United Kingdom , and a founding college and member institution of the federal University of London . King 's was established in 1829 by King George IV and Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of Wellington , when it received its first royal charter ( as a university college ) , and is one of the oldest universities in England . In 1836 , King 's became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London . In the late 20th century , King 's grew through a series of mergers , including with Queen Elizabeth College and Chelsea College of Science and Technology ( in 1985 ) , the Institute of Psychiatry ( in 1997 ) , the United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy 's and St Thomas ' Hospitals and the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery ( in 1998 ) . King 's has five campuses : its historic Strand Campus in central London , three other Thames-side campuses ( Guy 's , St Thomas ' and Waterloo ) nearby and one in Denmark Hill in south London . In 2018/19 , King 's had a total income of £902.0 million , of which £194.7 million was from research grants and contracts . It is the 12th largest university in the United Kingdom by total enrolment . It has the fourth largest endowment of any university in the United Kingdom , and the largest of any in London . Its academic activities are organised into nine faculties , which are subdivided into numerous departments , centres , and research divisions . It is a member of academic organisations including the Association of Commonwealth Universities , European University Association , and the Russell Group . King 's is home to six Medical Research Council centres and is a founding member of the King 's Health Partners academic health sciences centre , Francis Crick Institute and MedCity . It is the largest European centre for graduate and post-graduate medical teaching and biomedical research , by number of students , and includes the world 's first nursing school , the Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_London', 'summary': "The University of London ( abbreviated as Lond or more rarely Londin in post-nominals ) is a federal [ a ] research university located in London , England . As of October 2019 [ update ] , the university contains 18 member institutions , central academic bodies and research institutes . The university has over 52,000 distance learning external students and 161,270 campus-based internal students , making it the largest university by number of students in the United Kingdom . The university was established by royal charter in 1836 , as a degree-awarding examination board for students holding certificates from University College London and King 's College London and other such other Institutions , corporate or unincorporated , as shall be established for the purpose of Education , whether within the Metropolis or elsewhere within our United Kingdom , allowing it to be one of three institutions to claim the title of the third-oldest university in England , [ b ] and moved to a federal structure in 1900 . It is now incorporated by its fourth ( 1863 ) royal charter and governed by the University of London Act 2018 . It was the first university in the United Kingdom to introduce examinations for women in 1869 and , a decade later , the first to admit women to degrees . In 1948 it became the first British university to appoint a woman as its vice chancellor ( chief executive ) . [ c ] The university 's member institutions house the oldest teaching hospitals in England . For most practical purposes , ranging from admissions to funding , the member institutions operate on an independent basis , with many awarding their own degrees whilst remaining in the federal university . The largest colleges by enrolment as of 2016/17 are UCL , King 's College London , City , Queen Mary , Birkbeck , the London School of Economics , Royal Holloway , and Goldsmiths , each of which has over 9,000 students . Smaller , more specialist , colleges are the School of Oriental and African Studies ( SOAS ) , St George 's ( medicine ) , the Royal Veterinary College , London Business School , the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama , the Royal Academy of Music , the Courtauld Institute of Art , and the Institute of Cancer Research . Imperial College London was formerly a member from 1907 before it became an independent university in 2007 , and Heythrop College was a member from 1970 until its closure in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': "1988 ( St Thomas 's Hospital : 1550 )", 'urls': []}, {'value': "Result of a merger between King 's College London and United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy 's and St Thomas ' Hospitals in 1998 . Known as GKT School of Medicine until 2005 . Teaching began in 1550 at St Thomas 's Hospital Medical School", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/King's_College_London", 'summary': "King 's College London ( informally King 's or KCL ) is a public research university located in London , United Kingdom , and a founding college and member institution of the federal University of London . King 's was established in 1829 by King George IV and Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of Wellington , when it received its first royal charter ( as a university college ) , and is one of the oldest universities in England . In 1836 , King 's became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London . In the late 20th century , King 's grew through a series of mergers , including with Queen Elizabeth College and Chelsea College of Science and Technology ( in 1985 ) , the Institute of Psychiatry ( in 1997 ) , the United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy 's and St Thomas ' Hospitals and the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery ( in 1998 ) . King 's has five campuses : its historic Strand Campus in central London , three other Thames-side campuses ( Guy 's , St Thomas ' and Waterloo ) nearby and one in Denmark Hill in south London . In 2018/19 , King 's had a total income of £902.0 million , of which £194.7 million was from research grants and contracts . It is the 12th largest university in the United Kingdom by total enrolment . It has the fourth largest endowment of any university in the United Kingdom , and the largest of any in London . Its academic activities are organised into nine faculties , which are subdivided into numerous departments , centres , and research divisions . It is a member of academic organisations including the Association of Commonwealth Universities , European University Association , and the Russell Group . King 's is home to six Medical Research Council centres and is a founding member of the King 's Health Partners academic health sciences centre , Francis Crick Institute and MedCity . It is the largest European centre for graduate and post-graduate medical teaching and biomedical research , by number of students , and includes the world 's first nursing school , the Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery ."}, {'url': "/wiki/United_Medical_and_Dental_Schools_of_Guy's_and_St_Thomas'_Hospitals", 'summary': "The United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy 's and St Thomas ' Hospitals was the name given to the joint medical and dental school formed in London as a result of the merger of Guy 's Hospital Medical School , St Thomas 's Hospital Medical School and the Royal Dental Hospital of London . The merged school was more commonly known as UMDS . UMDS came into existence in 1982 with the merger of the medical schools of Guy 's and St. Thomas ' Hospitals . It was enlarged in 1983 when the Royal Dental Hospital of London School of Dental Surgery merged with Guy 's Hospital Dental School , and again in 1985 with the addition of the Postgraduate Institute of Dermatology . Initially students of UMDS were allocated to one of the two campuses , with most preclinical teaching and all clinical teaching being separate . With the intake of 1989 , students ceased being allocated in this way , and teaching for all students was divided between the campuses and their peripheral hospitals . Discussions between King 's College London and UMDS regarding a further merger began in 1992 . UMDS was subsequently absorbed into King 's College London on 1 August 1998 , and was initially called the GKT School of Medicine ; in 2005 this in turn became the King 's College London School of Medicine and Dentistry . Subsequently the dental school became the Dental Institute and the remainder was renamed the King 's College London School of Medicine . In 2015 the naming decision was partially reversed and the medical school is currently named King 's College London GKT School of Medical Education ."}, {'url': '/wiki/GKT_School_of_Medicine', 'summary': "GKT School of Medical Education ( abbreviated : GKT ) is the medical school of King 's College London . The school has campuses at three institutions , Guy 's Hospital ( Southwark ) , King 's College Hospital ( Denmark Hill ) and St Thomas ' Hospital ( Lambeth ) in London - with the initial of each hospital making up the acronymous name of the school . The school in its current guise was formed following a merger with the United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy 's and St Thomas ' Hospitals on 1 August 1998 . The medical school has an annual intake of around 335 places on the standard MBBS Programme , 50 places on the Extended Medical Degree Programme ( EMDP ) and 28 places on the Graduate/Professional Entry Programme ( GPEP ) which does not include 2 places for Maxillo Facial ( MaxFax ) Entry . It receives more applications for medicine than any other UK medical school and as of 2016 applicants were required to sit the UKCAT admission test . The medical school is ranked 8th in the world , as adjudged by Times Higher Education ( THE ) in its World University Rankings 2015-2016 by subject ( Clinical , Pre-clinical and Health Results ) , commenting that .While the overall strength of these countries has dipped , some of their institutions have moved against the tide . One of these is King 's College London , which makes its debut in the top 10 ( eighth ) . As to QS World University Rankings ( Medicine ) 2016 , the school is ranked 21st globally . The school is ranked 27th in the UK by the Complete University Guide 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'MBBS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lancaster Medical School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lancaster_Medical_School', 'summary': "Lancaster Medical School ( LMS ) is the smallest public medical school in the UK . It is located in Lancaster , Lancashire in North West England and is part of the Faculty of Health and Medicine at Lancaster University . It is currently the UK 's newest public medical school , with its first graduates , a cohort of 31 , graduating in 2011 . The current head of the medical school is Dr Rachel Isba"}]}, {'value': 'Lancaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lancaster_University', 'summary': "Lancaster University ( legally the University of Lancaster ) is a collegiate public research university in Lancaster , Lancashire , England . The university was established by royal charter in 1964 , one of several new universities created in the 1960s . The university was initially based in St Leonard 's Gate in the city centre , before moving in 1968 to a purpose-built 300 acres ( 120 ha ) campus at Bailrigg , 4 km ( 2.5 mi ) to the south . The campus buildings are arranged around a central walkway known as the Spine , which is connected to a central plaza , named Alexandra Square in honour of its first chancellor , Princess Alexandra . Lancaster is one of only six collegiate universities in the UK ; the colleges are weakly autonomous . The eight undergraduate colleges are named after places in the historic county of Lancashire , and each have their own campus residence blocks , common rooms , administration staff , and bars . Lancaster is ranked in the top ten in all three national league tables , and received a Gold rating in the Government 's inaugural ( 2017 ) Teaching Excellence Framework . In 2018 it was awarded University of the Year by The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide , and achieved its highest ever national ranking of 6th place within the guide 's national table . The annual income of the institution for 2016-17 was £267.0 million of which £37.7 million was from research grants and contracts , with an expenditure of £268.7 million . Along with the universities of Durham , Leeds , Liverpool , Manchester , Newcastle , Sheffield and York , Lancaster is a member of the N8 Group of research universities . Elizabeth II , Duke of Lancaster , is the visitor of the University . The current chancellor is Alan Milburn , since 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Education undertaken by the Cumbria and Lancashire Medical and Dental Consortium . The MBChB degree was awarded by the University of Liverpool . The General Medical Council approved Lancaster in 2012 to deliver their own medical degree independently . Students starting after September 2013 , will graduate with a Lancaster degree', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Liverpool', 'summary': "The University of Liverpool is a public university based in the city of Liverpool , England . Founded as a college in 1881 , it gained its royal charter in 1903 with the ability to award degrees and is also known to be one of the six original 'red brick ' civic universities . It comprises three faculties organised into 35 departments and schools . It is a founding member of the Russell Group , the N8 Group for research collaboration and the university management school is AACSB accredited . Ten Nobel Prize winners are amongst its alumni and past faculty and the university offers more than 230 first degree courses across 103 subjects . Its alumni include the CEOs of GlobalFoundries , ARM Holdings , Tesco , Motorola and The Coca-Cola Company . It was the world 's first university to establish departments in oceanography , civic design , architecture , and biochemistry at the Johnston Laboratories . In 2006 the university became the first in the UK to establish an independent university in China , Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University , making it the world 's first Sino-British university . For 2018-19 , Liverpool had a turnover of £577.7 million , including £98.7 million from research grants and contracts . It has the sixth largest endowment of any university in England . Graduates of the university are styled with the post-nominal letters Lpool , to indicate the institution . The university previously had a strategic partnership with Laureate International Universities , a for-profit college collective , for University of Liverpool online degrees ."}]}, {'value': 'MBChB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leeds School of Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leeds_School_of_Medicine', 'summary': "The School of Medicine is the medical school of the University of Leeds , in the city of Leeds , West Yorkshire , England . The School of Medicine was founded in 1831 , and is the first medical school in the UK to be awarded Athena SWAN Gold for promoting excellence in gender equality . The School of Medicine now forms part of the University 's Faculty of Medicine and Health . The School is composed of institutes located at multiple sites in West Yorkshire including the Worsley Building , LIGHT , St James 's Campus , and Chapel Allerton Hospital . The School of Medicine is primarily linked with two major hospitals for clinical teaching : the Leeds General Infirmary and St James 's University Hospital , both run by the Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust , alongside smaller district NHS Trusts ."}]}, {'value': 'Leeds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Leeds', 'summary': "The University of Leeds is a public research university in Leeds , West Yorkshire , England . It was established in 1874 as the Yorkshire College of Science . In 1884 it merged with the Leeds School of Medicine ( established 1831 ) and was renamed Yorkshire College . It became part of the federal Victoria University in 1887 , joining Owens College ( which became the University of Manchester ) and University College Liverpool ( which became the University of Liverpool ) . In 1904 a royal charter was granted to the University of Leeds by King Edward VII . For 2017-18 Leeds is ranked nationally between 10th ( Times and Sunday Times ) and 14th ( The Guardian ; The Complete University Guide ) . The university is ranked as the 31st best in Europe and was ranked 93rd in the QS World University Rankings for 2019 . Leeds was ranked in the top three in the UK and the top 20 in the world for graduate employability ( QS Graduate Employability Rankings 2016 ) , and it was also ranked as the fifth most targeted British university by the UK 's top graduate employers in 2016-17 . Leeds was ranked 10th in the UK for research power in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework , the best result in the Yorkshire and the Humber region . The university was named the 2017 Sunday Times University of the Year , having been runner-up in 2016 . The university has 33,300 students , the fifth largest university in the UK ( out of 167 ) . From 2006 to present , the university has consistently been ranked within the top 5 ( alongside the University of Manchester , Manchester Metropolitan University , the University of Nottingham and the University of Edinburgh ) in the United Kingdom for the number of applications received ."}]}, {'value': '1831', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MBChB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leicester Medical School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leicester_Medical_School', 'summary': 'Leicester Medical School is a medical school , which is part of the University of Leicester . The school was founded in 1975 [ citation needed ] , although between 2000 and 2007 it was part of the joint Leicester-Warwick Medical School . As of 2010 , the medical school admits 175 British students per year includes 20 students from overseas . Leicester was ranked 23rd in the UK among 31 medical schools in the 2015 Guardian University Guide . Leicester Medical School is the first UK medical school to adopt a one-iPad-per-student programme at the undergraduate level , commencing in 2013 . Leicester Medical School is one of the few UK medical schools offering full-body cadaveric dissection .'}]}, {'value': 'Leicester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Leicester', 'summary': "The University of Leicester ( /ˈlɛstər/ ( listen ) LES-tər ) is a public research university based in Leicester , England . The main campus is south of the city centre , adjacent to Victoria Park . In 1957 , the university 's predecessor ( University College , Leicester ) gained university status . For 2018/19 , the university is nationally ranked 34th in The Sunday Times Good University Guide , 63rd by The Guardian University Guide and 29th in The Complete University Guide . It is ranked as one of the top 200 universities in the world by the 2018 Times Higher Education World University Rankings , and the 25th in the United Kingdom . The university had an income of £302.8 million in 2016/17 , of which £52.2 million was from research grants . The university is famous for the discovery of genetic fingerprinting and contributing to the discovery and identification of the remains of King Richard III ."}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MBChB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Lincoln Medical School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lincoln', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Lincoln', 'summary': "The University of Lincoln is a public research university in Lincoln , England . The university has origins tracing back to 1861 , and obtained university status in 1992 and its present name and structure in 2001 . Lincoln 's main campus is adjacent to Brayford Pool , the site of urban regeneration in the city since the 1990s ; further campuses are located in Riseholme ( including a research farm , on the same site as Bishop Burton Agricultural College , and a Tesco research center ) and Holbeach ( housing the National Centre for Food Processing ) . Graduation ceremonies take place at the medieval Lincoln Cathedral . The Independent described the university as 'the best thing to happen to Lincoln since the Romans ' . Lincoln has rapidly moved up in the university rankings , having risen 60 places in four years . The Sunday Times newspaper , responsible for The Times Good University Guide , has described the university 's progression as 'the most dramatic transformation of a university in recent times ' . In 2012 , the university ranked in the top 50 of The Guardian University Guide for the first time and in 2016 , it has been ranked among the top 40 English universities for the first time by The Complete University Guide . In 2020 the university was ranked as 17 in The Guardian University Guide , marking the first time it has placed within the top 20 ."}]}, {'value': '2019 ( anticipated )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A new medical school that is planned to take its first students in 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MBBS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liverpool Medical School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liverpool_Medical_School', 'summary': "The University of Liverpool School of Medicine is a medical school located in Liverpool , United Kingdom and a part of the University of Liverpool . It is one of the largest medical schools in the UK , and in 1903 became one of the first to be incorporated into a university . The school used to have a problem-based learning curriculum , which was replaced in 2014 with a new 'integrated ' curriculum for its flagship five-year MBChB course , which has an annual intake of 280 students . Around 1400 medical undergraduates and 600 taught postgraduates study at the school at any one time . The school also offers an MD programme and courses for continuing professional development ."}]}, {'value': 'Liverpool', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Liverpool', 'summary': "The University of Liverpool is a public university based in the city of Liverpool , England . Founded as a college in 1881 , it gained its royal charter in 1903 with the ability to award degrees and is also known to be one of the six original 'red brick ' civic universities . It comprises three faculties organised into 35 departments and schools . It is a founding member of the Russell Group , the N8 Group for research collaboration and the university management school is AACSB accredited . Ten Nobel Prize winners are amongst its alumni and past faculty and the university offers more than 230 first degree courses across 103 subjects . Its alumni include the CEOs of GlobalFoundries , ARM Holdings , Tesco , Motorola and The Coca-Cola Company . It was the world 's first university to establish departments in oceanography , civic design , architecture , and biochemistry at the Johnston Laboratories . In 2006 the university became the first in the UK to establish an independent university in China , Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University , making it the world 's first Sino-British university . For 2018-19 , Liverpool had a turnover of £577.7 million , including £98.7 million from research grants and contracts . It has the sixth largest endowment of any university in England . Graduates of the university are styled with the post-nominal letters Lpool , to indicate the institution . The university previously had a strategic partnership with Laureate International Universities , a for-profit college collective , for University of Liverpool online degrees ."}]}, {'value': '1834', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MBChB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manchester Medical School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester_Medical_School', 'summary': 'The School of Medical Sciences at the University of Manchester is one of the largest in the United Kingdom with around 6,000 undergraduates , 3,000 postgraduates and 2,000 staff . It is the third oldest medical school in England and the largest medical school in the United Kingdom . The Faculty is a member of the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre and has four affiliated teaching hospitals at Manchester Royal Infirmary , Wythenshawe Hospital , Salford Royal Hospital and the Royal Preston Hospital .'}]}, {'value': 'Manchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Manchester', 'summary': "The University of Manchester is a public research university in Manchester , England , formed in 2004 by the merger of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology and the Victoria University of Manchester . The University of Manchester is a red brick university , a product of the civic university movement of the late 19th century . The main campus is south of Manchester city centre on Oxford Road . The university owns and operates major cultural assets such as the Manchester Museum , Whitworth Art Gallery , John Rylands Library and Jodrell Bank Observatory - a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In 2016/17 , the university had 40,490 students and 10,400 staff , making it the second largest university in the UK ( out of 167 including the Open University ) , and the largest single-site university . The university had a consolidated income of £1.1 billion in 2018-19 , of which £323.6 million was from research grants and contracts ( 6th place nationally behind Oxford , UCL , Cambridge , Imperial and Edinburgh ) . It has the fifth-largest endowment of any university in the UK , after the universities of Cambridge , Oxford , Edinburgh and King 's . It is a member of the worldwide Universities Research Association , the Russell Group of British research universities and the N8 Group . In global university league tables , the university was ranked 27th in the QS World University Rankings 2020 , 57th in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2019 , and 33rd in the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2019 , while in national tables it was ranked 15th by the Complete University Guide 2020 , 34th by the Guardian University Guide 2020 and joint 19th by the Times/Sunday Times Good University Guide 2019 . Manchester was ranked 15th in the UK amongst multi-faculty institutions for the quality ( GPA ) of its research and 5th for its Research Power in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework . The University of Manchester has 25 Nobel laureates among its past and present students and staff , the fourth-highest number of any single university in the United Kingdom . Four Nobel laureates are currently among its staff - more than any other British university ."}]}, {'value': '1824', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Medical teaching began in 1752 when Charles White founded the first modern hospital in the Manchester area , the Manchester Royal Infirmary . The medical school was first constituted in 1824', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_White_(physician)', 'summary': 'Charles White FRS ( 4 October 1728 - 20 February 1813 ) was an English physician and a co-founder of the Manchester Royal Infirmary , along with local industrialist Joseph Bancroft . White was an able and innovative surgeon who made significant contributions in the field of obstetrics . White kept the mummified body of one of his female patients in a room of his house in Sale for 55 years , probably at least partly because she had a morbid fear of being mistakenly buried alive .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Manchester', 'summary': "Manchester ( /ˈmæntʃɛstər/ ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester , England , with a population of 547,627 as of 2018 ( 5th most populous English district ) . It lies within the United Kingdom 's second-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.9 million , and second-most populous metropolitan area , with a population of 3.3 million . It is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south , the Pennines to the north and east , and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation . The local authority for the city is Manchester City Council . The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium or Mancunium , which was established in about AD 79 on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell . It is historically a part of Lancashire , although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated in the 20th century . The first to be included , Wythenshawe , was added to the city in 1931 . Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township , but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century . Manchester 's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution , and resulted in it becoming the world 's first industrialised city . Manchester achieved city status in 1853 . The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894 , creating the Port of Manchester and directly linking the city to the Irish Sea , 36 miles ( 58 km ) to the west . Its fortune declined after the Second World War , owing to deindustrialisation , but the IRA bombing in 1996 led to extensive investment and regeneration ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Manchester_Royal_Infirmary', 'summary': 'Manchester Royal Infirmary is a hospital in Manchester , England , founded by Charles White in 1752 . It is now part of Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust , sharing buildings and facilities with several other hospitals .'}]}, {'value': 'MBChB', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'England', 'section_text': "Shepherd 's House , King 's College London School of Medicine and Dentistry at Guy 's Campus in London The School of Clinical Medicine at the University of Cambridge The Allam Medical Building , part of the Hull York Medical School at the University of Hull Norwich Medical School , Bob Champion Building The University College Hospital Cruciform building , used by the UCL Medical School The Medical Teaching Centre at Warwick Medical School The Keele University Medical School", 'uid': 'List_of_medical_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom_0', 'intro': 'There are thirty three medical schools in the United Kingdom that are recognised by the General Medical Council and where students can study for a medical degree. There are twenty-five such schools in England, five in Scotland, two in Wales and one in Northern Ireland. All but Warwick Medical School and Swansea Medical School offer undergraduate courses in medicine. The Bute Medical School (University of St Andrews) and Durham Medical School offer undergraduate pre-clinical courses only, with students proceeding to another medical school for clinical studies. Although Oxford University and Cambridge University offer both pre-clinical and clinical courses in medicine, students who study pre-clinical medicine at one of these universities may move to another university for clinical studies. At other universities students stay at the same university for both pre-clinical and clinical work.'} | null | null | What year was the medical school where 400 medical , 70 pharmacy , 140 biomedical science and 130 nursing students graduate every year established ? | 1825 |
07f39a20a56108bb | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Sevier', 'title': 'Corey Sevier', 'header': ['Year', 'Film', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J.F.K . : Reckless Youth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Young Joseph P. Kennedy , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Joseph Patrick Kennedy Jr. ( July 25 , 1915 - August 12 , 1944 ) was a United States Navy lieutenant . He was killed in action during World War II while serving as a land-based patrol bomber pilot , and was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross . He was the eldest of nine children born to Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. ( 1888-1969 ) and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy ( 1890-1995 ) . Joe Sr. had aspirations for Joe Jr. to become president . Joe Jr. was a delegate to the 1940 Democratic National Convention and planned to run for a seat in the United States House of Representatives after his military service as the first stepping stone on the path to the White House . His death while participating in a top-secret mission in 1944 caused Joe Sr. to transfer his aspirations to his next-oldest son , John F. Kennedy . John Kennedy followed the path first planned for Joe Jr. , advancing from the US House to the United States Senate to the presidency .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Family Pictures', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Family_Pictures', 'summary': 'Family Pictures is a 1993 American made-for-television drama film based on the novel of the same name by Sue Miller . It was directed by Philip Saville and stars Anjelica Huston , Sam Neill , Kyra Sedgwick , and Dermot Mulroney .'}]}, {'value': 'Mack Eberlin ( age 8 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monster by Mistake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monster_by_Mistake', 'summary': 'Monster By Mistake ! is a Canadian CGI-animated series that aired on YTV from October 26 , 1996 to March 23 , 2003 . The series was created by Mark Mayerson of Catapult Productions , and co-produced with CCI Entertainment ( formerly Cambium ) in Toronto , Canada . The two companies partnered in Studio 345 , a computer animation and former Sears catalogue production facility for the production of the show , which was made using Houdini software .'}]}, {'value': 'Warren Patterson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997-1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lassie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lassie_(1997_TV_series)', 'summary': "Lassie is a Canadian television series which aired from 1997 to 1999 on YTV in Canada and Sunday nights on the Animal Planet network in the United States , as a modified remake of the original Lassie series ( 1954-1973 ) about a boy and his faithful dog . As with previous Lassie TV versions and several movies dating back to the original Lassie Come Home movie of 1943 , the star was Lassie , a trained Rough Collie . Not to be confused with a previous , syndicated follow-up series entitled The New Lassie which aired 1989-1991 , this Canadian-produced Lassie series starred Corey Sevier as 13-year-old Timmy Cabot in the fictional town of Hudson Falls , Vermont . The show was filmed in Quebec by Cinar Inc . In this series ' story line , Timmy and his recently widowed mother , Dr. Karen Cabot , move to Hudson Falls , where Karen takes over a veterinary practice . In the first ( 1997 ) season , Lassie was played by Howard , an eighth generation collie descended from Pal , the dog in the original 1943 movie Lassie Come Home . As with all previous Lassie movies and television series beginning with Pal , Howard was owned and trained by Weatherwax Trained Dogs , founded by brothers Frank and Rudd Weatherwax . Midway through production , Cinar replaced Howard with a non-Pal descended dog . Following Lassie fan protests , Hey Hey , son of Howard and a ninth-generation direct descendant of Pal , was brought in to assume the role of Lassie for the final thirteen episodes of the show . Although young Corey Sevier impressed critics , others complained that the series relegated Lassie to a bystander role by focusing more on the Cabot family 's dealings with various townspeople , at the expense of featuring Lassie 's action stunts and feats as had been traditional in the famous canine 's previous movie and TV incarnations . The show was canceled after three seasons . A total of 52 episodes were produced ."}]}, {'value': 'Timmy Cabot', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995-1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goosebumps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goosebumps_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Goosebumps is a Canadian/American horror anthology television series based on R. L. Stine 's best-selling Goosebumps book series . It is an anthology of stories about children finding themselves in creepy and unusual situations , typically involving supernatural elements ."}]}, {'value': 'Ryan , Eddie', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998-1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Little Men', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Men_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Little Men is a Canadian television show that first aired on November 7 , 1998 on the PAX TV network and was shown in Canada on CTV beginning January 1 , 1999 . The show is set as a continuation of the Louisa May Alcott novel Little Men ( 1871 ) , a follow-up to Little Women ( 1868 ) . Due to low ratings , the show was cancelled after 2 seasons , with the final episode aired on December 17 , 1999 .'}]}, {'value': "Dan 'Looking Forward ' Maddison", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002-2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2030 CE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2030_CE', 'summary': "2030 CE is a Canadian children 's television series that aired for two seasons on YTV in 2002 . It aired in the United States on Showtime . The series was created by Angela Bruce , Dennis Foon and Yan Moore . A third season had been planned , but was cancelled after financial supporters backed out , presumably due to low ratings . It was filmed in Winnipeg , Manitoba ."}]}, {'value': 'Hart Greyson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Sash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Sash_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Black Sash is an American action adventure drama television series starring Russell Wong . It ran from March 30 to June 1 , 2003 . Including pilots , a total of eight episodes were made , however only six episodes were aired on The WB .'}]}, {'value': 'Trip Brady', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Student Seduction', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Student_Seduction', 'summary': "Student Seduction is a 2003 television film directed by Peter Svatek and starring Elizabeth Berkley , Corey Sevier and Rick Roberts . It was produced by Lions Gate Entertainment 's Lionsgate Television , filmed in Montréal , Québec , and premiered on Lifetime on 5 May 2003 . The film 's working title was Inappropriate Behaviour ."}]}, {'value': 'Josh Gains', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003-2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wild Card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wild_Card_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Wild Card ( also known as Zoe Busiek : Wild Card ) is an American comedy-drama series starring Joely Fisher . It was broadcast in the United States on Lifetime , and on the Global Television Network in Canada from August 2003 to July 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Julian', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004-2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Shore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Shore_(TV_series)', 'summary': "North Shore is an American prime-time soap opera that aired on Fox every Monday at 8 p.m. EST ( 7 p.m. CST ) for seven months in 2004 and 2005 . It centered on the staff and guests of the fictional Grand Waimea Hotel and Resort ( actually the real-life Turtle Bay Resort located near Kahuku , O'ahu ) on Oahu 's North Shore in Hawaii . From Fox 's website :"}]}, {'value': 'Gabriel McKay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Code Breakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Code_Breakers_(film)', 'summary': 'Code Breakers is an ESPN Original Entertainment television film that was first broadcast December 10 , 2005 at 9 pm ET on ESPN and ESPN HD . The movie followed the Heisman Trophy presentation .'}]}, {'value': 'Bob Blaik', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gospel of Deceit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luke', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Instant Star', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Instant_Star', 'summary': "Instant Star is a Canadian television program which aired from September 15 , 2004 to June 26 , 2008 . The series starred Alexz Johnson as adolescent music competition winner Jude Harrison . The show chronicles Harrison 's experience in the recording industry whilst focusing on character development . Linda Schuyler and Stephen Stohn of Epitome Pictures produced the show . The program began to air on CTV in Canada prior to being picked up by Viacom-owned teen network channel The N , now TeenNick , in the United States . The show became the second most popular program on The N with Degrassi : The Next Generation , a Canadian show also produced by Schuyler and Stohn , ranking as most popular . In 2005 , after its first season , Instant Star was nominated for three Gemini Awards in the category of Best Children 's or Youth Fiction Program or Series . Nominations included : ( 1 ) Best Series ; ( 2 ) Best Performance ( Alexz Johnson ) ; and ( 3 ) Best Direction ( Graeme Campbell ) . The show won the award for Best Direction for the episode You Ca n't Always Get What You Want . On August 28 , 2007 , the show received three more Gemini Award nominations in the category of Best Children 's or Youth Program or series . Alexz Johnson was again nominated for Best Performance ( for the episode , I Fought the Law ) , and there were two more nominations for Best Direction - Graeme Campbell ( for I Fought the Law ) , and Pat Williams ( for Personality Crisis ) . Four seasons of the show ( each with 13 episodes ) were produced ."}]}, {'value': 'Hunter', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007-2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Smallville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smallville_(TV_Series)', 'summary': "Smallville is an American superhero television series developed by writer-producers Alfred Gough and Miles Millar , based on the DC Comics character Superman created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster . The series , initially broadcast by The WB , premiered on October 16 , 2001 . After Smallville 's fifth season , The WB and UPN merged to form The CW , the series ' later United States broadcaster . Smallville , which ended its tenth and final season on May 13 , 2011 , follows Clark Kent ( Tom Welling ) in the fictional town of Smallville , Kansas , before he becomes The Man of Steel/Superman . The first four seasons focus on Clark and his friends in high school . After season five Smallville ventures into adult settings , eventually focusing on his career alongside Lois Lane ( Erica Durance ) at the Daily Planet and introducing other DC comic-book superheroes and villains . Before the series ' production , Bruce Wayne , chronicling the young protagonist 's journey toward Batman , was proposed first . Although that series failed to generate interest , it inspired Smallville . Series developers Gough and Millar pitched their no tights , no flights rule to the president of Warner Bros. Television , reducing Superman to the bare essentials and examining what led Clark Kent to become the Man of Steel . After seven seasons with the show , Gough and Millar departed with little explanation . Smallville was primarily filmed in and around Vancouver , British Columbia , with local businesses and buildings substituting for Smallville locations . Most of the music for the first six seasons was composed by Mark Snow , who incorporated elements of John Williams ' musical score from the Superman film series ."}]}, {'value': 'Jacob Finley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doctor_Light_(Arthur_Light)', 'summary': "Doctor Light is a bipartite character , comprising supervillain Arthur Light and superhero Jacob Finlay , appearing in comic books published by DC Comics . His stint as Doctor Light is concurrent with that of a superheroine using the same name and nearly identical costume , Kimiyo Hoshi . In 2009 , Doctor Light was ranked as IGN 's 84th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time . He made his live adaptation debut in the second season of the DC Universe series Titans , played by Michael Mosley ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Psych', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Psych_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Psych is an American detective comedy-drama television series created by Steve Franks and broadcast on USA Network with syndicated reruns on ION Television . The series stars James Roday as Shawn Spencer , a young crime consultant for the Santa Barbara Police Department whose heightened observational skills and impressive eidetic memory allow him to convince people that he solves cases with psychic abilities . The program also stars Dulé Hill as Shawn 's intelligent best friend and reluctant partner Burton Gus Guster , as well as Corbin Bernsen as Shawn 's father , Henry , a former officer of the Santa Barbara Police Department . Psych debuted on Friday , July 7 , 2006 , immediately following the fifth-season premiere of Monk , and continued to be paired with the series until Monk 's conclusion on December 4 , 2009 . During the second season , an animated segment titled The Big Adventures of Little Shawn and Gus was added to the series . Psych was the highest-rated US basic cable television premiere of 2006 . USA Network renewed the series for an eighth season on December 19 , 2012 , to include eight episodes , and ordered two more episodes on June 25 , 2013 , bringing the episode order to ten . On February 5 , 2014 , USA Network confirmed that the eighth season of Psych would be its last , with the series finale airing on March 26 , 2014 . The show has developed a cult following , especially in the years since going off air , with fans of the show being called PsychOs . Psych : The Movie , a two-hour TV movie , aired on USA Network on December 7 , 2017 . Franks ' hope is to make five more Psych movies , following Psych : The Movie . On February 14 , 2019 , it was announced Psych : The Movie 2 was greenlit and all the main cast would return for the TV movie , which was set to premiere in late 2019 , but the premiere thereof was subsequently delayed to 2020 , with the movie renamed Psych 2 : Lassie Come Home ."}]}, {'value': 'Bryan Frou / Brody', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008-2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Best Years', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Best_Years_(TV_series)', 'summary': "The Best Years is a Canadian teen drama television series created by producer and writer of Degrassi : The Next Generation , Aaron Martin . The first season aired on Global in Canada and on The N in the United States . The second season was shown in the United States on The N and in Canada on E ! , CanWest 's secondary network ."}]}, {'value': 'Jake', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Lost Future', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lost_Future', 'summary': 'The Lost Future is a 2010 South African-German post-apocalyptic film from Syfy , directed by Mikael Salomon and written by Jonas Bauer . The film stars Sean Bean , Corey Sevier and Sam Claflin . It was released on DVD on 27 September 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Savan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Star for Christmas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex', 'summary': 'Alex ( Aleck or Alec is the Scottish form ) may be a diminutive of the male given name Alexander , or its female equivalent Alexandra or Alexandria , or a given name in its own right . Alexander is derived from the Greek Ἀλέξανδρος ( Aléxandros ) . The East European male name Alexey ( Aleksei , Alexis , Aleksa ) is also sometimes shortened to Alex . It is a commonly used nickname in Spanish for Alejandro , Alexandro , Alejandrino and Alexandrino , and related names like Alexa and Alexis .'}]}, {'value': '2013-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cedar Cove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cedar_Cove_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Cedar Cove is an American-Canadian drama television series on the Hallmark Channel that aired for three seasons from July 20 , 2013 , to September 26 , 2015 . Based on author Debbie Macomber 's book series of the same name , Cedar Cove focused on Municipal Court Judge Olivia Lockhart 's professional and personal life and the townsfolk surrounding her . It was the network 's first-ever original scripted series . On December 1 , 2015 , it was announced that the series was cancelled and would not be renewed for a fourth season ."}]}, {'value': 'Seth Gunderson', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Corey_Sevier_1', 'intro': 'Corey Daniel Sevier (born July 3, 1984) is a Canadian actor. He is perhaps best known for his role on the Fox television series North Shore as Gabriel McKay and as Timmy Cabot in Lassie.'} | null | null | What role did Corey Sevier play in the film that was cancelled after 2 seasons ? | Dan 'Looking Forward ' Maddison |
07f478434670007a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kappa_Alpha_Psi_brothers', 'title': 'List of Kappa Alpha Psi brothers', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Robert Sengstacke Abbott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Sengstacke_Abbott', 'summary': 'Robert Sengstacke Abbott ( November 24 , 1870 - February 29 , 1940 ) was an American lawyer , newspaper publisher and editor . Abbott founded The Chicago Defender in 1905 , which grew to have the highest circulation of any black-owned newspaper in the country . An early adherent of the Baháʼí religion in the United States , Abbott founded the Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic in August 1929 . The parade , which has developed into a celebration for youth , education and African-American life in Chicago , Illinois ; Is the second largest parade in the United States . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Chicago ( IL ) Alumni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_IL', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': "Known as the African-American William Randolph Hearst , Abbott was the owner and publisher of the preeminent African-American newspaper of the 20th century , The Chicago Defender . Abbot is the 2nd awardee of the fraternity 's Laurel Wreath award", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Chicago_Defender', 'summary': "The Chicago Defender is a Chicago-based online newspaper . The Defender was founded in 1905 by Robert S. Abbott for primarily African-American readers . Historically , it is considered the most important paper of what was then known as the colored or Negro press . Abbott 's newspaper reported and campaigned against Jim Crow era violence and urged blacks in the American South to come north in what became the Great Migration . Abbott worked out an informal distribution system with Pullman porters who surreptitiously ( and sometimes against southern state laws and mores ) took his paper by rail far beyond Chicago , especially to African American readers in the Southern United States . Under his nephew and chosen successor , John H. Sengstacke , the paper took on segregation , especially in the U.S. military , during World War II . Copies of the paper were passed along in communities , and it is estimated that at its most successful , each copy made its way into the hands of four or five African-Americans . In 1919-1922 , the Defender attracted the writing talents of Langston Hughes ; from the 1940s through 1960s Hughes also wrote an opinion column for the paper . Washington D.C and international correspondent Ethel Payne , poet Gwendolyn Brooks , author Willard Motley , and journalist Ida B . Wells wrote for the paper at different times . During the height of the civil rights movement era , it was published as The Chicago Daily Defender , a daily newspaper , beginning in 1956 . It returned to a weekly paper in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert W. Bogle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_W._Bogle', 'summary': "Robert W. Bogle president and CEO of the Philadelphia Tribune newspaper , where he has worked for 39 years . Bogle joined the Philadelphia Tribune in 1970 selling advertising . Bogle has been a community leader for many years , and is especially active in the advancements of black Philadelphians . Bogle attended Cheyney University in Cheyney , Pennsylvania , where he matriculated to study Sociology , earning a B.A . in Urban Studies . He attended the University of Pennsylvania 's Wharton School of Business and Finance to study marketing and economics . Bogle is chairman of the Hospitals and Higher Education Facilities Authority of Philadelphia and serves as a commissioner of the Delaware River Port Authority . He contributes as a board member to the Zoological Society of Philadelphia , the Workforce Investment Board , and the African-American Chamber of Commerce . In October 1997 , Bogle was appointed as a governor to the Board of Governors of the United Way of America and board member to the Philadelphia Orchestra . In 1995 , 1997 and 1999 , the NNPA honored Bogle with the Russwurm Award , the highest honor to Best Newspaper in America , in the name of John B. Russwurm , co-founder of Freedom 's Journal , the first African-American newspaper in the U.S. ( 1827 ) . In June 2000 , at Drexel University , Philadelphia , an honorary doctorate of Humane Letters degree was bestowed upon Bogle ."}]}, {'value': 'Norristown ( PA ) Alumni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norristown,_PA', 'summary': 'Norristown is a borough ( with home rule status ) in and the county seat of Montgomery County , Pennsylvania , United States . Located along the Schuylkill River approximately two miles from the Philadelphia city limits , Norristown has a population of 34,324 as of the 2010 U.S. Census . It is the fourth most populous municipality in the county and second most populous borough in Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': 'President/CEO of Philadelphia Tribune', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Tribune', 'summary': 'The Philadelphia Tribune is the oldest continuously published African-American newspaper in the United States . The paper began in 1884 when Christopher J. Perry published its first copy . Throughout its history , The Philadelphia Tribune has been committed to the social , political , and economic advancement of African Americans in the Greater Philadelphia region . During a time when African Americans struggled for equality , the Tribune acted as the Voice of the black community for Philadelphia . Historian V. P. Franklin asserted that the Tribune was ( and is ) an important Afro-American cultural institution that embodied the predominant cultural values of upper- , middle- , and lower-class Black Philadelphians . :276 In the early 21st century , the paper is headquartered at 520 South 16th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It publishes on Tuesday , Wednesday , Thursday , Friday , and Sunday . The Philadelphia Tribune also publishes the Tribune Magazine , Entertainment Now , Sojourner , The Learning Key , and The Sunday Tribune . The Tribune has a weekly readership of about 625,000 , and is mostly read by people living in the Philadelphia-Camden Metro Area , as well as in Chester . The Tribune has received the John B. Russwurm award as Best Newspaper in the country seven times since 1995 .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles M. Blow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_M._Blow', 'summary': 'Charles McRay Blow ( born August 11 , 1970 ) is an American journalist , commentator , and op-ed columnist for The New York Times .'}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Psi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grambling_State_University', 'summary': "Grambling State University ( GSU , Grambling , or Grambling State ) is a historically black public university in Grambling , Louisiana . The university is home of the Eddie G. Robinson Museum and is listed on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail . The university is a member-school of the University of Louisiana System . Grambling State 's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Grambling State Tigers . The university is a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'American journalist ; current visual op-ed columnist for The New York Times ; former graphics director and art director for National Geographic magazine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_New_York_Times', 'summary': "The New York Times is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership . Founded in 1851 , the paper has won 127 Pulitzer Prizes , more than any other newspaper . The Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation and 3rd in the U.S. Nicknamed The Gray Lady , the Times has long been regarded within the industry as a national newspaper of record . The paper 's motto , All the News That 's Fit to Print , appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page . The paper is owned by The New York Times Company , which is publicly traded and is controlled by the Sulzberger family through a dual-class share structure . It has been owned by the family since 1896 ; A.G. Sulzberger , the paper 's publisher , and his father , Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. , the company 's chairman , are the fourth and fifth generation of the family to head the paper . Since the mid-1970s , The New York Times has greatly expanded its layout and organization , adding special weekly sections on various topics supplementing the regular news , editorials , sports , and features . Since 2008 , the Times has been organized into the following sections : News , Editorials/Opinions-Columns/Op-Ed , New York ( metropolitan ) , Business , Sports of The Times , Arts , Science , Styles , Home , Travel , and other features . On Sunday , the Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review ( formerly the Week in Review ) , The New York Times Book Review , The New York Times Magazine and T : The New York Times Style Magazine . The Times stayed with the broadsheet full-page set-up and an eight-column format for several years after most papers switched to six , and was one of the last newspapers to adopt color photography , especially on the front page ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Art_director', 'summary': 'Art director is the title for a variety of similar job functions in theater , advertising , marketing , publishing , fashion , film and television , the Internet , and video games . It is the charge of a sole art director to supervise and unify the vision . In particular , the art director is in charge of the overall visual appearance and how it communicates visually , stimulates moods , contrasts features , and psychologically appeals to a target audience . The art director makes decisions about visual elements used , what artistic style to use , and when to use motion . One of the most difficult problems that art directors face is to translate desired moods , messages , concepts , and underdeveloped ideas into imagery . During the brainstorming process , art directors , co-workers , and clients are engaged in imagining what the finished piece or scene might look like . At times , an art director is ultimately responsible for solidifying the vision of the collective imagination while resolving conflicting agenda and inconsistencies between the various individual inputs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)', 'summary': 'National Geographic ( formerly the National Geographic Magazine and branded also as NAT GEO ) is the official magazine of the National Geographic Society . It has been published continuously since its first issue in 1888 , nine months after the Society itself was founded . It primarily contains articles about science , geography , history , and world culture . The magazine is known for its thick square-bound glossy format with a yellow rectangular border and its extensive use of dramatic photographs . Controlling interest in the magazine has been held by The Walt Disney Company since 2019 . The magazine is published monthly , and additional map supplements are also included with subscriptions . It is available in a traditional printed edition and through an interactive online edition . On occasion , special editions of the magazine are issued . [ citation needed ] As of 2015 , the magazine was circulated worldwide in nearly 40 local-language editions and had a global circulation of approximately 6.5 million per month according to data published by The Washington Post ( down from about 12 million in the late 1980s ) or 6.7 million according to National Geographic . This includes a US circulation of 3.5 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Chris Broussard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Broussard', 'summary': "Christopher Dana Broussard ( born October 28 , 1968 ) is an American sports analyst and commentator for Fox Sports 1 and Fox Sports Radio . He is best known for his coverage of the NBA . Previously , he worked for The New York Times , ESPN The Magazine and ESPN.com , and made appearances on ESPN 's SportsCenter , NBA Countdown , First Take , and NBA Fastbreak as an analyst ."}]}, {'value': 'Iota Nu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oberlin_College', 'summary': "Oberlin College is a private liberal arts college and conservatory of music in Oberlin , Ohio . It is the oldest coeducational liberal arts college in the United States and the second oldest continuously operating coeducational institute of higher learning in the world . The Oberlin Conservatory of Music is the oldest continuously operating conservatory in the United States . In 1835 Oberlin became one of the first colleges in the United States to admit African Americans , and in 1837 the first to admit women ( other than Franklin College 's brief experiment in the 1780s ) . It has been known since its founding for progressive student activism . The College of Arts & Sciences offers more than 50 majors , minors , and concentrations . Oberlin is a member of the Great Lakes Colleges Association and the Five Colleges of Ohio consortium . Since its founding , Oberlin has graduated 16 Rhodes Scholars , 20 Truman Scholars , three Nobel laureates , seven Pulitzer Prize winners , and 12 MacArthur fellows . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Sports columnist and sports reporter for Fox Sports 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Sports_1', 'summary': "Fox Sports 1 ( FS1 ) is an American pay television channel that is owned by the Fox Sports Media Group , a unit of Fox Corporation . FS1 replaced the motorsports network Speed on August 17 , 2013 , at the same time that its companion channel Fox Sports 2 replaced Fuel TV . Both FS1 and FS2 absorbed most of the sports programming from its predecessors , as well as content from Fox Soccer , which was replaced by the entertainment-based channel FXX on September 2 , 2013 . FS1 airs an array of live sporting events , including Major League Baseball , college sports ( most notably Big Ten , Pac-12 and Big 12 football , and Big East basketball ) , soccer matches ( including Major League Soccer , Liga MX , Bundesliga , and Copa Libertadores ) , United States Golf Association championship events , UFC mixed martial arts , and a variety of motorsports events such as NASCAR , IMSA , Formula E , ARCA , and the NHRA . FS1 also features daily sports news , analysis and discussion programming as well as sports-related reality and documentary programs . The network is based primarily from the Fox Sports division 's headquarters in the Westwood section of Los Angeles , California , though the network also has significant broadcast operations in New York City , New York and Charlotte , North Carolina ( the latter of which had served as Speed 's home base ) . As of September 2018 , Fox Sports 1 is available to approximately 83.3 million pay television households ( 90.3% of households with cable ) in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Bryan Burwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryan_Burwell', 'summary': "Bryan Ellis Burwell ( August 4 , 1955 - December 4 , 2014 ) was an American sportswriter . He wrote for the St. Louis Post Dispatch and as on-air talent on CBS Sports 920 in St. Louis , weekday afternoons . He worked as an on-air talent at 101 ESPN Radio in St. Louis , Missouri . He was featured on ESPN 's Jim Rome is Burning and ESPN 's The Sports Reporters . Burwell also was a co-writer and host of a documentary on the baseball 's Negro League called The Color of Change . . Burwell recounted in The Color of Change the trials and tribulations of the baseball league built by racism and its ultimate demise . The documentary featured interviews with Buck O'Neil , Jackie Joyner-Kersee and Hall of Famer Ozzie Smith for the St. Louis Post Dispatch . Burwell died at the age of 59 on December 4 , 2014 from cancer ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Phi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_University', 'summary': "Virginia State University ( VSU or Virginia State ) is a historically black public land-grant university in Ettrick , Virginia . Founded on March 6 , 1882 ( 1882-03-06 ) , Virginia State developed as the United States 's first fully state-supported four-year institution of higher learning for black Americans . The university is a member school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund ."}]}, {'value': 'Sportswriter and sports television personality', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kevin Corke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Corke', 'summary': "Kevin Corke is an American journalist and is presently a White House Correspondent for Fox News Channel in Washington D.C. Corke was a national news correspondent based in Washington D.C. for NBC News from 2004-2008 . Most of his work there involved coverage of the Bush Administration as a member of the White House Press Corps . Additionally , Corke frequently reported from The Pentagon , U.S. Supreme Court and other locations in Washington D.C. Corke also figured prominently in NBC 's coverage of the Virginia Tech shooting . Previously , Corke was a news anchor at WTVJ-TV NBC in Miami . Corke also has been frequently seen as a play-by-play sports broadcaster for ESPN . Corke was an anchor and coordinating producer at ESPN in Bristol , CT . While there , he could be seen anchoring SportsCenter , the network 's flagship program . Corke was also a sportscaster at 9News KUSA in Denver . Corke covered the Olympic Games in Atlanta and Torino , the latter while a correspondent at NBC News . Corke is a graduate of Harvard University where he earned a Master 's degree and received the Littauer Fellow citation for academic excellence , leadership and commitment to work in the public interest . He graduated from the University of Colorado Boulder where he earned Master 's and Bachelor 's degrees in Journalism . Kevin Corke has won numerous journalism awards , among them national and regional Emmys ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta Theta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder', 'summary': "The University of Colorado Boulder ( CU Boulder ) , colloquially referred to as CU or Colorado , is a public research university in Boulder , Colorado . It is the flagship university of the University of Colorado system and was founded five months before Colorado was admitted to the Union in 1876 . In 2015 , the university comprised nine colleges and schools and offered over 150 academic programs and enrolled almost 17,000 students . Twelve Nobel Laureates , nine MacArthur Fellows , and 20 astronauts have been affiliated with CU Boulder as students , researchers , or faculty members in its history . The university received nearly $ 454 million in sponsored research in 2010 to fund programs like the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics , and JILA . The Colorado Buffaloes compete in 17 varsity sports and are members of the NCAA Division I Pac-12 Conference . The Buffaloes have won 28 national championships : 20 in skiing , seven total in men 's and women 's cross country , and one in football . Approximately 900 students participate in 34 intercollegiate club sports annually as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Fox News White House Correspondent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_News', 'summary': "Fox News ( officially Fox News Channel and abbreviated FNC ) is an American conservative cable television news channel . It is owned by the Fox News Group , which itself was owned by News Corporation from 1996-2013 , 21st Century Fox from 2013-2019 , and Fox Corporation since 2019 . The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City . Fox News is provided in 86 countries or overseas territories worldwide , with international broadcasts featuring Fox Extra segments during ad breaks . The channel was created by Australian-American media mogul Rupert Murdoch to appeal to a conservative audience , hiring former Republican Party media consultant and CNBC executive Roger Ailes as its founding CEO . It launched on October 7 , 1996 , to 17 million cable subscribers . Fox News grew during the late 1990s and 2000s to become the dominant subscription news network in the U.S. As of September 2018 [ update ] , approximately 87,118,000 US households ( 90.8% of television subscribers ) receive Fox News . In 2019 , Fox News was the top-rated cable network averaging 2.5 million viewers . Murdoch is the current executive chairman and Suzanne Scott is the CEO . Fox News has been described as practicing biased reporting in favor of the Republican Party , the George W. Bush and Donald Trump administrations , and conservative causes while slandering the Democratic Party and spreading harmful propaganda intended to negatively affect its members ' electoral performances . Critics have cited the channel as detrimental to the integrity of news overall . Fox News employees have said that news reporting operates independently of its opinion and commentary programming , and have denied bias in news reporting , while former employees have said that Fox ordered them to slant the news in favor of conservatives ."}, {'url': '/wiki/White_House_Correspondent', 'summary': "The White House Correspondents ' Association ( WHCA ) is an organization of journalists who cover the White House and the President of the United States . The WHCA was founded on February 25 , 1914 by journalists in response to an unfounded rumor that a United States congressional committee would select which journalists could attend press conferences of President Woodrow Wilson . The WHCA operates independently of the White House . Among the more notable issues handled by the WHCA are the credentialing process , access to the President and physical conditions in the White House press briefing rooms . Its most high-profile activity is the annual White House Correspondents ' Dinner , which is traditionally attended by the President and covered by the news media . Not every member of the White House press corps is a member of the White House Correspondents ' Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Alan Roger Currie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alan_Roger_Currie_(American_author)', 'summary': 'Alan Roger Currie ( born March 3 , 1963 ) is an American dating coach , self-help author , motivational speaker , and YouTube personality . He has written advice books on dating and interpersonal relationships , verbal communication skills , identifying various manipulative mind games employed between the genders , seduction , erotic dominance & submission ( BDSM ) , and engaging in erotically explicit dirty talk with women .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_University_(Bloomington)', 'summary': "Indiana University Bloomington ( IU Bloomington , IU , or simply Indiana ) is a public research university in Bloomington , Indiana . It is the flagship institution of the Indiana University system and , with over 40,000 students , its largest university . Indiana University is a Public Ivy university and consistently ranks in the top 100 national universities in the U.S. and among the top 50 public universities . It is a member of the Association of American Universities and has numerous schools and programs , including the Jacobs School of Music , the Luddy School of Informatics , Computing , and Engineering , the O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs , the Kelley School of Business , the School of Public Health , the School of Nursing , the School of Optometry , the Maurer School of Law , the School of Education , the Media School , and the Hamilton Lugar School of Global and International Studies . As of Fall 2017 , 43,710 students attend Indiana University . While 55.1% of the student body was from Indiana , students from all 50 states , Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico and 165 countries were also enrolled . As of 2018 [ update ] , the average ACT score is a 28 and an SAT score of 1276 . The university is home to an extensive student life program , with more than 750 student organizations on campus and with around 17 percent of undergraduates joining the Greek system . Indiana athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Indiana Hoosiers . The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference ; since it does not have a mascot , all teams are known simply as Hoosiers . Indiana 's faculty , staff , and alumni include nine Nobel laureates , 17 Rhodes Scholars , 17 Marshall Scholars , and five MacArthur Fellows . In addition , students and alumni have won six Academy Awards , 49 Grammy Awards , 32 Emmy Awards , 20 Pulitzer Prizes , four Tony Awards , and 104 Olympic medals ( 55 gold , 17 silver , and 32 bronze ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Author , public speaker , radio personality', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harold Dow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harold_Dow', 'summary': 'Harold Dow ( September 28 , 1947 - August 21 , 2010 ) was an American television news correspondent , journalist , and investigative reporter with CBS News .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Eta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_at_Omaha', 'summary': "The University of Nebraska Omaha ( Omaha or UNO ) is a public research university in Omaha , Nebraska . Founded in 1908 by faculty from the Omaha Presbyterian Theological Seminary as a private non-sectarian college , the university was originally known as the University of Omaha . Originally meant to provide a Christian-based education free from ecclesiastical control , the university served as a strong alternative to the city 's many successful religiously affiliated institutions . Since the year 2000 , the university has more than tripled its student housing and opened a 450-bed student dormitory and academic space on its south campus in 2017 . It has also recently constructed modern facilities for its engineering , information technology , business , and biomechanics programs . UNO currently offers more than 200 programs of study across 6 different colleges and has over 60 classroom , student , athletic , and research facilities spread across 3 campuses . The Omaha Mavericks compete in 15 NCAA Division I sports in both the NCHC and Summit League conferences . The ice hockey , basketball , and volleyball teams compete in the new Baxter Arena located on the university 's Center street campus . Softball and baseball facilities are currently under construction . UNO enjoyed national attention in 2015 , when its men 's hockey team reached the national semifinal ( Frozen Four ) of the NCAA tournament for the first time ."}]}, {'value': 'American news correspondent , journalist and investigative reporter for CBS News', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS_News', 'summary': "CBS News is the news division of American television and radio service CBS . CBS News television programs include the CBS Evening News , CBS This Morning , news magazine programs CBS Sunday Morning , 60 Minutes , and 48 Hours , and Sunday morning political affairs program Face the Nation . CBS News Radio produces hourly newscasts for hundreds of radio stations , and also oversees CBS News podcasts like The Takeout Podcast . CBS News also operates the 24-hour digital news network CBSN . The president and senior executive producer of CBS News is Susan Zirinsky , who assumed the role on March 1 , 2019 . Zirinsky , the first female president of the network 's news division , was announced as the choice to replace David Rhodes on January 6 , 2019 . The announcement came during news that Rhodes will step down as president of CBS News amid falling ratings and the fallout from revelations from an investigation into sexual misconduct allegations against CBS News figures , Rhodes and the CBS network said ."}]}, {'value': 'Calvin Hughes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calvin_Hughes', 'summary': 'Calvin Hughes is a news anchor on WPLG Local 10 , in Miami , Florida , United States . In mid-2010 Hughes moved form the morning and noontime anchor position to a nighttime co-anchor slot . Hughes came to Local 10 in late 2006 from KYW-TV , the CBS station in Philadelphia , where he had been since November 2003 and anchored the weekend newscasts and served as a weekday night side reporter , covering several national stories , including the Live 8 Concert and Amish schoolhouse shootings . Hughes previously worked in Atlanta ( WGCL-TV from 1999 to October 2002 , where he worked with Jane Robelot ) , Dallas ( KXAS-TV , 1995-99 ) , Lexington , Kentucky ( WKYT-TV ) , and Evansville , Indiana ( WTVW ) , as an anchor and reporter . At 19 , Hughes began reporting for the local radio station KBIA in Columbia , Missouri , while still a student at the University of Missouri , where he received a degree in journalism . He is a member of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity . [ citation needed ] Hughes was born in Cleveland and also spent several years in East St. Louis , Illinois . In 2002 , he was selected to run the relay leg of the Olympic torch as it passed through the streets of St. Louis , Missouri , headed for the winter games in Salt Lake City , Utah . Hughes resides in Miramar , Florida , with his wife , sons and daughter .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta Omega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Missouri', 'summary': "The University of Missouri ( Mizzou , MU , or Missouri ) is a public research university in Columbia , Missouri . It is Missouri 's largest university and the flagship of the four campus University of Missouri System . Founded in 1839 , it was the first public university west of the Mississippi River . It is a member of the Association of American Universities as well as a land-grant and space-grant institution . Enrolling 30,046 students in 2019 , it offers over 300 degree programs in thirteen major academic divisions . Its well-known Missouri School of Journalism was founded by Walter Williams in 1908 as the world 's first journalism school ; It publishes a daily newspaper , the Columbia Missourian , and operates an NBC affiliate KOMU . The University of Missouri Research Reactor Center is the world 's most powerful university research reactor and is the United States sole source of isotopes used in nuclear medicine . The university operates University of Missouri Health Care , running a number of hospitals and clinics in Mid-Missouri . Its NCAA Division I athletic teams are known as the Missouri Tigers , and compete in the Southeastern Conference . The American tradition of homecoming is claimed to have originated at Missouri . The campus is home to the State Historical Society of Missouri , and the Museum of Art and Archaeology . Its historic center , Francis Quadrangle , is a National Historic District ."}]}, {'value': 'Miami , FL newscaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bruce Johnson ( journalist )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruce_Johnson_(journalist)', 'summary': 'Bruce Johnson , also known as C. Bruce Johnson , is an American TV news anchorman and reporter for WUSA 9 ( CBS ) TV in Washington , D.C . Politics and Urban Affairs , Investigative and hard-hitting feature stories are his expertise . His personal story includes never knowing his natural father , studying to become a priest , and being the first in his family to graduate college . His mother later earned her degree at age 52 . Bruce Johnson is the author of two books , Heart to Heart , and All or Nothing , The Victor Page Story . Johnson has been awarded 22 Emmys by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences ( NATAS ) . In 2018 Bruce Johnson was honored by NATAS with its Board of Governors Award . He also won the Ted Yates Award in 1984 , given only with the unanimous consent of the NATAS Board of Directors . In 2003 , the Society of Professional Journalists inducted Bruce Johnson into the Hall of Fame . He is also a member of the Washington , D.C. Hall of Fame . Johnson has been recognized by the D.C. City Council , D.C . Mayors , and hundreds of civic and community groups and charities for his service work .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Omicron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Kentucky_University', 'summary': "Northern Kentucky University is a public university in Highland Heights , Kentucky . It is primarily an undergraduate institution , having for example a liberal arts program , but also features graduate programs . Total enrollment exceeds 14,000 students , with over 12,000 undergraduate students and nearly 2,000 graduate students . Northern Kentucky University is the third largest university , behind the University of Cincinnati and Miami University , of Greater Cincinnati 's four large universities and the youngest of Kentucky 's eight , although it joined the state system before the University of Louisville . Notable among the university 's programs are the Salmon P. Chase College of Law and the College of Informatics , founded in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'American journalist ; American TV news anchorman and reporter for WUSA 9 ( CBS ) TV in Washington , D.C . Politics and Urban Affairs , Investigative , and hard-hitting feature stories are his expertise', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Augustus Gus Johnson Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gus_Johnson_(sportscaster)', 'summary': 'Augustus Cornelius Johnson Jr. ( born August 10 , 1967 ) is an American sportscaster . He currently calls play-by-play for Fox Sports , most notably as their lead announcer for college football , Big East and Big Ten basketball . He previously worked for CBS Sports prior to coming to Fox . Johnson is well-known for his enthusiastic playcalling .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver Spring ( MD ) Alumni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silver_Spring,_MD', 'summary': "Silver Spring is an unincorporated area , census-designated place , and edge city inside the Capital Beltway , near Washington , D.C. , in Montgomery County , Maryland , United States . As of 2018 , [ update ] it had a population of 81,816 residents , according to the official estimate from the U.S. Census Bureau 's American Community Survey , making it the fourth most populous place in Maryland , after Baltimore , Columbia , and Germantown , and the second most populous in Montgomery County after Germantown . The urbanized , oldest , and southernmost part of Silver Spring is a major business hub that lies at the north apex of Washington , D.C. As of 2004 , [ update ] this 360-acre ( 145.7 ha ) central business district ( CBD ) held 7,254,729 square feet ( 673,986 m2 ) of office space , 5216 dwelling units , and 17.6 acres ( 7.1 ha ) of parkland . The population density of Silver Spring 's CBD was 15,600 people per square mile . The community has undergone a significant renaissance , with the addition of major retail , residential , and office developments . Silver Spring takes its name from a mica-flecked spring discovered there in 1840 , by Francis Preston Blair , who subsequently bought much of the surrounding land . Acorn Park , tucked away in an area of south Silver Spring away from the main downtown area , is believed to be the site of the original spring ."}]}, {'value': 'Fox Sports commentator', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Sports', 'summary': "Fox Sports is the brand name for a number of sports channels , broadcast divisions , programming , and other media around the world that are either controlled or partially owned by the family of Rupert Murdoch . These assets are held mainly by Fox Corporation , with the exceptions of the operations in Australia , which are part of News Corp Australia and rest of the international Fox Sports channels which are owned by The Walt Disney Company . In addition , its regional sports networks along with Fox College Sports are owned by Diamond Sports Group , which is a joint venture between Sinclair Broadcast Group and Entertainment Studios ; they were managed by Disney until the sale to Sinclair and Entertainment Studios occurred on August 23 , 2019 . The name originates from the Fox Broadcasting Company in the United States , which in turn was derived from the name of the Fox Film Corporation ( later 20th Century Fox ) . The Fox Sports name has since been used in Fox Corp 's , News Corp 's and Disney 's other sports media assets around the world . On December 14 , 2017 , Disney announced the plan to acquire 21st Century Fox ( Fox Sports ' parent ) for $ 52.4 billion ; this included key assets such as 20th Century Fox , FX Networks , National Geographic Partners , its regional sports networks , and its international sports networks . The Fox television network , Fox News Channel , and the non-regional Fox Sports assets ( FS1 and FS2 cable channels , and the part of Fox Sports attached to the Fox television network ) were spun off into an independent company run by the Murdoch family , eventually named Fox Corporation ."}]}, {'value': 'Louis Lautier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Lautier', 'summary': "Louis R. Lautier ( 1897-1962 ) was the first African-American journalist admitted in 1955 to the White House Correspondents ' Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Washington ( DC ) Alumni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_DC', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': "First African-American journalist admitted to the White House Correspondents ' Association", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Miles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Miles_(entertainer)', 'summary': 'Thomas Nephew Tommy Miles is an American comedian , actor and producer . He is a member of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity . He currently co-hosts The Steve Harvey Morning Show during which he frequently makes prank phone calls . He is the nephew of comedian Steve Harvey , which is where his stage name comes from .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Upsilon ( Charter Member : Nu Alpha )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Southern_University', 'summary': "Texas Southern University ( Texas Southern or TSU ) is a public historically black university ( HBCU ) in Houston , Texas . The university is one of the largest and most comprehensive HBCUs in the nation with over 10,000 students enrolled and over 100 academic programs . TSU is a leading producer of college degrees to African Americans and Hispanics in Texas and ranks fourth in the United States in doctoral and professional degrees conferred to African Americans . The university is a member school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund and it is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . Texas Southern University is a special purpose , urban institution nestled in the heart of Houston 's historic Third Ward . Dr. Waldivia Ardlaw of Cite : The Architecture + Design Review of Houston wrote that the university serves as the cultural and community center of the Third Ward area where it is located , in addition to being its university . Also , the university serves as a notable economic resource for Greater Houston , contributing over $ 500 million to the region 's gross sales and being directly and indirectly responsible for over 3,000 jobs . Texas Southern University intercollegiate sports teams , collectively known as the Tigers , compete in NCAA Division I and the Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) . The university recruits nationwide for its Ocean of Soul marching band ."}]}, {'value': 'Actor , writer , comedian , radio personality , better known as Nephew Tommy on the number-one rated syndicated radio show The Steve Harvey Morning Show', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Demarco Morgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Demarco_Morgan', 'summary': "DeMarco Morgan is an American broadcast journalist . Since May 6 , 2019 , Morgan has been an anchor at CBS 's West Coast flagship station , KCBS , for their weekday morning newscasts , CBS2 News This Morning ."}]}, {'value': 'Delta Delta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_State_University', 'summary': "Jackson State University ( Jackson State or JSU ) is a public , historically black university in Jackson , Mississippi . The university is one of the largest HBCUs in the United States and the fourth largest university in Mississippi . The university is a member of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund . It is classified as a research university with high research activity . Jackson State University 's athletic teams , the Tigers , participate in NCAA Division I athletics as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) . The university is also the home of the Sonic Boom of the South , a marching band founded in the 1940s . Their accompanying danceline , the Prancing J-Settes , are well known for their unique style of dance , known as J-Setting ."}]}, {'value': "CBS News anchor ; former News reporter and anchor for Atlanta 's NBC affiliate , WXIA", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/WXIA-TV', 'summary': "WXIA-TV , virtual channel 11 ( VHF digital channel 10 ) , is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Atlanta , Georgia , United States . The station is owned by Tegna Inc. , as part of a duopoly with MyNetworkTV affiliate WATL , channel 36 ( which rebroadcasts WXIA-TV 's signal on UHF channel 25.6 using virtual channel 11.11 via PSIP ) . The two stations share studios at One Monroe Place on the north end of midtown Atlanta ; WXIA-TV 's transmitter is located in the city 's east section , near Kirkwood . On cable , the station is available on channel 6 on both Comcast Xfinity and Charter Spectrum . WXIA-TV is popularly known within the Atlanta metropolitan area by its longtime on-air brand , 11 Alive , which the station has used since 1976 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tavis Smiley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tavis_Smiley', 'summary': "Tavis Smiley ( /ˈtævɪs/ ; born September 13 , 1964 ) is an American talk show host and author . Smiley was born in Gulfport , Mississippi , and grew up in Bunker Hill , Indiana . After attending Indiana University , he worked during the late 1980s as an aide to Tom Bradley , the mayor of Los Angeles . Smiley became a radio commentator in 1991 and , starting in 1996 , he hosted the talk show BET Talk ( later renamed BET Tonight ) on Black Entertainment Television ( BET ) . After Smiley sold an exclusive interview of Sara Jane Olson to ABC News in 2001 , BET declined to renew his contract that year . Smiley then began hosting The Tavis Smiley Show on National Public Radio ( NPR ) ( 2002-04 ) and used to host Tavis Smiley on the Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) on weekdays and The Tavis Smiley Show on Public Radio International ( PRI ) . From 2010 to 2013 , Smiley and Cornel West worked together to host their own radio talk show , Smiley & West . They were featured together interviewing musician Bill Withers in the 2009 documentary film Still Bill . He was the new host of Tavis Talks on BlogTalkRadio 's Tavis Smiley Network ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_University_(Bloomington)', 'summary': "Indiana University Bloomington ( IU Bloomington , IU , or simply Indiana ) is a public research university in Bloomington , Indiana . It is the flagship institution of the Indiana University system and , with over 40,000 students , its largest university . Indiana University is a Public Ivy university and consistently ranks in the top 100 national universities in the U.S. and among the top 50 public universities . It is a member of the Association of American Universities and has numerous schools and programs , including the Jacobs School of Music , the Luddy School of Informatics , Computing , and Engineering , the O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs , the Kelley School of Business , the School of Public Health , the School of Nursing , the School of Optometry , the Maurer School of Law , the School of Education , the Media School , and the Hamilton Lugar School of Global and International Studies . As of Fall 2017 , 43,710 students attend Indiana University . While 55.1% of the student body was from Indiana , students from all 50 states , Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico and 165 countries were also enrolled . As of 2018 [ update ] , the average ACT score is a 28 and an SAT score of 1276 . The university is home to an extensive student life program , with more than 750 student organizations on campus and with around 17 percent of undergraduates joining the Greek system . Indiana athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Indiana Hoosiers . The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference ; since it does not have a mascot , all teams are known simply as Hoosiers . Indiana 's faculty , staff , and alumni include nine Nobel laureates , 17 Rhodes Scholars , 17 Marshall Scholars , and five MacArthur Fellows . In addition , students and alumni have won six Academy Awards , 49 Grammy Awards , 32 Emmy Awards , 20 Pulitzer Prizes , four Tony Awards , and 104 Olympic medals ( 55 gold , 17 silver , and 32 bronze ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Talk show host ; political commentator ; author', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Vance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Vance', 'summary': 'James Howard Jim Vance III ( January 10 , 1942 - July 22 , 2017 ) was an American television news presenter in Washington , D.C .'}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Omega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheyney_University', 'summary': "Cheyney University of Pennsylvania is a public historically black university in Cheyney , Pennsylvania . Founded in 1837 , it was the first historically black institute . It is a member of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education and the Thurgood Marshall College Fund . The university offers bachelor 's degrees . The university is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education ."}]}, {'value': 'News anchor for the NBC affiliate WRC-TV in Washington , D.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/News_presenter', 'summary': 'A news presenter - also known as a newsreader , newscaster ( short for news broadcaster ) , anchorman or anchorwoman , news anchor or simply an anchor - is a person who presents news during a news program on the television , on the radio or on the Internet . They may also be a working journalist , assisting in the collection of news material and may , in addition , provide commentary during the program . News presenters most often work from a television studio or radio studio , but may also present the news from remote locations in the field related to a particular major news event .'}, {'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/WRC-TV', 'summary': "WRC-TV , virtual channel 4 ( UHF digital channel 34 ) , is an NBC owned-and-operated television station licensed to the American capital city of Washington , District of Columbia . Owned by the NBC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of NBCUniversal ( itself a subsidiary of Comcast ) , it is sister to Class A Telemundo owned-and-operated station WZDC-CD ( channel 44 ) and regional sports network NBC Sports Washington . WRC-TV and WZDC-CD share studios and transmitter facilities on Nebraska Avenue in the Tenleytown neighborhood of northwest Washington . WRC-TV houses and originates NBC News ' Washington bureau , out of which the network 's ( and television 's ) long-running political events program , Meet the Press , is based . On cable , the station is available on Comcast Xfinity channel 24 in Washington , D.C. ( C-SPAN is carried on cable channel 4 ) and channel 4 in the Maryland and Virginia suburbs , and on Cox Communications , RCN and Verizon FiOS channel 4 ."}]}, {'value': 'Solomon Wilcots', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solomon_Wilcots', 'summary': 'Solomon Wilcots ( born October 9 , 1964 ) is a former American football free safety in the NFL , a current national television analyst and broadcaster as well as a head coach in Your Call Football . Wilcots played six seasons in the league for the Cincinnati Bengals , Minnesota Vikings and Pittsburgh Steelers .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Theta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder', 'summary': "The University of Colorado Boulder ( CU Boulder ) , colloquially referred to as CU or Colorado , is a public research university in Boulder , Colorado . It is the flagship university of the University of Colorado system and was founded five months before Colorado was admitted to the Union in 1876 . In 2015 , the university comprised nine colleges and schools and offered over 150 academic programs and enrolled almost 17,000 students . Twelve Nobel Laureates , nine MacArthur Fellows , and 20 astronauts have been affiliated with CU Boulder as students , researchers , or faculty members in its history . The university received nearly $ 454 million in sponsored research in 2010 to fund programs like the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics , and JILA . The Colorado Buffaloes compete in 17 varsity sports and are members of the NCAA Division I Pac-12 Conference . The Buffaloes have won 28 national championships : 20 in skiing , seven total in men 's and women 's cross country , and one in football . Approximately 900 students participate in 34 intercollegiate club sports annually as well ."}]}, {'value': 'NFL commentator and analyst for NFL Network and CBS ; former NFL defensive back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NFL_Network', 'summary': "NFL Network ( occasionally abbreviated on-air as NFLN ) is an American sports-oriented pay television network that is owned by the National Football League ( NFL ) and is part of NFL Media , which also includes NFL.com , NFL Films , NFL Mobile , NFL Now and NFL RedZone . Dedicated to American football , the network features game telecasts from the NFL , as well as NFL-related content including analysis programs , specials and documentaries . The network is headquartered in the Los Angeles suburb of Culver City , California , and broadcasts its worldwide feed from Encompass Digital Media ( formally Crawford Communications ) in Atlanta , Georgia . The NFL Media Campus , as well as the Network 's headquarters , is scheduled to relocate to Inglewood , California by summer of 2021 , where a new office building and studio will be located next to SoFi Stadium . As of February 2015 , NFL Network is available to approximately 71,867,000 pay television households in the United States ( totaling 61.7% of U.S. households with at least one television set ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}]}, {'value': 'Ralph Wiley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralph_Wiley', 'summary': "Ralph Wiley ( April 12 , 1952 - June 13 , 2004 ) was an American sports journalist who wrote for Sports Illustrated and ESPN 's Page 2 . He was well known for his distinctive literary tone and his writings on race in America ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta Phi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knoxville_College', 'summary': 'Knoxville College is a historically black liberal arts college in Knoxville , Tennessee , United States , which was founded in 1875 by the United Presbyterian Church of North America . It is a United Negro College Fund member school . A slow period of decline began in the 1970s , and by 2015 , the school had an enrollment of just 11 students . In May 2015 , the College suspended classes until Fall 2016 term in hopes of reorganizing . On May 17 , 2018 , the Tennessee Higher Education Commission gave its approval for Knoxville College to once again reopen its doors and offer classes . On 1 July 2018 Knoxville College website announced resumption of enrolling students , for fall 2018 semester .'}]}, {'value': 'Sports writer and author', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Wilkerson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Wilkerson', 'summary': 'Bill Wilkerson ( 1945 - November 2 , 2017 ) was an American radio personality and sports announcer who enjoyed a long career on St. Louis stations KMOX ( 1969-1996 ) and KTRS ( 1996-2006 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Upsilon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University', 'summary': 'Southern Illinois University is a system of public universities in the southern region of the U.S. state of Illinois . Its headquarters is in Carbondale , Illinois .'}]}, {'value': 'Late St. Louis sportscaster and morning radio host mainly with KMOX ; Play-by-play voice for NFL St. Louis Cardinals and University of Missouri Tigers football in the 1970s and 1980s ;', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Kappa_Alpha_Psi_brothers_2', 'intro': 'The following is a list of notable members of Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, Inc. (commonly referred to as Kappas or Nupes). These members are recognized as leaders in the arts, athletics, business, civil rights, education, government, and science. Kappa Alpha Psi was founded on the campus of Indiana University in 1911. The fraternity has more than 105,000 members with 721 undergraduate and alumni chapters in every state of the United States, and international chapters in the United Kingdom, Germany, Korea, Japan, the Caribbean, Saint Thomas, Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands and South Africa.'} | null | null | What is the original chapter of the brother who has been recognized by the D.C. City Council , D.C . Mayors , and hundreds of civic and community groups and charities for his service work ? | Alpha Omicron |
07f5e806b4bd5a95 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign-born_Medal_of_Honor_recipients', 'title': 'List of foreign-born Medal of Honor recipients', 'header': ['Name', 'Country of birth', 'Rank', 'Branch', 'Place of action', 'Date of action'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jake Allex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jake_Allex', 'summary': 'Aleksa Mandušić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Алекса Мандушић ; July 13 , 1887 - August 28 , 1959 ) was a Serbian American soldier who received the Medal of Honor for his service in the U.S. Army during World War I . He was also known as Jake Allex Mandusich or simply Jake Allex .'}]}, {'value': 'Serbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Serbia', 'summary': "Serbia ( Serbian : Србија , romanized : Srbija , pronounced [ sř̩bija ] ) , [ note 1 ] officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian : Република Србија , romanized : Republika Srbija , pronounced [ repǔblika sř̩bija ] ) , is a land-locked country situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe in the southern Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans . It borders Hungary to the north , Romania to the northeast , Bulgaria to the southeast , North Macedonia to the south , Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west , and Montenegro to the southwest . The country claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo . [ a ] Serbia 's population numbers approximately seven million . Its capital , Belgrade , ranks among the largest citiеs in southeastern Europe . Inhabited since the Paleolithic Age , the territory of modern-day Serbia faced Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe in the 6th century , establishing several regional states in the early Middle Ages at times recognised as tributaries to the Byzantine , Frankish and Hungarian kingdoms . The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by the Holy See and Constantinople in 1217 , reaching its territorial apex in 1346 as the relatively short-lived Serbian Empire . By the mid-16th century , the Ottomans annexed the entirety of modern-day Serbia ; their rule was at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire , which began expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century while maintaining a foothold in Vojvodina . In the early 19th century , the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region 's first constitutional monarchy , which subsequently expanded its territory . Following disastrous casualties in World War I , and the subsequent unification of the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina ( and other lands ) with Serbia , the country co-founded Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples , which would exist in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s . During the breakup of Yugoslavia , Serbia formed a union with Montenegro , which was peacefully dissolved in 2006 and restoring Serbia 's independence as a sovereign state for the first time since the late 1910s . In 2008 , the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence , with mixed responses from the international community ."}]}, {'value': 'Corporal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corporal', 'summary': "Corporal is a military rank in use in some form by many militaries and by some police forces or other uniformed organizations . Within NATO , each member nation 's corresponding military rank of corporal is combined under the NATO-standard rank scale code OR-3 or OR-4 . However , there are often differences in how each nation ( or service in each nation ) employs corporals . Some militaries do n't have corporals , but may instead have a Junior Sergeant . In some militaries , the rank of corporal nominally corresponds to commanding a section or squad of soldiers . However , in the United States Army , the rank of corporal is considered a lateral promotion from E-4 Specialist and usually only occurs when the soldier has been selected by a promotion board to become an E-5 Sergeant and is serving in an E-5 billet such as a fireteam leader in a rifle squad . The lateral promotion is used to make the soldier a non-commissioned officer without changing the soldier 's pay . As the Table of Organization & Equipment ( TO & E ) rank of a fire team leader is sergeant and that of squad leader is staff sergeant . In the United States Marine Corps , corporal is the Table of Organization ( TO ) rank for a rifle fire team leader , machine gun team leader , light mortar squad leader , and assault weapon squad leader , as well as gunner on most larger crew served weapons ( i.e . medium mortars , heavy machine guns , and anti-tank missiles ) , armored vehicles ( e.g . tanks , light armored vehicles , and armored assault vehicles ) , and the two assistant gunners on a howitzer ( the gunner is a sergeant ) . In most countries that derive their military structure from the British military system , corporal is a more senior rank than that of private ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Chipilly , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chipilly', 'summary': 'Chipilly is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France .'}]}, {'value': 'August 9 , 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johannes S. Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johannes_S._Anderson', 'summary': 'Johannes Seigfried Anderson ( July 20 , 1887 - April 15 , 1950 ) was a Finnish-born U.S. Army soldier during World War I , and a Medal of Honor recipient .'}]}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Sergeant', 'summary': 'First sergeant is typically a senior non-commissioned officer rank , used in many countries . In NATO armed forces the rank is on OR8 level .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Consenvoye , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Consenvoye', 'summary': 'Consenvoye is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France .'}]}, {'value': 'October 8 , 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louis Cukela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Cukela', 'summary': "Louis Cukela ( May 1 , 1888 - March 19 , 1956 ) was a Croatian American United States Marine numbered among the nineteen two-time recipients of the Medal of Honor . Cukela was awarded the Medal by both the US Army and the US Navy for the same action during the Battle of Soissons in World War I . He was also awarded decorations from France , Italy , and Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Famous for his broken English , best exemplified by his unforgettable saying , If I want [ ed ] to send a goddamned fool , I 'd go myself ( when a messenger came back with a stupid garbled reply ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croatia', 'summary': "Croatia ( /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) , kroh-AY-shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska , pronounced [ xř̩ʋaːtskaː ] ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ d ] is a country in Southeast Europe . It borders Slovenia to the northwest , Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro to the southeast , sharing a maritime border with Italy . Its capital , Zagreb , forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics . Croatia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age . The Croats arrived in the area in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century . Croatia was first internationally recognized as an independent state on 7 June 879 during the reign of duke Branimir . Tomislav became the first king by 925 , elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom , which retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries . During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102 . In 1527 , faced with Ottoman conquest , the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne . In October 1918 , in the final days of World War I , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , independent from Austria-Hungary , was proclaimed in Zagreb , and in December 1918 it was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , most of the Croatian territory was incorporated into a Nazi-backed client-state , the Independent State of Croatia ."}]}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Marine Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'Villers-Cotterêts , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Villers-Cotterêts', 'summary': 'Villers-Cotterêts ( pronounced [ vi.lɛʁ kɔ.tə.ʁɛ ] or [ vi.le kɔ.tə.ʁɛ ] ) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France .'}]}, {'value': 'July 18 , 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Dilboy *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Dilboy', 'summary': 'George Dilboy ( Americanized transliteration of Greek name : Γεώργιος Διλβόης ) , ( February 5 , 1896 - July 18 , 1918 ) , Private First Class , U.S. Army , Company H , 103rd Infantry Regiment ( United States ) , 26th Division is thought to be the first Greek-American to receive the Medal of Honor during World War I . He led an attack on a machine gun position and continued to fire at the enemy despite being seriously wounded , killing two of the enemy and dispersing the remainder of the gun crew . General John Pershing listed George Dilboy as one of the ten great heroes who died in the battlefield of France with super-human heroism and valor . Dilboy is buried in Section 18 of Arlington National Cemetery .'}]}, {'value': 'Turkey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private First Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_First_Class', 'summary': "Private First Class ( PFC ) is a military rank held by junior enlisted personnel in some countries ' armed forces ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Belleau , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Belleau_Wood', 'summary': 'The Battle of Belleau Wood ( 1-26 June 1918 ) occurred during the German Spring Offensive in World War I , near the Marne River in France . The battle was fought between the U.S. 2nd ( under the command of Major General Omar Bundy ) and 3rd Divisions along with French and British forces against an assortment of German units including elements from the 237th , 10th , 197th , 87th , and 28th Divisions . The battle has become a key component of the lore of the United States Marine Corps .'}]}, {'value': 'July 18 , 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Price Hays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Price_Hays', 'summary': "George Price Hays ( September 27 , 1892 - August 7 , 1978 ) was a United States Army general who served during World War I and World War II . He earned the Medal of Honor as a young artillery officer during the Second Battle of the Marne in World War I . During World War II , he commanded the 10th Mountain Division in the last few months of the Italian Campaign . Hays was born on September 27 , 1892 , in China , where his parents worked as Presbyterian missionaries . He was raised in El Reno , Oklahoma , and attended Oklahoma A & M College ( now Oklahoma State University ) before leaving school to enlist for World War I . He was commissioned a second lieutenant in 1917 , and by July 14 , 1918 , was a first lieutenant serving in France with the 10th Field Artillery Regiment , 3rd Division . On that day , during the Second Battle of the Marne near Greves Farm , his unit came under a heavy German artillery barrage and the communication lines were destroyed . Despite the intense fire , Hays rode on horseback between his unit , the command post , and two French batteries for the rest of that day and the next . Although he was severely wounded and had seven horses shot out from under him , his efforts contributed to the halt of the German advance . For these actions , he was awarded the Medal of Honor the next year , in 1919 . He commanded the 99th Field Artillery ( Pack ) from 1940 to 1941 ; among his subordinates was Captain William Orlando Darby , who went on to found the U.S. Army Rangers . After the United States ' entry into World War II , Hays participated in the Battle of Monte Cassino in early 1944 ."}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Lieutenant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Lieutenant', 'summary': 'First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Greves Farm , France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 14 , 1918 - July 15 , 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matej Kocak *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matej_Kocak', 'summary': 'Matej Kocak ( December 3 , 1882 - October 4 , 1918 ) , a United States Marine Corps sergeant , was posthumously awarded both the Army and Navy Medals of Honor , for heroism above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy on July 18 , 1918 . Less than three months after his act of heroism he was killed in action by enemy gunfire in the Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge in France while serving as a member of the 66th Company , 5th Regiment .'}]}, {'value': 'Slovakia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slovakia', 'summary': "Slovakia ( /sloʊˈvækiə , -ˈvɑːk-/ ( listen ) ; Slovak : Slovensko [ ˈslɔʋɛnskɔ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Slovak Republic ( Slovak : Slovenská republika , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked country in the eastern part of Central Europe . It is bordered by Poland to the north , Ukraine to the east , Hungary to the south , Austria to the southwest , and the Czech Republic to the northwest . Slovakia 's territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres ( 19,000 sq mi ) and is mostly mountainous . The population is over 5.6 million and consists mostly of Slovaks . The capital and largest city is Bratislava , and the second-largest city is Košice . The official language is Slovak . The Slavs arrived in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries . In the 7th century they played a significant role in the creation of Samo 's Empire and in the 9th century established the Principality of Nitra , which was later conquered by the Principality of Moravia to establish Great Moravia . In the 10th century , after the dissolution of Great Moravia , the territory was integrated into the Principality of Hungary , which would become the Kingdom of Hungary in 1000 . In 1241 and 1242 , much of the territory was destroyed by the Mongols during their invasion of Central and Eastern Europe . The area was recovered largely thanks to Béla IV of Hungary who also settled Germans who became an important ethnic group in the area , especially in what are today parts of central and eastern Slovakia . After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , the Czechoslovak National Council established Czechoslovakia ( 1918-1939 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Marine Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'Soissons , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soissons', 'summary': 'Soissons ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ swasɔ̃ ] ) is a commune in the northern French department of Aisne , in the region of Hauts-de-France . Located on the Aisne River , about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) northeast of Paris , it is one of the most ancient towns of France , and is probably the ancient capital of the Suessiones . Soissons is also the see of an ancient Roman Catholic diocese , whose establishment dates from about 300 , and it was the location of a number of church synods called Council of Soissons .'}]}, {'value': 'July 18 , 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John C. Latham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_C._Latham', 'summary': "John Cridland Latham ( March 3 , 1888 - November 5 , 1975 ) was a United States Army soldier who received the U.S. military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor , for his actions in World War I . Born on March 3 , 1888 , in Windermere , England , Latham immigrated to the United States and joined the Army from Rutherford , New Jersey . By September 29 , 1918 , he was serving as a sergeant in Machine Gun Company , 107th Infantry Regiment , 27th Division . On that day , near Le Catelet in northeastern France , he and two other soldiers , Sergeant Alan L. Eggers and Corporal Thomas E. O'Shea , left cover to rescue the crew of a disabled American tank . O'Shea was killed in the process , but Latham and Eggers successfully defended the wounded tank crewmen from German fire all day and carried them to the safety of the Allied lines after nightfall . For this action , all three soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor the next year ."}]}, {'value': 'England , United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Le Catelet , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Catelet', 'summary': 'Le Catelet is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France .'}]}, {'value': 'September 29 , 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berger Loman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berger_Loman', 'summary': 'Berger Holton Loman ( 24 August 1886 - 9 May 1968 ) was a U.S. Army soldier , assigned to Company H , 132d Infantry , 33d Division . Born in Norway , he received the Medal of Honor for his actions near Consenvoye , France , on October 9 , 1918 during World War I .'}]}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Consenvoye , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Consenvoye', 'summary': 'Consenvoye is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France .'}]}, {'value': 'October 9 , 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James I. Mestrovitch *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_I._Mestrovitch', 'summary': "James I. Mestrovitch ( May 22 , 1894 - November 4 , 1918 ) was an American sergeant who received the Medal of Honor , United States highest military decoration , for his actions in World War I. Mestrovitch , an ethnic Serb , was born as Joko Meštrović in the area of Boka Kotorska , today 's Montenegro , and after immigrating to the United States in 1913 he lived in Fresno , California . He enlisted in the U.S. Army at Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . During the war , Mestrovitch served at Company C , 111th Infantry , 28th Division . During the battle in Fismette in northern France , on 10 August 1918 , he rescued his company commander :"}]}, {'value': 'Montenegro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montenegro', 'summary': "Montenegro ( /ˌmɒntɪˈneɪɡroʊ , -ˈniːɡroʊ , -ˈnɛɡroʊ/ ( listen ) ; Montenegrin : Црна Гора , romanized : Crna Gora , [ tsr̩̂ːnaː ɡǒra ] ) is a country of South and Southeast Europe on the coast of the Balkans . It borders Bosnia-Herzegovina to the northwest , Serbia to the northeast , Kosovo [ a ] to the east , Albania to the southeast , the Adriatic Sea to the southwest , and Croatia to the west . Montenegro has an area of 13,812 square kilometres and a population of 620,079 ( 2011 census ) . Its capital Podgorica is one of the twenty-three municipalities in the country . Cetinje is designated as the Old Royal Capital . During the Early Medieval period , three principalities were located on the territory of modern-day Montenegro : Duklja , roughly corresponding to the southern half ; Travunia , the west ; and Rascia proper , the north . In 1042 , archon Stefan Vojislav led a revolt that resulted in the independence of Duklja from the Byzantine Empire and the establishment of the Vojislavljević dynasty . After being ruled by the Nemanjić dynasty for two centuries , the independent Principality of Zeta emerged in the 14th and 15th centuries , ruled by the House of Balšić between 1356 and 1421 , and by the House of Crnojević between 1431 and 1498 , when the name Montenegro started being used for the country . After falling under Ottoman rule , Montenegro regained de facto independence in 1697 under the rule of the House of Petrović-Njegoš , first under the theocratic rule of prince-bishops , before being transformed into a secular principality in 1852 . Montenegro 's de jure independence was recognised by the Great Powers at the Congress of Berlin in 1878 , following the Montenegrin-Ottoman War . In 1905 , the country became a kingdom . After World War I , it became part of Yugoslavia ."}]}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Fismette , France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 10 , 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John O. Siegel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_O._Siegel', 'summary': "John Otto Siegel ( April 21 , 1892 - August 15 , 1943 ) was a United States Navy Boatswain 's Mate Second Class who earned the Medal of Honor for extraordinary heroism while serving on board of the Mohawk ( YT-17 ) during World War I ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Boatswain 's Mate Second Class", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Boatswain's_mate_(United_States_Navy)", 'summary': "The United States Navy occupational rating of boatswain 's mate ( abbreviated as BM ) is a designation given by the Bureau of Naval Personnel ( BUPERS ) to enlisted members who were rated or striking for the rating as a deck seaman . The colloquial form of address for a boatswain 's mate is Boats . The rating of Boatswain 's Mate dates from the American Revolutionary War and was one of the oldest U.S. Navy ratings in continuous existence from 1775 to present . For a period of three months at the end of 2016 , the rating ( along with all ratings in the Navy ) was scheduled for elimination , but the proposed change was unpopular with both sailors and Navy veterans and was reversed in December of that year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Petty_officer_second_class', 'summary': 'Petty officer second class is the fifth enlisted rank in the U.S. Navy , U.S. Coast Guard , and the United States Naval Sea Cadet Corps , just above petty officer third class and below petty officer first class , and is a non-commissioned officer . It is equivalent to the rank of sergeant in the Army and Marine Corps , and staff sergeant in the Air Force .'}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Chesapeake Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay', 'summary': "The Chesapeake Bay ( /ˈtʃɛsəpiːk/ CHESS-ə-peek ) is an estuary in the U.S. states of Maryland and Virginia . The Bay is located in the Mid-Atlantic region and is primarily separated from the Atlantic Ocean by the Delmarva Peninsula with its mouth located between Cape Henry and Cape Charles . With its northern portion in Maryland and the southern part in Virginia , the Chesapeake Bay is a very important feature for the ecology and economy of those two states , as well as others . More than 150 major rivers and streams flow into the Bay 's 64,299-square-mile ( 166,534 km2 ) drainage basin , which covers parts of six states ( New York , Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) and all of Washington , D.C . The Bay is approximately 200 miles ( 320 km ) long from its northern headwaters in the Susquehanna River to its outlet in the Atlantic Ocean . It is 2.8 miles ( 4.5 km ) wide at its narrowest ( between Kent County 's Plum Point near Newtown and the Harford County shore near Romney Creek ) and 30 miles ( 48 km ) at its widest ( just south of the mouth of the Potomac River ) . Total shoreline including tributaries is 11,684 miles ( 18,804 km ) , circumnavigating a surface area of 4,479 square miles ( 11,601 km2 ) . Average depth is 21 feet ( 6.4 m ) , reaching a maximum of 174 feet ( 53 m ) . The Bay is spanned twice , in Maryland by the Chesapeake Bay Bridge from Sandy Point ( near Annapolis ) to Kent Island and in Virginia by the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel connecting Virginia Beach to Cape Charles . Known for both its beauty and bounty , the Bay has become emptier , with fewer crabs , oysters and watermen in past years . Recent restoration efforts begun in the 1990s have been ongoing and show potential for growth of the native oyster population . The health of the Chesapeake Bay improved in 2015 , marking three years of gains over the past four years , according to a new report by the University of Maryland ."}]}, {'value': 'November 1 , 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph H. Thompson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_H._Thompson', 'summary': 'Joseph Colonel Joe Henry Thompson ( September 26 , 1871 - February 1 , 1928 ) was a highly decorated World War I veteran , recipient of the Medal of Honor , lawyer , Pennsylvania state senator , head football coach of the University of Pittsburgh Panthers , and College Football Hall of Fame inductee .'}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major', 'summary': 'Major is a military rank of commissioned officer status , with corresponding ranks existing in many military forces throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Apremont , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apremont,_Ardennes', 'summary': 'Apremont is a commune in the department of Ardennes in the Grand Est region of northern France .'}]}, {'value': 'October 1 , 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Valente', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Valente', 'summary': "Michael Valente ( February 5 , 1895 - January 10 , 1976 ) was an Italian-born American soldier who served the United States Army in World War I . He received the United States military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor , for his actions in France on September 29 , 1918 ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Private_(rank)', 'summary': 'A private is a soldier of the lowest military rank ( equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in ) . In modern military writing , private is abridged to Pte in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth of Nations countries and to Pvt in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Ronssoy , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronssoy', 'summary': 'Ronssoy is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France .'}]}, {'value': 'September 29 , 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ludovicus M. M. Van Iersel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ludovicus_M._M._Van_Iersel', 'summary': 'Ludovicus Maria Matheus Van Iersel ( 19 October 1893 - 9 June 1987 ) was a Sergeant in United States Army , Company M , 9th Infantry , 2d Division during World War I . He earned the highest military decoration for valor in combat - the Medal of Honor - for having distinguished himself at Mouzon , France . Born in Dussen the Netherlands , Van Iersel served on several merchant ships following the outbreak of the war . Van Iersel arrived in New Jersey in early 1917 , enlisting in the army shortly afterwards . He learned English in his first few months of military service . He became a naturalised American citizen in September 1919 , six months after receiving the Medal of Honor , and changed his name to Louis Van Iersel . After acquiring citizenship he returned to his birth country and married with Hendrika de Ronde ( 1899-1979 ) in August 1920 . They returned to the United States later that month and settled in California a year later . In 1946 he and his wife settled in Sierra Madre , California . During World War II , he joined the Marine Corps and served with the 3rd Marine Division in the Bougainville Campaign .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Mouzon , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mouzon,_Ardennes', 'summary': 'Mouzon is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France . It is situated on the river Meuse . On 1 January 2016 , the former commune Amblimont was merged into Mouzon .'}]}, {'value': 'November 9 , 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reidar Waaler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reidar_Waaler', 'summary': 'Reidar Waaler ( February 12 , 1894 - February 5 , 1979 ) was a soldier in the United States Army who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during World War I .'}]}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Ronssoy , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronssoy', 'summary': 'Ronssoy is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France .'}]}, {'value': 'September 27 , 1918', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'World War I', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_foreign-born_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_9', 'intro': 'The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously. Although Medals of Honor can be awarded only to members of the U.S. armed forces, being a U.S. citizen is not a prerequisite for eligibility to receive the medal. Since the American Civil War, hundreds of people born outside the United States have received the medal, the most recent of these recipients being Pedro Cano and Jesus S. Duran who received their medals in March 2014 for actions performed during World War II and the Vietnam War respectively. The large number of foreign-born recipients during the 19th and early 20th centuries was mostly due to immigration waves from Europe.'} | null | null | What is the earliest year of birth of the members on the list who belong to the armed forces branch who does expeditionary and amphibious operations ? | 1882 |
07f67c61c6a6e0e5 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Wiig', 'title': 'Kristen Wiig', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melvin Goes to Dinner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melvin_Goes_to_Dinner', 'summary': "Melvin Goes to Dinner is a 2003 American film adaptation of Michael Blieden 's stage play Phyro-Giants ! , directed by Bob Odenkirk . Blieden wrote the screenplay from his stage play , and he also stars in the film ( as he did in the Los Angeles stage production ) , along with Stephanie Courtney , Matt Price and Annabelle Gurwitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Extra', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unaccompanied Minors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unaccompanied_Minors', 'summary': 'Unaccompanied Minors ( also known as Grounded in the United Kingdom and Ireland ) is a 2006 Christmas comedy film directed by Paul Feig and starring Lewis Black , Wilmer Valderrama , Tyler James Williams , Dyllan Christopher , Brett Kelly , Gia Mantegna , and Quinn Shephard . It is based on a true story by Susan Burton first told on the public radio show This American Life , under the title In the Event of an Emergency , Put Your Sister in an Upright Position . The film was released on December 8 , 2006 by Warner Bros. Pictures , and grossed $ 21.9 million against a $ 26 million budget .'}]}, {'value': 'Carole Malone', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Enigma with a Stigma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tux Shop Employee', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knocked Up', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knocked_Up', 'summary': 'Knocked Up is a 2007 American romantic comedy film written , directed , and co-produced by Judd Apatow , and starring Seth Rogen , Katherine Heigl , Paul Rudd , and Leslie Mann . It follows the repercussions of a drunken one-night stand between a slacker and a just-promoted media personality that results in an unintended pregnancy . The film was released on June 1 , 2007 to box office success , grossing $ 219 million worldwide , and acclaim from critics . A spin-off sequel , This Is 40 , was released in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jill', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meet Bill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meet_Bill', 'summary': 'Meet Bill ( formerly known as Bill ) is a 2007 comedy film written and directed by Bernie Goldmann and Melisa Wallack , and stars Aaron Eckhart as the title character , with supporting performances by Logan Lerman , Jessica Alba , Elizabeth Banks and Timothy Olyphant .'}]}, {'value': 'Jane Whitman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Brothers Solomon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Brothers_Solomon', 'summary': 'The Brothers Solomon is a 2007 American comedy film starring Will Arnett and Will Forte .'}]}, {'value': 'Janine', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walk Hard : The Dewey Cox Story', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walk_Hard:_The_Dewey_Cox_Story', 'summary': 'Walk Hard : The Dewey Cox Story is a 2007 American comedy film directed by Jake Kasdan , and written by Kasdan and co-producer Judd Apatow . It stars John C. Reilly , Jenna Fischer , Tim Meadows and Kristen Wiig . A parody of the biopic genre , Walk Hard is the story of a fictional early rock and roll star played by Reilly . Walk Hard heavily references the film Walk the Line ( 2005 ) about singer Johnny Cash and the Dewey Cox persona is mostly based on Cash . But the character also includes elements of the lives and careers of other notable musicians including Roy Orbison , Glen Campbell , Bob Dylan , Ray Charles , Jerry Lee Lewis , Donovan , John Lennon , James Brown , Jim Morrison , Conway Twitty , Neil Diamond , Hank Williams , and Brian Wilson . The film portrays fictional versions of artists Buddy Holly , The Big Bopper , Elvis Presley , and the Beatles ; also , some artists play themselves , including Eddie Vedder and Ghostface Killah . In addition , the film parodies or pays tribute to the musical styles of Bob Dylan , David Bowie , Billy Joel , Van Dyke Parks with Brian Wilson , and seventies punk rock . The film was released in North America on December 21 , 2007 . It received positive reviews from critics but was a box office bomb - grossing only $ 20 million against a $ 35 million budget . The film has since developed a cult following . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Edith Cox', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Semi-Pro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Semi-Pro', 'summary': 'Semi-Pro is a 2008 American sports comedy film from New Line Cinema . The film was directed by Kent Alterman and stars Will Ferrell , Woody Harrelson , André Benjamin and Maura Tierney . The film was shot in Los Angeles near Dodger Stadium ( in the gym of the Los Angeles City Fire Department Training Center ) , in Detroit , and in Flint , Michigan . Released in theaters on February 29 , 2008 and released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on June 3 , 2008 , it was the last film from New Line Cinema before they were absorbed by Warner Bros .'}]}, {'value': 'Bear Handler', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forgetting Sarah Marshall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forgetting_Sarah_Marshall', 'summary': 'Forgetting Sarah Marshall is a 2008 American romantic comedy film directed by Nicholas Stoller and starring Jason Segel , Kristen Bell , Mila Kunis and Russell Brand . The film , which was written by Segel and co-produced by Judd Apatow , was released by Universal Pictures . Filming began in April 2007 at the Turtle Bay Resort on the North Shore of Oahu Island in Hawaii . The film was released for North American theaters on April 18 , 2008 and in the UK a week later on April 25 , 2008 . The story revolves around Peter Bretter , who is a music composer for a TV show that happens to feature his girlfriend , Sarah Marshall , in the lead role . After a five-year relationship , Sarah abruptly breaks up with Peter . Devastated by this event , he chooses to go on a vacation in Hawaii , in order to try to move forward with his life . Trouble ensues when he runs into his ex on the island as she is vacationing with her new boyfriend .'}]}, {'value': 'Yoga Instructor', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pretty Bird', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pretty_Bird', 'summary': 'Pretty Bird is a 2008 American comedy film . It competed in the Dramatic Competition at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Mandy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghost Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghost_Town_(2008_film)', 'summary': 'Ghost Town is a 2008 American fantasy comedy film directed by David Koepp , who also co-wrote the screenplay with John Kamps . It stars English comedian Ricky Gervais in his first leading feature-film role , as a dentist who can see and talk with ghosts , along with Téa Leoni as a young widow and Greg Kinnear as her recently deceased husband . Gavin Polone produced the film for Spyglass Entertainment and Pariah , and it was distributed by DreamWorks Pictures .'}]}, {'value': 'Surgeon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adventureland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adventureland_(film)', 'summary': 'Adventureland is a 2009 American coming-of-age comedy-drama film written and directed by Greg Mottola , starring Jesse Eisenberg and Kristen Stewart and co-starring Ryan Reynolds , Kristen Wiig , Bill Hader , Martin Starr , and Margarita Levieva . Set in the summer of 1987 , recent college grad James Brennan ( Eisenberg ) is making big plans to tour Europe and attend graduate school in pursuit of a career in journalism . However , financial problems force him to look for a summer job instead of traveling abroad , which places him at Adventureland , a run-down amusement park in western Pennsylvania . There he meets Emily Lewin ( Stewart ) , a co-worker with whom he develops a quick rapport and relationship . Released on April 3 , 2009 , the film received positive reviews and earned $ 17.1 million worldwide at the box office . It was nominated for Best Ensemble Cast Performance at the 19th Annual Gotham Independent Film Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Paulette', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_Age:_Dawn_of_the_Dinosaurs', 'summary': 'Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs is a 2009 American computer-animated adventure comedy film produced by Blue Sky Studios and distributed by 20th Century Fox . It is the third installment in the Ice Age series and the sequel to Ice Age : The Meltdown ( 2006 ) . It was directed by Carlos Saldanha and co-directed by Mike Thurmeier . Ray Romano , John Leguizamo , Denis Leary reprise their roles from the first two films and Queen Latifah , Seann William Scott , and Josh Peck reprise their roles from The Meltdown , with Simon Pegg joining them in the role of a weasel named Buck . The story has Sid the Sloth being taken by a female Tyrannosaurus after stealing her eggs , leading the rest of the herd to rescue him in a tropical lost world inhabited by dinosaurs beneath the ice . The film was released on July 1 , 2009 , becoming the first Ice Age film and the first 20th Century Fox film to be released in 3D . Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics , it earned $ 886.7 million worldwide , making it the highest-grossing Ice Age film , the highest grossing film from Blue Sky Studios overall , and the second-highest-grossing animated film at the time . A sequel , titled Ice Age : Continental Drift , was released in 2012 , and another sequel , titled Ice Age : Collision Course , was released in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pudgy Beaver Mom', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whip It', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whip_It_(film)', 'summary': 'Whip It is a 2009 American sports comedy-drama film directed by Drew Barrymore in her directorial debut and written by Shauna Cross , based on her novel Derby Girl . The film is co-produced by Barrymore and Barry Mendel . It stars Ellen Page as a teenager from the fictional town of Bodeen , Texas , who joins a roller derby team . The film also stars Barrymore , Alia Shawkat , Marcia Gay Harden , Daniel Stern , Carlo Alban , Landon Pigg , Jimmy Fallon , Kristen Wiig , Zoë Bell , Eve , Andrew Wilson , Juliette Lewis , and Ari Graynor . The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 13 , 2009 and was theatrically released on October 2 , 2009 in the United States by Fox Searchlight Pictures . It received generally positive reviews from critics but did not perform well financially , having made $ 16.6 million worldwide against its $ 15 million budget . It received two WIN Award nominations for Outstanding Actress , as well as Feature Film for Page and Barrymore , respectively . Whip It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on January 26 , 2010 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . The movie has inspired many people to start playing roller derby , including several current top-level players like Scald Eagle .'}]}, {'value': 'Maggie Mayhem', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extract', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Extract_(film)', 'summary': "Extract is a 2009 American comedy film written and directed by Mike Judge , and starring an ensemble cast featuring Jason Bateman , Mila Kunis , Kristen Wiig , and Ben Affleck , with J. K. Simmons , Clifton Collins , Jr. , and Dustin Milligan . Said to be Judge 's companion piece to Office Space , the film received generally positive reviews and grossed $ 10.8 million worldwide against a budget of $ 8 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Suzie Reynolds', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'How to Train Your Dragon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/How_to_Train_Your_Dragon_(film)', 'summary': "How to Train Your Dragon is a 2010 American computer-animated action fantasy film loosely based on the 2003 book of the same name by British author Cressida Cowell , produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures . The film was directed by Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois from a screenplay by Will Davies , Sanders , and DeBlois , and stars the voices of Jay Baruchel , Gerard Butler , Craig Ferguson , America Ferrera , Jonah Hill , Christopher Mintz-Plasse , T.J. Miller , and Kristen Wiig . The story takes place in a mythical Viking world where a young Viking teenager named Hiccup aspires to follow his tribe 's tradition of becoming a dragon slayer . After finally capturing his first dragon , and with his chance at last of gaining the tribe 's acceptance , he finds that he no longer wants to kill the dragon and instead befriends it . The film premiered at the Gibson Amphitheater on March 21 , 2010 , and was released in the United States five days later on March 26 . The film was a critical and commercial success , earning praise from film critics and audiences and earning nearly $ 500 million worldwide . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Score at the 83rd Academy Awards , but lost to Toy Story 3 and The Social Network , respectively . How to Train Your Dragon also won ten Annie Awards , including Best Animated Feature . Two sequels , How to Train Your Dragon 2 and How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World , were released on June 13 , 2014 , and February 22 , 2019 , respectively . Much like their predecessor , both sequels were widely praised and became box office successes . The film 's success has also inspired other merchandise , including a video game and a television series ."}]}, {'value': 'Ruffnut Thorston', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Date Night', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Date_Night', 'summary': 'Date Night is a 2010 American comedy film directed by Shawn Levy , written by Josh Klausner and starring Steve Carell and Tina Fey as a couple who get caught up in a case of mistaken identity while on a date . It was released in the United States on April 9 , 2010 , and grossed $ 152 million against its $ 55 million budget .'}]}, {'value': 'Haley Sullivan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MacGruber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MacGruber_(film)', 'summary': "MacGruber is a 2010 American action comedy film based on the Saturday Night Live sketch of the same name , itself a parody of action-adventure television series MacGyver . Jorma Taccone of the comedy trio The Lonely Island directed the film , which stars Will Forte in the title role ; Kristen Wiig as Vicki St. Elmo , MacGruber 's work partner and love interest ; Ryan Phillippe as Dixon Piper , a young lieutenant who becomes part of MacGruber 's team ; Maya Rudolph as Casey , MacGruber 's deceased wife ; and Val Kilmer as Dieter von Cunth , the villain . Originally scheduled for release on April 23 , 2010 , the film was instead released on May 21 , 2010 , grossing $ 9.3 million worldwide against a $ 10 million budget . The film has since been labeled a cult classic ."}]}, {'value': 'Vicki St. Elmo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Despicable Me', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Despicable_Me', 'summary': "Despicable Me is a 2010 American 3D computer-animated comedy film produced by Illumination Entertainment as its debut film and project and distributed by Universal Pictures . The film was animated by the French animation studio Mac Guff , which was later acquired by Illumination . Directed by Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud in their directorial debuts with a story by Sergio Pablos and screenplay by Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio , the film is eponymous with the main character and its theme song , composed by Pharrell Williams . The film stars Steve Carell as the voice of Gru , a supervillain who adopts three girls ( voiced by Miranda Cosgrove , Dana Gaier , and Elsie Fisher ) from an orphanage ; and Jason Segel as the voice of Vector , a rival of Gru that steals the Great Pyramid of Giza . When Gru learns of Vector 's heist , he plans an even greater heist : to shrink and steal Earth 's moon . However , despite Gru 's villainous intentions , he grows increasingly touched by the girls ' growing love for him and finds himself changing for the better because of it . Released theatrically on July 9 , 2010 in the United States , Despicable Me received positive reviews and grossed over $ 546 million worldwide against a budget of $ 69 million . It launched the Despicable Me franchise series of films , including the sequel Despicable Me 2 in 2013 , another sequel , Despicable Me 3 in 2017 , and two prequels ; Minions , released in 2015 , and the upcoming Minions : The Rise of Gru in 2020 , both of which feature Gru 's Minions as the main characters ."}]}, {'value': 'Miss Hattie', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All Good Things', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_Good_Things_(film)', 'summary': "All Good Things is a 2010 American mystery/crime romantic drama film directed by Andrew Jarecki and written by Marcus Hinchey . Inspired by the life of accused murderer Robert Durst , it stars Ryan Gosling , Kirsten Dunst , and Frank Langella . Gosling portrays the wealthy son of a New York real estate tycoon ( Langella ) who develops a volatile relationship with his wife ( Dunst ) and becomes suspected of a series of murders , as well as his wife 's unsolved disappearance . All Good Things was filmed between April and July 2008 in Connecticut and New York . Originally scheduled for a July 24 , 2009 release , the film ultimately received a limited release in December 3 , 2010 . Durst professed admiration for the film and , after previously not cooperating with journalists , offered to be interviewed by Jarecki . Durst would ultimately sit with Jarecki for more than 20 hours over a multi-year period , which led to the six-part documentary miniseries The Jinx in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lauren Fleck', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Film', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Kristen_Wiig_0', 'intro': "Kristen Carroll Wiig (/wɪɡ/; born August 22, 1973) is an American actress, comedian, writer, and producer. She was born in Canandaigua, New York, and raised in both Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and Rochester, New York. She later relocated to Los Angeles, where she broke into comedy as a member of the improvisational comedy troupe The Groundlings, and made her television debut in 2003. Wiig joined the cast of Saturday Night Live in 2005, and the following year, she appeared in the Christmas comedy film Unaccompanied Minors. After appearing in a series of supporting roles in comedy films such as Knocked Up (2007), Adventureland (2009), Whip It (2009), and Paul (2011), she starred in, and co-wrote the screenplay for the comedy film Bridesmaids (2011), which was both critically and commercially successful. The film earned her a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress - Musical or Comedy, as well as nominations for the BAFTA and Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Cast. Wiig provided her voice for the animated franchises Despicable Me (2010-17) and How to Train Your Dragon (2010-19), and was also nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie for her role as Cynthia Morehouse in the comedy miniseries The Spoils of Babylon (2014). Wiig's other notable films include Girl Most Likely (2012), The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (2013), The Skeleton Twins (2014), Welcome to Me (2014), The Diary of a Teenage Girl (2015), The Martian (2015), Ghostbusters (2016), Downsizing (2017), and Mother! (2017)."} | null | null | What is Wiig 's role in the film that was directed by Jake Kasdan ? | Edith Cox |
07f876c37d713911 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ottawa_County,_Ohio', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Ottawa County, Ohio', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Andres House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Andres_House', 'summary': 'Charles Andres House is a registered historic building in Middle Bass Island , Ohio , listed in the National Register on 1995-11-06 .'}]}, {'value': 'November 6 , 1995 ( # 95001196 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County Road 154 ( Fox Rd . ) on Middle Bass Island 41°41′08″N 82°48′39″W / 41.685556°N 82.810833°W / 41.685556 ; -82.810833 ( Charles Andres House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_Bass_Island', 'summary': 'Middle Bass Island is an island of the U.S. state of Ohio , located in Lake Erie . A small town , Middle Bass , lies on the island . The 805-acre ( 3.258 km² ) island is shaped like the Big Dipper and is one of three Bass Islands located at the center of a group of 23 smaller islands . It is located in Put-in-Bay Township , Ottawa County , Ohio . Some of its more famous neighbors are South Bass Island , with the town of Put-in-Bay , Kelleys Island , and Pelee Island .'}]}, {'value': 'Put-in-Bay Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Put-in-Bay_Township,_Ottawa_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Put-in-Bay Township is one of the twelve townships of Ottawa County , Ohio , United States . The 2000 census found 763 people in the township , 635 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carroll Township Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 9 , 1990 ( # 90000385 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toussaint E. Rd . and Behlman Rd. , north of Oak Harbor 41°34′02″N 83°07′31″W / 41.567222°N 83.125278°W / 41.567222 ; -83.125278 ( Carroll Township Hall )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carroll Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carroll_Township,_Ottawa_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Carroll Township is one of the twelve townships of Ottawa County , Ohio , United States . The 2000 census found 1,913 people in the township .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catawba Island Wine Company', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 5 , 1983 ( # 83002019 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3845 Wine Celler Rd. , east of Port Clinton 41°31′55″N 82°51′31″W / 41.5319°N 82.8586°W / 41.5319 ; -82.8586 ( Catawba Island Wine Company )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catawba Island Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catawba_Island_Township,_Ottawa_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Catawba Island Township is one of the twelve townships of Ottawa County , Ohio , United States . The 2000 census found 3,157 people in the township .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander Clemons House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 17 , 1987 ( # 87001628 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '133 Clemons St. 41°32′33″N 82°43′24″W / 41.5425°N 82.7233°W / 41.5425 ; -82.7233 ( Alexander Clemons House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marblehead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marblehead,_Ohio', 'summary': "Marblehead is a village in Ottawa County , Ohio , United States . The population was 903 at the 2010 census . It sits at the tip of the Marblehead Peninsula , which divides Lake Erie proper from Sandusky Bay . Marblehead is part of the area that is referred to regionally as Vacationland ( which includes nearby Sandusky and the Lake Erie Islands ) , due to the large number of tourists who flock to the area in the summer months . It remains a popular vacation destination due to its lake frontage , ferry service to the Lake Erie Islands , quality sport fishery , the nearby Lakeside Chautauqua , and the Cedar Point amusement park . Marblehead is home to the Marblehead Lighthouse , the oldest continuously-operating lighthouse on the American side of the Great Lakes . The lighthouse is a part of the Marblehead Lighthouse State Park located within the village . Additionally , Marblehead is home to a United States Coast Guard station , and to the Marblehead Lighthouse , the oldest continuously operating lighthouse on the Great Lakes . Nearby , in Sandusky Bay , is Johnson 's Island , a former Confederate officer POW camp during the Civil War . Marblehead is also commercially important as a major limestone producer . The limestone is mined in nearby quarries and transported by conveyor belt to the Marblehead loading dock , where it is loaded on commercial lake freighters . The blocks of stone used to construct the Stannard Rock Light on Lake Superior were cut at Marblehead and hauled to the site from 1877 to 1881 ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jay Cooke House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jay_Cooke_House', 'summary': "The Jay Cooke House ( also known as Cooke Castle ) , is a historic summer estate house on Gibraltar Island , an island in the Lake Erie community of Put-in-Bay , Ohio . Built in 1865 , it was the summer house and a favorite place of financier Jay Cooke ( 1821-1905 ) . Since 1925 , the former Cooke estate has hosted the Stone Laboratory of Ohio State University , one of the nation 's oldest freshwater field research stations . The estate , encompassing the entire 8-acre ( 3.2 ha ) island , was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 13 , 1966 ( # 66000620 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gibraltar Island , Put-in-Bay , Lake Erie 41°39′29″N 82°49′16″W / 41.658056°N 82.821111°W / 41.658056 ; -82.821111 ( Jay Cooke House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gibraltar_Island', 'summary': 'Gibraltar Island ( or the Gem of Lake Erie ) is an island in Ohio , located within Lake Erie . This small 6.55-acre ( 0.026 km² ) island is just offshore of South Bass Island . It is part of Put-in-Bay Township , Ottawa County , Ohio . The rocky island is named for its resemblance to the Rock of Gibraltar .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lake_Erie', 'summary': "Lake Erie /ˈɪəri/ ( French : Lac Érié ) is the fourth-largest lake ( by surface area ) of the five Great Lakes in North America , and the eleventh-largest globally if measured in terms of surface area . It is the southernmost , shallowest , and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and therefore also has the shortest average water residence time . At its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 feet ( 64 metres ) deep . Situated on the International Boundary between Canada and the United States , Lake Erie 's northern shore is the Canadian province of Ontario , specifically the Ontario Peninsula , with the U.S. states of Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York on its western , southern , and eastern shores . These jurisdictions divide the surface area of the lake with water boundaries . The lake was named by the Erie people , a Native American people who lived along its southern shore . The tribal name erie is a shortened form of the Iroquoian word erielhonan , meaning long tail . Situated below Lake Huron , Erie 's primary inlet is the Detroit River . The main natural outflow from the lake is via the Niagara River , which provides hydroelectric power to Canada and the U.S. as it spins huge turbines near Niagara Falls at Lewiston , New York and Queenston , Ontario . Some outflow occurs via the Welland Canal , part of the St. Lawrence Seaway , which diverts water for ship passages from Port Colborne , Ontario on Lake Erie , to St. Catharines on Lake Ontario , an elevation difference of 326 ft ( 99 m ) . Lake Erie 's environmental health has been an ongoing concern for decades , with issues such as overfishing , pollution , algae blooms , and eutrophication generating headlines ."}]}, {'value': 'Put-in-Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Put-in-Bay,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Put-in-Bay is a village located on South Bass Island in Put-in-Bay Township , Ottawa County , Ohio , United States 35 miles ( 56 km ) east of Toledo . The population was 138 at the 2010 census . The village is a popular summer resort and recreational destination . Ferry and airline services connect the community with Catawba Island , Kelleys Island , Port Clinton , and Sandusky , Ohio . The bay played a significant role in the War of 1812 as the location of the squadron of U.S. naval commander Oliver Hazard Perry , who sailed from the port on September 10 , 1813 , to engage a British squadron just north of the island in the Battle of Lake Erie .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Point Manor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 15 , 1990 ( # 87000804 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S. Shore Dr. on Middle Bass Island 41°41′40″N 82°47′13″W / 41.694444°N 82.786944°W / 41.694444 ; -82.786944 ( East Point Manor )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_Bass_Island', 'summary': 'Middle Bass Island is an island of the U.S. state of Ohio , located in Lake Erie . A small town , Middle Bass , lies on the island . The 805-acre ( 3.258 km² ) island is shaped like the Big Dipper and is one of three Bass Islands located at the center of a group of 23 smaller islands . It is located in Put-in-Bay Township , Ottawa County , Ohio . Some of its more famous neighbors are South Bass Island , with the town of Put-in-Bay , Kelleys Island , and Pelee Island .'}]}, {'value': 'Put-in-Bay Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Put-in-Bay_Township,_Ottawa_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Put-in-Bay Township is one of the twelve townships of Ottawa County , Ohio , United States . The 2000 census found 763 people in the township , 635 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Congregational Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Congregational_Church_(Marblehead,_Ohio)', 'summary': 'First Congregational Church ( First United Church of Christ , Congregational ) is a historic church at 802 Prairie Street in Marblehead , Ohio . It was built in 1900 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 22 , 2000 ( # 00001161 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '802 Prairie St. 41°32′32″N 82°44′05″W / 41.5422°N 82.7347°W / 41.5422 ; -82.7347 ( First Congregational Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marblehead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marblehead,_Ohio', 'summary': "Marblehead is a village in Ottawa County , Ohio , United States . The population was 903 at the 2010 census . It sits at the tip of the Marblehead Peninsula , which divides Lake Erie proper from Sandusky Bay . Marblehead is part of the area that is referred to regionally as Vacationland ( which includes nearby Sandusky and the Lake Erie Islands ) , due to the large number of tourists who flock to the area in the summer months . It remains a popular vacation destination due to its lake frontage , ferry service to the Lake Erie Islands , quality sport fishery , the nearby Lakeside Chautauqua , and the Cedar Point amusement park . Marblehead is home to the Marblehead Lighthouse , the oldest continuously-operating lighthouse on the American side of the Great Lakes . The lighthouse is a part of the Marblehead Lighthouse State Park located within the village . Additionally , Marblehead is home to a United States Coast Guard station , and to the Marblehead Lighthouse , the oldest continuously operating lighthouse on the Great Lakes . Nearby , in Sandusky Bay , is Johnson 's Island , a former Confederate officer POW camp during the Civil War . Marblehead is also commercially important as a major limestone producer . The limestone is mined in nearby quarries and transported by conveyor belt to the Marblehead loading dock , where it is loaded on commercial lake freighters . The blocks of stone used to construct the Stannard Rock Light on Lake Superior were cut at Marblehead and hauled to the site from 1877 to 1881 ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foster-Gram House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 19 , 1992 ( # 92000175 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Langrum Rd . on South Bass Island 41°38′43″N 82°49′13″W / 41.645278°N 82.820278°W / 41.645278 ; -82.820278 ( Foster-Gram House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Bass_Island', 'summary': "South Bass Island is a small island in western Lake Erie , and a part of Ottawa County , Ohio , United States . It is the southernmost of the three Bass Islands and located 3 miles ( 4.6 km ) from the south shore of Lake Erie . It is the third largest island in the Lake Erie Islands , and is part of Put-in-Bay Township . In the bay of South Bass is Gibraltar Island , home to the Ohio State University 's Stone Laboratory . The island is a popular recreation spot and is often referred to as the Key West of Lake Erie . The village of Put-in-Bay is a popular tourist destination during the summer . It is served by ferry from nearby Port Clinton and Sandusky on the mainland . The island is the annual host of the Inter-Lake Yachting Association regatta , known as Bay Week . Perry 's Victory and International Peace Memorial , including Perry 's Monument , commemorates the Battle of Lake Erie , which the United States won during the War of 1812 . It is located on South Bass Island , near Put-In-Bay ."}]}, {'value': 'Put-in-Bay Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Put-in-Bay_Township,_Ottawa_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Put-in-Bay Township is one of the twelve townships of Ottawa County , Ohio , United States . The 2000 census found 763 people in the township , 635 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Genoa Town Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 7 , 1976 ( # 76001504 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main and 6th Sts . 41°31′05″N 83°21′29″W / 41.518056°N 83.358056°W / 41.518056 ; -83.358056 ( Genoa Town Hall )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Genoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genoa,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Genoa is a village in Ottawa County , Ohio , United States . The population was 2,336 at the 2010 census . Originally settled as Stony Ridge , it took its present name in 1856 and was incorporated as a village in 1868 .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gill-Luchsinger-Bahnsen House and Barn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 16 , 1992 ( # 92000888 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '426 E. 4th St. 41°30′31″N 82°56′04″W / 41.508611°N 82.934444°W / 41.508611 ; -82.934444 ( Gill-Luchsinger-Bahnsen House and Barn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port Clinton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Clinton,_Ohio', 'summary': "Port Clinton is a city in and the county seat of Ottawa County , located at the mouth of the Portage River on Lake Erie , about 44 miles east of Toledo . The population was 6,056 at the 2010 census . The city has been nicknamed the Walleye Capital of the World , due to the productive fishing waters for the species lying offshore in Lake Erie 's Western Basin . The annual Walleye Drop on New Year 's Eve in downtown Port Clinton reflects this nickname ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Eagle Wine Cellars', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 24 , 1986 ( # 86000868 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fox and Lonz Rds . on Middle Bass Island 41°40′36″N 82°48′37″W / 41.676667°N 82.810278°W / 41.676667 ; -82.810278 ( Golden Eagle Wine Cellars )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_Bass_Island', 'summary': 'Middle Bass Island is an island of the U.S. state of Ohio , located in Lake Erie . A small town , Middle Bass , lies on the island . The 805-acre ( 3.258 km² ) island is shaped like the Big Dipper and is one of three Bass Islands located at the center of a group of 23 smaller islands . It is located in Put-in-Bay Township , Ottawa County , Ohio . Some of its more famous neighbors are South Bass Island , with the town of Put-in-Bay , Kelleys Island , and Pelee Island .'}]}, {'value': 'Put-in-Bay Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Put-in-Bay_Township,_Ottawa_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Put-in-Bay Township is one of the twelve townships of Ottawa County , Ohio , United States . The 2000 census found 763 people in the township , 635 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Green Island Light', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Island_Light_(Ohio)', 'summary': 'The Green Island Light is a lighthouse located on Green Island in Lake Erie , U.S. state of Ohio , to the west of the Bass Islands . Abandoned since its deactivation in 1939 , it survives as a hollow shell near the existing skeleton tower .'}]}, {'value': 'December 18 , 1990 ( # 90001909 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Green Island in Lake Erie 41°38′44″N 82°51′57″W / 41.645556°N 82.865833°W / 41.645556 ; -82.865833 ( Green Island Light )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Island_(Ohio)', 'summary': 'Green Island is a small 17-acre ( 0.07 km² ) island of the U.S. state of Ohio , in Lake Erie . It is located approximately three miles southwest of Put-in-Bay . It is part of Put-in-Bay Township , in Ottawa County .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lake_Erie', 'summary': "Lake Erie /ˈɪəri/ ( French : Lac Érié ) is the fourth-largest lake ( by surface area ) of the five Great Lakes in North America , and the eleventh-largest globally if measured in terms of surface area . It is the southernmost , shallowest , and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and therefore also has the shortest average water residence time . At its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 feet ( 64 metres ) deep . Situated on the International Boundary between Canada and the United States , Lake Erie 's northern shore is the Canadian province of Ontario , specifically the Ontario Peninsula , with the U.S. states of Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York on its western , southern , and eastern shores . These jurisdictions divide the surface area of the lake with water boundaries . The lake was named by the Erie people , a Native American people who lived along its southern shore . The tribal name erie is a shortened form of the Iroquoian word erielhonan , meaning long tail . Situated below Lake Huron , Erie 's primary inlet is the Detroit River . The main natural outflow from the lake is via the Niagara River , which provides hydroelectric power to Canada and the U.S. as it spins huge turbines near Niagara Falls at Lewiston , New York and Queenston , Ontario . Some outflow occurs via the Welland Canal , part of the St. Lawrence Seaway , which diverts water for ship passages from Port Colborne , Ontario on Lake Erie , to St. Catharines on Lake Ontario , an elevation difference of 326 ft ( 99 m ) . Lake Erie 's environmental health has been an ongoing concern for decades , with issues such as overfishing , pollution , algae blooms , and eutrophication generating headlines ."}]}, {'value': 'Put-in-Bay Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Put-in-Bay_Township,_Ottawa_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Put-in-Bay Township is one of the twelve townships of Ottawa County , Ohio , United States . The 2000 census found 763 people in the township , 635 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inselruhe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 12 , 1976 ( # 76001506 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northeast of Put-in-Bay at the junction of Bayview Ave. and Chapman Rd . on South Bass Island 41°39′25″N 82°48′36″W / 41.657083°N 82.810000°W / 41.657083 ; -82.810000 ( Inselruhe )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Bass_Island', 'summary': "South Bass Island is a small island in western Lake Erie , and a part of Ottawa County , Ohio , United States . It is the southernmost of the three Bass Islands and located 3 miles ( 4.6 km ) from the south shore of Lake Erie . It is the third largest island in the Lake Erie Islands , and is part of Put-in-Bay Township . In the bay of South Bass is Gibraltar Island , home to the Ohio State University 's Stone Laboratory . The island is a popular recreation spot and is often referred to as the Key West of Lake Erie . The village of Put-in-Bay is a popular tourist destination during the summer . It is served by ferry from nearby Port Clinton and Sandusky on the mainland . The island is the annual host of the Inter-Lake Yachting Association regatta , known as Bay Week . Perry 's Victory and International Peace Memorial , including Perry 's Monument , commemorates the Battle of Lake Erie , which the United States won during the War of 1812 . It is located on South Bass Island , near Put-In-Bay ."}]}, {'value': 'Put-in-Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Put-in-Bay,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Put-in-Bay is a village located on South Bass Island in Put-in-Bay Township , Ottawa County , Ohio , United States 35 miles ( 56 km ) east of Toledo . The population was 138 at the 2010 census . The village is a popular summer resort and recreational destination . Ferry and airline services connect the community with Catawba Island , Kelleys Island , Port Clinton , and Sandusky , Ohio . The bay played a significant role in the War of 1812 as the location of the squadron of U.S. naval commander Oliver Hazard Perry , who sailed from the port on September 10 , 1813 , to engage a British squadron just north of the island in the Battle of Lake Erie .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Island House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 2 , 2008 ( # 08000623 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '102 Madison St. 41°30′48″N 82°56′28″W / 41.513267°N 82.941147°W / 41.513267 ; -82.941147 ( Island House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port Clinton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Clinton,_Ohio', 'summary': "Port Clinton is a city in and the county seat of Ottawa County , located at the mouth of the Portage River on Lake Erie , about 44 miles east of Toledo . The population was 6,056 at the 2010 census . The city has been nicknamed the Walleye Capital of the World , due to the productive fishing waters for the species lying offshore in Lake Erie 's Western Basin . The annual Walleye Drop on New Year 's Eve in downtown Port Clinton reflects this nickname ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnson Island Civil War Prison and Fort Site', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Johnson's_Island", 'summary': "Johnson 's Island is a 300-acre ( 120 ha ) island in Sandusky Bay , located on the coast of Lake Erie , 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) from the city of Sandusky , Ohio . It was the site of a prisoner-of-war camp for Confederate officers captured during the American Civil War . Initially , Johnson 's Island was the only Union prison exclusively for Confederate officers but eventually held privates , political prisoners , persons sentenced to court martial and spies . Civilians who were arrested as guerrillas , or bushwhackers , were also imprisoned on the island . During its three years of operation , more than 15,000 men were incarcerated there . The island is named after L. B. Johnson , the owner of the island beginning about 1852 . It was originally named 'Bull 's Island ' by its first owner , Epaphras* W. Bull , about 1809 . [ *- later misspelled Epaproditus Bull , by local-historians . ]"}]}, {'value': 'March 27 , 1975 ( # 75001514 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Eastern shore area of Johnson 's Island 41°29′42″N 82°43′53″W / 41.495106°N 82.731311°W / 41.495106 ; -82.731311 ( Johnson Island Civil War Prison and Fort Site )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danbury Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danbury_Township,_Ottawa_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Danbury Township is one of the twelve townships of Ottawa County , Ohio , United States . The 2000 census found 4,631 people in the township , 3,869 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lakeside Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakeside,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Lakeside is a private community and census-designated place in Danbury Township , Ottawa County , Ohio , United States , on the shores of Lake Erie . It was formed in 1873 by members of the Methodist Church and remains a church-affiliated vacation resort . It is one of only a few continuously operating Independent Chautauquas that persist in the 21st century . Located just west of the village of Marblehead , the community is approximately one square mile in size . The entire community is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Lakeside Historic District .'}]}, {'value': 'March 29 , 1983 ( # 83002020 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by Lake Erie , railroad tracks , and Poplar and Oak Aves. , in Lakeside 41°32′32″N 82°44′53″W / 41.5422°N 82.7481°W / 41.5422 ; -82.7481 ( Lakeside Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Erie', 'summary': "Lake Erie /ˈɪəri/ ( French : Lac Érié ) is the fourth-largest lake ( by surface area ) of the five Great Lakes in North America , and the eleventh-largest globally if measured in terms of surface area . It is the southernmost , shallowest , and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and therefore also has the shortest average water residence time . At its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 feet ( 64 metres ) deep . Situated on the International Boundary between Canada and the United States , Lake Erie 's northern shore is the Canadian province of Ontario , specifically the Ontario Peninsula , with the U.S. states of Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York on its western , southern , and eastern shores . These jurisdictions divide the surface area of the lake with water boundaries . The lake was named by the Erie people , a Native American people who lived along its southern shore . The tribal name erie is a shortened form of the Iroquoian word erielhonan , meaning long tail . Situated below Lake Huron , Erie 's primary inlet is the Detroit River . The main natural outflow from the lake is via the Niagara River , which provides hydroelectric power to Canada and the U.S. as it spins huge turbines near Niagara Falls at Lewiston , New York and Queenston , Ontario . Some outflow occurs via the Welland Canal , part of the St. Lawrence Seaway , which diverts water for ship passages from Port Colborne , Ontario on Lake Erie , to St. Catharines on Lake Ontario , an elevation difference of 326 ft ( 99 m ) . Lake Erie 's environmental health has been an ongoing concern for decades , with issues such as overfishing , pollution , algae blooms , and eutrophication generating headlines ."}]}, {'value': 'Danbury Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danbury_Township,_Ottawa_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Danbury Township is one of the twelve townships of Ottawa County , Ohio , United States . The 2000 census found 4,631 people in the township , 3,869 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main Street Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 22 , 1992 ( # 92001261 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by 8th , Washington , 5th , and West Sts . 41°31′07″N 83°21′30″W / 41.518611°N 83.358333°W / 41.518611 ; -83.358333 ( Main Street Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Genoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genoa,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Genoa is a village in Ottawa County , Ohio , United States . The population was 2,336 at the 2010 census . Originally settled as Stony Ridge , it took its present name in 1856 and was incorporated as a village in 1868 .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marblehead Lighthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marblehead_Light_(Ohio)', 'summary': 'Marblehead Lighthouse in Marblehead , Ohio , United States , is the oldest lighthouse in continuous operation on the United States side of the Great Lakes . It has guided sailors safely along the rocky shores of Marblehead Peninsula since 1822 , and is an active aid to navigation .'}]}, {'value': 'December 17 , 1969 ( # 69000148 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Route 163 41°32′11″N 82°42′42″W / 41.536389°N 82.711667°W / 41.536389 ; -82.711667 ( Marblehead Lighthouse )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_163', 'summary': 'State Route 163 ( SR 163 ) is a 46.24-mile ( 74.42 km ) long east-west state highway in the northwestern portion of the U.S. state of Ohio . The western terminus of SR 163 is at a T-intersection with the duplex of U.S. Route 20 ( US 20 ) and US 23 approximately 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) southeast of the city limits of Perrysburg . Its eastern terminus is at its intersection with Hartshorn Road nearly 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) west of the village limits of Marblehead , on the peninsula formed by Lake Erie and Sandusky Bay .'}]}, {'value': 'Marblehead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marblehead,_Ohio', 'summary': "Marblehead is a village in Ottawa County , Ohio , United States . The population was 903 at the 2010 census . It sits at the tip of the Marblehead Peninsula , which divides Lake Erie proper from Sandusky Bay . Marblehead is part of the area that is referred to regionally as Vacationland ( which includes nearby Sandusky and the Lake Erie Islands ) , due to the large number of tourists who flock to the area in the summer months . It remains a popular vacation destination due to its lake frontage , ferry service to the Lake Erie Islands , quality sport fishery , the nearby Lakeside Chautauqua , and the Cedar Point amusement park . Marblehead is home to the Marblehead Lighthouse , the oldest continuously-operating lighthouse on the American side of the Great Lakes . The lighthouse is a part of the Marblehead Lighthouse State Park located within the village . Additionally , Marblehead is home to a United States Coast Guard station , and to the Marblehead Lighthouse , the oldest continuously operating lighthouse on the Great Lakes . Nearby , in Sandusky Bay , is Johnson 's Island , a former Confederate officer POW camp during the Civil War . Marblehead is also commercially important as a major limestone producer . The limestone is mined in nearby quarries and transported by conveyor belt to the Marblehead loading dock , where it is loaded on commercial lake freighters . The blocks of stone used to construct the Stannard Rock Light on Lake Superior were cut at Marblehead and hauled to the site from 1877 to 1881 ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middle Bass Club Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 23 , 1985 ( # 85001843 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grape and Grove Aves . on Middle Bass Island 41°41′05″N 82°49′30″W / 41.684722°N 82.825°W / 41.684722 ; -82.825 ( Middle Bass Club Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_Bass_Island', 'summary': 'Middle Bass Island is an island of the U.S. state of Ohio , located in Lake Erie . A small town , Middle Bass , lies on the island . The 805-acre ( 3.258 km² ) island is shaped like the Big Dipper and is one of three Bass Islands located at the center of a group of 23 smaller islands . It is located in Put-in-Bay Township , Ottawa County , Ohio . Some of its more famous neighbors are South Bass Island , with the town of Put-in-Bay , Kelleys Island , and Pelee Island .'}]}, {'value': 'Put-in-Bay Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Put-in-Bay_Township,_Ottawa_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Put-in-Bay Township is one of the twelve townships of Ottawa County , Ohio , United States . The 2000 census found 763 people in the township , 635 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Betsy Mo-John Cabin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 6 , 1976 ( # 76001505 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'About 4 mi ( 6.4 km ) east of Port Clinton off State Route 53 41°31′55″N 82°51′29″W / 41.5319°N 82.8581°W / 41.5319 ; -82.8581 ( Betsy Mo-John Cabin )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_53', 'summary': 'State Route 53 is a north-south state highway in the U.S. state of Ohio ( physically northeast-southwest ) . Its southern terminus is at the beginning of the U.S. 68/S.R . 67 concurrency in Kenton , Ohio , and its northern terminus is on Catawba Island in Ottawa County , north of Port Clinton .'}]}, {'value': 'Catawba Island Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catawba_Island_Township,_Ottawa_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Catawba Island Township is one of the twelve townships of Ottawa County , Ohio , United States . The 2000 census found 3,157 people in the township .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ottawa_County,_Ohio_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Ottawa County, Ohio. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Ottawa County, Ohio, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map. There are 29 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 2 National Historic Landmarks.'} | null | null | What is the population of the township that contains a site that is one of only a few continuously operating Independent Chautauquas still in existence ? | 4,631 |
07f8f5171eff2aae | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_18)', 'title': 'Live with Regis and Kelly (season 18)', 'header': ['Date', 'Co-hosts', 'Guests/segments'], 'data': [{'value': 'December 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Alan Alda , Click Five', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alan_Alda', 'summary': "Alan Alda ( /ˈɑːldə/ ; born Alphonso Joseph D'Abruzzo ; January 28 , 1936 ) is an American actor , director , screenwriter , comedian , and author . A six-time Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award winner , he played Hawkeye Pierce in the war television series M*A*S*H ( 1972-1983 ) . He has had recurring roles on television programs such as The West Wing , and 30 Rock , and has appeared in films such as Same Time , Next Year ( 1978 ) , The Four Seasons ( 1981 ) , Crimes and Misdemeanors ( 1989 ) , Flirting With Disaster ( 1996 ) , Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) , and Marriage Story ( 2019 ) . In 2004 , Alda was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in The Aviator . He is also known as Uncle Pete in Louis C.K . 's Peabody Award winning tragicomedy web series Horace and Pete ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Click_Five', 'summary': 'The Click Five ( often abbreviated as TC5 ) was an American rock band from Boston , Massachusetts . The original members , most of them students at Berklee College of Music , started on January 1 , 2004 , and played in various local venues . They then quickly got the attention of talent scout Wayne Sharp ( who had worked with the power pop group Candy ) . The Click Five made their first recording , a two-song demo session , in early 2004 after successful local touring . They released their debut album Greetings from Imrie House in 2005 . After vocalist Eric Dill left the group , he was replaced by Kyle Patrick who debuted on their second album Modern Minds and Pastimes in 2007 . Their third album , TCV , was released in Asia in 2010 and to the rest of the world in early 2011 . The band was initially known for its power pop songs and for its Mod-based public image , involving sharp-looking suits and ties coupled with moptop haircuts , which is deliberately reminiscent of The Beatles or The Dave Clark Five . They prefer to classify their music as new school power pop . However , they have also been classified as pop punk and teen pop . They achieved significant commercial success with their first album in the US and their second release met with extreme popularity in Asian countries such as Cambodia and the Philippines . In total , the band has sold two million albums worldwide and have created eight number one singles in seven different nations .'}]}, {'value': 'December 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Jerry Lewis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerry_Lewis', 'summary': 'Joseph Levitch [ a ] ( March 16 , 1926 - August 20 , 2017 ) , better known by his stage name Jerry Lewis , was an American comedian , actor , singer , filmmaker and humanitarian , dubbed as The King of Comedy and The Total Filmmaker . He gained his career breakthrough with singer Dean Martin , billed as Martin & Lewis , in 1946 and would perform together for ten years until an acrimonious breakup in 1956 . Lewis then pursued a solo career , starring in several theatrical movies , worked behind-the-scenes as director , producer and screenwriter , performed comedy routines on stage , released albums as a singer , selling millions of records and raised awareness for muscular dystrophy , while as national chairman of the Muscular Dystrophy Association , most notably the telethons he hosted , raising $ 2.6 billion for the cause .'}]}, {'value': 'December 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Adrien Brody , Giselle Bundchen , Anthony Hamilton , Holiday Gift Giving Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adrien_Brody', 'summary': "Adrien Brody ( born April 14 , 1973 ) [ citation needed ] is an American actor and producer . He received widespread recognition and acclaim after starring in Roman Polanski 's The Pianist ( 2002 ) , for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor at age twenty-nine , making him the youngest actor to win in that category . Brody is the only male American actor to receive the César Award for Best Actor . Other successful films that Brody has starred in are The Thin Red Line ( 1998 ) , The Village ( 2004 ) , King Kong ( 2005 ) , and Predators ( 2010 ) . He is a frequent collaborator of Wes Anderson 's , having starred in four of Anderson 's films , The Darjeeling Limited ( 2007 ) , Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) , The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) , and The French Dispatch ( 2020 ) . In 2017 , he appeared in the fourth series of the BBC historical drama Peaky Blinders ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Giselle_Bundchen', 'summary': "Gisele Caroline Bündchen ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ʒiˈzɛli ˈbĩtʃẽ ] , German : [ ˈbʏntçn̩ ] , born 20 July 1980 ) is a Brazilian model , environmental activist , author , actress , and businesswoman . Since 2001 , Bündchen was one of the highest-paid models in the world . In 2007 , she was the 16th richest woman in the entertainment industry , and earned the top spot on Forbes top-earning models list in 2012 . In 2014 , Bündchen was listed as the 89th Most Powerful Woman in the World by Forbes . In 2002 , Bündchen was the first of three Brazilian models to achieve the status of supermodel . Vogue has credited Bündchen with ending the heroin chic era of modeling in 1999 ; instead ushering in a sexy , healthy look with curves and a golden tan . Bündchen was a Victoria 's Secret Angel from 2000 until mid-2007 and had signed Victoria 's Secret 's biggest contract to date . She is credited with pioneering and popularizing the horse walk , a stomping movement created by a model lifting her knees high and kicking her feet to step . In 2007 , Claudia Schiffer called Bündchen the only remaining supermodel . Bündchen has appeared on more than 1,200 magazine covers . Bündchen was nominated for Choice Movie Female Breakout Star and for Choice Movie Villain at the 2005 Teen Choice Awards for her supporting role in Taxi ( 2004 ) . She had a supporting role in The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) and was the executive producer of an educational environmental cartoon , Gisele & the Green Team , in 2010 to 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Hamilton_(musician)', 'summary': "Anthony Cornelius Hamilton ( born January 28 , 1971 ) is an American singer , songwriter , and record producer who rose to fame with his platinum-selling second studio album Comin ' from Where I 'm From ( 2003 ) , which featured the title track single Comin ' from Where I 'm From and the follow-up Charlene . Nominated for 17 Grammy Awards , he is also known for the song Freedom from the soundtrack album of Django Unchained co-written and sung as a duo with indie soul singer Elayna Boynton ."}]}, {'value': 'December 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Lindsay Lohan , Ashanti , Holiday Gift Giving Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lindsay_Lohan', 'summary': "Lindsay Dee Lohan ( /ˈloʊhæn/ ; born July 2 , 1986 ) is an American actress , singer-songwriter , businesswoman and producer . Born and raised in New York , Lohan was signed to Ford Models as a child . Having appeared as a regular on the television soap opera Another World at age 10 , her breakthrough came in the Walt Disney Pictures film The Parent Trap ( 1998 ) . The film 's success led to appearances in television films and the big-screen productions Freaky Friday ( 2003 ) and Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen ( 2004 ) . Lohan 's early work won her childhood stardom , while the sleeper hit Mean Girls ( 2004 ) affirmed her status as a teen idol . After starring in Herbie : Fully Loaded ( 2005 ) , she quickly became the subject of intense media coverage due to a series of personal struggles and legal troubles , as well as a number of stints in rehabilitation facilities due to substance abuse . This period saw Lohan lose several roles and had significantly impacted her career and public image negatively . Thereafter , she focused on smaller , more mature roles in films A Prairie Home Companion ( 2006 ) , Bobby ( 2006 ) , and Chapter 27 ( 2007 ) . In the 2010s , she appeared in few films , among the most notable being Machete ( 2010 ) , Liz & Dick ( 2012 ) and The Canyons ( 2013 ) . Lohan then appeared on a series of television shows including the docu-series Lindsay ( 2014 ) , the British series Sick Note ( 2018 ) , the MTV reality show Lindsay Lohan 's Beach Club ( 2019 ) , and The Masked Singer Australia ( 2019-present ) . She also made her stage debut in the London West End production of Speed-the-Plow ( 2014-15 ) . Lohan rose to prominence in the music industry under Casablanca Records , releasing two studio albums , the platinum-certified Speak ( 2004 ) and gold-certified A Little More Personal ( Raw ) ( 2005 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ashanti_(entertainer)', 'summary': "Ashanti Shequoiya Douglas ( born October 13 , 1980 ) is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , dancer , and actress . She was first discovered as a teenager and later signed to Murder Inc. in 2002 . That year , she was featured on Fat Joe 's Whats Luv ? and Ja Rule 's Always on Time , both of which became two of the biggest hit songs of 2002 ; Ashanti became the first female artist to occupy the top two positions on the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 chart simultaneously when Foolish and What 's Luv ? were at numbers one and two , respectively . In 2002 , Ashanti released her eponymous debut album , which sold over 505,000 copies throughout the U.S. in its first week of release . The album earned her many awards , including eight Billboard Music Awards , two American Music Awards , and a Grammy Award in 2003 for Best Contemporary R & B Album . The album has since been certified triple platinum in the United States and sold six million copies worldwide . The lead single for the album , Foolish , was a critical and commercial success ; it reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . With Foolish , she became the second artist ( after The Beatles ) to have their first three chart entries in the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 simultaneously . Ashanti wrote and sang for Jennifer Lopez 's Ai n't It Funny ( Murder Remix ) , which also reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Holiday Gift Giving Week', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Rosenbaum , Anthony Hamilton , Holiday Gift Giving Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Rosenbaum', 'summary': "Michael Owen Rosenbaum ( born July 11 , 1972 ) is an American actor , producer , singer and comedian . He is known for his performance in Sorority Boys and for portraying Lex Luthor on the Superman television series Smallville , a role that TV Guide included in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time . Rosenbaum is also known for portraying Dutch Nilbog on FOX 's Breaking In , and voiceover work in animation , such as his role of Wally West / The Flash in the DC animated universe . Between 2015 and 2016 , he played the lead role in the TV Land comedy series Impastor . He is also the lead singer of the band called Left on Laurel ( formerly known as The Sandwich ) , with band members Rob Danson , Tom Lally , Kent Irwin and Carl Mcdowell . The band 's first album , Saved By The Ground was released on October 4th 2019 and produced by Jason Manns ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Hamilton_(musician)', 'summary': "Anthony Cornelius Hamilton ( born January 28 , 1971 ) is an American singer , songwriter , and record producer who rose to fame with his platinum-selling second studio album Comin ' from Where I 'm From ( 2003 ) , which featured the title track single Comin ' from Where I 'm From and the follow-up Charlene . Nominated for 17 Grammy Awards , he is also known for the song Freedom from the soundtrack album of Django Unchained co-written and sung as a duo with indie soul singer Elayna Boynton ."}]}, {'value': 'December 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Mark Consuelos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mark_Consuelos', 'summary': 'Mark Andrew Consuelos ( born March 30 , 1971 ) is an American actor . He is best known for his portrayal of Mateo Santos on the ABC soap opera All My Children ( 1995-2001 ; 2010 ) and supporting actor Hiram Lodge on The CW drama Riverdale ( 2017-present ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Ellen Pompeo , Bo Bice , Holiday Gift Giving Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ellen_Pompeo', 'summary': "Ellen Kathleen Pompeo ( born November 10 , 1969 ) is an American actress , director , and producer . One of the world 's highest paid actors since 2017 , she has made multiple appearances on the Forbes ' year-end lists . Pompeo is also the recipient of such accolades as a Screen Award , a Special Achievement in Entertaining by the National Italian American Foundation , and a nomination for a Golden Globe Award . Born in Everett , Massachusetts , Pompeo moved to Miami then to New York City , where she was discovered by a casting director who signed her for an advertisement campaign for L'Oreal . She made her screen debut with NBC 's legal drama Law & Order and then guest-starred in other television shows , including the comedy Strangers with Candy , the medical drama Strong Medicine and Friends . Pompeo made her feature film debut in 1999 with the romantic comedy Coming Soon , and went on to play minor roles in films like In the Weeds and Mambo Café but found little success initially . A turning point came in her career in 2002 , when she gained wide recognition for her starring role in Brad Silberling 's drama Moonlight Mile . Pompeo was then cast in ABC 's popular medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and gained worldwide recognition for her portrayal of the title character Dr. Meredith Grey . The role on the long running series earned her a Golden Globe nomination and a Screen Actors Guild Award . The character became widely popular , making Pompeo one of the most renowned television actresses . In 2016 , Pompeo was ranked fourth in the list of highest paid TV actresses by Forbes , with earnings of $ 14.9 million ; she became the third highest paid female and the fifth highest paid actor overall in 2018 with earnings of $ 23.6 million . She was also the highest ranked actor from a drama series on the list ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bo_Bice', 'summary': 'Harold Elwin Bo Bice , Jr. ( born November 1 , 1975 ) is an American singer and musician who was the runner-up against Carrie Underwood in the fourth season of American Idol . Prior to auditioning for American Idol , Bice released a solo album as well as a few albums with his bands while performing in the night club circuit . Bice charted in 2005 at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 with a rendition of Inside Your Heaven from American Idol . He released the album The Real Thing after American Idol to minor success before being dropped by RCA Records . He started his own record label Sugar Money and subsequently released two more albums , See the Light and 3 . He was also the lead singer of Blood , Sweat & Tears .'}]}, {'value': 'December 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles Barkley , Il Divo , a segment on Survivor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Barkley', 'summary': "Charles Wade Barkley ( born February 20 , 1963 ) is an American retired professional basketball player who is currently an analyst on Inside the NBA . Nicknamed Chuck , Sir Charles , Street Beef , and The Round Mound of Rebound , Barkley established himself as one of the National Basketball Association 's most dominant power forwards . An All-American power forward at Auburn University , he was drafted as a junior by the Philadelphia 76ers with the 5th pick of the 1984 NBA draft . He was selected to the All-NBA First Team five times , the All-NBA Second Team five times , and once to the All-NBA Third Team . He earned eleven NBA All-Star Game appearances and was named the All-Star MVP in 1991 . In 1993 with the Phoenix Suns , he was voted the league 's Most Valuable Player , and during the NBA 's 50th anniversary , named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History . He competed in the 1992 and 1996 Olympic Games and won two gold medals as a member of the United States ' Dream Team . Barkley is a two-time inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , being inducted in 2006 for his individual career , and in 2010 as a member of the Dream Team . Barkley was popular with the fans and media and made the NBA 's All-Interview Team for his last 13 seasons in the league . He was frequently involved in on- and off-court fights and sometimes stirred national controversy , as in March 1991 when he spat on a young girl while attempting to spit at a heckler , and as in 1993 when he declared that sports figures should not be considered role models . Though shorter than the typical power forward , Barkley used his strength and aggressiveness to become one of the NBA 's most dominant rebounders . He was a versatile player who had the ability to score , create plays , and defend ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Il_Divo', 'summary': "Il Divo ( Italian pronunciation : [ il ˈdiːvo ] ) is a multi-national classical crossover vocal group . The male quartet originated in the United Kingdom in December 2003 , bringing together singers Urs Bühler ( Switzerland ) , Carlos Marín ( Spain ) , David Miller ( USA ) , and Sébastien Izambard ( France ) . The group was created and promoted by music producer Simon Cowell for the label Syco Music ( a subsidiary of Sony Music ) . Although it is unclear how the group 's name came about , Il Divo is translated from Italian as divine performer . As of 2018 , the group has released ten albums : Il Divo ( 2004 ) , Ancora ( 2005 ) , Siempre ( 2006 ) , The Promise ( 2008 ) , Wicked Game ( 2011 ) , A Musical Affair ( 2013 ) , Amor & Pasión ( 2015 ) and Timeless ( 2018 ) ; a compilation album The Greatest Hits ( 2012 ) ; special Christmas songs album The Christmas Collection ( 2005 ) . Two other albums - An Evening with Il Divo : Live in Barcelona ( 2009 ) and Live in Japan ( 2014 ) - presented recordings of live concerts . Additionally , they have collaborated with other artists . Since its inception , Il Divo has enjoyed success worldwide , selling well over 30 million copies of its albums worldwide . With 160 certified gold and platinum hits in 35 countries , it pioneered the genre of operatic pop , or popera , in classical crossover music . Il Divo 's live concerts sold over two million concert tickets worldwide just from their first four albums . In their first world tour , concerts in 69 cities in 18 countries were sold out ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Survivor_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Survivor is a reality-competition television franchise produced in many countries around the world . The show features a group of contestants deliberately marooned in an isolated location , where they must provide food , water , fire , and shelter for themselves . The contestants compete in challenges for rewards and immunity from elimination . The contestants are progressively eliminated from the game as they are voted out by their fellow-contestants until only one remains to be awarded the grand prize and named the Sole Survivor . The British television producer Charlie Parsons developed the format for Survivor in 1992 for a United Kingdom television production company , Planet 24 ; the Swedish version , which debuted in 1997 as Expedition Robinson , became the first Survivor series actually broadcast on television . As of 2019 [ update ] the flagship American version of Survivor has aired 39 seasons of the show , with the 40th airing from February 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Jack Black , Dermot Mulroney , Constantine Maroulis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Black', 'summary': "Thomas Jacob Jack Black ( born August 28 , 1969 ) is an American actor , comedian , singer , musician , songwriter , and YouTuber . He is known for his roles in films such as High Fidelity ( 2000 ) , Shallow Hal ( 2001 ) , School of Rock ( 2003 ) , King Kong ( 2005 ) , Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny ( 2006 ) , The Holiday ( 2006 ) , the Kung Fu Panda franchise ( 2008-2016 ) , Tropic Thunder ( 2008 ) , Gulliver 's Travels ( 2010 ) , Bernie ( 2011 ) , Goosebumps ( 2015 ) , Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( 2017 ) and its sequel , Jumanji : The Next Level ( 2019 ) . For his work in School of Rock and Bernie , he gained Golden Globe nominations , and was inducted into Hollywood 's Walk of Fame in 2018 . Outside of acting , Black is the lead vocalist of the Grammy Award-winning comedic rock duo Tenacious D , which he formed in 1994 with Kyle Gass . They have released the albums Tenacious D , The Pick of Destiny , Rize of the Fenix , and Post-Apocalypto . In December 2018 , Black launched his YouTube channel Jablinski Games ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dermot_Mulroney', 'summary': "Dermot Mulroney ( born October 31 , 1963 ) is an American actor , musician , and voice actor . He is best known for his roles in romantic comedy , western , and drama films . Appearing on screen since the mid-1980s , he is known for his work in films such as Young Guns ( 1988 ) , Staying Together ( 1989 ) , Where the Day Takes You ( 1992 ) , Point of No Return ( 1993 ) , Angels in the Outfield ( 1994 ) , My Best Friend 's Wedding ( 1997 ) , About Schmidt ( 2002 ) , The Wedding Date ( 2005 ) , August : Osage County ( 2013 ) , Insidious : Chapter 3 ( 2015 ) , and the HBO films The Last Outlaw ( 1993 ) and Long Gone ( 1987 ) . Mulroney played the main antagonist Francis Gibson in NBC 's Crisis , Dr. Walter Wallace in Pure Genius , Sean Pierce in Showtime 's Shameless and Bobby Sheridan in USA 's The Purge ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Constantine_Maroulis', 'summary': 'Constantine James Maroulis ( /məˈruːlɪs/ ; born September 17 , 1975 ) is an American actor and rock singer from Wyckoff , New Jersey . He was the sixth-place finalist on the fourth season of the reality television series American Idol , and received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical for his role in Rock of Ages . He starred in the title role in Jekyll and Hyde on Broadway , for which he received a Drama League Award Nomination for a Distinguished Performance Award .'}]}, {'value': 'December 14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarah Jessica Parker , Donald Trump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarah_Jessica_Parker', 'summary': "Sarah Jessica Parker ( born March 25 , 1965 ) is an American actress , producer , and designer . She is known for her role as Carrie Bradshaw on the HBO television series Sex and the City ( 1998-2004 ) , for which she won two Emmy Awards , four Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress in a Comedy Series and three Screen Actors Guild Awards . The character was widely popular during the airing of the series and was later recognized as one of the greatest female characters in American television . She later reprised the role in films Sex and the City ( 2008 ) and Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) . Parker made her Broadway debut at the age of 11 in the 1976 revival of The Innocents , before going on to star in the title role of the Broadway musical Annie in 1979 . She made her first major film appearances in the 1984 dramas Footloose and Firstborn . Her other film roles include L.A. Story ( 1991 ) , Honeymoon in Vegas ( 1992 ) , Hocus Pocus ( 1993 ) , Ed Wood ( 1994 ) , The First Wives Club ( 1996 ) , The Family Stone ( 2005 ) , Failure to Launch ( 2006 ) , Did You Hear About the Morgans ? ( 2009 ) , and New Year 's Eve ( 2011 ) . In 2012 , Parker returned to television for the first time since Sex and the City , portraying Isabelle Wright in three episodes of the FOX series Glee . She is currently starring as Frances Dufresne in the HBO series Divorce ( 2016-present ) , for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award . Since 2005 , she has run her own production company , Pretty Matches , which has been creating content for HBO and other channels ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Donald_Trump', 'summary': "Donald John Trump ( born June 14 , 1946 ) is the 45th and current president of the United States . Before entering politics , he was a businessman and television personality . Trump was born and raised in Queens , a borough of New York City , and received a bachelor 's degree in economics from the Wharton School . He took charge of his family 's real-estate business in 1971 , renamed it The Trump Organization , and expanded its operations from Queens and Brooklyn into Manhattan . The company built or renovated skyscrapers , hotels , casinos , and golf courses . Trump later started various side ventures , mostly by licensing his name . He owned the Miss Universe and Miss USA beauty pageants from 1996 to 2015 and produced and hosted The Apprentice , a reality television show , from 2003 to 2015 . As of 2019 [ update ] , Forbes estimated his net worth to be $ 3.1 billion . [ a ] Trump entered the 2016 presidential race as a Republican and defeated 16 other candidates in the primaries . His political positions have been described as populist , protectionist , and nationalist . Despite not being favored in most forecasts , he was elected over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton , although he lost the popular vote . He became the oldest first-term U.S. president , [ b ] and the first without prior military or government service ."}]}, {'value': 'December 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Luke Wilson , Howie Mandel , Trans-Siberian Orchestra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luke_Wilson', 'summary': 'Luke Cunningham Wilson ( born September 21 , 1971 ) is an American actor known for his roles in films such as Idiocracy , My Super Ex-Girlfriend , The Ridiculous 6 , Old School , Bottle Rocket , The Royal Tenenbaums , Blue Streak , Bongwater , and Legally Blonde . He was a member of the cast of the HBO television series Enlightened ( 2011-13 ) . He is the younger brother of actors Andrew Wilson and Owen Wilson .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Howie_Mandel', 'summary': "Howard Michael Mandel ( born November 29 , 1955 ) is a Canadian comedian , actor , voice actor , and television host . He hosted the CNBC ( originally NBC ) game show Deal or No Deal , as well as the show 's daytime and Canadian-English counterparts . In 1987 , Mandel starred alongside Amy Steel in the comedy film Walk Like a Man . From 1982 to 1988 , Mandel played rowdy ER intern Dr. Wayne Fiscus on the NBC medical drama St . Elsewhere . He also created , voiced , and starred in the FOX 's children 's cartoon Bobby 's World , and judges on NBC 's America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Orchestra', 'summary': "Trans-Siberian Orchestra ( TSO ) is an American rock band founded in 1996 by producer , composer , and lyricist Paul O'Neill , who brought together Jon Oliva and Al Pitrelli ( both members of Savatage ) and keyboardist and co-producer Robert Kinkel to form the core of the creative team . O'Neill died on April 5 , 2017 . The band gained in popularity when they began touring in 1999 after completing their second album , The Christmas Attic , the year previous . In 2007 , the Washington Post referred to them as an arena-rock juggernaut and described their music as Pink Floyd meets Yes and the Who at Radio City Music Hall . TSO has sold more than 10 million concert tickets and over 10 million albums . The band has released a series of rock operas : Christmas Eve and Other Stories , The Christmas Attic , Beethoven 's Last Night , The Lost Christmas Eve , their two-disc Night Castle and Letters From the Labyrinth . Trans-Siberian Orchestra is also known for their extensive charity work and elaborate concerts , which include a string section , a light show , lasers , enough pyro to be seen from the International Space Station , moving trusses , video screens , and effects synchronized to music . Both Billboard Magazine and Pollstar have ranked them as one of the top ten ticket-selling bands in the first decade of the new millennium . Their path to success was unusual in that TSO is the first major rock band to go straight to theaters and arenas , having never played at a club , never having an opening act and never being an opening act ."}]}, {'value': 'December 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Jennifer Aniston , Michael McDonald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jennifer_Aniston', 'summary': "Jennifer Joanna Aniston ( born February 11 , 1969 ) is an American actress , film producer , and businesswoman . The daughter of actors John Aniston and Nancy Dow , she began working as an actress at an early age with an uncredited role in the 1987 film Mac and Me . Her first major film role came in the 1993 horror comedy Leprechaun . Since her career grew in the early 1990s , Aniston has been one of the highest-paid actresses in Hollywood . Aniston rose to international fame portraying Rachel Green on the television sitcom Friends ( 1994-2004 ) , for which she earned Primetime Emmy , Golden Globe , and Screen Actors Guild awards . The character became widely popular and was described as one of the greatest female characters in American television history . Aniston has since played starring roles in numerous dramas , comedies and romantic comedies . Her biggest box office successes include the films Bruce Almighty ( 2003 ) , The Break-Up ( 2006 ) , Marley & Me ( 2008 ) , Just Go with It ( 2011 ) , Horrible Bosses ( 2011 ) , and We 're the Millers ( 2013 ) , each of which grossed over $ 200 million in worldwide box office receipts . Some of her most critically acclaimed film roles include Office Space ( 1999 ) , The Good Girl ( 2002 ) , Friends with Money ( 2006 ) , Cake ( 2014 ) , and Dumplin ' ( 2018 ) . She returned to television in 2019 , producing and starring in the Apple TV+ drama series The Morning Show , for which she won another Screen Actors Guild Award . Aniston has been included in numerous magazines ' lists of the world 's most beautiful women . Her net worth is estimated to be US $ 200 million ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_McDonald_(singer)', 'summary': "Michael McDonald ( born February 12 , 1952 ) is an American singer-songwriter , keyboardist , and record producer known for his distinctive , soulful voice and as a member of the bands The Doobie Brothers ( 1975-1982 , 1987 , 2019-present ) and Steely Dan ( 1974 ) . McDonald wrote and sang several hit singles with The Doobie Brothers , including What a Fool Believes , Minute By Minute , and Takin ' It to the Streets . McDonald has also performed as a prominent backing vocalist on numerous recordings by artists including Steely Dan , Christopher Cross , and Kenny Loggins . He is considered an influential figure in the development of the yacht rock genre . McDonald 's solo career consists of nine studio albums and a number of singles , including the 1982 hit I Keep Forgettin ' ( Every Time You 're Near ) . During his career , McDonald has collaborated with a number of other artists , including James Ingram , David Cassidy , Van Halen , Patti LaBelle , Lee Ritenour , the Winans , Aretha Franklin , Toto , Grizzly Bear , Joni Mitchell , and Thundercat . He has also recorded for television and film soundtracks . McDonald is the recipient of five Grammy Awards , and will be inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The Doobie Brothers in 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Joy Philbin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joy_Philbin', 'summary': 'Bette Joy Philbin ( née Senese ; born February 1 , 1941 ) is an American television personality , and the wife of television personality Regis Philbin .'}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Knoxville , Jason Kidd , the winner of The Apprentice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Knoxville', 'summary': 'Philip John Clapp ( born March 11 , 1971 ) , known professionally by his stage name Johnny Knoxville , is an American actor , film producer , screenwriter , comedian and stunt performer . He is best known as a co-creator and star of the MTV reality stunt show Jackass , which aired for three seasons from 2000-2002 . A year later , Knoxville and his co-stars returned for the first installment in the Jackass film series , with a second and third installment being released in 2006 and 2010 , respectively . Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa ( 2013 ) , the first film in the series with a storyline , saw him star as his Jackass character Irving Zisman . Knoxville has had acting roles in films such as Men in Black II ( 2002 ) , A Dirty Shame , Walking Tall ( 2004 ) , The Dukes of Hazzard , The Ringer , and a cameo role as a sleazy corporate president of a skateboard company in Lords of Dogtown ( all 2005 ) , The Last Stand ( 2013 ) and Skiptrace ( 2016 ) . He also voiced Leonardo in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jason_Kidd', 'summary': 'Jason Frederick Kidd ( born March 23 , 1973 ) is an American professional basketball coach and former player who is an assistant coach for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Previously a point guard in the NBA , Kidd was a 10-time NBA All-Star , a five-time All-NBA First Team member , and a nine-time NBA All-Defensive Team member . He won an NBA Championship in 2011 as a member of the Dallas Mavericks , and was a two-time Olympic Gold Medal winner during his pro career , as part of Team USA in 2000 and 2008 . He was inducted as a player into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Kidd played college basketball for the California Golden Bears and was drafted second overall by the Dallas Mavericks in the first round of the 1994 NBA draft . He was named co-NBA Rookie of the Year in his first season with the Mavericks . Then , from 1996 to 2001 , Kidd played for the Phoenix Suns and later for the New Jersey Nets from 2001 to 2008 . He led the Nets to two consecutive NBA Finals appearances in 2002 and 2003 . In the middle of the 2007-08 season , Kidd was traded back to Dallas . At age 38 , Kidd won his only NBA championship when Dallas defeated Miami in the 2011 NBA Finals . He finished his playing career in 2013 with the New York Knicks . The following season , he became the head coach of the Nets , who had relocated from New Jersey to Brooklyn .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Apprentice_(U.S._TV_series)', 'summary': "The Apprentice is an American documentary reality television program that judges the business skills of a group of contestants . It has run in various formats across fifteen seasons since January 2004 on NBC , with the most recent season having run in 2015 . The Apprentice was created by British-born American television producer Mark Burnett . Billed as The Ultimate Job Interview , the show features fourteen to eighteen business people who compete over the course of a season , with usually one contestant eliminated per episode . Contestants are split into two corporations ( teams ) , with one member from each volunteering as a project manager on each new task . The corporations complete business-related tasks such as selling products , raising money for charity , or creating an advertising campaign , with one corporation selected as the winner based on objective measures and subjective opinions of the host and his advisors who monitor the teams ' performance on tasks . The losing corporation attends a boardroom meeting with the show 's host and their advisors to break down why they lost and determine who contributed the least to the team . Episodes ended with the host eliminating one contestant from the competition , with the words You 're fired ! Seven of the show 's seasons featured aspiring , but otherwise unknown , businesspersons who would vie for the show 's prize , a one-year $ 250,000 starting contract to promote one of Donald Trump 's properties . There have also been eight seasons of The Celebrity Apprentice since 2008 . In this format , several celebrities would participate to win money for their chosen charities , with the final prize being a large donation to the celebrity 's charity and the title of Apprentice . A reboot of this format , The New Celebrity Apprentice , aired in January 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Bonnie Hunt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bonnie_Hunt', 'summary': "Bonnie Lynn Hunt ( born September 22 , 1961 ) is an American comedian , actress , director , producer , writer and television host . Her film roles include Rain Man , Beethoven , Beethoven 's 2nd , Jumanji , Jerry Maguire , The Green Mile , Cheaper by the Dozen , and Cheaper by the Dozen 2 . Hunt has done voice work in A Bug 's Life , Monsters , Inc. , Monsters University , Cars franchise , Zootopia , Toy Story 3 , and Toy Story 4 . She starred in Grand and Davis Rules , as well as creating , producing , writing , and starring in The Building , Bonnie , and Life with Bonnie . From 2008 to 2010 , she hosted The Bonnie Hunt Show ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Martin , Vanessa Minnillo , B5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Martin', 'summary': "Stephen Glenn Martin ( born August 14 , 1945 ) is an American actor , comedian , writer , and musician . Martin came to public notice in the 1960s as a writer for The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour , and later as a frequent guest on The Tonight Show . In the 1970s , Martin performed his offbeat , absurdist comedy routines before packed houses on national tours . Since the 1980s , having branched away from comedy , Martin has become a successful actor , as well as an author , playwright , pianist , and banjo player , eventually earning him Emmy , Grammy , and American Comedy awards , among other honors . In 2004 , Comedy Central ranked Martin at sixth place in a list of the 100 greatest stand-up comics . He was awarded an Honorary Academy Award at the Academy 's 5th Annual Governors Awards in 2013 . While he has played banjo since an early age , and included music in his comedy routines from the beginning of his professional career , he has increasingly dedicated his career to music since the 2000s , acting less and spending much of his professional life playing banjo , recording , and touring with various bluegrass acts , including Earl Scruggs , with whom he won a Grammy for Best Country Instrumental Performance in 2002 . He released his first solo music album , The Crow : New Songs for the 5-String Banjo , in 2009 , for which he won the Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vanessa_Minnillo', 'summary': 'Vanessa Joy Lachey ( née Minnillo ; born November 9 , 1980 [ better source needed ] ) is an American-Filipino television personality , beauty queen , fashion model , television host and actress . She was also named Miss Teen USA in 1998 . She has been a New York-based correspondent for Entertainment Tonight and hosted Total Request Live on MTV .'}, {'url': '/wiki/B5_(band)', 'summary': 'B5 , previously known as TNT Boyz and Audio , is a R & B music group originating from St. Petersburg , Florida which later relocated to Atlanta , Georgia . The group consists of the five Breeding family brothers , Dustin Michael ( b. October 8 , 1987 ) , Kelly Allen ( b. February 27 , 1989 ) , Patrick Owen ( b. September 19 , 1990 ) , Carnell Frederick ( b. Hunnicutt , November 30 , 1991 ) , and Bryan Jesse ( b. October 14 , 1994 ) . They were formerly known as the TNT Boyz featuring only the four eldest brothers , but renamed themselves B5 when Bryan , the youngest brother , joined the group . From late 2009 to early 2010 , they renamed themselves Audio and then returned to the name B5 on May 30 , 2012 . Bryan and Patrick left the group , leaving Dustin , Kelly , and Carnell to rename themselves Men in Black ( MIB ) . After Dustin and Carnell had their own kids , they dropped out of the group leaving Kelly as a rapper and Dustin a soloist , while Carnell stopped making music to devote his time to his family . Since 2018 , the members of the band have been working together once more as B5 . Their new single Wave is currently available on Spotify , Apple Music , etc .'}]}, {'value': 'December 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Téa Leoni , Jamie Foxx', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Téa_Leoni', 'summary': 'Elizabeth Téa Pantaleoni ( /ˈteɪ.ə pɑːntəleɪˈoʊni/ ; born February 25 , 1966 ) , better known by her stage name Téa Leoni , is an American actress and producer . In her early career , she starred in the television sitcoms Flying Blind ( 1992-93 ) and The Naked Truth ( 1995-98 ) . Her breakthrough role was in the 1995 action comedy film Bad Boys . In later years , Leoni had lead roles in films such as Deep Impact ( 1998 ) , The Family Man ( 2000 ) , Jurassic Park III ( 2001 ) , Spanglish ( 2004 ) and Fun with Dick and Jane ( 2005 ) . In 2014 , she returned to television in the leading role in the CBS political drama series Madam Secretary .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jamie_Foxx', 'summary': "Eric Marlon Bishop ( born December 13 , 1967 ) , known professionally as Jamie Foxx , is an American actor , singer , comedian , presenter , and producer . Foxx became widely known for his portrayal of Ray Charles in the 2004 biographical film Ray , for which he won the Academy Award , BAFTA , Screen Actors Guild Award , Critics ' Choice Movie Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor . That same year , he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in the crime film Collateral . Since spring 2017 , Foxx has served as the host and executive producer of the Fox game show Beat Shazam . Other acting roles include Staff Sergeant Sykes in Jarhead ( 2005 ) , record executive Curtis Taylor Jr. in Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , Detective Ricardo Tubbs in the 2006 film adaptation of TV series Miami Vice , the title role in the film Django Unchained ( 2012 ) , the supervillain Electro in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 ( 2014 ) , Will Stacks in Annie ( 2014 ) , and gangster Bats / Leon Jefferson III in Baby Driver ( 2017 ) . Foxx also starred in the sketch comedy show In Living Color and his own television sitcom The Jamie Foxx Show ( 1996-2001 ) , in which he played Jamie King Jr. Foxx is also a Grammy Award-winning musician , producing four albums , which have charted in the top ten of the U.S . Billboard 200 : Unpredictable ( 2005 ) , which topped the chart , Intuition ( 2008 ) , Best Night of My Life ( 2010 ) , and Hollywood : A Story of a Dozen Roses ( 2015 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'December 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': "Sienna Miller , Triple H , Claudia Cohen discusses celebrities ' holiday plans", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sienna_Miller', 'summary': 'Sienna Rose Diana Miller ( born 28 December 1981 ) is a British-American [ a ] actress . Born in New York City and raised in London , she began her career appearing in British films , with a supporting role in crime thriller Layer Cake ( 2004 ) , followed by Alfie ( 2004 ) . In 2006 Miller portrayed the lead role of Edie Sedgwick in Factory Girl , followed by a supporting role in Stardust ( 2007 ) . In 2008 she was nominated for a BAFTA Rising Star Award . Miller would garner mainstream attention in the late 2000s for her role in G.I . Joe : The Rise of Cobra ( 2009 ) , and received critical acclaim for her role as Tippi Hedren in the television film The Girl ( 2012 ) , for which she was nominated for a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actress and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress . In 2014 she starred in two biographical dramas , Foxcatcher ( 2014 ) , portraying Nancy Schultz , and American Sniper ( 2014 ) , portraying Taya Kyle . The following year she starred in the dystopian drama High-Rise and the independent drama Mississippi Grind , which debuted to critical acclaim at the Sundance Film Festival . In 2016 Miller portrayed Nina Fawcett , wife of British explorer Percy Fawcett , in the adventure drama The Lost City of Z , and gangster moll Emma Gould in the crime drama Live by Night .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Triple_H', 'summary': "Paul Michael Levesque ( born July 27 , 1969 ) , better known by the ring name Triple H , is an American business executive , professional wrestler , and actor . He has been the Executive Vice President of Talent , Live Events and Creative for WWE since 2013 , as well as being the founder and senior producer of NXT . Levesque was born and raised in Nashua , New Hampshire , and began his professional wrestling career in 1992 with the International Wrestling Federation ( IWF ) under the ring name Terra Ryzing . In 1994 , he joined World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , where he was soon repackaged as a French-Canadian aristocrat named Jean-Paul Lévesque , and was later repackaged in 1995 when he signed with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) , where he became Hunter Hearst Helmsley , and later , Triple H. In WWF , Triple H gained industry fame after co-founding the influential D-Generation X stable , which became a major element of the Attitude Era in the 1990s . After winning his first WWF Championship in 1999 , he became a fixture of the company 's main event scene , and was widely regarded as the best wrestler in North America by the turn of the millennium . Triple H has headlined several major WWE pay-per-view events , closing the company 's flagship annual event , WrestleMania , seven times . [ a ] Triple H has also won a number of championships in his career , being a five-time Intercontinental Champion , a three-time world tag team champion ( two World Tag Team Championship reigns , and one Unified WWE Tag Team Championship reign ) , a two-time European Champion , and a fourteen-time world champion , making him the company 's seventh Triple Crown Champion and second Grand Slam Champion . He is also a two-time Royal Rumble match winner , and a King of the Ring tournament winner . Later in his career , Triple H gained notability for his behind-the-scenes work at WWE , founding the developmental branch NXT , and gaining praise for his business acumen in professional wrestling . Outside of wrestling , Triple H has been a figure of substantial media attention due to his marriage to Stephanie McMahon , daughter of Vince and Linda McMahon , who are majority owners of WWE . In 2019 , he was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame as part of the D-Generation X stable ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Claudia_Cohen', 'summary': "Claudia Lynn Cohen ( December 16 , 1950 - June 15 , 2007 ) was an American gossip columnist , socialite , and television reporter . She is credited with putting the New York Post 's Page Six gossip column on the map . The building housing the University of Pennsylvania 's College of Arts and Sciences was renamed in her honor in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': "LIVE 's Holiday Celebration , Glenn Close , Barenaked Ladies , Disney on Ice", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenn_Close', 'summary': 'Glenn Close ( born March 19 , 1947 ) is an American actress , singer , and producer . Regarded as one of the greatest actresses of her generation , she is the recipient of numerous accolades , including three Primetime Emmy Awards , three Tony Awards , and three Golden Globe Awards . Close is a seven-time Academy Award nominee . In 2016 , Close was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame , and in 2019 , Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world . Close majored in theater and anthropology at the College of William & Mary . She began her professional career on stage in 1974 with Love for Love and was mostly a New York stage actress until the early 1980s . Her work included Broadway productions of Barnum in 1980 and The Real Thing in 1983 , for which she won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play . Her film debut came in The World According to Garp ( 1982 ) , which was followed by supporting roles in the films The Big Chill ( 1983 ) and The Natural ( 1984 ) ; all three earned her nominations for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . Close went on to establish herself as a leading lady in Hollywood with roles in Fatal Attraction ( 1987 ) and Dangerous Liaisons ( 1988 ) , both of which earned her nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress . Close won two more Tony Awards for Death and the Maiden in 1992 and Sunset Boulevard in 1995 . She won her first Primetime Emmy Award for the 1995 television drama film Serving in Silence : The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story , and she continued a successful career in Hollywood with starring roles in Reversal of Fortune ( 1990 ) , 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) , and Air Force One ( 1997 ) , among others . Further television work came for Close in the 2000s , with her portrayal of Eleanor of Aquitaine in the 2003 television film The Lion in Winter earning her a Golden Globe Award .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barenaked_Ladies', 'summary': "The Barenaked Ladies are a Canadian rock band formed in 1988 in Scarborough , Ontario . The band developed a cult following in Canada , with their self-titled 1991 cassette becoming the first independent release to be certified gold in Canada . Their debut with Reprise Records , Gordon , featuring the singles If I Had $ 1000000 and Brian Wilson , was released in 1992 . Initially a duo of Ed Robertson and Steven Page , as of 2018 [ update ] , the band is composed of Robertson , Jim Creeggan , Kevin Hearn , and Tyler Stewart . Jim 's brother Andy was a member between 1989 and 1995 . Page left in 2009 , reducing the group to a quartet . The band 's style has evolved throughout their career , and their music which began as exclusively acoustic quickly grew to encompass a mixture of an array of styles including pop , rock , hip hop , rap , etc . [ citation needed ] The band 's cult following translated into success with Gordon in Canada , but it was not until the band 's 1996 live album Rock Spectacle and their 1998 fourth studio album Stunt , that they achieved success in the United States and the United Kingdom . The band 's live performances feature comedic banter and free-style rapping between songs . They have won multiple Juno Awards and have been nominated for two Grammy Awards . The group has sold over 15 million records , including albums and singles , and were inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame in March 2018 . One Week remains the band 's most successful single ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Disney_on_Ice', 'summary': "Disney on Ice , originally Walt Disney 's World on Ice , is a series of touring ice shows produced by Feld Entertainment 's Ice Follies And Holiday on Ice , Inc. under agreement with The Walt Disney Company . Aimed primarily at children , the shows feature figure skaters portraying the roles of Disney characters in performances derived from various Disney films . Feld Entertainment licensed the rights to Disney material for ice shows and includes shared merchandising revenue between Disney and Ice Follies ."}]}], 'section_title': 'December 2005', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_18)_3', 'intro': "This is a list of Live with Regis and Kelly episodes which were broadcast during the show's 18th season. The list is ordered by air date. Although the co-hosts may have read a couple of e-mails during the broadcast, it does not necessarily count as a Regis and Kelly Inbox segment."} | null | null | Who are the guests/segments of the show whose co-host holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera ? | Holiday Gift Giving Week |
07f90d3ca330f33d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_NFL_Draft', 'title': '1987 NFL Draft', 'header': ['Original NFL team', 'Player', 'Pos', 'College', 'Conf'], 'data': [{'value': 'Atlanta Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Atlanta_Falcons_season', 'summary': "The 1987 Atlanta Falcons season was the franchise 's 22nd season in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The Falcons finished with the worst record in the league , 3-12 , and secured the first overall pick in the 1988 NFL Draft . Head coach Marion Campbell started his second stint as Falcons head coach in 1987 after previously coaching the team from 1974-1976 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tim Gordon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tim_Gordon', 'summary': 'Timothy Carvelle Gordon ( born May 7 , 1965 ) is a former professional American football player who played Safety for six seasons for the Atlanta Falcons and the New England Patriots in the National Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'Tulsa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_Tulsa_Golden_Hurricane_football_team', 'summary': "The 1986 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team represented the University of Tulsa during the 1986 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their first year under head coach Don Morton , the Golden Hurricane compiled a 7-4 record . The team 's statistical leaders included quarterback Steve Gage with 1,090 passing yards , Derrick Ellison with 1,064 rushing yards , and Ronnie Kelly with 533 receiving yards ."}]}, {'value': 'Ind . ( I-A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I-A_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Atlanta_Falcons_season', 'summary': "The 1987 Atlanta Falcons season was the franchise 's 22nd season in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The Falcons finished with the worst record in the league , 3-12 , and secured the first overall pick in the 1988 NFL Draft . Head coach Marion Campbell started his second stint as Falcons head coach in 1987 after previously coaching the team from 1974-1976 ."}]}, {'value': 'Erik Kramer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erik_Kramer', 'summary': 'William Erik Kramer ( born November 6 , 1964 ) is an American former football quarterback . He attended John Burroughs High School in Burbank , California . After attending Los Angeles Pierce College and playing as their quarterback , Kramer transferred to North Carolina State University . He was not drafted by an NFL team , but did see action in 1987 , when he played for the Atlanta Falcons as a replacement player during the NFL players strike . He would then spend some time in the CFL with the Calgary Stampeders . Kramer would return to the NFL in 1991 , when he became a surprise starter for the Detroit Lions after injuries sidelined Rodney Peete . Kramer played in 13 games , led the Lions to a 12-4 record , their first playoff victory since 1962 , and a trip to the NFC Championship Game .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'North Carolina State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_NC_State_Wolfpack_football_team', 'summary': "The 1986 NC State Wolfpack football team represented North Carolina State University during the 1986 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team 's head coach was Dick Sheridan . NC State has been a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) since the league 's inception in 1953 . The Wolfpack played its home games in 1986 at Carter-Finley Stadium in Raleigh , North Carolina , which has been NC State football 's home stadium since 1966 ."}]}, {'value': 'ACC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference', 'summary': "The Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) is a collegiate athletic conference located in the eastern United States . Headquartered in Greensboro , North Carolina , the conference consists of fifteen member universities , each of whom compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I , with its football teams competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest levels for athletic competition in US-based collegiate sports . The ACC sponsors competition in twenty-five sports with many of its member institutions ' athletic programs held in high regard nationally . Current members of the conference are Boston College , Clemson University , Duke University , Georgia Institute of Technology , Florida State University , North Carolina State University , Syracuse University , the University of Louisville , the University of Miami , the University of North Carolina , the University of Notre Dame , the University of Pittsburgh , the University of Virginia , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , and Wake Forest University . ACC teams and athletes have claimed dozens of national championships in multiple sports throughout the conference 's history . Generally , the ACC 's top athletes and teams in any particular sport in a given year are considered to be among the top collegiate competitors in the nation . Also , the conference enjoys extensive media coverage . The ACC was one of the five collegiate power conferences , which had automatic qualifying for their football champion into the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014 , the ACC is one of five conferences with a contractual tie-in to a New Year 's Six bowl game , the successors to the BCS . The ACC was founded on May 8 , 1953 , by seven universities located in the South Atlantic States , with the University of Virginia joining in early December 1953 to bring the membership to eight . The loss of South Carolina in 1971 dropped membership to seven , while the addition of Georgia Tech in 1979 for non-football sports and 1983 for football brought it back to eight , and Florida State 's arrival in 1991 for non-football sports and 1992 for football increased the membership to nine . Since 2000 , with the widespread reorganization of the NCAA , seven additional schools have joined , and one original member ( Maryland ) has left to bring it to the current membership of 15 schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Atlanta_Falcons_season', 'summary': "The 1987 Atlanta Falcons season was the franchise 's 22nd season in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The Falcons finished with the worst record in the league , 3-12 , and secured the first overall pick in the 1988 NFL Draft . Head coach Marion Campbell started his second stint as Falcons head coach in 1987 after previously coaching the team from 1974-1976 ."}]}, {'value': 'John Settle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Settle', 'summary': "John R. Settle ( born June 2 , 1965 in Reidsville , North Carolina ) , is currently the running backs coach for the Wisconsin Badgers . He is also a former professional American football player . A 5 ' 9 , 207-lb . undrafted running back from Appalachian State University , Settle attended Rockingham County High School where he still holds both the single game , single season , and career rushing records . He played for the Atlanta Falcons from 1987 to 1990 . During the 1988 NFL season , he was selected as a first team All-Pro and to the 1988 Pro Bowl after rushing for a career-high 1,024 yards and 7 touchdowns . He was the first undrafted running back in NFL history to rush for over 1,000 yards in a season ."}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': 'Appalachian State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_Appalachian_State_Mountaineers_football_team', 'summary': "The Appalachian State Mountaineers football team is the college football team at Appalachian State University in Boone , North Carolina . The Mountaineers have competed in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and the Sun Belt Conference since 2014 . Appalachian plays its home games in Kidd Brewer Stadium , named after former head coach Kidd Brewer , whose 1937 squad was unbeaten and unscored upon during the regular season . The Mountaineers competed in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) from its founding in 1978 to 2013 . They won three straight national championships from 2005 to 2007 , the first FCS team to do so since the playoffs began in 1978 . They were also the first Division I program to win three consecutive national championships since Army accomplished the feat from 1944 to 1946 , and the first Division I school in the modern era to claim three straight undisputed national titles . Appalachian became the first FCS team to receive votes in the final Associated Press ( AP ) college football poll on January 8 , 2008 . The Mountaineers received five points in the poll . Through its history , the App State football program has won over 550 games , claimed three national championships and appeared in the Division-I FCS playoffs 20 times . The Mountaineers have 19 conference championships and have one of the nation 's best home field advantages . The program also has one Walter Payton Award winner , Armanti Edwards , who was the first player to win the award in back-to-back years ( 2008 , 2009 ) . On October 21 , 2018 , the Mountaineers became ranked in the Associated Press Top 25 Poll , ranking at number 25 ."}]}, {'value': 'SoCon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southern Conference ( SoCon ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . Southern Conference football teams compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-AA ) . Member institutions are located in the states of Alabama , Georgia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , and Virginia . Established in 1921 , the Southern Conference ranks as the fifth-oldest major college athletic conference in the United States , and either the third- or fourth-oldest in continuous operation , depending on definitions . Among conferences currently in operation , the Big Ten ( 1896 ) and Missouri Valley ( 1907 ) are indisputably older . The Pac-12 Conference did not operate under its current charter until 1959 , but claims the history of the Pacific Coast Conference , founded in 1915 , as its own . The Southwest Conference ( SWC ) was founded in 1914 , but ceased operation in 1996 . The Big Eight Conference claimed the same history as the Missouri Valley from 1907 to 1928 during its existence ; though it essentially merged with four SWC members to form the Big 12 Conference in 1996 , the Big 12 does not claim the Big Eight 's legacy . The Ivy League was formally organized in 1954 with athletic competition starting in 1955 , but claims the history of the Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League , which competed from 1901 to 1955 , as its own . The SoCon was the first conference to use the three-point field goal in basketball in a November 29 , 1980 game at Western Carolina against Middle Tennessee State University ( MTSU ) , where Ronnie Carr shot the historic shot from 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) away and the Catamounts won 77-70 . The Southern Conference is considered one of the stronger football conferences in the Football Championship Subdivision and is considered a mid-major conference in basketball . It has also garnered considerable national attention from its recent success in these sports : in particular , former member , three-time Division I NCAA Football champion Appalachian State Mountaineers , who stunned the fifth-ranked Michigan Wolverines 34-32 on September 1 , 2007 ; from the Davidson Wildcats , who reached the Elite Eight in the 2008 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament by upsetting power programs Gonzaga ( a mid-major school which became a power program in the 2000s ) , Georgetown , and Wisconsin ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Atlanta_Falcons_season', 'summary': "The 1987 Atlanta Falcons season was the franchise 's 22nd season in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The Falcons finished with the worst record in the league , 3-12 , and secured the first overall pick in the 1988 NFL Draft . Head coach Marion Campbell started his second stint as Falcons head coach in 1987 after previously coaching the team from 1974-1976 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jessie Tuggle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jessie_Tuggle', 'summary': 'Jessie Floyd Tuggle , III ( born April 4 , 1965 ) is a former professional American football linebacker who played for the Atlanta Falcons his entire career from 1987 to 2000 . He graduated from Valdosta State College in Valdosta , Georgia . He appeared in the Pro Bowl five times , and played in Super Bowl XXXIII . His nickname is The Hammer , because of the impact of his tackles .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Valdosta State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valdosta_State_Blazers_football', 'summary': 'The Valdosta State football team represents Valdosta State University in football . The Blazers are a member of the Gulf South Conference ( GSC ) in NCAA Division II . Valdosta State University has had a football team since 1981 . The Blazers play in Bazemore-Hyder Stadium in Valdosta , Georgia , which has a capacity of 11,249 . The stadium is also the home of the historical Valdosta High School Wildcats . The Blazers have won a total of four Division II National Championship titles ( 2004 , 2007 , 2012 and 2018 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Gulf South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_South_Conference', 'summary': 'The Gulf South Conference ( GSC ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division II level which operates in the Southeastern United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Buffalo Bills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Buffalo_Bills_season', 'summary': "The 1987 Buffalo Bills season was the franchise 's 18th season in the National Football League , and the 28th overall . On October 31 , 1987 , the Los Angeles Rams traded Eric Dickerson to the Indianapolis Colts in a three team trade involving the Bills . The Rams sent Dickerson to the Colts for six draft choices and two players . Buffalo obtained the rights to Cornelius Bennett from Indianapolis . Buffalo sent running back Greg Bell and three draft choices to the Rams , while Indianapolis added Owen Gill and three of their own draft picks to complete the deal with the Rams . Adding Bennett to the team helped to form the nucleus for a strong young defensive unit that would become the core of Buffalo 's later Super Bowl teams ."}]}, {'value': 'Mitch Frerotte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitch_Frerotte', 'summary': 'Paul Mitchael Frerotte ( March 30 , 1965 - June 11 , 2008 ) was an American professional football player who played as a guard for four seasons in the National Football League , all with the Buffalo Bills .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_and_Canadian_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'Penn State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football_team', 'summary': "Penn State defeated the Miami Hurricanes 14-10 in the 1987 Fiesta Bowl to win Joe Paterno 's second consensus national championship . The team was named national champion by AP , Billingsley , FB News , FW , Matthews , NCF , NFF , Sporting News , UPI , and USA/CNN , while named co-champion by FACT , Sagarin ( ELO-Chess ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Chicago_Bears_season', 'summary': "The 1987 season was the Chicago Bears ' 68th in the National Football League the 18th post-season completed in the NFL , and their sixth under head coach Mike Ditka . The team was looking to return to the playoffs , win the NFC Central Division for the fourth consecutive year and avenge their loss in the Divisional Playoffs to the Washington Redskins the year before when the team finished 14-2 . However , the Bears failed to improve on their 14-2 record from 1986 , with the team finishing at 11-4 in the strike-shortened season . Their record was once again good enough for the division title and the # 2 seed in the conference , as the team had done the year before . The team also saw the same result as 1986 as the Bears suffered a second consecutive loss to the Redskins , who went on to win Super Bowl XXII , in the Divisional Playoffs ."}]}, {'value': 'Lorenzo Lynch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lorenzo_Lynch', 'summary': "Lorenzo Lynch ( born April 6 , 1963 in Oakland , California ) is a former American professional football player . A 5 ' 9 , 197 lbs . cornerback from Sacramento State , Lynch played in 11 NFL seasons for three teams . In his NFL career , he had 17 interceptions for 315 yards and 2 touchdowns . In the pregame show for the NFL Network 's presentation of Thursday Night Football on September 20 , 2012 , former Cowboys receiver Michael Irvin recalled a game he played against Lynch ( then playing for the Phoenix Cardinals ) 20 years earlier on September 20 , 1992 . He quoted Lynch as stating before the game , I 'll be with you all day , Michael . Irvin went on to have one of his best games ( in terms of numbers ) , catching for 210 yards and 3 touchdowns . His nephew Marshawn Lynch is a running back . He is also related to quarterback Josh Johnson who also played for the San Francisco 49ers ."}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'Sacramento State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_Sacramento_State_Hornets_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1986 Sacramento State Hornets football team represented Sacramento State University [ note 1 ] during the 1986 NCAA Division II football season . Sacramento State competed in the Western Football Conference . The Hornets were led by ninth-year head coach Bob Mattos . They played home games at Hornet Stadium in Sacramento , California . The team finished the season as champion of the WFC for the first time , with a record of six wins , four losses and one tie ( 6-4-1 , 5-1 WFC ) . Overall , the team outscored its opponents 308-268 for the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Western', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Football_Conference_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The Western Football Conference was an NCAA Division II scholarship-awarding football conference that existed from 1982 to 1993 . Among its member schools were ( from 1982-1992 unless otherwise noted ) :'}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Chicago_Bears_season', 'summary': "The 1987 season was the Chicago Bears ' 68th in the National Football League the 18th post-season completed in the NFL , and their sixth under head coach Mike Ditka . The team was looking to return to the playoffs , win the NFC Central Division for the fourth consecutive year and avenge their loss in the Divisional Playoffs to the Washington Redskins the year before when the team finished 14-2 . However , the Bears failed to improve on their 14-2 record from 1986 , with the team finishing at 11-4 in the strike-shortened season . Their record was once again good enough for the division title and the # 2 seed in the conference , as the team had done the year before . The team also saw the same result as 1986 as the Bears suffered a second consecutive loss to the Redskins , who went on to win Super Bowl XXII , in the Divisional Playoffs ."}]}, {'value': 'Sean Payton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sean_Payton', 'summary': "Patrick Sean Payton ( born December 29 , 1963 ) is an American football coach and former player who is the current head coach of the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Payton was a quarterback at Naperville Central High School and Eastern Illinois University and played professionally in 1987 and 1988 . He began his coaching career as offensive assistant for San Diego State University and had several assistant coaching positions on college and NFL teams before being named as the tenth full-time coach in Saints history in 2006 . Payton has always been known for his offensive prowess , having scored more points ( 2,804 ) and gained more yards ( 40,158 ) than any other team in a coach 's first 100 games in NFL history . Payton has the second-longest NFL tenure among active head coaches , behind New England Patriots head coach Bill Belichick , who has coached them since the 2000 season . Under Payton 's leadership , the Saints made the 2006 NFL playoffs after a disappointing 3-13 season in 2005 and advanced to their first NFC Championship appearance in franchise history . Because of this effort , Payton won the AP NFL Coach of the Year Award . Following the 2009 season , the Saints won their first Super Bowl championship in franchise history . Since joining the Saints as head coach , he has helped guide the team to 3 NFC Championship games ( 2006 , 2009 , and 2018 ) , an appearance in Super Bowl XLIV , and 8 total playoff berths with 6 division titles , making him the most successful coach in Saints franchise history . On March 21 , 2012 , Payton was suspended for the entire 2012 NFL season , originally set to take effect April 1 , 2012 , as a result of his alleged involvement in the New Orleans Saints bounty scandal , under which bounties were allegedly paid for contact that would knock out targeted players on opposing teams . Payton has denied that any program encouraging Saints players to injure opposing players ever existed , even though the NFL claims their evidence proves otherwise . Assistant coach Joe Vitt stated We had a pay to perform program , just like many NFL teams do , but there was never a bounty program , we did n't ever encourage a pay-to-injure program ."}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Illinois_Panthers_football', 'summary': "The Eastern Illinois Panthers football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Eastern Illinois University located in the U.S. state of Illinois . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Ohio Valley Conference . The school 's first football team was fielded in 1899 . The team plays its home games at the 10,000 seat O'Brien Field , which is named after head coach Maynard O'Brien ."}]}, {'value': 'Gateway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri_Valley_Football_Conference', 'summary': "The Missouri Valley Football Conference ( MVFC ) , formerly the Gateway Football Conference , is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the Midwestern United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) as a football-only conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Chicago_Bears_season', 'summary': "The 1987 season was the Chicago Bears ' 68th in the National Football League the 18th post-season completed in the NFL , and their sixth under head coach Mike Ditka . The team was looking to return to the playoffs , win the NFC Central Division for the fourth consecutive year and avenge their loss in the Divisional Playoffs to the Washington Redskins the year before when the team finished 14-2 . However , the Bears failed to improve on their 14-2 record from 1986 , with the team finishing at 11-4 in the strike-shortened season . Their record was once again good enough for the division title and the # 2 seed in the conference , as the team had done the year before . The team also saw the same result as 1986 as the Bears suffered a second consecutive loss to the Redskins , who went on to win Super Bowl XXII , in the Divisional Playoffs ."}]}, {'value': 'John Wojciechowski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Wojciechowski', 'summary': 'John Stanley Wojciechowski ( born July 30 , 1963 ) is a former professional American football Offensive tackle for seven seasons for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League . He is currently the Co-director of player personnel for the Green Bay Packers .'}]}, {'value': 'OT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'Michigan State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_Michigan_State_Spartans_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1986 Michigan State Spartans football team represented Michigan State University in the 1986 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their fourth season under head coach George Perles , the Spartans compiled a 6-5 overall record ( 4-4 against Big Ten opponents ) and finished in fifth place in the Big Ten Conference . Six Spartans were recognized by the Associated Press ( AP ) and/or the United Press International ( UPI ) on the 1984 All-Big Ten Conference football team : receivers Andre Rison ( AP-1 ; UPI-1 ) and Mark Ingram , Sr. ( AP-2 ) ; defensive linemen John Budde ( AP-2 ) and Mark Nichols ( AP-2 ) ; linebacker Shane Bullough ( AP-2 ; UPI-1 ) ; and punter Greg Montgomery ( AP-1 ; UPI-1 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Big Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Ten Conference ( stylized B1G , formerly the Western Conference and the Big Nine Conference ) is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States . It is based in Rosemont , Illinois . For decades the conference consisted of 10 universities , while the present conference has 14 member institutions . They compete in the NCAA Division I ; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A , the highest level of NCAA competition in that sport . The conference includes the flagship public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska , as well as two additional public land-grant schools and a private university . The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H. Smart and representatives from the University of Chicago , University of Illinois , University of Michigan , University of Minnesota , Northwestern University , and University of Wisconsin gathered at Chicago 's Palmer House Hotel to set policies aimed at regulating intercollegiate athletics . In 1899 , Indiana University and the University of Iowa joined the conference to increase the membership to nine schools . In 1905 , the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives . The conference is one of the nation 's oldest , predating the founding of the NCAA by a decade , and was one of the first collegiate conferences to sponsor men 's basketball . Big Ten member institutions are major research universities with large financial endowments and strong academic reputations . All institutions except full member University of Nebraska and associate member Notre Dame are members of the Association of American Universities . Large student enrollment is a hallmark of Big Ten Universities , as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students ."}]}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Bengals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Cincinnati_Bengals_season', 'summary': "The 1987 Cincinnati Bengals season was the team 's 18th in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The team could not improve upon its 10-6 year of the previous campaign , as the team dipped to a record of 4-11 in a season shortened by one game due to another players ' strike , in which replacement players were used for four games ."}]}, {'value': 'Adrian Breen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adrian_Breen', 'summary': 'Adrian Owen Breen ( born January 11 , 1965 ) is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League . He played for the Cincinnati Bengals . He played college football for the Morehead State Eagles . Adrian is currently the President and CEO of the Bank of Missouri .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Morehead State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morehead_State_Eagles_football', 'summary': "The Morehead State Eagles football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Morehead State University located in the U.S. state of Kentucky . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Pioneer Football League , the only public school in the conference . Morehead State 's first football team was fielded in 1927 . The team plays its home games at the 10,000 seat Jayne Stadium in Morehead , Kentucky . The Eagles are coached by Rob Tenyer ."}]}, {'value': 'OVC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_Valley_Conference', 'summary': "The Ohio Valley Conference ( OVC ) is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the Midwestern and Southeastern United States . It participates in Division I of the NCAA ; the conference 's football programs compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ; formerly known as Division I-AA ) , the lower of two levels of Division I football competition . The OVC has 12 members , 9 of which compete in football in the conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Bengals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Cincinnati_Bengals_season', 'summary': "The 1987 Cincinnati Bengals season was the team 's 18th in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The team could not improve upon its 10-6 year of the previous campaign , as the team dipped to a record of 4-11 in a season shortened by one game due to another players ' strike , in which replacement players were used for four games ."}]}, {'value': 'John Carney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Carney_(American_football)', 'summary': "John Michael Carney ( born April 20 , 1964 ) is a retired American football placekicker . He was signed by the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent in 1987 . He played college football at Notre Dame . Carney was also a member of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , San Diego Chargers , New Orleans Saints , Los Angeles Rams , Jacksonville Jaguars , Kansas City Chiefs , and New York Giants . He was a Pro Bowl selection with the Chargers in 1994 and with the Giants in 2008 . When he was released from the Saints ' active roster in December 2009 , Carney was third on the NFL career scoring list with a career total of 2,044 points . He was the last remaining player from the 1980s still active in professional football . He has also worked as a kicking consultant for the Saints ."}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Notre Dame', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1986 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame in the 1986 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team was coached by Lou Holtz and played its home games at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend , Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind . ( I-A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_independent_schools', 'summary': 'In American college sports , NCAA Division I independent schools are four-year institutions that do not belong to a conference for a particular sport .'}]}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Bengals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Cincinnati_Bengals_season', 'summary': "The 1987 Cincinnati Bengals season was the team 's 18th in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The team could not improve upon its 10-6 year of the previous campaign , as the team dipped to a record of 4-11 in a season shortened by one game due to another players ' strike , in which replacement players were used for four games ."}]}, {'value': 'Scott Fulhage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Fulhage', 'summary': 'Scott Alan Fulhage ( born November 17 , 1961 ) is a former National Football League punter who played for the Cincinnati Bengals from 1987 to 1988 and the Atlanta Falcons from 1989 to 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punter_(football)', 'summary': 'A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_Kansas_State_Wildcats_football_team', 'summary': "The 1986 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University in the 1986 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team 's head football coach was Stan Parrish . The Wildcats played their home games in KSU Stadium . They finished with a record of 2-9 overall and 1-6 in Big Eight Conference play . The Wildcats ' October 18 win against rival Kansas would be the program 's last victory for 31 games , stretching until the 1989 season , when they defeated North Texas 20-17 on a last-second touchdown pass . Kansas State posted a 0-30-1 record during the streak , with the lone tie also coming against Kansas in 1987 ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Eight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Eight_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Eight Conference was a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) -affiliated Division I-A college athletic association that sponsored football . It was formed in January 1907 as the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( MVIAA ) by its charter member schools : the University of Kansas , University of Missouri , University of Nebraska , and Washington University in St. Louis . Additionally , the University of Iowa was an original member of the MVIAA , while maintaining joint membership in the Western Conference ( now the Big Ten Conference ) . The conference was dissolved in 1996 . Its membership at its dissolution consisted of the University of Nebraska , Iowa State University , the University of Colorado at Boulder , the University of Kansas , Kansas State University , the University of Missouri , the University of Oklahoma , and Oklahoma State University . The Big Eight kept its headquarters in Kansas City , Missouri . In February 1994 , the Big Eight and the Southwest Conference announced that the two leagues had reached an agreement to form a new conference . The eight members of the Big Eight joined with SWC schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the Big 12 Conference the following year . A vote was conducted on whether to keep the new conference 's headquarters in Kansas City , and by a vote of 7-5 the conference members voted to move to Irving , Texas , a suburb of Dallas . The two Oklahoma schools , all four Texas schools , and Colorado voted for the move while both Kansas schools , Nebraska , Missouri , and Iowa State voted for Kansas City ."}]}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Bengals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Cincinnati_Bengals_season', 'summary': "The 1987 Cincinnati Bengals season was the team 's 18th in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The team could not improve upon its 10-6 year of the previous campaign , as the team dipped to a record of 4-11 in a season shortened by one game due to another players ' strike , in which replacement players were used for four games ."}]}, {'value': 'Massimo Manca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massimo_Manca', 'summary': 'Massimo K. Manca ( born March 18 , 1964 ) is a former Italian-born American football kicker who played for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He also played in the World League of American Football for the Barcelona Dragons in 1991 . He played college football at Penn State University .'}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Penn State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football_team', 'summary': "Penn State defeated the Miami Hurricanes 14-10 in the 1987 Fiesta Bowl to win Joe Paterno 's second consensus national championship . The team was named national champion by AP , Billingsley , FB News , FW , Matthews , NCF , NFF , Sporting News , UPI , and USA/CNN , while named co-champion by FACT , Sagarin ( ELO-Chess ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}, {'value': 'Denver Broncos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Denver_Broncos_season', 'summary': "The 1987 Denver Broncos season was the team 's 28th year in professional football and its 18th with the National Football League ( NFL ) . Games scheduled during the third week of the season were cancelled , and games played from weeks 4 to 6 were played with replacement teams . The Broncos finished first in the AFC West , and were AFC Champions for the second straight year . Quarterback John Elway was voted league MVP for 1987 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sam Graddy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Graddy', 'summary': 'Samuel Louis Graddy III ( born February 10 , 1964 ) is an American former athlete and American football player , winner of gold medal in 4 × 100 m relay at the 1984 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1986 Tennessee Volunteers football team ( variously Tennessee or the Vols ) represented the University of Tennessee in the 1986 NCAA Division I-A football season . Playing as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) , the team was led by head coach Johnny Majors , in his tenth year , and played their home games at Neyland Stadium in Knoxville , Tennessee . They finished the season with a record of seven wins and five losses ( 7-5 overall , 3-3 in the SEC ) and with a victory over Minnesota in the Liberty Bowl . The Volunteers offense scored 293 points while the defense allowed 249 points .'}]}, {'value': 'SEC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southeastern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States . Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states , three additional public land grant universities , and one private research university . The conference is headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I in sports competitions ; for football , it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A . The SEC is regarded as one of the most accomplished sports conferences in terms of its winning reputation , with 43 national football championships , 21 basketball championships , 41 indoor track championships , 42 outdoor track championships , 24 swimming championships , 20 gymnastics championships , and 13 College World Series . The conference is also highly successful financially , as it consistently leads most others in revenue distribution to its members , including an SEC record $ 455.8 million for the 2014-15 fiscal year , which was a sizable increase over the $ 292.8 million for the 2013-14 fiscal year , largely due to the revenue from the introduction of the SEC Network . The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a championship game ( and award a subsequent title ) for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey . The conference sponsors team championships in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Denver Broncos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Denver_Broncos_season', 'summary': "The 1987 Denver Broncos season was the team 's 28th year in professional football and its 18th with the National Football League ( NFL ) . Games scheduled during the third week of the season were cancelled , and games played from weeks 4 to 6 were played with replacement teams . The Broncos finished first in the AFC West , and were AFC Champions for the second straight year . Quarterback John Elway was voted league MVP for 1987 ."}]}, {'value': 'Keith Kartz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keith_Kartz', 'summary': 'Keith Leonard Kartz ( born May 5 , 1963 in Las Vegas , Nevada ) was a center and tackle in the National Football League for the Denver Broncos . He started in Super Bowl XXIV . Kartz attended the University of California , Berkeley . He graduated from San Dieguito High School in Encinitas , California .'}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)', 'summary': "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ."}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_California_Golden_Bears_football_team', 'summary': "The 1986 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Berkeley in the Pacific-10 Conference ( Pac-10 ) during the 1986 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their fifth year under head coach Joe Kapp , the Golden Bears compiled a 2-9 record ( 2-7 against Pac-10 opponents ) , finished in ninth place in the Pac-10 , and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 325 to 145 . The team 's statistical leaders included Troy Taylor with 891 passing yards , Marc Hicks with 357 rushing yards , and James Devers with 582 receiving yards ."}]}, {'value': 'Pac-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-12_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}, {'value': 'Denver Broncos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Denver_Broncos_season', 'summary': "The 1987 Denver Broncos season was the team 's 28th year in professional football and its 18th with the National Football League ( NFL ) . Games scheduled during the third week of the season were cancelled , and games played from weeks 4 to 6 were played with replacement teams . The Broncos finished first in the AFC West , and were AFC Champions for the second straight year . Quarterback John Elway was voted league MVP for 1987 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tim Lucas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tim_Lucas_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Tim Lucas is a former professional American football player who played linebacker for seven seasons for the Denver Broncos .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_California_Golden_Bears_football_team', 'summary': "The 1986 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Berkeley in the Pacific-10 Conference ( Pac-10 ) during the 1986 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their fifth year under head coach Joe Kapp , the Golden Bears compiled a 2-9 record ( 2-7 against Pac-10 opponents ) , finished in ninth place in the Pac-10 , and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 325 to 145 . The team 's statistical leaders included Troy Taylor with 891 passing yards , Marc Hicks with 357 rushing yards , and James Devers with 582 receiving yards ."}]}, {'value': 'Pac-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-12_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}, {'value': 'Green Bay Packers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Green_Bay_Packers_season', 'summary': 'The 1987 Green Bay Packers season was their 69th season overall and their 67th in the National Football League . The team finshed with a 5-9-1 record under coach Forrest Gregg , earning them 3rd-place finish in the NFC Central division . The 1987 NFL season was marked by a 24-day players strike , reducing the number of games from 16 games to 15 . Three games of the Packers season were played with replacement players , going 2-1 . The season ended with coach Forrest Gregg announcing he was leaving to fill the head coaching position at his alma mater , Southern Methodist University .'}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Fitzgerald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Fitzgerald_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Kevin Fitzgerald ( born June 30 , 1964 ) is a former tight end in the National Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': 'Wisconsin-Eau Claire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wisconsin–Eau_Claire_Blugolds_football', 'summary': "The University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire ( UW-Eau Claire , UWEC or simply Eau Claire ) is a public university in Eau Claire , Wisconsin . Part of the University of Wisconsin System , it offers bachelor 's and master 's degrees and is categorized as a postbaccalaureate comprehensive institution in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . UW-Eau Claire had an annual budget of approximately 237 million dollars in the 2017-18 academic year . The campus consists of 28 major buildings spanning 333 acres ( 135 ha ) . An additional 168 acres ( 68 ha ) of forested land is used for environmental research . UWEC is situated on the Chippewa River . The university is affiliated with the NCAA 's Division III and the Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( WIAC ) . The student body 's mascot is Blu the Blugold ."}]}, {'value': 'WIAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wisconsin_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( WIAC ) is a college athletic conference that competes in the NCAA 's Division III . In women 's gymnastics , it competes alongside Division I and II members , as the NCAA sponsors a single championship event open to members of all NCAA divisions . As the name implies , member teams are located in the state of Wisconsin , although there are three associate members from Minnesota and one from Illinois . All full members are part of the University of Wisconsin System ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Houston_Oilers_season', 'summary': "The 1987 Houston Oilers season was the franchise 's 28th overall and the 18th in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The Oilers came into the season looking to improve on their 5-11 record from 1986 , and make the playoffs for the first time since 1980 . The 1987 NFL season was affected by a players strike that took place in week 3 of the season , which canceled all week 3 games . As a result , the Oilers canceled their was-to-be week 3 game against the Los Angeles Raiders . The Oilers began the season 3-1 , their best start to a season since 1980 . After the Oilers lost at home to the Patriots 21-7 in week 5 , the Oilers defeated the Atlanta Falcons and Cincinnati Bengals to give them a 5-2 start to the season . After the Oilers lost to the 49ers on the road , they beat the Pittsburgh Steelers on the road , 23-3 , for their first win in Pittsburgh since 1978 . The Oilers would then play 2 disastrous games against the Browns and the Colts , as they allowed 40+ points in each game , losing 40-7 to Cleveland at home and losing 51-27 to the Colts in Indianapolis . The Oilers would defeat the Chargers the next week , rebounding from those 2 bad losses . The Oilers would clinch a playoff spot in the seasons final week with a 21-17 win over Cincinnati , thus ending their 6-year playoff drought . In the playoffs , they defeated the Seattle Seahawks 23-20 in overtime on a Tony Zendejas field goal . However , the next week , they lost to the Broncos 34-10 in the Divisional Round , ending their season ."}]}, {'value': 'Eugene Seale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugene_Seale', 'summary': 'Eugene Seale , Jr. ( born June 3 , 1964 ) is a former professional American football linebacker in the National Football League . He played six seasons for the Houston Oilers ( 1987-1992 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Lamar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_Lamar_Cardinals_football_team', 'summary': "The 1986 Lamar Cardinals football team represented Lamar University in the 1986 NCAA Division I-AA football season as a member of the Southland Conference . The Cardinals played their home games at Cardinal Stadium now named Provost Umphrey Stadium in Beaumont , Texas . Lamar finished the 1986 season with a 2-9 overall record and a 0-5 conference record . The season marked the first year with Ray Alborn as Lamar Cardinals head football coach . The 1986 season was also the Cardinals ' last season as a member of the Southland Conference in football until the 2010 season . Lamar joined the non-football American South Conference as a charter member along with fellow SLC members , Louisiana Tech and Arkansas State and three other universities ."}]}, {'value': 'Southland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southland_Conference', 'summary': "The Southland Conference , abbreviated to SLC , is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the South Central United States ( specifically Texas , Louisiana , and Arkansas ) . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; for football , it participates in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . The Southland sponsors 18 sports , 10 for women and eight for men , and is governed by a presidential Board of Directors and an Advisory Council of athletic and academic administrators . Tom Burnett was named the Southland 's sixth commissioner on Dec. 23 , 2002 . From 1996 to 2002 , for football only , the Southland Conference was known as the Southland Football League . The conference 's offices are located in the Dallas suburb of Frisco , Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Indianapolis Colts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Indianapolis_Colts_season', 'summary': "The 1987 Indianapolis Colts season was the 35th season for the team in the National Football League ( NFL ) and fourth in Indianapolis . The team finished the strike-shortened season with a record of 9 wins and 6 losses , and won the AFC East division . This season marked the first winning season , division championship , and the first trip to the playoffs for the Colts in Indianapolis . It was the franchise 's first playoff appearance in ten seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Criswell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Criswell', 'summary': 'Jeffrey L. Criswell ( born March 7 , 1964 in Grinnell , Iowa ) is a former American football offensive lineman who played twelve professional seasons in the National Football League . Criswell attended Lynnville-Sully High School and Graceland University .'}]}, {'value': 'OT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'Graceland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Graceland_Yellowjackets_football', 'summary': "The Graceland Yellowjackets are the athletic teams that represent Graceland University in Lamoni , Iowa . Graceland competes in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) as a member of the Heart of America Athletic Conference ( HAAC ) . Over 50% of the students on Graceland 's Lamoni campus are student athletes ."}]}, {'value': 'HAAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heart_of_America_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': 'The Heart of America Athletic Conference ( HAAC or The Heart ) is a college athletic conference affiliated with the NAIA . Member institutions are located in Iowa , Kansas , Missouri , and Nebraska in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City Chiefs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Kansas_City_Chiefs_season', 'summary': "The 1987 Kansas City Chiefs season was the franchise 's 18th season in the National Football League and the 28th overall . Under new head coach Frank Gansz , The Chiefs split their first two games never recovered and the Chiefs replacement players went 0-3 . After the regulars returned , the Chiefs continued to struggle losing their next four games to stand at 1-8 . The Chiefs would go on to finish with a disappointing 4-11 record , a year after making the playoffs in 1986 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Faulkner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Faulkner', 'summary': 'Jeffrey E. Faulkner ( born April 4 , 1964 in St. Thomas , U.S. Virgin Islands ) is a former American football defensive lineman in the National Football League for the Kansas City Chiefs , Indianapolis Colts , Phoenix Cardinals , New Orleans Saints , Washington Redskins , and the New York Jets . He also played in the Arena Football League for the Chicago Bruisers , Orlando Predators and the Milwaukee Mustangs . He played college football at Southern University . He is distinguished as being the first Virgin Islander and St. Thomian to play in the National Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'DE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}]}, {'value': 'Southern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Jaguars_football', 'summary': 'The Southern Jaguars are the college football team representing the Southern University . The Jaguars play in NCAA Division I Football Championship as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference . The Jaguars started collegiate football in 1916 , and played in the Gulf Coast Athletic Conference before joining the SWAC in 1934 . Every year , they play their last regular season game against Grambling in the Bayou Classic in New Orleans , Louisiana in late November .'}]}, {'value': 'SWAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama , which is made up of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southern United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; in football , it participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly referred to as Division I-AA . The SWAC is widely considered the premier HBCU conference and ranks among the elite in the nation in terms of alumni affiliated with professional sports teams , particularly in football . On the gridiron , the conference has been the biggest draw on the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level of the NCAA , leading the nation in average home attendance every year except one since FCS has been in existence . In 1994 , the SWAC fell just 40,000 fans short of becoming the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision conference to attract one million fans to its home games ."}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City Chiefs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Kansas_City_Chiefs_season', 'summary': "The 1987 Kansas City Chiefs season was the franchise 's 18th season in the National Football League and the 28th overall . Under new head coach Frank Gansz , The Chiefs split their first two games never recovered and the Chiefs replacement players went 0-3 . After the regulars returned , the Chiefs continued to struggle losing their next four games to stand at 1-8 . The Chiefs would go on to finish with a disappointing 4-11 record , a year after making the playoffs in 1986 ."}]}, {'value': 'Matt Stevens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Stevens_(quarterback)', 'summary': 'Matthew Anthony Stevens ( born July 30 , 1964 ) is a retired professional American football quarterback who played one season in the National Football League . He played for the Kansas City Chiefs following the 1987 NFL strike . He played in three games for the Chiefs , starting two of them . He played high school football at Fountain Valley High School and collegiate football at UCLA .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'UCLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_UCLA_Bruins_football_team', 'summary': "The 1986 UCLA Bruins football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Los Angeles during the 1986 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their 11th year under head coach Terry Donahue , the Bruins compiled an 8-3-1 record ( 5-2-1 Pac-10 ) , finished in a tie for second place in the Pacific-10 Conference , and were ranked # 12 in the final AP Poll . The Bruins went on to defeat BYU in the 1986 Freedom Bowl . On November 1 , 1986 , UCLA 's defense scored three touchdowns against Oregon State . UCLA 's offensive leaders in 1986 were quarterback Matt Stevens with 1,869 passing yards , running back Gaston Green with 1,405 rushing yards , and wide receiver Flipper Anderson with 675 receiving yards ."}]}, {'value': 'Pac-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-12_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable undrafted players', 'section_text': '† = Pro Bowler [ 3 ]', 'uid': '1987_NFL_Draft_0', 'intro': 'The 1987 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held April 28-29, 1987, at the Marriot Marquis in New York City, New York. The league also held a supplemental draft after the regular draft and before the regular season.'} | null | null | Which team did the player born on born May 7 , 1965 play for ? | Tulsa |
07f9e2c2edb7a10f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telly_Leung', 'title': 'Telly Leung', 'header': ['Year', 'Play', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '2002-2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flower Drum Song', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flower_Drum_Song', 'summary': "Flower Drum Song was the eighth musical by the team of Rodgers and Hammerstein . It is based on the 1957 novel , The Flower Drum Song , by Chinese-American author C. Y. Lee . It premiered on Broadway in 1958 and was then performed in the West End and on tour . It was adapted for a 1961 musical film . After their extraordinary early successes , beginning with Oklahoma ! in 1943 , Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II had written two musicals in the 1950s that did not do well and sought a new hit to revive their fortunes . Lee 's novel focuses on a father , Wang Chi-yang , a wealthy refugee from China , who clings to traditional values in San Francisco 's Chinatown . Rodgers and Hammerstein shifted the focus of the musical to his son , Wang Ta , who is torn between his Chinese roots and assimilation into American culture . The team hired Gene Kelly to make his debut as a stage director with the musical and scoured the country for a suitable Asian - or at least , plausibly Asian-looking - cast . The musical , much lighter-hearted than Lee 's novel , was profitable on Broadway and was followed by a national tour . After the release of the 1961 film version , the musical was rarely produced , as it presented casting issues and fears that Asian-Americans would take offense at how they are portrayed . When it was put on the stage , lines and songs that might be offensive were often cut ."}]}, {'value': 'Ensemble', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August Wilson Theatre ; Understudy for Wang Ta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/August_Wilson_Theatre', 'summary': 'The August Wilson Theatre is a Broadway theatre located at 245 West 52nd Street in midtown Manhattan . The theatre , named after Pulitzer-Prize winning playwright August Wilson ( 2005 ) , is owned and operated by Jordan Roth of Jujamcyn Theaters . The theatre has 1,222 seats , and its longest-running show was Jersey Boys ( 2005-2017 ) . Since April of 2018 , the Tony Award-nominated musical , Mean Girls has been running at the August Wilson .'}]}, {'value': '2004-2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pacific Overtures', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacific_Overtures', 'summary': "Pacific Overtures is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim , and a book by John Weidman . The show is set in Japan beginning in 1853 and follows the difficult westernization of Japan , told from the point of view of the Japanese . In particular , the story focuses on the lives of two friends caught in the change . Sondheim wrote the score in a quasi-Japanese style of parallel 4ths and no leading tone . He did not use the pentatonic scale ; the 4th degree of the major scale is represented from the opening number through the finale , as Sondheim found just five pitches too limiting . The music contrasts Japanese contemplation ( There is No Other Way ) with Western ingenuousness ( Please Hello ) while over the course of the 127 years , Western harmonies , tonality and even lyrics are infused into the score . The score is generally considered to be one of Sondheim 's most ambitious and sophisticated efforts . The original Broadway production of Pacific Overtures in 1976 was staged in Kabuki style , with men playing women 's parts and set changes made in full view of the audience by black-clad stagehands . It opened to mixed reviews and closed after six months , despite being nominated for ten Tony Awards . Given its unusual casting and production demands , Pacific Overtures remains one of Stephen Sondheim 's least-performed musicals . The show is occasionally staged by opera companies . The cast requires an abundance of gifted male Asian actors who must play male and female parts ."}]}, {'value': 'Ensemble', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Studio 54 ; Understudy for Kayama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Studio_54', 'summary': "Studio 54 is a former nightclub and currently a Broadway theatre , located at 254 West 54th Street , between Eighth Avenue and Broadway in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . The building opened in 1927 as the Gallo Opera House . It operated as an entertainment venue under various names until 1942 , when CBS began using it as a radio and television studio dubbed Studio 52 . In 1977 , Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager opened a nightclub in the building , retaining many of former TV and theatrical sets and naming it for its street . Launched at the peak of the disco dancing and music trend , the club became world-famous , noted for its celebrity guest lists , restrictive ( and subjective ) entry policies ( based on one 's appearance and style ) , and open club drug use . In 1980 , the club shut down after its founders were convicted for evading taxes . They sold the club to Mark Fleischman , who reopened it , then sold it in 1984 to new owners , who closed it in 1986 . Since November 1998 , the site has served as a venue for productions of the Roundabout Theatre Company and retains the name Studio 54 . A separate restaurant and nightclub , Feinstein's/54 Below , operates in the basement of the building ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thoroughly Modern Millie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thoroughly_Modern_Millie_(musical)', 'summary': 'Thoroughly Modern Millie is a musical with music by Jeanine Tesori , lyrics by Dick Scanlan , and a book by Richard Morris and Scanlan . It is based on the 1967 film of the same name , which itself was based on the British musical Chrysanthemum , which opened in London in 1956 . Thoroughly Modern Millie tells the story of a small-town girl , Millie Dillmount , who comes to New York City to marry for money instead of love - a thoroughly modern aim in 1922 , when women were just entering the workforce . Millie soon begins to take delight in the flapper lifestyle , but problems arise when she checks into a hotel owned by the leader of a white slavery ring in China . The style of the musical is comic pastiche . Like the film on which it is based , it interpolates new tunes with some previously written songs . After previews at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego , California , in October 2000 , the show opened on Broadway on April 18 , 2002 . The production subsequently won six 2002 Tony Awards , including Best Musical . Due to the success of the original Broadway production , there was both a United States tour and a West End production launched in 2003 , followed by a United Kingdom tour in 2005 . The musical has since become a popular choice for high school productions . However , the racial discrimination controversy of the musical has never stopped , being described as a piece [ that ] walks the line of being entertaining and highly offensive .'}]}, {'value': 'Bun Foo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regional', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wicked', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wicked_(musical)', 'summary': "Wicked is a Broadway musical by Stephen Schwartz and book by Winnie Holzman . It is based on the Gregory Maguire novel Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West ( published in 1995 ) , itself a retelling of the classic 1900 novel , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum and the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) . The musical is told from the perspective of the witches of the Land of Oz ; its plot begins before and continues after Dorothy Gale arrives in Oz from Kansas , and includes several references to the 1939 film and Baum 's novel . Wicked tells the story of two unlikely friends , Elphaba ( the Wicked Witch of the West ) and Galinda ( whose name later changes to Glinda the Good Witch ) , who struggle through opposing personalities and viewpoints , rivalry over the same love-interest , reactions to the Wizard 's corrupt government , and , ultimately , Elphaba 's public fall from grace . Produced by Universal Stage Productions in coalition with Marc Platt , Jon B. Platt and David Stone , with direction by Joe Mantello and choreography by Wayne Cilento , the original production of Wicked premiered on Broadway at the Gershwin Theatre in October 2003 , after completing pre-Broadway tryouts at San Francisco 's Curran Theatre in May/June of that same year . Its original stars included Idina Menzel as Elphaba , Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda , and Joel Grey as the Wizard . The original Broadway production won three Tony Awards and seven Drama Desk Awards , while its original cast album received a Grammy Award . Wicked celebrated its tenth anniversary on Broadway on October 30 , 2013 . On October 28 , 2019 , with its 6,681st performance , it surpassed Les Misérables to become Broadway 's fifth-longest running show . A typical performance takes approximately two hours and 30 minutes , plus a 15-minute intermission . The success of the Broadway production has spawned several other productions worldwide , including various North American productions , a long-running Laurence Olivier Award-nominated West End production , and a series of international productions . Since its 2003 debut , Wicked has broken box-office records around the world , currently holding weekly-gross-takings records in Los Angeles , Chicago , St. Louis , and London ."}]}, {'value': 'Boq / Tin Woodman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boq', 'summary': "Boq is a minor character in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum . He becomes a more prominent character in Gregory Maguire 's 1995 novel Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West , which purports to show the lives of some of Baum 's characters from another perspective , and more prominent still in the 2003 Broadway musical Wicked which is based on Maguire 's novel ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tin_Woodman', 'summary': "The Tin Woodman , also known as the Tin Man or -- mistakenly -- the Tin Woodsman , is a character in the fictional Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum . Baum 's Tin Woodman first appeared in his classic 1900 book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and reappeared in many other subsequent Oz books in the series . In late 19th-century America , men made out of various tin pieces were used in advertising and political cartoons . Baum , who was editing a magazine on decorating shop windows when he wrote The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , was reportedly inspired to invent the Tin Woodman by a figure he had built out of metal parts for a shop display ."}]}, {'value': 'Oriental Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oriental_Theatre_(Chicago)', 'summary': 'The James M. Nederlander Theatre is a theater located at 24 West Randolph Street in the Loop area of downtown Chicago , Illinois . The venue opened in 1926 as the Oriental Theatre , a deluxe movie palace and vaudeville venue . Today the Nederlander presents live Broadway theater and is operated by Broadway In Chicago , currently seating 2,253 . The theater house is located in what was the New Masonic office building and both were listed in 1978 on the National Register of Historic Places as New Masonic Building and Oriental Theater . The office building is now a hotel . In 2019 , the theater was re-named for impresario , James M. Nederlander , of the Nederlander Organization .'}]}, {'value': '2006-2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rent_(musical)', 'summary': "Rent is a rock musical with music , lyrics , and book by Jonathan Larson , loosely based on Giacomo Puccini 's opera La Bohème . It tells the story of a group of impoverished young artists struggling to survive and create a life in Lower Manhattan 's East Village in the thriving days of Bohemian Alphabet City , under the shadow of HIV/AIDS . The musical was first seen in a workshop production at New York Theatre Workshop in 1993 . This same Off-Broadway theatre was also the musical 's initial home following its official 1996 opening . The show 's creator , Jonathan Larson , died suddenly of an aortic dissection , believed to have been caused by undiagnosed Marfan syndrome , the night before the Off-Broadway premiere . The musical moved to Broadway 's larger Nederlander Theatre on April 29 , 1996 . On Broadway , Rent gained critical acclaim and won several awards , including the Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the Tony Award for Best Musical . The Broadway production closed on September 7 , 2008 , after 12 years , making it one of the longest-running shows on Broadway . The production grossed over $ 280 million . The success of the show led to several national tours and numerous foreign productions . In 2005 , it was adapted into a motion picture featuring most of the original cast members ."}]}, {'value': 'Ensemble', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nederlander Theatre and National tour ; Understudy for Angel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nederlander_Theatre', 'summary': "The David T. Nederlander Theatre ( formerly the Billy Rose Theatre and National Theatre , commonly shortened to the Nederlander Theatre ) is a 1,232-seat Broadway theater located at 208 West 41st Street , in New York City . It is one of the Nederlander Organization 's nine Broadway theaters . Since 1980 it has been named for 20th century American theater impresario David Tobias Nederlander . It is the southernmost theater in the theater district ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rent_(musical)', 'summary': "Rent is a rock musical with music , lyrics , and book by Jonathan Larson , loosely based on Giacomo Puccini 's opera La Bohème . It tells the story of a group of impoverished young artists struggling to survive and create a life in Lower Manhattan 's East Village in the thriving days of Bohemian Alphabet City , under the shadow of HIV/AIDS . The musical was first seen in a workshop production at New York Theatre Workshop in 1993 . This same Off-Broadway theatre was also the musical 's initial home following its official 1996 opening . The show 's creator , Jonathan Larson , died suddenly of an aortic dissection , believed to have been caused by undiagnosed Marfan syndrome , the night before the Off-Broadway premiere . The musical moved to Broadway 's larger Nederlander Theatre on April 29 , 1996 . On Broadway , Rent gained critical acclaim and won several awards , including the Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the Tony Award for Best Musical . The Broadway production closed on September 7 , 2008 , after 12 years , making it one of the longest-running shows on Broadway . The production grossed over $ 280 million . The success of the show led to several national tours and numerous foreign productions . In 2005 , it was adapted into a motion picture featuring most of the original cast members ."}]}, {'value': 'Angel Schunard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hollywood Bowl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hollywood_Bowl', 'summary': 'The Hollywood Bowl is an amphitheater in the Hollywood Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles , California . It was named one of the 10 best live music venues in America by Rolling Stone magazine in 2018 . The Hollywood Bowl is known for its band shell , a distinctive set of concentric arches that graced the site from 1929 through 2003 , before being replaced with a larger one beginning in the 2004 season . The shell is set against the backdrop of the Hollywood Hills and the famous Hollywood Sign to the northeast . The bowl refers to the shape of the concave hillside the amphitheater is carved into . The Bowl is owned by the County of Los Angeles and is the home of the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra , the summer home of the Los Angeles Philharmonic , and the host venue to hundreds of musical events each year . [ citation needed ] It is located at 2301 North Highland Avenue , west of the ( former ) French Village , north of Hollywood Boulevard and the Hollywood/Highland subway station , and south of Route 101 .'}]}, {'value': '2011-2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Godspell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Godspell', 'summary': 'Godspell is a musical composed by Stephen Schwartz with the book by John-Michael Tebelak . The show opened Off-Broadway on May 17 , 1971 , and has since been produced by multiple touring companies and in many revivals . The 2011 revival played on Broadway from October 13 , 2011 , through June 24 , 2012 . The musical is structured as a series of parables , primarily based on the Gospel of Matthew . The parables are interspersed with music set primarily to lyrics from traditional hymns , with the passion of Christ appearing briefly near the end of the show . Godspell began as a project by drama students at Carnegie Mellon University and then moved to the Off-Off-Broadway theater La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club in the East Village of Manhattan . The show was then rescored for an Off-Broadway production , which became a long-running success . An abbreviated one-act version of the musical has been produced under the title Godspell Junior . Several cast albums have been released over the years . Day by Day , from the original cast album , reached # 13 on the Billboard pop singles chart in the summer of 1972 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ensemble', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Circle in the Square Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Circle_in_the_Square_Theatre', 'summary': 'The Circle in the Square Theatre is a Broadway theatre in midtown Manhattan at 235 West 50th Street in the Paramount Plaza building . It is one of two Broadway theaters that use a thrust stage that extends into the audience on three sides .'}]}, {'value': '2012 , 2015-2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Allegiance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allegiance_(musical)', 'summary': 'Allegiance is a musical with music and lyrics by Jay Kuo and a book by Marc Acito , Kuo and Lorenzo Thione . The story , set during the Japanese American internment of World War II ( with a framing story set in the present day ) , was inspired by the personal experiences of George Takei , who stars in the musical . It follows the Kimura family in the years following the attack on Pearl Harbor , as they are forced to leave their farm in Salinas , California and are sent to the Heart Mountain internment camp in the rural plains of Wyoming . The musical began development in 2008 and premiered in September 2012 in San Diego , California . It played on Broadway from October 2015 to February 2016 . Reviews on Broadway were mixed , although the cast was generally praised .'}]}, {'value': 'Young Sam Kimura', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Globe Theatre , Longacre Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Globe_Theatre', 'summary': 'The Old Globe is a professional theatre company located in Balboa Park in San Diego , California . It produces about 15 plays and musicals annually in summer and winter seasons . Plays are performed in three separate theatres in the complex , which is collectively called the Simon Edison Centre for the Performing Arts :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Longacre_Theatre', 'summary': 'The Longacre Theatre is a Broadway theatre located at 220 West 48th Street in Midtown Manhattan .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Secret Garden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Secret_Garden_(musical)', 'summary': "The Secret Garden is a musical based on the 1911 novel of the same name by Frances Hodgson Burnett . The musical 's script and lyrics are by Marsha Norman , with music by Lucy Simon . It premiered on Broadway in 1991 and ran for 709 performances . The story is set in the early years of the 20th century . [ n 1 ] Mary Lennox , a young English girl born and raised in the British Raj , is orphaned by a cholera outbreak when she is ten years old . She is sent away from India to Yorkshire , England , to live with relatives whom she has never met . Her own personality blossoms as she and a young gardener bring new life to a neglected garden , as well as to her sickly cousin and uncle ."}]}, {'value': 'Fakir Bastiaan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Geffen Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Geffen_Hall', 'summary': "David Geffen Hall is a concert hall in New York City 's Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts complex on Manhattan 's Upper West Side . The 2,738 seat auditorium opened in 1962 , and is the home of the New York Philharmonic . The facility , designed by Max Abramovitz , was originally named Philharmonic Hall and was renamed Avery Fisher Hall in honor of philanthropist Avery Fisher , who donated $ 10.5 million ( $ 60 million today ) to the orchestra in 1973 . In November 2014 , Lincoln Center officials announced Fisher 's name would be removed from the Hall so that naming rights could be sold to the highest bidder as part of a $ 500 million fund-raising campaign to refurbish the Hall . In 2015 , the hall was renamed David Geffen Hall after Geffen donated $ 100 million to the Lincoln Center ."}]}, {'value': '2016-2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/In_Transit_(musical)', 'summary': 'In Transit is a musical with book , music and lyrics by Kristen Anderson-Lopez , James-Allen Ford , Russ Kaplan and Sara Wordsworth . The musical , performed entirely a cappella , ran Off-Broadway in 2010 , and on Broadway in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Steven', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Circle in the Square', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Circle_in_the_Square', 'summary': 'The Circle in the Square Theatre is a Broadway theatre in midtown Manhattan at 235 West 50th Street in the Paramount Plaza building . It is one of two Broadway theaters that use a thrust stage that extends into the audience on three sides .'}]}, {'value': '2017-2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aladdin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aladdin_(2011_musical)', 'summary': "Aladdin is a Broadway musical based on the 1992 Disney animated film of the same name with a book by Chad Beguelin , music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Howard Ashman , Tim Rice and Beguelin . It resurrects three songs written by Menken and Ashman for the film but not used , and adds four songs written by Menken and Beguelin . Set in the fictional Arabian city of Agrabah , the story follows the familiar tale of a poor young man who is granted three wishes by a genie in a lamp , which he uses to woo a princess and to thwart the sultan 's evil Grand Vizier . Aladdin premiered at the 5th Avenue Theatre in Seattle in 2011 . After several regional and international productions in 2012 , the musical was given a Toronto tryout in 2013 . The Broadway production opened at the New Amsterdam Theatre on March 20 , 2014 and has been produced globally since . It is the 11th highest-grossing Broadway production of all time , having grossed over $ 400 million at the Broadway theatre as of May 2019 [ update ] . It has been seen in theatres by about 11 million people worldwide , as of September 2018 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Aladdin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Amsterdam Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Amsterdam_Theatre', 'summary': "The New Amsterdam Theatre is a Broadway theatre located at 214 West 42nd Street between Seventh and Eighth Avenues in the Theater District of Manhattan , New York City , off of Times Square . It was built in 1902-1903 and was designed by the architecture firm of Henry Hertz and Hugh Tallant ; the Roof Garden , where more risqué productions were presented , and which no longer exists , was added in 1904 , designed by the same firm . The remainder of the building was utilized for offices . From 1913 to 1927 , the theatre was the home of the Ziegfeld Follies , whose producer , Florenz Ziegfeld , Jr. , maintained an office in the building , and operated a nightclub on the roof . George White 's Scandals and Eva LeGallienne 's Civic Repertory Theatre were subsequent tenants . It was used as a movie theatre beginning in 1937 , closed in 1985 , and was leased by The Walt Disney Company and renovated by Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer in 1995-97 to be the flagship for Disney Theatrical Productions presentations on Broadway . Both the Beaux-Arts exterior and the Art Nouveau interior of the building are New York City landmarks , having been designated in 1979 . In addition , the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 . Along with the Hudson and Lyceum Theatres , also built in 1903 , the New Amsterdam is one of the oldest surviving Broadway venues ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable roles', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Telly_Leung_0', 'intro': 'Telly Leung (born January 3, 1980) is an American actor, singer and songwriter. He is known for his work in musical theatre on Broadway and for his role as Wes, a member of the Dalton Academy Warblers on the Fox comedy-drama series Glee. In 2011, he starred in the Broadway revival of Godspell at the Circle in the Square Theatre. Leung was named one of 12 Faces to Watch in 2012: Dance, Theater, Architecture, and Art by the Los Angeles Times.'} | null | null | What role did Telly Leung play at an amphitheater carved into a hillside ? | Angel Schunard |
07fe287ec0c9fe0f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Oregon_judges', 'title': 'List of Oregon judges', 'header': ['Order', 'Name', 'Years on the Court'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matthew Deady', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Deady', 'summary': "Matthew Paul Deady ( May 12 , 1824 - March 24 , 1893 ) was a politician and jurist in the Oregon Territory and the state of Oregon of the United States . He served on the Oregon Supreme Court from 1853 to 1859 , at which time he was appointed to the newly created federal court of the state . He served as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon in Portland , as the sole Judge until his death in 1893 . While on the court he presided over the trial that led to the United States Supreme Court decision of Pennoyer v. Neff concerning personal jurisdiction . Prior to joining the court , Deady served in the legislature of the Oregon Territory , including time served as the President of the Council , and was elected as President of the Oregon Constitutional Convention in 1857 . A native of the state of Maryland , his first profession was as a blacksmith . He would also spend time as a teacher in both Ohio and Oregon . Deady read law in Ohio and practiced law for a time in that state before immigrating to the Oregon Territory via the Oregon Trail . In Oregon , he helped codify the laws of the state and assisted in the foundation of the Multnomah County Library in Portland . He also was president of the University of Oregon 's board of regents . The university renamed Deady Hall in his honor after his death ."}]}, {'value': '1859-1893', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles B. Bellinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_B._Bellinger', 'summary': 'Charles Byron Bellinger ( November 21 , 1839 - May 12 , 1905 ) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon in Portland , Oregon . A native of Illinois , he also served as a state circuit court judge in Oregon , fought in the Modoc War in 1873 , and was a newspaper editor . Politically , he previously served in the Oregon Legislative Assembly and as clerk to the Oregon Supreme Court .'}]}, {'value': '1893-1905', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles E. Wolverton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_E._Wolverton', 'summary': "Charles Edwin Wolverton ( May 16 , 1851 - September 21 , 1926 ) was an American state and federal judge in the state of Oregon . He was the 18th Chief Justice on the Oregon Supreme Court . He served as the chief twice during his eleven years on Oregon 's highest court , followed by 21 years as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon ."}]}, {'value': '1905-1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert S. Bean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_S._Bean', 'summary': 'Robert Sharp Bean ( November 28 , 1854 - January 7 , 1931 ) was the 16th Chief Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court , serving as Chief Justice three different times . He later served as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon . An Oregon native , he was part of the first graduating class of the University of Oregon .'}]}, {'value': '1909-1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John H. McNary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_H._McNary', 'summary': 'John Hugh McNary ( January 31 , 1867 - October 25 , 1936 ) was an American attorney and jurist in the state of Oregon . He served as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon in Portland . A native of Oregon , he also served as a district attorney and as an assistant district attorney in Salem . His brother Charles would serve as a United States Senator .'}]}, {'value': '1927-1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James A . Fee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_A._Fee', 'summary': 'James Alger Fee ( September 24 , 1888 - August 25 , 1959 ) was a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and previously was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon . A veteran of the United States Army , his first judicial position was with the Oregon Circuit Court . While a federal judge he made national news for his decision during World War II regarding the application of the exclusion orders that had forced those of Japanese heritage from the West Coast .'}]}, {'value': '1931-1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Claude C. McColloch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claude_C._McColloch', 'summary': 'Claude Charles McColloch ( January 14 , 1888 - September 30 , 1959 ) was a member of the Oregon State Senate and later a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon .'}]}, {'value': '1937-1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gus J. Solomon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gus_J._Solomon', 'summary': 'Gus Jerome Solomon ( August 29 , 1906 - February 15 , 1987 ) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon .'}]}, {'value': '1949-1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William G. East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_G._East', 'summary': 'William G. East ( April 25 , 1908 - April 27 , 1985 ) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon .'}]}, {'value': '1955-1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Kilkenny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Kilkenny', 'summary': 'John Francis Kilkenny ( October 26 , 1901 - February 17 , 1995 ) was a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and previously was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon .'}]}, {'value': '1959-1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert C. Belloni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_C._Belloni', 'summary': 'Robert Clinton Belloni ( April 4 , 1919 - November 3 , 1999 ) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon . He was instrumental in upholding Native American fishing rights in the Pacific Northwest .'}]}, {'value': '1967-1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfred Goodwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_Goodwin', 'summary': 'Alfred Theodore Goodwin ( born June 29 , 1923 ) is a Senior United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and previously was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon . He was in the United States Army Captain from 1943 to 1946 . He was in the United States Army Reserve Lieutenant Colonel , JAG Corps from 1960 to 1969 . He was in private practice of law in Eugene , Oregon from 1951 to 1955 . He was a judge on the Circuit Court of the State of Oregon from 1955 to 1960 . He was a judge on the Supreme Court of the State of Oregon from 1960 to 1969 .'}]}, {'value': '1969-1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James M. Burns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_M._Burns_(judge)', 'summary': 'James Milton Burns ( November 24 , 1924 - December 21 , 2001 ) was an American attorney and judge in Oregon . He served as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon .'}]}, {'value': '1972-2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otto R. Skopil Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972-1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helen J. Frye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helen_J._Frye', 'summary': 'Helen Jackson Frye ( December 10 , 1930 - April 21 , 2011 ) was an American judge and attorney in the state of Oregon . She served as a judge of the Oregon Circuit Court and later as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon .'}]}, {'value': '1980-2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Owen M. Panner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Owen_M._Panner', 'summary': 'Owen Murphy Panner ( July 28 , 1924 - December 19 , 2018 ) was an American attorney and jurist from Oregon who served as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon .'}]}, {'value': '1980-2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James A. Redden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_A._Redden', 'summary': "James Anthony Jim Redden Jr. ( born March 13 , 1929 ) is an American judge and politician from Oregon . He is currently a Senior United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon . Before appointment to the bench , he was a trial attorney , and a career Democratic politician , serving as a legislator and in two of the state 's constitutional offices , Treasurer and Attorney General ."}]}, {'value': '1980-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edward Leavy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Leavy', 'summary': 'Edward Leavy ( born August 14 , 1929 ) is a Senior United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and a former judge for the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review . Prior to these positions , Leavy was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon .'}]}, {'value': '1984-1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malcolm F. Marsh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malcolm_F._Marsh', 'summary': 'Malcolm Francis Marsh ( born September 24 , 1928 ) is an American attorney and jurist from the state of Oregon . He is a Senior United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon in Portland , Oregon . A native of Oregon , he served as an active judge for eleven years , and was in private legal practice in Salem before that .'}]}, {'value': '1987-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert E. Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_E._Jones_(judge)', 'summary': 'Robert Edward Jones ( born July 5 , 1927 ) is an American politician and Judge in Oregon . He is currently a Senior United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon in Portland . A Portland native , he previously served as the 84th Associate Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court and as a member of the Oregon House of Representatives . Jones was nominated by President George H.W . Bush on February 20 , 1990 , to a seat vacated by James M. Burns . He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 27 , 1990 , and received commission on April 30 , 1990 . Assumed senior status on May 1 , 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '1990-present', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Federal district court', 'section_text': "Seal of the District of Oregon Matthew Deady Upon Oregon 's entry into the Union , the federal government created the United States District Court for the District of Oregon , a federal trial level court . At first there was a single judge , but currently there are six judgeships . [ 11 ] Those who have served as the chief judge are listed in italics . [ 12 ]", 'uid': 'List_of_Oregon_judges_5', 'intro': 'This is a list of Oregon judges that have served within the confines of the United States in the state of Oregon, as well as people from Oregon that have served in federal courts outside of the state. These include judges that served prior to statehood on February 14, 1859, including the judges of the Provisional Government of Oregon. Those listed include judges of the Oregon Supreme Court, the Oregon Tax Court, and the Oregon Court of Appeals at the state level. Judges for the United States District Court for the District of Oregon and judges from Oregon that have served on other federal courts are also listed. The judges of the Oregon circuit courts, who generally serve a single county, are not listed.'} | null | null | Which currently serving judge was once Oregon 's attorney general ? | James A. Redden |
07feb5b9540637cd | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NBA_franchise_post-season_droughts', 'title': 'List of NBA franchise post-season droughts', 'header': ['Franchise', 'Most recent title', 'Division', 'Seasons since win'], 'data': [{'value': 'Charlotte Hornets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Charlotte_Hornets_seasons', 'summary': "The Charlotte Hornets are a professional basketball club based in Charlotte , North Carolina . They are members of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , playing in the Southeast Division of the Eastern Conference . The original Charlotte Hornets franchise played in Charlotte from 1988-2002 before relocating to New Orleans , Louisiana and becoming the New Orleans Hornets . A new franchise , the Charlotte Bobcats , began play in the 2004-05 season . The team played for ten seasons as the Bobcats before adopting the Hornets name again starting in the 2014-15 season . The Hornets name was left available after the New Orleans Hornets renamed themselves the New Orleans Pelicans . As part of a deal between the Bobcats , Pelicans and NBA , the renamed Hornets reclaimed the original Hornets ' history and records from 1988 to 2002 , while all of the Hornets ' history and records from after relocation to New Orleans in 2002 through 2013 remained with the Pelicans . As a result , the Hornets are now reckoned as having suspended operations after the 2001-02 season before returning as the Bobcats in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southeast', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Memphis Grizzlies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Memphis_Grizzlies_seasons', 'summary': 'This is a list of seasons completed by the Memphis Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The team was founded in 1995 as the Vancouver Grizzlies as one of two franchises that joined the NBA for the 1995-96 season . The Grizzlies moved to Memphis after the 2000-01 season .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southwest', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia 76ers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Philadelphia_76ers_seasons', 'summary': "The Philadelphia 76ers , often referred to as the Sixers , are an American professional basketball team based in Philadelphia . The Sixers play in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . In sixty-six NBA seasons , the franchise has played in the NBA Finalsnine times and never won . The Sixers have the third-highest victory total and third most playoff appearances in NBA history . Since 1996 , the Sixers have played home games at Wells Fargo Center . In 1937 , owner Daniel Biasone founded the franchise as the Syracuse Nationals , a member of the National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The Nationals qualified for the playoffs three times then joined the NBA in 1949 , one of seven NBL teams to merge with the rival Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . The Nationals qualified for the playoffs in every season played in Syracuse , advancing to three Finals and Losing . For the 1963-64 season , the year following the departure of the Philadelphia Warriors for San Francisco , the Syracuse Nationals relocated to Philadelphia as the 76ers . The franchise has played fifty-three seasons as the Philadelphia 76ers , with thirty-three playoff appearances and zero championships . The Sixers acquired Philadelphia-native Wilt Chamberlain in 1964 from the Warriors and defeated Chamberlain 's former team in the 1967 Finals , but suffered a sharp fall from grace due to the loss of Chamberlain to retirement and Billy Cunningham to the ABA : in 1972-73 the team won only nine games , the fewest in an 82-game NBA season . Under coaches Gene Shue and Cunningham , and the on-court leadership of forward Julius Erving , the 76ers returned as a power quite rapidly , achieving winning records in all but one season from 1975-76 to 1990-91 ."}]}, {'value': '2000-01', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000–01_Philadelphia_76ers_season', 'summary': "The 2000-01 NBA season was the 76ers 52nd season in the National Basketball Association , and 38th season in Philadelphia . Allen Iverson had his best season in 2001 - he led his team to win their first ten games , he started and won All-Star MVP honors at the All Star Game . The Sixers also posted a 56-26 record , which was best in the Eastern Conference that season . It was the 76ers ' best regular season record since 1984-85 . Iverson averaged a then-career high 31.1 points , winning his second NBA scoring title in the process . He also won the NBA steals title at 2.5 per game . Iverson was named NBA Most Valuable Player for his accomplishments , beating Tim Duncan and Shaquille O'Neal by a wide margin . In addition , coach Larry Brown was named NBA Coach of the Year , Dikembe Mutombo ( who was acquired from the Atlanta Hawks ) won his fourth NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award , and Aaron McKie won the NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award . The season , however , was not without controversy . With the Sixers having a big lead in the Eastern Conference , Theo Ratliff sustained an injury that sidelined him for the season , thus only having Matt Geiger and Todd MacCulloch at center . Ratliff was also selected to play in the 2001 NBA All-Star Game with Iverson , but because of injuries did not play . The Sixers then traded him and Toni Kukoč to Atlanta for Dikembe Mutombo ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sacramento Kings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Sacramento_Kings_seasons', 'summary': 'This article is a list of seasons completed by the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) .'}]}, {'value': '2002-03', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002–03_Sacramento_Kings_season', 'summary': "The 2002-03 NBA season was the Kings ' 54th season in the National Basketball Association , and 18th season in Sacramento . The Kings were coming off their controversial Western Conference Finals defeat to the Los Angeles Lakers , who won the series in seven games . During the offseason , the Kings signed free agent Keon Clark and later on in December signed Jim Jackson . Throughout the season , none of the Kings ' players played a full season via suspension or injury , but they still managed to post a 59-23 record , two games less than their previous output in which they went 61-21 , thus repeating as Pacific Division Champions once again . Bobby Jackson was named Sixth Man of The Year . After easily dispatching the Utah Jazz in five games in the first round , the team started to look like a title contender , but in Game 2 against the Dallas Mavericks in the second round , their title hopes took a serious blow when star forward Chris Webber suffered a knee injury while trying to catch a lob pass from teammate Mike Bibby , ending his season . Webber 's knee required microfracture surgery in the following off-season . Without their team captain and MVP , the Kings lost the series in seven games . Following the season , Hedo Türkoğlu was traded to the San Antonio Spurs , Scot Pollard was traded to the Indiana Pacers , Clark was dealt to the Utah Jazz , and Jackson signed as a free agent with the Houston Rockets . Webber and Peja Stojaković were both voted to play in the 2003 NBA All-Star Game in Atlanta . However , this time , Stojakovic was the only team representative as Webber was forced to withdraw due to a sprained ankle in a home loss against the Utah Jazz . Head coach Rick Adelman was selected to coach the Western Conference All-Stars ."}]}, {'value': 'Pacific', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minnesota Timberwolves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Minnesota_Timberwolves_seasons', 'summary': 'This article is a list of seasons completed by the Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association . The Timberwolves joined the NBA as an expansion team for the 1989-90 NBA season , along with the Orlando Magic .'}]}, {'value': '2003-04', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003–04_Minnesota_Timberwolves_season', 'summary': "The 2003-04 NBA season was the 15th season for the Minnesota Timberwolves in the National Basketball Association . The season is one of the most memorable in Timberwolves history . During the offseason , the Timberwolves signed free agents Michael Olowakandi and Trenton Hassell . With a Western Conference-best 58-24 finish , the Wolves set the franchise record for wins , and won its first and only division championship . Power forward Kevin Garnett averaged 24.2 points , a league-high 13.9 rebounds , 5.0 assists , 1.5 steals and 2.2 blocks per game , winning the regular season Most Valuable Player Award . In the first round of the playoffs , the Timberwolves defeated the Denver Nuggets in five games , which was their first ever win in a playoff series . The Wolves were then pushed to the limit in the semifinals by the Sacramento Kings , who they narrowly defeated in a deciding seventh game . In the Western Conference Finals , they faced the Los Angeles Lakers , who had defeated them in last season 's First Round in six games . The Lakers team was known for its all-star starting lineup of Shaquille O'Neal , Kobe Bryant , Gary Payton and Karl Malone , and were defeated in six games . The Lakers would then go on to lose in the NBA Finals to the Detroit Pistons in five games . They also acquired 4-time All-Star Latrell Sprewell in the off-season . The arrival was seen as controversial as Sprewell was known for his choking incident with then-Warriors head coach P.J ."}]}, {'value': 'Northwest', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brooklyn Nets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Brooklyn_Nets_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Brooklyn Nets professional basketball team . The Nets were founded as the New Jersey Americans in 1967 , a charter franchise of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) . A year later , the team moved to Long Island , New York , and were renamed as the New York Nets . There , behind the play of Hall of Famer Julius Erving , the team won its only two ABA championships : in 1974 and 1976 . After the 1975-76 season , the ABA merged with the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and the Nets were one of four franchises that joined the NBA . After a season of being the second team to represent the state of New York ( the other being the New York Knicks ) , the team moved back to New Jersey as the New Jersey Nets . In the NBA , the Nets have experienced only one period of sustained success , from the 2001-02 season to the 2006-07 season , when led by Jason Kidd they played in the postseason every year and twice reached the NBA Finals , but lost to Shaquille O'Neal-led Los Angeles Lakers in 2002 and then to Tim Duncan-led San Antonio Spurs in 2003 . After 35 seasons in New Jersey , owner Mikhail Prokhorov moved the team to the New York City borough of Brooklyn to become the Brooklyn Nets ."}]}, {'value': '2005-06', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005–06_New_Jersey_Nets_season', 'summary': "The 2005-06 New Jersey Nets season was the team 's 39th season in the NBA . Without Brian Scalabrine , who was signed as a free agent with the Boston Celtics in the offseason . They began the season hoping to improve upon their 42-40 output from the previous season . They bested it by seven wins , finishing 49-33 and qualifying for the playoffs for the fifth consecutive season . The Nets lost in the second round to the eventual champions , the Miami Heat ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phoenix Suns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Phoenix_Suns_seasons', 'summary': "The Phoenix Suns are a professional basketball team based in Phoenix , Arizona , United States . They are members of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Suns began playing in the NBA as an expansion team in the 1968-69 NBA season . In their inaugural season , the Suns posted a win-loss record of 16-66 . They participated in the playoffs only once in their first seven seasons . In the 1975-76 season , a rookie Alvan Adams helped the team reach its first NBA Finals , which they lost to the Boston Celtics 4-2 . Charles Barkley and Steve Nash won the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award while playing for the Suns . Barkley led the Suns to the 1993 NBA Finals , where they lost to the Chicago Bulls . After signing with the Suns in 2004 , Nash led the team to three straight division titles , but after reaching the Conference Finals in 2009-10 the Suns have subsequently experienced their worst period of on-court failure , missing the playoffs for eight consecutive seasons ( the franchise 's previous record playoff drought was five seasons , which happened after the team made the postseason in only their second year of existence during the 1969-70 campaign ) . Despite their failures in the 2010s , the Suns franchise has the NBA 's fourth-best all-time winning percentage , winning 54 percent of its games , as of the end of the 2015-16 season . In their first forty-three seasons , the Suns made the playoffs 29 times , posted nineteen seasons with fifty or more wins , appeared nine times in the Western Conference Finals , and advanced to the NBA Finals in 1976 and 1993 . As a result , based on their all-time winning percentage , the Suns are the most successful franchise to never win an NBA championship ."}]}, {'value': '2006-07', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006–07_Phoenix_Suns_season', 'summary': "The 2006-07 Phoenix Suns season started with the team trying to return to the Western Conference Finals , where they were eliminated in six games by the Dallas Mavericks in the previous season , 2005-06 . After an excellent regular season in which they posted a 61-21 record , in a rematch of last season 's First Round where they came back from a 3-1 deficit , they defeated the Los Angeles Lakers in the opening round of the playoffs in five games , but were narrowly defeated in the Western Conference Semifinals in six games by the more experienced and heavily favored and eventual NBA champion San Antonio Spurs . The Suns ' marketing slogan for the 2006-07 season was Eyes on the Prize . Billboards and bus wraps showed closeups of the eyes of a different Suns player , each face photographed in a strongly tinted purple color ( orange on some ads ) , with small reflections of the NBA championship trophy reflected in the pupils ."}]}, {'value': 'Pacific', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Orleans Pelicans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_New_Orleans_Pelicans_seasons', 'summary': 'The New Orleans Pelicans are a professional basketball team based in New Orleans , Louisiana . They are members of the Southwest Division of the Western Conference in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The franchise began play during the 2002-03 NBA season as the New Orleans Hornets following the relocation of the Charlotte Hornets , based in Charlotte , North Carolina . After three seasons in New Orleans , Hurricane Katrina forced the franchise to temporarily relocate to Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , where they spent two seasons as the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets . The Hornets returned to New Orleans full-time for the 2007-08 season . The team changed its name to the New Orleans Pelicans at the conclusion of the 2012-13 season . Led by All-Star Baron Davis , the New Orleans Hornets qualified for their first post-season appearance during the 2002-03 season . They lost to the Philadelphia 76ers in the first round . The team earned their first division title during the 2007-08 season , behind the play of All-Stars Chris Paul and David West . Finishing with a franchise-best record of 56 wins and 26 losses , the Hornets won the Southwest Division title over the defending champion San Antonio Spurs . They advanced to the Conference Semifinals , where they were defeated by the Spurs in seven games . In 16 seasons , the Pelicans have compiled an overall record of 630-715 all-time .'}]}, {'value': '2007-08', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007–08_New_Orleans_Hornets_season', 'summary': "The 2007-08 New Orleans Hornets season was the Hornets ' 6th season in the National Basketball Association . They returned to New Orleans full-time for the first time since 2004-05 . Although they declined an option to play part of this season at the Ford Center in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , as they did for most of the previous two seasons , they did play their first preseason game at the Ford Center on October 9 for a final curtain call . On February 21 , 2008 Bobby Jackson was traded to the Houston Rockets along with teammate Adam Haluska for Bonzi Wells and Mike James as part of a three team deal involving Houston and the Memphis Grizzlies . Also , Marcus Vinicius was traded to the Rockets where they traded him to the Memphis Grizzlies to gain the rights to Malick Badiane and Sergei Lishouk . The Hornets finished the regular season with a record of 56-26 , good enough for winning the Southwest Division . This title was clinched with their win over the Los Angeles Clippers on April 15 , and marks the first division title for the franchise . Their record also ensured the 2nd seed for the Western Conference playoffs . The Hornets closed the season with a 30-11 record at home along with a 26-15 road record . It is the only season in New Orleans franchise history that they have won 50 games in a season . The Hornet 's accomplishments in the season earned coach Byron Scott the NBA Coach of the Year award . On April 29 won game 5 of their first round playoff series vs. the 7th seeded Dallas Mavericks , thereby winning the series 4-1 ."}]}, {'value': 'Southwest', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Pistons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Detroit_Pistons_seasons', 'summary': 'This is a list of seasons completed by the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association . The franchise was founded in 1941 as the Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons in the National Basketball League and as the Fort Wayne Pistons joined the Basketball Association of America , which was the precursor to the NBA . However , the games won and lost in the NBL are not included in the franchise total . The Pistons have had three main periods of success . In the early years of the NBA the team reached the NBA Finals twice in consecutive years before falling to the Lakers and then to the St. Louis Hawks . Following an extended era of mediocrity the Pistons , led by the Hall of Fame backcourt of Isiah Thomas and Joe Dumars and nicknamed the Bad Boys for their intimidating defence , posted winning records every seasons from 1983-84 to 1991-92 , and after narrowly losing in 1988 , ended the Lakers dynasty of the 1980s the following season and repeated the following year . The Pistons third period of success , with former on-court star Dumars serving as general manager and building a top team from other franchises discards , occurred between 2001-02 and 2007-08 when the team won fifty games or more during every season , including a third NBA title in 2003-04 and a franchise record total of wins two seasons later . The Pistons have experienced two major periods of failure . Between 1956-57 and 1982-83 , the Pistons had just three winning seasons and overall had a winning percentage of .417 , culminating in a combined record of 37-127 ( win percent .226 ) in the 1979-80 and 1980-81 seasons , after which the drafting of Isiah Thomas completely revitalized the franchise . Since 2009-10 , the Pistons have only once finished out of the bottom two in their division or had a winning record . In the six seasons starting in 2009-10 the franchise had an overall record of 172 wins from 476 games or a winning percentage of .361 .'}]}, {'value': '2007-08', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007–08_Detroit_Pistons_season', 'summary': 'The 2007-08 Detroit Pistons season was the 67th season of the franchise , the 60th in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and the 51st in the Detroit area . The Central Division Pistons finished the regular season with a 59-23 record , 14 games ahead of the second place Cavaliers . Their 59 wins were the third most in franchise history . In the NBA Playoffs , Detroit advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals for the sixth consecutive time since 2003 , making them the first team since the 1986-87 Los Angeles Lakers to appear that many consecutive times in their respective Conference Finals . The Pistons lost to the eventual NBA champions Boston Celtics in the Eastern Conference Finals two games to four . Their game 4 win over Boston on May 26 , 2008 remains their most recent playoff victory . Following the season , Flip Saunders was fired as head coach . Detroit played its home games at The Palace of Auburn Hills in Auburn Hills , Michigan , which was sold out for each of the 41 regular season home games and all nine playoff games . The Pistons wore the # 50 on the upper left side of their jerseys in honor of the 50th anniversary of them playing in Detroit . This season is the last time until the 2015-16 NBA season that the Pistons had a winning record .'}]}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dallas Mavericks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Dallas_Mavericks_seasons', 'summary': "The Dallas Mavericks are an American professional basketball team based in Dallas , Texas . They are members of the Southwest Division of the Western Conference in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Mavericks began playing in the NBA as an expansion team in the 1980-81 season . In their inaugural season , they posted a win-loss record of 15 - 67 . From 1983 to 1990 , the Mavericks , led by key players including Mark Aguirre , Brad Davis and Rolando Blackman , made the postseason six out of seven times , appearing in the Conference Finals in 1988 . For the rest of the decade the Mavericks were dreadful : they bottomed out with an 11 - 71 record and the worst average point differential in NBA history during the 1992-93 season . This was followed by a 13-69 mark in the 1993-94 season - easily the worst two-season record in NBA history - and the Mavericks did not win more than thirty-six games in any season until 1999-2000 . The Mavericks returned to prominence in the 2000s , coinciding with the franchise 's purchase by Mark Cuban . Leading by the trio of Dirk Nowitzki , Michael Finley and Steve Nash , they returned to the playoffs in 2001 and to the Conference Finals in 2003 . While Nash and Finley left in 2004 and 2005 respectively , Nowitzki emerged as the teams leader , leading the Mavericks to their first NBA Finals appearance in 2006 , only to lose to the Miami Heat . After a series of early exits from the playoffs , the Mavericks returned to the NBA Finals again in 2011 , also against the Heat , and won their first NBA Championship . The Mavericks have played 36 seasons , and advanced to the playoffs in 21 of those seasons ."}]}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–10_Dallas_Mavericks_season', 'summary': 'The 2009-10 Dallas Mavericks season was the 30th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Southwest', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Lakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Los_Angeles_Lakers_seasons', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Lakers are an American professional basketball team based in Los Angeles , California that competes in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , which was formerly called the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . Since 1999 , the Lakers have played their home games at Staples Center . The Lakers ' franchise was founded in 1947 in Minneapolis , Minnesota . The first owners purchased the disbanded Gems from Detroit , Michigan , then renamed and moved the team . It was in Minneapolis where the Lakers received their official title from Minnesota 's nickname , Land of 10,000 Lakes . The Lakers won five championships before relocating to Los Angeles for the 1960-61 NBA season . The Lakers went on to lose all of their six appearances in the NBA Finals in the 1960s , despite the presence of Elgin Baylor and Jerry West . In 1972 , the Lakers compiled a 33-game winning streak , the longest streak in U.S. professional team sports , and won their sixth title , under coach Bill Sharman . The Lakers ' popularity soared in the 1980s when they won five additional championships during a nine-year span with the help of Hall of Famers Magic Johnson , Kareem Abdul-Jabbar , James Worthy and coach Pat Riley , the franchise 's all-time leader in both regular season and playoff games coached and wins . Two of those championships during that span were against their arch-rivals , the Boston Celtics . With the help of Shaquille O'Neal , Kobe Bryant , and Hall of Fame coach Phil Jackson , the Lakers played in seven NBA Finals between 2000 and 2010 , winning three of them consecutively from 2000 to 2002 , losing the next two in 2004 and 2008 , and winning in 2009 and 2010 ; the last three appearances were without O'Neal . The Lakers hold records for having ( at the end of the 2014-15 NBA season ) the most wins ( 3,125 ) , the highest winning percentage ( .620 ) , the most NBA Finals appearances ( 31 ) of any NBA franchise , second-fewest non-playoff seasons with seven and are second NBA championships with 16 , behind the Boston Celtics ' 17 ."}]}, {'value': '2011-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011–12_Los_Angeles_Lakers_season', 'summary': "The 2011-12 Los Angeles Lakers season was the 64th season of the franchise , its 63rd season in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and its 52nd season in Los Angeles . For the first time since 2005 , Phil Jackson did not return as the Lakers coach and replaced by former Cleveland Cavaliers head coach Mike Brown . Following the 2011 NBA lockout each team only played 66 games instead of the usual 82 . At midseason they traded longtime point guard Derek Fisher to the Houston Rockets for Jordan Hill and longtime forward Luke Walton to the Cleveland Cavaliers for Ramon Sessions . The Lakers finished 41-25 , winning the Pacific Division for the 33rd time . They finished the season as the # 3 seed in the Western Conference . In the playoffs , they lost to the Oklahoma City Thunder 1-4 in the Western Conference semi-finals . This season marked Kobe Bryant 's final career playoff appearance . During this season , the Lakers were supposed to acquire Chris Paul from the New Orleans Hornets in a three-team deal that would send Lamar Odom , Goran Dragic , Luis Scola , and Kevin Martin to the Hornets and Pau Gasol to the Houston Rockets , but then-NBA Commissioner David Stern had later vetoed the trade . Following the season , Andrew Bynum was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers in a three-team deal ."}]}, {'value': 'Pacific', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Bulls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Chicago_Bulls_seasons', 'summary': "The Chicago Bulls are a National Basketball Association ( NBA ) team based in Chicago , Illinois . Dick Klein founded the Bulls in 1966 after a number of other professional basketball teams in Chicago had failed . [ a ] In their 50 seasons , the Bulls have achieved a winning record 25 times , and have appeared in the NBA playoffs 34 times . They received international recognition in the 1990s when All-Star shooting guard Michael Jordan led them to their six league championships . The only two NBA franchises that have won more championships than the Bulls are the Boston Celtics ( 17 championships ) and Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) . The Bulls initially competed in the NBA 's Western Division . The Western Division was renamed the Western Conference in 1970 , and was split into the Midwest and Pacific Divisions . The Bulls played in the Midwest Division until 1980 , when they moved to the Central Division of the Eastern Conference ."}]}, {'value': '2011-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011–12_Chicago_Bulls_season', 'summary': 'The 2011-12 Chicago Bulls season was the 46th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Bulls finished the lockout-shortened season with a 50-16 record and ended as the number one seed in the Eastern Conference for a second consecutive season . Chicago started their playoff run on April 28 , taking Game 1 of the first round against the Philadelphia 76ers at the United Center . However , that victory was marred with the season-ending injury of point guard and reigning MVP Derrick Rose , who tore his anterior cruciate ligament in the final minutes of the game . Chicago then lost three games in a row and were also without the services of starting center Joakim Noah for Games 4 and 5 of the series following an injury in his left ankle during Game 3 in Philadelphia . The Bulls won one more game at home before losing the series 2-4 in Philadelphia and became the fifth number one seed in league history to lose a playoffs series against a number eight seed , following the Seattle SuperSonics in 1994 , the Miami Heat in 1999 , the Dallas Mavericks in 2007 , and the San Antonio Spurs in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Knicks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_New_York_Knicks_seasons', 'summary': "The New York Knickerbockers , better known as the New York Knicks , are a professional basketball team based in New York City that competes in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . An original member of the NBA , the Knicks play in the Eastern Conference 's Atlantic Division . In its 73 seasons , the franchise has reached the NBA Finals eight times and won two championships . As of the end of the 2018-19 season , New York has won more than 2,700 regular season games , and the team has the fourth-highest victory total in NBA history . Since 1968 , the Knicks have played home games at Madison Square Garden . One of the Basketball Association of America 's ( BAA ) eleven teams during its inaugural season , the Knicks won the league 's first game , defeating the Toronto Huskies 68-66 on November 1 , 1946 . The club qualified for the playoffs in the league 's first three seasons before the BAA merged with the National Basketball League in 1949 to form the NBA . Following the merger , New York extended its streak of playoff appearances to nine consecutive years , and reached the NBA Finals each year from 1952 to 1954 . The Knicks returned to the Finals in 1970 and defeated the Los Angeles Lakers in seven games for the team 's first title . New York and Los Angeles faced each other again in the 1972 Finals , a series that the Lakers won four games to one . The Knicks earned their second NBA championship the following year , as they won a rematch with Los Angeles in five games . From 1988 to 2001 , the franchise reached the playoffs in fourteen consecutive seasons , but did not win an NBA title ."}]}, {'value': '2012-13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012–13_New_York_Knicks_season', 'summary': "The 2012-13 New York Knicks season was the 67th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . They clinched a playoff berth on March 22 , 2013 , with a win over the Toronto Raptors , and clinched the Atlantic division title on April 9 against the Washington Wizards . In the playoffs , the Knicks defeated the Boston Celtics in six games in the first round , before falling to the Indiana Pacers in the conference semifinals in six games . This was the Knicks ' first Atlantic division title since the 1993-94 season , their highest win total since the 1996-97 season , their first 50-win season as well as the first time they advanced past the first round since the 1999-2000 season . As of 2019 , the Knicks have not returned to the playoffs since this season ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana Pacers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Indiana_Pacers_seasons', 'summary': 'The Indiana Pacers are a professional basketball team based in Indianapolis , Indiana , United States . They are members of the Central Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Pacers were founded in 1967 , originally as members of the American Basketball Association , where they were crowned league champions three times and made the playoffs in all of the nine seasons they participated in the league . The Pacers were led during the ABA days by two-time MVP Mel Daniels and by head coach Bobby Leonard . The 1976-77 season marked the first season of NBA play for the Pacers and the team struggled early , compared to their ABA success . The Pacers only made it to the NBA playoffs three times in their first 13 seasons . The Pacers would not win their first playoff series until the 1993-94 season , which came against the Orlando Magic . It was during this time that the Pacers were led by 1987 draft pick , Reggie Miller , who entered the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2012 . Miller would play for the Pacers until the 2005 season and with his help , the Pacers would go on to win one Eastern Conference championship , four Central Division championships , and make 15 playoff appearances . Over the Pacers 49 seasons of play they have made the playoffs 32 times ( 23 in the NBA and 9 in the ABA ) . The Pacers have appeared in the NBA Eastern Conference Finals eight times ( 1994 , 1995 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2004 , 2013 , 2014 ) and advanced to the NBA Finals in 2000 , where they eventually lost to the Los Angeles Lakers 4-2 . The Pacers are one of 11 franchises to have never won an NBA championship and the only Central Division team without at least one title .'}]}, {'value': '2013-14', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013–14_Indiana_Pacers_season', 'summary': "The 2013-14 Indiana Pacers season was Indiana 's 47th season as a franchise and 38th season in the NBA . The Pacers marked their best start in franchise history , 16-1 . In the playoffs , the Pacers defeated the Atlanta Hawks in seven games in the First Round , and the Washington Wizards in six games in the Semifinals to advance to the Conference Finals for the second straight year , only again to be stopped by the two-time defending NBA champion Miami Heat in six games , making it the third straight year that the Pacers had their playoff run ended by the Heat . Miami would go on to lose to a rejuvenated San Antonio Spurs team in a five-game NBA Finals series . The team 's season roster is featured in NBA 2K18 ."}]}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Clippers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Los_Angeles_Clippers_seasons', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Clippers are a professional basketball team based in Los Angeles , California . They play in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and are a member of the NBA Western Conference 's Pacific Division . The Clippers were founded in 1970 as the Buffalo Braves . They were one of three franchises that joined the NBA as an expansion team in the 1970-71 season . The Braves moved to San Diego , California after the 1977-78 season , and became known as the San Diego Clippers . For the 1984-85 NBA season , the Clippers moved north to Los Angeles and became known as the Los Angeles Clippers . On October 14 , 1970 , the Braves beat the Cleveland Cavaliers 107-92 in their first game . In the 1972 NBA Draft , the Braves selected Bob McAdoo , who later won such awards as Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player . During McAdoo 's years ( 1972-76 ) with the franchise , the Braves reached the post-season three times and had a record of nine wins and 13 losses during that time . Overall , the Clippers have qualified for the post-season fourteen times ; most recently in the 2018-19 season . They passed the first round of the playoffs five times ( 1975-76 , 2005-06 , 2011-12 , 2013-14 and 2014-15 ) . The Clippers have never won league or Conference titles ."}]}, {'value': '2013-14', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013–14_Los_Angeles_Clippers_season', 'summary': 'The 2013-14 Los Angeles Clippers season is the 44th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , their 36th season in Southern California , and their 30th season in Los Angeles . In the playoffs , the Clippers defeated the Golden State Warriors in seven games in the First Round , but lost to the Oklahoma City Thunder in six games in the Semifinals .'}]}, {'value': 'Pacific', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta Hawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Atlanta_Hawks_seasons', 'summary': 'This is a list of seasons completed by the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The 2014-15 season was the first time the franchise won at least 60 games in a regular season , in either St. Louis or Atlanta .'}]}, {'value': '2014-15', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014–15_Atlanta_Hawks_season', 'summary': 'The 2014-15 Atlanta Hawks season was the 65th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the 47th in Atlanta . Their Southeast Division championship was the first for the Hawks since winning the Central Division in 1994 . It was the best finish by the team since finishing first in the Eastern Conference during the 1993-94 season . This was the first time since the Southeast Division was created for the 2004-05 season that the division title was not won by a team from the state of Florida . The Hawks finished the season with a 60-22 record for a franchise high in wins , earning them the first seed in the Eastern Conference and home court advantage for the Conference . The Hawks would reach their first-ever Conference Finals since the NBA was split into two conferences , but their season ended with a four-game sweep against the Cleveland Cavaliers . The Hawks became the first # 1 seed to get swept in a playoff series since the Detroit Pistons in 2003 . Their 22 wins improvement was the second largest by a team that made playoffs in consecutive non-lockout seasons behind 25 wins by the 1995-96 Chicago Bulls .'}]}, {'value': 'Southeast', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oklahoma City Thunder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Oklahoma_City_Thunder_seasons', 'summary': "The Oklahoma City Thunder are a professional basketball team based in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . They play in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and are a member of the NBA Western Conference 's Northwest Division . The Thunder were founded in 1967 as the Seattle SuperSonics as one of two franchises that joined the NBA in the 1967-68 season . The SuperSonics moved to Oklahoma City after the 2007-08 season . The move from Seattle to Oklahoma City marks only the third time that a current franchise won a title in one city and moved some time afterwards to another city ( the others are the Atlanta Hawks who left St. Louis after winning the 1958 title there , and the Los Angeles Lakers who left Minneapolis after winning five titles there ) . Overall , the Thunder have qualified for the NBA playoffs on eight occasions after being relocated from Seattle ( 21 times as the SuperSonics ) . They reached the Western Conference Finals seven times , reaching the NBA Finals in 1978 , 1979 NBA Finals,1996 and 2012 , winning their only championship in the 1979 NBA Finals against the Washington Bullets whilst in Seattle ."}]}, {'value': '2015-16', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015–16_Oklahoma_City_Thunder_season', 'summary': "The 2015-16 Oklahoma City Thunder season was the 8th season of the franchise in Oklahoma City and the 50th in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and the first under head coach Billy Donovan . After coming just short of making the playoffs the previous season , the Thunder won the Northwest Division and clinched the third seed in the Western Conference . In the playoffs , the Thunder defeated the Dallas Mavericks in five games in the First Round , and the San Antonio Spurs in six games in the Semifinals ( which was also Tim Duncan 's final NBA game ) before reaching the Western Conference Finals for the fourth time in a span of six seasons , but were eliminated by the defending NBA champion Golden State Warriors in seven games after leading the series 3-1 . After almost pulling what would 've been one of the biggest upsets in professional sports history over the 73-9 Warriors , the Thunder missed out on what wouldve been their first Finals appearance since 2012 . The Warriors would go on to lose in seven games against the Cleveland Cavaliers in the NBA Finals after they too led the series 3-1 . After the season , Kevin Durant controversially left the team in free agency for the Golden State Warriors ."}]}, {'value': 'Northwest', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston Celtics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Boston_Celtics_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association . It documents the teams season-by-season records , including post-season records , and also includes year-end awards won by the team 's players and/or coaches . With seventeen NBA Championships , the Celtics have won more than any other NBA franchise , while the 1959-to-1966 domination of the NBA Championship , with eight straight titles , is the longest consecutive championship winning streak of any North American professional sports team to date . Following this , the Celtics had two major periods of success separated by quite poor seasons during rebuilding . Between 1971-72 and 1975-76 the Celtics , led by Dave Cowens and John Havlicek , won 294 of 410 regular season games and reached the conference finals in each of those five seasons , winning two more NBA championships , whilst between 1979-80 and 1987-88 led by the frontcourt of Larry Bird , Kevin McHale and Robert Parish the Celtics won 550 of 742 regular season games and reached every Conference Final except for 1982-83 when they were swept in the Conference Semifinals by the Milwaukee Bucks . The Celtics have had 13 separate seasons where they won 60 or more regular season contests , the highest number for any franchise . Between 1993-94 and 2006-07 the Celtics had their single sustained period of failure , with an overall win percent of .423 and only twice getting beyond the first playoff round . With the acquisition of Kevin Garnett for 2007-08 , the Celtics achieved a record single-season rise in win percentage to claim their first title in twenty-two seasons , in the process achieving the best average point differential between the 1995-96 Bulls and the 2015-16 Warriors . The team remained a power until after the 2011 lockout , but lost to the Lakers in their most recent Finals appearance . The Celtics are 23-8 all-time in seventh games of playoff series , and 7-1 in Game 7 of the NBA Finals ."}]}, {'value': '2016-17', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016–17_Boston_Celtics_season', 'summary': 'The 2016-17 Boston Celtics season was the 71st season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The team obtained the No . 1 seed in the Eastern Conference for the first time since 2008 when they won the NBA title . At 53-29 , they finished with the lowest winning percentage of a No . 1 seed since the Detroit Pistons in 2007 . In the playoffs , the Celtics defeated the Chicago Bulls in the First Round in six games , advancing to the Semifinals , where they then defeated the Washington Wizards in seven games , advancing to the Eastern Conference Finals , where they lost to the Cleveland Cavaliers in five games . Isaiah Thomas was voted to play in the 2017 All-Star Game . Following the season , Avery Bradley was traded to the Detroit Pistons , Kelly Olynyk signed with the Miami Heat and Thomas and Jae Crowder were traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers , ending the Isaiah Thomas era in Boston in exchange for Kyrie Irving .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Antonio Spurs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_San_Antonio_Spurs_seasons', 'summary': "The San Antonio Spurs are a professional basketball team based in San Antonio that competes in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . In 1967 , the franchise was founded in Dallas , Texas as the Dallas Chaparrals -- one of the eleven charter franchises of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) . During the 1970-71 season , in an attempt to make the team a regional one , the franchise renamed itself the Texas Chaparrals ; also , some home games were played in Fort Worth and Lubbock . However , low attendance figures prompted the team to return full-time to Dallas the following season . In 1973 , the franchise relocated to San Antonio and was renamed the San Antonio Spurs . Three years later , the Spurs were one of four ABA franchises that joined the NBA as a result of the ABA-NBA merger . In 42 seasons since joining the NBA , the Spurs have achieved a winning record 36 times , have appeared in the NBA playoffs 38 times , and have won five NBA Championships . The team won its most recent NBA championship 2014 . The only NBA franchises that have won more championships than the Spurs are the Boston Celtics ( 17 championships ) , the Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) , the Golden State Warriors ( 6 ) , and the Chicago Bulls ( 6 ) . As of the end of the 2018-19 season , the Spurs owned the NBA 's all-time best win percentage ; the team had won 62.2 percent of its games since joining the NBA , placing it ahead of the Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers ( .593 ) , the Boston Celtics ( .590 ) , the Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder ( .541 ) , and the Utah Jazz ( .539 ) . The 2017-18 season is the first time the Spurs have won less than 50 games in a non-lockout season since the 1996-97 season . This was the longest such streak in the NBA ."}]}, {'value': '2016-17', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016–17_San_Antonio_Spurs_season', 'summary': "The 2016-17 San Antonio Spurs season was the franchise 's 50th season , its 44th season in the San Antonio area , and its 41st in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . This season was the team 's first without longtime team cornerstone Tim Duncan since 1996-97 ; Duncan retired from the NBA on July 11 , 2016 as a 5-time champion and the first NBA player ever to win championships in 3 straight decades . With the elimination of the NHL ( National Hockey League ) 's Detroit Red Wings from the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs on March 28 , 2017 , the Spurs - with 20 consecutive NBA Playoffs appearances - held the longest active playoff streak in any of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . Despite Duncan no longer on the team , the Spurs finished the regular season with a 61-21 record , securing the second seed in the Western Conference playoffs . In the first round of the playoffs , the Spurs defeated the Memphis Grizzlies in six games . In the Western Conference Semifinals , they defeated the Houston Rockets in six games . In the Western Conference Finals , the Spurs were swept by the eventual NBA champion Golden State Warriors in four games . This was San Antonio 's first time being swept in the playoffs since the 2010 Western Conference Semifinals , when they were defeated by the Steve Nash-led Phoenix Suns . The Spurs were also close to rematching the defending NBA champions Cleveland Cavaliers in the Finals for the first time since 2007 . As of 2019 , this is the only time in the post-Tim Duncan era that the Spurs advanced past the First Round of the Western Conference Playoffs ."}]}, {'value': 'Southwest', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Utah Jazz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Utah_Jazz_seasons', 'summary': 'This article is a list of seasons completed by the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Jazz joined the NBA as the New Orleans Jazz , an expansion team that began play in the 1974-75 season . The Jazz relocated from New Orleans to Salt Lake City , Utah for the 1979-80 season . As of April 15 , 2015 , the Utah Jazz are the last franchise to not record a 60-loss season .'}]}, {'value': '2016-17', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016–17_Utah_Jazz_season', 'summary': 'The 2016-17 Utah Jazz season was the 43rd season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and the 38th season of the franchise in Salt Lake City . They qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 2012 . The Jazz finished the regular season with a 51-31 record , securing the 5th seed . In the playoffs , the Jazz defeated the Los Angeles Clippers in the First Round in seven games and advanced to the Western Conference Semifinals , where they were swept in four games by the Golden State Warriors . Following the season , Gordon Hayward would sign as a free agent with the Boston Celtics . He was also selected to play in the 2017 NBA All-Star Game .'}]}, {'value': 'Northwest', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Active droughts -- NBA Division Championship droughts', 'section_text': 'Updated through the 2018–19 season . 0^0 Longest drought in team history 0♦0 2018–19 Division Champion Left click once on Seasons since win column heading then once on Division column headingto show teams listed in order of division championships .', 'uid': 'List_of_NBA_franchise_post-season_droughts_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of National Basketball Association (NBA) franchise post-season appearance droughts. This list includes the all-time and the active consecutive non-playoffs. Aside from the NBA playoff appearance droughts, this list also includes droughts of series wins, appearances in the NBA Finals and NBA championship wins. The oldest such franchise is the Suns (51 seasons), while the Royals/Kings and the Hawks have even longer championship droughts (68 and 61 seasons, respectively). Six franchises have never been to the NBA Finals, the highest number among the major North American sports. The oldest such team is the Braves/Clippers franchise (49 seasons); the Kings and the Hawks have appearance droughts that are even longer (69 and 59 seasons, respectively). The longest a franchise has gone without appearing in the playoffs at all is 15 seasons: the Braves/Clippers franchise from 1977 to 1991. Of the 19 franchises that have won an NBA championship, 8 have droughts of 36 seasons or more, which is to say that the past 36 championships have been shared among only 11 franchises: the Lakers (8), Bulls (6), Spurs (5), Celtics (3), Pistons (3), Heat (3), Warriors (3), Rockets (2), Mavericks (1), Cavaliers (1), and Raptors (1). By contrast, the other three major North American sports have each had at least 16 franchises become champions over the same period of time.'} | null | null | Which player from the team that last won a title in 2003-04 won the MVP award that year ? | Kevin Garnett |
08013a028c326a71 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'title': 'Nigeria at the 2012 Summer Paralympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yakubu Adesokan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yakubu_Adesokan', 'summary': "Yakubu Adesokan ( born 16 July 1979 ) is a powerlifter from Nigeria . At the 2012 Summer Paralympics he won a gold medal in the men 's 48 kg powerlifting event , lifting 180 kg ( 397 lb ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Powerlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Powerlifting at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held at ExCeL London from 30 August to 5 September , with a maximum of 200 athletes ( 120 men and 80 women ) , competing in 20 events . According to the classification rules of the International Federation for Powerlifting athletes which can not participate in weightlifting events because of a physical impairment affecting their legs or hips are deemed eligible to compete in powerlifting events at the Paralympics .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 48 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_-_Men's_48_kg", 'summary': "The men 's 48 kg powerlifting event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was contested on 30 August at ExCeL London ."}]}, {'value': '30 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ivory Nwokorie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivory_Nwokorie', 'summary': "Ivory Nwokorie MON is a Nigerian powerlifter who won the gold medal in the women 's 44 kg weight class at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , England . She was banned for two years in 2013 , after testing positive for Furosemide ."}]}, {'value': 'Powerlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Powerlifting at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held at ExCeL London from 30 August to 5 September , with a maximum of 200 athletes ( 120 men and 80 women ) , competing in 20 events . According to the classification rules of the International Federation for Powerlifting athletes which can not participate in weightlifting events because of a physical impairment affecting their legs or hips are deemed eligible to compete in powerlifting events at the Paralympics .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 44 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_44_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 44 kg powerlifting event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was contested on 31 August at ExCeL London ."}]}, {'value': '31 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Esther Oyema', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esther_Oyema', 'summary': "Esther Oyema ( born 20 April 1982 ) is a Nigerian powerlifter . She competed in the women 's 61 kg event at the 2014 Commonwealth Games where she won a gold medal and set a new world record by lifting 122.4 kg in the heavyweight category . In 2015 she won a gold medal at the All-Africa Games by lifting 133 kg and beating her previous record 126 kg . In the same year she traveled all the way to Almaty , Kazakhstan where she won another gold medal at the IPC Powerlifting Asian Open Championships by lifting 79 kg . During the 2016 Summer Paralympics she won a silver medal by beating her Mexican counterpart Amalia Perez in the women 's 55 kg lifting ."}]}, {'value': 'Powerlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Powerlifting at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held at ExCeL London from 30 August to 5 September , with a maximum of 200 athletes ( 120 men and 80 women ) , competing in 20 events . According to the classification rules of the International Federation for Powerlifting athletes which can not participate in weightlifting events because of a physical impairment affecting their legs or hips are deemed eligible to compete in powerlifting events at the Paralympics .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 48 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_-_Women's_48_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 48 kg powerlifting event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was contested on 1 September at ExCeL London ."}]}, {'value': '1 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joy Onaolapo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joy_Onaolapo', 'summary': 'Joy Onaolapo ( 24 December 1982 in Sapele , Nigeria - July 2013 ) was a Nigerian champion Paralympic weightlifter ( 2012 ) . She won the gold medal in the 52 kg powerlifting category at the 2012 London games . Onaolapo was confirmed dead in July 2013 at the age of 30 . Nigerian former President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan described the death of the Nigerian Paralympian gold medallist , Mrs. Joy Onaolapo as a big loss to the nation . Coach Ijeoma Iheriobim , has described late Onaolapo as a committed and diligent athlete .'}]}, {'value': 'Powerlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Powerlifting at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held at ExCeL London from 30 August to 5 September , with a maximum of 200 athletes ( 120 men and 80 women ) , competing in 20 events . According to the classification rules of the International Federation for Powerlifting athletes which can not participate in weightlifting events because of a physical impairment affecting their legs or hips are deemed eligible to compete in powerlifting events at the Paralympics .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 52 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_-_Women's_52_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 52 kg powerlifting event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was contested on 1 September at ExCeL London ."}]}, {'value': '1 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loveline Obiji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loveline_Obiji', 'summary': "Loveline Obiji ( born 11 September 1990 ) is a Nigerian powerlifter . She competed in the women 's +61 kg event at the 2014 Commonwealth Games where she won a gold medal . At the 2016 Summer Paralympics she was the 86kg category gold medal briefly as Randa Mahmoud 's r world record setting last lift was not allowed . However Mahmoud appealed and her lift was allowed giving her the gold medal and the world record . Obiji took the silver ."}]}, {'value': 'Powerlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Powerlifting at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held at ExCeL London from 30 August to 5 September , with a maximum of 200 athletes ( 120 men and 80 women ) , competing in 20 events . According to the classification rules of the International Federation for Powerlifting athletes which can not participate in weightlifting events because of a physical impairment affecting their legs or hips are deemed eligible to compete in powerlifting events at the Paralympics .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 82.5 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_-_Women's_82.5_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 82.5 kg powerlifting event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was contested on 4 September at ExCeL London ."}]}, {'value': '4 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grace Anozie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grace_Anozie', 'summary': 'Grace Ebere Anozie ( born 1977 ) is a Nigerian Paralympian in powerlifting . Anonzie first Paralympic medal was a bronze at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in the 82.5 kg event . At subsequent Paralympics , Anozie won a silver medal in 2008 and gold in 2012 . During her career , Anonzie set multiple powerlifting records including a Paralympic record at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in the over 86kg event .'}]}, {'value': 'Powerlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Powerlifting at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held at ExCeL London from 30 August to 5 September , with a maximum of 200 athletes ( 120 men and 80 women ) , competing in 20 events . According to the classification rules of the International Federation for Powerlifting athletes which can not participate in weightlifting events because of a physical impairment affecting their legs or hips are deemed eligible to compete in powerlifting events at the Paralympics .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's +82.5 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_-_Women's_+82.5_kg", 'summary': "The women 's +82.5 kg powerlifting event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was contested on 5 September at ExCeL London ."}]}, {'value': '5 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ikechukwu Obichukwu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ikechukwu_Obichukwu', 'summary': "Ikechukwu Obichukwu is a Nigerian Paralympic powerlifter . He represented Nigeria at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and he won the silver medal in the men 's 52 kg event . He also represented Nigeria at the 2010 Commonwealth Games where he won the bronze medal in the men 's Open bench press event ."}]}, {'value': 'Powerlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Powerlifting at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held at ExCeL London from 30 August to 5 September , with a maximum of 200 athletes ( 120 men and 80 women ) , competing in 20 events . According to the classification rules of the International Federation for Powerlifting athletes which can not participate in weightlifting events because of a physical impairment affecting their legs or hips are deemed eligible to compete in powerlifting events at the Paralympics .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 52 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_52_kg", 'summary': "The men 's 52 kg powerlifting event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was contested on 31 August at ExCeL London ."}]}, {'value': '31 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anthony Ulonnam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Ulonnam', 'summary': "Anthony Ulonnam is a Nigerian Paralympic powerlifter . He represented Nigeria at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and he won the silver medal in the men 's 56 kg event . He represented Nigeria at the 2010 Commonwealth Games and he won the silver medal in the men 's Open bench press event . At the 2014 World Championships he won the bronze medal in the men 's 59 kg event . At the 2015 African Games he won the silver medal in the men 's 59 kg event ."}]}, {'value': 'Powerlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Powerlifting at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held at ExCeL London from 30 August to 5 September , with a maximum of 200 athletes ( 120 men and 80 women ) , competing in 20 events . According to the classification rules of the International Federation for Powerlifting athletes which can not participate in weightlifting events because of a physical impairment affecting their legs or hips are deemed eligible to compete in powerlifting events at the Paralympics .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 56 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_56_kg", 'summary': "The men 's 56 kg powerlifting event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was contested on 31 August at ExCeL London ."}]}, {'value': '31 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ifeanyi Nnajiofor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ifeanyi_Nnajiofor', 'summary': "Ifeanyi Nnajiofor is a Nigerian Paralympic powerlifter . He represented Nigeria at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and he won the silver medal in the men 's 60 kg event ."}]}, {'value': 'Powerlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Powerlifting at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held at ExCeL London from 30 August to 5 September , with a maximum of 200 athletes ( 120 men and 80 women ) , competing in 20 events . According to the classification rules of the International Federation for Powerlifting athletes which can not participate in weightlifting events because of a physical impairment affecting their legs or hips are deemed eligible to compete in powerlifting events at the Paralympics .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 60 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_60_kg", 'summary': "The men 's 60 kg powerlifting event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was contested on 1 September at ExCeL London ."}]}, {'value': '1 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucy Ejike', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucy_Ogechukwu_Ejike', 'summary': 'Lucy Ogechukwu Ejike ( born 16 October 1977 ) is a Nigerian Paralympic powerlifter . She has represented her country at five consecutive Paralympic Games from 2000 in Sydney through to 2016 in Rio de Janeiro . She has won medals at each , three gold and two silver .'}]}, {'value': 'Powerlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Powerlifting at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held at ExCeL London from 30 August to 5 September , with a maximum of 200 athletes ( 120 men and 80 women ) , competing in 20 events . According to the classification rules of the International Federation for Powerlifting athletes which can not participate in weightlifting events because of a physical impairment affecting their legs or hips are deemed eligible to compete in powerlifting events at the Paralympics .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 56 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_56_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 56 kg powerlifting event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was contested on 2 September at ExCeL London ."}]}, {'value': '2 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Folashade Oluwafemiayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Folashade_Oluwafemiayo', 'summary': 'Folashade Alice Oluwafemiayo ( born 1985 ) is a Nigerian Paralympian athlete .'}]}, {'value': 'Powerlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Powerlifting at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held at ExCeL London from 30 August to 5 September , with a maximum of 200 athletes ( 120 men and 80 women ) , competing in 20 events . According to the classification rules of the International Federation for Powerlifting athletes which can not participate in weightlifting events because of a physical impairment affecting their legs or hips are deemed eligible to compete in powerlifting events at the Paralympics .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 75 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_75_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 75 kg powerlifting event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was contested on 3 September at ExCeL London ."}]}, {'value': '3 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eucharia Iyiazi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eucharia_Iyiazi', 'summary': "Eucharia Njideka Iyiazi ( born 19 November 1973 ) is a Paralympian athlete from Nigeria competing mainly in category F57/58 shot put and discus throw events . She has competed at four paralympics taking two gold , a silver and two bronze medals . Iyiazi competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , China . There , she won a gold medal in both the women 's shot putt F57/F58 event and the womens discus throw F57/F58 event . At the Beijing Paralympics , Iyiazzi set the world and Paralympic record for the F58 class in shot put and discus . Iyiazi took a bronze medal in the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London and then threw 27.54m to again take the discus bronze at the 2016 Summer Paralympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's shot put F57-F58", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_shot_put", 'summary': "The Women 's Shot Put athletics events for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from September 1 to September 8 , 2012 . A total of 9 events were contested incorporating 16 different classifications ."}]}, {'value': '8 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria Nneji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria_Nneji', 'summary': "Victoria Nneji ( born 1972 ) was a Nigerian Paralympian athlete . At the 2012 Women 's Powerlifting 67.5kg event , she won bronze medal . After the event , she announced her retired from competitive sports citing recurrent injuries and her age as reasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Powerlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Powerlifting at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held at ExCeL London from 30 August to 5 September , with a maximum of 200 athletes ( 120 men and 80 women ) , competing in 20 events . According to the classification rules of the International Federation for Powerlifting athletes which can not participate in weightlifting events because of a physical impairment affecting their legs or hips are deemed eligible to compete in powerlifting events at the Paralympics .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 67.5 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_67.5_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 67.5 kg powerlifting event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was contested on 3 September at ExCeL London ."}]}, {'value': '3 September', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medals summary', 'section_text': "Nigeria 's Paralympic team in London won more medals than Nigeria 's Olympic team in London . The country 's Olympians failed to pick up a single medal . [ 9 ]", 'uid': 'Nigeria_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_0', 'intro': "Nigeria competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, United Kingdom from 29 August - 9 September 2012. Nigerian Paralympians combined won more medals than their Olympic counterparts in London, winning 6 golds, 5 silvers and 2 bronze medals. The 2012 Paralympic Games played an important role in Nigerian society in terms of assisting in changing people's attitudes towards people with disabilities. In some cases, this allowed Nigerian medalists to return home and be the primary breadwinner for their families. Powerlifting was Nigeria's dominant sport in London. Following the team's success in the sport, Sports Minister Bolaji Abdullahi was quoted as saying that additional money would be funneled to the sport to build on the country's success in it"} | null | null | between the athlete born 16 July 1979 and the one born 20 April 1982 what is the location of the place in Kazakhstan where one won a gold ? | Almaty , Kazakhstan |
0802db9b93e19da0 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_NFL_Draft', 'title': '1989 NFL Draft', 'header': ['Original NFL team', 'Player', 'Pos', 'College', 'Conf'], 'data': [{'value': 'Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_Chicago_Bears_season', 'summary': 'The 1989 Chicago Bears season was their 70th regular season completed in the National Football League . The Bears were looking to win the NFC Central for a sixth consecutive season , but instead finished with a 6-10 record and missed the playoffs for the first time since 1983 . The Bears offseason moves prior to this season had consequences for years afterward as the pieces from Super Bowl XXs team slowly began to leave or retire .'}]}, {'value': 'Tom Waddle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Waddle', 'summary': 'Gregory Thomas Waddle ( born February 20 , 1967 ) is a former American football player in the National Football League ( NFL ) . Waddle is currently a co-host of Waddle and Silvy on ESPN 1000 , and a football analyst for WLS-TV in Chicago . He also appears on Pro Football Weekly and NFL Network . He spent his entire six-year career with the Chicago Bears . He attended Boston College .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Boston_College_Eagles_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1988 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Eagles were led by eighth-year head coach Jack Bicknell , and played their home games at Alumni Stadium in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts . On November 19 , the team participated in one of the first American college football game played in Europe , in the Emerald Isle Classic , played in Dublin , Ireland .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Bengals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_Cincinnati_Bengals_season', 'summary': "The 1989 Cincinnati Bengals season was their 20th in the National Football League ( NFL ) and 22nd overall . The Bengals ' 404 points scored were the fourth-most in the NFL in 1989 . Four of their eight losses on the season were by a touchdown or less . The 1989 Bengals are the last NFL team to score 55 points or more twice in a single season : Week Eight against Tampa Bay ( 56 ) and Week Fifteen against arch-rival Houston ( 61 ) , both at home ."}]}, {'value': 'Ken Moyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_Moyer', 'summary': "Kenneth Wayne Moyer ( born 1966 ) is a former professional American football player who played offensive lineman for five seasons for the Cincinnati Bengals . He went to the University of Toledo where he got a bachelor 's degree in Science and Electrical Engineering . Ken Moyer began teaching at Dayton Christian High School in 2014 . As of 2019 , Moyer is the head football coach at Dayton Christian High School and he teaches High School Math ."}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_and_Canadian_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'Toledo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Toledo_Rockets_football_team', 'summary': "The 1988 Toledo Rockets football team was an American football team that represented the University of Toledo in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their seventh season under head coach Dan Simrell , the Rockets compiled a 6-5 record ( 4-4 against MAC opponents ) , finished in sixth place in the MAC , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 244 to 221 . The team 's statistical leaders included Steve Keene with 793 passing yards , Neil Trotter with 783 rushing yards , and Rick Isaiah with 389 receiving yards ."}]}, {'value': 'MAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-American_Conference', 'summary': "The Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I collegiate athletic conference with a membership base in the Great Lakes region that stretches from Western New York to Illinois . Nine of the twelve full member schools are in Ohio and Michigan , with single members located in Illinois , Indiana , and New York . For football , the MAC participates in the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision . The MAC is headquartered in the Public Square district in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , and has two members in the nearby Akron area . The MAC has been referred to as the Conference of Quarterbacks because of the accomplishments of numerous former players in the National Football League . The conference also ranks highest among all ten NCAA Division I FBS conferences for graduation rates ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': "The 1989 season was the Dallas Cowboys ' 30th in the National Football League ( NFL ) , their first under the ownership of Jerry Jones , their 19th playing their home games at Texas Stadium and their first season under head coach Jimmy Johnson . They failed to improve on their 3-13 record from 1988 , finishing at 1-15 and missing the playoffs for the fourth consecutive season . Jimmy Johnson had compiled a 44-4 record in his last 4 years as coach of the University of Miami Hurricanes ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenny Tippins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenny_Tippins', 'summary': 'Kenneth Tippins , ( born July 22 , 1966 in Adel , Georgia ) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys and Atlanta Falcons . He played college football at Middle Tennessee State University .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_Tennessee_State_Blue_Raiders_football', 'summary': 'Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football program represents Middle Tennessee State University in the sport of American football . The Blue Raiders compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the East Division of Conference USA ( CUSA ) . They are coached by Rick Stockstill , who started in 2006 . Middle Tennessee has appeared in twelve bowl games and seven I-AA playoffs . The Blue Raiders play their home games at the Johnny Red Floyd Stadium which has a seating capacity of 30,788 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_Valley_Conference', 'summary': "The Ohio Valley Conference ( OVC ) is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the Midwestern and Southeastern United States . It participates in Division I of the NCAA ; the conference 's football programs compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ; formerly known as Division I-AA ) , the lower of two levels of Division I football competition . The OVC has 12 members , 9 of which compete in football in the conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Denver Broncos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_Denver_Broncos_season', 'summary': "The 1989 Denver Broncos season was the team 's 30th year in professional football and its 20th with the National Football League ( NFL ) . The head coach was Dan Reeves while Chan Gailey was the offensive coordinator and Wade Phillips was the defensive coordinator ."}]}, {'value': 'David Treadwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Treadwell', 'summary': "David Mark Treadwell ( born February 27 , 1965 in Columbia , South Carolina ) is a former American football placekicker in the National Football League for the Denver Broncos ( 1989-1992 ) and the New York Giants ( 1993-1994 ) . He played college football for the Clemson Tigers from 1984 to 1987 , where he graduated with a degree in Electrical Engineering . He was selected to the Pro Bowl after the 1989 season . After retiring from the NFL , Treadwell attended law school at the University of Denver and participated in the campaign to pass a ballot measure to fund the replacement for Mile High Stadium which ultimately became known as Invesco Field at Mile High . That led to a new career in the media . He became a sports talk show host at Denver-based Clear Channel corporation stations KOA and KTLK before moving to Denver 's KDVR-TV ( Fox 31 ) as sports director and anchor from 2000 to 2004 . He reportedly left the station to pursue business interests in a land development company . He now works for Newmark Knight Frank and is chairman of the board of directors of the St. Anthony North Health Foundation , affiliated with St. Anthony North Hospital in Westminster , Co. , a suburb just north of Denver ."}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Clemson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Clemson_Tigers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1988 Clemson Tigers football team represented Clemson University during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season .'}]}, {'value': 'ACC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference', 'summary': "The Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) is a collegiate athletic conference located in the eastern United States . Headquartered in Greensboro , North Carolina , the conference consists of fifteen member universities , each of whom compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I , with its football teams competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest levels for athletic competition in US-based collegiate sports . The ACC sponsors competition in twenty-five sports with many of its member institutions ' athletic programs held in high regard nationally . Current members of the conference are Boston College , Clemson University , Duke University , Georgia Institute of Technology , Florida State University , North Carolina State University , Syracuse University , the University of Louisville , the University of Miami , the University of North Carolina , the University of Notre Dame , the University of Pittsburgh , the University of Virginia , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , and Wake Forest University . ACC teams and athletes have claimed dozens of national championships in multiple sports throughout the conference 's history . Generally , the ACC 's top athletes and teams in any particular sport in a given year are considered to be among the top collegiate competitors in the nation . Also , the conference enjoys extensive media coverage . The ACC was one of the five collegiate power conferences , which had automatic qualifying for their football champion into the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014 , the ACC is one of five conferences with a contractual tie-in to a New Year 's Six bowl game , the successors to the BCS . The ACC was founded on May 8 , 1953 , by seven universities located in the South Atlantic States , with the University of Virginia joining in early December 1953 to bring the membership to eight . The loss of South Carolina in 1971 dropped membership to seven , while the addition of Georgia Tech in 1979 for non-football sports and 1983 for football brought it back to eight , and Florida State 's arrival in 1991 for non-football sports and 1992 for football increased the membership to nine . Since 2000 , with the widespread reorganization of the NCAA , seven additional schools have joined , and one original member ( Maryland ) has left to bring it to the current membership of 15 schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Detroit Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_Detroit_Lions_season', 'summary': 'The 1989 Detroit Lions season was the franchises 60th season in the National Football League , their 56th as the Detroit Lions , and is best known as the beginning of the Barry Sanders era . Sanders , the previous years Heisman Trophy winner , was drafted 3rd overall by the Lions in the 1989 NFL Draft and was named to the Pro Bowl in his rookie season . After starting the season with five straight losses and bottoming out at 2-9 , the Lions won five in a row and six out of seven to finish the season with a 7-9 record . Nonetheless , it was their sixth consecutive losing season and their seventh of the decade .'}]}, {'value': 'James Dixon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Dixon_(American_football)', 'summary': 'James Anthony Dixon ( born February 2 , 1967 ) is a former American football wide receiver in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys . He also was a member of the Fort Worth Cavalry in the Arena Football League . He played college football at the University of Houston .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Houston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Houston_Cougars_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1988 Houston Cougars football team represented the University of Houston during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Cougars were led by second-year head coach Jack Pardee and played their home games at the Astrodome in Houston , Texas . The team competed as members of the Southwest Conference , finishing in third . Just two seasons after finishing 1-10 ( 0-7 SWC ) , the Cougars finished the season with a 9-3 record and ranked 18th in the final AP Poll . They were invited to the 1988 Aloha Bowl in Honolulu , Hawaii , where they lost to Washington State .'}]}, {'value': 'SWC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwest_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwest Conference ( SWC ) was an NCAA Division I college athletic conference in the United States that existed from 1914 to 1996 . Composed primarily of schools from Texas , at various times the conference included schools from Oklahoma and Arkansas as well , but not from the actual Southwestern United States . For most of its history , the core members of the conference were Texas-based schools plus one in Arkansas : Rice University , Southern Methodist University , Texas A & M University , Texas Christian University , Baylor University , the University of Arkansas , and the University of Texas . After a long period of stability , the conference 's overall athletic prowess began to decline throughout the 1980s , due in part to numerous member schools violating NCAA recruiting rules , culminating in the suspension of the entire SMU football program ( death penalty ) for the 1987 and 1988 seasons . Arkansas , after years of feeling like an outsider in the conference , left after the 1990-91 school year to join the Southeastern Conference , although they did compete in the SWC in football for the 1991 season . Five years later , the conference precipitously broke up as Baylor , Texas , Texas A & M , and Texas Tech ( which had entered in 1956 ) combined with the members of the former Big Eight Conference to form a new league , the Big 12 Conference , while Rice , SMU , TCU , and Houston ( which entered the SWC in 1976 ) found homes in less prominent conferences ( although TCU later joined the Big 12 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_Houston_Oilers_season', 'summary': "The 1989 Houston Oilers season was the franchise 's 30th season and their 20th in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The franchise scored 365 points while the defense gave up 412 points . Their record of 9 wins and 7 losses resulted in a second-place finish in the AFC Central Division . The Oilers appeared once on Monday Night Football and appeared in the playoffs for the third consecutive year . It would be Jerry Glanvilles final year as the Oilers coach . Despite making the playoffs , the Oilers , like their arch rival Pittsburgh Steelers , had a negative point differential , making them the first teams since the 1984 Giants to make the playoffs despite having a negative point differential ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Avery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Avery_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Steven George Avery ( born August 18 , 1966 ) is a former professional American football running back in the National Football League . He was originally signed by the Houston Oilers as an undrafted rookie free agent in 1989 . He played college football at Northern Michigan . He also played for the Green Bay Packers and Pittsburgh Steelers in addition to the Birmingham Fire of the World League of American Football .'}]}, {'value': 'FB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullback_(gridiron_football)', 'summary': 'A fullback ( FB ) is a position known as the best position in the game of football , in the offensive backfield in gridiron football , and is one of the two running back positions along with the halfback . Typically , fullbacks are larger than halfback and in most offensive schemes their duties are split between power running , pass catching , and blocking for both the quarterback and the other running back . Many great runners in the history of American football have been fullbacks , including Jim Brown , Marion Motley , Jim Taylor , Franco Harris , Larry Csonka , John Riggins , Christian Okoye , and Levi Jackson . However , many of these runners would retroactively be labeled as halfbacks , due to their position as the primary ball carrier ; they were primarily listed as fullbacks due to their size and did not often perform the run-blocking duties expected of modern fullbacks . Examples of players who have excelled at the hybrid running-blocking-pass catching role include Mike Alstott , Daryl Johnston , and Lorenzo Neal .'}]}, {'value': 'Northern Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Michigan_Wildcats_football', 'summary': "The Northern Michigan Wildcats are the athletic teams that represent Northern Michigan University , located in Marquette , Michigan , in NCAA intercollegiate sporting competitions . All of the teams compete at the Division II level with the exception of the men 's ice hockey program , which plays at the Division I level . The Wildcats compete as members of the North Division of the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference for 14 of 17 varsity sports , with the men 's hockey team playing in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association , and the men 's and women 's skiing teams competing in the Central Collegiate Ski Association . NMU has been a member of the GLIAC since 1987 . Northern Michigan 's rivals in sports action are the two other major schools in the upper peninsula : Michigan Technological University , and Lake Superior State University . The winner of the annual football game between NMU and Michigan Tech is awarded the Miner 's Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'GLIAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Lakes_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( GLIAC ) is a competitive collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division II . The GLIAC was founded in June 1972 . Member institutions are located in the midwestern United States in the States of Michigan , Wisconsin , Indiana , and Ohio , with affiliate members in Minnesota and Iowa . Charter members include Ferris State , Grand Valley State , Lake Superior State , Northwood , and Saginaw Valley State . Former members include Oakland ( 1972-1997 ) and Westminster ( 1997-2000 ) . Sponsorship of football was dropped by the GLIAC after the 1989 season . Conference schools sponsoring football joined with members of the Heartland Football Conference to form the Midwest Intercollegiate Football Conference ( MIFC ) , which began play in 1990 . The MIFC merged with the GLIAC in July 1999 and the GLIAC resumed sponsorship of football that fall . Tiffin University joined the GLIAC on July 1 , 2008 . Gannon University and Mercyhurst College left the GLIAC for the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference on July 1 , 2008 . July 1 , 2016 . Malone University left the GLIAC for the Great Midwest Athletic Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_Houston_Oilers_season', 'summary': "The 1989 Houston Oilers season was the franchise 's 30th season and their 20th in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The franchise scored 365 points while the defense gave up 412 points . Their record of 9 wins and 7 losses resulted in a second-place finish in the AFC Central Division . The Oilers appeared once on Monday Night Football and appeared in the playoffs for the third consecutive year . It would be Jerry Glanvilles final year as the Oilers coach . Despite making the playoffs , the Oilers , like their arch rival Pittsburgh Steelers , had a negative point differential , making them the first teams since the 1984 Giants to make the playoffs despite having a negative point differential ."}]}, {'value': 'Erik Norgard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erik_Norgard', 'summary': 'Erik Norgard ( born November 4 , 1965 in Bellevue , Washington ) was a National Football League offensive lineman from 1989 through 1999 . [ [ Category : People from Bellevue , Colorado'}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)', 'summary': "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ."}]}, {'value': 'Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Colorado_Buffaloes_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1988 Colorado Buffaloes football team represented the University of Colorado during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . The eight wins were the most by a Colorado team since 1976 . They played their home games at Folsom Field in Boulder , Colorado . Head coach Bill McCartney was in his seventh year leading the Buffaloes as their head coach .'}]}, {'value': 'Big Eight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Eight_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Eight Conference was a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) -affiliated Division I-A college athletic association that sponsored football . It was formed in January 1907 as the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( MVIAA ) by its charter member schools : the University of Kansas , University of Missouri , University of Nebraska , and Washington University in St. Louis . Additionally , the University of Iowa was an original member of the MVIAA , while maintaining joint membership in the Western Conference ( now the Big Ten Conference ) . The conference was dissolved in 1996 . Its membership at its dissolution consisted of the University of Nebraska , Iowa State University , the University of Colorado at Boulder , the University of Kansas , Kansas State University , the University of Missouri , the University of Oklahoma , and Oklahoma State University . The Big Eight kept its headquarters in Kansas City , Missouri . In February 1994 , the Big Eight and the Southwest Conference announced that the two leagues had reached an agreement to form a new conference . The eight members of the Big Eight joined with SWC schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the Big 12 Conference the following year . A vote was conducted on whether to keep the new conference 's headquarters in Kansas City , and by a vote of 7-5 the conference members voted to move to Irving , Texas , a suburb of Dallas . The two Oklahoma schools , all four Texas schools , and Colorado voted for the move while both Kansas schools , Nebraska , Missouri , and Iowa State voted for Kansas City ."}]}, {'value': 'Indianapolis Colts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_Indianapolis_Colts_season', 'summary': "The 1989 Indianapolis Colts season was the 37th season for the team in the National Football League and sixth in Indianapolis . The Indianapolis Colts finished the National Football League 's 1989 season with a record of 8 wins and 8 losses , and finished tied for second in the AFC East division with the Miami Dolphins . However , the Colts finished ahead of Miami based on better conference record ( 7-5 vs. Dolphins ' 6-8 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Anthony Parker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Parker_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Will Anthony Parker ( born February 11 , 1966 ) is a former American football cornerback who played nine seasons in the National Football League , mainly for the Minnesota Vikings . He attended McClintock High School in Tempe , Arizona , before attending Arizona State University . His son , Colin , was a redshirt freshman at Arizona State University the 2007-2008 season .'}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Arizona_State_Sun_Devils_football_team', 'summary': "The 1988 Arizona State Sun Devils football team was an American football team that represented Arizona State University in the Pacific-10 Conference ( Pac-10 ) during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their first season under head coach Larry Marmie , the Sun Devils compiled a 6-5 record ( 3-4 against Pac-10 opponents ) , finished in fifth place in the Pac-10 , and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 277 to 192 . The team 's statistical leaders included Daniel Ford with 1,166 passing yards , Bruce Perkins with 446 rushing yards , and Leland Adams with 420 receiving yards ."}]}, {'value': 'Pac-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-12_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Steelers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season', 'summary': "The 1989 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise 's 57th season as a professional sports franchise and as a member of the National Football League . They were considered a rebuilding team filled with many young players , especially after the release of longtime center Mike Webster in the offseason . The young team showed its inexperience in the first game of the season , when they lost at home to the archrival Cleveland Browns 51-0 . The loss marked the Steelers worst defeat in franchise history . The following week was n't much better , losing 41-10 to another division rival , the defending AFC Champion Cincinnati Bengals . However , the Steelers clinched the final playoff spot in the last week in the season with a 9-7 record . Chuck Noll , in his 21st season as the team 's head coach , was named the NFL 's Coach of the Year for the only time in his coaching career . In the first round of the playoffs , the Steelers would have a memorable come-from-behind overtime victory over the division-rival Houston Oilers 26-23 , which saw Gary Anderson kick a game-winning , 50-yard field goal in the extra period . The following week , the Steelers nearly pulled off a major upset against the Denver Broncos at Mile High Stadium before losing 24-23 on a Melvin Bratton one-yard touchdown run with 2:22 remaining in the game . Though the Steelers would not make the playoffs again under Chuck Noll ( missing in 1990 with an identical 9-7 record and again in 1991 at 7-9 despite a second-place finish that year ) , the season did set the tone for the team 's return to prominence in the 1990s under his successor , Bill Cowher . Until 2015 , it was the last season the Steelers made the playoffs in a season the Super Bowl aired on CBS . Each of the next six such seasons ( 1991 , 2000 , 2003 , 2006 , 2009 , 2012 ) would see the team missing the playoffs ."}]}, {'value': 'Tracy Simien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tracy_Simien', 'summary': 'Tracy Anthony Simien ( born May 21 , 1967 ) is a former professional American football linebacker . He played college football at Texas Christian University . He played eight seasons in the NFL , mainly for the Kansas City Chiefs .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'TCU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_TCU_Horned_Frogs_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1988 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University ( TCU ) in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Horned Frogs finished the season 4-7 overall and 2-6 in the Southwest Conference . The team was coached by Jim Wacker , in his sixth year as head coach . The Frogs played their home games in Amon G. Carter Stadium , which is located on campus in Fort Worth , Texas .'}]}, {'value': 'SWC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwest_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwest Conference ( SWC ) was an NCAA Division I college athletic conference in the United States that existed from 1914 to 1996 . Composed primarily of schools from Texas , at various times the conference included schools from Oklahoma and Arkansas as well , but not from the actual Southwestern United States . For most of its history , the core members of the conference were Texas-based schools plus one in Arkansas : Rice University , Southern Methodist University , Texas A & M University , Texas Christian University , Baylor University , the University of Arkansas , and the University of Texas . After a long period of stability , the conference 's overall athletic prowess began to decline throughout the 1980s , due in part to numerous member schools violating NCAA recruiting rules , culminating in the suspension of the entire SMU football program ( death penalty ) for the 1987 and 1988 seasons . Arkansas , after years of feeling like an outsider in the conference , left after the 1990-91 school year to join the Southeastern Conference , although they did compete in the SWC in football for the 1991 season . Five years later , the conference precipitously broke up as Baylor , Texas , Texas A & M , and Texas Tech ( which had entered in 1956 ) combined with the members of the former Big Eight Conference to form a new league , the Big 12 Conference , while Rice , SMU , TCU , and Houston ( which entered the SWC in 1976 ) found homes in less prominent conferences ( although TCU later joined the Big 12 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans Saints', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_New_Orleans_Saints_season', 'summary': "The 1989 New Orleans Saints season was the franchise 's 23rd season in the National Football League , and their fourteenth with home games at the Superdome . They failed to improve upon their 10-6 record from 1988 and instead finished at 9-7 , missing the playoffs for the second straight season ."}]}, {'value': 'Jason Garrett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Garrett', 'summary': 'Jason Calvin Garrett ( born March 28 , 1966 ) is an American football coach and former player who is the offensive coordinator for the New York Giants of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He previously served as the head coach of the Dallas Cowboys during the 2010s . Before that , Garrett was the offensive coordinator and assistant head coach of the Cowboys before being promoted to interim head coach after the firing of Wade Phillips in late 2010 . Garrett was a college football quarterback at Princeton University , and also played for the Cowboys , New York Giants , Tampa Bay Buccaneers , and Miami Dolphins .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Princeton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_football', 'summary': 'The Princeton Tigers football program represents Princeton University and competes at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level as a member of the Ivy League . Princetons football program - along with the football program at nearby Rutgers University - began in 1869 with a contest that is often regarded as the beginnings of American Football .'}]}, {'value': 'Ivy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivy_League', 'summary': 'The Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private universities in the Northeastern United States . The term Ivy League is typically used to refer to those eight schools as a group of elite colleges beyond the sports context . The eight members are Brown University , Columbia University , Cornell University , Dartmouth College , Harvard University , the University of Pennsylvania , Princeton University , and Yale University . Ivy League has connotations of academic excellence , selectivity in admissions , and social elitism . While the term was in use as early as 1933 , it became official only after the formation of the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954 . Seven of the eight schools were founded during the colonial period ( Cornell was founded in 1865 ) , and thus account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . The other two colonial colleges , Rutgers University and the College of William & Mary , became public institutions instead . Ivy League schools are generally viewed as some of the most prestigious in the world , and are ranked among the best universities worldwide by U.S. News & World Report . All eight universities place in the top seventeen of the 2020 U.S. News & World Report national university rankings , including four Ivies in the top three ( Columbia and Yale are tied for 3rd ) . In the 2019 U.S. News & World Report global university rankings , three Ivies rank in the top ten ( Harvard 1st , Columbia 7th , and Princeton 8th ) and six in the top twenty-three . Undergraduate-focused Ivies such as Brown University and Dartmouth College rank 99th and 197th , respectively . U.S. News has named a member of the Ivy League as the best national university in each of the past 18 years ending with the 2018 rankings : Princeton eleven times , Harvard twice , and the two schools tied for first five times .'}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans Saints', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_New_Orleans_Saints_season', 'summary': "The 1989 New Orleans Saints season was the franchise 's 23rd season in the National Football League , and their fourteenth with home games at the Superdome . They failed to improve upon their 10-6 record from 1988 and instead finished at 9-7 , missing the playoffs for the second straight season ."}]}, {'value': 'Bennie Thompson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bennie_Thompson_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Bennie Thompson ( born February 10 , 1963 ) is a former American football safety who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) and Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . He went to the Pro Bowl after the 1991 and 1998 seasons as a special teams player . Thompson played for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the CFL and the New Orleans Saints , Kansas City Chiefs , Cleveland Browns , and the Baltimore Ravens of the NFL . Thompson is best known for his special teams contributions .'}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'Grambling State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grambling_State_Tigers_football', 'summary': 'The Grambling State Tigers are the college football team representing the Grambling State University . The Tigers play in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference . The prominence of Grambling football is longstanding . The Tigers , under Hall of Fame coach Eddie Robinson ( who guided them to 408 victories in 55 seasons from 1941 to 1942 and 1945 to 1997 ) , were built as a small-school powerhouse with more than 200 players who played professional football . On September 24 , 1976 , Grambling State and Morgan State became the first collegiate football teams from the United States to play a game in the continent of Asia . GSU defeated Morgan State 42-16 in Tokyo , Japan . In fall 1977 , the GSU Tigers were invited back to Tokyo where they defeated Temple University 35-32 in the inaugural Mirage Bowl game . Among its accomplishments include : 15 Black college football national championships ( tied for second most in HBCU history ) and 26 Conference Championships ( 1 Midwest Conference & 25 SWAC ) . The Tigers have won the most SWAC Championships to date .'}]}, {'value': 'SWAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama , which is made up of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southern United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; in football , it participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly referred to as Division I-AA . The SWAC is widely considered the premier HBCU conference and ranks among the elite in the nation in terms of alumni affiliated with professional sports teams , particularly in football . On the gridiron , the conference has been the biggest draw on the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level of the NCAA , leading the nation in average home attendance every year except one since FCS has been in existence . In 1994 , the SWAC fell just 40,000 fans short of becoming the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision conference to attract one million fans to its home games ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_New_York_Giants_season', 'summary': "The 1989 New York Giants season was the franchise 's 65th season in the National Football League . After going 10-6 and suffering a heartbreaking final-day elimination from playoff contention in 1988 , the team went 12-4 and won the NFC East . The Giants lost to the Los Angeles Rams in the NFC Divisional playoffs ."}]}, {'value': 'Björn Nittmo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Björn_Nittmo', 'summary': 'Björn Arne Nittmo ( born July 26 , 1966 ) is a former Swedish born American football placekicker , being the only Swedish-born player ever to complete as much as a full season in the National Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Appalachian State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Appalachian_State_Mountaineers_football_team', 'summary': "The Appalachian State Mountaineers football team is the college football team at Appalachian State University in Boone , North Carolina . The Mountaineers have competed in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and the Sun Belt Conference since 2014 . Appalachian plays its home games in Kidd Brewer Stadium , named after former head coach Kidd Brewer , whose 1937 squad was unbeaten and unscored upon during the regular season . The Mountaineers competed in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) from its founding in 1978 to 2013 . They won three straight national championships from 2005 to 2007 , the first FCS team to do so since the playoffs began in 1978 . They were also the first Division I program to win three consecutive national championships since Army accomplished the feat from 1944 to 1946 , and the first Division I school in the modern era to claim three straight undisputed national titles . Appalachian became the first FCS team to receive votes in the final Associated Press ( AP ) college football poll on January 8 , 2008 . The Mountaineers received five points in the poll . Through its history , the App State football program has won over 550 games , claimed three national championships and appeared in the Division-I FCS playoffs 20 times . The Mountaineers have 19 conference championships and have one of the nation 's best home field advantages . The program also has one Walter Payton Award winner , Armanti Edwards , who was the first player to win the award in back-to-back years ( 2008 , 2009 ) . On October 21 , 2018 , the Mountaineers became ranked in the Associated Press Top 25 Poll , ranking at number 25 ."}]}, {'value': 'SoCon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southern Conference ( SoCon ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . Southern Conference football teams compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-AA ) . Member institutions are located in the states of Alabama , Georgia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , and Virginia . Established in 1921 , the Southern Conference ranks as the fifth-oldest major college athletic conference in the United States , and either the third- or fourth-oldest in continuous operation , depending on definitions . Among conferences currently in operation , the Big Ten ( 1896 ) and Missouri Valley ( 1907 ) are indisputably older . The Pac-12 Conference did not operate under its current charter until 1959 , but claims the history of the Pacific Coast Conference , founded in 1915 , as its own . The Southwest Conference ( SWC ) was founded in 1914 , but ceased operation in 1996 . The Big Eight Conference claimed the same history as the Missouri Valley from 1907 to 1928 during its existence ; though it essentially merged with four SWC members to form the Big 12 Conference in 1996 , the Big 12 does not claim the Big Eight 's legacy . The Ivy League was formally organized in 1954 with athletic competition starting in 1955 , but claims the history of the Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League , which competed from 1901 to 1955 , as its own . The SoCon was the first conference to use the three-point field goal in basketball in a November 29 , 1980 game at Western Carolina against Middle Tennessee State University ( MTSU ) , where Ronnie Carr shot the historic shot from 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) away and the Catamounts won 77-70 . The Southern Conference is considered one of the stronger football conferences in the Football Championship Subdivision and is considered a mid-major conference in basketball . It has also garnered considerable national attention from its recent success in these sports : in particular , former member , three-time Division I NCAA Football champion Appalachian State Mountaineers , who stunned the fifth-ranked Michigan Wolverines 34-32 on September 1 , 2007 ; from the Davidson Wildcats , who reached the Elite Eight in the 2008 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament by upsetting power programs Gonzaga ( a mid-major school which became a power program in the 2000s ) , Georgetown , and Wisconsin ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_Philadelphia_Eagles_season', 'summary': "The 1989 Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise 's 57th season in the National Football League . This season marked second consecutive appearance in the postseason , this time as a wild-card team . However , tribulation struck the Eagles late in the season with the death of quarterbacks coach Doug Scovil from a heart attack . For the remainder of the season , the Eagles wore a black stripe made of electrical tape over the wings on their helmet in tribute . It was Hall of Famer Cris Carter 's final season in Philadelphia as his on-and-off the field troubles led to his release the following preseason . He would then sign with the Minnesota Vikings ."}]}, {'value': 'Rick Tuten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rick_Tuten', 'summary': "Richard Lamar Tuten ( January 5 , 1965 - June 13 , 2017 ) was an American football punter in the National Football League who played most of his career with the Seattle Seahawks . He punted the ball 108 times in 1992 , tied for fourth-most in a season in NFL history . In 1992 , he punted for 4,760 yards with an average of 44.1 yards per punt . In 1994 , the year he went to his only Pro Bowl , he punted the ball 91 times for 3,905 yards , an average of 42.9 yards per punt , and also scored a two-point conversion , the only scored points of his career . Tuten also received a ring as a member of the St. Louis Rams ' Super Bowl championship team . However , he did not play in the game itself due to injury . While with the Seattle Seahawks in 1998 , he won the designation as the league 's strongest man pound-for-pound in Flex magazine . While on vacation with his wife in Costa Rica in 2017 , Tuten unexpectedly died at age 52 ."}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punter_(football)', 'summary': 'A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Florida_State_Seminoles_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1988 Florida State Seminoles football team represented Florida State University in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team was coached by Bobby Bowden and played their home games at Doak Campbell Stadium . Defensive back Deion Sanders was a Heisman finalist , finishing in eighth place .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable undrafted players', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1989_NFL_Draft_0', 'intro': 'The 1989 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held April 23-24, 1989, at the Marriott Marquis in New York City, New York. The league also held a supplemental draft after the regular draft and before the regular season. The draft is noted for having four of the first five players selected - quarterback Troy Aikman, running back Barry Sanders, linebacker Derrick Thomas, and cornerback Deion Sanders - being inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Offensive tackle Tony Mandarich, the only top five pick not inducted, is considered a draft bust. The 1989 NFL Draft also helped set a major precedent, as Barry Sanders was selected with the third overall pick despite an NFL rule stating that collegiate juniors could not declare for the draft. Since Barry Sanders was selected as a junior, it has become an expectation for top college players to declare for the draft after their junior season; the rule disallowing collegiate juniors in the NFL draft was lifted by the next draft. Another precedent the draft help set was how players were invited to the actual draft room. Troy Aikman, who was selected first overall, was represented by Leigh Steinberg, who went with his client to the draft finding he was the only player there. As years followed, more players began getting invited to the draft.'} | null | null | Who beat the team that drafted Björn Nittmo in 1989 in the tournament that year ? | Los Angeles Rams |
08077555a7b2e179 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_de_Honor_Municipalidad_de_Buenos_Aires', 'title': 'Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires', 'header': ['Team', 'Titles', 'Years won'], 'data': [{'value': 'Racing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Racing_Club_de_Avellaneda', 'summary': 'Racing Club , also known simply as Racing , is an Argentine professional sports club based in Avellaneda , a city of Greater Buenos Aires . Founded in 1903 , Racing has been historically considered one of the big five clubs of Argentine football . Racing currently plays in the Primera División , the top division of the Argentine league system . Racing has won the Primera División 18 times ( with a record of seven consecutive championships between 1913 and 1919 ) , apart from winning 13 National cups such as five Copa Ibarguren , four Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires and one Copa Beccar Varela . Due to those achievements the team was nicknamed La Academia ( The Academy of Football ) which still identifies the club and its supporters . On international stage , the club has won 6 titles , 3 of them organised by CONMEBOL and other international bodies . Those achievements include one Copa Libertadores , one Intercontinental Cup and the first edition of the Supercopa Sudamericana . In addition , Racing won AFA-AUF competitions , played against the Uruguayan champions : Copa Aldao twice and Copa de Honor Cousenier once . The first team plays its home games in the Estadio Presidente Juan Domingo Perón , nicknamed El Cilindro de Avellaneda ( in English : The Cylinder of Avellaneda ) . Apart from football , other sports practised at Racing are artistic gymnastics , basketball , boxing , field hockey , handball , martial arts , roller skating , tennis and volleyball .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1912 , 1913 , 1915 , 1917', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1912_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': '1912 in Argentine football saw the division of Argentine football into two rival associations , when Federación Argentina de Football ( FAF ) was established to organise its own championships . Thus , Quilmes won the official AFA tournament , while Porteño won the FAF title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1913_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': '1913 in Argentine football saw Racing Club de Avellaneda win its first league championship . The team also won the Copa Ibarguren , the Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires and the Copa de Honor Cousenier . Estudiantes de La Plata won its first championship , taking the dissident FAF league title . Rosario Central won the Copa de Competencia La Nación . The Argentina national team won three championships against Uruguay and carried out a brief tour of Chile .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1915_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': '1915 in Argentine football saw the reunification of the Asociación Argentina de Football and the Federación Argentina de Football . Racing won its third consecutive league championship . Rosario Central won the Copa Ibarguren , defeating Racing 3-1 . Argentina national team won the Copa Premier Honor Uruguayo and Copa Lipton .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1917_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': '1917 in Argentine football saw the two teams from Avellaneda dominate Argentine football . Racing Club won its fifth consecutive league title and two domestic cups , while Independiente won the Copa de Competencia Jockey Club . In international football Argentina won three minor tournaments but finished as runners up to Uruguay in Copa América for the second time .'}]}, {'value': 'Alumni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alumni_Athletic_Club', 'summary': 'Alumni Athletic Club , or simply Alumni , was an Argentine football team active during the first years of the sport in that country . Although officially founded in 1898 , the team had been formed in 1893 when a group of students from the Buenos Aires English High School joined Alexander Watson Hutton ( considered the father of Argentine football ) to form a team in order to participate in the championship organized by the Argentine Association Football League ( then Argentine Football Association , which had been created that year ) . The squad was active until 1911 and was disbanded in 1913 due to internal problems . During its run in Primera División , Alumni achieved 10 domestic league championships and many national and international cups , becoming one of the most important clubs in the history of Argentine football .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1905 , 1906', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1905_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': 'The year 1905 in Argentine football saw Alumni crowning Argentine champion , winning its 5th league title in six seasons . A new team , Reformer Athletic Club from the city of Campana , registered to play the tournament .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1906_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': '1906 in Argentine football saw Alumni regaining the Argentine championship for the 6th time in seven seasons . The team also won the local Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires and internationals Tie Cup and Copa de Honor Cousenier , obtaining four titles within the same year . San Isidro , Argentino de Quilmes and San Martín made their debuts in Primera .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgrano AC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgrano_Athletic', 'summary': "Belgrano Athletic Club is an Argentine amateur sports club from Belgrano , Buenos Aires . One of Argentina 's oldest institutions still in existence , Belgrano was one of the four clubs that founded the Argentine Rugby Union in 1899 . The senior team currently competes at Top 12 , the first division of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires league system . Belgrano Athletic was one of the most prominent teams during the first years of football in Argentina , having won three domestic league titles , one national cup and two international cups . Belgrano 's arch-rival during those years was Alumni , also from Belgrano neighborhood . Belgrano disaffiliated from the Argentine Association in late 1910s , focusing on rugby union and other sports . Football is no longer practised at the club . Belgrano 's field hockey team currently takes part of Metropolitano championships organised by the Buenos Aires Hockey Association . The club 's facilities are divided between two locations : its main building ( Sede Virrey del Pino ) sited in Belgrano and another one located in Pilar ( Anexo Pinazo ) . Apart from the sports mentioned above , several activities are practised at the club nowadays , such as bowls , cricket , gymnastics , pilates , squash , swimming , tennis and yoga ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1907_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': '1907 in Argentine football saw Alumni regain the Argentine championship winning its 7th Primera División ( First Division ) title in eight seasons . The relegation system is established since this season . Barracas AC withdrew after 7 fixtures and was disaffiliated by the Association .'}]}, {'value': 'Quilmes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quilmes_Atlético_Club', 'summary': "Quilmes Atlético Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkilmes aˈtletiko ˈkluβ ] ) is an Argentine sports club based in the Quilmes district of Greater Buenos Aires . Quilmes is the oldest club of Argentina still competing in official tournaments , having been founded in 1887 . Its football squad currently plays in the Primera B Nacional , the second division of the Argentinian football . Apart from football , Quilmes ' main sport is field hockey , which both teams , women 's and men 's , have won many titles at Torneo Metropolitano championships . Quilmes has also a field hockey stadium , Estadio Nacional with a capacity of 6,000 seats . Other sports practised at the club are basketball , gymnastics , handball , martial arts , roller skating , swimming and tennis ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1908', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1908_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': '1908 in Argentine football saw Belgrano AC win its 3rd . title , ending a run of three consecutive championships for Alumni . In International football , Argentina won Copa Newton and Copa Lipton . On 13 September 1908 , in the Copa Newton game against Uruguay Argentina wore the light blue and white stripes ( Albiceleste ) for the first time .'}]}, {'value': 'San Isidro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlético_San_Isidro', 'summary': "The Club Atlético de San Isidro ( mostly known for its acronym CASI ) is an Argentine sports club based in the city of San Isidro in Greater Buenos Aires . Originally established as a football club , San Isidro has gained recognition for its rugby union team , holding a record of 33 Torneo de la URBA championships . The senior squad currently competes at Top 12 , the top division of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires league system . San Isidro has also a notable past in football , with 28 consecutive seasons playing in Primera División , the top division of Argentine football league system until the club disaffiliated from the Association when the sport became professional in Argentina . Until then , San Isidro had achieved some international titles such as three Copa de Competencia Jockey Club , one Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires and one international Tie Cup . Nowadays , football is practised at the institution with youth and senior amateur competitions for men and women . The field hockey section has women 's and men 's team competing at Metropolitano championships organised by the Buenos Aires Hockey Association . Apart from rugby , hockey and football , other disciplines hosted by San Isidro are artistic gymnastics , basque pelota , bowls , gaelic football , golf , squash , swimming , taekwondo and tennis ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1909', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1909_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': '1909 in Argentine football saw Alumni win the championship , their 8th title in 10 seasons . Argentina won all three international trophies contested against Uruguay .'}]}, {'value': "Newell 's Old Boys", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Newell's_Old_Boys", 'summary': "Club Atlético Newell 's Old Boys ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko ˈɲuls olˈβois ] ) is an Argentine sports club based in Rosario , Santa Fe . The club was founded on 3 November 1903 , and is named after Isaac Newell , from the English county of Kent , one of the pioneers of Argentine football . A founding member of Liga Rosarina de Football , the club affiliated to the Argentine Football Association ( AFA ) in 1939 . Since then , Newell 's Old Boys has taken part of tournaments organised by the body . The club has won six Argentine Primera División championships plus three National cups throughout their history . Newell 's has also been twice Copa Libertadores runner-up ( in 1988 and 1992 ) . The club 's football stadium is the Estadio Marcelo Bielsa , named after the team 's former player and manager Marcelo Bielsa ( twice champion , and runner-up of one Copa Libertadores ) . Newell 's plays the Rosario derby against Rosario Central , a club with which they have a huge historical rivalry . Newell 's is also notable for its youth divisions , being one of the clubs with most national titles in AFA 's youth tournaments . Players from the club 's youths who have represented Argentina at World Cups are Gabriel Batistuta , Éver Banega , Walter Samuel , Américo Gallego , Jorge Valdano , Gabriel Heinze , Roberto Sensini , Mauricio Pochettino and Maxi Rodríguez , among others . Lionel Messi also played in the club 's youths , but left at a young age to Barcelona to seek treatment for his growth hormone deficiency , while Diego Maradona played briefly for the first team in 1993 . Other sports practised at this club are basketball , boxing , field hockey , martial arts , roller skating and volleyball ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1911', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1911_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': "1911 in Argentine football saw Alumni regain the championship for the third time in succession , by beating Porteño in a championship playoff . It was the team 's 10th title in 12 seasons and was also its last tournament disputed so the football team was disbanded at the end of the season due to financial problems ."}]}, {'value': 'Rosario Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosario_Central', 'summary': "Club Atlético Rosario Central ( Spanish pronunciation : [ roˈsaɾjo senˈtɾal ] ) is a sports club based in Rosario , Argentina , that plays in the Argentine Primera División . The club was officially founded December 24 , 1889 by a group of railway workers , taking its name from the English-owned Central Argentine Railway company . One of the oldest Argentine teams , it is considered a pioneer in its hometown and the only one of current Rosarian teams to have won an international title organised by CONMEBOL , the Copa Conmebol , won by the club in 1995 . Originally member of the Rosario 's Football Association , the club affiliated to the Argentine Football Association ( AFA ) in 1939 . Since then , Rosario Central has won the Argentine 's First Division four times , with the last domestic title won in 1986-87 . In addition , Rosario Central won six National cups , being the 2018 Copa Argentina its most recent achievement . In addition , Rosario Central won the Conmebol Cup ( the precursor of the current Copa Sudamericana ) once , in 1995 , being the only team in Santa Fe province which has won an official international title recognised by FIFA . In 2012 , the club was considered by FIFA as one of the 11 most classical clubs in Argentine football . Rosario Central has a strong rivalry with Newell 's Old Boys . The matches played between them are named El Clasico Rosarino , and is amongst the most heated rivalries in Argentina due to both teams and due to Rosario 's local popularity . Rosario Central 's home stadium is Estadio Dr. Lisandro de la Torre , known simply as El Gigante de Arroyito ( The Giant of Arroyito ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1916', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1916_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': '1916 in Argentine football saw Racing Club win their 4th consecutive league championship . Rosario Central won the Copa de Honor and the Copa de Competencia but they were beaten in both of the international finals . In international football Argentina hosted the first edition of Copa América ( named Campeonato Sudamericano by then ) where they finished as runners un to Uruguay although they won four minor trophies later in the year .'}]}, {'value': 'Independiente', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlético_Independiente', 'summary': "Club Atlético Independiente ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko indepenˈdjente ] ) is an Argentine professional sports club , which has its headquarters and stadium in the city of Avellaneda in Greater Buenos Aires . The club is best known for its football team , which plays in the Primera División and is considered one of Argentina 's Big Five football clubs . Independiente holds a longstanding rivalry with neighbor club Racing in the Avellaneda derby , referred to as El Clásico de Avellaneda . Independiente was officially founded on 1 January 1905 , although the institution had been formed on 4 August 1904 and had already played in Argentina 's first division . Originally from Monserrat , a historic neighborhood of Buenos Aires , the club moved to Avellaneda in 1907 . The football team has won 16 Primera División titles ( the last one was the 2002 Apertura ) and 9 National cups . In international club football competitions , Independiente has won a total of 21 titles , with 18 of them organised by CONMEBOL and other associations . Independiente 's achievements include a record of seven Copa Libertadores won , being the only club to win four finals in a row , between 1972 and 1975 . The club has won the Copa Interamericana three times , the Supercopa Sudamericana twice , the Recopa Sudamericana once , the Intercontinental Cup twice ( 1973 and 1984 ) , and the Copa Sudamericana twice , in 2010 and 2017 . The 2018 Suruga Bank Championship was its most recent achievement . Other international titles won by Independiente include two Rioplatense Copa Aldao competitions , organized by Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together . Apart from football , other activities practised at the club are athletics , basketball , boxing , chess , field hockey , futsal , handball , gymnastics , martial arts , Pilates , roller skating , scuba diving , swimming , tennis , volleyball , water polo , and yoga ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1918', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1918_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': '1918 in Argentine football saw Racing Club de Avellaneda win its 6th . consecutive league title , remaining unbeaten at the end of the season . In international football Argentina won three minor championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Banfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlético_Banfield', 'summary': "Club Atlético Banfield is an Argentine sports club located in the city of Banfield , Buenos Aires . Founded on 21 January 1896 by town residents of British origin ( mostly from England and some from Scotland and Ireland ) , Banfield is mostly known for its football team , which currently plays in Primera División , the first division of the Argentine football league system . The club 's football greatest achievement was obtained in 2009 when it became champion of the Apertura , the first Primera División title won by the club . Apart from that championship , Banfield has also achieved two runners-up places , in 1951 and 2005 . Banfield 's main rival is Club Atlético Lanús , with which the club has a strong rivalry . Other sports practiced at the club include boxing , chess , field hockey , futsal , gymnastics , handball , roller skating , taekwondo , tennis and volleyball ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1920', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1920_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': '1920 in Argentine football saw Boca Juniors retain the Asociación Argentina de Football ( AFA ) league title . In the dissident Asociación Amateurs de Football ( AAm ) River Plate ended the run of seven consecutive league titles for Racing Club de Avellaneda . In international football Argentina finished as runners up in Copa América 1920 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'List of champions -- Titles by team', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Copa_de_Honor_Municipalidad_de_Buenos_Aires_1', 'intro': 'The Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires was an Argentine official football cup competition. It was contested fourteen times between 1905 and 1920. This cup was played by teams from Buenos Aires and Rosario (which belonged to Liga Rosarina de Football). The champion of this tournament qualified to play the Copa de Honor Cousenier versus the winner of Uruguayan Copa de Honor representing the Association of that country. English participation belgrano athletic \n In 1936, a new Copa de Honor was played under a regular Primera División season, with 18 teams playing a single-round tournament. San Lorenzo finished 1st and was awarded the cup. In July 2013, the Argentine Football Association recognized the 1936 edition as a Primera División honour awarded to the club.'} | null | null | What was the national origin of the founders of the club that won the Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires in the year the Boca Juniors retained the AFA league title ? | British |
0808b0b922851a6a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_in_Australian_television', 'title': '1998 in Australian television', 'header': ['Program', 'Channel', 'Debut date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Breakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Breakers_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Breakers is an Australian television series , that was made and aired on Network Ten between 1998 and 1999 . It was shown in Ireland on TV3 and City Channel . It was also screened on BBC One in the United Kingdom and TV4 in New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '2 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mixy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mixy_(programming_block)', 'summary': "Mixy was an Australian program block on the ABC that hosts Mixy Rabbit from The Ferals . After the Ferals ' series ended , Mixy has been used as a host for her new program block and introducing the shows in the morning . In 2000 , the puppeteer Mal Heap , who played Modigliana the cat from The Ferals , introduced the role of Joe the Kangaroo alongside Mixy . After the programming block finished in July 2002 , Mixy kept appearing in ABC idents and her own website episodes until around the mid-2000s ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '16 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Panel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Panel_(Australian_TV_series)', 'summary': 'The Panel was an Australian television talk show that was broadcast by Network Ten and its affiliates ; it was also simulcast on the Triple M radio network . The show was produced by Working Dog Productions and included several members of the former D-Generation and The Late Show casts . The show featured a panel of five ( originally six ) people who discuss and joke about items in the news , current affairs , and pop culture . Episodes of The Panel screened at 9.30pm on Wednesday nights . Episodes were scheduled to run one hour but would often finish late , delaying the live news broadcast scheduled for 10.30pm immediately afterwards . The series premiered in 1998 and was very popular in its first few years . The show is currently considered to be on hiatus with the last regular episode airing in 2004 . Between 2003 and 2007 the show also broadcast an annual Christmas special .'}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '18 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hot Streak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hot_Streak', 'summary': "Hot Streak is an Australian afternoon game show aired on the Seven Network in 1998 , hosted by James O'Neil . This show was based on the short-lived 1986 America format called Bruce Forsyth 's Hot Streak , Two teams of five contestants ( one consisting of men , the other , of women ) compete in a battle of the sexes game of word association for a chance to win up to $ 50,000 . On the Australian Hot Streak , each correct transition down the line in the first two rounds scored $ 5 , while each transition in the third round scored $ 10 . On later episodes , teams scored $ 5 per transition in the first three rounds and $ 15 apiece in the fourth round . The winning team played the same bonus game as the American version except that each correct word mentioned on the first subject would be worth the same amount won earlier . The amount won in round one would be multiplied by the number of correct words mentioned in part two . The team 's winnings from part two would be multiplied by five if the team succeeded in part three . Five-time championship teams played only one subject for a grand total of $ 50,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '23 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All Saints', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_Saints_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'All Saints is an Australian television medical drama that first screened on the Seven Network on 24 February 1998 . Set in the fictional All Saints Western General Hospital , it focused on the staff of Ward 17 until its closure in 2004 , which is when the focus changed and began following the staff of the Emergency Department . It was produced by John Holmes alongside Jo Porter , MaryAnne Carroll and Di Drew . The final episode aired on 27 October 2009 , completing its recording-breaking 12-year run .'}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '24 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kings in Grass Castles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kings_in_Grass_Castles', 'summary': "Kings in Grass Castles is a 1959 book of history by Dame Mary Durack ( 1913-1994 ) . The book is considered a classic of Australian literature . It is the story of Durack 's pioneering family establishing its pastoral interests in the Australian outback during the 19th century and concerns the life and times of Durack 's grandfather Patrick Durack , an Irish immigrant who became a leader of the overlanders who brought their cattle on hoof to the tropical north . The book was notable for its portrayal of the role of women and families in the pastoral industry and collaboration and respect between the pastoralists and local Aborigines . Durack published a sequel , Sons in the Saddle , in 1983 . Kings in Grass Castles was made into a 1998 TV mini-series ."}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '29 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bananas in Pyjamas : Bumping and a Jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bananas_in_Pyjamas', 'summary': "Bananas in Pyjamas is an Australian children 's television series that premiered on 20 July 1992 on ABC . It has since become syndicated in many different countries , and dubbed into other languages . In the United States , the Pyjamas in the title was modified to reflect the American spelling pajamas . This aired in syndication from 1995 to 1997 as a half-hour series , then became a 15-minute show paired with a short-lived 15-minute series The Crayon Box , under a 30-minute block produced by Sachs Family Entertainment titled Bananas in Pajamas & The Crayon Box . Additionally , the characters and a scene from the show were featured in the Kids for Character sequel titled Kids for Character : Choices Count . The pilot episode was Pink Mug . The concept was inspired by the success of the song Bananas in Pyjamas , written by Carey Blyton in 1967 , on Play School . This song , which had become a regular item on Play School , became the theme of the new series . The series was revamped in May 2011 as a CGI animated series created by Southern Star Entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '13 April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denise_(TV_program)', 'summary': 'Denise was an Australian morning show television series that aired on the Seven Network from 1998 until 2001 . It was hosted by Denise Drysdale .'}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '20 April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle of the Sexes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sexes_(radio_contest)', 'summary': "The Battle of the Sexes is a game where male and female contestants challenge each other on trivia questions . The principle of the game is to demonstrate the imbalance between male and female genders as they compete . The concept was created by Perth radio announcer Paul Redman . The game initially began as a regular call-in radio contest , whereby one male and one female contestant would compete answering trivia questions . A leaderboard by gender was kept from day-to-day . The concept spread to Austereo 's affiliated radio stations across Australia , including FOX FM 's Tracy Bartram and Matt Tilley . The segment became a daily staple of the 2Day FM Morning Crew with Wendy Harmer . In 1998 , the concept was adapted into a short-lived television show on Network Ten hosted by Ed Phillips . It only lasted for two series with the girls winning them both ( 25-24 and 25-21 ) . The number of episodes depended on the number of wins it took to 25 . The concept lives on in radio , as well as in a series of board games which allow the game to be played at home . It has also been adopted by MTV , uniting cast members from The Real World and Road Rules for a chance at money ."}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '27 April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SeaChange', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SeaChange', 'summary': "SeaChange is an Australian television program that ran from 1998 to 2000 on the ABC and as of 2019 on the Nine Network . It was created by Andrew Knight and Deborah Cox and starred Sigrid Thornton , David Wenham , William McInnes , John Howard , Tom Long , and Kerry Armstrong . The director was Michael Carson . Laura Gibson ( Sigrid Thornton ) , a high-flying city lawyer , is prompted to undergo a 'seachange ' with her children Rupert and Miranda after her husband is arrested for fraud and is found to have had an affair with her sister . Laura becomes the magistrate for the fictional small coastal town of Pearl Bay . With its many colourful characters , the town is isolated from the rest of the world since the local bridge was destroyed in one of the natural disasters common to Pearl Bay . Although they initially miss the city , the family comes to love the town and its people and spend more quality time with each other ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '10 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Micallef P ( r ) ogram ( me )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Micallef_P(r)ogram(me)', 'summary': 'The Micallef P ( r ) ogram ( me ) is an Australian sketch comedy TV series hosted by Shaun Micallef , and written by Micallef and Gary McCaffrie , that ran from 1998 to 2001 on ABC TV . It was known as The Micallef Program in its first series , The Micallef Programme in its second series and The Micallef Pogram in its third series . The Micallef P ( r ) ogram ( me ) is an umbrella title used for the DVD releases .'}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '11 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Live and Kicking', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Live_and_Kicking_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Live and Kicking was a television show that was broadcast in Australia on the Seven Network in 1998 and 1999 . An Australian rules football show focusing on the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the show featured Jason Dunstall , Doug Hawkins and Craig Hutchison among others . The show was aimed as a variety show , with footballers in the AFL invited onto the show to perform songs . Players included Daniel Harford ( performing Five 's When the Lights Go Out ) ; Nicky Winmar ( performing That 's All Right ( Mama ) by Elvis Presley ) ; Dale Lewis ; Nick Daffy ; and Adam Heuskes ( performing Holiday by Madonna ) . Musical guests on the show also included Taxiride and Human Nature . Jason Dunstall announced his retirement live on air after months of speculation . The show was broadcast on Wednesday nights , to avoid competition with the more established The Footy Show on Thursdays . However , ratings were low and the show was axed after the 1999 AFL season , replaced in 2000 by The Game ."}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '20 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petals_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Petals was an Australian children 's animated television programme produced and created by Mark Barnard and aired on the ABC . It ran from 1998 to 1999 consisting a total of two seasons and 55 episodes and was aimed at pre-school children aged 2-6 . After it ended in 1999 , the series was still continued to be repeated on the ABC and ABC1 until 23 January 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '1 June', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bobtales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobtales', 'summary': 'Bobtales is an Australian animated series of aboriginal dreamtime stories produced in Perth , Western Australia in 1997 and aired in 1998 . Thirteen 5-minute episodes were produced by independent film company Gripping Film and Graphics and the Western Australian Aboriginal Media Association in Western Australia , with funding from Screenwest , Film Australia , and SBS Independent . The series is distributed within Australia and world wide by Screen Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'SBS TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SBS_(Australian_TV_channel)', 'summary': "SBS is a national public television network in Australia . Launched on 24 October 1980 , it is the responsibility of SBS 's television division , and is available nationally . In 2018 , SBS had a 7.9% audience share ."}]}, {'value': '29 June', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Gonged But Not Forgotten : Australia 's Best & Worst Of Red Faces", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Hey_Hey_It's_Saturday", 'summary': "Hey Hey It 's Saturday was a long-running variety television program on Australian television . It initially ran for 27 years on the Nine Network from 9 October 1971 to 20 November 1999 ( there was a recess in 1978 ) . Its host throughout its entire run was Daryl Somers , who later also became executive producer of the program . The original producer , Gavin Disney , left the program in the 1980s and Somers then jointly formed his own production company , Somers Carroll Productions , with comedy writer and on-screen partner Ernie Carroll , the performer of Somers ' pink ostrich puppet sidekick Ossie Ostrich . On 25 July 2009 , the Nine Network announced the show would return for two reunion specials in late 2009 and hinted if they rated strongly , the show could return full-time . The first reunion show aired on 30 September 2009 and the second on 7 October and both won the ratings on their respective nights . On 7 December 2009 , it was announced that the show was planned to return in 2010 with a speculated run of 20 episodes . During the 2010 premiere on Wednesday 14 April , it was indicated that the 20-episode run would be split into two groups , with a break between them , and the second group was broadcast on Saturday nights from 16 October 2010 with the season finale on 27 November 2010 . The show was not renewed for a new season in 2011 and since then there has been no announcement of it ever coming back on air ."}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '20 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Wiggles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Wiggles', 'summary': "The Wiggles are an Australian children 's music group formed in Sydney , New South Wales in 1991 . Since 2013 , the group members are Anthony Field , Lachlan Gillespie , Simon Pryce , and Emma Watkins . The original members were Field , Phillip Wilcher , Murray Cook , Greg Page , and Jeff Fatt . Wilcher left the group after their first album . Page retired in 2006 due to ill health and was replaced by understudy Sam Moran , but returned in 2012 , replacing Moran . At the end of 2012 , Page , Cook , and Fatt retired , and were replaced by Gillespie , Pryce , and Watkins . Cook and Fatt retained their shareholding in the group and all three continued to have input into its creative and production aspects . Field and Fatt were members of the Australian pop band The Cockroaches in the 1980s , and Cook was a member of several bands before meeting Field and Page at Macquarie University , where they were studying to become pre-school teachers . In 1991 , Field was inspired to create an album of children 's music based upon concepts of early childhood education , and enlisted Cook , Page , and Fatt to assist him . They began touring to promote the album , and became so successful , they quit their teaching jobs to perform full-time . The group augmented their act with animal characters Dorothy the Dinosaur , Henry the Octopus , and Wags the Dog , as well as the character Captain Feathersword , played by Paul Paddick since 1993 . They travelled with a small group of dancers , which later grew into a larger troupe ."}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '31 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Games_(Australian_TV_series)', 'summary': 'The Games was an Australian mockumentary television series about the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney . The series was originally broadcast on the ABC and had two seasons of 13 episodes each , the first in 1998 and the second in 2000 . The Games starred satirists John Clarke and Bryan Dawe along with Australian comedian Gina Riley and actor Nicholas Bell . It was written by John Clarke and Ross Stevenson . The series centered on the Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games ( SOCOG ) and satirized corruption and cronyism in the Olympic movement , bureaucratic ineptness in the New South Wales public service , and unethical behavior within politics and the media . An unusual feature of the show was that the characters shared the same name as the actors who played them , to enhance the illusion of a documentary on the Sydney Games .'}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '17 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Search for Treasure Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Search_for_Treasure_Island', 'summary': 'Search for Treasure Island is an Australian TV series that aired in 1998 and 2000 . It revolves around a group of people finding the mysterious Treasure Island . The protagonists encounter many cultures , factions and obstacles on the island as they try to find their parents and escape the ominous Maelstrom .'}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '17 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Something Stupid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Something_Stupid_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Something Stupid was a short-lived Australian sketch comedy series which aired in 1998 on the Seven Network . The program was produced , written and performed by much the same team that was behind the Fast Forward series . The series had the working title The Lazy Susan Show .'}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '31 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Driven Crazy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Driven_Crazy', 'summary': "Driven Crazy is an Australian children 's television series , based on the short stories by author Paul Jennings . It first aired in 1998 on Network Ten , and was the second television series based on his works ."}]}, {'value': 'Network Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Network_Ten', 'summary': "Network 10 ( commonly known as Channel 10 or simply 10 ) is an Australian commercial television network . One of five national free-to-air networks , 10 's owned-and-operated stations can be found in the state capital cities of Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth , while affiliates extend the network to regional areas of the country . The network is owned by Ten Network Holdings , which in-turn is owned by ViacomCBS . As of 2019 , Network 10 is the third rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network , the Seven Network ahead of the ABC and SBS ."}]}, {'value': '4 September', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Debuts -- Domestic', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1998_in_Australian_television_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of programs which made their premiere on an Australian television network that had previously premiered on another Australian television network. The networks involved in the switch of allegiances are predominantly both free-to-air networks or both subscription television networks. Programs that have their free-to-air/subscription television premiere, after previously premiering on the opposite platform (free-to air to subscription/subscription to free-to air) are not included. In some cases, programs may still air on the original television network. This occurs predominantly with programs shared between subscription television networks.'} | null | null | On which channel was shown children series from 1992 ? | ABC TV |
080c18a895796ad9 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_doping_cases_in_athletics', 'title': 'List of doping cases in athletics', 'header': ['Name', 'Country', 'Event', 'Date of violation', 'Banned substance ( s ) / Anti-doping rule violation', 'Sanction'], 'data': [{'value': 'Monica Iagăr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monica_Iagăr', 'summary': 'Monica Dinescu-Iagăr ( born April 2 , 1973 in Sighetu Marmaţiei ) is a Romanian athlete competing in high jump . Her personal best jump is 2.02 metres . She made her international debut in 1995 but went through a six-month drug suspension in 1996 . In 1998 she won the indoor with 1.96 m and outdoor European Championships with 1.97 m. She also won the 1999 Universiade and also won the Hochsprung mit Musik meet that year . She finished 8th at the 2004 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'High jump', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abdulagadir Idriss', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sudan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sudan', 'summary': "Sudan ( /suːˈdɑːn/ ; Arabic : السودان as-Sūdān ) , officially the Republic of the Sudan ( Arabic : جمهورية السودان Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān ) , is a country in northeastern Africa . It is bordered by Egypt to the north , Libya to the northwest , Chad to the west , the Central African Republic to the southwest , South Sudan to the south , Ethiopia to the southeast , Eritrea to the east , and the Red Sea to the northeast . Sudan has a population of 43 million ( 2018 estimate ) and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres ( 728,215 square miles ) , making it Africa 's third-largest country and also the third-largest in the Arab world . Before South Sudan 's secession from Sudan on 9 July 2011 , the united Sudan was the largest country in Africa and the Arab world by area . Sudan 's predominant religion is Islam , and its official languages are Arabic and English . The capital is Khartoum , located at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile . Since 2011 , Sudan has been the scene of an ongoing military conflict in its southern states . Sudan 's history goes back to the Pharaonic period , witnessing the kingdom of Kerma ( c. 2500 BC-1500 BC ) , the subsequent rule of the Egyptian New Kingdom ( c. 1500 BC-1070 BC ) and the rise of the kingdom of Kush ( c. 785 BC-350 AD ) , which would in turn control Egypt itself for nearly a century . After the fall of Kush , the Nubians formed the three Christian kingdoms of Nobatia , Makuria and Alodia , with the latter two lasting until around 1500 . Between the 14th and 15th centuries much of Sudan was settled by Arab nomads . From the 16th-19th centuries , central and eastern Sudan were dominated by the Funj sultanate , while Darfur ruled the west and the Ottomans the far north . This period saw extensive Islamisation and Arabisation ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norandrosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norandrosterone', 'summary': '19-Norandrosterone , also known as 5α-estran-3α-ol-17-one , is a metabolite of nandrolone ( 19-nortestosterone ) and bolandione ( 19-norandrostenedione ) that is formed by 5α-reductase . It is on the list of substances prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency since it is a detectable metabolite of nandrolone , an anabolic-androgenic steroid ( AAS ) . Consumption of androstendione products contaminated with traces of bolandione may also result in testing positive for nandrolone . Traces of 19-norandrosterone may be naturally present in human urine . An experiment conducted on athletes showed that after a prolonged intense effort , the 19-norandrosterone concentration can be increased by a factor varying between 2 and 4 , but another study failed to replicate the result . Concentration also increases in the urine of female athletes during menstruation . The consumption of edible parts of a non-castrated pig , containing 19-nortestosterone , has been shown to result in the excretion of 19-norandrosterone in the following hours , so athletes should prudently avoid meals composed of pig offal in the hours preceding doping tests . Consumption of boar meat , liver , kidneys and heart also increased 19-norandrosterone output .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samson Idiata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samson_Idiata', 'summary': 'Samson Idiata ( born 23 January 1988 in Ewu ) is a Nigerian high jumper and long jumper . He took the bronze medal at the 2003 All-Africa Games , and later finished fifth at the 2006 African Championships and tenth at the 2007 All-Africa Games . He later switched to long jump . In this event he has finished eighth at the 2010 African Championships . His personal best was 2.15 metres , first achieved in October 2003 in Hyderabad and later equalled once . In long jump his personal best is 8.00 metres , achieved in May 2013 in Castellón . He was the gold medallist in the long jump at the 2015 African Games , but was stripped of this title after failing a drug test for clenbuterol . He was banned for four years , until 15 September 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nigeria', 'summary': "Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Long jump', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clenbuterol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clenbuterol', 'summary': 'Clenbuterol is a sympathomimetic amine used by sufferers of breathing disorders as a decongestant and bronchodilator . People with chronic breathing disorders such as asthma use this as a bronchodilator to make breathing easier . It is most commonly available as the hydrochloride salt , clenbuterol hydrochloride . It was patented in 1967 and came into medical use in 1977 .'}]}, {'value': '4 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gulustan Ieso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulustan_Ieso', 'summary': "Gulustan Mahmood Ieso ( born 1 August 1991 ) , also known as Kolestan Mahmoud , is an Iraqi track and field athlete who competes in sprinting events . She holds a number of Iraqi records and helped win her country 's first ever women 's medals at the Asian Athletics Championships in 2011 . She lost these medals as her doping sample at that competition came back positive for the banned stimulant methylhexaneamine , receiving a one-year ban for the infraction . Following in the footsteps of Dana Hussein Abdul-Razzaq and Alaa Jassim , her first major appearances came in 2009 when she won the 400 metres and 4×400 metres relay gold medals at the Arab Athletics Championships , as well finishing as runner-up in the 200 metres . Ieso represented her country in the two individual sprints at the 2009 Asian Athletics Championships . At the 2009 Asian Indoor Games she set two Iraqi records , running 7.53 seconds for the 60 metres ( finishing sixth ) and an indoor record of 53.75 seconds for the 400 m - a time which brought her the silver medal in the event , behind Chen Jingwen . She then helped the Iraqi women 's 400 m relay team to a third national record of 3:59.01 minutes . Ieso won the 400 m and 800 metres titles at the 2010 Asian Junior Athletics Championships . She went on to reach the semi-finals of the 400 m at the 2010 World Junior Championships in Athletics . With a team featuring Zhilan Salah Mahmood , Dana Hussein Abdul-Razzaq and Alaa Jassim , she won the West Asian Championships with a new national relay record of 3:43.60 minutes . Ieso ran in both the 100 m and 400 m relay events at the 2010 Asian Games , as well as performing in the heats of the individual 400 m. Highlighting the low development of women 's athletics in Iraq , a mark of 33.57 m in the javelin throw at a local meeting brought Ieso another national record . In the 2011 season she set a personal best in the 100 metres at the national junior championships , recording a time of 12.02 seconds ."}]}, {'value': 'Iraq', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iraq', 'summary': "Iraq ( /ɪˈræk/ , /ɪˈrɑːk/ ( listen ) or /aɪˈræk/ ; Arabic : اَلْعِرَاق , al-ʿirāq ; Kurdish : عێراق Êraq ) , officially the Republic of Iraq ( Arabic : جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاقِ Jumhūriyyah al-ʿIrāq ; Kurdish : کۆماری عێراق Komarî Êraq ) , is a country in Western Asia , bordered by Turkey to the north , Iran to the east , Kuwait to the southeast , Saudi Arabia to the south , Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west . The capital , and largest city , is Baghdad . Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Arabs , Kurds , Assyrians , Turkmen , Shabakis , Yazidis , Armenians , Mandeans , Circassians and Kawliya . Around 99% of the country 's 38 million citizens are Muslims , with tiny minorities of Christians , Yarsans , Yezidis and Mandeans also present . The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish . Iraq has a coastline measuring 58 km ( 36 miles ) on the northern Persian Gulf and encompasses the Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain , the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range and the eastern part of the Syrian Desert . Two major rivers , the Tigris and Euphrates , run south through Iraq and into the Shatt al-Arab near the Persian Gulf . These rivers provide Iraq with significant amounts of fertile land . The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers , historically known as Mesopotamia , is often referred to as the cradle of civilisation . It was here that mankind first began to read , write , create laws and live in cities under an organised government - notably Uruk , from which Iraq is derived . The area has been home to successive civilisations since the 6th millennium BC . Iraq was the centre of the Akkadian , Sumerian , Assyrian and Babylonian empires ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprtinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Methylhexaneamine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methylhexaneamine', 'summary': 'Methylhexanamine ( also known as methylhexamine , 1,3-dimethylamylamine , 1,3-DMAA , dimethylamylamine , and DMAA ; trade names Forthane and Geranamine ) is an indirect sympathomimetic drug invented and developed by Eli Lilly and Company and marketed as an inhaled nasal decongestant from 1948 until it was voluntarily withdrawn from the market in the 1970s . Since 2006 methylhexanamine has been sold extensively under many names as a stimulant or energy-boosting dietary supplement under the claim that it is similar to certain compounds found in geraniums , but its safety has been questioned as a number of adverse events and at least five deaths have been associated with methylhexanamine-containing supplements . It is banned by many sports authorities and governmental agencies . Despite multiple warning letters from the FDA , as of 2019 , the stimulant remains available in sports and weight loss supplements .'}]}, {'value': '1 year', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirill Ikonnikov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirill_Ikonnikov', 'summary': 'Kirill Gennadiyevich Ikonnikov ( Russian : Кирилл Геннадиевич Иконников ; born 5 March 1984 , in Leningrad ) is a male hammer thrower from Russia . His personal best throw is 79.20 metres , achieved in June 2008 in Zhukovsky .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Hammer throw', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone', 'summary': 'Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone ( CDMT ; brand name Oral Turinabol ) , also known as 4-chloro-17β-hydroxy17α-methylandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one , is an anabolic-androgenic steroid ( AAS ) . It is the 4-chloro-substituted derivative of metandienone ( dehydromethyltestosterone ) .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chidi Imoh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chidi_Imoh', 'summary': 'Chukwudi Chidi Imoh ( born 27 August 1965 ) is a former sprinter from Nigeria who won an Olympic silver medal in the 4 x 100 metres relay at the 1992 Summer Olympics . He also won a silver medal in the 100 metres at the 1986 Goodwill Games , finished behind Ben Johnson and ahead of Carl Lewis . He won a 60 metres bronze medal at the 1991 World Indoor Championships , and he became African champion in 1984 and 1985 . In 1986 he posted the world leading time for that year in the 100 metres . He won the 100 metres race in the 1987 All-Africa Games . Imoh is also a former runner for the University of Missouri in Columbia . He holds the records there in the 200 m outdoor with a time of 19.9 , the 100 m outdoor with a time of 10.00 , and in the 55 m indoor with a time of 6.10 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nigeria', 'summary': "Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cristinel Irimia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exogenous steroids', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekaterina Ishova ( Ekaterina Gorbunova )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekaterina_Ishova', 'summary': "Ekaterina Ishova ( née Gorbunova , Russian : Екатерина Юрьевна Ишова ; born 17 January 1989 ) is a Russian middle- and long-distance runner . At the start of her career , she mainly competed in cross country running events . She was 63rd at the 2006 IAAF World Cross Country Championships . At the European Cross Country Championships she was a junior silver medallist in 2006 and 2007 before leading the Russian junior women to bronze with a seventh place at the 2008 European Cross Country Championships . Around 2008 , she began to move towards distance track running . At the 2008 World Junior Championships in Athletics she ranked in the top eight in both the 1500 metres and the 3000 metres . GOing up an age category , she placed sixth in the 5000 metres at the 2009 European Athletics U23 Championships . A silver medal in that event came at the 2011 European Athletics U23 Championships , where she was second only to Ethiopian-Azerbaijani runner Layes Abdullayeva . In July she ran a personal best of 4:01.02 minutes at the Barcelona Meeting , setting a meet record and placing herself in the top three fastest runners that year . She claimed a 1500 m bronze at the Universiade . Her senior debut came at the 2012 European Athletics Championships , where she placed fourth , slightly behind Ukraine 's Anna Mishchenko . After retrospective analysis , her drug test immediately prior to the 2011 European U23 Championships was found to be adverse and her results were annulled for doping from 12 July 2011 onwards ( meaning the loss of her European and Universiade medals ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle/Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biological passport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biological_passport', 'summary': 'An athlete biological passport is an individual electronic record for professional athletes , in which profiles of biological markers of doping and results of doping tests are collated over a period of time . Doping violations can be detected by noting variances from an athletes established levels outside permissible limits , rather than testing for and identifying illegal substances . Although the terminology athlete passport is recent , the use of biological markers of doping has a long history in anti-doping . Maybe the first marker of doping , that tries to detect a prohibited substance not based on its presence in urine or blood , but through the induced deviations in biological parameters , is the so-called testosterone over epitestosterone ratio ( T/E ) . The T/E has been used by sports authorities since the beginning of the 1980s to detect anabolic steroids in urine samples . A decade later , in 1997 , markers of blood doping were introduced by some international federations , such as the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) and the Federation Internationale de Ski , to deter the abuse of recombinant erythropoietin that was undetectable by direct means at that time . It is only in 2002 that the concept of using biological markers to detect doping became known by the term athlete passport . The merits of this testing paradigm were exposed in the scientific literature and the terminology adopted by the World Anti-Doping agency . Many believe [ who ? ] that the athlete passport provides an excellent alternative to ensure fairness in elite sports . While a new drug test must be developed and validated for each new drug , the main advantage of the athlete passport is that it is based on the stability of the physiology of the human being . New drugs are produced at an unprecedented pace today and there is often a lag of several years between the availability of a new drug and the application of an effective detection method .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Ivanov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Ivanov', 'summary': 'Daniel Ivanov ( Bulgarian : Даниел Иванов , born 4 November 1965 ) is a retired Bulgarian long jumper . He became Bulgarian champion in 1989 , and Bulgarian indoor champion in 1989 , 1990 and 1993 . He competed at the 1990 European Championships without reaching the final . 2001 ) < /ref >'}]}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': 'Long jump', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amphetamine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amphetamine', 'summary': 'Amphetamine [ note 1 ] ( contracted from alpha-methylphenethylamine ) is a central nervous system ( CNS ) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , narcolepsy , and obesity . Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers : [ note 2 ] levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine . Amphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical , the racemic free base , which is equal parts of the two enantiomers , levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine , in their pure amine forms . The term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers , or to either of them alone . Historically , it has been used to treat nasal congestion and depression . Amphetamine is also used as an athletic performance enhancer and cognitive enhancer , and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant . It is a prescription drug in many countries , and unauthorized possession and distribution of amphetamine are often tightly controlled due to the significant health risks associated with recreational use . [ sources 1 ] The first amphetamine pharmaceutical was Benzedrine , a brand which was used to treat a variety of conditions . Currently , pharmaceutical amphetamine is prescribed as racemic amphetamine , Adderall , [ note 3 ] dextroamphetamine , or the inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine . Amphetamine increases monoamine and excitatory neurotransmission in the brain , with its most pronounced effects targeting the norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmitter systems . [ sources 2 ] At therapeutic doses , amphetamine causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria , change in desire for sex , increased wakefulness , and improved cognitive control . It induces physical effects such as improved reaction time , fatigue resistance , and increased muscle strength .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyubov Ivanova ( Lyubov Kharlamova )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyubov_Ivanova', 'summary': 'Lyubov Kharlamova ( Russian : Любовь Харламова ) , née Ivanova ( Иванова , born March 2 , 1981 ) is a Russian long-distance runner who specializes in the 3000 metres steeplechase .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Steeplechase', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Methyltestosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methyltestosterone', 'summary': 'Methyltestosterone , sold under the brand names Android , Metandren , and Testred among others , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which is used in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men , delayed puberty in boys , at low doses as a component of menopausal hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms like hot flashes , osteoporosis , and low sexual desire in women , and to treat breast cancer in women . It is taken by mouth or held in the cheek or under the tongue . Side effects of methyltestosterone include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . It can also cause estrogenic effects like fluid retention , breast tenderness , and breast enlargement in men and liver damage . The drug is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) . It has moderate androgenic effects and moderate anabolic effects , which make it useful for producing masculinization . Methyltestosterone was discovered in 1935 and was introduced for medical use in 1936 . It was made shortly after the discovery of testosterone and was one of the first synthetic AAS to be developed . In addition to its medical use , methyltestosterone is used to improve physique and performance , although it is not as commonly used as other AAS for such purposes due to its androgenic effects , estrogenic effects , and risk of liver damage . The drug is a controlled substance in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olimpiada Ivanova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olimpiada_Ivanova', 'summary': 'Olimpiada Vladimirovna Ivanova ( Russian : Олимпиада Владимировна Иванова , born August 26 , 1970 ) is a Russian race walker . She has 4 medals from the major events .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Race walking', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanazolol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanazolol', 'summary': 'Stanozolol ( abbrev . Stz ) , sold under many brand names , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which was derived from dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , it is used to treat hereditary angioedema . It was developed by American pharmaceutical company Winthrop Laboratories ( Sterling Drug ) in 1962 , and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for human use , though it is no longer marketed in the USA . It is also used in veterinary medicine . Stanozolol has mostly been discontinued , and remains available in only a few countries . It is given by mouth in humans or by injection into muscle in animals . Unlike most injectable AAS , stanozolol is not esterified and is sold as an aqueous suspension , or in oral tablet form . The drug has a high oral bioavailability , due to a C17α alkylation which allows the hormone to survive first-pass liver metabolism when ingested . It is because of this that stanozolol is also sold in tablet form . Stanozolol is one of the AAS commonly used as performance-enhancing drugs and is banned from use in sports competition under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) and many other sporting bodies . Additionally , stanozolol has been used in US horse racing .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'I', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_doping_cases_in_athletics_8', 'intro': "The use of performance-enhancing drugs (doping) is prohibited within the sport of athletics. Athletes who are found to have used such banned substances, whether through a positive drugs test, the biological passport system, an investigation or public admission, may receive a competition ban for a length of time which reflects the severity of the infraction. Athletes who are found to have banned substances in their possession, or who tamper with or refuse to submit to drug testing can also receive bans from the sport. Competitive bans may also be given to athletes who test positive for prohibited recreational drugs or stimulants with little performance-enhancing effect for competitors in athletics. The sports body responsible for determining which substances are banned in athletics is the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Typically, any athlete who tests positive for banned substances after having served a previous ban receives a lifetime ban from the sport of athletics. Many high-profile sportspeople to receive doping bans have come from the sport of athletics, with significant past cases concerning Ben Johnson, Lance Armstrong, Alberto Contador, Shane Warne, Diego Maradona, Shoaib Akhtar, Marion Jones and Tim Montgomery. Furthermore, a number of athletes who underwent state-sponsored doping programmes in East Germany between the 1960s and 1980s were competitors in athletics, but the quality of the international anti-doping work was so poor that only one East German athlete ever tested positive. Following allegations of state-sponsored doping in Russia, the IAAF suspended the country's athletes from competition, including the 2016 Summer Olympics."} | null | null | between Monica Iagăr and Ekaterina Ishova what is the birth-date of the one born first ? | April 2 , 1973 |
080c6451073d8425 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament', 'title': '2012 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament', 'header': ['School', 'Conference', 'Record ( Conf )', 'Berth', 'Last NCAA Appearance'], 'data': [{'value': 'Stony Brook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Stony_Brook_Seawolves_baseball_team', 'summary': "The 2012 Stony Brook Seawolves baseball team represented Stony Brook University in the 2012 NCAA Division I baseball season . The Seawolves were coached by 22nd-year head coach Matt Senk and played their home games at Joe Nathan Field . The Seawolves clinched their second consecutive regular season championship and their fourth America East Conference Baseball Tournament championship , earning the league 's automatic bid to the 2012 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament , their fourth appearance in school history . In the NCAA Tournament , the team went on to win the Coral Gables Regional . They then defeated LSU in the Baton Rouge Super Regional , becoming the first ever team from the America East Conference to advance to the College World Series , the first team from New York in thirty years , and the first team from the Northeast since 1986 ."}]}, {'value': 'America East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/America_East_Conference', 'summary': 'The America East Conference is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA Division I , whose members are located mainly in the Northeastern United States , specifically New England . Its nine members include the public flagship universities of three states , and one private university .'}]}, {'value': '46-11 ( 21-3 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Tournament', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament', 'summary': 'The 2010 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament began on Friday , June 4 , 2010 as part of the 2010 NCAA Division I baseball season . The 64 team double elimination tournament concluded with the 2010 College World Series in Omaha , Nebraska . This was the final year at Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium , the host venue since 1950 .'}]}, {'value': 'Georgia Tech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets_baseball', 'summary': 'The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets baseball team represents the Georgia Institute of Technology in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Georgia Tech athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Atlantic Coast Conference . The Yellow Jackets play their home games in Russ Chandler Stadium and they are currently coached by Danny Hall .'}]}, {'value': 'ACC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference', 'summary': "The Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) is a collegiate athletic conference located in the eastern United States . Headquartered in Greensboro , North Carolina , the conference consists of fifteen member universities , each of whom compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I , with its football teams competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest levels for athletic competition in US-based collegiate sports . The ACC sponsors competition in twenty-five sports with many of its member institutions ' athletic programs held in high regard nationally . Current members of the conference are Boston College , Clemson University , Duke University , Georgia Institute of Technology , Florida State University , North Carolina State University , Syracuse University , the University of Louisville , the University of Miami , the University of North Carolina , the University of Notre Dame , the University of Pittsburgh , the University of Virginia , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , and Wake Forest University . ACC teams and athletes have claimed dozens of national championships in multiple sports throughout the conference 's history . Generally , the ACC 's top athletes and teams in any particular sport in a given year are considered to be among the top collegiate competitors in the nation . Also , the conference enjoys extensive media coverage . The ACC was one of the five collegiate power conferences , which had automatic qualifying for their football champion into the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014 , the ACC is one of five conferences with a contractual tie-in to a New Year 's Six bowl game , the successors to the BCS . The ACC was founded on May 8 , 1953 , by seven universities located in the South Atlantic States , with the University of Virginia joining in early December 1953 to bring the membership to eight . The loss of South Carolina in 1971 dropped membership to seven , while the addition of Georgia Tech in 1979 for non-football sports and 1983 for football brought it back to eight , and Florida State 's arrival in 1991 for non-football sports and 1992 for football increased the membership to nine . Since 2000 , with the widespread reorganization of the NCAA , seven additional schools have joined , and one original member ( Maryland ) has left to bring it to the current membership of 15 schools ."}]}, {'value': '36-24 ( 12-18 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Tournament', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament', 'summary': 'The 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament began on Friday , June 3 , 2011 as part of the 2011 NCAA Division I baseball season . The 64 team double elimination tournament concluded with the 2011 College World Series in Omaha , Nebraska on June 29 , 2011 . The 64 NCAA Division I college baseball teams were selected out of an eligible 300 teams . Thirty teams were awarded an automatic bid as champions of their conferences , and 34 teams were selected at-large by the NCAA Division I Baseball Committee .'}]}, {'value': 'Belmont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belmont_Bruins_baseball', 'summary': "The Belmont Bruins baseball team ( formerly the Belmont Rebels ) is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Belmont University in Nashville , Tennessee , United States . The team is a member of the Ohio Valley Conference , which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I . The team plays its home games at E. S. Rose Park in Nashville . The Bruins are coached by Dave Jarvis ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic Sun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Sun_Conference', 'summary': "The Atlantic Sun Conference , branded as the ASUN Conference , is a collegiate athletic conference operating mostly in the Southeastern United States . The league participates at the NCAA Division I level , and does not sponsor football . Originally established as the Trans America Athletic Conference ( TAAC ) in 1978 , its headquarters are located in Macon , Georgia . The conference has seen several changes in its membership in recent years . First , the 2014 departure of East Tennessee State University and Mercer University to the Southern Conference left the ASUN with eight members . Northern Kentucky University ( transitioning from NCAA Division II sports to Division I ) left the conference to join the Horizon League and was replaced by the New Jersey Institute of Technology ( NJIT ) , previously the only Division I basketball independent , in 2015 . The ASUN membership expanded to nine members in 2018 . The University of South Carolina Upstate ( USC Upstate ) left the ASUN to join the Big South Conference after the 2017-18 season , but two new schools joined . The University of North Alabama arrived from the Division II Gulf South Conference , and Liberty University left the Big South for the ASUN . The ASUN 's next change of membership will occur in 2020-21 with the arrival of Bellarmine University from the Division II Great Lakes Valley Conference ."}]}, {'value': '39-22 ( 17-10 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Tournament', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament', 'summary': 'The 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament began on Friday , June 3 , 2011 as part of the 2011 NCAA Division I baseball season . The 64 team double elimination tournament concluded with the 2011 College World Series in Omaha , Nebraska on June 29 , 2011 . The 64 NCAA Division I college baseball teams were selected out of an eligible 300 teams . Thirty teams were awarded an automatic bid as champions of their conferences , and 34 teams were selected at-large by the NCAA Division I Baseball Committee .'}]}, {'value': 'Dayton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dayton_Flyers_baseball', 'summary': "The Dayton Flyers baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Dayton in Dayton , Ohio , United States . The team is a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference , which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I . The team plays its home games at Woerner Field in Dayton , Ohio . The Flyers are coached by Jayson King ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic 10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_10_Conference', 'summary': "The Atlantic 10 Conference ( A-10 ) is a collegiate athletic conference whose schools compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's ( NCAA ) Division I . The A-10 's member schools are located in states mostly on the United States Eastern Seaboard , as well as some in the Midwest - Massachusetts , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Virginia , Ohio , and Missouri as well as in the District of Columbia . Although some of its members are state-funded , half of its membership is made up of private , Catholic institutions . Despite the name , there are 14 full-time members , and two affiliate members that participate in women 's field hockey only . The current commissioner is Bernadette McGlade , who began her tenure in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '31-28 ( 17-7 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Tournament', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First appearance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Missouri_Tigers_baseball_team', 'summary': 'Amid an otherwise undistinguished decade , the Missouri Tigers baseball team won the Big 12 Conference Tournament in 2012 . The team moved from the Big 12 Conference to the Eastern division of the Southeastern Conference in 2013 . The Tigers struggled the first two seasons after the change of Conference , then improved to a limited extent . As of 2018 [ update ] their best performance during the decade in a Conference league was in 2015 ( won 15 out of 30 , 50.0% ) and their best overall performance was in 2018 ( won 25 out of 37 , 67.6% ) . Tim Jamieson retired as head coach in 2016 after 22 years , to be replaced by Steve Bieser .'}]}, {'value': 'Big 12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_12_Conference', 'summary': "The Big 12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Irving , Texas . The conference consists of ten full-member universities . It is a member of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) for all sports . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two levels of NCAA Division I football competition . Its ten members , in the states of Iowa , Kansas , Oklahoma , Texas , and West Virginia , include eight public and two private , Christian schools . Additionally , the Big 12 has 11 affiliate members - eight for the sport of wrestling , one of which is also a member in women 's equestrianism ; one for women 's gymnastics ; and two for women 's rowing . The Big 12 Conference is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization incorporated in Delaware . The Big 12 Conference was founded on February 25 , 1994 . The eight members of the former Big Eight Conference joined with Southwest Conference schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the new Big 12 Conference , which commenced competition on August 31 , 1996 . The conference 's current 10-campus makeup resulted from the 2010-13 Big 12 Conference realignment , in which Nebraska joined the Big Ten Conference , Colorado joined the Pac-12 , and Missouri and Texas A & M joined the Southeastern Conference . TCU and West Virginia joined from the Mountain West and Big East Conferences respectively to offset two of the departing schools , bringing the conference to its current strength . The Big 12 Conference , like others involved in the realignment , has kept its name primarily for marketing purposes ; the conference has high name recognition and remains one of the Power Five conferences which are considered the primary contenders to produce a College Football Playoff champion team in any given year ."}]}, {'value': '32-26 ( 10-14 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Tournament', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament', 'summary': 'The 2009 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament was held from May 29 through June 24 , 2009 and is part of the 2009 NCAA Division I baseball season . The 64 NCAA Division I college baseball teams were selected out of an eligible 286 teams on May 25 , 2009 . Thirty teams were awarded an automatic bid as champions of their conference , and 34 teams were selected at-large by the NCAA Division I Baseball Committee . The 2009 tournament culminated with 8 teams advancing to the College World Series at historic Rosenblatt Stadium in Omaha , Nebraska beginning on June 13 .'}]}, {'value': "St. John 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2012_St._John's_Red_Storm_baseball_team", 'summary': "The 2012 St. John 's Red Storm baseball team represented St. John 's University in the 2012 NCAA Division I baseball season . The Red Storm were coached by seventeenth year head coach Ed Blankmeyer and played their home games at Jack Kaiser Stadium . St. John 's claimed the Big East Conference regular season and Tournament championships , and also swept through the Chapel Hill Regional . The Red Storm fell to eventual champion Arizona in the Tucson Super Regional , by scores of 7-6 ( 10 innings ) and 7-4 ."}]}, {'value': 'Big East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_East_Conference_(1979–2013)', 'summary': "The Big East Conference was a collegiate athletics conference that consisted of as many as 16 universities in the eastern half of the United States from 1979 to 2013 . The conference 's members participated in 24 NCAA sports . The conference had a history of success at the national level in basketball throughout its history , while its shorter ( 1991 to 2013 ) football program , created by inviting one college and four other associate members ( their football programs only ) into the conference , resulted in two national championships . In basketball , Big East teams made 18 Final Four appearances and won seven NCAA Championships ( UConn with three , Villanova , Georgetown , Syracuse , and Louisville with one each ) . Of the Big East 's full members , all but South Florida attended the Final Four , the most of any conference , though Marquette , DePaul , Notre Dame , Rutgers , Cincinnati , and Pittsburgh made all their trips before joining the Big East . In 2011 , the Big East set the record for the most teams sent to the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship by a single conference with eleven out of their sixteen teams qualifying . In football , the Big East entered competition as a conference in 1991 , after inviting five football colleges to become members of the Big East , joining three teams from the Big East whose football teams were competing as Division I independents ( Boston College , Pittsburgh and Syracuse ) to form a new Division I football league . The strength of this league earned the Big East an automatic berth in the Bowl Championship Series , when that series was created in 1998 . The Big East won two national football championships , both by University of Miami . Between 2005 and 2012 , four of the more successful football schools left the Big East for other conferences , starting a process that led to a complete realignment of the Big East in 2013 . On July 1 , 2013 , the non-football playing schools ( also known collectively as the secular Catholic 7 ) formed a non-football playing conference that retains the Big East Conference name . The remaining six football-playing members , three of whom had only joined the Big East in 2005 when the earlier exodus had started , joined with four schools from other conferences to become the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) , which is the Big East 's legal successor ."}]}, {'value': '37-21 ( 18-9 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Tournament', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament', 'summary': 'The 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament began on Friday , June 3 , 2011 as part of the 2011 NCAA Division I baseball season . The 64 team double elimination tournament concluded with the 2011 College World Series in Omaha , Nebraska on June 29 , 2011 . The 64 NCAA Division I college baseball teams were selected out of an eligible 300 teams . Thirty teams were awarded an automatic bid as champions of their conferences , and 34 teams were selected at-large by the NCAA Division I Baseball Committee .'}]}, {'value': 'Coastal Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coastal_Carolina_Chanticleers_baseball', 'summary': "The Coastal Carolina Chanticleers baseball program has been the university 's most consistent program in terms of success . Head Coach Gary Gilmore ( 903-464-1 at CCU , 1,156-566-3 overall ) has led the Chanticleers to 16 NCAA Regional appearances and three Super Regional appearances since being hired in 1996 . The program has received # 1 regional seeds on five occasions ( 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2018 ) and won 50+ games in 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , and 2016 . In addition , the Chanticleers hosted NCAA Regionals in 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , and 2018 . The program hosted a Super Regional in 2010 . Future Chicago White Sox major league pitcher Brad Goldberg played for the team in 2009-10 , making 18 appearances ( 17 in relief ) in those two seasons . In 2010 Coastal went 29-0 in Big South play , winning both the regular season Big South Championship and the Big South Tournament Championship plus the Regional , but lost in the Super Regionals 2-0 to the University of South Carolina . In 2016 , Coastal went 21-3 in Big South play , winning the regular season Conference Championship and the Conference Tournament . In the 2016 post-season , Coastal won the Raleigh Regional by beating the NC State Wolfpack 2-0 . The Chanticleers went on to beat the LSU Tigers 2-0 in the Baton Rouge Super Regionals , and ultimately got to the 2016 CWS Final and defeated Arizona two games to one to win the National Championship . The title game finished mere hours before Coastal officially left the Big South Conference , the school 's home since 1983 ( 1984 baseball season ) , for the Sun Belt Conference . The state 's governor Nikki Haley proclaimed July 1 , 2016 , the day after the title game and also Coastal 's first official day as a Sun Belt member , Chanticleer Baseball National Championship Day throughout South Carolina ."}]}, {'value': 'Big South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_South_Conference', 'summary': "The Big South Conference is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I . Originally a non-football conference , the Big South began sponsoring football in 2002 . Its football teams are part of the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . The Big South , founded in 1983 , is firmly rooted in the South Atlantic region of the United States , with full member institutions located in North Carolina , South Carolina , and Virginia . Associate members are located in Alabama , Georgia , and New Jersey ."}]}, {'value': '41-17 ( 18-5 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Tournament', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament', 'summary': 'The 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament began on Friday , June 3 , 2011 as part of the 2011 NCAA Division I baseball season . The 64 team double elimination tournament concluded with the 2011 College World Series in Omaha , Nebraska on June 29 , 2011 . The 64 NCAA Division I college baseball teams were selected out of an eligible 300 teams . Thirty teams were awarded an automatic bid as champions of their conferences , and 34 teams were selected at-large by the NCAA Division I Baseball Committee .'}]}, {'value': 'Purdue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Purdue_Boilermakers_baseball_team', 'summary': 'The 2012 Purdue Boilermakers baseball team was a baseball team that represented Purdue University in the 2012 NCAA Division I baseball season . The Boilermakers are members of the Big Ten Conference and played their home games at Lambert Field in West Lafayette , Indiana . They were led by fourteenth-year head coach Doug Schreiber .'}]}, {'value': 'Big Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Ten Conference ( stylized B1G , formerly the Western Conference and the Big Nine Conference ) is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States . It is based in Rosemont , Illinois . For decades the conference consisted of 10 universities , while the present conference has 14 member institutions . They compete in the NCAA Division I ; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A , the highest level of NCAA competition in that sport . The conference includes the flagship public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska , as well as two additional public land-grant schools and a private university . The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H. Smart and representatives from the University of Chicago , University of Illinois , University of Michigan , University of Minnesota , Northwestern University , and University of Wisconsin gathered at Chicago 's Palmer House Hotel to set policies aimed at regulating intercollegiate athletics . In 1899 , Indiana University and the University of Iowa joined the conference to increase the membership to nine schools . In 1905 , the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives . The conference is one of the nation 's oldest , predating the founding of the NCAA by a decade , and was one of the first collegiate conferences to sponsor men 's basketball . Big Ten member institutions are major research universities with large financial endowments and strong academic reputations . All institutions except full member University of Nebraska and associate member Notre Dame are members of the Association of American Universities . Large student enrollment is a hallmark of Big Ten Universities , as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students ."}]}, {'value': '44-12 ( 17-7 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Tournament', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament', 'summary': "The 1987 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament was played at the end of the 1987 NCAA Division I baseball season to determine the national champion of college baseball . The tournament concluded with eight teams competing in the College World Series , a double-elimination tournament in its forty first year . Eight regional competitions were held to determine the participants in the final event . Each region was composed of six teams , resulting in 48 teams participating in the tournament at the conclusion of their regular season , and in some cases , after a conference tournament . The forty-first tournament 's champion was Stanford , coached by Mark Marquess . The Most Outstanding Player was Paul Carey of Stanford ."}]}, {'value': 'Cal State Fullerton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cal_State_Fullerton_Titans_baseball', 'summary': "The Cal State Fullerton Titans baseball team represents California State University , Fullerton in NCAA Division I college baseball . Since beginning Division I play in 1975 , the Titans have never had a losing season . They are supplied by Easton . Along with the other CSUF athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Big West Conference . Since its early days , Titan Baseball has been considered an elite program in college baseball , making 18 College World Series appearances and winning 4 national championships ( 1979 , 1984 , 1995 , and 2004 ) . The Titans have made an appearance in every NCAA Tournament since 1992 . The Titans play their home games on Fullerton 's campus at Goodwin Field and are currently coached by Rick Vanderhook ."}]}, {'value': 'Big West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_West_Conference', 'summary': "The Big West Conference ( BWC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference whose member institutions participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I . The conference was originally formed in 1969 as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association ( PCAA ) , and in 1988 was renamed the Big West Conference . The conference stopped sponsoring college football after the 2000 season ."}]}, {'value': '35-19 ( 17-7 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Regular Season', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament', 'summary': 'The 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament began on Friday , June 3 , 2011 as part of the 2011 NCAA Division I baseball season . The 64 team double elimination tournament concluded with the 2011 College World Series in Omaha , Nebraska on June 29 , 2011 . The 64 NCAA Division I college baseball teams were selected out of an eligible 300 teams . Thirty teams were awarded an automatic bid as champions of their conferences , and 34 teams were selected at-large by the NCAA Division I Baseball Committee .'}]}, {'value': 'UNC Wilmington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UNC_Wilmington_Seahawks_baseball', 'summary': 'The UNC Wilmington ( UNCW ) Seahawks are the varsity athletic teams representing UNC Wilmington in Wilmington , North Carolina in intercollegiate athletics . The university sponsors eight teams for the men ( baseball , basketball , cross country , golf , soccer , swimming and diving , tennis , and outdoor track & field only ) and eleven for the women ( basketball , cross country , golf , soccer , softball , swimming and diving , tennis , track & field ( indoor and outdoor ) , volleyball , and beach volleyball ) . With the exception of beach volleyball ( Coastal Collegiate Sports Association ) , the Seahawks compete as a non-football member of NCAA Division I and are members of the Colonial Athletic Association .'}]}, {'value': 'Colonial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonial_Athletic_Association', 'summary': "The Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I whose full members are located in East Coast states from Massachusetts to South Carolina . Most of its members are public universities , and the conference is headquartered in Richmond . The CAA was historically a Southern conference until the addition of four schools in the Northeast ( of five that joined from rival conference America East ) after the turn of the 21st century , which added balance to the conference . The CAA was founded in 1979 as the ECAC South basketball league . It was renamed the Colonial Athletic Association in 1985 when it added championships in other sports ( although a number of members maintain ECAC affiliation in some sports ) . As of 2006 , it organizes championships in 21 men 's and women 's sports . The addition of Northeastern University in 2005 gave the conference the NCAA minimum of six football programs needed to sponsor football . For the 2007 football season , all of the Atlantic 10 Conference 's football programs joined the CAA football conference , as agreed in May 2005 ."}]}, {'value': '38-21 ( 24-6 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Tournament', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament', 'summary': "The 2008 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament was held from May 30 through June 25 , 2008 and was part of the 2008 NCAA Division I baseball season . The 64 NCAA Division I college baseball teams were selected out of an eligible 286 teams on May 26 , 2008 . Thirty teams were awarded an automatic bid as champions of their conference , and 34 teams were selected at-large by the NCAA Division I Baseball Committee . Thirty-eight of the 64 selected teams participated in the 2007 tournament . The 2008 tournament culminated with 8 teams advancing to the College World Series at historic Rosenblatt Stadium in Omaha , Nebraska on June 14 . The Fresno State Bulldogs beat the Georgia Bulldogs in the best-of-three championship series to win the NCAA Men 's Division I Baseball Championship . Fresno State became the lowest seeded team ( 4th in the Regionals ) to win the National Championship in NCAA history , and the fifth consecutive baseball team to win the title that was not one of the eight national seeds . They were considered a Cinderella team throughout the tournament . This was only the second national championship of any kind in school history , following the 1998 NCAA Division I Softball National Champions . Fresno State sophomore third baseman Tommy Mendonca won the Most Outstanding Player Award . Tommy hit four home runs and had 11 RBIs and also made a number of spectacular plays in the field . The first day of the 2008 CWS was moved to Saturday ( June 14 ) from the traditional Friday ."}]}, {'value': 'UAB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UAB_Blazers_baseball', 'summary': "The UAB Blazers are the varsity intercollegiate athletic programs that represent the University of Alabama at Birmingham ( UAB ) . The school is one of the fourteen member institutions of Conference USA ( C-USA ) and participates in Division I of the NCAA . The school 's men 's basketball team plays in 8,508-seat Bartow Arena . The Blazers ' colors are forest green and old gold . The men 's basketball program has a long history of success spanning several decades ."}]}, {'value': 'Conference USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conference_USA', 'summary': "Conference USA ( C-USA or CUSA ) is an intercollegiate athletic conference whose current member institutions are located within the Southern United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I in all sports . C-USA 's offices are located in Dallas , Texas ."}]}, {'value': '32-28 ( 9-15 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Tournament', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament', 'summary': "The 1991 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament was played at the end of the 1991 NCAA Division I baseball season to determine the national champion of college baseball . The tournament concluded with eight teams competing in the College World Series , a double-elimination tournament in its forty fifth year . Eight regional competitions were held to determine the participants in the final event . Each region was composed of six teams , resulting in 48 teams participating in the tournament at the conclusion of their regular season , and in some cases , after a conference tournament . The forty-fifth tournament 's champion was LSU , coached by Skip Bertman . The Most Outstanding Player was Gary Hymel of LSU ."}]}, {'value': 'Valparaiso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valparaiso_Crusaders_baseball', 'summary': "The Valparaiso Crusaders baseball team is a baseball team that represents Valparaiso University in Valparaiso , Indiana . The Crusaders competed in the NCAA Division I Baseball Championship five times before 1970 . After returning in 2012 for the first time in 44 years , the Crusaders ' first round game was almost delayed an additional day , because the preceding game was the second-longest in NCAA tournament history . The Crusaders game against the Purdue Boilermakers began at approximately 10:40 pm only 20 minutes before a curfew . In their second game of the NCAA tournament , the Crusaders played the Kentucky Wildcats , who lost the marathon game to the Kent State Golden Flashes . The games were played at U.S. Steel Yard in Gary , Indiana . The 2012 Crusaders team tied a school record with 35 wins . The Crusaders are coached by Brian Schmack . They play their home games at Emory G. Bauer Field ."}]}, {'value': 'Horizon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horizon_League', 'summary': "The Horizon League is a 10-school collegiate athletic conference in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I , whose members are located in and near the Midwestern United States . The Horizon League was founded in 1979 as the Midwestern City Conference . In 1985 , the conference changed its name to Midwestern Collegiate Conference and then the Horizon League in 2001 . The conference started with a membership of six teams and has fluctuated in size with 24 different schools as members at different times . Currently , the League has 10 members , following Valparaiso leaving to join the Missouri Valley Conference and IUPUI joining the league on July 1 , 2017 . The conference 's next membership change will occur on July 1 , 2020 with the arrival of Purdue University Fort Wayne ( PFW ) . The Horizon League does not sponsor football ."}]}, {'value': '35-23 ( 22-8 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Tournament', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament', 'summary': "The 1968 NCAA University Division Baseball Tournament was played at the end of the 1968 NCAA University Division baseball season to determine the national champion of college baseball . The tournament concluded with eight teams competing in the College World Series , a double-elimination tournament in its twenty-second year . Eight regional districts sent representatives to the College World Series with preliminary rounds within each district serving to determine each representative . These events would later become known as regionals . Each district had its own format for selecting teams , resulting in 27 teams participating in the tournament at the conclusion of their regular season , and in some cases , after a conference tournament . The twenty-second tournament 's champion was the Southern California , coached by Rod Dedeaux . The Most Outstanding Player was Bill Seinsoth of the Southern California ."}]}, {'value': 'Cornell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_baseball', 'summary': "The Cornell Big Red baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Cornell University in Ithaca , New York , United States . The team is a member of the Ivy League , which is part of NCAA Division I. Cornell 's first baseball team was fielded in 1869 and participated in the Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League ( EIBL ) until 1992 . The team plays its home games at Hoy Field in Ithaca , New York ."}]}, {'value': 'Ivy League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivy_League', 'summary': 'The Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private universities in the Northeastern United States . The term Ivy League is typically used to refer to those eight schools as a group of elite colleges beyond the sports context . The eight members are Brown University , Columbia University , Cornell University , Dartmouth College , Harvard University , the University of Pennsylvania , Princeton University , and Yale University . Ivy League has connotations of academic excellence , selectivity in admissions , and social elitism . While the term was in use as early as 1933 , it became official only after the formation of the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954 . Seven of the eight schools were founded during the colonial period ( Cornell was founded in 1865 ) , and thus account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . The other two colonial colleges , Rutgers University and the College of William & Mary , became public institutions instead . Ivy League schools are generally viewed as some of the most prestigious in the world , and are ranked among the best universities worldwide by U.S. News & World Report . All eight universities place in the top seventeen of the 2020 U.S. News & World Report national university rankings , including four Ivies in the top three ( Columbia and Yale are tied for 3rd ) . In the 2019 U.S. News & World Report global university rankings , three Ivies rank in the top ten ( Harvard 1st , Columbia 7th , and Princeton 8th ) and six in the top twenty-three . Undergraduate-focused Ivies such as Brown University and Dartmouth College rank 99th and 197th , respectively . U.S. News has named a member of the Ivy League as the best national university in each of the past 18 years ending with the 2018 rankings : Princeton eleven times , Harvard twice , and the two schools tied for first five times .'}]}, {'value': '31-15 ( 14-6 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Tournament', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament', 'summary': 'The 2010 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament began on Friday , June 4 , 2010 as part of the 2010 NCAA Division I baseball season . The 64 team double elimination tournament concluded with the 2010 College World Series in Omaha , Nebraska . This was the final year at Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium , the host venue since 1950 .'}]}, {'value': 'Manhattan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan_Jaspers_baseball', 'summary': "The Manhattan Jaspers baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Manhattan College in New York City , New York . The team is a member of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference , which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I . Beginning in 2015 , the team will play its home games in Dutchess Stadium in Fishkill , New York . The Jaspers are coached by Mike Cole ."}]}, {'value': 'Metro Atlantic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metro_Atlantic_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC , /mæk/ ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated in NCAA Division I , consisting of eleven schools coming from three states of the northeastern United States : Connecticut , New Jersey , and New York . The members are all relatively small private institutions , many of them Catholic or formerly Catholic , the only exceptions being three private but secular institutions : Rider University and the conference 's two newest members , Monmouth and Quinnipiac Universities . The conference headquarters is located in Edison , New Jersey . The Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference sponsors 22 sports and has many associate member institutions . Richard J. Ensor is the commissioner of the MAAC , a post he has held since 1988 ."}]}, {'value': '33-25 ( 18-6 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Tournament', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament', 'summary': 'The 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament began on Friday , June 3 , 2011 as part of the 2011 NCAA Division I baseball season . The 64 team double elimination tournament concluded with the 2011 College World Series in Omaha , Nebraska on June 29 , 2011 . The 64 NCAA Division I college baseball teams were selected out of an eligible 300 teams . Thirty teams were awarded an automatic bid as champions of their conferences , and 34 teams were selected at-large by the NCAA Division I Baseball Committee .'}]}, {'value': 'Kent State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Kent_State_Golden_Flashes_baseball_team', 'summary': "The 2012 Kent State Golden Flashes baseball team represented Kent State University in the 2012 NCAA Division I baseball season . The Golden Flashes were coached by 8th year head coach Scott Stricklin and played their home games at Schoonover Stadium . Kent State finished the regular season 37-17 overall and 24-3 in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) to win the MAC regular-season and East division titles , and the top seed in the 2012 Mid-American Conference Baseball Tournament . At the tournament , Kent State went 4-0 to win the tenth Mid-American Conference Baseball Tournament title in program history and advance to the 2012 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament , the 12th appearance in team history . In the NCAA Tournament , the team went 3-0 in the Gary Regional at U.S. Steel Yard to claim the program 's first regional championship , which included a 21-inning , 7-6 win over 12th-ranked Kentucky . The Flashes advanced to the Super Regional round against the 10th-ranked Oregon Ducks where they defeated the Ducks two games to one at PK Park to claim the first super regional championship and appearance in the College World Series in school history . At the 2012 College World Series the Golden Flashes fell to Arkansas in the opening round , but eliminated top-ranked Florida 5-4 in the elimination bracket . Kent State was eliminated in the second round by South Carolina . Kent State finished 1-2 at the College World Series , and 6-3 in the NCAA Tournament . The season featured a 21-game winning streak , which began with a 16-5 home win over Western Michigan on April 27 , and ended with a 3-2 road loss to Oregon in the second game of the super regional series in Eugene , Oregon . Kent State finished the season with an overall record of 47-20 and tied for 5th nationally by virtue of their second-round elimination in the College World Series . They finished the season ranked in the top ten in all major polls ."}]}, {'value': 'Mid-American', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-American_Conference', 'summary': "The Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I collegiate athletic conference with a membership base in the Great Lakes region that stretches from Western New York to Illinois . Nine of the twelve full member schools are in Ohio and Michigan , with single members located in Illinois , Indiana , and New York . For football , the MAC participates in the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision . The MAC is headquartered in the Public Square district in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , and has two members in the nearby Akron area . The MAC has been referred to as the Conference of Quarterbacks because of the accomplishments of numerous former players in the National Football League . The conference also ranks highest among all ten NCAA Division I FBS conferences for graduation rates ."}]}, {'value': '41-17 ( 24-3 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Tournament', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament', 'summary': 'The 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament began on Friday , June 3 , 2011 as part of the 2011 NCAA Division I baseball season . The 64 team double elimination tournament concluded with the 2011 College World Series in Omaha , Nebraska on June 29 , 2011 . The 64 NCAA Division I college baseball teams were selected out of an eligible 300 teams . Thirty teams were awarded an automatic bid as champions of their conferences , and 34 teams were selected at-large by the NCAA Division I Baseball Committee .'}]}, {'value': 'Bethune-Cookman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Bethune-Cookman_Wildcats_baseball_team', 'summary': 'The 2012 Bethune-Cookman Wildcats baseball team represents Bethune-Cookman University in the sport of baseball during the 2012 college baseball season . The Wildcats competed in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Southern Division of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) . The team is coached by Jason Beverlin , who entered his first season at Bethune-Cookman . The Wildcats won the MEAC Tournament and moved on to the NCAA Tournament and participated in the Gainesville Regional , where they were beat 0-2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mid-Eastern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference whose full members are historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southeastern and the Mid-Atlantic United States . It participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I , and in football , in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Currently , the MEAC has automatic qualifying bids for NCAA postseason play in baseball ( since 1994 ) , men 's basketball ( since 1981 ) , women 's basketball ( since 1982 ) , football ( 1996-2015 ) , softball ( since 1995 ) , men and women 's tennis ( since 1998 ) , and volleyball ( since 1994 ) . Bowling was officially sanctioned as a MEAC governed sport in 1999 . Before that season , the MEAC was the first conference to secure NCAA sanctioning for women 's bowling by adopting the club sport prior to the 1996-97 school year ."}]}, {'value': '34-25 ( 18-5 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Tournament', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament', 'summary': 'The 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament began on Friday , June 3 , 2011 as part of the 2011 NCAA Division I baseball season . The 64 team double elimination tournament concluded with the 2011 College World Series in Omaha , Nebraska on June 29 , 2011 . The 64 NCAA Division I college baseball teams were selected out of an eligible 300 teams . Thirty teams were awarded an automatic bid as champions of their conferences , and 34 teams were selected at-large by the NCAA Division I Baseball Committee .'}]}, {'value': 'Creighton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Creighton_Bluejays_baseball', 'summary': "The Creighton Bluejays baseball team represents the Creighton University in NCAA Division I college baseball . Creighton competes as a member of the Big East Conference and plays its home games at TD Ameritrade Park Omaha . Creighton 's baseball team played its first Big East season in 2014 . They are coached by Ed Servais who is entering his twelfth season as head coach of the Bluejays . His record at Creighton is 389-230 ( .628 winning percentage ) . The team plays its home games at TD Ameritrade Park Omaha , also the home of the College World Series , an event which the Bluejays baseball programs serves as the official host school for , providing each of the schools in the tournament practice facilities , training assistance , and assisting with game scoring . Prior to the opening of TD Ameritrade Park , the program played games at the Creighton Sports Complex and Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium in South Omaha , which was also the home of the NCAA College World Series and the Omaha Royals ( now known as the Omaha Storm Chasers ) of the Pacific Coast League ."}]}, {'value': 'Missouri Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri_Valley_Conference', 'summary': 'The Missouri Valley Conference ( also called MVC or simply The Valley ) is the third-oldest collegiate athletic conference in the United States . Currently , its members are located in the midwestern United States .'}]}, {'value': '26-28 ( 6-14 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Tournament', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament', 'summary': 'The 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament began on Friday , June 3 , 2011 as part of the 2011 NCAA Division I baseball season . The 64 team double elimination tournament concluded with the 2011 College World Series in Omaha , Nebraska on June 29 , 2011 . The 64 NCAA Division I college baseball teams were selected out of an eligible 300 teams . Thirty teams were awarded an automatic bid as champions of their conferences , and 34 teams were selected at-large by the NCAA Division I Baseball Committee .'}]}, {'value': 'New Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Mexico_Lobos_baseball', 'summary': 'New Mexico Lobos baseball is a college baseball program of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque , New Mexico . The first team was fielded in 1899 and posted a 1,708-537-14 ( .526 ) record through the 2014 season . The Lobos have won three conference tournaments , finished first in regular season conference play eight times , and appeared in the NCAA Division I Baseball Championship 5 times . The team plays their home games on the University of New Mexico campus at Santa Ana Star Field . Ray Birmingham has been the head coach of the Lobos since the 2008 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Mountain West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference', 'summary': 'The Mountain West Conference ( MW ) is one of the collegiate athletic conferences affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) ( formerly I-A ) . The MW officially began operations in July 1999 . Geographically , the MW covers a broad expanse of the Western United States , with member schools located in California , Colorado , Hawaii , Idaho , Nevada , New Mexico , Utah , and Wyoming . Craig Thompson has served as Commissioner of the MW since its founding in 1999 . The charter members of the MW included the United States Air Force Academy , Brigham Young University , Colorado State University , San Diego State University , the University of New Mexico , the University of Nevada , Las Vegas , the University of Utah , and the University of Wyoming . Before forming the Mountain West Conference , seven of its eight charter members had been longtime members of the Western Athletic Conference , and half of these had been charter members of that conference from 1962 . Overall , each school that has ever been either a full or football-only member of the MW spent at least three years in the WAC before joining the Mountain West .'}]}, {'value': '36-22 ( 18-6 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Tournament', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament', 'summary': 'The 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament began on Friday , June 3 , 2011 as part of the 2011 NCAA Division I baseball season . The 64 team double elimination tournament concluded with the 2011 College World Series in Omaha , Nebraska on June 29 , 2011 . The 64 NCAA Division I college baseball teams were selected out of an eligible 300 teams . Thirty teams were awarded an automatic bid as champions of their conferences , and 34 teams were selected at-large by the NCAA Division I Baseball Committee .'}]}, {'value': 'Sacred Heart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Pioneers_baseball', 'summary': "The Sacred Heart Pioneers baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Sacred Heart University in Fairfield , Connecticut , United States . The team is a member of the Northeast Conference , which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I. Sacred Heart 's first baseball team was fielded in 1966 . The Pioneers are coached by Nick Restaino , who lead his first season as head coach in 2018 . Former head coach Nick Giaquinto retired following the 2017 season . The program transitioned to NCAA Division I in 2000 , and has appeared in the NCAA Division I Baseball Championship four times since the transition . While at the NCAA Division II level , the Pioneers reached the 1992 Division II College World Series . The Pioneers have seen fifteen players selected in the Major League Baseball Draft ."}]}, {'value': 'Northeast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeast_Conference', 'summary': "The Northeast Conference ( NEC ) is a collegiate athletic conference whose schools are members of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Teams in the NEC compete in Division I for all sports except football , which competes in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly Division I-AA . Participating schools are located principally in the Northeastern United States . The conference was named the ECAC Metro Conference when it was established in 1981 . The original eleven member schools were Fairleigh Dickinson University , the Brooklyn campus of Long Island University ( whose athletic program has now merged with that of LIU 's Post campus into a single athletic program ) , Loyola College in Maryland ( left in 1989 ) , Marist College ( left in 1997 ) , Robert Morris University , St. Francis College ( NY ) , Saint Francis College ( PA ) , Siena College ( left in 1984 ) , Towson State University ( left in 1982 ) , the University of Baltimore ( left in 1983 ) and Wagner College . The conference 's name was changed to its present form on August 1 , 1988 . Other names considered were Big North , Great North , North Shore , Northern , Northeastern , Eastern and Eastern Private Intercollegiate . The Northeast Conference has expanded eight times since 1981 . The expansions and additions from the original charter members were in 1985 ( Monmouth University , which left in 2013 ) , 1989 ( Mount St. Mary 's University ) , 1992 ( Rider University , which left in 1997 ) , 1997 ( Central Connecticut State University ) , 1998 ( Quinnipiac University and the University of Maryland , Baltimore County which respectively left in 2013 and 2003 ) , 1999 ( Sacred Heart University ) , 2008 ( Bryant University ) , and 2019 ( Merrimack College ) . The Northeast Conference 's rank was largest at 12 in 2008 with the addition of Bryant University ; it dropped to 10 in 2013 with the departure of Monmouth and Quinnipiac for the MAAC , and returned to 11 with the 2019 addition of Merrimack . The most recent changes were announced in 2018 and took effect with the 2019-20 school year . First , on September 10 , the NEC announced it would add Merrimack ."}]}, {'value': '25-30 ( 19-13 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Tournament', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament', 'summary': 'The 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament began on Friday , June 3 , 2011 as part of the 2011 NCAA Division I baseball season . The 64 team double elimination tournament concluded with the 2011 College World Series in Omaha , Nebraska on June 29 , 2011 . The 64 NCAA Division I college baseball teams were selected out of an eligible 300 teams . Thirty teams were awarded an automatic bid as champions of their conferences , and 34 teams were selected at-large by the NCAA Division I Baseball Committee .'}]}, {'value': 'Austin Peay State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_Peay_State_Governors_baseball', 'summary': "The Austin Peay Governors are the intercollegiate athletic teams of Austin Peay State University ( APU ) , located in Clarksville , Tennessee , United States . The Governors athletic program is a member of the Ohio Valley Conference ( OVC ) and competes at the NCAA Division I level including the Football Championship Subdivision . The Austin Peay mascot is The Governor , and the school colors are red and white . While the women 's teams were formerly known as the Lady Govs , the school emphasizes that all teams are now Governors ."}]}, {'value': 'Ohio Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_Valley_Conference', 'summary': "The Ohio Valley Conference ( OVC ) is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the Midwestern and Southeastern United States . It participates in Division I of the NCAA ; the conference 's football programs compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ; formerly known as Division I-AA ) , the lower of two levels of Division I football competition . The OVC has 12 members , 9 of which compete in football in the conference ."}]}, {'value': '38-22 ( 19-7 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won Tournament', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament', 'summary': 'The 2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament began on Friday , June 3 , 2011 as part of the 2011 NCAA Division I baseball season . The 64 team double elimination tournament concluded with the 2011 College World Series in Omaha , Nebraska on June 29 , 2011 . The 64 NCAA Division I college baseball teams were selected out of an eligible 300 teams . Thirty teams were awarded an automatic bid as champions of their conferences , and 34 teams were selected at-large by the NCAA Division I Baseball Committee .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Bids -- Automatic bids', 'section_text': 'Conference champions from 30 Division I conferences earned automatic bids to regionals . The remaining 34 spots were awarded to schools as at-large invitees . [ 2 ]', 'uid': '2012_NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Tournament_0', 'intro': 'The 2012 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament began on Friday, June 1, 2012 as part of the 2012 NCAA Division I baseball season. The 64 team double elimination tournament concluded with the 2012 College World Series in Omaha, Nebraska, starting on June 15 and ending on June 25. The 64 NCAA Division I college baseball teams were selected out of an eligible 297 teams. Thirty teams were awarded an automatic bid as champions of their conferences, and 34 teams were selected at-large by the NCAA Division I Baseball Committee.'} | null | null | What is the record of the school that play their home games at Jack Kaiser Stadium ? | 37-21 ( 18-9 ) |
080d539294635e24 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Torneo_Descentralizado', 'title': '1981 Torneo Descentralizado', 'header': ['Team', 'City', 'Stadium', 'Capacity', 'Field'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alfonso Ugarte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfonso_Ugarte_de_Puno', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Alfonso Ugarte is a Peruvian association football club , located in the city of Puno.The club is the biggest in the city of Puno . It was founded in 1928 and play in the Peruvian Segunda Division which is the second division of the Peruvian league .'}]}, {'value': 'Puno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puno', 'summary': 'Puno ( Aymara & Quechua : Punu ) is a city in southeastern Peru , located on the shore of Lake Titicaca . It is the capital city of the Puno Region and the Puno Province with a population of approximately 140,839 ( 2015 estimate ) . The city was established in 1668 by viceroy Pedro Antonio Fernández de Castro as capital of the province of Paucarcolla with the name San Juan Bautista de Puno . The name was later changed to San Carlos de Puno , in honor of king Charles II of Spain . Puno has several churches dating back from the colonial period ; they were built to service the Spanish population and evangelize the natives . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Enrique Torres Belón', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_E._Torres_Belón', 'summary': 'Estadio Enrique Torres Belón is a multi-purpose stadium in Puno , Peru . It is currently used by football team Alfonso Ugarte . The stadium is built out of stone and has a capacity of 20,000 people . It is named after Senator Enrique Torres Belón from the Puno Region . The stadium is also the site of the Fiesta de la Candelaria every February .'}]}, {'value': '20,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alianza Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alianza_Lima', 'summary': "Club Alianza Lima ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ a.ˈljãn.sa ˈli.ma ] ) is a Peruvian professional sports club based in La Victoria District of Lima , Peru . It is widely known for having one of the most historical and successful professional football teams of Peru : they have won a total of twenty-three league titles of the Peruvian First Division and are currently the oldest team playing in this competition , since the club was founded in 1901 . Alianza 's home stadium is the Estadio Alejandro Villanueva , named after Alejandro Villanueva , one of the most important players the club had in their history . The stadium is also popularly known as Matute , name of the neighbourhood in which it is located . It is the most popular side in Peru , having the highest number of fans and followers . Alianza enjoyed success throughout the first decades of their professional era . In 1987 , a tragedy struck Alianza when the entire squad and coaching staff died in an airplane crash as the team was returning from an away fixture . Alianza Lima has had a huge , long-standing rivalry with Universitario de Deportes , another popular football team of Lima , Peru . They play the Peruvian Clásico ."}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Alejandro Villanueva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Alejandro_Villanueva', 'summary': 'The Estadio Alejandro Villanueva , formerly Estadio Alianza Lima , is a football stadium located in the neighborhood of Matute in La Victoria District in Lima , Peru . The stadium is the home of Alianza Lima . The stadium has a capacity of 33,938 people . It is named after former Alianza Lima player Alejandro Villanueva .'}]}, {'value': '35,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ADT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asociación_Deportiva_Tarma', 'summary': 'Asociación Deportiva Tarma ( ADT ) is a Peruvian association football club , playing in the city of Tarma . The club was founded on 18 June 1929 , and plays in the Copa Perú which is the third division of the Peruvian league .'}]}, {'value': 'Tarma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tarma', 'summary': 'Santa Ana de la Ribera de Tarma is the capital city of Tarma Province in Junín Region , Perú .'}]}, {'value': 'Unión Tarma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Unión_Tarma', 'summary': 'Estadio Unión Tarma is a multi-use stadium in Tarma , Peru . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Asociación Deportiva Tarma of the Copa Perú . The stadium holds 9,000 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '9,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético Chalaco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_Chalaco', 'summary': 'Atlético Chalaco is a Peruvian football club based in Callao , founded in 9 June 1902 . It has 2 Peruvian leagues .'}]}, {'value': 'Callao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Callao', 'summary': "Callao ( /kɑːˈjɑːoʊ/ ; [ kaˈʎa.o , -ˈʝa- ] ) is a seaside city on the Pacific Ocean in the Lima metropolitan area . Callao is Peru 's chief seaport and home to its main airport , Jorge Chávez International Airport . Callao municipality consists of the whole Callao Region , which is also coterminous with the Province of Callao . Founded in 1537 by the Spanish , the city has a long naval history as one of the main ports in Latin America and the Pacific , as it was one of vital Spanish towns during the colonial era . Central Callao is about 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) west of the Historic Centre of Lima ."}]}, {'value': 'Miguel Grau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Miguel_Grau_(Callao)', 'summary': "Estadio Miguel Grau is a multi-use stadium in the Bellavista District of Callao , Peru . The stadium is part of the Sport Village of Callao ( Villa Deportiva del Callao ) or Yahuar Huaca , which is owned by the Callao Regional Government since 2011 . Its use is available to several football teams in the region including Sport Boys , Universidad de San Martín and Academia Cantolao who play their home matches here for the Torneo Descentralizado . The stadium 's maximum capacity is 17,000 and was inaugurated on 16 June 1996 with a match between Sport Boys and Deportivo Pesquero for the 1996 Torneo Descentralizado . The match was a 3-1 win for Sport Boys . Floodlight towers were installed in 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético Torino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_Torino', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Torino is a Peruvian football club , playing in the city of Talara . The club were founded 1946 and play in the Peruvian Segunda División which is the second division of the Peruvian league .'}]}, {'value': 'Talara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talara', 'summary': 'Talara is a city in the Talara Province of the Piura Region , in northwestern Peru . It is a port city on the Pacific Ocean with a population of 91,444 as of 2017 . Its climate is hot and dry . Due to its oil reserves , and ability to produce aviation fuel , Talara hosted a United States air base during World War II . Talara is also home to a large fishing fleet . The city is served by the Cap . FAP Víctor Montes Arias Airport . Talara is the westernmost city in all of mainland South America . ( A small outlying town , Seccion Dieciocho , is situated slightly further west , and just beyond there , the land itself reaches its westernmost extent at Punta Pariñas . ) Talara and some neighbouring cities ( Piura and Amotape ) served as the backdrop for the short novel Who Killed Palomino Molero ? by Mario Vargas Llosa .'}]}, {'value': 'Campeonísimo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Campeonísimo', 'summary': 'Estadio Campeonísimo is a multi-use stadium in Piura , Peru . It is currently used by football team Atlético Torino . The stadium holds 8,000 people . The stadium also holds Copa Peru matches for some of the local teams in Talara . Coordinates : 4°34′40″S 81°15′58″W / 4.5777°S 81.2660°W / -4.5777 ; -81.2660'}]}, {'value': '8,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CNI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colegio_Nacional_Iquitos', 'summary': 'Colegio Nacional Iquitos is a Peruvian football team based in the city of Iquitos which was founded in 1926 . CNI is the biggest club in the city of Iquitos and currently is not playing in any league . At the beginning of 2012 CNI withdrew from Peruvian Segunda División and chose to play in the 2012 Copa Perú , after being relegated from Peruvian Primera División on 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Iquitos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iquitos', 'summary': "Iquitos ( /ɪˈkɪtɒs , iː- , -toʊs/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ iˈkitos ] ) , also known as City of Iquitos , is the capital city of Peru 's Maynas Province and Loreto Region . The largest metropolis in the Peruvian Amazon , east of the Andes , it is the ninth most populous city of Peru . It is known as the capital of the Peruvian Amazon . The city is located in the Great Plains of the Amazon Basin , fed by the Amazon , Nanay , and Itaya rivers . Overall , it constitutes the Iquitos metropolitan area , a conurbation of 471,993 inhabitants consisting of four districts : Iquitos , Punchana , Belén , and San Juan Bautista . It is the largest city in the world that can not be reached by road - it is accessible only by river and air . The area was long inhabited by indigenous peoples . The founding date of the European city is uncertain . Spanish historical documents state that it was set up around 1757 as a Spanish Jesuit reduction by the banks of the Nanay River . The Jesuits gathered local Napeano ( Yameo ) and Iquito natives to live here , and they named it San Pablo de Napeanos . In the late 19th century , the city became the center of export of rubber production from the Amazon Basin and was the headquarters of the Peruvian Amazon Company ( PAC ) . The rubber boom attracted thousands of European traders and workers , some of whom amassed wealth with the high-volume production , processing and trade in rubber ."}]}, {'value': 'Max Augustín', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Max_Augustín', 'summary': 'The Estadio Max Augustín is a multi-purpose stadium in Iquitos , Peru . It is the home ground of the football ( soccer ) team Colegio Nacional Iquitos and several other Copa Perú teams from Iquitos and the surrounding region . The stadium holds 24,576 people . It was built in 1942 and renovated in 2005 . The stadium has artificial turf , an artificial running track , and was a venue in the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship'}]}, {'value': '24,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coronel Bolognesi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coronel_Bolognesi', 'summary': "Coronel Bolognesi Fútbol Club is a Peruvian football club located in the city of Tacna . It was founded on 27 May 1998 as Club Sport Bolito , a secondary branch of Club Deportivo Bolognesi , another Peruvian club founded on 18 October 1929 and also named after Francisco Bolognesi . The club quickly surpassed its older counterpart 's achievements and , following its success in 2001 Copa Perú , the president 's club Elena Martorell ( Fernando Martorell 's sister , then president of CD Coronel Bolognesi ) , decided to change the club 's name to Coronel Bolognesi Fútbol Club , in order to further identify both clubs 's identities and share their successes . The identity confusion escalated since Coronel Bolognesi FC 's international performances in the 2000s and 2010s , and hence generated much controversy about whether they 're the same club or not ."}]}, {'value': 'Tacna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tacna', 'summary': "Tacna is a city in southern Peru and the regional capital of the Tacna Region . A very commercially active city , it is located only 35 km ( 22 mi ) north of the border with Arica y Parinacota Region from Chile , inland from the Pacific Ocean and in the valley of the Caplina River . It is Peru 's tenth most populous city . Initially called San Pedro de Tacna , it has gained a reputation for patriotism , with many monuments and streets named after heroes of Peru 's struggle for independence ( 1821-1824 ) and the War of the Pacific ( 1879-1883 ) . Residents of Tacna are known in Spanish as tacneños ."}]}, {'value': 'Jorge Basadre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Jorge_Basadre', 'summary': 'The Estadio Jorge Basadre , previously known as the Estadio Modelo , is a multi-purpose stadium in Tacna , Peru named after historian Jorge Basadre . It is currently used as a football stadium in the Primera Division Peruana by Coronel Bolognesi . The stadium holds 19,850 people and has 277 individual seats in the western stand , 69 which are for the VIP area . The rest of the stadium has standing terraces . The name was changed when it was renovated for the Copa America 2004 . It will be used again for the 2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup .'}]}, {'value': '19,850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deportivo Junín', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deportivo_Junín', 'summary': 'Deportivo Junín is a Peruvian football club , playing in the city of Huancayo , Junín , Peru . The club is the biggest of Huancayo city . The club play in the Copa Perú which is the third division of the Peruvian league .'}]}, {'value': 'Huancayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huancayo', 'summary': "Huancayo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ waŋˈkaʝo ] ; in Wanka Quechua : Wankayuq [ wɐŋˈkæjuː ] , ' ( place ) with a ( sacred ) rock ' ) is the capital of Junín Region , in the central highlands of Peru ."}]}, {'value': 'Huancayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Huancayo', 'summary': 'Estadio Huancayo is a multi-use stadium in Huancayo , Peru . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home of Sport Huancayo and Deportivo Junín . Other teams that previously used the stadium are Deportivo Wanka and Meteor Junin . The stadium holds 20,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '20,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deportivo Municipal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deportivo_Municipal', 'summary': "Club Centro Deportivo Municipal , commonly known as Deportivo Municipal , is a Peruvian football club based in Lima , Peru . They are among Peru 's most recognizable clubs and enjoy considerable popularity . The bulk of their success was won a few years after the club was founded in 1935 . The club was a top-flight contender during this period and won four Primera División titles . The club suffered relegation three times in their history : 1967 , 2000 , and 2007 . They have also been champions of the Segunda División on three occasions : 1968 , 2006 , and 2014 , granting them promotion to the first division . In 2014 , they won the Segunda División and they currently compete in the Primera División Peruana . Deportivo Municipal was one of the first Peruvian clubs to participate in a South American international football competition . In 1948 , they were invited to the South American Championship of Champions and finished fourth where clubs from seven of the then nine CONMEBOL football associations participated ."}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Nacional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_(Lima)', 'summary': "The Estadio Nacional of Peru is a multi-purpose stadium located in Lima , Peru . Its current capacity is 40,000 seats as stated by the Peruvian Football Federation without the lodges for some thousands more . The stadium was first inaugurated on 27 October 1952 for the 1953 South American Championship - replacing the Stadium Nacional - and is Peru 's principal and national stadium . It has hosted three of the six South American Championship/Copa América football competitions held in Peru . It is referred to as the Coloso de José Díaz because of its proximity to a street of the same name . It is the home ground of the Peru national football team . The IPD ( Peruvian Sport Institute ) - a branch of the Ministry of Education - is the stadium 's administrating entity . The stadium has undergone several renovations for tournaments such as the 2004 Copa América . The artificial turf was installed for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship . It will probably be used at the 2021 FIFA U-17 World Cup . The most recent renovation started in 2010 and concluded in 2011 . The re-inauguration ceremony of the renovated stadium was held on 24 July 2011 with a match between the Peru national under-20 football team and the Spain national under-20 football team ."}]}, {'value': '45,750', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juan Aurich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Aurich', 'summary': "Club Juan Aurich S. A. , commonly known as Juan Aurich , is a professional football club based in Chiclayo , Peru . The original Juan Aurich club was founded in 1922 , this incarnation however was founded in 2005 ; they play in the Torneo Descentralizado where they have been playing since attaining promotion when they won the 2007 Copa Perú . They play their home games at the Estadio Elías Aguirre . Although the current Juan Aurich has played for only a few years in the top-flight , three other football clubs named Juan Aurich have played in the Torneo Descentralizado . The first Juan Aurich was founded in 1922 and played in the first division between 1967 and 1983 and again between 1988 and 1991 . Between 1994 and 1996 the merged football club Aurich-Cañaña had a brief spell in the Primera División after they achieved promotion through the 1993 Copa Perú . Finally , a third Juan Aurich football club achieved promotion in 1997 by winning the 1997 Copa Perú . This spell in the first division lasted from 1998 to 2002 . The club 's first major success was won in 2007 with the promotion to the Primera División via the Copa Perú . Four years later they conquered their second major success after winning the 2011 Torneo Descentralizado , defeating Alianza Lima in the third leg of the finals in a penalty shootout ."}]}, {'value': 'Chiclayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiclayo', 'summary': "Chiclayo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ tʃiˈklaʝo ] ; Quechua : Chiklayu ) is the principal city of the Lambayeque region in northern Peru . It is located 13 kilometers inland from the Pacific coast and 770 kilometers from the nation 's capital , Lima . Founded by Spanish explorers as Santa María de los Valles de Chiclayo in the 16th century , it was declared a city on 15 April 1835 by president Felipe Santiago Salaverry . He named Chiclayo the Heroic City to recognize the courage of its citizens in the fight for independence , a title it still holds . Other nicknames for Chiclayo include The Capital of Friendship and the Pearl of the North . Chiclayo is Peru 's fourth-largest city , after Lima , Arequipa , and Trujillo , with a population of 738,000 as of 2011 . The Lambayeque region is the fourth most populous metropolitan area of Peru , with a population of 972,713 in 2009 . The city was founded near an important prehistoric archaeological site , the Northern Wari ruins , which constitute the remains of a city from the 7th to 12th century of the Wari Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'Elías Aguirre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Elías_Aguirre', 'summary': 'Estadio Capitán Remigio Elías Aguirre Romero is a multi-purpose stadium administrated by the governmental Instituto Peruano del Deporte in Chiclayo , Peru . It was built in 1970 named after the 19th century Peruvian sailor Elías Aguirre Romero . Its current spectator capacity is 23,000 ( can be limited to 20,000 for safety reasons ) after the renovations performed for the 2004 Copa América , and had artificial turf installed for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship . The most recognized club to play at this stadium is Juan Aurich .'}]}, {'value': '24,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'León de Huánuco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/León_de_Huánuco', 'summary': 'Club Social Deportivo León de Huánuco is a professional Peruvian football club based in the city of Huánuco . It is the biggest football club of Huánuco city . The club was founded in 1946 and play in the Primera División Peruana ( Peruvian First Division ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Huánuco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huánuco', 'summary': 'Huánuco ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈwanuko ] ; Quechua : Wanuku ) is a city in central Peru . It had a population of 196,627 as of 2017 and in 2015 it had a population of 175,068 . It is the capital of the Huánuco Region and the Huánuco District . It is the seat of the diocese of Huánuco . The metropolitan city of Huanuco is 170,000 hab ( 2011 , urban pop , INEI ) . It has three districts , Huanuco ( head ) , Amarilis , and Pillco Marca . In this city , the Higueras river meets the Huallaga river , one of the largest rivers in the country .'}]}, {'value': 'Heraclio Tapia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Heraclio_Tapia', 'summary': 'Estadio Heraclio Tapia is a multi-purpose stadium in Huánuco , Peru . It is used by football team León de Huánuco . The stadium holds 20,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melgar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FBC_Melgar', 'summary': "Foot Ball Club Melgar , known simply as FBC Melgar or Melgar , is a Peruvian football club based in Arequipa , Peru . It is one of Peru 's oldest football teams , founded on March 25 , 1915 by a group of football enthusiasts from Arequipa . The team first participated in the Peruvian football league in 1919 in Lima and later was invited to the first true National football league , the Torneo Descentralizado , in 1966 , when four teams from the provinces were invited to join the league . Joining them were Atlético Grau from Piura , Club Octavio Espinoza from Ica and Alfonso Ugarte ( Ch ) from Trujillo . Previously , only teams from Lima and Callao had been allowed to compete for the national championship . Due to a low finish the first year , Melgar was dropped from the league after the first year . After winning the Copa Perú they returned to the First Division where they have remained to this day . Melgar won the Torneo Descentralizado for the first time in 1981 . In the 1983 season the club finished first in the First Stage and at the end the top six teams played a play-off tournament to determine the year 's champion , which Melgar finished in second . FBC Melgar plays its home games at the Estadio Mariano Melgar , but since the Estadio de la UNSA was built in 1990 with a capacity of 40,000 , it has used both ."}]}, {'value': 'Arequipa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arequipa', 'summary': 'Arequipa ( Spanish pronunciation : [ aɾeˈkipa ] ; Aymara & Quechua : Ariqipa ) is a city located in the province and the eponymous department of Peru . It is the seat of the Constitutional Court of Peru and often dubbed legal capital of Peru . It is the second most populated city in Peru , after Lima , with an urban population of 1,008,290 inhabitants according to the 2017 national census . Its metropolitan area integrates twenty-one districts , including the foundational central area , which it is the seat of the city government . The city has a Nominal GDP of 9,445 million ( USD ) and a nominal GDP per capita of 10,277 USD , which represents a GDP per capita PPP of 18,610 USD in the period 2015 , being the second city with the highest economic activity in Peru . Arequipa is also an important industrial and commercial center of Peru , and is considered as the second industrial city of the country . Within its industrial activity the manufactured products and the textile production of wool of camelids . The town maintains close commercial links with Chile , Bolivia , and Brazil and with the cities connected the South trainway , as well as with the port of Matarani . The city was founded on August 15 , 1540 , under the name of Beautiful Villa of Our Lady of the Assumption in the name of Marquis Francisco Pizarro . The September 22 of 1541 , the monarch Carlos V orders that it should be called « City of Arequipa. » In the viceregal period , it acquired importance for its outstanding economic role , and is characterized by the fidelismo towards the Spanish Crown , receiving titles such as Very Noble and Very Loyal and Very Loyal by the crown . In the Republican history of Peru , the city has been the focus of popular , civic and democratic rebellions , it has also been the cradle of outstanding intellectual , political and religious figures of the country . In the Republican era , it is awarded the title of Heroic city of the freedom people of Arequipa .'}]}, {'value': 'Mariano Melgar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Mariano_Melgar', 'summary': 'The Estadio Melgar is a multi-use stadium in Arequipa , Peru . Its primary use is to host football games for Peruvian First Division team FBC Melgar and Peruvian Segunda Division team Sportivo Huracán and Copa Perú teams Senati FBC , FBC Aurora and FBC White Star . The stadium has a seating capacity of 15,000 and includes a running track for track and field events . It was named after Mariano Melgar , a Peruvian patriot and poet from Arequipa . It is also known as Estadio de Cuarto Centenario ( Fourth Centennial Stadium ) since it is in a neighborhood which was built in celebration of the fourth centennial of the Spanish foundation of Arequipa . The stadium was a venue for the 2001 South American Under 17 Football Championship in Peru .'}]}, {'value': '20,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sport Boys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sport_Boys', 'summary': "Sport Boys Association , commonly referred to as Sport Boys or simply Boys , is a Peruvian football club based in the port city of Callao . It was founded on Peru 's independence day , July 28 , 1927 . Its classic and historic rival is the Atlético Chalaco against whom dispute the Clasico Porteño derby of Callao . It is considered the fourth most important club in the history of Peruvian football as they have won 6 national titles and have the largest number of international appearances after Universitario , Sporting Cristal and Alianza Lima , teams of Lima ."}]}, {'value': 'Callao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Callao', 'summary': "Callao ( /kɑːˈjɑːoʊ/ ; [ kaˈʎa.o , -ˈʝa- ] ) is a seaside city on the Pacific Ocean in the Lima metropolitan area . Callao is Peru 's chief seaport and home to its main airport , Jorge Chávez International Airport . Callao municipality consists of the whole Callao Region , which is also coterminous with the Province of Callao . Founded in 1537 by the Spanish , the city has a long naval history as one of the main ports in Latin America and the Pacific , as it was one of vital Spanish towns during the colonial era . Central Callao is about 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) west of the Historic Centre of Lima ."}]}, {'value': 'Miguel Grau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Miguel_Grau_(Callao)', 'summary': "Estadio Miguel Grau is a multi-use stadium in the Bellavista District of Callao , Peru . The stadium is part of the Sport Village of Callao ( Villa Deportiva del Callao ) or Yahuar Huaca , which is owned by the Callao Regional Government since 2011 . Its use is available to several football teams in the region including Sport Boys , Universidad de San Martín and Academia Cantolao who play their home matches here for the Torneo Descentralizado . The stadium 's maximum capacity is 17,000 and was inaugurated on 16 June 1996 with a match between Sport Boys and Deportivo Pesquero for the 1996 Torneo Descentralizado . The match was a 3-1 win for Sport Boys . Floodlight towers were installed in 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sporting Cristal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sporting_Cristal', 'summary': 'Club Sporting Cristal is a Peruvian football team . Based in the Rímac District , in the department of Lima , it plays in the professional league known as the Peruvian First Division . Sporting Cristal has won the league title 19 times , and it is the Peruvian team with the third most National titles . All its titles have been won in the professional era . It is one of the most popular football teams in Peru , along with Universitario and Alianza Lima ; it is the youngest of the three . In 1997 , it became the second Peruvian football club to reach the final of the Copa Libertadores , an international competition . Sporting Cristal plays its home games at the Estadio Alberto Gallardo . They also play at the Estadio Nacional for international competitions such as Copa Libertadores or Copa Sudamericana . The Estadio Nacional is also the venue for matches against Universitario and Alianza Lima .'}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Nacional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_(Lima)', 'summary': "The Estadio Nacional of Peru is a multi-purpose stadium located in Lima , Peru . Its current capacity is 40,000 seats as stated by the Peruvian Football Federation without the lodges for some thousands more . The stadium was first inaugurated on 27 October 1952 for the 1953 South American Championship - replacing the Stadium Nacional - and is Peru 's principal and national stadium . It has hosted three of the six South American Championship/Copa América football competitions held in Peru . It is referred to as the Coloso de José Díaz because of its proximity to a street of the same name . It is the home ground of the Peru national football team . The IPD ( Peruvian Sport Institute ) - a branch of the Ministry of Education - is the stadium 's administrating entity . The stadium has undergone several renovations for tournaments such as the 2004 Copa América . The artificial turf was installed for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship . It will probably be used at the 2021 FIFA U-17 World Cup . The most recent renovation started in 2010 and concluded in 2011 . The re-inauguration ceremony of the renovated stadium was held on 24 July 2011 with a match between the Peru national under-20 football team and the Spain national under-20 football team ."}]}, {'value': '45,750', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unión Huaral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unión_Huaral', 'summary': "Club Unión Huaral is a Peruvian football club , from the city of Huaral . It was founded in 1947 and currently plays in Peru 's Segunda División ."}]}, {'value': 'Huaral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huaral', 'summary': 'Huaral is a town in central Peru , capital of the Huaral Province in the Department of Lima .'}]}, {'value': 'Julio Lores Colan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Julio_Lores_Colan', 'summary': 'Estadio Julio Lores Colán is a multi-use stadium in Huaral , Peru . It is currently used by football team Unión Huaral . The stadium holds 10,000 people . The stadium is named for Julio Lores Colán , born in 1908 , who was a Peruvian-Mexican football forward who played for Peru in the 1930 FIFA World Cup . Founded in 1952 , the stadium has an official capacity of 5,962 spectators in its four stands ( less than the actual capacity of 10,000 ) , distributed as follows :'}]}, {'value': '10,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universitario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Universitario_de_Deportes', 'summary': "Club Universitario de Deportes , also popularly known as Universitario and La U , is a Peruvian football club located in Lima . The club was founded in 1924 under the name Federación Universitaria by students of the National University of San Marcos but was forced to rename in 1931 . Since 1928 , the club competes in the top tier of Peruvian football , the Torneo Descentralizado . In 2000 , they opened the 80,000-capacity stadium Estadio Monumental , currently the largest stadium in Peru and South America , retiring their smaller Estadio Teodoro Lolo Fernandez . Universitario and Alianza Lima are involved in the derby el Clásico , which has its roots in the club 's first participation in the Primera División in 1928 . It also has rivalries with Sporting Cristal , Deportivo Municipal , and Sport Boys . Universitario has won twenty-six first division titles , it was the first Peruvian club to reach the final of the Copa Libertadores . The club won its first Peruvian title in 1929 , one year after its debut in the first division . The club won its first double in the seasons of 1945 and 1946 and won its only treble after conquering the 2000 season . Universitario is one of the two most popular teams in Peru . Universitario 's youth team is U América FC which currently participates in the Copa Perú . According to the International Federation of Football History and Statistics , an international organization recognized by FIFA , Universitario was the best Peruvian club of the 20th century and the 28th most successful in South America ."}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Nacional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_(Lima)', 'summary': "The Estadio Nacional of Peru is a multi-purpose stadium located in Lima , Peru . Its current capacity is 40,000 seats as stated by the Peruvian Football Federation without the lodges for some thousands more . The stadium was first inaugurated on 27 October 1952 for the 1953 South American Championship - replacing the Stadium Nacional - and is Peru 's principal and national stadium . It has hosted three of the six South American Championship/Copa América football competitions held in Peru . It is referred to as the Coloso de José Díaz because of its proximity to a street of the same name . It is the home ground of the Peru national football team . The IPD ( Peruvian Sport Institute ) - a branch of the Ministry of Education - is the stadium 's administrating entity . The stadium has undergone several renovations for tournaments such as the 2004 Copa América . The artificial turf was installed for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship . It will probably be used at the 2021 FIFA U-17 World Cup . The most recent renovation started in 2010 and concluded in 2011 . The re-inauguration ceremony of the renovated stadium was held on 24 July 2011 with a match between the Peru national under-20 football team and the Spain national under-20 football team ."}]}, {'value': '45,750', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams', 'section_text': 'CNIADTTorinoLeón de HuánucoCoronel BolognesiAlfonso UgarteJunínUnión HuaralJuan Aurich Melgar Alianza Lima Atlético Chalaco MunicipalSporting Cristal Sport Boys Universitario Locations of the 1981 Primera División teams', 'uid': '1981_Torneo_Descentralizado_0', 'intro': 'The 1981 Torneo Descentralizado was the sixty-fifth season of Peruvian football. A total of 16 teams competed in the tournament. The season was divided into two phases. Melgar won its first national title and become the first club outside the Lima Region to win the title.'} | null | null | What is the name of the stadium of the team founded on 18 June 1929 ? | Unión Tarma |
080f64ffaad0d5ad | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presbyterian_churches_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of Presbyterian churches in the United States', 'header': ['Church', 'Dates', 'Location', 'City , State', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': 'First Presbyterian Church Sanctuary Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_Sanctuary_Building', 'summary': "The First Presbyterian Church Sanctuary Building is a historic church building at 2001 Santa Clara Avenue in Alameda , California . It was built in 1904 , and was added to the National Register in 1980 . It is 60 by 100 feet ( 18 m × 30 m ) in plan . The building 's main sanctuary walls include 14 stained glass windows . Four of these are decorative ; ten depict Christ . Other buildings on the property , built in 1967 , are not included in the nomination ."}]}, {'value': '1904 built 1980 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001 Santa Clara Ave. 37°46′11″N 122°15′0″W / 37.76972°N 122.25000°W / 37.76972 ; -122.25000 ( First Presbyterian Church Sanctuary Building )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alameda , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alameda,_California', 'summary': "Alameda ( /ˌæləˈmiːdə/ AL-ə-MEE-də ; Spanish : [ ala'meða ] ) is a city in Alameda County , California , United States . It is located on Alameda Island and Bay Farm Island . It is adjacent to and south of Oakland and east of San Francisco across the San Francisco Bay . Bay Farm Island , a portion of which is also known as Harbor Bay Isle , is part of the mainland adjacent to the Oakland International Airport . The city 's estimated 2017 population was 79,928 . Alameda is a charter city , rather than a general law city , which allows it to provide for any form of government . Alameda became a charter city and adopted a council-manager government in 1916 ."}]}, {'value': 'Classical Revival , Renaissance', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's Presbyterian Church ( Berkeley , California )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's_Presbyterian_Church_(Berkeley,_California)", 'summary': "The Julia Morgan Theater , located in the former St. John 's Presbyterian Church , is a historic building in Berkeley , California designed by architect Julia Morgan . The wooden building at 2640 College Avenue is built in the American Craftsman style with an exterior wood-shingle finish known as Berkeley Brown Shingle . The church building was desanctified and sold when the congregation moved to a new building in 1974 . It now houses the Berkeley Playhouse . The structure is # 8 on the city of Berkeley 's list of historic landmarks . In 1975 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places ( listing # 74000507 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1910 built 1975 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "2640 College Ave. 37°51′44″N 122°15′8″W / 37.86222°N 122.25222°W / 37.86222 ; -122.25222 ( St. John 's Presbyterian Church )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berkeley , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berkeley,_California', 'summary': 'Berkeley ( /ˈbɜːrkli/ BURK-lee ) is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County , California . It is named after the 18th-century Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley . It borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north . Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills . The 2010 census recorded a population of 112,580 . Berkeley is home to the oldest campus in the University of California system , the University of California , Berkeley , and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , which is managed and operated by the University . It also has the Graduate Theological Union , one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world . Berkeley is considered one of the most socially liberal cities in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Craftsman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Felton Public Library', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felton_Public_Library', 'summary': 'The Felton Public Library serves the residents of San Lorenzo Valley . The 8,900 sq ft building is located less than a quarter mile from the former Felton Public Library building .'}]}, {'value': '1891 founded 1893 built 1978 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6299 Gushee St. 37°3′10″N 122°4′24″W / 37.05278°N 122.07333°W / 37.05278 ; -122.07333 ( Felton Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Felton , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felton,_California', 'summary': 'Felton is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Santa Cruz County , California , United States . The population was 4,057 as of 2010 census and according to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 4.6 square miles ( 12 km2 ) , all of it land .'}]}, {'value': 'Victorian former church building listed as Felton Presbyterian Church on the NRHP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bel Air Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bel_Air_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Bel Air Church ( also known as Bel Air Presbyterian Church ) is a member of the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) , and is located in the Bel Air neighborhood of Los Angeles , California . The church averages 1,500 in attendance each weekend . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '1956 founded 1991 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16221 Mulholland Drive 34°7′49″N 118°29′8″W / 34.13028°N 118.48556°W / 34.13028 ; -118.48556 ( Bel Air Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': 'Modern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modern_architecture', 'summary': 'Modern architecture , or modernist architecture , was based upon new and innovative technologies of construction , particularly the use of glass , steel and reinforced concrete ; the idea that form should follow function ( functionalism ) ; an embrace of minimalism ; and a rejection of ornament . It emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II until the 1980s , when it was gradually replaced as the principal style for institutional and corporate buildings by postmodern architecture .'}]}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_of_Hollywood', 'summary': 'The First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood has had a significant impact on both the Presbyterian Church and evangelical Christianity around the world .'}]}, {'value': '1903 founded 1923 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1760 North Gower Street 34°6′11″N 118°19′19″W / 34.10306°N 118.32194°W / 34.10306 ; -118.32194 ( First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hollywood , Los Angeles , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hollywood,_California', 'summary': 'Hollywood is a neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles , California , notable as the home of the U.S. film industry , including several of its historic studios . Its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry and the people associated with it . Hollywood was incorporated as a municipality in 1903 . It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910 and soon thereafter , a prominent film industry emerged , eventually becoming the most recognizable film industry in the world .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mendocino Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mendocino_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'The Mendocino Presbyterian Church is an historic Carpenter Gothic style Presbyterian church building located at 44831 Main Street , in Mendocino , California . Built of coast redwood , it sits on the Mendocino headlands overlooking the Pacific Ocean ; its board and batten exterior walls , tall side-entrance bell tower , steep gabled roof and lancet windows are typical of many Carpenter Gothic churches . Its stained glass windows were made by local stained glass artist Leone McNeil Zimmer .'}]}, {'value': '1867-68 built 1971 NRHP-listed ( contributing )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44831 Main Street 39°18′17.6″N 123°47′48.1″W / 39.304889°N 123.796694°W / 39.304889 ; -123.796694 ( Mendocino Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mendocino , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mendocino,_California', 'summary': "Mendocino ( formerly , Big River , Meiggstown , and Mendocino City ) is an unincorporated community in Mendocino County , California , United States . Mendocino is located 9.5 miles ( 15 km ) south of Fort Bragg , at an elevation of 154 feet ( 47 m ) . The population of the census-designated place ( CDP ) was 894 at the 2010 census , up from 824 at the 2000 census . The town 's name comes from Cape Mendocino , named by early Spanish navigators in honor of Antonio de Mendoza , Viceroy of New Spain . In turn , the etymology of Mendoza is cold mountain . Despite its small size , the town 's scenic location on a headland surrounded by the Pacific Ocean has made it extremely popular as an artist colony and with vacationers ."}]}, {'value': 'Carpenter Gothic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carpenter_Gothic', 'summary': "Carpenter Gothic , also sometimes called Carpenter 's Gothic or Rural Gothic , is a North American architectural style-designation for an application of Gothic Revival architectural detailing and picturesque massing applied to wooden structures built by house-carpenters . The abundance of North American timber and the carpenter-built vernacular architectures based upon it made a picturesque improvisation upon Gothic a natural evolution . Carpenter Gothic improvises upon features that were carved in stone in authentic Gothic architecture , whether original or in more scholarly revival styles ; however , in the absence of the restraining influence of genuine Gothic structures , the style was freed to improvise and emphasize charm and quaintness rather than fidelity to received models . The genre received its impetus from the publication by Alexander Jackson Davis of Rural Residences and from detailed plans and elevations in publications by Andrew Jackson Downing ."}]}, {'value': 'Menlo Park Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Menlo_Park_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Menlo Church , previously Menlo Park Presbyterian Church ( or MPPC ) , is a congregation located in Menlo Park , California , San Mateo , Mountain View , Saratoga , San Jose , and South San Francisco . It was officially organized on November 30 , 1873 . Its congregation has over 3,863 members as of 2016 . It was listed as the 17th Most Influential Church in America according to a 2007 survey . The original site was donated in 1874 , less than a year after the church was founded , and MPPC met for 76 years at 700 Santa Cruz Avenue and Chestnut , until the church built its current facility at 950 Santa Cruz Avenue in 1950 , where it remains now . The Open Doors campaign led to the openings of two new campuses : the North Campus in San Mateo and the South Campus in Mountain View , in 2007 and 2008 . The church also holds two Sunday services at the site of its original location , 700 Santa Cruz Avenue , behind Ace Hardware store . In 2015 , the church renamed itself Menlo Church to unify the different campuses , and also launched the Menlo San Jose , Saratoga and South City campuses . Menlo Church is led by Senior Pastor John Ortberg , a widely known evangelical author and speaker . On March 2 , 2014 , the congregation voted to affirm the recommendation of the session to depart Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) in order to realign with ECO : A Covenant Order of Evangelical Presbyterians denomination .'}]}, {'value': '1873 founded 1950 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37°26′57″N 122°11′16″W / 37.4493°N 122.1877°W / 37.4493 ; -122.1877 ( Menlo Park Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Menlo Park , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California', 'summary': "Menlo Park is a city at the eastern edge of San Mateo County , in the San Francisco Bay Area of California , in the United States . It is bordered by San Francisco Bay on the north and east ; East Palo Alto , Palo Alto , and Stanford to the south ; Atherton , North Fair Oaks , and Redwood City to the west . Menlo Park is one of the most educated cities in the state of California and the United States ; nearly 70% of residents over the age of 25 have earned a bachelor 's degree or higher . Menlo Park had 32,026 inhabitants according to the 2010 United States Census , which had grown to an estimated 34,357 inhabitants by 2017 . The city is home to the corporate headquarters of Facebook and where Google and Round Table Pizza were founded ."}]}, {'value': 'One of 50 most influential churches in the United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Napa , California )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Napa,_California)', 'summary': 'First Presbyterian Church is a historic church at 1333 3rd Street in Napa , California .'}]}, {'value': '1874 built 1975 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1333 3rd St. 38°17′46″N 122°17′9″W / 38.29611°N 122.28583°W / 38.29611 ; -122.28583 ( First Presbyterian Church ( Napa , California ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Napa , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Napa,_California', 'summary': "Napa is the largest city and the county seat of Napa County . It is the principal city of the Napa County Metropolitan Statistical Area , with a population of 80,011 as of the 2010 census . It is the second-largest city in California 's Wine Country , after Santa Rosa . Napa was incorporated as a city in 1872 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Westminster Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westminster_Presbyterian_Church_(Sacramento,_California)', 'summary': 'The Westminster Presbyterian Church , located at 13th St. and N Street in Sacramento , California , was built in 1927 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003 . It was deemed significant for its architecture . The Presbyterian church was designed in Spanish Eclectic style with Byzantine influences as in the Hagia Sophia , by Sacramento architects Dean and Dean . It has a bell tower and tiled dome . It is constructed of reinforced concrete with stucco covering and decorations made of pre-cast cement . Westminster Presbyterian Church is listed as an American Presbyterian and Reformed Historical Site No . 373 by the Presbyterian Historical Society .'}]}, {'value': '1927 built 2003 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1300 N St. 38°34′35″N 121°29′27″W / 38.57639°N 121.49083°W / 38.57639 ; -121.49083 ( Westminster Presbyterian Church ( Sacramento , California ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sacramento , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacramento,_California', 'summary': "Sacramento ( /ˌsækrəˈmɛntoʊ/ SAK-rə-MEN-toh ; Spanish : [ sakɾaˈmento ] ; Spanish for sacrament ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County . Located at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in Northern California 's Sacramento Valley , Sacramento 's estimated 2018 population of 501,334 makes it the sixth-largest city in California and the ninth largest capital in the United States . Sacramento is the seat of the California Legislature and the Governor of California , making it the state 's political center and a hub for lobbying and think tanks . Sacramento is also the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area , which had a 2010 population of 2,414,783 , making it the fifth largest in California . Before the arrival of the Spanish , the area was inhabited by the Nisenan , indigenous peoples of California . Spanish cavalryman Gabriel Moraga surveyed and named the Rio del Santísimo Sacramento ( Sacramento River ) in 1808 , after the Blessed Sacrament , referring to the Eucharist in the Catholic Church . In 1839 , Juan Bautista Alvarado , Mexican governor of Alta California , granted the responsibility of colonizing the Sacramento Valley to Swiss-born Mexican citizen John Augustus Sutter , who subsequently established Sutter 's Fort and the settlement at the Rancho Nueva Helvetia . Following the American Conquest of California and the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo , the waterfront developed by Sutter began to be developed , and incorporated in 1850 as the City of Sacramento . As a result of the California Gold Rush , Sacramento became a major commercial center and distribution point for Northern California , serving as the terminus for the Pony Express and the First Transcontinental Railroad . Sacramento is the fastest-growing major city in California , owing to its status as a notable financial center on the West Coast and as a major educational hub , home of California State University , Sacramento and University of California , Davis . Similarly , Sacramento is a major center for the California healthcare industry , as the seat of Sutter Health , the world-renowned UC Davis Medical Center , and the UC Davis School of Medicine , and notable tourist destination in California , as the site of The California Museum , the Crocker Art Museum , the California State Railroad Museum , the California Hall of Fame , the California State Capitol Museum , and the Old Sacramento State Historic Park . Sacramento International Airport , located northwest of the city , is the city 's major airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Mission/Spanish Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calvary Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calvary_Presbyterian_Church_(San_Francisco,_California)', 'summary': 'Calvary Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church building at 2501-2515 Fillmore Street , on the corner with Jackson Street in San Francisco , California . It was built in 1901 and features Late 19th And 20th Century Revival architecture and an Edwardian style . The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': '1901 built 1978 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2501-2515 Fillmore St. 37°47′34″N 122°26′1″W / 37.79278°N 122.43361°W / 37.79278 ; -122.43361 ( Calvary Presbyterian Church ( San Francisco , California ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francisco , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco,_California', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}]}, {'value': 'Late 19th And 20th Century Revivals , Edwardian , Other', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's Presbyterian Church ( San Francisco , California )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's_Presbyterian_Church_(San_Francisco,_California)", 'summary': "Saint John 's Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church at 25 Lake Street and 201 Arguello Boulevard in the Presidio Heights - northern Richmond District of San Francisco , California . It was designed in a Gothic Revival Shingle Style and completed in 1905 . The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': '1905 built 196 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "25 Lake St. and 201 Arguello Blvd . 37°47′12″N 122°27′31″W / 37.78667°N 122.45861°W / 37.78667 ; -122.45861 ( Saint John 's Presbyterian Church )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francisco , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco,_California', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}]}, {'value': 'Shingle Style', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trinity Presbyterian Church ( San Francisco , California )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_Presbyterian_Church_(San_Francisco,_California)', 'summary': 'Trinity Presbyterian Church ( also known as Mission United Presbyterian Church ) is a historic Presbyterian church at 3261 23rd Street in the Mission District of San Francisco , California . It was built in 1891 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': '1891 built 1982 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3261 23rd St. 37°45′59″N 122°25′1″W / 37.76639°N 122.41694°W / 37.76639 ; -122.41694 ( Trinity Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francisco , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco,_California', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}]}, {'value': 'Percy & Hamilton -designed in Romanesque style', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( San Luis Obispo , California )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(San_Luis_Obispo,_California)', 'summary': "The First Presbyterian Church in downtown San Luis Obispo , California is located at 981 Marsh Street on the corner of Marsh and Morro Streets . It holds Sunday services and also midweek gatherings . First Presbyterian Church 's mission is for Christian ministries of healing and reconciling ."}]}, {'value': '1875 founded 1904 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '981 Marsh Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Luis Obispo , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo,_California', 'summary': "San Luis Obispo ( /sæn ˌluːɪs əˈbɪspoʊ/ ; SLO ( /sloʊ/ ) for short , is a city in the U.S. state of California , located 190 miles ( 310 km ) north of Los Angeles in Southern California 's Central Coast region . The population was 45,119 at the 2010 census . The population of San Luis Obispo County was 269,637 in 2010 . Founded in 1772 by Spanish Franciscan Junípero Serra , San Luis Obispo is one of California 's oldest European-founded communities . Serra 's original mission was named after the 13th-century saint and bishop Louis of Toulouse . The city , locally referred to as San Luis , SLO , or SLO Town ( as its county is also referred to as SLO ) is the county seat of San Luis Obispo County and is adjacent to California Polytechnic State University ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Templeton , California )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'founded built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Templeton , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Templeton,_California', 'summary': 'Templeton is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in San Luis Obispo County , California . The population was 7,674 at the 2010 census , up from 4,687 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomales Presbyterian Church and Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tomales_Presbyterian_Church_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'The Tomales Presbyterian Church and Cemetery , at 11 Church Street in Tomales , California , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 . It is a historic Presbyterian church built in 1868 . It is a simple white frame building , 53 by 35 feet ( 16 m × 11 m ) in plan . It has a bell tower which rises more than 50 feet ( 15 m ) and holds a church bell made by Rumsey and Company in Seneca Falls , New York . This building replaced another which burned in a fire just before its planned dedication in 1866 . It was the first Protestant church in Marin County . The present church survived the 1906 earthquake and two fires in Tomales which destroyed many buildings in Tomales , and it is the oldest surviving Protestant church building in the county . Its adjacent cemetery was opened in 1864 , and was legally separate until deeded to the church in 1944 . It was originally known as the Protestant Cemetery . The church was originally known as the Old School Presbyterian Church of Tomales .'}]}, {'value': '1868 built 1975 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 Church St. 38°14′43″N 122°54′22″W / 38.24528°N 122.90611°W / 38.24528 ; -122.90611 ( Tomales Presbyterian Church and Cemetery )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomales , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tomales,_California', 'summary': 'Tomales is a census-designated place ( CDP ) on State Route 1 in Marin County , California , United States . The population was 204 at the 2010 census . The largest employer in Tomales is Tomales High School , which has a student body of approximately 190 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Vallejo,_California)', 'summary': "The First Presbyterian Church in Vallejo is a historic church in Vallejo , California . Founded in 1862 as an Old School congregation during the Old School-New School Controversy , it is now part of the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) 's Presbytery of the Redwoods . In 1954 , the congregation consecrated the current building , which houses classrooms , offices , an auditorium , a social hall , a chapel , and a sanctuary . The building hosts programs for students at Vallejo Middle School , and also serves as seasonal concert space for the Vallejo Choral Society . The congregation is part of a group of Solano County and Napa County institutions that make up a local chapter of the Industrial Areas Foundation ."}]}, {'value': '1862 founded 1955 built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1350 Amador Street 38°6′49″N 122°16′6″W / 38.11361°N 122.26833°W / 38.11361 ; -122.26833 ( First Presbyterian Church ( Vallejo ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vallejo , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vallejo,_California', 'summary': "Vallejo ( /vəˈleɪ ( h ) oʊ/ və-LAY- ( h ) oh ; Spanish : [ baˈʎexo ] ) is a waterfront city in Solano County , California , located in the North Bay subregion of the San Francisco Bay Area . Vallejo is geographically the closest North Bay city to the inner East Bay , so it is sometimes associated with that region . Its population was 115,942 at the 2010 census . It is the tenth most populous city in the San Francisco Bay Area , and the largest in Solano County . Vallejo sits on the northeastern shore of San Pablo Bay , 30 miles north of San Francisco , the northwestern shore of the Carquinez Strait and the southern end of the Napa River , 15 miles south of Napa . The city is named after General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo , a native Californio , leading proponent of California 's statehood , and one of the first members of the California State Senate ; the neighboring city of Benicia is named for his wife , Francisca Benicia Carrillo de Vallejo . Vallejo is home to the Six Flags Discovery Kingdom theme park , the now-defunct Mare Island Naval Shipyard , and the regional office for Region 5 of the United States Forest Service . The colleges and universities in Vallejo are California Maritime Academy , the Vallejo Center campus of Solano Community College , and Touro University California . Vallejo 's public transit includes the San Francisco Bay Ferry , which regularly runs from downtown Vallejo to the San Francisco Ferry Building . SolTrans buses carry passengers around the cities of Vallejo and Benicia , as well as offer express services to Fairfield , California , and Bay Area Rapid Transit stations in El Cerrito , California and Walnut Creek , California . Evans Transportation buses provide daily service to Oakland International Airport from a Courtyard by Marriott hotel adjacent to Six Flags Discovery Kingdom . Vallejo has twice served as the capital of the state of California : once in 1852 and again in 1853 , both periods being brief ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'California', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Presbyterian_churches_in_the_United_States_4', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable Presbyterian churches in the United States, where a church is notable either as a congregation or as a building. In the United States, numerous churches are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or are noted on state or local historic registers. Also more than 300 Presbyterian historic sites have been listed by the Presbyterian Historical Society onto the American Presbyterian/Reformed Historic Sites Registry (APRHS); those sites which are churches are . in progress . being added here.'} | null | null | How many miles south of Port Bragg sits the city that houses the church built with stained glass windows designed by Leone McNeil Zimmer ? | 9.5 |
0810e8621818d82e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Central_Colorado_Urban_Area', 'title': 'South Central Colorado Urban Area', 'header': ['Rank', 'Municipality', 'County', 'CBSA', '2010 Population'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Colorado Springs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado', 'summary': "Colorado Springs is a home rule municipality that is the largest city by area in Colorado as well as the county seat and the most populous municipality of El Paso County , Colorado , United States . It is in east central Colorado , on Fountain Creek , 60 miles ( 97 km ) south of Denver . At 6,035 feet ( 1,839 m ) the city stands over 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) above sea level , though some areas are significantly higher and lower . Colorado Springs is near the base of Pikes Peak , which rises 14,115 feet ( 4,302 m ) above sea level on the eastern edge of the Southern Rocky Mountains . The United States Air Force Academy opened just north of Colorado Springs in 1958 . The city is home to 24 national sports governing bodies , including the United States Olympic Committee , the United States Olympic Training Center , and USA Hockey . The city had an estimated population of 472,688 in 2018 , and a metro population of approximately 738,939 , making it Colorado 's second most populous city , behind Denver , and the 39th most populous city in the United States . The Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated population of 712,327 in 2016 . The city is in the Front Range Urban Corridor , an oblong region of urban population along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and Wyoming , generally following Interstate 25 . The city covers 194.9 square miles ( 505 km2 ) , making it the most extensive municipality in Colorado . In 2017 and 2018 , Colorado Springs received several accolades . In 2018 U.S. News named it the most desirable place to live in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'El Paso County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Colorado', 'summary': "El Paso County is one of the 64 counties of the U.S. state of Colorado . The 2010 Census recorded its population of 622,263 for El Paso County . The Census Bureau 's 2018 estimate indicates it is the second-most populous county in Colorado , after the City and County of Denver . The county seat is Colorado Springs , the second most populous city in Colorado . El Paso County is included in the Colorado Springs , Colorado , Metropolitan Statistical Area . El Paso County is located in Colorado 's 5th congressional district . Since its creation in 1871 , El Paso County has typically voted for the Republican presidential candidate in presidential elections ; the last Democratic nominee to win the county was Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 . The Democratic Party won El Paso County four additional times prior , and the Populist Party won in 1892 , with General James B. Weaver . In 2004 , the voters of Colorado Springs and El Paso County established the Pikes Peak Rural Transportation Authority ( PPRTA ) and adopted a 1% sales tax dedicated to improving the region 's transportation infrastructure . Together with state funding for COSMIX ( 2007 completion ) and the I-25 interchange with Highway 16 ( 2008 completion ) , significant progress has been made since 2003 in addressing the transportation needs of the area . In 2010 and 2014 , the county voted to criminalize marijuana . On March 12 , 2019 , the county unanimously voted to become a Second Amendment sanctuary ."}]}, {'value': 'Colorado Springs MSA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Springs_MSA', 'summary': "The Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area is a United States Office of Management and Budget defined Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) located in the Colorado Springs region of the State of Colorado . The Census Bureau estimates that the population was 668,353 in 2012 , a 3.52% increase since the 2010 United States Census . The Colorado Springs MSA is the 79th most populous MSA in the United States . The Colorado Springs MSA encompasses El Paso County and Teller County , Colorado . Approximately 88.40% percent of the MSA 's population live in cities or CDPs . The Colorado Springs Metropolitan Statistical Area is the second most populous component of the Front Range Urban Corridor ."}]}, {'value': '416,427', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Pueblo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pueblo,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Pueblo /ˈpwɛbloʊ/ is a home rule municipality that is the county seat and the most populous city of Pueblo County , Colorado , United States . The population was 106,595 in 2010 census , making it the 267th most populous city in the United States and the 9th largest in Colorado . Pueblo is the heart of the Pueblo Metropolitan Statistical Area , totaling over 160,000 people and an important part of the Front Range Urban Corridor . As of 2014 , Pueblo is the primary city of the Pueblo-Cañon City combined statistical area ( CSA ) totaling approximately 208,000 people , making it the 134th largest in the nation . Pueblo is situated at the confluence of the Arkansas River and Fountain Creek , 112 miles ( 180 km ) south of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver . The area is considered semi-arid desert land , with approximately 12 inches ( 304.80 mm ) of precipitation annually . With its location in the Banana Belt , Pueblo tends to get less snow than the other major cities in Colorado . Pueblo is one of the largest steel-producing cities in the United States , for which reason Pueblo is referred to as the Steel City . The Historic Arkansas River Project ( HARP ) is a riverwalk in the Union Avenue Historic Commercial District , and shows the history of the devastating Pueblo Flood of 1921 . Pueblo has the least expensive residential real estate of all major cities in Colorado . The median home price for homes on the market in Pueblo is $ 192,500 as of April 2018 It is the sixth most affordable place to live in America as measured by the 2014 Cost of Living Index . Costs of housing , goods and services , utilities , transportation , groceries and health care are lower than the national average .'}]}, {'value': 'Pueblo County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pueblo_County,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Pueblo County ( /ˈpwɛbloʊ/ or /ˈpjɛbloʊ/ ) is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 159,063 . The county seat is Pueblo . The county was named for the historic city of Pueblo which took its name from the Spanish language word meaning town or village . Pueblo County comprises the Pueblo , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Pueblo MSA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pueblo_MSA', 'summary': 'Pueblo County ( /ˈpwɛbloʊ/ or /ˈpjɛbloʊ/ ) is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 159,063 . The county seat is Pueblo . The county was named for the historic city of Pueblo which took its name from the Spanish language word meaning town or village . Pueblo County comprises the Pueblo , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '106,595', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Fountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fountain,_Colorado', 'summary': "Fountain is a Home Rule Municipality located in El Paso County , Colorado , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city 's population was 25,846 . Fountain is located 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of downtown Colorado Springs and just east of Fort Carson . Fountain and the Colorado Springs suburbs Security and Widefield make up the Fountain Valley community ."}]}, {'value': 'El Paso County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Colorado', 'summary': "El Paso County is one of the 64 counties of the U.S. state of Colorado . The 2010 Census recorded its population of 622,263 for El Paso County . The Census Bureau 's 2018 estimate indicates it is the second-most populous county in Colorado , after the City and County of Denver . The county seat is Colorado Springs , the second most populous city in Colorado . El Paso County is included in the Colorado Springs , Colorado , Metropolitan Statistical Area . El Paso County is located in Colorado 's 5th congressional district . Since its creation in 1871 , El Paso County has typically voted for the Republican presidential candidate in presidential elections ; the last Democratic nominee to win the county was Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 . The Democratic Party won El Paso County four additional times prior , and the Populist Party won in 1892 , with General James B. Weaver . In 2004 , the voters of Colorado Springs and El Paso County established the Pikes Peak Rural Transportation Authority ( PPRTA ) and adopted a 1% sales tax dedicated to improving the region 's transportation infrastructure . Together with state funding for COSMIX ( 2007 completion ) and the I-25 interchange with Highway 16 ( 2008 completion ) , significant progress has been made since 2003 in addressing the transportation needs of the area . In 2010 and 2014 , the county voted to criminalize marijuana . On March 12 , 2019 , the county unanimously voted to become a Second Amendment sanctuary ."}]}, {'value': 'Colorado Springs MSA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Springs_MSA', 'summary': "The Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area is a United States Office of Management and Budget defined Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) located in the Colorado Springs region of the State of Colorado . The Census Bureau estimates that the population was 668,353 in 2012 , a 3.52% increase since the 2010 United States Census . The Colorado Springs MSA is the 79th most populous MSA in the United States . The Colorado Springs MSA encompasses El Paso County and Teller County , Colorado . Approximately 88.40% percent of the MSA 's population live in cities or CDPs . The Colorado Springs Metropolitan Statistical Area is the second most populous component of the Front Range Urban Corridor ."}]}, {'value': '25,846', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Cañon City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cañon_City,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Cañon City ( /ˈkænjən/ ) is a Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Fremont County , Colorado , United States . The city population was 16,400 at the 2010 United States Census . Cañon City straddles the easterly flowing Arkansas River and is a popular tourist destination for sightseeing , whitewater rafting , and rock climbing . The city is known for its many public parks , fossil discoveries , Skyline Drive , The Royal Gorge railroad , the Royal Gorge , extensive natural hiking paths , . In 1994 , the United States Board on Geographic Names approved adding the tilde to the official name of Cañon City , a change from Canon City as the official name in its decisions of 1906 and 1975 . It is one of the few U.S. cities to have the Spanish Ñ in its name , others being La Cañada Flintridge , California ; Española , New Mexico ; Peñasco , New Mexico ; and Cañones , New Mexico .'}]}, {'value': 'Fremont County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremont_County,_Colorado', 'summary': "Fremont County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 46,824 . The county seat is Cañon City . The county is named for explorer and presidential candidate John C. Frémont . Fremont County comprises the Cañon City , CO Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Pueblo-Cañon City , CO Combined Statistical Area . Fremont County is also home to 15 prisons . ADX Florence , the only federal Supermax prison in the United States , is in an unincorporated area in Fremont County , south of Florence . As of March 2015 , Fremont County leads the nation among all counties as the one with the largest proportion of its population incarcerated , with 20% of people residing in one of the county 's prisons ."}]}, {'value': 'Cañon City μSA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cañon_City_Micropolitan_Statistical_Area', 'summary': 'The Cañon City Micropolitan Statistical Area is a United States Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) defined Micropolitan Statistical Area located in the Cañon City area of the State of Colorado . The Cañon City Micropolitan Statistical Area is defined as Fremont County , Colorado . The Micropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 46,145 at the 2000 Census . A July 1 , 2009 U.S. Census Bureau estimate placed the population at 47,815 . The Cañon City Micropolitan Statistical Area includes the City of Cañon City , the City of Florence , the Town of Brookside , the Town of Coal Creek , the Town of Rockvale , the Town of Williamsburg , and the unincorporated areas of Fremont County .'}]}, {'value': '16,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Woodland Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodland_Park,_Colorado', 'summary': 'The City of Woodland Park is a Home Rule Municipality that is the most populous city in Teller County , Colorado , United States and is immediately west of El Paso County and the unincorporated community of Crystola . Many residents in this bedroom community , which is surrounded by the one-million acre ( 4,000 km² ) Pike National Forest , make the 17-mile ( 27 km ) commute to Colorado Springs . Ute Pass lies 12 miles ( 19 km ) to the west of Woodland Park on US 24 . The population was 7200 at the 2010 census . Nearby Douglas County is about a fifteen-minute drive from the city . A post office called Woodland Park has been in operation since 1890 . The community was named for the abundance of trees near the original town site .'}]}, {'value': 'Teller County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teller_County,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Teller County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 23,350 . The county seat is Cripple Creek , and the most populous city is Woodland Park . Teller County is included in the Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Colorado Springs MSA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Springs_MSA', 'summary': "The Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area is a United States Office of Management and Budget defined Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) located in the Colorado Springs region of the State of Colorado . The Census Bureau estimates that the population was 668,353 in 2012 , a 3.52% increase since the 2010 United States Census . The Colorado Springs MSA is the 79th most populous MSA in the United States . The Colorado Springs MSA encompasses El Paso County and Teller County , Colorado . Approximately 88.40% percent of the MSA 's population live in cities or CDPs . The Colorado Springs Metropolitan Statistical Area is the second most populous component of the Front Range Urban Corridor ."}]}, {'value': '7,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town of Monument', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monument', 'summary': 'A monument is a type of - usually three-dimensional - structure that was explicitly created to commemorate a person or event , or which has become relevant to a social group as a part of their remembrance of historic times or cultural heritage , due to its artistic , historical , political , technical or architectural importance . Some of the first monuments were dolmens or menhirs , megalithic constructions built for religious or funerary purposes . Examples of monuments include statues , ( war ) memorials , historical buildings , archaeological sites , and cultural assets . If there is a public interest in its preservation , a monument can for example be listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site .'}]}, {'value': 'El Paso County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Colorado', 'summary': "El Paso County is one of the 64 counties of the U.S. state of Colorado . The 2010 Census recorded its population of 622,263 for El Paso County . The Census Bureau 's 2018 estimate indicates it is the second-most populous county in Colorado , after the City and County of Denver . The county seat is Colorado Springs , the second most populous city in Colorado . El Paso County is included in the Colorado Springs , Colorado , Metropolitan Statistical Area . El Paso County is located in Colorado 's 5th congressional district . Since its creation in 1871 , El Paso County has typically voted for the Republican presidential candidate in presidential elections ; the last Democratic nominee to win the county was Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 . The Democratic Party won El Paso County four additional times prior , and the Populist Party won in 1892 , with General James B. Weaver . In 2004 , the voters of Colorado Springs and El Paso County established the Pikes Peak Rural Transportation Authority ( PPRTA ) and adopted a 1% sales tax dedicated to improving the region 's transportation infrastructure . Together with state funding for COSMIX ( 2007 completion ) and the I-25 interchange with Highway 16 ( 2008 completion ) , significant progress has been made since 2003 in addressing the transportation needs of the area . In 2010 and 2014 , the county voted to criminalize marijuana . On March 12 , 2019 , the county unanimously voted to become a Second Amendment sanctuary ."}]}, {'value': 'Colorado Springs MSA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Springs_MSA', 'summary': "The Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area is a United States Office of Management and Budget defined Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) located in the Colorado Springs region of the State of Colorado . The Census Bureau estimates that the population was 668,353 in 2012 , a 3.52% increase since the 2010 United States Census . The Colorado Springs MSA is the 79th most populous MSA in the United States . The Colorado Springs MSA encompasses El Paso County and Teller County , Colorado . Approximately 88.40% percent of the MSA 's population live in cities or CDPs . The Colorado Springs Metropolitan Statistical Area is the second most populous component of the Front Range Urban Corridor ."}]}, {'value': '5,530', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Manitou Springs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitou_Springs', 'summary': "Manitou Springs is a home rule municipality located in El Paso County , Colorado , United States . The town was founded for its natural mineral springs . The downtown area continues to be of interest to travelers , particularly in the summer , as the downtown area consists of many one-story , adjoining , small shops , restaurants , and pubs , as well as a creekside city park with a children 's playground made from unusual materials . Among other services , shops cater to tourist interests such as clothing , candy , souvenirs , and outdoor recreation . The main road through the center of town was one of the direct paths to the base of Pikes Peak . Barr Trail , which winds its way up Pikes Peak , is accessible from town . The subdivision Crystal Hills was added to the municipality in the 1960s . The city population was 4,992 at the 2010 United States Census . Students are served by Manitou Springs School District 14 and Manitou Springs High School ."}]}, {'value': 'El Paso County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Colorado', 'summary': "El Paso County is one of the 64 counties of the U.S. state of Colorado . The 2010 Census recorded its population of 622,263 for El Paso County . The Census Bureau 's 2018 estimate indicates it is the second-most populous county in Colorado , after the City and County of Denver . The county seat is Colorado Springs , the second most populous city in Colorado . El Paso County is included in the Colorado Springs , Colorado , Metropolitan Statistical Area . El Paso County is located in Colorado 's 5th congressional district . Since its creation in 1871 , El Paso County has typically voted for the Republican presidential candidate in presidential elections ; the last Democratic nominee to win the county was Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 . The Democratic Party won El Paso County four additional times prior , and the Populist Party won in 1892 , with General James B. Weaver . In 2004 , the voters of Colorado Springs and El Paso County established the Pikes Peak Rural Transportation Authority ( PPRTA ) and adopted a 1% sales tax dedicated to improving the region 's transportation infrastructure . Together with state funding for COSMIX ( 2007 completion ) and the I-25 interchange with Highway 16 ( 2008 completion ) , significant progress has been made since 2003 in addressing the transportation needs of the area . In 2010 and 2014 , the county voted to criminalize marijuana . On March 12 , 2019 , the county unanimously voted to become a Second Amendment sanctuary ."}]}, {'value': 'Colorado Springs MSA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Springs_MSA', 'summary': "The Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area is a United States Office of Management and Budget defined Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) located in the Colorado Springs region of the State of Colorado . The Census Bureau estimates that the population was 668,353 in 2012 , a 3.52% increase since the 2010 United States Census . The Colorado Springs MSA is the 79th most populous MSA in the United States . The Colorado Springs MSA encompasses El Paso County and Teller County , Colorado . Approximately 88.40% percent of the MSA 's population live in cities or CDPs . The Colorado Springs Metropolitan Statistical Area is the second most populous component of the Front Range Urban Corridor ."}]}, {'value': '4,992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Florence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florence', 'summary': "Florence ( /ˈflɒrəns/ FLORR-ənss ; Italian : Firenze [ fiˈrɛntse ] ( listen ) ) [ a ] is a city in central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region . It is the most populated city in Tuscany , with 383,084 inhabitants in 2013 , and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area . Florence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era . It is considered by many academics the birthplace of the Renaissance , and has been called the Athens of the Middle Ages . Its turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family and numerous religious and republican revolutions . From 1865 to 1871 the city served as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy ( established in 1861 ) . The Florentine dialect forms the base of Standard Italian and it became the language of culture throughout Italy due to the prestige of the masterpieces by Dante Alighieri , Petrarch , Giovanni Boccaccio , Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini . The city attracts millions of tourists each year , and UNESCO declared the Historic Centre of Florence a World Heritage Site in 1982 . The city is noted for its culture , Renaissance art and architecture and monuments . The city also contains numerous museums and art galleries , such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Palazzo Pitti , and still exerts an influence in the fields of art , culture and politics . Due to Florence 's artistic and architectural heritage , Forbes has ranked it as one of the most beautiful cities in the world . Florence plays an important role in Italian fashion , and is ranked in the top 15 fashion capitals of the world by Global Language Monitor ; furthermore , it is a major national economic centre , as well as a tourist and industrial hub ."}]}, {'value': 'Fremont County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremont_County,_Colorado', 'summary': "Fremont County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 46,824 . The county seat is Cañon City . The county is named for explorer and presidential candidate John C. Frémont . Fremont County comprises the Cañon City , CO Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Pueblo-Cañon City , CO Combined Statistical Area . Fremont County is also home to 15 prisons . ADX Florence , the only federal Supermax prison in the United States , is in an unincorporated area in Fremont County , south of Florence . As of March 2015 , Fremont County leads the nation among all counties as the one with the largest proportion of its population incarcerated , with 20% of people residing in one of the county 's prisons ."}]}, {'value': 'Cañon City μSA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cañon_City_Micropolitan_Statistical_Area', 'summary': 'The Cañon City Micropolitan Statistical Area is a United States Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) defined Micropolitan Statistical Area located in the Cañon City area of the State of Colorado . The Cañon City Micropolitan Statistical Area is defined as Fremont County , Colorado . The Micropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 46,145 at the 2000 Census . A July 1 , 2009 U.S. Census Bureau estimate placed the population at 47,815 . The Cañon City Micropolitan Statistical Area includes the City of Cañon City , the City of Florence , the Town of Brookside , the Town of Coal Creek , the Town of Rockvale , the Town of Williamsburg , and the unincorporated areas of Fremont County .'}]}, {'value': '3,881', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town of Palmer Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmer_Lake', 'summary': "Palmer Lake is a Statutory Town in El Paso County , Colorado , United States . The population was 2,420 at the 2010 census . Palmer Lake was founded by General William Jackson Palmer in 1871 and was incorporated in 1889 . Palmer Lake is one of three communities in the Tri-Lakes region between Denver and Colorado Springs . The three lakes are Palmer Lake , Monument Lake , and Lake Woodmoor . Located off Interstate 25 near two major metropolitan centers , Palmer Lake is a growing community on the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains . Downtown Palmer Lake , though small , features restaurants and coffee shops on Colorado Highway 105 . There is also a library , town hall , and a historical museum . The Tri-Lakes Center for the Arts , a nonprofit fine arts venue , features rotating art exhibitions and concert events with nationally recognized artists . The town 's water comes from two reservoirs in the mountains behind the town and from wells . Both reservoirs and Monument Creek , which flows out of them , are considered part of the town 's watershed . The town 's namesake lake dried up completely during the summer of 2012 due to ongoing extreme drought conditions , ."}]}, {'value': 'El Paso County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Colorado', 'summary': "El Paso County is one of the 64 counties of the U.S. state of Colorado . The 2010 Census recorded its population of 622,263 for El Paso County . The Census Bureau 's 2018 estimate indicates it is the second-most populous county in Colorado , after the City and County of Denver . The county seat is Colorado Springs , the second most populous city in Colorado . El Paso County is included in the Colorado Springs , Colorado , Metropolitan Statistical Area . El Paso County is located in Colorado 's 5th congressional district . Since its creation in 1871 , El Paso County has typically voted for the Republican presidential candidate in presidential elections ; the last Democratic nominee to win the county was Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 . The Democratic Party won El Paso County four additional times prior , and the Populist Party won in 1892 , with General James B. Weaver . In 2004 , the voters of Colorado Springs and El Paso County established the Pikes Peak Rural Transportation Authority ( PPRTA ) and adopted a 1% sales tax dedicated to improving the region 's transportation infrastructure . Together with state funding for COSMIX ( 2007 completion ) and the I-25 interchange with Highway 16 ( 2008 completion ) , significant progress has been made since 2003 in addressing the transportation needs of the area . In 2010 and 2014 , the county voted to criminalize marijuana . On March 12 , 2019 , the county unanimously voted to become a Second Amendment sanctuary ."}]}, {'value': 'Colorado Springs MSA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Springs_MSA', 'summary': "The Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area is a United States Office of Management and Budget defined Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) located in the Colorado Springs region of the State of Colorado . The Census Bureau estimates that the population was 668,353 in 2012 , a 3.52% increase since the 2010 United States Census . The Colorado Springs MSA is the 79th most populous MSA in the United States . The Colorado Springs MSA encompasses El Paso County and Teller County , Colorado . Approximately 88.40% percent of the MSA 's population live in cities or CDPs . The Colorado Springs Metropolitan Statistical Area is the second most populous component of the Front Range Urban Corridor ."}]}, {'value': '2,240', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Cripple Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cripple_Creek,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Cripple Creek is the Statutory City that is the county seat of Teller County , Colorado , United States . The city population was 1,189 at the 2010 United States Census . Cripple Creek is a former gold mining camp located 44 miles ( 71 km ) southwest of Colorado Springs near the base of Pikes Peak . The Cripple Creek Historic District , which received National Historic Landmark status in 1961 , includes part or all of the city and the surrounding area . The city is now a part of the Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Teller County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teller_County,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Teller County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 23,350 . The county seat is Cripple Creek , and the most populous city is Woodland Park . Teller County is included in the Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Colorado Springs MSA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Springs_MSA', 'summary': "The Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area is a United States Office of Management and Budget defined Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) located in the Colorado Springs region of the State of Colorado . The Census Bureau estimates that the population was 668,353 in 2012 , a 3.52% increase since the 2010 United States Census . The Colorado Springs MSA is the 79th most populous MSA in the United States . The Colorado Springs MSA encompasses El Paso County and Teller County , Colorado . Approximately 88.40% percent of the MSA 's population live in cities or CDPs . The Colorado Springs Metropolitan Statistical Area is the second most populous component of the Front Range Urban Corridor ."}]}, {'value': '1,189', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town of Calhan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calhan', 'summary': 'The Town of Calhan is a Statutory Town in El Paso County , Colorado , United States . The town population was 780 at the 2010 United States Census . Calhan straddles U.S. Highway 24 . With Calhan sitting at an elevation of 6,535 feet ( 1,992 meters ) above sea level , Calhan is the highest non-mountain town in the United States . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'El Paso County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Colorado', 'summary': "El Paso County is one of the 64 counties of the U.S. state of Colorado . The 2010 Census recorded its population of 622,263 for El Paso County . The Census Bureau 's 2018 estimate indicates it is the second-most populous county in Colorado , after the City and County of Denver . The county seat is Colorado Springs , the second most populous city in Colorado . El Paso County is included in the Colorado Springs , Colorado , Metropolitan Statistical Area . El Paso County is located in Colorado 's 5th congressional district . Since its creation in 1871 , El Paso County has typically voted for the Republican presidential candidate in presidential elections ; the last Democratic nominee to win the county was Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 . The Democratic Party won El Paso County four additional times prior , and the Populist Party won in 1892 , with General James B. Weaver . In 2004 , the voters of Colorado Springs and El Paso County established the Pikes Peak Rural Transportation Authority ( PPRTA ) and adopted a 1% sales tax dedicated to improving the region 's transportation infrastructure . Together with state funding for COSMIX ( 2007 completion ) and the I-25 interchange with Highway 16 ( 2008 completion ) , significant progress has been made since 2003 in addressing the transportation needs of the area . In 2010 and 2014 , the county voted to criminalize marijuana . On March 12 , 2019 , the county unanimously voted to become a Second Amendment sanctuary ."}]}, {'value': 'Colorado Springs MSA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Springs_MSA', 'summary': "The Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area is a United States Office of Management and Budget defined Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) located in the Colorado Springs region of the State of Colorado . The Census Bureau estimates that the population was 668,353 in 2012 , a 3.52% increase since the 2010 United States Census . The Colorado Springs MSA is the 79th most populous MSA in the United States . The Colorado Springs MSA encompasses El Paso County and Teller County , Colorado . Approximately 88.40% percent of the MSA 's population live in cities or CDPs . The Colorado Springs Metropolitan Statistical Area is the second most populous component of the Front Range Urban Corridor ."}]}, {'value': '780', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town of Green Mountain Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Mountain_Falls', 'summary': "Green Mountain Falls is a statutory town in El Paso and Teller counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . The population was 640 at the 2010 census . In 1968 , officials in Green Mountain Falls conducted a resurvey of the 1890 legal description of the town 's corporate limits and found that the town hall , the magistrate 's office , the post office , the community center , the civic swimming pool , and nearly half of the residents are located outside city limits and were forced to redraw the legal boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'El Paso County Teller County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Colorado', 'summary': "El Paso County is one of the 64 counties of the U.S. state of Colorado . The 2010 Census recorded its population of 622,263 for El Paso County . The Census Bureau 's 2018 estimate indicates it is the second-most populous county in Colorado , after the City and County of Denver . The county seat is Colorado Springs , the second most populous city in Colorado . El Paso County is included in the Colorado Springs , Colorado , Metropolitan Statistical Area . El Paso County is located in Colorado 's 5th congressional district . Since its creation in 1871 , El Paso County has typically voted for the Republican presidential candidate in presidential elections ; the last Democratic nominee to win the county was Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 . The Democratic Party won El Paso County four additional times prior , and the Populist Party won in 1892 , with General James B. Weaver . In 2004 , the voters of Colorado Springs and El Paso County established the Pikes Peak Rural Transportation Authority ( PPRTA ) and adopted a 1% sales tax dedicated to improving the region 's transportation infrastructure . Together with state funding for COSMIX ( 2007 completion ) and the I-25 interchange with Highway 16 ( 2008 completion ) , significant progress has been made since 2003 in addressing the transportation needs of the area . In 2010 and 2014 , the county voted to criminalize marijuana . On March 12 , 2019 , the county unanimously voted to become a Second Amendment sanctuary ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Teller_County,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Teller County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 23,350 . The county seat is Cripple Creek , and the most populous city is Woodland Park . Teller County is included in the Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Colorado Springs MSA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Springs_MSA', 'summary': "The Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area is a United States Office of Management and Budget defined Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) located in the Colorado Springs region of the State of Colorado . The Census Bureau estimates that the population was 668,353 in 2012 , a 3.52% increase since the 2010 United States Census . The Colorado Springs MSA is the 79th most populous MSA in the United States . The Colorado Springs MSA encompasses El Paso County and Teller County , Colorado . Approximately 88.40% percent of the MSA 's population live in cities or CDPs . The Colorado Springs Metropolitan Statistical Area is the second most populous component of the Front Range Urban Corridor ."}]}, {'value': '773', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town of Williamsburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williamsburg,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Williamsburg is a statutory town located in Fremont County , Colorado , United States . The town population was 662 at the 2010 census , down from 714 at the 2000 census . The Florence post office ( ZIP code 81226 ) serves Williamsburg .'}]}, {'value': 'Fremont County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremont_County,_Colorado', 'summary': "Fremont County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 46,824 . The county seat is Cañon City . The county is named for explorer and presidential candidate John C. Frémont . Fremont County comprises the Cañon City , CO Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Pueblo-Cañon City , CO Combined Statistical Area . Fremont County is also home to 15 prisons . ADX Florence , the only federal Supermax prison in the United States , is in an unincorporated area in Fremont County , south of Florence . As of March 2015 , Fremont County leads the nation among all counties as the one with the largest proportion of its population incarcerated , with 20% of people residing in one of the county 's prisons ."}]}, {'value': 'Cañon City μSA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cañon_City_Micropolitan_Statistical_Area', 'summary': 'The Cañon City Micropolitan Statistical Area is a United States Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) defined Micropolitan Statistical Area located in the Cañon City area of the State of Colorado . The Cañon City Micropolitan Statistical Area is defined as Fremont County , Colorado . The Micropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 46,145 at the 2000 Census . A July 1 , 2009 U.S. Census Bureau estimate placed the population at 47,815 . The Cañon City Micropolitan Statistical Area includes the City of Cañon City , the City of Florence , the Town of Brookside , the Town of Coal Creek , the Town of Rockvale , the Town of Williamsburg , and the unincorporated areas of Fremont County .'}]}, {'value': '662', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town of Rockvale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockvale', 'summary': 'Rockvale is a statutory town in Fremont County , Colorado , United States . The population was 487 at the 2010 census , up from 426 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Fremont County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremont_County,_Colorado', 'summary': "Fremont County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 46,824 . The county seat is Cañon City . The county is named for explorer and presidential candidate John C. Frémont . Fremont County comprises the Cañon City , CO Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Pueblo-Cañon City , CO Combined Statistical Area . Fremont County is also home to 15 prisons . ADX Florence , the only federal Supermax prison in the United States , is in an unincorporated area in Fremont County , south of Florence . As of March 2015 , Fremont County leads the nation among all counties as the one with the largest proportion of its population incarcerated , with 20% of people residing in one of the county 's prisons ."}]}, {'value': 'Cañon City μSA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cañon_City_Micropolitan_Statistical_Area', 'summary': 'The Cañon City Micropolitan Statistical Area is a United States Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) defined Micropolitan Statistical Area located in the Cañon City area of the State of Colorado . The Cañon City Micropolitan Statistical Area is defined as Fremont County , Colorado . The Micropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 46,145 at the 2000 Census . A July 1 , 2009 U.S. Census Bureau estimate placed the population at 47,815 . The Cañon City Micropolitan Statistical Area includes the City of Cañon City , the City of Florence , the Town of Brookside , the Town of Coal Creek , the Town of Rockvale , the Town of Williamsburg , and the unincorporated areas of Fremont County .'}]}, {'value': '487', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Victor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victor,_Colorado', 'summary': "Victor is a statutory city in Teller County , Colorado , United States . Gold was discovered in Victor in the late 19th century , an omen of the future of the town . With Cripple Creek , the mining district became the second largest gold mining district in the country and realized approximately $ 10 billion of mined gold in 2010 dollars . It reached its peak around the turn of the century when there were about 18,000 residents in the town . Depleted ore in mines , labor strife and the exodus of miners during World War I caused a steep decline in the city 's economy , from which it has never recovered . The population was 397 at the 2010 census . There is a resumed mining effort on Battle Mountain ."}]}, {'value': 'Teller County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teller_County,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Teller County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 23,350 . The county seat is Cripple Creek , and the most populous city is Woodland Park . Teller County is included in the Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Colorado Springs MSA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Springs_MSA', 'summary': "The Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area is a United States Office of Management and Budget defined Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) located in the Colorado Springs region of the State of Colorado . The Census Bureau estimates that the population was 668,353 in 2012 , a 3.52% increase since the 2010 United States Census . The Colorado Springs MSA is the 79th most populous MSA in the United States . The Colorado Springs MSA encompasses El Paso County and Teller County , Colorado . Approximately 88.40% percent of the MSA 's population live in cities or CDPs . The Colorado Springs Metropolitan Statistical Area is the second most populous component of the Front Range Urban Corridor ."}]}, {'value': '397', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town of Coal Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coal_Creek,_Fremont_County,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Coal Creek is a statutory town located in Fremont County , Colorado , United States . The town population was 343 at the 2010 United States Census . A post office called Coal Creek has been in operation since 1873 . The community was named for the local coal mining industry .'}]}, {'value': 'Fremont County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremont_County,_Colorado', 'summary': "Fremont County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 46,824 . The county seat is Cañon City . The county is named for explorer and presidential candidate John C. Frémont . Fremont County comprises the Cañon City , CO Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Pueblo-Cañon City , CO Combined Statistical Area . Fremont County is also home to 15 prisons . ADX Florence , the only federal Supermax prison in the United States , is in an unincorporated area in Fremont County , south of Florence . As of March 2015 , Fremont County leads the nation among all counties as the one with the largest proportion of its population incarcerated , with 20% of people residing in one of the county 's prisons ."}]}, {'value': 'Cañon City μSA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cañon_City_Micropolitan_Statistical_Area', 'summary': 'The Cañon City Micropolitan Statistical Area is a United States Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) defined Micropolitan Statistical Area located in the Cañon City area of the State of Colorado . The Cañon City Micropolitan Statistical Area is defined as Fremont County , Colorado . The Micropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 46,145 at the 2000 Census . A July 1 , 2009 U.S. Census Bureau estimate placed the population at 47,815 . The Cañon City Micropolitan Statistical Area includes the City of Cañon City , the City of Florence , the Town of Brookside , the Town of Coal Creek , the Town of Rockvale , the Town of Williamsburg , and the unincorporated areas of Fremont County .'}]}, {'value': '343', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town of Boone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boone,_Colorado', 'summary': 'The Town of Boone is a Statutory Town in Pueblo County , Colorado , United States . The town population was 339 at the 2010 United States Census . Boone is a part of the Pueblo , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area . Boone was founded as Booneville during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush by Albert Gallatin Boone , grandson of Daniel Boone . Boone was the first postmaster and for a brief time Indian agent to the Cheyenne and Arapaho .'}]}, {'value': 'Pueblo County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pueblo_County,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Pueblo County ( /ˈpwɛbloʊ/ or /ˈpjɛbloʊ/ ) is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 159,063 . The county seat is Pueblo . The county was named for the historic city of Pueblo which took its name from the Spanish language word meaning town or village . Pueblo County comprises the Pueblo , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Pueblo MSA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pueblo_MSA', 'summary': 'Pueblo County ( /ˈpwɛbloʊ/ or /ˈpjɛbloʊ/ ) is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 159,063 . The county seat is Pueblo . The county was named for the historic city of Pueblo which took its name from the Spanish language word meaning town or village . Pueblo County comprises the Pueblo , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '339', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town of Brookside', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brookside', 'summary': "Brookside is a British soap opera set in Liverpool , England . The series began on the launch night of Channel 4 on 2 November 1982 and ran for 21 years until 4 November 2003 . Originally intended to be called Meadowcroft , the series was produced by Lime Pictures ( then Mersey Television ) , and it was conceived by Phil Redmond who also devised Grange Hill ( 1978-2008 ) and Hollyoaks ( 1995-present ) . Brookside became very successful and was often Channel 4 's highest rated programme for a number of years in the mid-1980s , with audiences regularly in excess of nine million viewers . It is notable for realistic and socially challenging storylines . From the mid-1990s , it began raising more controversial subjects under the guidance of new producers such as Mal Young and Paul Marquess . It is especially well known for broadcasting the first pre-watershed lesbian kiss on British television in 1994 , as well as a powerful domestic abuse storyline resulting in murder . It also had the first openly gay character on a British TV series ; the character was outed in 1985 . In 1996 , the series experienced an extreme backlash from viewers when it featured a hugely controversial storyline of an incestuous sexual relationship between two sibling characters . Although the series had a long and successful run , by 2000 its viewing figures were in terminal decline , and low ratings eventually led to its cancellation in June 2003 . The final episode was broadcast on 4 November 2003 and was watched by around two million viewers . The first episode of Brookside was repeated as part of Channel 4 at 25 on 1 October 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fremont County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremont_County,_Colorado', 'summary': "Fremont County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 46,824 . The county seat is Cañon City . The county is named for explorer and presidential candidate John C. Frémont . Fremont County comprises the Cañon City , CO Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Pueblo-Cañon City , CO Combined Statistical Area . Fremont County is also home to 15 prisons . ADX Florence , the only federal Supermax prison in the United States , is in an unincorporated area in Fremont County , south of Florence . As of March 2015 , Fremont County leads the nation among all counties as the one with the largest proportion of its population incarcerated , with 20% of people residing in one of the county 's prisons ."}]}, {'value': 'Cañon City μSA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cañon_City_Micropolitan_Statistical_Area', 'summary': 'The Cañon City Micropolitan Statistical Area is a United States Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) defined Micropolitan Statistical Area located in the Cañon City area of the State of Colorado . The Cañon City Micropolitan Statistical Area is defined as Fremont County , Colorado . The Micropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 46,145 at the 2000 Census . A July 1 , 2009 U.S. Census Bureau estimate placed the population at 47,815 . The Cañon City Micropolitan Statistical Area includes the City of Cañon City , the City of Florence , the Town of Brookside , the Town of Coal Creek , the Town of Rockvale , the Town of Williamsburg , and the unincorporated areas of Fremont County .'}]}, {'value': '233', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town of Rye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rye', 'summary': 'Rye ( Secale cereale ) is a grass grown extensively as a grain , a cover crop and a forage crop . It is a member of the wheat tribe ( Triticeae ) and is closely related to barley ( genus Hordeum ) and wheat ( Triticum ) . Rye grain is used for flour , bread , beer , crisp bread , some whiskeys , some vodkas , and animal fodder . It can also be eaten whole , either as boiled rye berries or by being rolled , similar to rolled oats . Rye is a cereal grain and should not be confused with ryegrass , which is used for lawns , pasture , and hay for livestock .'}]}, {'value': 'Pueblo County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pueblo_County,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Pueblo County ( /ˈpwɛbloʊ/ or /ˈpjɛbloʊ/ ) is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 159,063 . The county seat is Pueblo . The county was named for the historic city of Pueblo which took its name from the Spanish language word meaning town or village . Pueblo County comprises the Pueblo , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Pueblo MSA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pueblo_MSA', 'summary': 'Pueblo County ( /ˈpwɛbloʊ/ or /ˈpjɛbloʊ/ ) is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 159,063 . The county seat is Pueblo . The county was named for the historic city of Pueblo which took its name from the Spanish language word meaning town or village . Pueblo County comprises the Pueblo , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '153', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Town of Ramah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramah,_Colorado', 'summary': 'The town of Ramah /ˈreɪmə/ is a Statutory Town in El Paso County , Colorado , United States . The population was 123 as of the 2010 census . According to tradition , the name is derived from India .'}]}, {'value': 'El Paso County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Colorado', 'summary': "El Paso County is one of the 64 counties of the U.S. state of Colorado . The 2010 Census recorded its population of 622,263 for El Paso County . The Census Bureau 's 2018 estimate indicates it is the second-most populous county in Colorado , after the City and County of Denver . The county seat is Colorado Springs , the second most populous city in Colorado . El Paso County is included in the Colorado Springs , Colorado , Metropolitan Statistical Area . El Paso County is located in Colorado 's 5th congressional district . Since its creation in 1871 , El Paso County has typically voted for the Republican presidential candidate in presidential elections ; the last Democratic nominee to win the county was Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 . The Democratic Party won El Paso County four additional times prior , and the Populist Party won in 1892 , with General James B. Weaver . In 2004 , the voters of Colorado Springs and El Paso County established the Pikes Peak Rural Transportation Authority ( PPRTA ) and adopted a 1% sales tax dedicated to improving the region 's transportation infrastructure . Together with state funding for COSMIX ( 2007 completion ) and the I-25 interchange with Highway 16 ( 2008 completion ) , significant progress has been made since 2003 in addressing the transportation needs of the area . In 2010 and 2014 , the county voted to criminalize marijuana . On March 12 , 2019 , the county unanimously voted to become a Second Amendment sanctuary ."}]}, {'value': 'Colorado Springs MSA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Springs_MSA', 'summary': "The Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area is a United States Office of Management and Budget defined Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) located in the Colorado Springs region of the State of Colorado . The Census Bureau estimates that the population was 668,353 in 2012 , a 3.52% increase since the 2010 United States Census . The Colorado Springs MSA is the 79th most populous MSA in the United States . The Colorado Springs MSA encompasses El Paso County and Teller County , Colorado . Approximately 88.40% percent of the MSA 's population live in cities or CDPs . The Colorado Springs Metropolitan Statistical Area is the second most populous component of the Front Range Urban Corridor ."}]}, {'value': '123', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'South_Central_Colorado_Urban_Area_0', 'intro': 'The South Central Colorado Urban Area comprises the Colorado Springs Metropolitan Statistical Area, the Pueblo Metropolitan Statistical Area, and the Cañon City Micropolitan Statistical Area in the central and south central region of the State of Colorado. With the exception of northern Teller County and small portions of northern El Paso County, the entire South Central Colorado Urban Area is drained by the Arkansas River and its tributaries. The South Central Colorado Urban Area is the southernmost of the three primary subregions of the Front Range Urban Corridor. The South Central Colorado Urban Area had a population of 851,500 at the 2010 United States Census, and increase of 17.43% from the 2000 United States Census. In 2010, 16.93% of Coloradans lived in the South Central Colorado Urban Area.'} | null | null | The city that used to be a gold mining camp has a population of what ? | 1,189 |
081121316f5bd8a4 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_alpine_skiing', 'title': 'List of Olympic medalists in alpine skiing', 'header': ['Games', 'Gold', 'Silver', 'Bronze'], 'data': [{'value': '1988 Calgary details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine Skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held February 15-27 at Nakiska on Mount Allan , a new ski area west of Calgary . These Olympics featured the first change in the alpine skiing program in more than 30 years . The Super-G was added and the combined event returned ; it was last contested at the Winter Olympics in 1948 , prior to the addition of the giant slalom .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_super-G", 'summary': "The Women 's Super G competition of the Calgary 1988 Olympics was held at Nakiska on Monday , February 22 . This was the Olympic debut of the event . The defending world champion was Maria Walliser of Switzerland , who was also the defending World Cup Super G champion , while Michela Figini led the current season . Austria 's Sigrid Wolf won the gold medal , Figini took the silver , and Karen Percy of Canada was the bronze medalist ; Walliser was sixth . The course started at an elevation of 2,039 m ( 6,690 ft ) above sea level with a vertical drop of 507 m ( 1,663 ft ) and a course length of 1.943 km ( 1.21 mi ) . Wolf 's winning time was 79.03 seconds , yielding an average speed of 88.508 km/h ( 55.0 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 6.145 m/s ( 20.2 ft/s ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sigrid Wolf Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sigrid_Wolf', 'summary': "Sigrid Wolf ( born 14 February 1964 ) is an Austrian former Alpine skier . Her first points in the Alpine Skiing World Cup she could gain on March 25 , 1982 , in the Downhill Race at San Sicario by finishing 14th . Her first Top Ten was on March 5 , 1983 , in the Downhill at Mont Tremblant . She came in the spotlight when she placed fourth in the downhill in Santa Caterina in 1985 , being 0.01 sec . behind a medal ( there was a tied silver medal between Ariane Ehrat and Katharina Gutensohn . Being double winner in the World Cup Downhill races at Vail on March 13 and 14 , 1987 , she did stop a four-month phase without a win for the female Austrian team . Winning the Super-G race at Sestriere on November 28 , 1987 , was the first win for the female team of the Austrian Ski Federation in the World Cup since that discipline was established in the season 1982-83 ( it was the race number 19 ) . - She did win another race too ; it happened on January 9 , 1988 , at Lech but she was disqualified at last because violation of the regulation in regard to non correct attaching the bib-number ; Zoë Haas became the winner ( that case is known as the » Stecknadelaffäre von Lech « / » pin scandal of Lech « by insiders - because Sigrid and other racers of the Austrian team did attach the oversized bib-numbers with pins but such a method was n't allowed ) . Sigrid Wolf won the Super-G gold medal at the 1988 Olympics in Calgary ahead of Michela Figini and Karen Percy . This was the first time it was ever arranged a Super-G competition at the Olympic games . One year later she won a silver medal in the same discipline at the World Championships in Vail , Colorado . In the saison 1988-89 she became second in the Super-G World Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Michela Figini Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michela_Figini', 'summary': 'Michela Figini ( born 7 April 1966 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Switzerland . She is an Olympic , World Cup , and world champion . Figini made her World Cup debut at age 16 in January 1983 and won the downhill at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo at age 17 . Through 2014 , she remains the youngest Olympic champion in alpine skiing . She won the downhill the following year at the 1985 World Championships . She also came second in the Downhill at the 1987 World Championships , and won a silver medal in the Super-G at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary . Figini won 26 World Cup races and overall titles in 1985 and 1988 , as well as four season titles in downhill , one in Super-G .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Switzerland competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Karen Percy Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karen_Percy', 'summary': "Karen Percy Lowe ( born October 10 , 1966 ) is a Canadian former alpine skier . She was born in Banff , Alberta . She won 2 bronze medals in skiing at the 1988 Calgary Winter Olympics , where she was Canada 's flag bearer in the closing ceremony . Until her retirement from the National team in August 1990 , she competed in 107 races on the World Cup circuit with 25-top 10 finishes , four World Championships including two Junior World Championships , and 7 consecutive Canadian National Championships from 1983 to 1989 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canada_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Canada was the host nation for the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary . It was the first time that Canada had hosted the Winter Olympic Games , and second time overall , after the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal . Vancouver would eventually host the 2010 Winter Olympics which makes it the second city in Canada to host the Winter Olympics and the third overall .'}]}, {'value': '1992 Albertville details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine Skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics at Albertville , France , consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held 9-22 February . The men 's races were held at Val dIsère , except for the slalom , which was at Les Menuires . All five women 's events were conducted at Méribel ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_super-G", 'summary': "The Women 's Super G competition of the Albertville 1992 Olympics was held at Meribel on Tuesday , 18 February . The defending world champion was Ulrike Maier of Austria , while France 's Carole Merle was the defending World Cup Super G champion , and shared the lead in the current season with Heidi Zeller . Deborah Compagnoni of Italy won the gold medal , Merle took the silver , and Katja Seizinger of Germany was the bronze medalist . Maier was fifth , downhill champion Kerrin Lee-Gartner was sixth , and Zeller was eleventh . The winning margin was 1.41 seconds ; through 2018 , it remains the largest in the event 's Olympic history . On the same day at Val-d'Isère , compatriot Alberto Tomba successfully defended his men 's giant slalom title . The Piste du Corbey course started at an elevation of 1,930 m ( 6,332 ft ) above sea level with a vertical drop of 498 m ( 1,634 ft ) and a course length of 1.510 km ( 0.94 mi ) . Campagnoni 's winning time was 81.22 seconds , yielding an average course speed of 66.929 km/h ( 41.6 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 6.13 m/s ( 20.1 ft/s ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Deborah Compagnoni Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deborah_Compagnoni', 'summary': 'Deborah Compagnoni ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈdɛːbora kompaɲˈɲoːni ] ; born 4 June 1970 ) is an Italian former Alpine skier who won three gold medals at the 1992 , 1994 and 1998 Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Italy_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Italy competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France .'}]}, {'value': 'Carole Merle France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carole_Merle', 'summary': 'Carole Merle ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ka.ʁɔl mɛʁl ] ; born 24 January 1964 ) is a former French Alpine skier . A specialist of Giant Slalom and Super-G , she won 22 World Cup races , 6 World Cup season titles and 1 World Championship gold medal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/France_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'France was the host nation for the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville . It was the third time that France had hosted the Winter Olympic Games ( after the 1924 Games in Chamonix and the 1968 Games in Grenoble ) , and the fifth time overall ( after the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics , both in Paris ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Katja Seizinger Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katja_Seizinger', 'summary': "Katja Seizinger ( born 10 May 1972 ) is a former alpine ski racer , the most successful alpine racer from Germany . Born in Datteln , North Rhine-Westphalia , Seizinger won three Olympic gold and two bronze medals , and won eleven World Cup season titles : two overall , four downhill and five Super-G. She was a three-time winner of Germany 's sportswoman of the year award . With Olympic downhill victories in 1994 and 1998 , she became the first to win consecutive Olympic gold medals in the same alpine speed event , and also the first woman to successfully defend an Olympic alpine title . At the same Olympics Debora Compagnoni had the same record in Giant Slalom , becoming the first athlete to win 3 gold medals in 3 Olympics in a row ( in 2 different speciality ) . Seizinger injured both knees while training in June 1998 , sat out the entire 1999 season , then retired in April ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Germany_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Germany competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France . It was the first time that the nation had competed at the Olympic Games following reunification in 1990 . Previously , West Germany and East Germany had sent independent teams to the Games .'}]}, {'value': '1994 Lillehammer details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine Skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held north of the host city of Lillehammer , Norway . The speed events were held at Kvitfjell and the technical events at Hafjell from 13-21 February .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_super-G", 'summary': "The Women 's Super G competition of the Lillehammer 1994 Olympics was held at Kvitfjell . The defending world champion was Katja Seizinger of Germany , who was also the defending World Cup downhill champion and led the 1994 World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Diann Roffe United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diann_Roffe', 'summary': 'Diann Roffe ( born March 24 , 1967 ) , also known as Diann Roffe-Steinrotter , is a former World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist from the United States . Born in Warsaw , New York , she won the Super G at the 1994 Olympics in Lillehammer , Norway . Roffe also won the silver medal in the giant slalom at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France and a gold medal in the GS at the 1985 World Championships in Bormio , Italy at age 17 . Though she did gain place 8 in the World Cup Giant Slalom Race on March 7 , 1984 , at Lake Placid ( and place 9 in the same discipline on December 15 , 1984 , at Madonna di Campiglio ) , she was unknown more or less , when she did compete in that race on February 6 ( bib-number 19 is significant for not one of the best racers in that discipline ) . In the progress of the race she finished 5th after the first leg ( but only 0.27 sec . behind leading teammate Eva Twardokens who finished 3rd at last ) . In the second leg , Diann was outclass - clocked in 1:09.35 she had a margin of 0.77 second in that leg ( and altogether 0.60 sec . ) to the second placed Elisabeth Kirchler .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Svetlana Gladysheva Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Svetlana_Gladysheva', 'summary': 'Svetlana Alekseyevna Gladysheva ( Russian : Светлана Алексеевна Гладышева , born 13 September 1971 ) is a retired Russian alpine skier . In her early career she had her best results in the downhill , becoming the junior world champion in 1990 , and finishing third at the seniors world championships in 1991 and at the world cups in 1991 and 1992 . Later she was more successful in super-G competitions , winning a world cup in 1996 , and an Olympic silver medal in 1994 . She also competed at the 1992 , 1994 and 1998 Olympics in the downhill and super-G events and finished fifth in 1998 and eighth in 1992 in the downhill . Gladysheva retired from competitions in 1998 , and in 2010 became president of the Russian Alpine Skiing and Snowboarding Federation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Russia_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Russia competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , Norway . It was the first time the nation had competed at the Winter Olympic Games since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 . Russian athletes had competed as part of the Unified Team at the 1992 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Isolde Kostner Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isolde_Kostner', 'summary': 'Isolde Kostner ( born 20 March 1975 ) is an Italian former Alpine skier who won two bronze medals at the 1994 Winter Olympics and a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics . She was the Italian flag bearer at the opening ceremony of the 2002 Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Italy_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Italy competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer , Norway .'}]}, {'value': '1998 Nagano details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine Skiing at the 1998 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events . The speed events were held at Hakuba and the technical events at Shiga Kogen . There were a number of race postponements due to weather ; the events began on 10 February and ended on 21 February .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_super-G", 'summary': "The Women 's Super-G competition of the Nagano 1998 Olympics was held at Hakuba on Wednesday , February 11 . The defending world champion was Isolde Kostner of Italy , while Germany 's Hilde Gerg was the defending World Cup Super G champion . Defending Olympic champion Diann Roffe had retired from competition in 1994 . This was the opening women 's alpine event of these Olympics . Picabo Street of the United States won the gold medal by one-hundredth of a second , Austria 's Michaela Dorfmeister took the silver , and the bronze medalist was Alexandra Meissnitzer , also of Austria . Gerg was tenth and Kostner eleventh , while downhill gold medalist Katja Seizinger was sixth . Street had never won a super-G event , though she had two World Cup podiums ; her nine World Cup wins were all in downhill . Returning from injuries , this was the final podium of her career ; she was sixth in the downhill , then broke her leg a month later in Switzerland , which ended her presence as a top competitor . The Olympic Course II started at an elevation of 1,486 m ( 4,875 ft ) above sea level with a vertical drop of 587 m ( 1,926 ft ) and a length of 2.115 km ( 1.31 mi ) . Street 's winning time was 78.02 seconds , yielding an average course speed of 97.590 km/h ( 60.6 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 7.524 m/s ( 24.7 ft/s ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Picabo Street United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Picabo_Street', 'summary': 'Picabo Street ( /ˈpiːkəbuː/ ; born April 3 , 1971 ) is an American former World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist . She won the super G at the 1998 Winter Olympics and the downhill at the 1996 World Championships , along with three other Olympic and World Championship medals . Street also won World Cup downhill season titles in 1995 and 1996 , the first American woman to do so , along with nine World Cup downhill race wins . Street was inducted into the National Ski Hall of Fame in 2004 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan . With Salt Lake City as the host of the 2002 Winter Olympics , a cultural segment of the city was shown at the closing ceremony .'}]}, {'value': 'Michaela Dorfmeister Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michaela_Dorfmeister', 'summary': 'Michaela Dorfmeister ( born 25 March 1973 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Austria . Her specialities were both the downhill and the super-G disciplines , although she skied in and had success in giant slalom .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexandra Meissnitzer Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandra_Meissnitzer', 'summary': 'Alexandra Meissnitzer ( born 18 June 1973 ) is a retired World Cup alpine ski racer from Austria . Her specialities were the downhill , super-G , and giant slalom disciplines . From Abtenau , Salzburg , her father , Hans Meissnitzer , a mechanic by trade , taught her to ski at an early age . At the 1998 Winter Olympics at Nagano , Meissnitzer won the silver in the giant-slalom and the bronze in the super-G , and at the 2006 Winter Olympics at Turin she won the bronze in the super-G . In 1999 , she won the overall World Cup , to which she added the super-G and giant slalom World Cups for the same season . She also won two world titles ( super-G and giant slalom ) at the 1999 World Championships . A serious training crash in November 1999 , she missed the remainder of the season . At the 2003 World Championships , she won the silver medal in the downhill race ( in a tie with Corinne Rey-Bellet ) behind Melanie Turgeon . Meissnitzer was third in the super-G at the 2008 World Cup finals in Bormio , Italy , and became the oldest woman ( age 34 ) to finish on the podium in an alpine World Cup race .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan .'}]}, {'value': '2002 Salt Lake City details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics consisted of ten events held February 10-23 in the United States near Salt Lake City , Utah . The downhill , super-G , and combined events were held at Snowbasin , the giant slaloms at Park City , and the slaloms at adjacent Deer Valley .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_super-G", 'summary': "The women 's super-G took place on February 17 , 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Daniela Ceccarelli Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniela_Ceccarelli', 'summary': 'Daniela Ceccarelli ( born 25 September 1975 in Rocca Priora ) is an Italian former Alpine skier . In 2002 , she won a surprise gold medal in the Super-G competition in Salt Lake City .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Italy_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Italy competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , United States . With Torino being the host of the 2006 Winter Olympics , an Italian segment was played at the closing ceremony .'}]}, {'value': 'Janica Kostelić Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Janica_Kostelić', 'summary': "Janica Kostelić ( Croatian pronunciation : [ janitsa kǒstelitɕ ] ; [ vowel length and tone ? ] born 5 January 1982 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer and four-time Olympic gold medalist from Croatia . In addition to the Olympics , she won five gold medals at the World Championships . In World Cup competition , she won thirty individual races , three overall titles , three slalom titles , and four ( unofficial ) combined titles . Kostelic 's accomplishments in professional skiing have led some commentators , writers , and fellow ski racers to regard her as the greatest female ski racer of all time . Kostelić is the only woman to win four gold medals in alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics ( in 2002 and 2006 ) , and the only woman to win three alpine skiing gold medals in one Olympics ( 2002 ) . Kostelić was the World Cup overall champion in 2001 , 2003 and 2006 . On 15 January 2006 , Kostelić became the third woman in World Cup history ( after Swede Pernilla Wiberg and Austrian Petra Kronberger ) to win World Cup races in all of the sport 's five disciplines . On 5 February 2006 Kostelić became the second female skier ( after Petra Kronberger ) to win all five disciplines in one season . In the summer of 2006 , she decided to not compete in the 2007 season , due to chronic knee and back pain . She had endured ten knee surgeries and thyroid surgery during her career . Following a year away from competition , Kostelić announced her retirement from racing in April 2007 , at just 25 years old ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Croatia_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Croatia competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , United States . Janica Kostelić won four medals ( three gold ) , a record for the most medals ever won by a woman skier at a single Olympics . Croatia had never won any Winter Olympic medals previously .'}]}, {'value': 'Karen Putzer Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karen_Putzer', 'summary': 'Karen Putzer ( born 29 September 1978 ) is a former Italian alpine skier .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Italy_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Italy competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , United States . With Torino being the host of the 2006 Winter Olympics , an Italian segment was played at the closing ceremony .'}]}, {'value': '2006 Turin details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics consisted of ten events , held at Sestriere and Cesana-San Sicario , Italy . The races were held 12-25 February 2006 .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_super-G", 'summary': "The women 's super-G of the 2006 Winter Olympics was held at San Sicario , Italy , on Monday , 20 February ; it was delayed a day due to poor weather conditions . Defending Olympic champion Daniela Ceccarelli was 37th in the current season 's World Cup downhill standings , headed by Michaela Dorfmeister from Austria , followed by teammate Alexandra Meissnitzer . Anja Pärson of Sweden was defending world champion and was fourth in the current season 's super-G standings . Dorfmeister won the gold medal , Janica Kostelić of Croatia took the silver , and Meissnitzer was the bronze medalist ; Pärson was twelfth and Ceccarelli was 31st . Dorfmeister had also won the downhill gold medal five days earlier , and Kostelic 's medal was her sixth at the Olympics . The Fraiteve Olympique course started at an elevation of 2,286 m ( 7,500 ft ) above sea level with a vertical drop of 548 m ( 1,798 ft ) and a course length of 2.331 km ( 1.45 mi ) . Dorfmeister 's winning time was 92.47 seconds , yielding an average course speed of 90.749 km/h ( 56.4 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 5.926 m/s ( 19.4 ft/s ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Michaela Dorfmeister Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michaela_Dorfmeister', 'summary': 'Michaela Dorfmeister ( born 25 March 1973 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Austria . Her specialities were both the downhill and the super-G disciplines , although she skied in and had success in giant slalom .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Janica Kostelić Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Janica_Kostelić', 'summary': "Janica Kostelić ( Croatian pronunciation : [ janitsa kǒstelitɕ ] ; [ vowel length and tone ? ] born 5 January 1982 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer and four-time Olympic gold medalist from Croatia . In addition to the Olympics , she won five gold medals at the World Championships . In World Cup competition , she won thirty individual races , three overall titles , three slalom titles , and four ( unofficial ) combined titles . Kostelic 's accomplishments in professional skiing have led some commentators , writers , and fellow ski racers to regard her as the greatest female ski racer of all time . Kostelić is the only woman to win four gold medals in alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics ( in 2002 and 2006 ) , and the only woman to win three alpine skiing gold medals in one Olympics ( 2002 ) . Kostelić was the World Cup overall champion in 2001 , 2003 and 2006 . On 15 January 2006 , Kostelić became the third woman in World Cup history ( after Swede Pernilla Wiberg and Austrian Petra Kronberger ) to win World Cup races in all of the sport 's five disciplines . On 5 February 2006 Kostelić became the second female skier ( after Petra Kronberger ) to win all five disciplines in one season . In the summer of 2006 , she decided to not compete in the 2007 season , due to chronic knee and back pain . She had endured ten knee surgeries and thyroid surgery during her career . Following a year away from competition , Kostelić announced her retirement from racing in April 2007 , at just 25 years old ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Croatia_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Croatia competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexandra Meissnitzer Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandra_Meissnitzer', 'summary': 'Alexandra Meissnitzer ( born 18 June 1973 ) is a retired World Cup alpine ski racer from Austria . Her specialities were the downhill , super-G , and giant slalom disciplines . From Abtenau , Salzburg , her father , Hans Meissnitzer , a mechanic by trade , taught her to ski at an early age . At the 1998 Winter Olympics at Nagano , Meissnitzer won the silver in the giant-slalom and the bronze in the super-G , and at the 2006 Winter Olympics at Turin she won the bronze in the super-G . In 1999 , she won the overall World Cup , to which she added the super-G and giant slalom World Cups for the same season . She also won two world titles ( super-G and giant slalom ) at the 1999 World Championships . A serious training crash in November 1999 , she missed the remainder of the season . At the 2003 World Championships , she won the silver medal in the downhill race ( in a tie with Corinne Rey-Bellet ) behind Melanie Turgeon . Meissnitzer was third in the super-G at the 2008 World Cup finals in Bormio , Italy , and became the oldest woman ( age 34 ) to finish on the podium in an alpine World Cup race .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy .'}]}, {'value': '2010 Vancouver details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held in Canada at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , north of Vancouver . The ten events were scheduled for February 13-27 ; weather delayed the first event , the men 's downhill , two days until Monday , February 15 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_super-G", 'summary': "The women 's super-G competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , on Saturday , February 20 . Andrea Fischbacher of Austria won the gold medal , Tina Maze of Slovenia took the silver , and the bronze medalist was Lindsey Vonn of the United States , who had won gold in the downhill . The Franz 's Super-G course started at an elevation of 1,425 m ( 4,675 ft ) above sea level with a vertical drop of 600 m ( 1,969 ft ) and a length of 2.005 km ( 1.25 mi ) . Fischbacher 's winning time of 80.14 seconds yielded an average course speed of 90.067 km/h ( 56.0 mph ) , with an average vertical descent rate of 7.487 m/s ( 24.6 ft/s ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrea Fischbacher Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrea_Fischbacher', 'summary': 'Andrea Fischbacher ( born 14 October 1985 ) is a retired alpine ski racer from Austria .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria participated at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Tina Maze Slovenia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tina_Maze', 'summary': "Tina Maze ( Slovene : [ ˈtiːna ˈmaːzɛ ] ; born 2 May 1983 ) is a retired Slovenian World Cup alpine ski racer . Maze is the most successful Slovenian ski racer in history with a career that culminated with two gold medals at the 2014 Winter Olympics . She was awarded the title of the Slovenian Sportswoman of the Year in 2005 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 and 2015 , and with her four medals she is the most decorated Slovenian athlete at the Winter Olympics . Maze started her career as a giant slalom specialist , but later competed in all five alpine skiing disciplines . She is one of seven female racers who has won in all five World Cup disciplines and one of three to do it in a single season . Maze is the 2014 Olympic champion in downhill and giant slalom and the 2015 world champion in downhill and combined . She was also the world champion in giant slalom in 2011 and super-G in 2013 . Maze won a total of 26 World Cup races during her career , and won the World Cup overall title in 2013 . In that season , she won 11 races and tallied a record number of World Cup points - 2414 , beating the previous record of Hermann Maier of 2000 points from the 2000 season . She also won the super-G and giant slalom titles , and finished first in the combined event ( although no globe was awarded ) and finished second in slalom and downhill . Maze also improved Maier 's previous record of podium finishes in a single season ( 22 ) with 24 podiums ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Slovenia_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Slovenia participated at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . Alpine skier Tina Maze won two silver medals , and cross-country skier Petra Majdič won bronze in the women 's sprint event , despite having crashed into a pit during warm-up , suffering four broken ribs and a punctured lung . Among other notable results were Robert Kranjec 's 6th place in normal hill and 9th place in large hill ski jumping event , Tina Maze 's 9th place in slalom , and Aleš Gorza 's 10th place in giant slalom ."}]}, {'value': 'Lindsey Vonn United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lindsey_Vonn', 'summary': "Lindsey Caroline Vonn ( née Kildow /kɪldaʊ/ ; born October 18 , 1984 ) is an American former World Cup alpine ski racer on the US Ski Team . She won four World Cup overall championships - one of only two female skiers to do so , along with Annemarie Moser-Pröll - with three consecutive titles in 2008 , 2009 , and 2010 , plus another in 2012 . Vonn won the gold medal in downhill at the 2010 Winter Olympics , the first one for an American woman . She also won a record eight World Cup season titles in the downhill discipline ( 2008-2013 , 2015 , 2016 ) , five titles in super-G ( 2009-2012 , 2015 ) , and three consecutive titles in the combined ( 2010-2012 ) . In 2016 , she won her 20th World Cup crystal globe title , the overall record for men or women , surpassing Ingemar Stenmark of Sweden , who won 19 globes from 1975 to 1984 . She has the second highest super ranking of all skiers , men or women . Vonn is one of six women to have won World Cup races in all five disciplines of alpine skiing - downhill , super-G , giant slalom , slalom and super combined - and won 82 World Cup races in her career through February 3 , 2018 . Her total of 82 World Cup victories is a women 's record , surpassing Annemarie Moser-Pröll of Austria who had held the record since the 1970s . Only Ingemar Stenmark of Sweden with 86 World Cup victories has more . With her Olympic gold and bronze medals , two World Championship gold medals in 2009 ( plus three silver medals in 2007 and 2011 ) , and four overall World Cup titles , Vonn is the most successful American ski racer and considered one of the greatest of all skiers . In 2010 , Vonn received the Laureus Sportswoman of the Year award and was the United States Olympic Committee 's sportswoman of the year . Injuries caused Vonn to miss parts of several seasons , including almost all of the 2014 season and most of the 2013 season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The United States participated in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . The U.S. team had a historic Winter Games , winning an unprecedented 37 medals . Team USA 's medal haul , which included nine gold , marked the first time since the 1932 Lake Placid Games that the U.S. earned more medals than any other participant . The U.S. alpine ski team rebounded from a disappointing showing in 2006 by having its most successful Olympic performance ever , gathering a total of eight medals . Lindsey Vonn became the first American woman to win gold in the downhill event ; while Bode Miller became the most successful U.S. alpine skier in history after winning gold in the super combined as well as two other medals . Medal winning performances by Julia Mancuso and Andrew Weibrecht contributed to the team 's success . In Nordic combined , the U.S. team ended an 86-year drought during which the United States had not earned a single medal in the sport . Bill Demong won gold in the individual large hill/10 km , and Johnny Spillane won silver in both the individual normal hill/10 km and the individual large hill/10 km . Demong , Spillane , Todd Lodwick and Brett Camerota also won silver in the team event . Short track speed skater Apolo Ohno surpassed Bonnie Blair as the most decorated American Winter Olympic athlete in history with a total of eight medals in his Olympic career . Ohno gave the US relay team the final push for the bronze in the 5000 meter relay , and earned silver and bronze medals in the 1500 and 1000 meter individual events respectively . Women 's 1000 meter silver medalist Katherine Reutter broke a streak dating back to 1994 in which no American woman had medaled in an individual short track event ."}]}, {'value': '2014 Sochi details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics was held in Russia from 9-22 February at Rosa Khutor Alpine Resort near Krasnaya Polyana , east of Sochi .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_super-G", 'summary': "The women 's super-G competition of the Sochi 2014 Olympics was held at the Rosa Khutor Alpine Resort near Krasnaya Polyana , Russia , on Saturday , 15 February . Anna Fenninger from Austria won the race , getting her first Olympic medal . Maria Höfl-Riesch of Germany won the silver medal , and Nicole Hosp of Austria finished third . Of the 2010 medalists , only Tina Maze participated and finished fifth ."}]}, {'value': 'Anna Fenninger Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Fenninger', 'summary': 'Anna Veith ( née Fenninger ; born 18 June 1989 ) is an Austrian World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist . She was the overall World Cup champion for the 2014 and 2015 seasons . Born in Hallein , Veith is from the village of Adnet in Salzburg and made her World Cup debut at age 17 in November 2006 . She competed in all five alpine disciplines , but omitted slalom as of January 2012 . Her first major success was becoming world champion in the super combined in 2011 , without having won a World Cup race before . At the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , Veith won the super-G at Rosa Khutor for her first Olympic medal , and at the end of the season she won the World Cup overall and giant slalom titles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Austria competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , from 7 to 23 February 2014 . The team was composed of 132 athletes in 14 sports , consisting of 90 men and 42 women . The 132 athletes is 27 more than the country 's previous largest Winter Olympics team . Originally Benjamin Raich was scheduled to carry the flag at the opening ceremony , however he withdrew after he decided to skip the combined competition , thus delaying his arrival in Sochi . Nordic combined athlete Mario Stecher was named his replacement . The Austrian Olympic Committee received a Russian letter containing a kidnap threat against Alpine skier Bernadette Schild and skeleton pilot Janine Flock during the Sochi Games . On 23 February , skier Johannes Dürr was suspended from the Winter Olympics after testing positive for EPO ."}]}, {'value': 'Maria Höfl-Riesch Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maria_Höfl-Riesch', 'summary': 'Maria Höfl-Riesch ( German pronunciation : [ maʁiːaː høːfl ʁiːʃ ] ; née Riesch , born 24 November 1984 ) is a former German World Cup alpine ski racer . She is a three-time Olympic champion , two-time world champion , and an overall World Cup champion . Höfl-Riesch made her World Cup debut in February 2001 and won gold medals in slalom and super combined at the 2010 Winter Olympics . She won the World Cup overall title in 2011 . At the 2014 Winter Olympics , she defended her super combined title to win her third Olympic gold medal , and also won a silver medal in the super-G .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Germany_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Germany competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , from 7 to 23 February 2014 . The first round of nominations was on 18 December , the second round on 23 January . Germany sent 153 athletes ( 76 men , 77 women ) . Chef de Mission was Michael Vesper . The outfitting was held in January at the Erding Air Base . During the Games , Germany had a German House , that was located in the village of Estosadok , on the Mzymta River , 4 kilometers ( 2.5 mi ) upstream from Krasnaya Polyana ( Mountain Cluster ) . German president Joachim Gauck did not attend the 2014 Winter Olympics . He has not said publicly that the decision was a political gesture . On 21 February it was announced that biathlete Evi Sachenbacher-Stehle had tested positive for methylhexanamine and was sent home from Sochi .'}]}, {'value': 'Nicole Hosp Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicole_Hosp', 'summary': 'Nicole Hosp ( German pronunciation : [ niːkɔl hɔsp ] ; born 6 November 1983 ) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Austria . She competed in all five disciplines and was a world champion , three-time Olympic medalist , and an overall World Cup champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Austria competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , from 7 to 23 February 2014 . The team was composed of 132 athletes in 14 sports , consisting of 90 men and 42 women . The 132 athletes is 27 more than the country 's previous largest Winter Olympics team . Originally Benjamin Raich was scheduled to carry the flag at the opening ceremony , however he withdrew after he decided to skip the combined competition , thus delaying his arrival in Sochi . Nordic combined athlete Mario Stecher was named his replacement . The Austrian Olympic Committee received a Russian letter containing a kidnap threat against Alpine skier Bernadette Schild and skeleton pilot Janine Flock during the Sochi Games . On 23 February , skier Johannes Dürr was suspended from the Winter Olympics after testing positive for EPO ."}]}, {'value': '2018 Pyeongchang details', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held from 12 to 24 February at Yongpyong Alpine Centre ( slalom and giant slalom ) at the Alpensia Sports Park in PyeongChang and at the Jeongseon Alpine Centre ( speed events ) in Jeongseon , South Korea . In June 2015 , the International Olympic Committee approved the addition of a mixed team event , bringing the total of medal events in alpine skiing to eleven . It was the last event on the schedule .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_super-G", 'summary': "The women 's super-G competition of the PyeongChang 2018 Olympics was held at the Jeongseon Alpine Centre in PyeongChang on Saturday , 17 February ."}]}, {'value': 'Ester Ledecká Czech Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ester_Ledecká', 'summary': 'Ester Ledecká ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈɛstɛr ˈlɛdɛtskaː ] , born 23 March 1995 ) is a Czech snowboarder and alpine skier . At the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , Ledecká won gold medals in the super-G in alpine skiing , and in the parallel giant slalom in snowboarding , becoming the first person to win two gold medals at the same Winter Olympics using two different types of equipment ( skis and snowboard ) . She was the second woman to win Olympic gold in two separate disciplines but the first to do so at the same Winter Olympics . She was the first Czech to win the parallel giant slalom in snowboarding at the FIS Snowboard World Cup .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Czech_Republic_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Czech Republic competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , from 9 to 25 February 2018 , with 93 competitors in 13 sports . They won seven medals in total : two gold , two silver and three bronze , ranking 14th in the medal table .'}]}, {'value': 'Anna Veith Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Veith', 'summary': 'Anna Veith ( née Fenninger ; born 18 June 1989 ) is an Austrian World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist . She was the overall World Cup champion for the 2014 and 2015 seasons . Born in Hallein , Veith is from the village of Adnet in Salzburg and made her World Cup debut at age 17 in November 2006 . She competed in all five alpine disciplines , but omitted slalom as of January 2012 . Her first major success was becoming world champion in the super combined in 2011 , without having won a World Cup race before . At the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , Veith won the super-G at Rosa Khutor for her first Olympic medal , and at the end of the season she won the World Cup overall and giant slalom titles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Austria_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Austria competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , from 9 to 25 February 2018 , with 105 competitors in 12 sports . They won 14 medals in total : five gold , three silver and six bronze ; ranking 10th in the medal table .'}]}, {'value': 'Tina Weirather Liechtenstein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tina_Weirather', 'summary': 'Christina Tina Weirather ( born 24 May 1989 ) is a Liechtensteiner World Cup alpine ski racer . She won a bronze medal in Super-G for Liechtenstein at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Liechtenstein_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Liechtenstein competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , from 9 to 25 February 2018 . On 17 February , Tina Weirather won the bronze medal in alpine skiing and became Liechtenstein 's first Olympic medalist since the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , when Paul Frommelt won the bronze medal in the Men 's slalom . The country ranked 28th in the medal table ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Women -- Super-G', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_alpine_skiing_6', 'intro': 'Alpine skiing is an Olympic sport, contested at the Winter Olympic Games. The first Winter Olympics, held in 1924, included nordic skiing, but the first alpine skiing events were not held until 1936 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. A combined event was held for both men and women in 1936. The International Ski Federation (FIS) decided that ski instructors could not compete in 1936 because they were professionals, and the Olympics were meant for amateur athletes. Because of this, Austrian and Swiss skiers boycotted the events, although some Austrians decided to compete for Germany.'} | null | null | Who won bronze when the first American woman to win World Cup downhill season titles won gold ? | Alexandra Meissnitzer |
0811757b0c863e67 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lunar_features', 'title': 'List of lunar features', 'header': ['Name', 'Dia', 'Name Origin'], 'data': [{'value': 'Dorsum Arduino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Arduino', 'summary': 'Dorsum Arduino is a wrinkle-ridge at 24°54′N 35°48′W / 24.9°N 35.8°W / 24.9 ; -35.8 in the border region between Oceanus Procellarum and Mare Imbrium on the Moon . It is 100 km long and was named after Italian geologist Giovanni Arduino in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '107 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giovanni Arduino ( 1714-1795 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giovanni_Arduino_(geologist)', 'summary': 'Giovanni Arduino ( October 16 , 1714 - March 21 , 1795 ) was an Italian geologist who is known as the Father of Italian Geology . Arduino was born at Caprino Veronese , Veneto . He was a mining specialist who developed possibly the first classification of geological time , based on study of the geology of northern Italy . He divided the history of the Earth into four periods : Primitive , Secondary , Tertiary and Volcanic , or Quaternary .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Azara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Azara', 'summary': 'Dorsum Azara is a wrinkle ridge at 26°42′N 19°12′E / 26.7°N 19.2°E / 26.7 ; 19.2 in Mare Serenitatis on the Moon . It is 103 km long and was named after Spanish naturalist Félix Manuel de Azara in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '105 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Félix Manuel de Azara ( 1746-1811 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felix_de_Azara', 'summary': 'Félix Manuel de Azara ( 18 May 1742 - 20 October 1821 ) was a Spanish military officer , naturalist , and engineer .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Bucher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Bucher', 'summary': 'Dorsum Bucher is a wrinkle ridge at 31°00′N 39°00′W / 31.0°N 39.0°W / 31.0 ; -39.0 in the border region between Oceanus Procellarum and Mare Imbrium on the Moon . The name of the feature was approved by the IAU in 1976 . It is approximately 85 km long , extending from the vicinity of Gruithuisen crater to the area west of Delisle crater . The south end of the dorsum is a low hill of terra material that predates the mare lava . The ridge was named after Walter Hermann Bucher , a German-American geologist and paleontologist .'}]}, {'value': '90 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walter Hermann Bucher ( 1889-1965 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Hermann_Bucher', 'summary': "Dr. Walter Hermann Bucher ( March 12 , 1888 - February 17 , 1965 ) was a German-American geologist and paleontologist . He was born in Akron , Ohio to Swiss-German parents . The family then returned to Germany where he was raised . In 1911 he was awarded a Ph.D. by the University of Heidelberg with a focus on geology and paleontology . The same year he returned to the U.S. and joined the University of Cincinnati as a lecturer . By 1924 he was a professor of geology at the institution . His early works were on paleontology , and he performed studies of stromatolettia , oolites , and ripple-shaped markings . Later he concentrated on the Earth 's crust diastrophism problem and proposed firstly ( immediate and independent [ clarification needed ] with Mikhail Tetyaev ) the pulsation hypothesis of the Earth developing . In 1935 he became president of the Ohio Academy of Sciences . In 1940 he joined the Columbia University , specializing in structural geology . It is thought that at this time he worked as a consultant on the Manhattan Project , hypothesizing how the detonation of the atomic bomb could affect the Earth 's crust . In the same year he joined the National Research Council , as a consultant as chairman of the Division of Geology and Geography ."}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Buckland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Buckland', 'summary': "Dorsum Buckland is a large wrinkle ridge at 20°24′N 12°48′E / 20.4°N 12.8°E / 20.4 ; 12.8 in Mare Serenitatis on the Moon , 369 km long . It was named after British geologist William Buckland in 1976 . Dorsum Buckland 's ridges are 200 to 300 meters high and were formed by compressional stresses near the center of the basin , possibly over buried basin structures ."}]}, {'value': '380 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Buckland ( 1784-1856 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Buckland', 'summary': 'William Buckland DD , FRS ( 12 March 1784 - 14 August 1856 ) was an English theologian who became Dean of Westminster . He was also a geologist and palaeontologist . He wrote the first full account of a fossil dinosaur , which he named Megalosaurus . His work proved that Kirkdale Cave had been a prehistoric hyena den , for which he was awarded the Copley Medal . It was praised as an example of how scientific analysis could reconstruct distant events . He pioneered the use of fossilised faeces in reconstructing ecosystems , coining the term coprolites . Buckland followed the Gap Theory in interpreting the biblical account of Genesis as two widely separated episodes of creation . It had emerged as a way to reconcile the scriptural account with discoveries in geology suggesting the earth was very old . Early in his career Buckland believed he had found evidence of the biblical flood , but later saw that the glaciation theory of Louis Agassiz gave a better explanation , and played a significant role in promoting it .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Cayeux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Cayeux', 'summary': 'Dorsum Cayeux is a wrinkle ridge at 1°36′N 51°12′E / 1.6°N 51.2°E / 1.6 ; 51.2 in Mare Fecunditatis on the Moon . It is approximately 95 km long and was named after French geologist Lucien Cayeux in 1976 by the IAU . Dorsum Cayeux begins on the north side of Taruntius P crater and trends to the northwest past Taruntius K crater , and then it curves back to the northeast and flattens out into the mare surface northwest of Smithson crater . The ridge is probably a continuation of Dorsa Geikie , which ends on the south side of Taruntius P crater ( i.e. , the object that created Taruntius P impacted the ridge ) .'}]}, {'value': '84 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucien Cayeux ( 1864-1944 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucien_Cayeux', 'summary': 'He also published a number of scientific papers .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Cloos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Cloos', 'summary': 'Dorsum Cloos is a wrinkle-ridge at 1°00′N 91°00′E / 1.0°N 91.0°E / 1.0 ; 91.0 in Mare Smythii on the Moon . It is 103 km long and was named after German geologist Hans Cloos in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '100 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hans Cloos ( 1885-1951 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hans_Cloos', 'summary': 'Hans Cloos ( November 8 , 1885 - September 26 , 1951 ) was a prominent German structural geologist .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Cushman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Cushman', 'summary': 'Dorsum Cushman is a wrinkle ridge at 1°00′N 49°00′E / 1.0°N 49.0°E / 1.0 ; 49.0 in Mare Fecunditatis on the Moon . It is 86 km long and was named after American micropaleontologist Joseph Augustine Cushman in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '80 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Augustine Cushman ( 1881-1949 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Augustine_Cushman', 'summary': 'Joseph Augustine Cushman ( January 31 , 1881 - April 16 , 1949 ) was an American geologist , paleontologist and foraminiferologist .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Gast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Gast', 'summary': 'Dorsum Gast is a wrinkle ridge at 24°00′N 9°00′E / 24.0°N 9.0°E / 24.0 ; 9.0 in Mare Serenitatis on the Moon . It is 65 km long and was named after American geochemist and geologist Paul Werner Gast in 1973 .'}]}, {'value': '60 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Werner Gast ( 1930-1973 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Werner_Gast', 'summary': 'Paul Werner Gast ( September 11 , 1930 - May 16 , 1973 ) was an American geochemist and geologist . He was born in Chicago , and attended Wheaton College , Illinois , whence he graduated in 1952 . He earned a Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1957 . After graduation , he taught at the University of Minnesota until 1965 when he became professor of geology at Columbia . In 1969 Paul Gast assumed leadership of the geo-science management of the Manned Spacecraft Center in preparation for Apollo mission sample return from the Moon . He served as chief scientist of the Apollo Lunar Science Staff . He was one of the science consultant group known unofficially as the Four Horsemen , along with Jim Arnold , Bob Walker and Gerry Wasserburg . He died at the age of 43 , being survived by his wife , Joyce Rinehart , and two sons and a daughter . During his career he pioneered the study of rare earth elements in examining the crust , mantle , and interior of the planet . He led the development of the use of rubidium-strontium and uranium-lead radiometric dating methods for rocks , particularly for samples returned from the Moon . His examinations of trace elements resulted in new understanding of how volcanic fluids originate .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Grabau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Grabau', 'summary': 'Dorsum Grabau is a wrinkle ridge at 29°24′N 15°54′W / 29.4°N 15.9°W / 29.4 ; -15.9 north of Timocharis crater in Mare Imbrium on the Moon . It is 124 km long and was named after American paleontologist Amadeus William Grabau in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '121 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amadeus William Grabau ( 1870-1946 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amadeus_William_Grabau', 'summary': 'Amadeus William Grabau ( January 9 , 1870 - March 20 , 1946 ) , the father of Chinese geology , was an expatriate American geologist .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Guettard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Guettard', 'summary': 'Dorsum Guettard is a wrinkle-ridge at 10°00′S 18°00′W / 10.0°S 18.0°W / -10.0 ; -18.0 in Mare Cognitum on the Moon . It is 40 km long and was named after French geologist and mineralogist Jean-Étienne Guettard in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '40 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean-Etienne Guettard ( 1715-1786 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Etienne_Guettard', 'summary': 'Jean-Étienne Guettard ( 22 September 1715 - 7 January 1786 ) , French naturalist and mineralogist , was born at Étampes , near Paris . In boyhood , he gained a knowledge of plants from his grandfather , who was an apothecary , and later he qualified as a doctor in medicine . Pursuing the study of botany in various parts of France and other countries , he began to take notice of the relation between the distribution of plants and the soils and subsoils . In this way his attention came to be directed to minerals and rocks . In 1746 , he communicated to the Academy of Sciences in Paris a memoir on the distribution of minerals and rocks , and this was accompanied by a map on which he had recorded his observations . He thus , as remarked by W. D. Conybeare , first carried into execution the idea , proposed by Martin Lister years before , of geological maps . In the course of his journeys he made a large collection of fossils and figured many of them , but he had no clear ideas about the sequence of strata . He made observations also on the degradation of mountains by rain , rivers and sea ; and he was the first to ascertain the existence of former volcanoes in the district of Auvergne . In 1759 , Guettard was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . He died in Paris on 7 January 1786 . His publications include :'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Heim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Heim', 'summary': 'Dorsum Heim is a wrinkle ridge at 32°00′N 29°48′W / 32.0°N 29.8°W / 32.0 ; -29.8 in Mare Imbrium on the Moon . It is 148 km long and was named after Swiss geologist Albert Heim in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '148 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albert Heim ( 1849-1937 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albert_Heim', 'summary': "Albert Heim ( 12 April 1849 - 31 August 1937 ) was a Swiss geologist , noted for his three-volume Geologie der Schweiz . Born in Zürich , he was educated at Zürich and Berlin universities . Very early in life he became interested in the physical features of the Alps , and at the age of sixteen he made a model of the Tödi group . This came to the notice of Arnold Escher von der Linth , to whom Heim was indebted for much encouragement and geological instruction in the field . In 1873 he became professor of geology in the polytechnic school at Zürich , and in 1875 professor of geology in the university . In the same year he married Marie Heim-Vögtlin , Switzerland 's first woman physician . In 1882 he was appointed director of the Geological Survey of Switzerland , and in 1884 the honorary degree of Ph.D. was conferred upon him at the University of Berne . He was especially distinguished for his researches on the structure of the Alps and for the light thereby thrown on the structure of mountain masses in general . He traced the plications from minor to major stages , and illustrated the remarkable foldings and overthrust faultings in numerous sections and with the aid of pictorial drawings . His initial misinterpretation of the Glarus Alps as resulting entirely from folding rather than from a major thrust fault , an error which he acknowledged in 1901 , did not detract measurably from his considerable contributions . His work , Mechanismus der Gebirgsbildung ( 1878 ) , is now regarded as a classic , and it served to inspire Professor C Lapworth in his brilliant researches on the Scottish Highlands ( see Geol . Mag ."}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Higazy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Higazy', 'summary': 'Dorsum Higazy is a wrinkle ridge at 28°00′N 17°00′W / 28.0°N 17.0°W / 28.0 ; -17.0 in Mare Imbrium on the Moon . It is 63 km long and was named after Egyptian geologist Riad Higazy in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '60 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Riad Higazy ( 1919-1967 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riad_Higazy', 'summary': 'Riad Abdel-Magid Higazy ( 1919-1967 ) was an Egyptian earth scientist . The wrinkle ridge Dorsum Higazy on the Moon is named after him .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Nicol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Nicol', 'summary': 'Dorsum Nicol is a wrinkle ridge on the Moon at 18°00′N 23°00′E / 18.0°N 23.0°E / 18.0 ; 23.0 in Mare Serenitatis near the border of Mare Tranquilitatis . It is 44 km long and was named after Scottish physicist William Nicol in 1976 . To the south of Dorsum Nicol are the Rimae Plinius and Plinius crater , and to the southeast is the small crater Brackett . To the north and perpendicular to Dorsum Nicol are the Dorsa Lister .'}]}, {'value': '50 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Nicol ( 1768-1851 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Nicol_(inventor)', 'summary': 'Dr William Nicol FRSE FCS ( 18 April 1770 - 2 September 1851 ) was a Scottish geologist and physicist who invented the Nicol prism , the first device for obtaining plane-polarized light , in 1828 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Niggli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Niggli', 'summary': 'Dorsum Niggli is a wrinkle ridge at 29°00′N 52°00′W / 29.0°N 52.0°W / 29.0 ; -52.0 in Oceanus Procellarum on the Moon . It is 50 km long and was named after Paul Niggli in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '50 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Niggli ( 1888-1953 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Niggli', 'summary': "Paul Niggli ( 26 June 1888 - 13 January 1953 ) was a Swiss crystallographer who was a leader in the field of X-ray crystallography . Niggli was born in Zofingen and studied at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ( ETH ) in Zurich and the University of Zurich , where he obtained a doctorate . His 1919 book , Geometrische Kristallographie des Diskontinuums , played a seminal role in the refinement of space group theory . In this book , Niggli demonstrated that although X-ray reflection conditions do not always uniquely determine the space group to which a crystal belongs , they do reveal a small number of possible space groups to which it could belong . Niggli used morphological methods to account for internal structure and , in his 1928 Kristallographische und Strukturtheoretische Grundbegriffe , he took up what is essentially the reverse process , the task of establishing the connection between space lattices and external crystal morphology . The great aim of his life was to integrate the whole field of Earth sciences . In 1920 , Niggli became the lead scientist at the ETH 's Institut für Mineralogie und Petrographie , where he brought his systematic approach to the study of crystal morphologies using X-ray diffraction . In 1935 , Niggli and his doctoral student Werner Nowacki ( 1909-1988 ) determined the 73 three-dimensional arithmetic crystal classes ( symmorphic space groups ) . Niggli retired from the Institute in 1949 . He was also professor of mineralogy at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule and at the University of Zurich . Niggli succeeded Paul Heinrich von Groth ( 1843-1927 ) as editor of Zeitschrift für Kristallographie . In 1948 , Niggli was awarded the Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America ."}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Oppel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Oppel', 'summary': 'Dorsum Oppel is a wrinkle ridge at 18°42′N 52°36′E / 18.7°N 52.6°E / 18.7 ; 52.6 in Mare Crisium on the Moon . It is 298 km long and was named after the German paleontologist Albert Oppel in 1976 . The ridge trends north from Yerkes crater . Peirce and Swift craters lie to the east of the Dorsum .'}]}, {'value': '268 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albert Oppel ( 1831-1865 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albert_Oppel', 'summary': 'Carl Albert Oppel ( 19 December 1831 - 23 December 1865 ) was a German paleontologist .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Owen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Owen', 'summary': 'Dorsum Owen is a wrinkle ridge at 25°00′N 11°00′E / 25.0°N 11.0°E / 25.0 ; 11.0 in Mare Serenitatis on the Moon . It is 33 km long and was named after British geologist George Owen of Henllys in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '50 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Owen ( 1552-1613 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Owen_of_Henllys', 'summary': 'George Owen of Henllys ( 1552 - 26 August 1613 ) was a Welsh antiquarian , author , and naturalist .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Scilla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Scilla', 'summary': 'Dorsum Scilla is a wrinkle ridge at 32°48′N 60°24′W / 32.8°N 60.4°W / 32.8 ; -60.4 in Oceanus Procellarum on the Moon . It is 108 km long and was named after Agostino Scilla in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '108 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agostino Scilla ( 1639-1700 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agostino_Scilla', 'summary': 'Agostino Scilla ( 10 August 1629 - 31 May 1700 ) was an Italian Baroque painter , paleontologist , geologist , numismatist , and a pioneer in the study of fossils and in scientific illustration . He is known for his paintings and also in the history of paleontology for the book La vana speculazione disingannata dal senso ( Vain Speculation Undeceived by Sense , 1670 ) which was introduced to English audiences by William Wotton of the Royal Society in 1696 . He was among the first to promote a scientific understanding of fossils in contrast to fantastic Biblical and divine interpretations .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Termier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Termier', 'summary': 'Dorsum Termier is a wrinkle ridge at 11°00′N 58°00′E / 11.0°N 58.0°E / 11.0 ; 58.0 in Mare Crisium on the Moon . It is 90 km long . It was named after French geologist Pierre-Marie Termier in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '90 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pierre-Marie Termier ( 1859-1930 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Termier', 'summary': 'Pierre-Marie Termier ( July 3 , 1859 - October 23 , 1930 ) was a French geologist .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Thera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Thera', 'summary': "Dorsum Thera is a wrinkle ridge at 24°24′N 31°24′W / 24.4°N 31.4°W / 24.4 ; -31.4 in Mare Imbrium on the Moon . It is approximately 7 km long . NASA proposed to be named in honour of Dr A. Kontaratos ' contribution to the space program ( notably rescue of Apollo 13 mission ) . Nevertheless , Dr Kontaratos asked for the Dorsum to be named 'Thera ' , after his place of origin ( Thera - aka Santorini ) . It was named in 1976 . To the northeast are Courtney crater and Catena Yuri . To the southwest is Mons Vinogradov . The nearest prominent crater is Euler located to the south-southeast ."}]}, {'value': '7 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greek feminine name', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greek_language', 'summary': 'Greek ( Modern Greek : ελληνικά , elliniká ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages , native to Greece , Cyprus , Albania and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea . It has the longest documented history of any living Indo-European language , spanning at least 3,500 years of written records . Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history ; other systems , such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary , were used previously . The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin , Cyrillic , Armenian , Coptic , Gothic , and many other writing systems . The Greek language holds an important place in the history of the Western world and Christianity ; the canon of ancient Greek literature includes works in the Western canon such as the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey . Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science , especially astronomy , mathematics and logic and Western philosophy , such as the Platonic dialogues and the works of Aristotle , are composed ; the New Testament of the Christian Bible was written in Koiné Greek . Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world , the study of the Greek texts and society of antiquity constitutes the discipline of Classics . During antiquity , Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world , West Asia and many places beyond . It would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire and develop into Medieval Greek . In its modern form , Greek is the official language in two countries , Greece and Cyprus , a recognised minority language in seven other countries , and is one of the 24 official languages of the European Union . The language is spoken by at least 13.2 million people today in Greece , Cyprus , Italy , Albania , and Turkey and by the Greek diaspora . Greek roots are often used to coin new words for other languages ; Greek and Latin are the predominant sources of international scientific vocabulary .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Von Cotta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Von_Cotta', 'summary': 'Dorsum Von Cotta is a wrinkle ridge at 23°12′N 11°54′E / 23.2°N 11.9°E / 23.2 ; 11.9 in Mare Serenitatis on the Moon . It is 183 km long and trends south to north at approximately the lunar 12th parallel . It was named after German geologist Bernhard von Cotta in 1976 . To the east of the dorsum is Hornsby crater located and to the west is the collapse feature known as Aratus CA . To the south is Dorsum Buckland .'}]}, {'value': '199 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carl Bernard von Cotta ( 1808-1879 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Bernard_von_Cotta', 'summary': 'Carl Bernhard von Cotta , known as Bernhard von Cotta ( 24 October 1808 - 14 September 1879 ) , was a German geologist .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Other features -- Dorsum', 'section_text': 'These features are wrinkle ridges commonly found on lunar mare . [ further explanation needed ]', 'uid': 'List_of_lunar_features_8', 'intro': 'The surface of the Moon has many features, including mountains and valleys, craters, and maria - wide flat areas that look like seas from a distance but are probably solidified molten rock. Some of these features are listed.'} | null | null | What is the diameter of the lunar feature named after an Egyptian earth scientist ? | 60 km |
0812e0a12f19821f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_19)', 'title': 'Live with Regis and Kelly (season 19)', 'header': ['Date', 'Co-Hosts', 'Guests/Segments'], 'data': [{'value': 'October 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Emily Procter , Lorenzo Borghese , Monica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emily_Procter', 'summary': 'Emily Mallory Procter ( born October 8 , 1968 ) is an American actress . She played Ainsley Hayes in the NBC political drama The West Wing ( 2000-02 , 2006 ) and Det . Calleigh Duquesne in the CBS police procedural drama CSI : Miami ( 2002-12 ) . In 2013 , she did two episodes as FBI Special Agent in Charge Amanda Callaway in the fourth season of the USA Network crime drama White Collar .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lorenzo_Borghese', 'summary': "Lorenzo Borghese ( Italian : Don Lorenzo dei Principi Borghes ; born June 9 , 1972 ) is an Italian-American businessman , television personality , and member of the Borghese family . Besides being a cosmetics entrepreneur and animal advocate , Borghese was a bachelor on the ninth season of ABC 's The Bachelor . He is the son of Prince Francesco Marco Luigi Costanzo Borghese ( born 1938 ) and his American wife , Amanda Leigh , daughter of Douglas Leigh . Borghese 's paternal grandmother was Princess Marcella Borghese , who founded the Borghese cosmetics line in 1958 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Monica_(entertainer)', 'summary': "Monica Denise Arnold ( formerly Brown ; born October 24 , 1980 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and businesswoman . Born and raised in College Park , Georgia , she began performing as a child and became part of a traveling gospel choir at the age of ten . Monica rose to prominence after she signed with Rowdy Records in 1993 and released her debut album Miss Thang two years later . She followed it with a series of successful albums , including the global bestseller The Boy Is Mine ( 1998 ) as well as the number-one albums After the Storm ( 2003 ) , The Makings of Me ( 2006 ) and Still Standing ( 2010 ) . Throughout her career , several of Monica 's singles became number-one hits on the pop and R & B record charts , including Before You Walk Out of My Life , Do n't Take It Personal ( Just One of Dem Days ) , Like This and Like That , The Boy Is Mine , The First Night , Angel of Mine , So Gone , and Everything to Me . Monicas 's popularity was further enhanced by her roles in television series such as Living Single , Felicity , and American Dreams , and films including Boys and Girls ( 2000 ) , Love Song ( 2000 ) , and Pastor Brown ( 2009 ) . A contributor to the NBC talent show The Voice , in 2008 , she appeared in the Peachtree TV reality show special Monica : The Single which tracked the recording of the song Still Standing along with her personal life and resulted in her own highly rated BET series Monica : Still Standing , containing a similar concept . Separated from rapper Rodney Rocko Hill , father of her first two children , Monica married professional basketball player Shannon Brown in November 2010 . Their first child together , a daughter , was born in 2013 . Monica has sold 5.3 million albums in the United States and over 30 million records sold worldwide . She is recognized as one of the most successful urban R & B female vocalists to emerge in the mid to late 1990s . According to Billboard , she is the youngest recording act to ever have two consecutive chart-topping hits on the Billboard Top R & B Singles chart , as well as the first artist to top the US Billboard Hot R & B/Hip-Hop Songs chart over the span of three consecutive decades ( 1990s , 2000s , and 2010s ) ."}]}, {'value': 'October 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Mark Wahlberg , Dominic Monaghan , Top of the Year awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Wahlberg', 'summary': "Mark Robert Michael Wahlberg ( born June 5 , 1971 ) is an American actor , producer , businessman , model , rapper , singer and songwriter . He is also known by his former stage name Marky Mark , from his career as frontman for the group , Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch , with whom he released the albums Music for the People ( 1991 ) and You Got ta Believe ( 1992 ) . From his early music career Wahlberg transitioned to acting , with his screen debut in Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) and his first starring role in Fear ( 1996 ) . He received critical praise for his performance as porn actor Dirk Diggler in Boogie Nights . In the early 2000s , he ventured into big budget action oriented movies , such as The Perfect Storm ( 2000 ) , Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) and The Italian Job ( 2003 ) . For playing a police officer in the neo-crime drama The Departed ( 2006 ) , he earned a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . For the biographical sports drama The Fighter ( 2010 ) , in which he starred as Micky Ward , Wahlberg received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor . In the 2010s , he landed successful comedy roles with The Other Guys ( 2010 ) , Daddy 's Home ( 2015 ) and its 2017 sequel , Ted ( 2012 ) and its 2015 sequel , and became the protagonist in the Transformers live-action film franchise ( 2014 , 2017 ) . He was the world 's best-paid actor in 2017 . Wahlberg also served as executive producer of four HBO series : the comedy-drama Entourage ( 2004-2011 ) , the period crime drama Boardwalk Empire ( 2010-2014 ) , and the comedy-dramas How to Make It in America ( 2010-2011 ) and Ballers ( 2015-2019 ) . He is co-owner of the Wahlburgers chain and co-starred in the reality TV series about it . Wahlberg received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2010 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dominic_Monaghan', 'summary': "Dominic Bernard Patrick Luke Monaghan ( born 8 December 1976 ) is a British actor . Monaghan first gained fame as Hetty Wainthropp 's sidekick Geoffrey in Hetty Wainthropp Investigates ( 1996-1998 ) . He first gained exposure in film through his role as Sasha in the television film Hostile Waters ( 1997 ) based on the true story of a Russian and an American submarine colliding in the Cold War . He achieved worldwide fame as he played Meriadoc Merry Brandybuck in Peter Jackson 's epic film trilogy The Lord of the Rings ( 2001-2003 ) based on the novel of the same name by J.R.R Tolkien . He extended his recognition with his role of Charlie Pace on the successful television show Lost ( 2004-2010 ) . Also , Monaghan played the young mutant Chris Bradley formerly known as Maverick in the superhero film X-Men Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) . He currently hosts the nature programme Wild Things with Dominic Monaghan ( 2012-present ) . Monaghan also appears as Beaumont Kin in Star Wars : The Rise of Skywalker ( 2019 ) , reuniting with J.J. Abrams , the co-creator of Lost ."}]}, {'value': 'October 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Kate Winslet , Alex Trebek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kate_Winslet', 'summary': 'Kate Elizabeth Winslet CBE ( born 5 October 1975 ) is an English actress . She is particularly known for her work in period dramas , and is often drawn to portraying angst-ridden women . Winslet is the recipient of various accolades , including three British Academy Film Awards , and is among the few performers to have won Academy , Emmy , and Grammy Awards . Born in Reading , Berkshire , Winslet studied drama at the Redroofs Theatre School . Her first screen appearance , at the age of 15 , was in the British television series Dark Season ( 1991 ) . She made her film debut playing a teenage murderess in Heavenly Creatures ( 1994 ) , and received her first BAFTA Award for playing Marianne Dashwood in Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) . Global stardom followed soon after with her leading role in the epic romance Titanic ( 1997 ) . It was the highest-grossing film of all time to that point , after which she eschewed parts in blockbusters in favour of critically acclaimed period pieces , including Quills ( 2000 ) and Iris ( 2001 ) , which were not widely seen . The science fiction romance Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) , in which Winslet was cast against type in a contemporary setting , proved to be a turning point in her career , and she gained further recognition for her performances in Finding Neverland ( 2004 ) , Little Children ( 2006 ) , Revolutionary Road ( 2008 ) , and The Reader ( 2008 ) . For playing a former Nazi camp guard in the last of these , she won the BAFTA Award and Academy Award for Best Actress . In the 2010s , Winslet played a single mother in 1930s America in the miniseries Mildred Pierce ( 2011 ) , joined the Divergent film series , and portrayed Joanna Hoffman in Steve Jobs ( 2015 ) . She won a Primetime Emmy Award for the first of these and a third BAFTA Award for the lattermost .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alex_Trebek', 'summary': 'George Alexander Trebek OC ( /trəˈbɛk/ ; born July 22 , 1940 ) is a Canadian-American television personality , game show host and actor . He has been the host of the syndicated game show Jeopardy ! since its revival in 1984 , and has also hosted a number of other game shows , including The Wizard of Odds , Double Dare , High Rollers , Battlestars , Classic Concentration , and To Tell the Truth . Trebek is contracted to host Jeopardy ! until 2022 . Trebek has also made appearances in numerous television series , in which he usually played himself . A native of Canada , he became a naturalized American citizen in 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Jo Frost , Jerome Bettis , ophthalmologist Dr. Sandra Belmont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jo_Frost', 'summary': 'Joanne Frost ( born 27 June 1970 or 27 June 1971 ) ( sources differ ) is an English television personality , nanny and author . She is best known for the reality television programme Supernanny UK , in which she was the central figure . The show first aired in the United Kingdom in 2004 and she has branched off into several other reality shows in the United Kingdom , United States and the Netherlands . Family S.O.S . with Jo Frost addressed issues such as addiction and abuse . Family Matters is a talk show . She has written six books on child care .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jerome_Bettis', 'summary': 'Jerome Abram Bettis Sr. ( born February 16 , 1972 ) , nicknamed The Bus , is a former American football halfback who played for the Los Angeles Rams/St . Louis Rams and Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Bettis is seventh on the list of NFL rushing yards leaders . He retired in 2006 after he won Super Bowl XL with the Steelers in his native Detroit , Michigan , beating the Seattle Seahawks . Bettis was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Amber Tamblyn , Emeril Lagasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amber_Tamblyn', 'summary': 'Amber Rose Tamblyn ( born May 14 , 1983 ) is an American actress , writer , and director . She first came to national attention in her role on the soap opera General Hospital as Emily Quartermaine , followed by a starring role on the prime-time series Joan of Arcadia , portraying the title character , Joan Girardi , for which she received Primetime Emmy and Golden Globe nominations . Her feature film work includes roles such as Tibby Rollins from the first two The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants films ( 2005-2008 ) , as well as Katie Embry in The Ring ( 2002 ) , Aubrey Davis in The Grudge 2 ( 2006 ) and Megan McBride in 127 Hours ( 2010 ) ; she had an extended arc as Martha M. Masters in the medical drama series House . She also had a starring role as Jenny on seasons eleven and twelve of the CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Emeril_Lagasse', 'summary': "Emeril John Lagassé III ( /ˈɛmərəl ləˈɡɑːsi/ EM-ə-rəl lə-GAH-see ; born October 15 , 1959 ) is an American celebrity chef , restaurateur , television personality , cookbook author , and National Best Recipe award winner for his Turkey and Hot Sausage Chili recipe in 2003 . He is a regional James Beard Award winner , known for his mastery of Creole and Cajun cuisine and his self-developed New New Orleans style . He has appeared on a wide variety of cooking TV shows , including the long-running Food Network shows Emeril Live and Essence of Emeril . On those shows he pioneered several catchphrases he is associated with , including Kick it up a notch ! and Bam ! Lagasse 's portfolio of media , products , and restaurants generates an estimated US $ 150 million annually in revenue ."}]}, {'value': 'October 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Joy Philbin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joy_Philbin', 'summary': 'Bette Joy Philbin ( née Senese ; born February 1 , 1941 ) is an American television personality , and the wife of television personality Regis Philbin .'}]}, {'value': 'Donald Trump , John Cena , James Blunt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_Trump', 'summary': "Donald John Trump ( born June 14 , 1946 ) is the 45th and current president of the United States . Before entering politics , he was a businessman and television personality . Trump was born and raised in Queens , a borough of New York City , and received a bachelor 's degree in economics from the Wharton School . He took charge of his family 's real-estate business in 1971 , renamed it The Trump Organization , and expanded its operations from Queens and Brooklyn into Manhattan . The company built or renovated skyscrapers , hotels , casinos , and golf courses . Trump later started various side ventures , mostly by licensing his name . He owned the Miss Universe and Miss USA beauty pageants from 1996 to 2015 and produced and hosted The Apprentice , a reality television show , from 2003 to 2015 . As of 2019 [ update ] , Forbes estimated his net worth to be $ 3.1 billion . [ a ] Trump entered the 2016 presidential race as a Republican and defeated 16 other candidates in the primaries . His political positions have been described as populist , protectionist , and nationalist . Despite not being favored in most forecasts , he was elected over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton , although he lost the popular vote . He became the oldest first-term U.S. president , [ b ] and the first without prior military or government service ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Cena', 'summary': "John Felix Anthony Cena Jr. ( /ˈsiːnə/ ; born April 23 , 1977 ) is an American professional wrestler , actor , rapper , and television presenter . He is signed to WWE and is the current host of Are You Smarter Than a Fifth Grader ? on Nickelodeon . Born and raised in West Newbury , Massachusetts , Cena moved to California in 1998 to pursue a career as a bodybuilder . He transitioned into professional wrestling in 1999 when he debuted for Ultimate Pro Wrestling ( UPW ) and signed with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) in 2000 , where he was initially assigned to Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) . He gained fame in WWE after adopting the persona of a trash-talking rapper , and won his first singles title , the United States Championship , in 2004 . The next year , he won the WWE Championship for the first time . Following that win , his character transitioned into a clean-cut Superman-like hero , and subsequently led the company as its franchise player and public face for the next decade . During his career , Cena became a five-time United States Champion , four-time world tag team champion , and 16-time world champion ; the latter tied him with Ric Flair for the most world championship reigns in WWE history . [ a ] He is also a two-time Royal Rumble winner , a Money in the Bank ladder match winner , and has headlined several major WWE pay-per-view events , including five times headlining WrestleMania , the company 's flagship event . Although he is considered to be one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time by his peers and is noted for his strong work ethic , Cena was regularly met with varied critical and fan reception during the bulk of his career , with praise being offered for his character work and mic skills but criticism being offered for his supposed over-representation and limited in-ring move set . He is regarded as one of the most polarizing professional wrestlers ever ."}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Blunt', 'summary': "James Hillier Blount ( born 22 February 1974 ) , better known by his stage name James Blunt , is an English singer-songwriter , record producer and former British Army officer . Blunt rose to fame in 2004 with the release of his debut album Back to Bedlam , achieving worldwide fame with the singles You 're Beautiful and Goodbye My Lover . The album has sold over 11 million copies worldwide , topping the UK Albums Chart and peaking at number two in the US . You 're Beautiful was number one in the UK , the US and a dozen other countries . Back to Bedlam was the best-selling album of the 2000s in the UK , and is one of the best-selling albums in UK chart history . Blunt has sold over 20 million records worldwide . He has received several awards , including two Brit Awards - winning Best British Male in 2006 - two MTV Video Music Awards and two Ivor Novello Awards , as well as receiving five Grammy Award nominations . Blunt was a reconnaissance officer in the Life Guards , a cavalry regiment of the British Army , and served under NATO in the Kosovo War in 1999 . He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate for Music in 2016 by the University of Bristol ."}]}, {'value': 'October 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Robin Williams , Robert Randolph and the Family Band', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robin_Williams', 'summary': "Robin McLaurin Williams ( July 21 , 1951 - August 11 , 2014 ) was an American actor and comedian . Born in Chicago , Williams began performing stand-up comedy in San Francisco and Los Angeles during the mid-1970s . After rising to fame playing the alien Mork in the sitcom Mork & Mindy , Williams established a career in both stand-up comedy and feature film acting . He was known for his improvisation skills and the wide variety of memorable character voices he created . Many critics have lauded Williams as one of the funniest comedians of all time . After his first starring film role in Popeye ( 1980 ) , Williams starred in numerous films that achieved critical and commercial success , including The World According to Garp ( 1982 ) ; Moscow on the Hudson ( 1984 ) ; Good Morning , Vietnam ( 1987 ) ; Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) ; Awakenings ( 1990 ) ; The Fisher King ( 1991 ) ; Patch Adams ( 1998 ) ; One Hour Photo ( 2002 ) and World 's Greatest Dad ( 2009 ) ; as well as box office hits such as Hook ( 1991 ) , Aladdin ( 1992 ) , Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) , Jumanji ( 1995 ) , The Birdcage ( 1996 ) , Good Will Hunting ( 1997 ) and the Night at the Museum trilogy ( 2006-2014 ) . Williams was nominated four times for Academy Awards , winning Best Supporting Actor for his performance as psychologist Sean Maguire in Good Will Hunting . He also received two Primetime Emmy Awards , six Golden Globe Awards , two Screen Actors Guild Awards , and four Grammy Awards . Williams committed suicide in 2014 at his home in Paradise Cay , California , at the age of 63 . His wife attributed his suicide to his struggle with Lewy body disease ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_Randolph_and_the_Family_Band', 'summary': "Robert Randolph and the Family Band is an American funk and soul band led by pedal steel guitarist Robert Randolph ( Robert Jermaine Randolph , born August 8 , 1977 , Irvington , New Jersey ) . NPR has described the band as one with an irresistible rock ' n ' roll swagger . Rolling Stone also went on to include Randolph upon their list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time . The band has released six studio albums and has been Grammy nominated four times ."}]}, {'value': 'October 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Dana Delany , Sarah Michelle Gellar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dana_Delany', 'summary': 'Dana Welles Delany ( born March 13 , 1956 ) is an American actress , producer , and activist . After appearing in small roles early in her career , Delany received her breakthrough role as Colleen McMurphy on the ABC television drama China Beach ( 1988-1991 ) , for which she twice received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1989 and 1992 . She received further recognition for her appearances in the films Light Sleeper ( 1992 ) , Tombstone ( 1993 ) , Exit to Eden ( 1994 ) , The Margaret Sanger Story ( 1995 ) , Fly Away Home ( 1996 ) , True Women ( 1997 ) , and Wide Awake ( 1998 ) . In the 2000s , Delany appeared in main roles on several short-lived television series , including Pasadena ( 2001 ) , Presidio Med ( 2002-2003 ) , and Kidnapped ( 2006-2007 ) . From 2007 to 2010 , she starred as Katherine Mayfair on the ABC television series Desperate Housewives , for which she received a Prism Award in 2009 . Delany then starred as Megan Hunt on the ABC medical drama Body of Proof ( 2011-2013 ) , and as Crystal Harris on the Amazon drama series Hand of God ( 2014-2017 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sarah_Michelle_Gellar', 'summary': 'Sarah Michelle Prinze ( née Gellar ; born April 14 , 1977 ) is an American actress , producer and entrepreneur . After being spotted by an agent at the age of four in New York City , she made her acting debut in the made-for-television film An Invasion of Privacy ( 1983 ) . Her television breakthrough came in 1993 , when she originated the role of Kendall Hart on the ABC daytime soap opera All My Children , winning the 1995 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series . Gellar received widespread recognition for her portrayal of Buffy Summers on the WB series Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 1997-2003 ) , which earned her five Teen Choice Awards and a Golden Globe Award nomination , and became recognized as one of the greatest female characters in U.S. television . Her most successful films at the box office are I Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1997 ) , Scream 2 ( 1997 ) , Cruel Intentions ( 1999 ) , Scooby-Doo ( 2002 ) , Scooby-Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) , and The Grudge ( 2004 ) . She headlined the television series Ringer ( 2011-2012 ) and The Crazy Ones ( 2013-2014 ) . In 2015 , Gellar , along with Galit Laibow and Greg Fleishman , founded Foodstirs , a food crafting brand and e-commerce startup selling baking kits , and in 2017 , she released her cookbook Stirring Up Fun with Food .'}]}, {'value': 'October 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Christopher Walken , Forest Whitaker , Teddy Geiger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christopher_Walken', 'summary': "Christopher Walken ( born Ronald Walken , March 31 , 1943 ) is an American actor , singer , comedian , director , producer , screenwriter , and dancer , who has appeared in more than 100 films and television programs , including Annie Hall ( 1977 ) , The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) , The Dogs of War ( 1980 ) , The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) , A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) , Batman Returns ( 1992 ) , True Romance ( 1993 ) , Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) , Antz ( 1998 ) , Vendetta ( 1999 ) , Sleepy Hollow ( 1999 ) , Joe Dirt ( 2001 ) , Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) , Hairspray ( 2007 ) , Seven Psychopaths ( 2012 ) , the first three Prophecy films , The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) , and Irreplaceable You ( 2018 ) . He has received a number of awards and nominations , including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for The Deer Hunter . He was nominated for the same award and won BAFTA and Screen Actors Guild Awards for Catch Me If You Can . His films have grossed more than $ 1 billion in the United States . Walken has also played the lead in the Shakespeare plays Hamlet , Macbeth , Romeo and Juliet , and Coriolanus . He is a popular guest-host of Saturday Night Live , hosting seven times . His most notable roles on the show include record producer Bruce Dickinson in the More Cowbell sketch ; the disgraced Confederate officer Colonel Angus ; and multiple appearances in the Continental sketch . He has also appeared in Hallmark Hall of Fame 's Sarah , Plain and Tall ( 1991 ) , which earned him a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . Walken debuted as a film director and screenwriter with the 2001 short film Popcorn Shrimp . He also wrote and played the lead role in the 1995 play Him about his idol Elvis Presley ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Forest_Whitaker', 'summary': "Forest Steven Whitaker III ( born July 15 , 1961 ) is an American actor , producer , and director . Whitaker has earned a reputation for intensive character study work for films such as Bird , The Crying Game , Platoon , Ghost Dog : The Way of the Samurai , The Great Debaters , The Butler , and Arrival . He has also appeared in blockbusters such as Rogue One : A Star Wars Story as Saw Gerrera and Black Panther as Zuri . For his performance as Ugandan dictator Idi Amin in the 2006 film The Last King of Scotland , Whitaker won the Academy Award , BAFTA Award , Golden Globe Award , National Board of Review Award , Screen Actors Guild Award , and various critics groups ' awards for a lead acting performance ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Teddy_Geiger', 'summary': "Teddy Geiger ( born September 16 , 1988 ) , also known as Teddy < 3 or Teddy♥ , is an American singer , songwriter , record producer and actress . Geiger 's compositions and productions have sold over 50 million units worldwide , and have been nominated for the BMI Song of the Year for Stitches by Shawn Mendes ( 2015 ) and the Grammy Award-nominated single In My Blood ( 2018 ) . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'October 13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Sam Champion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sam_Champion', 'summary': "Samuel James Champion ( born August 13 , 1961 ) is an American weather anchor who is best known for his combined 25-year career on the ABC flagship station WABC-TV and Good Morning America . He formerly co-anchored AMHQ : America 's Morning Headquarters and 23.5 Degrees With Sam Champion on The Weather Channel . After December 4 , 2013 , his final day with ABC , he became the managing editor of The Weather Channel , beginning on January 1 , 2014 . Champion also appeared on the Today show on NBC . After leaving NBC and the Weather Channel in 2016 , he returned to ABC on a fill-in basis and returned to become the weekday morning and noon weather anchor at WABC-TV in June 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jane Krakowski , Frankie J', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jane_Krakowski', 'summary': "Jane Krakowski ( /krəˈkaʊski/ ; born Jane Krajkowski ; October 11 , 1968 ) [ citation needed ] is an American actress and singer . She is best known for the roles of Cousin Vicki in National Lampoon 's Vacation , and Jenna Maroney in the NBC comedy series 30 Rock , for which she received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series . Other notable television credits include Elaine Vassal on Ally McBeal and Jacqueline White in the Netflix comedy series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt . Krakowski also regularly performs on stage , winning a Tony Award for her performance in the Broadway revival of Nine , as well as receiving Tony nominations for Grand Hotel and She Loves Me , and a Laurence Olivier Award for her performance as Miss Adelaide in the West End revival of Guys and Dolls ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Frankie_J', 'summary': "Francisco Javier Bautista , Jr. ( born December 7 , 1975 ) , better known by his stage name Frankie J , is a Mexican-American singer , songwriter , rapper and former member of the musical group Kumbia Kings . Born in Mexico , he grew up in San Diego and became a freestyle artist under the stage name Frankie Boy in the late 1990s . He then joined Kumbia Kings before re-embarking on a solo career . Frankie J 's solo debut album , What 's a Man to Do , was released in 2003 , followed by more English and Spanish language albums . He received a Grammy Award nomination for his album Faith , Hope y Amor in 2013 for Best Latin Pop Album ."}]}, {'value': 'October 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Ryan Phillippe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Phillippe', 'summary': 'Matthew Ryan Phillippe ( /ˈfɪlɪpi/ ; born September 10 , 1974 ) is an American actor . After appearing as Billy Douglas on the soap opera One Life to Live , he came to fame in the late 1990s with starring roles in a string of films , including I Know What You Did Last Summer , Cruel Intentions , and 54 . In the 2000s , he appeared in several films , including Gosford Park ( 2001 ) , Crash ( 2004 ) , Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) , Breach ( 2007 ) , Stop-Loss ( 2008 ) , MacGruber ( 2010 ) , and The Lincoln Lawyer ( 2011 ) . In 2010 , Phillippe starred as Pulitzer Prize-winning photographer Greg Marinovich in The Bang-Bang Club . He starred in the lead role of Bob Lee Swagger in the USA Network thriller drama Shooter .'}]}, {'value': 'October 17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Kirsten Dunst , Ice-T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst', 'summary': "Kirsten Caroline Dunst ( /ˈkɪərstən/ ; born April 30 , 1982 ) is an American actress . She made her debut in the 1989 anthology film New York Stories , appearing in the segment Oedipus Wrecks directed by Woody Allen . At the age of twelve , Dunst gained widespread recognition as Claudia in Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) , for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress . She appeared in Little Women the same year and in Jumanji the following year . After a recurring role on the third season of ER ( 1996-1997 ) , and appearances in films such as Wag the Dog ( 1997 ) , Small Soldiers ( 1998 ) , the 1998 English dub of Kiki 's Delivery Service ( 1989 ) and The Virgin Suicides ( 1999 ) , Dunst starred in a string of comedies , including Drop Dead Gorgeous , Dick ( both 1999 ) , Bring It On ( 2000 ) , Get Over It , and Crazy/Beautiful ( both 2001 ) . Dunst achieved fame for her portrayal of Mary Jane Watson in Sam Raimi 's Spider-Man trilogy ( 2002-2007 ) . Since then , she has also played roles in Mona Lisa Smile ( 2003 ) , Wimbledon , Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( both 2004 ) , Cameron Crowe 's Elizabethtown ( 2005 ) , the title role in Sofia Coppola 's Marie Antoinette ( 2006 ) , How to Lose Friends & Alienate People ( 2008 ) , Bachelorette ( 2012 ) , and The Two Faces of January ( 2014 ) . In 2011 , she won Best Actress at Cannes for her performance in Lars von Trier 's Melancholia . In 2015 , Dunst starred as Peggy Blumquist on the second season of the television series Fargo . Her performance garnered critical acclaim , leading to her winning the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actress , and being nominated for Golden Globe and Primetime Emmy awards . In 2017 , she received a Screen Actors Guild Award for her performance in the film Hidden Figures , and co-starred in her third collaboration with Sofia Coppola , The Beguiled ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ice-T', 'summary': "Tracy Lauren Marrow ( born February 16 , 1958 ) , better known by his stage name Ice-T , is an American musician , rapper , songwriter , actor , record producer , and author . He began his career as an underground rapper in the 1980s and was signed to Sire Records in 1987 , when he released his debut album Rhyme Pays ; the second hip-hop album to carry an explicit content sticker after Slick Rick 's La Di Da Di . The following year , he founded the record label Rhyme $ yndicate Records ( named after his collective of fellow hip-hop artists called the Rhyme $ yndicate ) and released another album , Power , which went on to go Platinum . He also released several other albums that went Gold . He co-founded the heavy metal band Body Count , which he introduced on his 1991 rap album O.G . : Original Gangster , on the track titled Body Count . The band released their self-titled debut album in 1992 . Ice-T encountered controversy over his track Cop Killer , the lyrics of which discussed killing police officers . Ice-T asked to be released from his contract with Warner Bros. Records , and his next solo album , Home Invasion , was released later in February 1993 through Priority Records . Body Count 's next album was released in 1994 , and Ice-T released two more albums in the late-1990s . Since 2000 , he has portrayed NYPD Detective/Sergeant Odafin Tutuola on the NBC police drama Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ."}]}, {'value': 'October 18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Tina Fey , JoJo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tina_Fey', 'summary': 'Elizabeth Stamatina Tina Fey ( /feɪ/ ; born May 18 , 1970 ) is an American actress , comedian , writer , producer , and playwright . She is best known for her work on the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live ( 1997-2006 ) and for creating the acclaimed comedy series 30 Rock ( 2006-2013 ) and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ( 2015-2019 ) . Fey is also known for her work in film , with starring roles in Baby Mama ( 2008 ) , Date Night ( 2010 ) , Megamind ( 2010 ) , Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) , Sisters ( 2015 ) , Whiskey Tango Foxtrot ( 2016 ) , and Wine Country ( 2019 ) . Fey broke into comedy as a featured player in the Chicago-based improvisational comedy group The Second City . She then joined SNL as a writer , later becoming head writer and a performer , appearing as co-anchor in the Weekend Update segment and , later , developing a satirical portrayal of 2008 Republican vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin in subsequent guest appearances . In 2004 , she co-starred in and wrote the screenplay for Mean Girls , which was adapted from the 2002 self-help book Queen Bees and Wannabes . After leaving SNL in 2006 , Fey created the television series 30 Rock for Broadway Video , a sitcom loosely based on her experiences at SNL . In the series , Fey starred as Liz Lemon , the head writer of a fictional sketch comedy series . In 2011 , she released her memoir , Bossypants , which topped The New York Times Best Seller list for five weeks and garnered her a Grammy Award nomination . In 2015 , she co-created the Netflix comedy series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt . Fey created the musical adaptation Mean Girls , which premiered on Broadway in 2018 , and earned her a Tony Award nomination . Fey has received nine Primetime Emmy Awards , three Golden Globe Awards , five Screen Actors Guild Awards , and seven Writers Guild of America Awards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/JoJo_(singer)', 'summary': "Joanna Noëlle Levesque ( born December 20 , 1990 ) known professionally as JoJo , is an American singer , songwriter and actress . Raised in Foxborough , Massachusetts , she began performing in singing competitions and local talent shows from a young age . In 2003 , Record producer Vincent Herbert noticed her after she competed on the television show America 's Most Talented Kids and asked her to audition for his record label Blackground Records . Having signed with them that same year , JoJo released her eponymous debut studio album the following year in June 2004 . It peaked at number four on the US Billboard 200 and was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , selling over four million copies worldwide to date . With her debut single Leave ( Get Out ) , peaking atop the US Billboard Pop songs chart , JoJo became the youngest solo artist in history to top the chart at age 13 . The song peaked at 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified gold by the RIAA along with its follow-up single Baby Its You . Her second studio album The High Road ( 2006 ) spawned her first top 5 Billboard Hot 100 hit Too Little Too Late , peaking at number three , becoming her first single to be certified platinum by the RIAA . The album was later certified gold , selling over three million copies worldwide to date . Record label disputes prevented JoJo from commercially releasing her third studio album , she released two mixtapes independently , Ca n't Take That Away from Me ( 2010 ) and Agápē ( 2012 ) . Following her contractual release , JoJo signed with Atlantic Records in 2014 and released her first commercial extended play III . ( 2015 ) while her third studio album Mad Love , ( 2016 ) finally materialized , becoming her third top ten album on the Billboard 200 ."}]}, {'value': 'October 19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Hugh Jackman , Danity Kane , Regis plays tennis with an 86-year-old opponent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugh_Jackman', 'summary': "Hugh Michael Jackman AC ( born 12 October 1968 ) is an Australian actor , singer , and producer . He is best known for playing Wolverine in the X-Men film series from 2000 to 2018 , a role for which he holds the Guinness World Record for longest career as a live-action Marvel superhero . Jackman is also recognised for his lead roles in films such as the romantic comedy Kate & Leopold ( 2001 ) , the action film Van Helsing ( 2004 ) , the drama The Prestige ( 2006 ) , the fantasy drama The Fountain ( 2006 ) , the period romance Australia ( 2008 ) , the film version of Les Misérables ( 2012 ) , the thriller Prisoners ( 2013 ) , and the musical The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) , for which he received a Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album . For playing Jean Valjean in Les Misérables , he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . In Broadway theatre , Jackman won the 2004 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical for his role in The Boy from Oz . A four-time host of the Tony Awards , he won an Emmy Award for hosting the 2005 ceremony . He also hosted the 81st Academy Awards in 2009 . Jackman was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia in the 2019 Queen 's Birthday Honours for services to performing arts and to the global community ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Danity_Kane', 'summary': "Danity Kane is an American girl group trio composed of members Aubrey O'Day , Dawn Richard , and Shannon Bex . The group originally had five members , but Wanita D. Woods Woodgett left the group in 2008 and Aundrea Fimbres left in 2014 . Formed on the third iteration of MTV 's Making the Band reality television series in 2005 , they were soon signed to Bad Boy Records by Diddy . Danity Kane 's self-titled debut studio album was released in 2006 and achieved success in the United States , shipping a million copies domestically , while spawning two singles with top 10 single Show Stopper and the ballad Ride for You . Their second studio album , Welcome to the Dollhouse , was released in 2008 , following the release of their second top 10 single Damaged . The band became the first female group in Billboard history to debut their first two albums at the top of the charts . Despite initial success , tension in the group led to a meeting with Diddy where , in the October 2008 finale episode of Making the Band 4 , he removed O'Day and Woodgett from the group . The three remaining members of the group carried on with previously scheduled promotional events before officially disbanding in early 2009 . All group members were ultimately released from their contracts with Bad Boy Records later within the year . In 2013 , four of the five group members ( O'Day , Bex , Richard and Fimbres ) made an official announcement regarding their reunion at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards ; however , on May 16 , 2014 , the first night of their reunion tour in San Francisco , Fimbres announced her departure from the group due to wanting to start her family , leaving O'Day , Bex , and Richard to continue as a trio . On August 8 , 2014 , after a fight in the recording studio between members O'Day and Richard , O'Day and Bex announced publicly that Danity Kane had disbanded again . Although they disbanded , their third studio album , DK3 , was released in October 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'October 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Tim Gunn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tim_Gunn', 'summary': "Timothy MacKenzie Gunn ( born July 29 , 1953 ) is an American fashion consultant , television personality , actor , voice actor and author . He served on the faculty of Parsons The New School for Design from 1982 to 2007 and was chair of fashion design at the school from August 2000 to March 2007 , after which he joined Liz Claiborne as its chief creative officer . Over 16 seasons Gunn has become well known as the on-air mentor to designers on the reality television program Project Runway . Gunn 's popularity on Project Runway led to two spin-off shows , Bravo 's Tim Gunn 's Guide to Style and Lifetime 's Under the Gunn , as well as five books . In addition to being an executive producer , Gunn has served as mentor for the teen designers on Project Runway : Junior . He also provides the voice of Baileywick , the castle steward in the Disney Junior television show Sofia the First and narrated the sitcom Mixology ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Caine , Tim McGraw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Caine', 'summary': "Sir Michael Caine , CBE ( /keɪn/ ; born Maurice Joseph Micklewhite Jr. , 14 March 1933 ) is an English actor , film producer and author . He has appeared in more than 130 films in a career spanning over 60 years and is considered a British film icon . Known for his cockney accent , Caine was born in Southeast London . He made his breakthrough in the 1960s with starring roles in British films , including Zulu ( 1964 ) , The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) , Alfie ( 1966 ) , for which he was nominated for an Academy Award , The Italian Job ( 1969 ) and Battle of Britain ( 1969 ) . His roles in the 1970s included Get Carter ( 1971 ) , The Last Valley ( 1971 ) , Sleuth ( 1972 ) , for which he earned his second Academy Award nomination , The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) and A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) . He achieved some of his greatest critical success in the 1980s , with Educating Rita ( 1983 ) , earning him the BAFTA and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor . In 1986 , he received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Woody Allen 's Hannah and Her Sisters . Caine played Ebenezer Scrooge in The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) . This was his first starring role in several years , which led to a career resurgence in the late 1990s , receiving his second Golden Globe Award for his performance in Little Voice in 1998 and his second Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for The Cider House Rules , the following year . Caine played Nigel Powers in the 2002 parody Austin Powers in Goldmember , and Alfred Pennyworth in Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight Trilogy . He appeared in several other of Nolan 's films , including The Prestige ( 2006 ) , Inception ( 2010 ) and Interstellar ( 2014 ) . He also appeared in Alfonso Cuarón 's Children of Men and Matthew Vaughn 's action comedy film Kingsman : The Secret Service ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tim_McGraw', 'summary': "Samuel Timothy McGraw ( born May 1 , 1967 ) is an American singer , actor , and record producer . McGraw has released fifteen studio albums ( eleven for Curb Records , three for Big Machine Records and one for Arista Nashville ) . 10 of those albums have reached number 1 on the Top Country Albums charts , with his 1994 breakthrough album Not a Moment Too Soon being the top country album of 1994 . All of these albums have produced 65 singles , 25 of which have reached number 1 on the Hot Country Songs or Country Airplay charts . Three of these singles - It 's Your Love , Just to See You Smile , and Live Like You Were Dying - were the top country songs of 1997 , 1998 , and 2004 according to Billboard Year-End . He has also won three Grammy Awards , 14 Academy of Country Music awards , 11 Country Music Association ( CMA ) awards , 10 American Music Awards , and three People 's Choice Awards . His Soul2Soul II Tour is one of the highest-grossing tours in country music history , and one of the top 5 among all genres of music . He has sold more than 80 million records worldwide , making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time . McGraw has ventured into acting , with supporting roles in The Blind Side ( with Sandra Bullock ) , Friday Night Lights , The Kingdom , Tomorrowland , and Four Christmases ( with Vince Vaughn and Reese Witherspoon ) , and The Shack , and lead roles in Flicka ( 2006 ) and Country Strong ( 2010 ) . He was a minority owner of the Arena Football League 's Nashville Kats . In acknowledgement of his grandfather 's Italian heritage , McGraw was honored by the National Italian American Foundation ( NIAF ) in 2004 , receiving the NIAF Special Achievement Award in Music during the Foundation 's 29th Anniversary Gala . He has been married to singer Faith Hill since 1996 , and is a son of baseball player Tug McGraw ."}]}, {'value': 'October 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Annette Bening , Peter Falk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Annette_Bening', 'summary': "Annette Carol Bening ( born May 29 , 1958 ) is an American actress . She began her career on stage with the Colorado Shakespeare Festival company in 1980 , and played Lady Macbeth in 1984 at the American Conservatory Theater . She was nominated for the 1987 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for her Broadway debut in Coastal Disturbances and for the 2019 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for All My Sons . She is a four-time Academy Award nominee for the films : The Grifters ( 1990 ) , American Beauty ( 1999 ) , Being Julia ( 2004 ) , and The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) . In 2006 , she received a film star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Bening won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role for American Beauty , two Golden Globe Awards for Being Julia and The Kids Are All Right , and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie for Mrs. Harris . In 2019 , she played the roles of Supreme Intelligence and Mar-Vell / Wendy Lawson in the Marvel Cinematic Universe 's Captain Marvel , which became her highest grossing release ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Peter_Falk', 'summary': "Peter Michael Falk ( September 16 , 1927 - June 23 , 2011 ) was an American actor and comedian , known for his role as Lieutenant Columbo in the long-running television series Columbo ( 1968-2003 ) , for which he won four Primetime Emmy Awards ( 1972 , 1975 , 1976 , 1990 ) and a Golden Globe Award ( 1973 ) . He first starred as Columbo in two 90-minute TV pilots ; the first with Gene Barry in 1968 and the second with Lee Grant in 1971 . The show then aired as part of The NBC Mystery Movie series from 1971 to 1978 , and again on ABC from 1989 to 2003 . Falk was twice nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor , for Murder , Inc. ( 1960 ) and Pocketful of Miracles ( 1961 ) , and won his first Emmy Award in 1962 for The Dick Powell Theatre . He was the first actor to be nominated for an Academy Award and an Emmy Award in the same year , achieving the feat twice ( 1961/62 ) . He went on to appear in such films as It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World ( 1963 ) , The Great Race ( 1965 ) , Anzio ( 1968 ) , A Woman Under the Influence ( 1974 ) , Murder by Death ( 1976 ) , Mikey and Nicky ( 1976 ) , The Cheap Detective ( 1978 ) , The In-Laws ( 1979 ) , The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) , Wings of Desire ( 1987 ) , The Player ( 1992 ) , and Next ( 2007 ) , as well as many television guest roles . Director William Friedkin said of Falk 's role in his film The Brink 's Job ( 1978 ) : Peter has a great range from comedy to drama . He could break your heart or he could make you laugh . In 1996 , TV Guide ranked Falk No . 21 on its 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time list . He received posthumously a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'October 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Sharon Osbourne , Paula Deen , Miley Cyrus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sharon_Osbourne', 'summary': "Sharon Rachel Osbourne ( née Levy ; born 9 October 1952 ) is an English television personality , businesswoman and author . She is married to heavy metal singer-songwriter Ozzy Osbourne and first came into public prominence after appearing on The Osbournes , a reality television show that followed her family 's daily life . Osbourne later became a talent show judge on television shows such as the British and original version of The X Factor , from 2004 to 2007 , returning in 2013 , and again from 2016 to 2017 . She also was a judge on America 's Got Talent from 2007 until 2012 . After the success of The Osbournes and The X Factor , hosting her own chat shows and securing advertising contracts , Osbourne was ranked as the 25th richest woman in Britain on the 2009 Sunday Times Rich List . Osbourne and her husband have an estimated joint wealth of £410 million . Sharon Osbourne is credited with reviving her husband 's heavy metal career by founding the summer Ozzfest tour . She is one of five co-hosts of the daytime series The Talk . Osbourne is one of the original hosts from its launch in October 2010 . In September 2014 , it was announced that Osbourne would become an occasional panellist on the British lunchtime television programme Loose Women as part of the show 's relaunch . On both shows , Osbourne and co-hosts/panellists discuss topical issues , ranging from daily politics and current affairs , to celebrity gossip ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Paula_Deen', 'summary': "Paula Ann Hiers Deen ( born January 19 , 1947 ) is an American TV personality and cooking show host . Deen resides in Savannah , Georgia , where she owns and operates The Lady & Sons restaurant and Paula Deen 's Creek House with her sons , Jamie and Bobby Deen . She has published fifteen cookbooks . Though married since 2004 to Michael Groover , she uses the last name Deen , from her first marriage ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Miley_Cyrus', 'summary': "Miley Ray Cyrus ( born Destiny Hope Cyrus ; November 23 , 1992 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and philanthropist . Her music has spanned a range of styles , including pop , country pop , and hip hop . Cyrus ' personal life , public image , and performances have often sparked controversy and received widespread media coverage . She is widely considered to be one of the most successful entertainers in adulthood who originated as a child star . Among numerous awards and nominations , Cyrus was included on the Time 100 list in both 2008 and 2014 , named MTV 's Artist of the Year in 2013 , and was ranked 62nd on Billboard 's Top 125 Artists of All Time list in 2019 . Cyrus was born in Franklin , Tennessee , and is a daughter of country music singer Billy Ray Cyrus . She became a teen idol as the title character of the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana ( 2006-2011 ) , through which media franchise she attained two number-one and three top-ten soundtracks on the US Billboard 200 , and the top-ten single He Could Be the One on the US Billboard Hot 100 . Cyrus ' own discography includes the US number-one albums Meet Miley Cyrus ( 2007 ) , Breakout ( 2008 ) , and Bangerz ( 2013 ) ; the top-five releases Ca n't Be Tamed ( 2010 ) , Younger Now ( 2017 ) , and She Is Coming ( 2019 ) ; and Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz ( 2015 ) , which was released for free online streaming on SoundCloud . Her singles include the US top ten-charting See You Again , 7 Things , The Climb , Party in the U.S.A. , Ca n't Be Tamed , We Ca n't Stop , Malibu , and the chart-topping Wrecking Ball . Her upcoming seventh studio album , She Is Miley Cyrus , is expected to be released in 2020 . In total , Cyrus has sold more than 20 million albums and 55 million singles worldwide . [ citation needed ] Cyrus ' filmography includes the animated film Bolt ( 2008 ) , and the feature films Hannah Montana : The Movie ( 2009 ) and The Last Song ( 2010 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'October 25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarah Jessica Parker , last-minute Halloween costumes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarah_Jessica_Parker', 'summary': "Sarah Jessica Parker ( born March 25 , 1965 ) is an American actress , producer , and designer . She is known for her role as Carrie Bradshaw on the HBO television series Sex and the City ( 1998-2004 ) , for which she won two Emmy Awards , four Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress in a Comedy Series and three Screen Actors Guild Awards . The character was widely popular during the airing of the series and was later recognized as one of the greatest female characters in American television . She later reprised the role in films Sex and the City ( 2008 ) and Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) . Parker made her Broadway debut at the age of 11 in the 1976 revival of The Innocents , before going on to star in the title role of the Broadway musical Annie in 1979 . She made her first major film appearances in the 1984 dramas Footloose and Firstborn . Her other film roles include L.A. Story ( 1991 ) , Honeymoon in Vegas ( 1992 ) , Hocus Pocus ( 1993 ) , Ed Wood ( 1994 ) , The First Wives Club ( 1996 ) , The Family Stone ( 2005 ) , Failure to Launch ( 2006 ) , Did You Hear About the Morgans ? ( 2009 ) , and New Year 's Eve ( 2011 ) . In 2012 , Parker returned to television for the first time since Sex and the City , portraying Isabelle Wright in three episodes of the FOX series Glee . She is currently starring as Frances Dufresne in the HBO series Divorce ( 2016-present ) , for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award . Since 2005 , she has run her own production company , Pretty Matches , which has been creating content for HBO and other channels ."}]}, {'value': 'October 26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'James Belushi , The Wiggles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Belushi', 'summary': 'James Adam Belushi ( /bəˈluːʃi/ ; born June 15 , 1954 ) is an American actor , comedian , singer and musician . He played the role of Jim on the sitcom According to Jim ( 2001-2009 ) . His other television roles include Saturday Night Live ( 1983-1985 ) , Wild Palms ( 1993 ) , Aaahh ! ! ! Real Monsters ( 1994-1997 ) , Show Me a Hero ( 2015 ) and Twin Peaks ( 2017 ) . Belushi has appeared in films such as Thief ( 1981 ) , Trading Places ( 1983 ) , About Last Night ( 1986 ) , Salvador ( 1986 ) , The Principal ( 1987 ) , Red Heat ( 1988 ) , K-9 ( 1989 ) , Mr. Destiny ( 1990 ) , Curly Sue ( 1991 ) , Jingle All the Way ( 1996 ) , Gang Related ( 1997 ) , Underdog ( 2007 ) The Ghost Writer ( 2010 ) and Katie Says Goodbye ( 2019 ) . He is the younger brother of comic actor John Belushi and the father of actor Robert Belushi .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Wiggles', 'summary': "The Wiggles are an Australian children 's music group formed in Sydney , New South Wales in 1991 . Since 2013 , the group members are Anthony Field , Lachlan Gillespie , Simon Pryce , and Emma Watkins . The original members were Field , Phillip Wilcher , Murray Cook , Greg Page , and Jeff Fatt . Wilcher left the group after their first album . Page retired in 2006 due to ill health and was replaced by understudy Sam Moran , but returned in 2012 , replacing Moran . At the end of 2012 , Page , Cook , and Fatt retired , and were replaced by Gillespie , Pryce , and Watkins . Cook and Fatt retained their shareholding in the group and all three continued to have input into its creative and production aspects . Field and Fatt were members of the Australian pop band The Cockroaches in the 1980s , and Cook was a member of several bands before meeting Field and Page at Macquarie University , where they were studying to become pre-school teachers . In 1991 , Field was inspired to create an album of children 's music based upon concepts of early childhood education , and enlisted Cook , Page , and Fatt to assist him . They began touring to promote the album , and became so successful , they quit their teaching jobs to perform full-time . The group augmented their act with animal characters Dorothy the Dinosaur , Henry the Octopus , and Wags the Dog , as well as the character Captain Feathersword , played by Paul Paddick since 1993 . They travelled with a small group of dancers , which later grew into a larger troupe ."}]}, {'value': 'October 27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Mark Consuelos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mark_Consuelos', 'summary': 'Mark Andrew Consuelos ( born March 30 , 1971 ) is an American actor . He is best known for his portrayal of Mateo Santos on the ABC soap opera All My Children ( 1995-2001 ; 2010 ) and supporting actor Hiram Lodge on The CW drama Riverdale ( 2017-present ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Shannen Doherty , Molly Sims , Halloween party ideas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shannen_Doherty', 'summary': 'Shannen Maria Doherty ( /ˈdoʊ.ərti/ ; born April 12 , 1971 ) is an American actress , producer , and television director . She is known for her roles as Jenny Wilder in Little House on the Prairie ( 1982-83 ) , Maggie Malene in Girls Just Want to Have Fun ( 1985 ) , Kris Witherspoon in Our House ( 1986-88 ) , Heather Duke in Heathers ( 1988 ) , Brenda Walsh in Beverly Hills , 90210 ( 1990-94 ) then in BH90210 ( 2019 ) and Prue Halliwell in Charmed ( 1998-2001 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Molly_Sims', 'summary': 'Molly Sims ( born May 25 , 1973 ) is an American model and actress . She has appeared in the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue and played Delinda Deline in the NBC drama Las Vegas .'}]}], 'section_title': 'October 2006', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_19)_1', 'intro': "This is a list of Live with Regis and Kelly episodes which were broadcast during the show's 19th season. The list is ordered by air date. Although the co-hosts may have read a couple of emails during the broadcast, it does not necessarily count as a Regis and Kelly Inbox segment."} | null | null | What is the full name of the singer who appeared on October 18 ? | Joanna Noëlle Levesque |
081424a6a12a8884 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_recipients_of_the_Victoria_Cross', 'title': 'List of medical recipients of the Victoria Cross', 'header': ['Name', 'Regiment/Corps', 'Date', 'Conflict', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Harold Ackroyd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harold_Ackroyd', 'summary': 'Harold Ackroyd , VC , MC ( 18 July 1877 - 11 August 1917 ) was a British physician , scientific researcher , army officer and a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . An officer with the Royal Army Medical Corps during the First World War , he was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions in late July-early August 1917 , during the Battle of Passchendaele .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Berkshire Regiment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Berkshire_Regiment', 'summary': "The Royal Berkshire Regiment ( Princess Charlotte of Wales 's ) was a line infantry regiment of the British Army in existence from 1881 until 1959 . The regiment was created in 1881 , as the Princess Charlotte of Wales 's ( Royal Berkshire Regiment ) , by the amalgamation of the 49th ( Princess Charlotte of Wales 's ) ( Hertfordshire ) Regiment of Foot and the 66th ( Berkshire ) Regiment of Foot . In 1921 , it was renamed the Royal Berkshire Regiment ( Princess Charlotte of Wales 's ) . The regiment saw active service in the Second Boer War , World War I and World War II . On 9 June 1959 , the Royal Berkshire Regiment ( Princess Charlotte of Wales 's ) was amalgamated with the Wiltshire Regiment ( Duke of Edinburgh 's ) to form the Duke of Edinburgh 's Royal Regiment ( Berkshire and Wiltshire ) which was again amalgamated , on 27 July 1994 , with the Gloucestershire Regiment to create the Royal Gloucestershire , Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment . Like its predecessor regiment , however , this was on 1 February 2007 , merged with the Devonshire and Dorset Regiment , the Royal Green Jackets and The Light Infantry to form a new large regiment , The Rifles ."}]}, {'value': '31 July-1 August 1917', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_World_War', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Passchendaele', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele', 'summary': 'The Third Battle of Ypres ( German : Dritte Flandernschlacht ; French : Troisième Bataille des Flandres and Dutch : Derde Slag om Vlaanderen ) , also known as the Battle of Passchendaele ( /ˈpæʃəndeɪl/ ) , was a campaign of the First World War , fought by the Allies against the German Empire . [ a ] The battle took place on the Western Front , from July to November 1917 , for control of the ridges south and east of the Belgian city of Ypres in West Flanders , as part of a strategy decided by the Allies at conferences in November 1916 and May 1917 . Passchendaele lies on the last ridge east of Ypres , 5 mi ( 8.0 km ) from Roulers ( now Roeselare ) junction of the Bruges ( Brugge ) to Kortrijk railway . The station at Roulers was on the main supply route of the German 4th Army . Once Passchendaele Ridge had been captured , the Allied advance was to continue to a line from Thourout ( now Torhout ) to Couckelaere ( Koekelare ) . Further operations and a British supporting attack along the Belgian coast from Nieuport ( Nieuwpoort ) , combined with an amphibious landing ( Operation Hush ) , were to have reached Bruges and then the Dutch frontier . The resistance of the 4th Army , unusually wet weather in August , the beginning of the autumn rains in October and the diversion of British and French resources to Italy , enabled the Germans to avoid the general withdrawal which had seemed inevitable in early October . The campaign ended in November , when the Canadian Corps captured Passchendaele , apart from local attacks in December and early in the new year . The Battle of the Lys ( Fourth Battle of Ypres ) and the Fifth Battle of Ypres of 1918 , were fought before the Allies occupied the Belgian coast and reached the Dutch frontier . A campaign in Flanders was controversial in 1917 and has remained so . The British Prime Minister , David Lloyd George , opposed the offensive , as did General Ferdinand Foch , the Chief of Staff of the French Army . Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig , commander of the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) , did not receive approval for the Flanders operation from the War Cabinet until 25 July .'}]}, {'value': 'William Allen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Barnsley_Allen', 'summary': 'William Barnsley Allen VC , DSO , MC & Bar ( 8 June 1892 - 27 August 1933 ) was a British Army medical officer who was decorated for gallantry four times during the First World War , including an award of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Artillery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Artillery', 'summary': "The Royal Regiment of Artillery , commonly referred to as the Royal Artillery ( RA ) and colloquially known as The Gunners , is the artillery arm of the British Army . The Royal Regiment of Artillery comprises thirteen Regular Army regiments , King 's Troop Royal Horse Artillery and five Army Reserve regiments ."}]}, {'value': '3 September 1916', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_World_War', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Near Mesnil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mesnil-en-Arrouaise', 'summary': 'Mesnil-en-Arrouaise is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France .'}]}, {'value': 'Henry Andrews', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_John_Andrews', 'summary': 'Henry John Andrews VC , MBE ( 23 March 1871 - 22 October 1919 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': 'Indian Medical Services', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_Medical_Services', 'summary': 'The Indian Army Medical Corps is a specialist corps in the Indian Army which primarily provides medical services to all Army personnel , serving and veterans , along with their families .'}]}, {'value': '22 October 1919', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waziristan campaign', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919–1920)', 'summary': 'The Waziristan campaign 1919-1920 was a military campaign conducted in Waziristan by British and Indian forces against the fiercely independent tribesmen that inhabited this region . These operations were conducted in 1919-20 , following the unrest that arose in the aftermath of the Third Anglo-Afghan War .'}]}, {'value': 'Khajuri Post', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khajuri_Post', 'summary': "Waziristan ( Pashto and Urdu : وزیرستان , land of the Wazir ) is a mountainous region covering the former FATA agencies of North Waziristan and South Waziristan which are now districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan . Waziristan covers some 11,585 square kilometres ( 4,500 sq mi ) . The area is populated by ethnic Pashtuns . It is named after the Wazir tribe . The language spoken in the valley is Pashto , predominantly the Waziristani dialect . The region forms the southern part of Pakistan 's Federally Administered Tribal Areas , which is now part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province . The 16th-century Pashtun revolutionary leader and warrior-poet Bayazid Pir Roshan , who wrote the oldest known book in Pashto , was based in Kaniguram , Waziristan ."}]}, {'value': 'William Babtie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Babtie', 'summary': 'Lieutenant General Sir William Babtie , VC , KCB , KCMG ( 7 May 1859 - 11 September 1920 ) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth armed forces . His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Army Medical Services Museum in Aldershot . Babtie graduated from the University of Glasgow with an M.B . and also received the LRCP and LRCS from the University of Edinburgh Medical School in 1880 .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Army Medical Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps', 'summary': "The Royal Army Medical Corps ( RAMC ) is a specialist corps in the British Army which provides medical services to all Army personnel and their families , in war and in peace . The RAMC , the Royal Army Veterinary Corps , the Royal Army Dental Corps and Queen Alexandra 's Royal Army Nursing Corps form the Army Medical Services ."}]}, {'value': '10 December 1899', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second Boer War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Boer_War', 'summary': "The Second Boer War ( 11 October 1899 - 31 May 1902 ) was fought between the British Empire and two Boer states , the South African Republic ( Republic of Transvaal ) and the Orange Free State , over the Empire 's influence in South Africa . It is also known variously as the Boer War , Anglo-Boer War , or South African War . Initial Boer attacks were successful , and although British reinforcements later reversed these , the war continued for years with Boer guerrilla warfare , until harsh British counter-measures brought the Boers to terms . The war started with the British overconfident and under-prepared . The Boers were well armed and struck first , besieging Ladysmith , Kimberley , and Mafeking in early 1900 , and winning important battles at Colenso , Magersfontein and Stormberg . Staggered , the British brought in large numbers of soldiers and fought back . General Redvers Buller was replaced by Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener . They relieved the three besieged cities , and invaded the two Boer republics in late 1900 . The onward marches of the British Army , well over 400,000 men , were so overwhelming that the Boers did not fight staged battles in defence of their homeland . The British army seized control of all of the Orange Free State and Transvaal , as the civilian leadership went into hiding or exile . In conventional terms , the war was over . The British officially annexed the two countries in 1900 ."}]}, {'value': 'Colenso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Colenso', 'summary': 'The battle of Colenso was the third and final battle fought during the Black Week of the Second Boer War . It was fought between British and Boer forces from the independent South African Republic and Orange Free State in and around Colenso , Natal , South Africa on 15 December 1899 . Inadequate preparation and reconnaissance and uninspired leadership led to a British defeat .'}]}, {'value': 'William Bradshaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Bradshaw_(VC)', 'summary': 'William Bradshaw VC ( 12 February 1830 - 9 March 1861 ) , born in Thurles , County Tipperary , was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for valour in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '90th Foot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/90th_Foot', 'summary': 'The 90th Perthshire Light Infantry was a Scottish light infantry regiment of the British Army , raised in 1794 . Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 26th ( Cameronian ) Regiment of Foot to form the Cameronians ( Scottish Rifles ) in 1881 .'}]}, {'value': '26 September 1857', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indian Mutiny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_Mutiny', 'summary': "The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major , but ultimately unsuccessful , uprising in India in 1857-58 against the rule of the British East India Company , which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown . The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a mutiny of sepoys of the Company 's army in the garrison town of Meerut , 40 mi ( 64 km ) northeast of Delhi ( now Old Delhi ) . It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the upper Gangetic plain and central India , [ a ] [ b ] though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east . [ c ] The rebellion posed a considerable threat to British power in that region , [ d ] and was contained only with the rebels ' defeat in Gwalior on 20 June 1858 . On 1 November 1858 , the British granted amnesty to all rebels not involved in murder , though they did not declare the hostilities to have formally ended until 8 July 1859 . Its name is contested , variously described as the Sepoy Mutiny , the Indian Mutiny , the Great Rebellion , the Revolt of 1857 , the Indian Insurrection , and the First War of Independence . [ e ] The Indian rebellion was fed by resentments born of diverse perceptions , including invasive British-style social reforms , harsh land taxes , summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes , as well as scepticism about the improvements brought about by British rule . [ f ] Many Indians rose against the British ; however , many also fought for the British , and the majority remained seemingly compliant to British rule . [ g ] Violence , which sometimes betrayed exceptional cruelty , was inflicted on both sides , on British officers , and civilians , including women and children , by the rebels , and on the rebels , and their supporters , including sometimes entire villages , by British reprisals ; the cities of Delhi and Lucknow were laid waste in the fighting and the British retaliation . [ h ] After the outbreak of the mutiny in Meerut , the rebels quickly reached Delhi , whose 81-year-old Mughal ruler , Bahadur Shah Zafar , was declared the Emperor of Hindustan . Soon , the rebels had captured large tracts of the North-Western Provinces and Awadh ( Oudh ) . The East India Company 's response came rapidly as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Lucknow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Siege_of_Lucknow', 'summary': 'The Siege of Lucknow ( Hindi : लखनऊ की घेराबंदी ) was the prolonged defence of the Residency within the city of Lucknow during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . After two successive relief attempts had reached the city , the defenders and civilians were evacuated from the Residency , which was then abandoned .'}]}, {'value': 'Noel Chavasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noel_Godfrey_Chavasse', 'summary': "Captain Noel Godfrey Chavasse , VC & Bar , MC ( 9 November 1884 - 4 August 1917 ) was a British medical doctor , Olympic athlete , and British Army officer from the Chavasse family . He is one of only three people to be awarded a Victoria Cross twice . The Battle of Guillemont was to see acts of heroism by Captain Chavasse , the only man to be awarded the Victoria Cross twice during the First World War . In 1916 , Chavasse was hit by shell splinters while rescuing men in no-man 's land . It is said he got as close as 25 yards to the German line , where he found three men and continued throughout the night under a constant rain of sniper bullets and bombing . He performed similar heroics in the early stages of the offensive at Passchendaele in August 1917 to gain a second VC and become the most highly decorated British officer of the First World War . Although operated upon , he was to die of his wounds two days later in 1917 ."}]}, {'value': "King 's Regiment ( Liverpool )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/King's_Regiment_(Liverpool)", 'summary': "The King 's Regiment ( Liverpool ) was one of the oldest line infantry regiments of the British Army , having been formed in 1685 and numbered as the 8th ( The King 's ) Regiment of Foot in 1751 . Unlike most British Army infantry regiments , which were associated with a county , the King 's represented the city of Liverpool , one of only four regiments affiliated to a city in the British Army . After 273 years of continuous existence , the regiment was amalgamated with the Manchester Regiment in 1958 to form the King 's Regiment ( Liverpool and Manchester ) , which was later amalgamated with the King 's Own Royal Border Regiment and the Queen 's Lancashire Regiment to form the present Duke of Lancaster 's Regiment ( King 's , Lancashire and Border ) . The King 's notably saw active service in the Second Boer War , the two world wars , and the Korean War . In the First World War , the regiment contributed dozens of battalions to the Western Front , Salonika , and the North West Frontier . More than 13,000 men were killed . In the Second World War , the 5th and 8th ( Irish ) battalions landed during Operation Overlord , the 1st and 13th fought as Chindits in the Burma Campaign , and the 2nd Battalion served in Italy and Greece . The King 's later fought in the Korean War , earning the regiment 's last battle honour . Nine Victoria Crosses were awarded to men of the regiment , the first in 1900 and the last in 1918 . An additional two were awarded to Royal Army Medical Corps officer Noel Godfrey Chavasse , who was attached to the 10th ( Scottish ) Battalion during the Great War . In peacetime , the regiment 's battalions were based in the United Kingdom and colonies in the British Empire . Duties varied : riots were suppressed in Belfast , England , and the Middle East ; bases were garrisoned in places such as the North-West Frontier Province and West Germany ; and reviews and parades conducted throughout the regiment 's history ."}]}, {'value': '9 August 1916 31 July-2 August 1917', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First World War First World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_World_War', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Guillemont Wieltje', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Guillemont', 'summary': 'The Battle of Guillemont ( 3-6 September 1916 ) was an attack by the British Fourth Army on the village of Guillemont . The village is on the D 20 running east to Combles and the D 64 south-west to Montauban . Longueval and Delville Wood lie to the north-west and Ginchy to the north-east . The village was on the right flank of the British sector , near the boundary with the French Sixth Army . The Fourth Army had advanced close to Guillemont during the Battle of Bazentin Ridge ( 14-17 July ) and the capture of the village was the culmination of British attacks which began on the night of 22/23 July . The attacks were intended to advance the right flank of the Fourth Army and eliminate a salient further north at Delville Wood . German defences ringed the wood and had observation over the French Sixth Army area to the south , towards the Somme river . Preparatory to a general attack intended for mid-September , from the Somme north to Courcelette ( beyond the Albert-Bapaume road ) , the French Sixth Army , the Fourth Army and the Reserve Army conducted numerous attacks to capture the rest of the German second line and to gain observation over the German third line . The German defences around Guillemont were based on the remaining parts of the second line and fortified villages and farms northwards from Hem , Maurepas and Combles , to Falfemont Farm , Guillemont , Ginchy , Delville Wood and High Wood , which commanded the ground in between . [ a ] Numerous attempts were made by Joseph Joffre , Sir Douglas Haig , Ferdinand Foch and the army commanders Henry Rawlinson and Émile Fayolle to co-ordinate joint attacks , which failed due to the recovery of the German 2nd Army from the disorganisation caused by the defeats in early July , disagreements over tactics by Haig and Joffre in July and August and organisational constraints caused by congestion behind the front , roads and tracks obliterated by Anglo-French artillery-fire becoming swamps when it rained and increasing German artillery-fire on targets behind the front line . Inexperience , unreliable machinery , guns , ammunition and an unpredictable flow of supplies from Britain , reduced the effectiveness of the British armies . Difficulty in co-ordinating attacks by the Entente armies and the large number of piecemeal attacks resorted to by the British , have been criticised as costly failures and evidence of muddle and incompetence by the generals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wieltje', 'summary': "Ypres ( /ˈiːprə/ EE-prə ; French : [ ipʁ ] ; Dutch : Ieper [ ˈipər ] ) is a Belgian municipality in the province of West Flanders . Though the Dutch Ieper is the official name , the city 's French name Ypres is most commonly used in English . The municipality comprises the city of Ypres and the villages of Boezinge , Brielen , Dikkebus , Elverdinge , Hollebeke , Sint-Jan , Vlamertinge , Voormezele , Zillebeke , and Zuidschote . Together , they are home to about 34,900 inhabitants . During the First World War , Ypres ( or Wipers as it was commonly known by the British troops ) was the centre of the Battles of Ypres between German and Allied forces ."}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Crean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Crean', 'summary': 'Major Dr. Thomas Joseph Crean , VC DSO ( 19 April 1873 , in Dublin , Ireland - 25 March 1923 , in Mayfair , London , England , ) was an Irish rugby union player , British Army soldier and doctor . During the Second Boer War , while serving with the Imperial Light Horse , he was awarded the Victoria Cross . In 1902 , he was made an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons . During the First World War he served with the Royal Army Medical Corps and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order . Crean played rugby for Leinster , Ireland and the British Isles . In 1894 , he was a member of the first Ireland team to win both a Home Nations Championship and a Triple Crown . Then in 1896 he helped Ireland win their second Home Nations title . He is one of three Ireland rugby union internationals to have been awarded the Victoria Cross . The other two are Robert Johnston , who also served with the Imperial Light Horse in the Second Boer War , and Frederick Harvey who served in the First World War . Crean , Johnston and Harvey all played club rugby for Wanderers . In 1896 Crean and Johnston were also members of the same British Isles squad that toured South Africa .'}]}, {'value': '1st Imperial Light Horse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_Imperial_Light_Horse', 'summary': 'The Johannesburg Light Horse Regiment ( JLHR ) , formerly the Light Horse Regiment ( LHR ) and Imperial Light Horse ( ILH ) , is an armoured car reconnaissance unit of the South African Army . As a reserve unit , it has a status roughly equivalent to that of a British Army Reserve or United States Army National Guard unit . It is part of the South African Army Armour Formation and is based at Mount Collins in Sandton , Johannesburg .'}]}, {'value': '18 December 1901', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second Boer War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Boer_War', 'summary': "The Second Boer War ( 11 October 1899 - 31 May 1902 ) was fought between the British Empire and two Boer states , the South African Republic ( Republic of Transvaal ) and the Orange Free State , over the Empire 's influence in South Africa . It is also known variously as the Boer War , Anglo-Boer War , or South African War . Initial Boer attacks were successful , and although British reinforcements later reversed these , the war continued for years with Boer guerrilla warfare , until harsh British counter-measures brought the Boers to terms . The war started with the British overconfident and under-prepared . The Boers were well armed and struck first , besieging Ladysmith , Kimberley , and Mafeking in early 1900 , and winning important battles at Colenso , Magersfontein and Stormberg . Staggered , the British brought in large numbers of soldiers and fought back . General Redvers Buller was replaced by Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener . They relieved the three besieged cities , and invaded the two Boer republics in late 1900 . The onward marches of the British Army , well over 400,000 men , were so overwhelming that the Boers did not fight staged battles in defence of their homeland . The British army seized control of all of the Orange Free State and Transvaal , as the civilian leadership went into hiding or exile . In conventional terms , the war was over . The British officially annexed the two countries in 1900 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tygerkloof', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Crimmin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Crimmin', 'summary': 'Colonel John Crimmin VC CB CIE VD ( 19 March 1859 - 20 February 1945 ) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He also served as the Hon . Physician to H.M . The King .'}]}, {'value': 'Bombay Medical Services', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bombay_Medical_Services', 'summary': 'The Bombay Army was the army of the Bombay Presidency , one of the three presidencies of British India within the British Empire . The presidency armies , like the presidencies themselves , belonged to the Honourable East India Company until the Government of India Act 1858 ( passed in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 ) transferred all three presidencies to the direct authority of the British Crown . In 1895 all three presidency armies were merged into the Indian Army .'}]}, {'value': '1 January 1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karen-Ni Expedition', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Near Lwekaw', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Campbell Douglas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campbell_Mellis_Douglas', 'summary': "Campbell Mellis Douglas VC ( 5 August 1840 in Quebec City - 31 December 1909 ) , was a Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . The awarding of the VC to Douglas was one of the few ( only six in number ) instances of the VC being awarded for actions taken not in the face of the enemy . ( Another instance with a Canadian connection was the awarding of the VC to Timothy O'Hea ( an Irishman serving in the British army ) for actions taken at Danville , Quebec in 1866 relating to Canada 's defence against Fenian raids . ) Douglas joined the British Army in 1862 ."}]}, {'value': '24th Foot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/24th_Foot', 'summary': 'The South Wales Borderers was a line infantry regiment of the British Army in existence for 280 years . It first came into existence , as the 24th Regiment of Foot in 1689 . Based at Brecon , the regiment recruited from the border counties of Monmouthshire , Herefordshire and Brecknockshire , but was not called the South Wales Borderers until the Childers Reforms of 1881 . The regiment served in a great many conflicts , including the American Revolutionary War , various conflicts in India , the Zulu War , Second Boer War , and World War I and World War II . In 1969 the regiment was amalgamated with the Welch Regiment to form the Royal Regiment of Wales .'}]}, {'value': '7 May 1867', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andaman Expedition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andaman_Islands_Expedition', 'summary': 'The Andaman Islands expedition was a British expedition to the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal , India . For actions during the expedition , five soldiers of the 24th Regiment of Foot were awarded Victoria Crosses . David Bell , James Cooper , Campbell Mellis Douglas , Thomas Murphy and William Griffiths risked their lives in manning a boat and proceeding through dangerous surf to rescue some of their comrades who had been sent to the island in order to locate the commander and seven of the crew from the ship Assam Valley . They were feared murdered by the cannibalistic islanders ; the Onge adivasi tribesmen .'}]}, {'value': 'Little Andaman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Andaman', 'summary': 'Little Andaman Island ( Onge : Gaubolambe ) is the fourth largest of the Andaman Islands of India with an area of 707 km² , lying at the southern end of the archipelago . It belongs to the South Andaman administrative district , part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands . the island is lying 88 km ( 55 mi ) south of Port Blair , the capital of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the nearest airport from where regular flights to Kolkata and Chennai are available .'}]}, {'value': 'Henry Douglas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Edward_Manning_Douglas', 'summary': 'Major-General Henry Edward Manning Douglas VC CB CMG DSO ( 11 July 1875 - 14 February 1939 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Army Medical Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps', 'summary': "The Royal Army Medical Corps ( RAMC ) is a specialist corps in the British Army which provides medical services to all Army personnel and their families , in war and in peace . The RAMC , the Royal Army Veterinary Corps , the Royal Army Dental Corps and Queen Alexandra 's Royal Army Nursing Corps form the Army Medical Services ."}]}, {'value': '11 December 1899', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second Boer War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Boer_War', 'summary': "The Second Boer War ( 11 October 1899 - 31 May 1902 ) was fought between the British Empire and two Boer states , the South African Republic ( Republic of Transvaal ) and the Orange Free State , over the Empire 's influence in South Africa . It is also known variously as the Boer War , Anglo-Boer War , or South African War . Initial Boer attacks were successful , and although British reinforcements later reversed these , the war continued for years with Boer guerrilla warfare , until harsh British counter-measures brought the Boers to terms . The war started with the British overconfident and under-prepared . The Boers were well armed and struck first , besieging Ladysmith , Kimberley , and Mafeking in early 1900 , and winning important battles at Colenso , Magersfontein and Stormberg . Staggered , the British brought in large numbers of soldiers and fought back . General Redvers Buller was replaced by Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener . They relieved the three besieged cities , and invaded the two Boer republics in late 1900 . The onward marches of the British Army , well over 400,000 men , were so overwhelming that the Boers did not fight staged battles in defence of their homeland . The British army seized control of all of the Orange Free State and Transvaal , as the civilian leadership went into hiding or exile . In conventional terms , the war was over . The British officially annexed the two countries in 1900 ."}]}, {'value': 'Magersfontein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Magersfontein', 'summary': 'The Battle of Magersfontein [ Note 1 ] ( /ˈmɑːxərsfɒnteɪn/ MAH-khərss-fon-tayn ) was fought on 11 December 1899 , at Magersfontein near Kimberley , South Africa , on the borders of the Cape Colony and the independent republic of the Orange Free State . British forces under Lieutenant General Lord Methuen were advancing north along the railway line from the Cape in order to relieve the Siege of Kimberley , but their path was blocked at Magersfontein by a Boer force that was entrenched in the surrounding hills . The British had already fought a series of battles with the Boers , most recently at Modder River , where the advance was temporarily halted . Lord Methuen failed to perform adequate reconnaissance in preparation for the impending battle , and was unaware that Boer Vecht-generaal ( Combat General ) De la Rey had entrenched his forces at the foot of the hills rather than the forward slopes as was the accepted practice . This allowed the Boers to survive the initial British artillery bombardment ; when the British troops failed to deploy from a compact formation during their advance , the defenders were able to inflict heavy casualties . The Highland Brigade suffered the worst casualties , while on the Boer side , the Scandinavian Corps was destroyed . The Boers attained a tactical victory and succeeded in holding the British in their advance on Kimberley . The battle was the second of three battles during what became known as the Black Week of the Second Boer War . Following their defeat , the British delayed at the Modder River for another two months while reinforcements were brought forward . General Lord Roberts was appointed Commander in Chief of the British forces in South Africa and moved to take personal command of this front . He subsequently lifted the Siege of Kimberley and forced Cronje to surrender at the Battle of Paardeberg .'}]}, {'value': 'Joseph Farmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_John_Farmer', 'summary': 'Joseph John Farmer VC ( 15 May 1854 - 30 June 1930 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': 'Army Hospital Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Army_Hospital_Corps', 'summary': "The Royal Army Medical Corps ( RAMC ) is a specialist corps in the British Army which provides medical services to all Army personnel and their families , in war and in peace . The RAMC , the Royal Army Veterinary Corps , the Royal Army Dental Corps and Queen Alexandra 's Royal Army Nursing Corps form the Army Medical Services ."}]}, {'value': '4 July 1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zulu War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zulu_War', 'summary': "The Anglo-Zulu War was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom . Following Lord Carnarvon 's successful introduction of federation in Canada , it was thought that similar political effort , coupled with military campaigns , might succeed with the African kingdoms , tribal areas and Boer republics in South Africa . In 1874 , Sir Henry Bartle Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner for the British Empire to bring such plans into being . Among the obstacles were the presence of the independent states of the South African Republic and the Kingdom of Zululand and its army . Frere , on his own initiative , without the approval of the British government [ d ] and with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu , had presented an ultimatum on 11 December 1878 , to the Zulu king Cetshwayo with which the Zulu king could not comply , including disbanding his army and abandoning key cultural traditions . [ e ] Bartle Frere then sent Lord Chelmsford to invade Zululand after this ultimatum was not met . The war is notable for several particularly bloody battles , including an opening victory of the Zulu at the Battle of Isandlwana , followed by the defeat of a large Zulu army at Rorke 's Drift by a small force of British troops . The war eventually resulted in a British victory and the end of the Zulu nation 's dominance of the region ."}]}, {'value': 'Ulundi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Ulundi', 'summary': 'The Battle of Ulundi took place at the Zulu capital of Ulundi on 4 July 1879 and was the last major battle of the Anglo-Zulu War . The British army broke the military power of the Zulu nation by defeating the main Zulu army and immediately afterwards capturing and razing the capital of Zululand , the royal kraal of Ulundi .'}]}, {'value': 'John Fox-Russell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Fox-Russell', 'summary': 'Captain John Fox Russell VC MC ( 27 January 1893 - 6 November 1917 ) was a Welsh recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He was born in Holyhead , Anglesey , on 27 January 1893 to William Fox Russell and Ethel Maria Fox Russell . At an early age , he passed the examination for a choristership at Magdalen College , Oxford , where he was educated for three years before attending St . Bees School in Cumbria . While at School he was an enthusiastic member of the Officer Training Corps . He was also a member of the 1st Holyhead Scout Troop , Wolf Patrol . He joined the Middlesex Hospital when only sixteen years of age and it was while he was in London that he joined the University of London Officers Training Corps , obtaining a commission in the Royal Welch Fusiliers in 1914 . He was with them in camp when war was declared . Being anxious to qualify , he was seconded in order to complete his medical studies . After obtaining his degrees , he joined the Royal Army Medical Corps , and was attached to a battery of the Royal Field Artillery . He later re-joined his old regiment R.W.F 1st/6th Battalion ( Anglesey and Caernarvonshire ) and went out to Egypt as medical officer . In the First Battle of Gaza he won the Military Cross .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Welch Fusiliers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Welch_Fusiliers', 'summary': "The Royal Welch Fusiliers was a line infantry regiment of the British Army and part of the Prince of Wales ' Division , founded in 1689 shortly after the Glorious Revolution . In 1702 , it was designated a fusilier regiment and became The Welch Regiment of Fusiliers ; the prefix Royal was added in 1713 , then confirmed in 1714 when George I named it The Prince of Wales 's Own Royal Regiment of Welsh Fusiliers . After the 1751 reforms that standardised the naming and numbering of regiments , it became the 23rd Foot ( Royal Welsh Fuzileers ) . It retained the archaic spelling of Welch , instead of Welsh , and Fuzileers for Fusiliers ; these were engraved on swords carried by regimental officers during the Napoleonic Wars . After the 1881 Childers Reforms , its official title was The Royal Welsh Fusiliers , but Welch continued to be used informally until restored in 1920 by Army Order No.56 . It should not be confused with the Welch Regiment , a different unit that recruited in South and West , rather than North Wales , and became part of the Royal Regiment of Wales or RRW in 1969 . One of the few regiments to retain its original title , in March 2006 the Royal Welch Fusiliers was amalgamated with the RRW and became 1st Battalion , Royal Welsh , with RRW as the 2nd Battalion ."}]}, {'value': '6 November 1917', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_World_War', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Khuweilfe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Khuweilfe', 'summary': "The Third Battle of Gaza was fought on the night of 1/2 November 1917 between British and Ottoman forces during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I , and came after the Egyptian Expeditionary Force ( EEF ) victory at the Battle of Beersheba had ended the Stalemate in Southern Palestine . The fighting occurred at the beginning of the Southern Palestine Offensive , and together with attacks on Hareira and Sheria on 6-7 November and the continuing Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe which had been launched by General Edmund Allenby on 1 November , it eventually broke the Gaza to Beersheba line defended by the Yildirim Army Group . Despite having held this line since March 1917 , the Ottoman Army was forced to evacuate Gaza and Tel el Khuweilfe during the night of 6/7 November . Only Sheria held out for most of the 7 November before it too was captured . [ Note 1 ] Following British defeats at the First and Second Battles of Gaza in March and April 1917 , Lieutenant General Philip Chetwode commanding the EEF 's Eastern Force and Kress von Kressenstein 's Ottoman Empire force had each adopted a defensive posture and a stalemate had developed in Southern Palestine . Entrenched defences approximately on the lines held at the end of the second battle were strengthened , and both sides undertook regular mounted reconnaissances into the open eastern flank . In late June , Allenby replaced General Archibald Murray as commander of the EEF , which he quickly reorganised . At about the same time , the Ottoman Fourth Army was also restructured . As the stalemate continued in terrible conditions through the summer , reinforcements began to arrive to replace the large number of casualties suffered by the EEF during the previous fighting for Gaza , while several additional divisions also arrived . The Ottoman defenders were also reinforced at this time , and both sides carried out training while manning the front lines and monitoring the open eastern flank . By mid-October , as the Battle of Passchendaele continued on the Western Front , the last of the British reinforcements arrived as Allenby 's preparations to commence a campaign of manoeuvre neared completion . Prior to the Second Battle of Gaza , the town had been developed into a strong modern fortress , with entrenchments , wire entanglements and a glacis on its south and south-eastern edges ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Fitzgibbon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Fitzgibbon', 'summary': 'Andrew Fitzgibbon VC ( 13 May 1845 - 7 March 1883 ) was an Irish soldier , and possibly the youngest recipient of the Victoria Cross .'}]}, {'value': 'Indian Medical Establishment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_Medical_Establishment', 'summary': 'The Indian Army Medical Corps is a specialist corps in the Indian Army which primarily provides medical services to all Army personnel , serving and veterans , along with their families .'}]}, {'value': '21 August 1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Third China War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_China_War', 'summary': "The Second Opium War ( Chinese : 第二次鴉片戰爭 ; pinyin : Dì'èrcì Yāpiàn Zhànzhēng ) , also known as the Second Anglo-Chinese War , the Second China War , the Arrow War , or the Anglo-French expedition to China , was a war pitting the United Kingdom and the French Empire against the Qing dynasty of China that lasted from 1856 to 1860 . It is the second major war in the Opium Wars , fought over issues relating to the exportation of opium to China , and resulted in a second defeat for the Qing dynasty . The agreements of the Convention of Peking led to the ceding of Kowloon Peninsula as part of Hong Kong ."}]}, {'value': 'Taku Forts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taku_Forts', 'summary': 'The Taku Forts or Dagu Forts , also called the Peiho Forts are forts located by the Hai River ( Peiho River ) estuary in the Binhai New Area , Tianjin , in northeastern China . They are located 60 km ( 37 mi ) southeast of the Tianjin urban center .'}]}, {'value': 'John Green', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Leslie_Green', 'summary': 'John Leslie Green VC ( 4 December 1888 - 1 July 1916 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . An officer in the Royal Army Medical Corps , he served on attachment to The Sherwood Foresters during the First World War . He was posthumously awarded the VC for his actions on 1 July 1916 , during the Battle of the Somme .'}]}, {'value': 'Sherwood Foresters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sherwood_Foresters', 'summary': "The Sherwood Foresters ( Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment ) was a line infantry regiment of the British Army in existence for just under 90 years , from 1881 to 1970 . In 1970 , the regiment was amalgamated with the Worcestershire Regiment to form the Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment , which in 2007 was amalgamated with the Cheshire Regiment and the Staffordshire Regiment ( Prince of Wales 's ) to form the present Mercian Regiment . The lineage of the Sherwood Foresters is now continued by The Mercian Regiment ."}]}, {'value': '1 July 1916', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_World_War', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Loos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Loos', 'summary': 'The Battle of Loos took place from 25 September - 8 October 1915 in France on the Western Front , during the First World War . It was the biggest British attack of 1915 , the first time that the British used poison gas and the first mass engagement of New Army units . The French and British tried to break through the German defences in Artois and Champagne and restore a war of movement . Despite improved methods , more ammunition and better equipment , the Franco-British attacks were contained by the German armies , except for local losses of ground . British casualties at Loos were about twice as high as German losses .'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Hale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Egerton_Hale', 'summary': 'Surgeon Major Thomas Egerton Hale VC CB ( 24 September 1832 - 25 December 1909 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '7th Foot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Fusiliers', 'summary': 'The Royal Fusiliers ( City of London Regiment ) was a line infantry regiment of the British Army in continuous existence for 283 years . It was known as the 7th Regiment of Foot until the Childers Reforms of 1881 . The regiment served in many wars and conflicts throughout its long existence , including the Second Boer War , the First World War and the Second World War . In 1968 , the regiment was amalgamated with the other regiments of the Fusilier Brigade - the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers , the Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers and the Lancashire Fusiliers - to form a new large regiment , the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers . The Royal Fusiliers War Memorial , a monument dedicated to the almost 22,000 Royal Fusiliers who died during the First World War , stands on Holborn in the City of London .'}]}, {'value': '7-8 September 1855', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crimean War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crimean_War', 'summary': "The Crimean War ( French : Guerre de Crimée ; Russian : Кры́мская война́ , romanized : Krymskaya voyna or Russian : Восто́чная война́ , romanized : Vostochnaya voyna , lit . 'Eastern War ' ; Turkish : Kırım Savaşı ; Italian : Guerra di Crimea ) was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to February 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance made up of the Ottoman Empire , France , Britain and Sardinia . The immediate cause of the war involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land , which was a part of the Ottoman Empire . The French promoted the rights of Roman Catholics , while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Church . The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of Britain and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at the Ottoman Empire 's expense . It has widely been noted that the causes , in one case involving an argument over a key , have never revealed a greater confusion of purpose , yet they led to a war noted for its notoriously incompetent international butchery . While the churches worked out their differences and came to an agreement , Nicholas I of Russia and the French Emperor Napoleon III refused to back down . Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman Empire be placed under his protection . Britain attempted to mediate and arranged a compromise that Nicholas agreed to . When the Ottomans demanded changes to the agreement , Nicholas recanted and prepared for war . Having obtained promises of support from France and Britain , the Ottomans declared war on Russia in October 1853 . The war started in the Balkans in July 1853 , when Russian troops occupied the Danubian Principalities ( now part of Romania ) , which were under Ottoman suzerainty , then began to cross the Danube ."}]}, {'value': 'Sevastopol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854–1855)', 'summary': "The siege of Sevastopol ( at the time called in English the siege of Sebastopol ) lasted from October 1854 until September 1855 , during the Crimean War . The allies ( French , Ottoman , and British ) landed at Eupatoria on 14 September 1854 , intending to make a triumphal march to Sevastopol , the capital of the Crimea , with 50,000 men . The 56-kilometre ( 35 mi ) traverse took a year of fighting against the Russians . Major battles along the way were Alma ( September 1854 ) , Balaklava ( October 1854 ) , Inkerman ( November 1854 ) , Tchernaya ( August 1855 ) , Redan ( September 1855 ) , and , finally , Malakoff ( September 1855 ) . During the siege , the allied navy undertook six bombardments of the capital , on 17 October 1854 ; and on 9 April , 6 June , 17 June , 17 August , and 5 September 1855 . Sevastopol is one of the classic sieges of all time . The city of Sevastopol was the home of the Tsar 's Black Sea Fleet , which threatened the Mediterranean . The Russian field army withdrew before the allies could encircle it . The siege was the culminating struggle for the strategic Russian port in 1854-55 and was the final episode in the Crimean War . During the Victorian Era , these battles were repeatedly memorialized . The siege of Sevastopol was the subject of Crimean soldier Leo Tolstoy 's Sebastopol Sketches and the subject of the first Russian feature film , Defence of Sevastopol . The Battle of Balaklava was made famous by Alfred , Lord Tennyson 's poem The Charge of the Light Brigade and Robert Gibb 's painting The Thin Red Line ."}]}, {'value': 'Henry Harden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Eric_Harden', 'summary': 'Henry Eric Harden VC ( 23 February 1912 - 23 January 1945 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': 'No . 45 ( Royal Marine ) Commando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No._45_(Royal_Marine)_Commando', 'summary': "45 Commando Royal Marines ( pronounced four-five commando ) is a battalion sized unit of the British Royal Marines and subordinate unit within 3 Commando Brigade Royal Marines , the principal Commando formation , under the Operational Command of Commander in Chief Fleet . Tasked as a Commando amphibious unit , 45 Cdo RM is capable of a wide range of operational tasks . Based at RM Condor , their barracks in Arbroath , personnel regularly deploy outside the United Kingdom on operations or training . While 3 Cdo Bde RM are the principal cold weather warfare formation , personnel are capable of operating in a variety of theatres including tropical jungle , desert or mountainous terrain . The Commando is a regular participant in the annual Brigade cold weather warfare exercise in Norway , having been the first UK unit to specialise in the mountain and Arctic warfare role during the early 1970s and deployed to Norway on NATO 's northern flank most years until the end of the Cold War . All personnel have completed the Commando course at the Commando Training Centre ( CTCRM ) at Lympstone in Devon , entitling them to wear the green beret , with attached personnel having completed the All Arms Commando Course ."}]}, {'value': '23 January 1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_World_War', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': 'Brachterbeek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Operation_Blackcock', 'summary': "Operation Blackcock was an operation to clear German troops from the Roer Triangle , formed by the towns of Roermond and Sittard in the Netherlands and Heinsberg in Germany during the fighting on the Western Front in the Second World War . It was conducted by the British Second Army between 14 and 26 January 1945 . The objective was to drive the German 15th Army back across the rivers Roer and Wurm and move the frontline further into Germany . The operation was carried out by Lieutenant-General Neil Ritchie 's XII Corps by three divisions : the 7th Armoured Division ( Major-General Lewis Lyne ) , the 43rd ( Wessex ) Infantry Division ( Major-General Gwilym Ivor Thomas ) and the 52nd ( Lowland ) Infantry Division ( Major-General Edmund Hakewill-Smith ) . The operation , named after the Scottish black male grouse , is relatively unknown despite the sometimes fierce battles that were fought for each and every village and hamlet within the Roer Triangle ."}]}, {'value': 'Anthony Home', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Dickson_Home', 'summary': 'Surgeon General Sir Anthony Dickson Home VC KCB ( 30 November 1826 - 10 August 1914 ) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '90th Foot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/90th_Foot', 'summary': 'The 90th Perthshire Light Infantry was a Scottish light infantry regiment of the British Army , raised in 1794 . Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 26th ( Cameronian ) Regiment of Foot to form the Cameronians ( Scottish Rifles ) in 1881 .'}]}, {'value': '26 September 1857', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indian Mutiny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_Mutiny', 'summary': "The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major , but ultimately unsuccessful , uprising in India in 1857-58 against the rule of the British East India Company , which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown . The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a mutiny of sepoys of the Company 's army in the garrison town of Meerut , 40 mi ( 64 km ) northeast of Delhi ( now Old Delhi ) . It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the upper Gangetic plain and central India , [ a ] [ b ] though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east . [ c ] The rebellion posed a considerable threat to British power in that region , [ d ] and was contained only with the rebels ' defeat in Gwalior on 20 June 1858 . On 1 November 1858 , the British granted amnesty to all rebels not involved in murder , though they did not declare the hostilities to have formally ended until 8 July 1859 . Its name is contested , variously described as the Sepoy Mutiny , the Indian Mutiny , the Great Rebellion , the Revolt of 1857 , the Indian Insurrection , and the First War of Independence . [ e ] The Indian rebellion was fed by resentments born of diverse perceptions , including invasive British-style social reforms , harsh land taxes , summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes , as well as scepticism about the improvements brought about by British rule . [ f ] Many Indians rose against the British ; however , many also fought for the British , and the majority remained seemingly compliant to British rule . [ g ] Violence , which sometimes betrayed exceptional cruelty , was inflicted on both sides , on British officers , and civilians , including women and children , by the rebels , and on the rebels , and their supporters , including sometimes entire villages , by British reprisals ; the cities of Delhi and Lucknow were laid waste in the fighting and the British retaliation . [ h ] After the outbreak of the mutiny in Meerut , the rebels quickly reached Delhi , whose 81-year-old Mughal ruler , Bahadur Shah Zafar , was declared the Emperor of Hindustan . Soon , the rebels had captured large tracts of the North-Western Provinces and Awadh ( Oudh ) . The East India Company 's response came rapidly as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Lucknow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Siege_of_Lucknow', 'summary': 'The Siege of Lucknow ( Hindi : लखनऊ की घेराबंदी ) was the prolonged defence of the Residency within the city of Lucknow during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . After two successive relief attempts had reached the city , the defenders and civilians were evacuated from the Residency , which was then abandoned .'}]}, {'value': 'Neville Howse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neville_Reginald_Howse', 'summary': 'Major General Sir Neville Reginald Howse , VC , KCB , KCMG , FRCS ( 26 October 1863 - 19 September 1930 ) was an Australian Army officer , medical doctor , and politician . He was the first Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross ( VC ) , the highest decoration for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to members of the British and Commonwealth armed forces . Howse was born in Somerset , England , and followed his father into the medical profession . He immigrated to Australia in 1889 and eventually settled in Orange , New South Wales . During the Boer War , Howse served with the Australian medical corps . He was awarded the VC for his rescue of a wounded man at Vredefort in July 1900 , while under heavy rifle fire . During the First World War , Howse served in New Guinea , Gallipoli , and on the Western Front . He oversaw the medical services of the Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) and finished the war with the rank of major-general . He was elected to parliament in 1922 , and was subsequently appointed to cabinet by Stanley Bruce . He served as Minister for Defence ( 1925-1927 ) , Health ( 1925-1927 ; 1928-1929 ) , and Home and Territories ( 1928 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'New South Wales Army Medical Corps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_South_Wales_Army_Medical_Corps', 'summary': 'Until Australia became a Federation in 1901 , each of the six colonial governments was responsible for the defence of their own colony . From 1788 until 1870 this was done with British regular forces . In all , 24 British infantry regiments served in the Australian colonies . Each of the Australian colonies gained responsible government between 1855 and 1890 , and while the Colonial Office in London retained control of some affairs , and the colonies were still firmly within the British Empire , the Governors of the Australian colonies were required to raise their own colonial militia . To do this , the colonial Governors had the authority from the British crown to raise military and naval forces . Initially these were militias in support of British regulars , but British military support for the colonies ended in 1870 , and the colonies assumed their own defence . The separate colonies maintained control over their respective militia forces and navies until 1 March 1901 , when the colonial forces were all amalgamated into the Commonwealth Forces following the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia . Colonial forces , including home raised units , saw action in many of the conflicts of the British Empire during the 19th century . Members from British regiments stationed in Australia saw action in India , Afghanistan , the New Zealand Wars , the Sudan conflict , and the Boer War in South Africa . Despite an undeserved reputation of colonial inferiority , many of the locally raised units were highly organised , disciplined , professional , and well trained . For most of the time from settlement until Federation , military defences in Australia revolved around static defence by combined infantry and artillery , based on garrisoned coastal forts ; however , in the 1890s improved railway communications between all of the eastern mainland colonies ( Queensland , New South Wales , Victoria , and South Australia ) , led Major General Bevan Edwards , who had recently completed a survey of colonial military forces , to state his belief that the colonies could be defended by the rapid mobilisation of standard brigades . He called for a restructure of colonial defences , and defensive agreements to be made between the colonies .'}]}, {'value': '24 July 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second Boer War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Boer_War', 'summary': "The Second Boer War ( 11 October 1899 - 31 May 1902 ) was fought between the British Empire and two Boer states , the South African Republic ( Republic of Transvaal ) and the Orange Free State , over the Empire 's influence in South Africa . It is also known variously as the Boer War , Anglo-Boer War , or South African War . Initial Boer attacks were successful , and although British reinforcements later reversed these , the war continued for years with Boer guerrilla warfare , until harsh British counter-measures brought the Boers to terms . The war started with the British overconfident and under-prepared . The Boers were well armed and struck first , besieging Ladysmith , Kimberley , and Mafeking in early 1900 , and winning important battles at Colenso , Magersfontein and Stormberg . Staggered , the British brought in large numbers of soldiers and fought back . General Redvers Buller was replaced by Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener . They relieved the three besieged cities , and invaded the two Boer republics in late 1900 . The onward marches of the British Army , well over 400,000 men , were so overwhelming that the Boers did not fight staged battles in defence of their homeland . The British army seized control of all of the Orange Free State and Transvaal , as the civilian leadership went into hiding or exile . In conventional terms , the war was over . The British officially annexed the two countries in 1900 ."}]}, {'value': 'Vredefort', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vredefort', 'summary': "Vredefort is a small farming town in the Free State province of South Africa with cattle , peanuts , sorghum , sunflowers and maize being farmed . It is home to 3,000 residents . The town was established in 1876 on a farm called Visgat , on the Vredefort crater , the largest and oldest visible bolide impact crater in the world ( with a diameter of 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) ) . It was this approximately 10-kilometre ( 6.2 mi ) wide bolide that led to the preservation of the gold-bearing reefs of the Free State some 2.02 billion years ago . The town got its name after the peaceful conclusion of a threatened war between the Transvaal and the Orange Free State . The British built a concentration camp here during the Second Boer War to house Boer women and children . The Vredefort Dome ( Crater ) is currently the largest and one of the oldest known meteor impact site in the world . It is South Africa 's seventh World Heritage Site and its status is largely due to the efforts of research scientists from Wits University ."}]}, {'value': 'Bellenden Hutcheson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bellenden_Seymour_Hutcheson', 'summary': 'Bellenden Seymour Hutcheson VC , MC ( 16 December 1883 - 9 April 1954 ) was an American-born Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross ( VC ) during the First World War . The VC is the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . Hutcheson was one of the seven Canadians to be awarded the Victoria Cross for their deeds on one single day , 2 September 1918 , for actions across the 30 km long Drocourt-Quéant Line near Arras , France . The other six were Arthur George Knight , William Henry Metcalf , Claude Joseph Patrick Nunney , Cyrus Wesley Peck , Walter Leigh Rayfield and John Francis Young .'}]}, {'value': '75th ( Mississauga ) Battalion , CEF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/75th_(Mississauga)_Battalion,_CEF', 'summary': 'The 75th Battalion ( Mississauga ) , CEF was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the Great War . The 75th Battalion was authorized on 10 July 1915 and embarked for Great Britain on 29 March 1916 . It disembarked in France on 12 August 1916 , where it fought as part of the 11th Infantry Brigade , 4th Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war . The battalion was disbanded on 15 September 1920 .'}]}, {'value': '2 September 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First World War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_World_War', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Drocourt-Quéant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drocourt-Quéant_Line', 'summary': "The Drocourt-Quéant Line ( Wotan Stellung ) was a set of mutually supporting defensive lines constructed by Germany between the French towns of Drocourt and Quéant during World War I . This defensive system was part of the northernmost section of the Hindenburg Line , a vast German defensive system that ran through northeastern France . It was attacked and captured by Canadian and British troops in the closing months of the war as part of Canada 's Hundred Days of successful offensive campaigning that helped end the war ."}]}, {'value': 'Edgar Inkson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edgar_Thomas_Inkson', 'summary': 'Colonel Edgar Thomas Inkson VC DSO ( 5 April 1872 - 19 February 1947 ) was a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Inniskilling_Fusiliers', 'summary': "The Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers was an Irish line infantry regiment of the British Army in existence from 1881 until 1968 . The regiment was formed in 1881 by the amalgamation of the 27th ( Inniskilling ) Regiment of Foot and the 108th Regiment of Foot . It saw service in the Second Boer War , the First World War and the Second World War . In 1968 it was amalgamated with the other regiments in the North Irish Brigade , the Royal Ulster Rifles , and the Royal Irish Fusiliers ( Princess Victoria 's ) into the Royal Irish Rangers ."}]}, {'value': '24 February 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second Boer War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Boer_War', 'summary': "The Second Boer War ( 11 October 1899 - 31 May 1902 ) was fought between the British Empire and two Boer states , the South African Republic ( Republic of Transvaal ) and the Orange Free State , over the Empire 's influence in South Africa . It is also known variously as the Boer War , Anglo-Boer War , or South African War . Initial Boer attacks were successful , and although British reinforcements later reversed these , the war continued for years with Boer guerrilla warfare , until harsh British counter-measures brought the Boers to terms . The war started with the British overconfident and under-prepared . The Boers were well armed and struck first , besieging Ladysmith , Kimberley , and Mafeking in early 1900 , and winning important battles at Colenso , Magersfontein and Stormberg . Staggered , the British brought in large numbers of soldiers and fought back . General Redvers Buller was replaced by Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener . They relieved the three besieged cities , and invaded the two Boer republics in late 1900 . The onward marches of the British Army , well over 400,000 men , were so overwhelming that the Boers did not fight staged battles in defence of their homeland . The British army seized control of all of the Orange Free State and Transvaal , as the civilian leadership went into hiding or exile . In conventional terms , the war was over . The British officially annexed the two countries in 1900 ."}]}, {'value': "Hart 's Hill", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colenso,_KwaZulu-Natal', 'summary': 'Colenso is a town in KwaZulu-Natal , South Africa . It is located on the southern bank of the Tugela River . The original settlement was contained within a loop on the river , but it subsequently expanded southwards and eastwards . It lies on the main Durban - Johannesburg railway line some 190 km ( 118 mi ) north-west of Durban .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Medical recipients', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_medical_recipients_of_the_Victoria_Cross_0', 'intro': 'The Victoria Cross (VC) is a military decoration that may be bestowed upon members of the British or Commonwealth armed forces for acts of valour or gallantry performed in the face of the enemy. Within the British honours system and those of many Commonwealth nations it is the highest award a soldier can receive for actions in combat. It was established in 1856 and since then has been awarded 1,356 times, including three service personnel who were awarded the VC twice. The VC was introduced on 29 January 1856 by Queen Victoria to reward acts of valour during the Crimean War. The traditional explanation of the source of the gunmetal from which the medals are struck is that it derives from Russian cannon captured at the siege of Sevastopol. Recent research has thrown doubt on this story, suggesting a variety of origins. The original Royal Warrant did not contain a specific clause regarding posthumous awards, although official policy was to not award the VC posthumously. Between 1897 and 1901, several notices were issued in the London Gazette regarding soldiers who would have been awarded the VC had they survived. In a partial reversal of policy in 1902, six of the soldiers mentioned were granted the VC, but not officially awarded the medal. In 1907, the posthumous policy was completely reversed and medals were sent to the next of kin of the six officers and men. The Victoria Cross warrant was not officially amended to explicitly allow posthumous awards until 1920 but one quarter of all awards for the First World War were posthumous. Due to its rarity, the VC is highly prized and the medal has fetched over £400,000 at auction.'} | null | null | Which of the 1857 recipients died first ? | William Bradshaw |
081777b1a50f8477 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population', 'title': 'List of islands by population', 'header': ['Ranking', 'Island', 'Population', 'Country'], 'data': [{'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hainan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hainan', 'summary': "Hainan ( 海南 ) is a province in South China located in the South China Sea . It is the smallest and southernmost province of Mainland China , consisting of various islands in the South Sea . Hainan Island , separated from Guangdong 's Leizhou Peninsula by the Qiongzhou Strait , is the largest and most populous island under PRC control [ note 1 ] and makes up the majority of the province . The name of the island and the province , Hainan , means South of the Sea , reflecting its position south of the Qiongzhou Strait . The province has an area of 33,920 square kilometers ( 13,100 sq mi ) , with Hainan Island making up 32,900 square kilometers ( 12,700 sq mi ) ( 97% ) and the rest divided among 200 islands scattered across three archipelagos . It was administered as part of Guangdong from 1950 to 1988 , when it became a separate province ; around the same time , it was made the largest Special Economic Zone established by Deng Xiaoping as part of the Chinese economic reform . The Li people , a Kra-Dai speaking ethnic group , are native to the island , and are a significant minority group in the province , comprising 15% of the population . Their native languages include the Hlai languages . They are recognized by the Chinese government as one of the country 's 56 ethnic groups . The Han population , who compose a majority of the population at 82% , speak a wide variety of languages including Mandarin , Min Hainanese , Yue Chinese , Lingaoese or Hakka Chinese . There are a total of ten major cities and ten counties in Hainan Province . The capital of the province is Haikou , on the northern coast of Hainan Island , while Sanya is a well-known tourist destination on the southern coast ."}]}, {'value': '9,035,000 ( 2014E )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Long_Island', 'summary': "Long Island ( locally : /lɔːŋˈɡaɪˌlənd/ ) is a densely populated island in the southeast part of the U.S. state of New York , in the northeastern United States , beginning at New York Harbor approximately 0.35 miles ( 0.56 km ) from Manhattan Island and extending eastward into the Atlantic Ocean . The island comprises four counties ; Kings and Queens Counties ( the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens , respectively ) and Nassau County share the western third of the island , while Suffolk County occupies the eastern two-thirds . More than half of New York City 's residents now live on Long Island , in Brooklyn , and in Queens . However , many people in the New York metropolitan area ( even in Brooklyn and Queens ) colloquially use the term Long Island ( or the Island ) to refer exclusively to Nassau and Suffolk Counties , and conversely , employ the term the City to mean Manhattan alone . Broadly speaking , Long Island may refer both to the main island and the surrounding outer barrier islands . North of the island is Long Island Sound , across which lie Westchester County , New York , and the state of Connecticut . Across the Block Island Sound to the northeast is the state of Rhode Island . To the west , Long Island is separated from the Bronx and the island of Manhattan by the East River . To the extreme southwest , it is separated from Staten Island and the state of New Jersey by Upper New York Bay , the Narrows , and Lower New York Bay . To the east lie Block Island - which belongs to the State of Rhode Island - and numerous smaller islands . Both the longest and the largest island in the contiguous United States , Long Island extends 118 miles ( 190 km ) eastward from New York Harbor to Montauk Point , with a maximum north-to-south distance of 23 miles ( 37 km ) between Long Island Sound and the Atlantic coast . With a land area of 1,401 square miles ( 3,630 km2 ) , Long Island is the 11th-largest island in the United States and the 149th-largest island in the world - larger than the 1,214 square miles ( 3,140 km2 ) of the smallest U.S. state , Rhode Island ."}]}, {'value': '7,838,822 ( 2015 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States ( New York )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( /ˈaɪərlənd/ ( listen ) ; Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Airlann [ ˈɑːrlən ] ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George 's Channel . Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles , the third-largest in Europe , and the twentieth-largest on Earth . Geopolitically , Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland ( officially named Ireland ) , which covers five-sixths of the island , and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom . In 2011 , the population of Ireland was about 6.6 million , ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain . As of 2016 , 4.8 million live in the Republic of Ireland , and 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland . The geography of Ireland comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . Its lush vegetation is a product of its mild but changeable climate which is free of extremes in temperature . Much of Ireland was woodland until the end of the Middle Ages . Today , woodland makes up about 10% of the island , compared with a European average of over 33% , and most of it is non-native conifer plantations . There are twenty-six extant land mammal species native to Ireland . The Irish climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and thus very moderate , and winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area , although summers are cooler than those in continental Europe ."}]}, {'value': '6,380,661 ( 2008 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Republic of Ireland and United Kingdom ( Northern Ireland )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern side of the island . Around a third of the country 's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , St George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally 'Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named Ireland and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Northern_Ireland', 'summary': "Northern Ireland ( Irish : Tuaisceart Éireann [ ˈt̪ˠuəʃcəɾˠt̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Norlin Airlann ) is variously described as a country , province or region which is part of the United Kingdom . Located in the northeast of the island of Ireland , Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland . In 2011 , its population was 1,810,863 , constituting about 30% of the island 's total population and about 3% of the UK 's population . Established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 as part of the Good Friday Agreement , the Northern Ireland Assembly ( colloquially referred to as Stormont after its location ) holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters , while other areas are reserved for the British government . Northern Ireland co-operates with the Republic of Ireland in several areas , and the Agreement granted the Republic the ability to put forward views and proposals with determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the two governments . On 11 January 2020 , legislators in Northern Ireland formed a government for the first time since the Executive of the 5th Northern Ireland Assembly collapsed in January 2017 , following the Renewable Heat Incentive scandal . Northern Ireland was created in 1921 , when Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 . Unlike Southern Ireland , which would become the Irish Free State in 1922 , the majority of Northern Ireland 's population were unionists , who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom . Most of these were the Protestant descendants of colonists from Great Britain . However , a significant minority , mostly Catholics , were nationalists who wanted a united Ireland independent of British rule . Today , the former generally see themselves as British and the latter generally see themselves as Irish , while a distinct Northern Irish or Ulster identity is claimed both by a large minority of Catholics and Protestants and by many of those who are non-aligned . For most of the 20th century , when it came into existence , Northern Ireland was marked by discrimination and hostility between these two sides in what First Minister of Northern Ireland , David Trimble , called a cold house for Catholics ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore_Island', 'summary': "Singapore Island or Mainland Singapore , also historically known by its indigenous name Pulau Ujong ( Malay : literally 'island at the end ' ) , is the main constituent island of the city-state of Singapore . It is part of the Malay Archipelago and is located at the southern tip of Peninsular Malaysia . The island forms the bulk of the country in terms of area and population , since there are hardly any other residential areas situated on the smaller islands . With a population of 5,469,700 and an area of 710 square kilometres , Mainland Singapore is the 20th most populous island in the world and the 31st most densely populated island in the world ."}]}, {'value': '5,607,300 ( 2016 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hokkaidō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hokkaidō', 'summary': 'Hokkaido ( 北海道 , Hokkaidō , lit . Northern Sea Circuit ; Japanese : [ hokːaꜜidoː ] ( listen ) , English : /hɒˈkaɪdoʊ/ ) is the second largest main island of Japan , and the largest and northernmost prefecture . The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaido from Honshu . It was formerly known as Ezo , Yezo , Yeso , or Yesso . The two islands are connected by the undersea railway Seikan Tunnel . The largest city on Hokkaido is its capital , Sapporo , which is also its only ordinance-designated city . About 43 kilometers ( 26 mi ) north of Hokkaido lies Sakhalin Island and to the east and northeast are the Kuril Islands , which are administered by Russia , although the four most southerly are claimed by Japan - see Kuril Islands dispute .'}]}, {'value': '5,383,579 ( 2015C )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sicily', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sicily', 'summary': 'Sicily ( Italian : Sicilia [ siˈtʃiːlja ] ; Sicilian : Sicilia [ sɪˈʃiːlja ] ) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 20 regions of Italy . It is one of the five Italian autonomous regions and is officially referred to as Regione Siciliana . Sicily is located in the central Mediterranean Sea , south of the Italian Peninsula , from which it is separated by the narrow Strait of Messina . Its most prominent landmark is Mount Etna , the tallest active volcano in Europe , and one of the most active in the world , currently 3,329 m ( 10,922 ft ) high . The island has a typical Mediterranean climate . The earliest archaeological evidence of human activity on the island dates from as early as 12,000 BC . By around 750 BC , Sicily had three Phoenician and a dozen Greek colonies and it was later the site of the Sicilian Wars and the Punic Wars . After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD , Sicily was ruled during the Early Middle Ages by the Vandals , the Ostrogoths , the Byzantine Empire , and the Emirate of Sicily . The Norman conquest of southern Italy led to the creation of the Kingdom of Sicily , which was subsequently ruled by the Hohenstaufen , the Capetian House of Anjou , Spain , and the House of Habsburg . It was unified under the House of Bourbon with the Kingdom of Naples as the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies . It became part of Italy in 1860 following the Expedition of the Thousand , a revolt led by Giuseppe Garibaldi during the Italian unification , and a plebiscite . Sicily was given special status as an autonomous region on 15 May 1946 , 18 days before the Italian constitutional referendum of 1946 .'}]}, {'value': '5,017,000 ( 2007 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy ( Sicily )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sicily', 'summary': 'Sicily ( Italian : Sicilia [ siˈtʃiːlja ] ; Sicilian : Sicilia [ sɪˈʃiːlja ] ) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 20 regions of Italy . It is one of the five Italian autonomous regions and is officially referred to as Regione Siciliana . Sicily is located in the central Mediterranean Sea , south of the Italian Peninsula , from which it is separated by the narrow Strait of Messina . Its most prominent landmark is Mount Etna , the tallest active volcano in Europe , and one of the most active in the world , currently 3,329 m ( 10,922 ft ) high . The island has a typical Mediterranean climate . The earliest archaeological evidence of human activity on the island dates from as early as 12,000 BC . By around 750 BC , Sicily had three Phoenician and a dozen Greek colonies and it was later the site of the Sicilian Wars and the Punic Wars . After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD , Sicily was ruled during the Early Middle Ages by the Vandals , the Ostrogoths , the Byzantine Empire , and the Emirate of Sicily . The Norman conquest of southern Italy led to the creation of the Kingdom of Sicily , which was subsequently ruled by the Hohenstaufen , the Capetian House of Anjou , Spain , and the House of Habsburg . It was unified under the House of Bourbon with the Kingdom of Naples as the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies . It became part of Italy in 1860 following the Expedition of the Thousand , a revolt led by Giuseppe Garibaldi during the Italian unification , and a plebiscite . Sicily was given special status as an autonomous region on 15 May 1946 , 18 days before the Italian constitutional referendum of 1946 .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Negros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Negros_(island)', 'summary': 'Negros /ˈneɪɡrɒs/ is the fourth largest island of the Philippines , with a land area of 13,309.60 km2 ( 5,138.87 sq mi ) . Negros is one of the many islands that comprise the Visayas , in the central part of the country . The predominant inhabitants of the island region are mainly called Negrenses ( locally Negrosanons ) . As of 2015 , total Negros population is 4,414,131 inhabitants . From May 29 , 2015 to August 9 , 2017 , the whole island was governed as an administrative region which was officially named the Negros Island Region which comprised the highly urbanized city of Bacolod and the provinces of Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental , along with its corresponding outlying islands and islets within a total regional area of 13,350.74 km2 ( 5,154.75 sq mi ) . It was created on May 29 , 2015 by virtue of Executive Order No . 183 issued by Benigno Aquino III , who was the president at that time . In August 9 , 2017 , President Rodrigo Duterte signed the Executive Order No . 38 dissolving the Negros Island Region .'}]}, {'value': '4,414,131 ( 2015 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Panay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panay', 'summary': "Panay is the sixth-largest and fourth most-populous island in the Philippines , with a total land area of 12,011 km2 ( 4,637 sq mi ) and with a total population of 4,477,247 . Panay comprises 4.4 percent of the entire population of the country . The City of Iloilo is its largest settlement with a total population of 447,992 inhabitants . It is a triangular island , located in the western part of the Visayas . It is about 160 km ( 99 mi ) across . It is divided into four provinces : Aklan , Antique , Capiz and Iloilo , all in the Western Visayas Region . Just closely off the mid-southeastern coast lies the island-province of Guimaras . It is located southeast of the island of Mindoro and northwest of Negros across the Guimaras Strait . To the north and northeast is the Sibuyan Sea , Jintotolo Channel and the island-provinces of Romblon and Masbate ; to the west and southwest is the Sulu Sea and the Palawan archipelago and to the south is Panay Gulf . Panay is the only main island in the Visayas whose provinces do n't bear the name of their island . Panay is bisected by the Central Panay Mountain Range , its longest mountain chain . The island has many rivers , the longest being the Panay River at a length of 152 kilometres ( 94 mi ) , followed by the Jalaur , Aklan , Sibalom , Iloilo and Bugang rivers ."}]}, {'value': '4,307,000 ( 2015 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bali', 'summary': "Bali is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands . Located east of Java and west of Lombok , the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands , notably Nusa Penida , Nusa Lembongan , and Nusa Ceningan . The provincial capital , Denpasar , is the most populous city in the Lesser Sunda Islands and the second largest , after Makassar , in Eastern Indonesia . Bali is the only Hindu-majority province in Indonesia , with 83.5% of the population adhering to Balinese Hinduism . Bali is Indonesia 's main tourist destination , with a significant rise in tourism since the 1980s . Tourism-related business makes up 80% of its economy . It is renowned for its highly developed arts , including traditional and modern dance , sculpture , painting , leather , metalworking , and music . The Indonesian International Film Festival is held every year in Bali . Other international events held in Bali include the Miss World 2013 and 2018 Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group . In March 2017 , TripAdvisor named Bali as the world 's top destination in its Traveller 's Choice award . Bali is part of the Coral Triangle , the area with the highest biodiversity of marine species especially fish and turtles . In this area alone , over 500 reef-building coral species can be found ."}]}, {'value': '4,225,384 ( 2014 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cebu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cebu_(island)', 'summary': 'Cebu ( /sɛˈbuː/ ; Cebuano : Sugbu ) is a province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas ( Region VII ) region , and consists of a main island and 167 surrounding islands and islets . Its capital is Cebu City , the Queen City of the South , the oldest city and first capital of the Philippines , which is politically independent from the provincial government . The Cebu Metropolitan Area or Metro Cebu is formed by 7 neighboring cities ( Carcar City , Cebu City , Danao City , Lapu-Lapu City , Mandaue City , Naga City , and Talisay City ) and 6 municipalities ( Compostela , Consolacion , Cordova , Liloan , Minglanilla , and San Fernando ) . Cebu is one of the most developed provinces in the Philippines with Metro Cebu being the second largest metropolitan area in the Philippines ( after Metro Manila ) and Cebu City as the main center of commerce , trade , education and industry in the Visayas . In a decade it has transformed into a global hub for business processing services , tourism , shipping , furniture-making , and heavy industry . Mactan-Cebu International Airport , located on Mactan Island , is the second busiest airport in the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': '4,164,535 ( 2016 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shikoku', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shikoku', 'summary': "Shikoku ( 四国 , literally four provinces ) is one of the five main islands of Japan . Shikoku is the second smallest main island after Okinawa . It is 225 km or 139.8 mi long and between 50 and 150 km or 31.1 and 93.2 mi wide . It has a population of 3.8 million ( as of 2015 [ update ] , 3.1% ) . It is located south of Honshu and north east of Kyushu . Shikoku 's ancient names include Iyo-no-futana-shima ( 伊予之二名島 ) , Iyo-shima ( 伊予島 ) , and Futana-shima ( 二名島 ) , and its current name refers to the four former provinces that made up the island : Awa , Tosa , Sanuki , and Iyo ."}]}, {'value': '3,815,000 ( 2015 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madura', 'summary': 'Madura is an Indonesian island off the northeastern coast of Java . The island comprises an area of approximately 4,078.67 km² ( administratively 5,168 km² including various smaller islands to the east and north ) . Madura is administered as part of the East Java province . It is separated from Java by the narrow Strait of Madura . The administered area has a density of 702 people per km² , while that of the island itself ( 3,630,000 people in 2012 count ) is higher at 817/km² .'}]}, {'value': '3,622,000 ( 2010 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Island', 'summary': "The North Island , also officially named Te Ika-a-Māui , is one of the two main islands of New Zealand , separated from the larger but much less populous South Island by Cook Strait . The island 's area is 113,729 square kilometres ( 43,911 sq mi ) , making it the world 's 14th-largest island . It has a population of 3,702,300 ( June 2018 ) . Twelve main urban areas ( half of them officially cities ) are in the North Island . From north to south , they are Whangarei , Auckland , Hamilton , Tauranga , Rotorua , Gisborne , New Plymouth , Napier , Hastings , Whanganui , Palmerston North , and Wellington , the capital , located at the south-west extremity of the island . About 76% of New Zealand 's population lives in the North Island ."}]}, {'value': '3,702,300 ( June 2018 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}]}, {'value': '3,474,182 ( 2015 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puerto Rico ( territory of the United States )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lombok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lombok', 'summary': 'Lombok is an island in West Nusa Tenggara province , Indonesia . It forms part of the chain of the Lesser Sunda Islands , with the Lombok Strait separating it from Bali to the west and the Alas Strait between it and Sumbawa to the east . It is roughly circular , with a tail ( Sekotong Peninsula ) to the southwest , about 70 kilometres ( 43 miles ) across and a total area of about 4,514 square kilometres ( 1,743 square miles ) . The provincial capital and largest city on the island is Mataram . Lombok is somewhat similar in size and density , and shares some cultural heritage with the neighboring island of Bali to the west . However , it is administratively part of West Nusa Tenggara , along with the larger and more sparsely populated island of Sumbawa to the east . Lombok is surrounded by a number of smaller islands locally called Gili . The island is home to some 3.35 million Indonesians as recorded in the decennial 2014 census .'}]}, {'value': '3,311,044 ( 2014 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Timor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timor', 'summary': 'Timor is an island at the southern end of Maritime Southeast Asia , north of the Timor Sea . The island is divided between the sovereign states of East Timor on the eastern part and Indonesia on the western part . The Indonesian part , also known as West Timor , constitutes part of the province of East Nusa Tenggara . Within West Timor lies an exclave of East Timor called Oecusse District . The island covers an area of 30,777 square kilometres ( 11,883 square miles ) . The name is a variant of timur , Malay for east ; it is so called because it lies at the eastern end of the Lesser Sunda Islands . Mainland Australia is less than 500 km away , separated by the mentioned Timor Sea .'}]}, {'value': '3,182,693 ( 2014 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indonesia and East Timor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Timor', 'summary': "East Timor ( /-ˈtiːmɔːr/ ( listen ) ) or Timor-Leste ( /tiˈmɔːr ˈlɛʃteɪ/ ; Tetum : Timór Lorosa ' e ) , officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste ( Portuguese : República Democrática de Timor-Leste , Tetum : Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste ) , is a country in Southeast Asia . It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor , the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco , and Oecusse , an exclave on the northwestern side of the island surrounded by Indonesian West Timor . Australia is the country 's southern neighbour , separated by the Timor Sea . The country 's size is about 15,007 km2 ( 5,794 sq mi ) . East Timor was colonised by Portugal in the 16th century , and was known as Portuguese Timor until 28 November 1975 , when the Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor ( Fretilin ) declared the territory 's independence . Nine days later , it was invaded and occupied by the Indonesian military , and was declared as the country 's 27th province the following year . The Indonesian occupation of East Timor was characterised by a highly violent , decades-long conflict between separatist groups ( especially Fretilin ) and the Indonesian military . In 1999 , following the United Nations-sponsored act of self-determination , Indonesia relinquished control of the territory . East Timor became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century on 20 May 2002 and joined the United Nations and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries . In 2011 , East Timor announced its intention to become the eleventh member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) . It is one of only two predominantly Christian nations in Southeast Asia , the other being the Philippines , as well as the only Asian country to be located completely in the Southern Hemisphere ."}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamaica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamaica', 'summary': "Jamaica ( /dʒəˈmeɪkə/ ( listen ) ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea . Spanning 10,990 square kilometres ( 4,240 sq mi ) in area , it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean ( after Cuba and Hispaniola ) . Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres ( 90 mi ) south of Cuba , and 191 kilometres ( 119 mi ) west of Hispaniola ( the island containing the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) ; the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands lies some 215 kilometres ( 134 mi ) to the north-west . Originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples , the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494 . Many of the indigenous people were either killed or died of diseases to which they had no immunity , and the Spanish thus forcibly transplanted large numbers of African slaves to Jamaica as labourers . The island remained a possession of Spain until 1655 , when England ( later Great Britain ) conquered it , renaming it Jamaica . Under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter , with a plantation economy dependent on the African slaves and later their descendants . The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838 , and many freedmen chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations . Beginning in the 1840s , the British began utilising Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations . The island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962 . With 2.9 million people , Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas ( after the United States and Canada ) , and the fourth-most populous country in the Caribbean . Kingston is the country 's capital and largest city ."}]}, {'value': '2,950,210 ( 2015 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamaica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamaica', 'summary': "Jamaica ( /dʒəˈmeɪkə/ ( listen ) ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea . Spanning 10,990 square kilometres ( 4,240 sq mi ) in area , it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean ( after Cuba and Hispaniola ) . Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres ( 90 mi ) south of Cuba , and 191 kilometres ( 119 mi ) west of Hispaniola ( the island containing the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) ; the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands lies some 215 kilometres ( 134 mi ) to the north-west . Originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples , the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494 . Many of the indigenous people were either killed or died of diseases to which they had no immunity , and the Spanish thus forcibly transplanted large numbers of African slaves to Jamaica as labourers . The island remained a possession of Spain until 1655 , when England ( later Great Britain ) conquered it , renaming it Jamaica . Under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter , with a plantation economy dependent on the African slaves and later their descendants . The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838 , and many freedmen chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations . Beginning in the 1840s , the British began utilising Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations . The island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962 . With 2.9 million people , Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas ( after the United States and Canada ) , and the fourth-most populous country in the Caribbean . Kingston is the country 's capital and largest city ."}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhongshan Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhongshan_Dao', 'summary': 'Zhongshan Island , formerly also known as Macau Island or Xiangshan Island , [ a ] is an island on the west bank of the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong , China . This area is separated from the mainland by a narrow waterway , and has a population of about 2.8 million . At the southern tip of the island is the Special Administrative Region of Macau . The rest of the island ( and more than 70% of the population ) is part of the cities of Zhuhai and Zhongshan .'}]}, {'value': '2,890,000 ( 2015 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China and Macau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Macau', 'summary': "Macau , also spelled Macao ( /məˈkaʊ/ ( listen ) ; 澳門 , Cantonese : [ ōu.mǔːn ] ; official Portuguese : [ mɐˈkaw ] Macau ) , and officially the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , is a city and special administrative region on the western side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With a population of 667,400 and an area of 32.9 km2 ( 12.7 sq mi ) , it is the most densely populated region in the world . Macau was formerly a colony of the Portuguese Empire , after Ming China leased the territory as a trading post in 1557 . Between 1557 and 1887 , Macau was governed by the Portuguese under Chinese authority and sovereignty with the Portuguese paying an annual land rent . In 1887 , Portugal was given perpetual colonial rights for Macau which gave Portuguese sovereignty over Macau . The colony remained under Portuguese rule until 1999 , when it was transferred to China . As a special administrative region , Macau maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China . Originally a sparsely populated collection of coastal islands , the territory has become a major resort city and the top destination for gambling tourism . It is the ninth-highest recipient of tourism revenue and its gambling industry is seven times larger than that of Las Vegas . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , it has severe income inequality . Its GDP per capita by purchasing power parity is one of the highest in the world and higher than any country in the world in 2014 according to the World Bank . Macau has a very high Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zealand_(Denmark)', 'summary': 'Zealand ( Danish : Sjælland , pronounced [ ˈɕɛˌlænˀ ] ) , at 7,031 km2 , is the largest and most populous island in Denmark proper ( thus excluding Greenland and Disko Island , which are larger ) . Zealand has a population of 2,302,074 ( as of 1 January 2018 ) . It is the 13th-largest island in Europe by area and the 4th most populous . It is connected to Funen by the Great Belt Fixed Link , to Lolland , Falster ( and Germany from 2028 ) by the Storstrøm Bridge and the Farø Bridges . Zealand is also linked to Amager by several bridges . Zealand is linked indirectly , through intervening islands by a series of bridges and tunnels , to southern Sweden . Copenhagen , the capital of Denmark , is located partly on the eastern shore of Zealand and partly on the island of Amager . Other cities on Zealand include Roskilde , Hillerød , Næstved and Helsingør . Despite their identical names in English , the island is not connected historically to the Pacific nation of New Zealand , which is named after the Dutch province of Zeeland .'}]}, {'value': '2,287,740 ( 2017 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leyte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leyte', 'summary': 'Leyte ( /ˈleɪti , ˈleɪteɪ/ LAY-tee , LAY-tay ) is an island in the Visayas group of islands in the Philippines . It is the seventh largest island in the Philippines by land area . The island was known to 16th-century Spanish explorers as Tandaya . Its population grew rapidly after 1900 , especially in the Leyte and Ormoc valleys . In World War II , U.S. forces landed on Leyte ( October 20 , 1944 ) , and , after the Battle of Leyte Gulf , the Japanese were expelled . Since the accessibility of land has been depleted , Leyte has provided countless number of migrants to Mindanao . Most inhabitants are farmers . Fishing is a supplementary activity . Rice and corn ( maize ) are the main food crops ; cash crops include coconuts , abaca , tobacco , bananas , and sugarcane . There are some manganese deposits , and sandstone and limestone are quarried in the northwest . Politically , the island is divided into two provinces : ( Northern ) Leyte and Southern Leyte . Territorially , Southern Leyte includes the island of Panaon to its south .'}]}, {'value': '2,388,518 ( 2015 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Islands ordered by population -- Population 1,000,000 to 10,000,000', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_islands_by_population_1', 'intro': "This is a list of islands in the world ordered by population, which includes all islands with population greater than 100,000. For comparison, continental landmasses are also shown, in italics. The population of the world's islands is over 730 million, approximately 11% of the world's total population. Of those, only Java and Honshu have populations over 1% of the global population."} | null | null | What is the name of the river that separates the island with a population of 7,838,822 from the Bronx and Manhattan ? | Long Island |
0817a671593eddb7 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen_Stefani', 'title': 'Gwen Stefani', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1996-2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saturday Night Live', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live', 'summary': "Saturday Night Live ( known as SNL ) is an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Dick Ebersol . The show premiered on NBC on October 11 , 1975 , under the original title NBC 's Saturday Night . The show 's comedy sketches , which often parody contemporary culture and politics , are performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members . Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest , who usually delivers the opening monologue and performs in sketches with the cast as with featured performances by a musical guest . An episode normally begins with a cold open sketch that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming , Live from New York , it 's Saturday Night ! , properly beginning the show . In 1980 , Michaels left the series to explore other opportunities . He was replaced by Jean Doumanian , who was replaced by Ebersol after a season of bad reviews . Ebersol ran the show until 1985 . Since Michaels ' return he has held the job of show-runner . Many SNL cast members have found national stardom while appearing on the show , and achieved success in film and television , both in front of and behind the camera . Others associated with the show , such as writers , have gone on to successful careers creating , writing , and starring in television and film . Broadcast from Studio 8H at NBC 's headquarters in the Comcast Building at 30 Rockefeller Plaza , SNL has aired 884 episodes since its debut , and began its forty-fifth season on September 28 , 2019 , making it one of the longest-running network television programs in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Musical guest', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'King of the Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_of_the_Hill', 'summary': "King of the Hill is an American adult animated sitcom created by Mike Judge and Greg Daniels for the Fox Broadcasting Company that ran from January 12 , 1997 , to May 6 , 2010 . It centers on the Hills , a middle-class American family in the fictional city of Arlen , Texas . Patriarch and main character Hank Hill , who works as assistant manager at Strickland Propane , is the everyman and general protagonist of the series . His modest conservative views and biases often clash with those of his wife , Peggy ; his son , Bobby ; his father , Cotton ; his niece , Luanne ; his boss , Buck Strickland ; and his neighbor , Kahn . Hank is friends with other residents on his block , especially Bill Dauterive , Dale Gribble , and Jeff Boomhauer , all of whom he has known since elementary school . It attempts to maintain a realistic approach , seeking humor in the conventional and mundane aspects of everyday life . Judge began creating King of the Hill during his time making the MTV series Beavis and Butt-Head , which he also created and voiced . After pitching the pilot to Fox , Judge was paired with Greg Daniels , an experienced writer who previously worked on The Simpsons . The series debuted on the Fox network as a mid-season replacement in 1997 , quickly becoming a hit . The series ' popularity led to worldwide syndication , and reruns aired on Adult Swim from 2009 until 2018 . Since July 24 , 2018 , reruns began airing on Comedy Central until 2019 . The show became one of Fox 's longest-running series ."}]}, {'value': 'Herself ( with No Doubt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Kidney Boy and Hamster Girl : A Love Story', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kidney_Boy_and_Hamster_Girl:_A_Love_Story', 'summary': 'The fifth season of King of the Hill originally aired Sundays at 7:30-8:00 p.m. ( EST ) from October 1 , 2000 to May 13 , 2001 . The Region 1 DVD was released on November 22 , 2005 . The Region 2 DVD was released on February 26 , 2007 . The Region 4 DVD was released on April 28 , 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zoolander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoolander', 'summary': 'Zoolander is a 2001 American action comedy film directed by Ben Stiller and starring Stiller , Owen Wilson and Will Ferrell . The film contains elements from a pair of short films directed by Russell Bates and written by Drake Sather and Stiller for the VH1 Fashion Awards television specials in 1996 and 1997 . The short films and the film itself feature a dimwitted , narcissistic male model named Derek Zoolander , played by Stiller . The film involves Zoolander becoming the pawn of corrupt fashion executives who are plotting to assassinate the Prime Minister of Malaysia . The name Derek Zoolander was invented by Bates while he was editing the first short film , and was inspired by the names of two male models who both worked for Calvin Klein : the Dutchman Mark Vanderloo and the American Johnny Zander . A satire on the fashion industry , the film received mixed to positive reviews from critics but was a box office success . A sequel , Zoolander 2 , was released in February 2016 , to negative reviews . An animated series , Zoolander : Super Model , was released on Netflix UK in August 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Herself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cameo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cameo_appearance', 'summary': "A cameo role or cameo appearance ( /ˈkæmioʊ/ ; often shortened to just cameo ) is a brief appearance or voice part of a well known person in a work of the performing arts . These roles are generally small , many of them non-speaking ones , and are commonly either appearances in a work in which they hold some special significance ( such as actors from an original movie appearing in its remake ) or renowned people making uncredited appearances . Short appearances by celebrities , film directors , politicians , athletes or musicians are common . A crew member of the movie or show playing a minor role can be referred to as a cameo as well , such as Alfred Hitchcock 's frequently performed cameos ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Dawson 's Creek", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Dawson's_Creek", 'summary': "Dawson 's Creek is an American teen drama television series about the fictional lives of a close-knit group of friends beginning in high school and continuing in college that ran from 1998 to 2003 . The series starred James Van Der Beek as Dawson Leery , Katie Holmes as his best friend and love interest Joey Potter , Joshua Jackson as their fellow best friend Pacey Witter , and Michelle Williams as Jen Lindley , a New York City transplant to the fictional town of Capeside , Massachusetts , where the series was set . The show was created by Kevin Williamson and debuted on The WB on January 20 , 1998 . It was produced by Columbia TriStar Television ( renamed Sony Pictures Television before the sixth and final season ) and was filmed in Wilmington , North Carolina . The show placed at No . 90 on Entertainment Weekly 's New TV Classics list in 2007 . The series ended on May 14 , 2003 . During the course of the series , 128 episodes of Dawson 's Creek aired over six seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Herself ( with No Doubt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Spiderwebs', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/List_of_Dawson's_Creek_episodes", 'summary': "Dawson 's Creek , an American television series , was created by Kevin Williamson , who was the executive producer until the end of the show 's second season . Paul Stupin shared the executive producer role until Williamson left , and remained until the series finale along with Tom Kapinos and Greg Prange . It is produced by Outerbanks Entertainment and Sony Pictures Television . The series stars James Van Der Beek as Dawson Leery , an aspiring film maker . Katie Holmes portrays his best friend and love interest Joey Potter , with Joshua Jackson as their fellow best friend Pacey Witter . Michelle Williams plays Jen Lindley , who moves from New York City to Capeside after being sent away by her parents . Kerr Smith and Meredith Monroe plays siblings Jack and Andie McPhee . Between January 20 , 1998 , and May 14 , 2003 , Dawson 's Creek aired six seasons on the American television network The WB , the first a mid-season replacement and the following five as regular seasons . One hundred and twenty-eight episodes were produced over the show 's six-year run , and concluded with a two-hour series finale . All six seasons are available on DVD in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malice_(2004_video_game)', 'summary': "Malice is a platform game for the Xbox and PlayStation 2 developed by Argonaut Games and published by Mud Duck Productions in North America and Evolved Games in Europe . The game was originally supposed to be a title for the PlayStation . It was ported and management aimed to release it in late 2001 as an Xbox launch title with band members from No Doubt doing various voice-overs and singer Gwen Stefani doing the voice for Malice . After a lengthy delay , cancellation , a change in publishers and an eventual revival , the game was released in 2004 and was met with mediocre reviews . This was Argonaut 's final title released , as the company went out of business two months after the Xbox version came out in Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Malice ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Video game', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Aviator', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Aviator_(2004_film)', 'summary': "The Aviator is a 2004 American epic biographical drama film directed by Martin Scorsese and written by John Logan . It stars Leonardo DiCaprio as Howard Hughes , Cate Blanchett as Katharine Hepburn , and Kate Beckinsale as Ava Gardner . The supporting cast features Ian Holm , John C. Reilly , Alec Baldwin , Jude Law as Errol Flynn , Gwen Stefani as Jean Harlow , Kelli Garner as Faith Domergue , Matt Ross , Willem Dafoe , Alan Alda , and Edward Herrmann . Based on the 1993 non-fiction book Howard Hughes : The Secret Life by Charles Higham , the film depicts the life of Howard Hughes , an aviation pioneer and director of Hell 's Angels . The film portrays his life from 1927-1947 during which time Hughes became a successful film producer and an aviation magnate while simultaneously growing more unstable due to severe obsessive-compulsive disorder ( OCD ) . The Aviator was released in the United States on December 25 , 2004 . The film grossed $ 214 million at the box office . At the 77th Academy Awards , it was nominated for eleven awards , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Original Screenplay , Best Actor for DiCaprio , and Best Supporting Actor for Alda , winning five : Best Cinematography , Best Film Editing , Best Costume Design , Best Art Direction , and Best Supporting Actress for Cate Blanchett ."}]}, {'value': 'Jean Harlow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Harlow', 'summary': "Jean Harlow ( born Harlean Harlow Carpenter ; March 3 , 1911 - June 7 , 1937 ) was an American film actress and sex symbol of the 1930s . Harlow was only on the screen from 1928 to 1937 , before her death at the age of 26 , but she became one of the biggest movie stars in the world , whose image in the public eye has endured . Often nicknamed the Blonde Bombshell and the Platinum Blonde , she was popular for her Laughing Vamp movie persona . Harlow was signed by billionaire producer Howard Hughes , who directed her first major appearance as a sex symbol in Hell 's Angels ( 1930 ) . In 1932 , after a series of critically unsuccessful films and Hughes losing interest in her career , Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer bought out Harlow 's contract . Harlow became a leading lady , starring in a string of hits including her breakthrough acting role Red-Headed Woman ( 1932 ) , Red Dust ( 1932 ) , Dinner at Eight ( 1933 ) , Reckless ( 1935 ) and Suzy ( 1936 ) . Harlow 's popularity rivaled and soon surpassed that of MGM colleagues Joan Crawford and Norma Shearer . Harlow died during the filming of MGM 's Saratoga ( 1937 ) . The studio was able to complete the film by using body doubles , and it was released a little over a month after Harlow 's death . The American Film Institute ranks Jean Harlow as the 22nd-greatest female star of classic Hollywood cinema ."}]}, {'value': 'Nominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Cast_in_a_Motion_Picture', 'summary': 'The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Motion Picture ( or Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture ) , is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild to honor the finest acting achievements in film .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fashion Rocks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fashion_Rocks', 'summary': "Fashion Rocks is an annual international charity fundraiser event , which features fashions by the world 's top designers presented as live performances by popular music acts . Fashion Rocks Worldwide is the owner of the intellectual property rights to the Fashion Rocks brand and grants licenses for these live events globally . Fashion Rocks Worldwide also operates a content and cross-border marketplace at www.fashionrocks.com ."}]}, {'value': 'Herself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brain Fart', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gossip Girl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gossip_Girl', 'summary': "Gossip Girl is an American teen drama television series based on the book series of the same name written by Cecily von Ziegesar . The series , created by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage , originally ran on The CW network for six seasons from September 19 , 2007 , to December 17 , 2012 . Narrated by the omniscient blogger Gossip Girl ( voiced by Kristen Bell ) , the series revolves around the lives of privileged upper-class adolescents living in Manhattan 's Upper East Side ( UES ) . The series begins with the return of Upper East Side teenage it girl Serena van der Woodsen ( Blake Lively ) from a mysterious absence . She is reunited with her frenemy Blair Waldorf ( Leighton Meester ) and her mother Lily ( Kelly Rutherford ) , while she also meets Dan Humphrey ( Penn Badgley ) , an aspiring writer from Brooklyn . Other main characters are played by Chace Crawford , Ed Westwick , Taylor Momsen , Jessica Szohr , Matthew Settle , Connor Paolo and Kaylee DeFer . The success of Gossip Girl led to adaptations outside the United States . The show has received numerous award nominations , winning 18 Teen Choice Awards . The CW officially renewed Gossip Girl for a sixth and final season on May 11 , 2012 . The final season , consisting of 10 episodes , premiered on October 8 , 2012 and ended on December 17 , 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Snowed Out lead singer ( with No Doubt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Valley Girls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valley_Girls', 'summary': "Valley Girls is the twenty-fourth episode of the second season of The CW television series Gossip Girl . The episode served as a backdoor pilot for a potential Gossip Girl spin-off series set in the 1980s , entitled Valley Girls . The episode was directed by Mark Piznarski and written by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage ( this was the first episode of the series since Much ' I Do ' About Nothing to be co-written by Schwartz ) . It was filmed on location in New York City , New York and in Los Angeles , California . References to elements of 1980s popular culture were heavily accentuated in the episode , which the producers hoped would bridge the generation gap between the characters and audience . Valley Girls aired on the CW in the United States on May 11 , 2009 and was viewed live by an audience of 2.31 million Americans . Although the episode received generally positive reviews , the spin-off series was not picked up . Valley Girls provides insight on the mysterious past of character Lily van der Woodsen ( played by Kelly Rutherford as an adult and Brittany Snow as a teenager ) through a series of flashbacks to her life as a teenager in the 1980s . In the past , Lily runs away from her wealthy parents to live in the San Fernando Valley with her sister Carol Rhodes ( Krysten Ritter ) , the black sheep of the family . In the present , Lily 's daughter Serena van der Woodsen ( Blake Lively ) rebels against her mother while her classmates prepare for the Prom . The episode introduces the main cast of Valley Girls as guest actors ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Everyday Sunshine : The Story of Fishbone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Everyday_Sunshine:_The_Story_of_Fishbone', 'summary': "Everyday Sunshine : The Story of Fishbone is an award-winning 2010 documentary film about the U.S. alternative rock band Fishbone . Co-produced and co-directed by Lev Anderson and Chris Metzler , and narrated by actor Laurence Fishburne , Everyday Sunshine premiered during the 2010 Los Angeles Film Festival , on 19 June 2010 . The film was released by Pale Griot Film , and was made to coincide with Fishbone 's 25th anniversary . It was released on iTunes in February 2012 to coincide with Black History Month ."}]}, {'value': 'Herself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portlandia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portlandia_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Portlandia is a sketch comedy television series set and filmed in and around Portland , Oregon , starring Fred Armisen and Carrie Brownstein . The show was produced by Broadway Video Television and IFC Original Productions . It was created by Armisen and Brownstein , along with Jonathan Krisel , who directs it . It debuted on IFC on January 21 , 2011 . The show shared its title with the sculpture of the same name that sits above the entrance of the Portland Building on Fifth Avenue in downtown Portland , which appears in the show 's title sequence . The show has won a Peabody Award . In January 2017 , the series was renewed for an eighth and final season , which concluded on March 22 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Herself ( with No Doubt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Episode : Nina 's Birthday", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Portlandia_episodes', 'summary': 'Portlandia is an American satire television series created by Fred Armisen , Carrie Brownstein and Jonathan Krisel . The series stars Armisen and Brownstein . It premiered on January 21 , 2011 , on IFC . During the course of the series , 77 episodes of Portlandia aired over eight seasons .'}]}, {'value': '2014-2015 , 2017 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Voice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Voice_(American_TV_series)', 'summary': "The Voice is an American singing competition television series broadcast on NBC . It premiered during the spring television cycle on April 26 , 2011 , and expanded into the fall cycle with the premiere of the third season on September 10 , 2012 . Based on the original The Voice of Holland , and part of The Voice franchise it has aired seventeen seasons and aims to find currently unsigned singing talent ( solo or duets , professional and amateur ) contested by aspiring singers , age 13 or over , drawn from public auditions . The winner is determined by television viewers voting by telephone , internet , SMS text , and iTunes Store purchases of the audio-recorded artists ' vocal performances . They receive US $ 100,000 and a record deal with Universal Music Group for winning the competition . The winners of the seventeen seasons have been : Javier Colon , Jermaine Paul , Cassadee Pope , Danielle Bradbery , Tessanne Chin , Josh Kaufman , Craig Wayne Boyd , Sawyer Fredericks , Jordan Smith , Alisan Porter , Sundance Head , Chris Blue , Chloe Kohanski , Brynn Cartelli , Chevel Shepherd , Maelyn Jarmon , and Jake Hoot . The series employs a panel of four coaches who critique the artists ' performances and guide their teams of selected artists through the remainder of the season . They also compete to ensure that their act wins the competition , thus making them the winning coach . The original panel featured Christina Aguilera , CeeLo Green , Adam Levine , and Blake Shelton ; the panel for the upcoming eighteenth season features Shelton , Kelly Clarkson , John Legend and Nick Jonas . Other coaches from previous seasons include Shakira , Usher , Gwen Stefani , Pharrell Williams , Miley Cyrus , Alicia Keys , and Jennifer Hudson . In the fifteenth season , Kelsea Ballerini was featured as an off-screen fifth coach for Comeback Stage contestants . Bebe Rexha took over as the Comeback Stage coach for the sixteenth season ."}]}, {'value': 'Herself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coach ( seasons 7 , 9 , 12 , 17 ) ; advisor ( seasons 8 and 10 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Through the Eyes of Faith', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trolls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trolls_(film)', 'summary': "Trolls is a 2016 American computer-animated musical comedy film based on the Troll dolls created by Thomas Dam . Mike Mitchell and Walt Dohrn co-directed this film , with Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger serving as the writers . Trolls is based on a story by Erica Rivinoja . The film features the voices of Anna Kendrick , Justin Timberlake , Christopher Mintz-Plasse , Zooey Deschanel , Christine Baranski , Russell Brand , James Corden , Jeffrey Tambor , John Cleese and Gwen Stefani . The film follows two trolls who go on a quest , to save their village from destruction by the Bergens , creatures who eat Trolls to be happy . The 33rd animated feature film produced by DreamWorks Animation , the film premiered on October 8 , 2016 , at the BFI London Film Festival and was theatrically released in the United States on November 4 , 2016 , by 20th Century Fox . The film received positive reviews from critics , grossed $ 346 million worldwide against its $ 125 million budget and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song for Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! . A sequel , Trolls World Tour , is scheduled to be released on April 17 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'DJ Suki ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trolls World Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trolls_World_Tour', 'summary': 'Trolls World Tour is an upcoming 2020 American computer-animated musical comedy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Universal Pictures . The film is a sequel to the 2016 film Trolls , directed by Walt Dohrn with co-direction by David P. Smith , produced by Gina Shay , and will feature an ensemble voice cast including Anna Kendrick , Justin Timberlake , James Corden , Ozzy Osbourne , Rachel Bloom , Anderson Paak , George Clinton , Mary J. Blige , Kelly Clarkson , Sam Rockwell , Ron Funches , Gwen Stefani , Icona Pop , Kunal Nayyar , Jamie Dornan , J Balvin and Kenan Thompson . The film is set to be theatrically released in the United States on April 17 , 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'DJ Suki ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Gwen_Stefani_0', 'intro': "Gwen Renée Stefani (/stəˈfɑːni/; born October 3, 1969) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and record producer. She is a co-founder and the lead vocalist of the band No Doubt, whose singles include Just a Girl, Spiderwebs, and Don't Speak, from their 1995 breakthrough studio album Tragic Kingdom, as well as Hey Baby and It's My Life from later albums. During the band's hiatus, Stefani embarked on a solo pop career in 2004 by releasing her debut studio album Love. Angel. Music. Baby. Inspired by pop music from the 1980s, the album was a critical and commercial success. It spawned six singles, including What You Waiting For?, Rich Girl, Hollaback Girl, and Cool. Hollaback Girl reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart while also becoming the first US download to sell one million copies. In 2006, Stefani released her second studio album, The Sweet Escape. Among the singles were Wind It Up and The Sweet Escape, the latter of which was number three on the Billboard Hot 100 year-end chart of 2007. Her third solo album, This Is What the Truth Feels Like (2016), was her first solo album to reach number one on the Billboard 200 chart."} | null | null | Who portrayed Dawson Leery in the show in which Gwen Stefani appeared in 2002 ? | James Van Der Beek |
0818f7d051700ecc | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Gospel_Album', 'title': 'Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album', 'header': ['Year', 'Winning artist ( s )', 'Work', 'Other nominees'], 'data': [{'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/33rd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 33rd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 20 , 1991 . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Quincy Jones was the night 's biggest winner winning a total of six awards including Album of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Petra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petra_(band)', 'summary': "Petra is a music group regarded as a pioneer of the Christian rock and contemporary Christian music genres . Formed in 1972 , the band took its name from the Greek word for rock . Though it disbanded formally in 2006 , incarnations have played reunion shows in the years since and released two albums in November 2010 , and in November 2017 . In 2013 , it reformed with a new drummer , Cristian Borneo , and recorded a new song titled Holy is Your Name , before going back on tour . With a style initially similar to The Eagles and Lynyrd Skynyrd , Petra 's sound evolved into a more energetic , driving rock sound in the early 1980s akin to Foreigner , Styx and Journey . Throughout the 1980s and into the early 1990s , Petra was one of the world 's most popular Christian rock bands , with each of its albums during that period selling hundreds of thousands of copies while the band sold-out arenas and regularly placed songs at the top of Christian radio charts . With its lyrics , music and style , Petra influenced numerous other artists at a time when Christian rock experienced strong opposition from many conservative pastors and churches . In more than three decades , the band experienced numerous lineup changes yet released 20 studio albums , as well as two Spanish-language and two live albums , selling nearly 10 million copies while being nominated for 13 Grammy Awards , winning four , and winning 10 Dove Awards . Its biggest hit , The Coloring Song , reached the top position on three Christian radio charts simultaneously , and at its peak , the band 's tours rivaled Amy Grant 's in popularity among Christian audiences . Petra was the first rock band inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame and the first Christian band whose memorabilia was included in the Hard Rock Cafe restaurant chain . The band announced its retirement in 2005 , launching a farewell tour that was recorded for release on CD and DVD . Petra 's 33-year career ended with a performance in the early hours of January 1 , 2006 , in Murphy , North Carolina ."}]}, {'value': 'Beyond Belief', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beyond_Belief_(Petra_album)', 'summary': "Beyond Belief is the twelfth studio album of the Christian rock band , Petra . It was released on June 20 , 1990 . In this album the band continues to polish the hard rock/arena rock sound the band had been working on their previous efforts before their praise album ( On Fire ! and This Means War ! ) . As of late 2011 , this is the band 's most successful album both critically and commercially , and it is considered by most to be the peak of their discography . The album won the band their first Grammy after five previous nominations , and was certified gold on October 3 , 1995 . The band also released a mini-movie of the same title . The movie features videos of most of the songs of the album intercalated in the plot . ( see Beyond Belief )"}]}, {'value': 'Phil Keaggy - Find Me in These Fields Mylon & Broken Heart - Crank It Up Eddie DeGarmo - Phase II Charlie Peacock - The Secret of Time', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Keaggy', 'summary': "Philip Tyler Phil Keaggy ( born March 23 , 1951 ) is an American acoustic and electric guitarist and vocalist who has released more than 50 albums and contributed to many more recordings in both the contemporary Christian music and mainstream markets . He is a seven-time recipient of the GMA Dove Award for Instrumental Album of the Year , and was twice nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album . He has frequently been listed as one of the world 's top-three finger-style , as well as finger-picking , guitarists by Guitar Player Magazine readers ' polls ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Find_Me_in_These_Fields', 'summary': 'Find Me In These Fields is the title of a 1990 album by guitarist Phil Keaggy , released on A & M Records .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mylon_&_Broken_Heart', 'summary': 'Mylon R. LeFevre ( born October 6 , 1944 ) is an American Christian rock singer best known for his work with his band Mylon and Broken Heart . He is a member of the Gospel Music Hall of Fame . He currently travels around the United States , ministering , teaching and singing . He sometimes can be seen on television networks , such as TBN and Daystar .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eddie_DeGarmo', 'summary': 'Eddie DeGarmo ( born October 3 , 1954 ) is an American contemporary Christian music recording artist , keyboardist , producer and singer . He became best friends with guitarist/lead vocalist Dana Key in first grade , and co-founded the Christian rock group DeGarmo and Key with him in 1978 . DeGarmo played keyboards and provided vocals for the band . DeGarmo was one of the founders of Christian music label ForeFront Records . After almost twenty years performing with DeGarmo and Key , DeGarmo influenced other areas of the Christian music industry as an executive at ForeFront Records . DeGarmo , like Key , hails from Memphis , Tennessee . He is the uncle of singer and Broadway actress Diana DeGarmo . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Charlie_Peacock', 'summary': "Charles William Ashworth ( born August 10 , 1956 ) , known professionally as Charlie Peacock , is an American singer , songwriter , pianist , record producer , session musician , and author . His albums include Love Press Ex-Curio , Arc of the Circle and No Man 's Land ( 2012 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/34th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 34th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 25 , 1992 , recognizing accomplishments by musicians from the previous year ( 1991 ) . Natalie Cole won the most awards ( three ) , including Album of the Year . Paul Simon opened the show .'}]}, {'value': 'Russ Taff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russ_Taff', 'summary': 'Russell Taff ( born November 11 , 1953 ) is an American gospel singer and songwriter . He has sung a variety of musical styles throughout his career including : pop rock , traditional southern gospel , contemporary country music , and rhythm and blues . He first gained recognition as lead vocalist for the Imperials ( 1976-81 ) . One of his best-known performances is the song Praise the Lord . He has also been a member of the Gaither Vocal Band , and occasionally tours with Bill Gaither in the Gaither Homecoming concerts . As a solo artist and songwriter , Taff is known for the 1980s anthem We Will Stand .'}]}, {'value': 'Under Their Influence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kim Hill - Brave Heart DeGarmo & Key - Go to the Top DC Talk - Nu Thang Margaret Becker - Simple House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_Hill_(singer)', 'summary': 'Kim Hill ( born December 30 , 1963 ) is a contemporary Christian music singer . Aside from her career as a Grammy Award-nominated and GMA Dove Award-winning solo artist , she has also sung background vocals on projects by other artists , such as Rich Mullins ( Winds of Heaven , Stuff of Earth ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brave_Heart_(Kim_Hill_album)', 'summary': 'Brave Heart is the third studio album by Kim Hill , released in 1991 . It earned a Grammy nomination for Best Rock/Contemporary Gospel Album . It reached number 11 on the Contemporary Christian Albums chart in Billboard Magazine .'}, {'url': '/wiki/DeGarmo_&_Key', 'summary': "DeGarmo & Key was a Christian rock group that started professionally in 1978 . The primary members were Eddie DeGarmo and Dana Key . DeGarmo played keyboards and sang background vocals ( and occasionally lead ) , while Key played lead guitar and did the majority of the lead vocals . Other members included Tommy Cathey on bass and Greg Morrow on drums as well as Tony Pilcher on rhythm and second lead guitar . The group 's music was of the pop and rock genres , although initially , the music had progressive rock elements . Their best known songs are : Destined to Win ( also the title of their 1992 's early best of album Destined to Win ) ; Let the Whole World Sing ; Six , Six , Six ; Boycott Hell ; Every Moment ; and Casual Christian . Also noted for their 1986 album Streetlight , their 1987 album D & K , and their 1989 album The Pledge . Other musicians who have recorded or toured with DeGarmo & Key include Kenny Porter ( bass ) , Kevin Rodell ( drums ) , Chuck Reynolds ( drums ) , Steve Taylor ( guitar ) ( not related to another Steve Taylor , also a Contemporary Christian artist ) and Mark Pogue ( guitar ) . DeGarmo & Key have individually recorded solo albums . During early 2007 Key and DeGarmo received the ASCAP Vision Award at the 29th Annual ASCAP Christian Music Awards . Key and DeGarmo reunited to do a concert on October 21 , 2007 at TLC Church in Cordova , Tennessee . DeGarmo & Key played at the 2008 Cornerstone Festival in Bushnell , Illinois ."}, {'url': '/wiki/DC_Talk', 'summary': "DC Talk ( stylized as dc Talk ) is a Christian rap and rock trio . The group was formed at Liberty University in Lynchburg , Virginia in 1987 by Toby McKeehan , Michael Tait , and Kevin Max Smith . They released five major studio albums together : DC Talk ( 1989 ) , Nu Thang ( 1990 ) , Free at Last ( 1992 ) , Jesus Freak ( 1995 ) , and Supernatural ( 1998 ) . In 2002 , the Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music called DC Talk the most popular overtly Christian act of all time . In 2001 , the group released an EP titled Solo , which contained two solo songs from each member . Since that time , DC Talk has been on an indefinite hiatus , and the three band members all have led solo careers . They performed and recorded individual songs together several times during the 2000s , although the group never officially reunited or disbanded . The group 's musical style evolved significantly throughout its career . Its first two releases , DC Talk and Nu Thang , were of the hip hop genre . DC Talk 's third album , Free at Last , also mainly took influence from the hip hop style , although the group 's music began taking on a rock sound . The trio 's last two albums , Jesus Freak and Supernatural , were predominantly pop rock . They are currently on hiatus and no announcements of new albums have been made ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nu_Thang', 'summary': 'Nu Thang is the second studio album from DC Talk , which was released in 1990 . It was certified Gold by RIAA . Almost two decades later , the single Nu Thang and its YouTube video gained more recognition after a viral video was put up known as The Nu Thang Kid . It is a video of a boy from the 1990s rapping Nu Thang , and the video were used on an episode of Equals Three .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Margaret_Becker', 'summary': 'Margaret Becker ( born July 17 , 1959 ) is an American Christian rock singer , guitarist , and songwriter . She has had twenty-one No . 1 Christian radio hits , won four Dove Awards , and been nominated for four Grammy Awards .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/35th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 35th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24 , 1993 and recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . The nominations were announced on January 7 , 1993 . The evening 's host was the American stand-up comedian Garry Shandling , who hosted the ceremony for the third time . The CBS network broadcast the show live from the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles , California . This particular Grammy live broadcast was the commercially most successful of its kind in the 1990s . As Nielsen Media Research and Billboard magazine stated on January 10 , 2004 , the highest-rated Grammy show of the 1990s was the 1993 telecast , which got a 19.9 rating/31 share and 30 million United States viewers alone . British guitarist and singer Eric Clapton ( for whom still mourned for the loss of his son two years ago ) was the night 's big winner , winning six awards out of nine nominations including Album , Song and Record of the Year . Michael Jackson , having been recently interviewed in Oprah Winfrey Show had received the Grammy Legend Award from his sister Janet Jackson . A small segment of the show was How to Become a Legend narrated by Janet . A total of twelve live performances where held at the ceremony , including the opener Steam by Peter Gabriel , Constant Craving by k. d. lang , Give It Away by the Red Hot Chili Peppers with George Clinton and P-Funk , Save the Best for Last by Vanessa Williams , My Lovin ' ( You 're Never Gon na Get It ) by En Vogue , The Lady Is a Tramp by Tony Bennett and Natalie Cole , The Whiskey Ai n't Workin ' by Travis Tritt and Marty Stuart , People Everyday by Arrested Development , Achy Breaky Heart by Billy Ray Cyrus , Hallelujah ! by Mervyn Warren and Los Angeles Master Chorale , Beauty and the Beast by Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson as well as Cherokee by Arturo Sandoval featuring the GRP All-Stars Ensemble and Clapton 's Tears in Heaven . At the 45th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1993 , the production mixers Ed Greene , Rick Himot , Don Worsham , David Hewitt and Paul Sandweiss were nominated for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Variety or Music Series or a Special , losing to Star Trek : The Next Generation ."}]}, {'value': 'Petra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unseen Power', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unseen_Power', 'summary': 'Unseen Power is the thirteenth studio album of the Christian rock band , Petra . It was released in November 1991 . The album retains a driving edge while veering away from the more commercial pop-metal sound of their previous efforts . Bob Hartman has stated that he and the producers intentionally chose to move in directions they were not instinctively inclined to go .'}]}, {'value': 'White Heart - Tales of Wonder Pray for Rain - Pray for Rain Geoff Moore and the Distance - A Friend Like U Newsboys - Not Ashamed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_Heart', 'summary': "White Heart , also listed as Whiteheart , was an American contemporary Christian music pop-rock band which formed in 1982 . White Heart 's discography includes thirteen albums , the most recent of which was released in 1997 . Original members Billy Smiley and Mark Gersmehl worked with a continually-changing cast of band-mates . In 1985 , former roadie Rick Florian became the lead singer . Smiley started his own label , Cul-de-Sac Records . Gersmehl continues to write music and has released solo efforts . Florian is a real estate agent in the Franklin , Tennessee area and also continues to sing for various recording projects ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tales_of_Wonder_(album)', 'summary': "Tales of Wonder is the eighth album by the Christian rock band White Heart and the band 's first with Jon Knox as drummer . Chris McHugh played all drum tracks ( except Vendetta ) although Knox was the official drummer for tour ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PFR', 'summary': 'PFR is a Christian rock group from Minnesota . Although the group disbanded in 1997 , they reunited in 2000 and have since recorded two albums . Their name was originally Pray for Rain , but was changed to PFR to avoid a conflict with another musical group .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Geoff_Moore', 'summary': 'Geoff Moore ( born February 22 , 1961 ) is an American contemporary Christian music artist and songwriter . He began recording as a solo artist in 1984 . In 1987 , he formed Geoff Moore and The Distance , his touring band , which released eight albums generating a string of No . 1 radio hits throughout their 10+ year tenure . In 1998 , Geoff retired the band from full-time touring . After a farewell tour , Moore has continued as a solo artist , releasing eight more records between 1999 and 2015 . The Next Thing was released in April 2016 , making it his 25th album to date . Geoff is also an advocate for underprivileged children . He has partnered with Compassion International since 1985 , being a spokesman and advocate for their work in releasing children from poverty throughout the developing world . He also works with Showhope , an organization founded by his close friends Steven and Mary Beth Chapman . Showhope cares for orphan children and helps assist with international adoptions . Geoff Moore is co-founder of an outdoor adventure company called Fellowship Adventures .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Newsboys', 'summary': "Newsboys ( sometimes stylised as newsboys ) are a Christian rock band founded in 1985 in Mooloolaba , Queensland , Australia , by Peter Furler and George Perdikis . The band has released 17 studio albums , 6 of which have been certified gold . As of 2019 , the band consists of lead vocalist Michael Tait ( formerly of DC Talk ) , drummer and percussionist Duncan Phillips , keyboardist and bassist Jeff Frankenstein , and guitarist Jody Davis . In addition to performing music , the band has appeared in the films God 's Not Dead , God 's Not Dead 2 , and God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Not_Ashamed', 'summary': "Not Ashamed is the fourth studio album by Australian CCM band Newsboys , released in 1992 . The album was the Newsboys ' first commercially successful album , with I 'm Not Ashamed becoming a hit on Christian radio . With this album , producer Steve Taylor started co-writing many of the band 's songs with Peter Furler ."}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/36th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 36th Annual Grammy Awards were held in 1994 . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Whitney Houston was the Big Winner winning 3 awards including Record of the Year and Album of the Year while opening the show with I Will Always Love You . Audrey Hepburn 's win made her the fifth person to become an EGOT , and the first person to complete the status posthumously ."}]}, {'value': 'DC Talk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free at Last', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Free_at_Last_(dc_Talk_album)', 'summary': 'Free at Last is the third studio album from DC Talk , which was released in 1992 . Music videos were filmed for Jesus Is Just Alright , The Hardway and Luv Is A Verb . In 1994 , DC Talk released a long-form video of the Free at Last World Tour entitled Narrow is the Road , in which all three music videos can be seen . The album was listed at No . 9 in the 2001 book , CCM Presents : The 100 Greatest Albums in Christian Music and received the Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album ( including Best Rock/Contemporary Gospel Album ) in 1993 . The songs Socially Acceptable and Jesus Is Just Alright received Dove Awards at the 24th GMA Dove Awards for Rap/Hip Hop Recorded Song of the Year and Rock Recorded Song of the Year respectively . Luv Is a Verb received a Dove Award for Rap/Hip Hop Recorded Song of the Year at the 25th GMA Dove Awards . A special commemorative reissue of this album , including rare tracks and a DVD , was released upon its 10th anniversary .'}]}, {'value': "Phil Keaggy - Crimson and Blue Geoff Moore and the Distance - Evolution DeGarmo & Key - Heat it Up Disciples of Christ - Pullin ' No Punches", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crimson_and_Blue', 'summary': "Crimson and Blue is the 1993 album by guitarist Phil Keaggy , released on Myrrh Records . Crimson and Blue found Phil Keaggy surrounded by old friends making new music , in an old Victorian cottage owned by Brown Bannister . The Dugout ( now Vibe56 ) was in the middle of Music Row . Its high ceilings , hardwood floors , and vintage equipment made it a perfect place to record a rock record . Producer/guitarist Lynn Nichols and organist Phil Madeira had been Keaggy 's bandmates in the Phil Keaggy Band in the 1970s . Drummer John Sferra was Keaggy 's oldest friend , and partner in the band Glass Harp . Bassist Wade Jaynes was Nichols ' bandmate from Chagall Guevara ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Disciples_of_Christ_(hip_hop_group)', 'summary': 'The Disciples of Christ were a Christian rap group which originated in Tulsa , Oklahoma in the early 1990s . They released three albums for Star Song Records and later formed their own label , We are One/Throne Room Records . Alton Hood and Michael Brown of the group formed Nimisilla Park in 2016 , carrying on the D.O.C . tradition of Christian rock and hip hop with a twist of soul .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/37th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 37th Annual Grammy Awards were presented on March 1 , 1995 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Bruce Springsteen was the night 's biggest winner with 4 awards , including Song of the Year while opening the show with his Grammy nominated hit ."}]}, {'value': 'Petra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wake-Up Call', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wake-Up_Call_(album)', 'summary': 'Wake-Up Call is the fourteenth studio album of the Christian rock band , Petra . It was released on November 9 , 1993 . The album was one of the most successful for the band garnering them both a Grammy Award and a Dove Award . The album marks a dramatic shift in tone for the band . The sound is more raw , there are fewer driving rock songs , and it concludes with three consecutive ballads .'}]}, {'value': 'Steve Taylor - Squint Newsboys - Going Public DeGarmo & Key - To Extremes Various Artists - Strong Hand of Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Taylor', 'summary': 'Roland Stephen Steve Taylor ( born December 9 , 1957 ) , is an American singer , songwriter , record producer , music executive , film maker , and actor . A figure in what has come to be known as Christian alternative rock , Taylor enjoyed a successful solo career during the 1980s , and also served in the short-lived group Chagall Guevara . In contrast to many Christian musical artists , his songs have often taken aim at other Christians with the use of satirical , sardonic lyrics . In 1997 , he founded the record label Squint Entertainment , which fueled the careers of artists such as Sixpence None the Richer , Chevelle , and Burlap to Cashmere . Despite this success , Taylor was ousted from the label by its parent , Word Entertainment , in 2001 . He has produced and written for numerous musical acts , one of the most consistent being Newsboys . As a film-maker , Taylor co-wrote , directed , and produced the feature films Down Under the Big Top , The Second Chance , and Blue Like Jazz . After a decade and a half of hiatus , Taylor returned to performing music in 2010 as the front-man for Steve Taylor & The Perfect Foil , a supergroup he founded with Peter Furler , Jimmy Abegg , and John Mark Painter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Squint_(album)', 'summary': 'Squint was the 1993 critically acclaimed return of Steve Taylor as a solo artist after his stint as the lead singer of Chagall Guevara . Highlights of the album include The Lament of Desmond RG Underwood Frederick IV , Easy Listening , Jesus is for Losers , The Finish Line , Bannerman , and Curses . It was the last studio album released by Steve Taylor as a solo artist . It peaked at position 17 on the Billboard Top Contemporary Christian Album Chart . The album was released to online music stores on November 16 , 2018 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Going_Public_(Newsboys_album)', 'summary': "Going Public is the fifth studio album by Christian pop rock band Newsboys , released in 1994 . The album was the band 's second commercial success ( following Not Ashamed ) , and it featured Shine , one of their most popular songs . The album was recognized with two Dove Awards at the 25th GMA Dove Awards , one for Rock Album of the Year , and the other Rock Recorded Song of the Year for Shine , as well as nominations for Short Form Music Video of the Year ( Shine ) and Song of the Year ( Shine ) . Going Public was also nominated for a Grammy , for Best Rock Gospel Album . In 2001 , Going Public was recognized by CCM Magazine as one of the 100 Greatest Albums in Christian Music ( appearing at No . 70 on the list ) , and in 2006 , Shine was included at No . 9 on CCM Magazine 's 100 Greatest Songs of Christian Music . The CD was recently included as the first in a series of influential Christian albums in Blaze magazine 's Blast from the past section , saying that modern Christian artists owe a lot to the path this album created , because it .showed music from a Godly perspective could sound extremely catchy , have lyrics that were honest and still glorify God . According to the liner notes the cover photo was taken at a 1948 Post-World War II meeting in Germany which was conducted by the Rev . George A Palmer for the European Evangelical Crusade ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Strong_Hand_of_Love:_A_Tribute_to_Mark_Heard', 'summary': "Strong Hand of Love : A Tribute to Mark Heard is a compilation of songs by various artists in tribute to songwriter , Mark Heard . Recorded and released in 1994 , after Heard 's death in 1992 . Proceeds benefit the Heard Family Fund . In 1994 , with Dan Russell as producer , the album was nominated for a Grammy in the Rock Gospel section . In 1996 , most of these tracks and many more were rereleased as the two-CD Orphans of God . One song , Phil Keaggy 's version of I Always Do , was replaced by his version of Everything Is Alright . Two tracks were dropped completely for space on Orphans , Castaway , by Bruce Carroll , and How to Grow Up Big and Strong , by Rich Mullins ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/38th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 38th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 28 , 1996 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . The awards recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Alanis Morissette was the main recipient , being awarded four trophies , including Album of the Year . Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men opened the show with their Record of the Year nominated One Sweet Day . The ceremony was controversial for its unexpected snub of Mariah Carey 's Daydream album , which proved to be one of the bestselling and most acclaimed albums of 1995 . When the Grammy Award nominees were announced , and Daydream was nominated for six different awards , critics began raving how it would be cleaning up that year . Carey , being a multiple award nominee , was one of the headlining performers . Together with Boyz II Men , she sang a live rendition of One Sweet Day , to a very positive response . However , as the award winners were announced one by one , Carey watched as her name was not called up even once . Daydream had lost all of its six nominations , shocking most critics who branded it the album of the year . With every passing loss , the television cameras continued to zoom on Carey 's face , who was finding it more difficult to retain her smile . By the end of the night , Carey had not won a single award ."}]}, {'value': 'Ashley Cleveland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashley_Cleveland', 'summary': 'Ashley Cleveland ( born February 2 , 1957 ) is an American singer/songwriter best known as a background vocalist and Grammy-winning gospel singer . Ashley Cleveland was born in Knoxville , Tennessee . She was married to Kenny Greenberg on April 27 , 1991 , and has three children .'}]}, {'value': 'Lesson of Love', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Tent Revival - Big Tent Revival Jars of Clay - Jars of Clay Geoff Moore and the Distance - Home Run ! Petra - No Doubt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Tent_Revival', 'summary': 'Big Tent Revival is a Christian rock band formed in Memphis , Tennessee , in 1991 by Steve Wiggins . They were signed to Ardent Records who had a distribution deal with Forefront Records . They disbanded in 2000 after having released five albums , had two releases after disbanding , and reformed in 2012 after as successful crowdfunding campaign for a new album . They are best known for their songs Two Sets of Jones , Choose Life , and What Would Jesus Do ? and were featured at the Harvest Crusades .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jars_of_Clay', 'summary': "Jars of Clay is a Christian rock band from Nashville , Tennessee . The members met at Greenville College in Greenville , Illinois . Jars of Clay consists of Dan Haseltine on vocals , Charlie Lowell on piano and keyboards , Stephen Mason on lead guitars and Matthew Odmark on rhythm guitars . Although the band has no permanent drummer or bass guitarist , Jeremy Lutito and Gabe Ruschival of Disappointed by Candy fill these roles for live concerts . Past tour band members include Aaron Sands , Scott Savage , and Joe Porter . Jars of Clay 's style is a blend of alternative rock , folk , acoustic , and R & B . The band 's name is derived from the New International Version 's translation of 2 Corinthians 4:7 :"}, {'url': '/wiki/Jars_of_Clay_(album)', 'summary': 'Jars of Clay is the first full-length studio album by Christian rock group Jars of Clay . It was released on October 24 , 1995 by Essential Records . The album was released to acclaim and became one of few Christian albums in the mid-1990s to achieve platinum status . Their debut album , it introduced the recently-formed band to a wide audience , establishing a distinctive style that gained both domestic and international attention .'}, {'url': '/wiki/No_Doubt_(Petra_album)', 'summary': 'No Doubt is the fifteenth studio album of the Christian rock band , Petra . It was released on August 26 , 1995 . The tone of the album is more pop-oriented than any previous release featuring Schlitt . Most of the rock songs lack the driving edge of their previous albums , and the sonic field is no longer flooded with distorted guitars , leaning more toward a calculated , radio-friendly sound . All the guitars in the album were played by founder Bob Hartman . However , since he had quit touring with the band before the release of the album , new guitarist David Lichens was enlisted to travel with the band and appeared in the album art and promotional pictures . The album also featured another new member , keyboardist Jim Cooper . Cooper was a keyboard technician for former keyboardist John Lawry for several years . When Lawry retired , Cooper replaced him .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/39th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 39th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 26 , 1997 , at Madison Square Garden , New York City . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Babyface was the night 's biggest winner , with 4 awards . Celine Dion and Toni Braxton won two awards . Celine Dion for Best Pop Album and Album of the Year and Toni Braxton for Best Female R & B Vocal Performance and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . The show was hosted by Ellen Degeneres who also performed the opening with Shawn Colvin , Bonnie Rait , and Chaka Khan ."}]}, {'value': 'DC Talk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jesus Freak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jesus_Freak_(album)', 'summary': "Jesus Freak is the fourth studio album by the band DC Talk and was released on November 21 , 1995 on ForeFront Records . The style was a marked departure from the group 's previous releases , incorporating a heavier rock sound and elements of grunge that was popular at the time . The album was released to both critical and commercial acclaim . It peaked at number 16 on the Billboard 200 and six of the album 's seven singles reached number one across various Christian radio formats . It won the 1997 Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album . Jesus Freak is widely considered to be one of the greatest and most influential albums in the history of Christian music ."}]}, {'value': 'Audio Adrenaline - Bloom Rebecca St. James - God Newsboys - Take Me to Your Leader Big Tent Revival - Open All Nite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Audio_Adrenaline', 'summary': "Audio Adrenaline is an American Christian rock band that formed in 1986 at Kentucky Christian University in Grayson , Kentucky . The band gained recognition during the 1990s and received two Grammy Awards and multiple Dove Awards . Audio Adrenaline were regular performers at the annual Creation Festival , Spirit West Coast festival , Agape Music Festival , and Alive Festival . In 2006 , the group disbanded due to lead singer Mark Stuart 's spasmodic dysphonia . During this time , they released eight studio albums . After a six-year hiatus , the band reformed in 2012 with only bassist Will McGinniss returning from the original line-up . The new Audio Adrenaline was fronted by Kevin Max , formerly of DC Talk , as the new lead vocalist . This new line-up released a new studio album titled Kings & Queens in March 12 , 2013 . In June 2014 , Max stepped down as lead singer of the band . He was replaced by Josh Engler , a former member of the band Abandon until February 2015 when Adam Agee of Stellar Kart was offered and accepted the role . In 2015 , McGinniss departed from the band , leaving no original members left in the lineup . The first single of the new Audio Adrenaline was released in 2015 under the title Love Was Stronger ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bloom_(Audio_Adrenaline_album)', 'summary': 'Bloom is the third studio album released by Audio Adrenaline . In 1999 , the album was certified Gold by RIAA .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rebecca_St._James', 'summary': "Rebecca Jean Fink ( née Smallbone ; born 26 July 1977 ) , known professionally as Rebecca Jean or Rebecca St. James , is an Australian Christian pop rock singer-songwriter and actress . She began performing in Australia in the late 1980s and released her first full-length studio album in 1991 . She was signed to ForeFront Records in 1993 , releasing her major label debut the following year . St. James rose to fame in the late 1990s with her RIAA certified Gold albums God and Pray , the latter of which won a Grammy Award in 1999 for Best Rock Gospel Album , and her holiday album Christmas . The albums spawned multiple singles , including God , Go and Sin No More Since , and Pray . Since then she has established herself as one of the most prominent musical artists in Contemporary Christian music ( CCM ) , with four additional full-length studio albums : Transform , Worship God , If I Had One Chance to Tell You Something and I Will Praise You . Staple songs such as Wait for Me , Reborn , Song of Love , Alive , and Shine Your Glory Down , have all been derived from these releases . She has sold two million albums since starting her career . St. James is also an accomplished author and actress . To date , she has released more than a dozen published books and appeared in eight films ( including lead roles in Sarah 's Choice and A Strange Brand of Happy ) , a musical stage show , and a VeggieTales episode ( An Easter Carol ) . She is also an outspoken sexual abstinence and pro-life advocate , a spokesperson for Compassion International , the sister of Joel and Luke Smallbone , who comprise the band For King & Country , and the wife of Foster the People 's former bassist Jacob Cubbie Fink ."}, {'url': '/wiki/God_(Rebecca_St._James_album)', 'summary': 'God is the third studio album by then 18-year-old Christian pop and rock artist Rebecca St. James . It was released on 25 June 1996 by ForeFront Records , and peaked at No . 200 on the Billboard 200 . The title song was featured on WOW # 1s : 31 of the Greatest Christian Music Hits Ever . It was RIAA Certified Gold in 2005 . This was the first of many Rebecca St. James albums produced by Tedd Tjornhom .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Take_Me_to_Your_Leader_(Newsboys_album)', 'summary': "Take Me to Your Leader is the sixth studio album by Christian pop rock band Newsboys , released in 1996 . It was both the last Newsboys album to feature lead vocalist John James and the first to feature bassist/vocalist Phil Joel . The album won a Dove Award in 1997 for its packaging , and was also nominated for Rock Album of the Year , Rock Recorded Song of the Year ( God Is Not a Secret ) and Short Form Music Video of the Year ( for Take Me to Your Leader ) . The album was also recognized with a Grammy nomination for Best Rock Gospel Album . It is also the band 's only album as a sextet . The vehicle pictured is an X-PAK 400 , created by George Barris in the early 1960s during the Battle of Air Cars . This car appears on a stage in Hangover ( season 1 , episode 12 of the Alfred Hitchcock Hour ) . Also in this episode , actor Tony Randall , as Hadley Purvis , says the phrase Take me to your leader ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/40th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 40th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 25 , 1998 , at Radio City Music Hall , New York City . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Rock icon Bob Dylan , Alison Krauss , and R. Kelly were the main recipients with three awards each .'}]}, {'value': 'DC Talk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Welcome to the Freak Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Freak_Show', 'summary': 'Welcome to the Freak Show is the name of a live audio and video recording by DC Talk . Chronicling the Jesus Freak Tour in the spring of 1996 , they were released separately two months apart in 1997 on CD and VHS , respectively . A DVD version was later released in 2003 . Each version has been certified gold by the RIAA ( audio for 500,000 units and video for 50,000 units sold ) . Track listings differ slightly between the two . Select videos included a bonus audio disc that remains one of the rarest recordings in the DC Talk catalog . The audio version won the 1998 Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album .'}]}, {'value': 'Third Day - Conspiracy No . 5 Smalltown Poets - Smalltown Poets Geoff Moore and the Distance - Threads All Star United - All Star United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_Day', 'summary': "Third Day was a Christian rock band formed in Marietta , Georgia during the 1990s . The band was founded by lead singer Mac Powell , guitarist Mark Lee ( both of whom were the only constant members ) and Billy Wilkins . Drummer David Carr was the last band member to quit , prior to the bands farewell tour in May and June 2018 . The band 's name is a reference to the biblical accounts of Jesus ' rising from the dead on the third day following his crucifixion . The band was inducted in the Georgia Music Hall of Fame on September 19 , 2009 . They have sold over 7 million albums in the United States and had 28 number one Christian album chart radio hits . Their fans are known as Gomers after a song on their second album about Gomer ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Conspiracy_No._5', 'summary': 'Conspiracy No . 5 is the second studio album of the Christian rock band Third Day . It was released on August 26 , 1997 on Reunion Records .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Smalltown_Poets', 'summary': 'Smalltown Poets is a Christian rock band formed in 1996 . It was formed in Tifton , Georgia by high school friends Michael Johnston ( guitars/vocals ) , Danny Stephens ( keyboards ) , and Byron Goggin ( drums ) , along with ( then ) Nashville musicians Kevin Breuner ( guitar ) , and Miguel DeJesus ( bass ) . The band has had 10 singles in the top 10 . The band started under the name Villanelle .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Smalltown_Poets_(album)', 'summary': 'Smalltown Poets is the debut album of the Christian rock band of the same name . It was released in 1997 by ForeFront Records and was produced by Jon Hampton . The album sold over 200,000 copies and had six Top 20 singles , among them two number-one singles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/All_Star_United', 'summary': "All Star United is a Christian rock band that was formed by solo artist Ian Eskelin in 1996 . The band is known for clever and sometimes sarcastic lyrics , as they frequently use their songs as vehicles to lampoon perceived excesses in Western culture . Their musical style combines elements of alternative rock and Britpop , anchored by melodically powerful choruses . All Star United has released five full-length albums , a collector 's EP , and a best of collection that included two previously unreleased songs . Their latest full-length project ( The Good Album ) was released internationally in 2009 , but the US release was delayed until early 2010 and includes an additional radio single Beautiful Way . The band has had several No . 1 charting songs in the United States , including the songs Smash Hit and Superstar . They also had a No . 1 single in Singapore titled If We Were Lovers . Band leader and founder , Eskelin has also released three solo projects and currently writes and produces for a variety of bands and artists . In 2008 Eskelin received a Dove Award for Producer of the Year , and was nominated again in the same category in 2009 . All Star United 's songs have been licensed in recent years for use on ABC 's The Evidence , the movie Saved ! , the trailer for the film Superbad , and multiple CBS network imaging campaigns ."}, {'url': '/wiki/All_Star_United_(album)', 'summary': 'All Star United is the debut album of the band of the same name . The album was released in 1997 . The song , Beautiful Thing , was featured on the soundtrack of the 2004 movie Saved ! . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/41st_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 41st Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24 , 1999 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1998 . Lauryn Hill was the main recipient , winning a total of 5 awards including Album of the Year and Best New Artist . Her album was the first hip hop act ever to win the coveted award . The ceremony was known as the Grammy Year of Women , because every artist nominated for Album of the Year was female ( including Garbage , with Shirley Manson as the lead singer ) . Madonna won four awards and opened the show with her performance of Nothing Really Matters while musicians the Dixie Chicks , Vince Gill , Alanis Morissette and Shania Twain won two apiece . Celine Dion also received two awards both for My Heart Will Go On , which received a total of four awards . It is widely remembered for Ricky Martin 's performance of La Copa De La Vida/ The Cup of Life ."}]}, {'value': 'Ashley Cleveland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'You Are There', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sixpence None the Richer - Sixpence None the Richer Petra - God Fixation Big Tent Revival - Amplifier Audio Adrenaline - Some Kind of Zombie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sixpence_None_the_Richer', 'summary': "Sixpence None the Richer ( also known as Sixpence ) is an American Christian alternative rock band that formed in New Braunfels , Texas , eventually settling in Nashville , Tennessee . They are best known for their songs Kiss Me and Breathe Your Name and their covers of Do n't Dream It 's Over and There She Goes . The name of the band is inspired by a passage from the book Mere Christianity by C. S. Lewis . The band received two Grammy Award nominations , Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for Kiss Me and Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album for Sixpence None the Richer ( 1997 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sixpence_None_the_Richer_(album)', 'summary': 'Sixpence None the Richer is the third studio album by American band Sixpence None the Richer , released in 1997 . It was certified platinum by the RIAA on February 9 , 2000 for a million certified units in the United States and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album .'}, {'url': '/wiki/God_Fixation', 'summary': 'God Fixation is the seventeenth studio album of the Christian rock band , Petra . It was released on April 21 , 1998 . The album features 3 new members : guitarist Pete Orta guitarist/keyboardist Kevin Brandow and bassist Lonnie Chapin . All new members worked on the music and lyrics of the new songs contributing heavily to the sound of this album , which is more modern and less driving than most of their previous work .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Some_Kind_of_Zombie', 'summary': 'Some Kind of Zombie is the fourth studio album released by Audio Adrenaline .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/42nd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 42nd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 23 , 2000 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1999 . Santana was the main recipient with eight Grammys , tying Michael Jackson 's record for most awards won in a single night . Santana 's album Supernatural was awarded a total of nine awards . American teen singers Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera were both nominated for Best New Artist , ultimately won by Aguilera ."}]}, {'value': 'Rebecca St. James', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pray_(Rebecca_St._James_album)', 'summary': "Pray is the fifth studio album from Christian pop and rock artist Rebecca St. James . It was released on October 20 , 1998 by ForeFront Records and was certified Gold by the RIAA in September 2006 . The album won a Grammy Award for Rock Gospel Album of the Year , St. James 's only Grammy so far . The album was produced by Tedd T ."}]}, {'value': 'Third Day - Time Gospel Gangstaz - I Can See Clearly Now Big Tent Revival - Choose Life Audio Adrenaline - Underdog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Time_(Third_Day_album)', 'summary': "Time is the third studio album from Christian rock band Third Day . It was released on August 24 , 1999 by Essential Records . The album features ten songs chosen from more than 30 the band had managed to write during their tour the previous year . Some of the songs left out can be heard in the album Southern Tracks , which was released with limited copies of Time . The album is also a return to the band 's original southern rock roots , after their departure to a grungier style on their previous album . According to their website with Conspiracy No . 5 , we were really setting out to prove something . With Time , we just tried to be ourselves ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gospel_Gangstaz', 'summary': 'Gospel Gangstaz is a Greater Los Angeles Area-based West Coast Christian hip hop group . The group has featured members formerly affiliated with the Crips and Bloods gangs , Mr. Solo , Chilly Baby , DJ Dove and Tik Tokk .'}, {'url': '/wiki/I_Can_See_Clearly_Now_(Gospel_Gangstaz_album)', 'summary': "I Can See Clearly Now is the Grammy-nominated third album released by Gospel Gangstaz . It was released on May 18 , 1999 for B-Rite Records and featured production by Mr. Solo , Tik Tokk , Chillie ' Baby , DeMarie Meech Sheki , Twenty20 and Trackmasters . I Can See Clearly made it to three Billboard charts , 25 on the Top Heatseekers , 11 on the Top Christian Albums and 3 on the Top Gospel Albums . I Can See Clearly Now was a critical success and remains the group 's most successful album . At the 42nd Grammy Awards , the album was nominated for the Best Rock Gospel Album , however it lost to Rebecca St. James ' Pray ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Underdog_(Audio_Adrenaline_album)', 'summary': "Underdog is the fifth full-length album released by Audio Adrenaline . The album 's lyrics are a slight departure from Some Kind of Zombie , as they focus more on missions and the word of God being spread , as shown in Hands and Feet and Jesus Movement ; a theme that would reappear in Worldwide . Other songs , such as Get Down and Good Life , reflect on God 's influence in a Christian life . The album also contains a more upbeat rerecording of DC-10 ( which had originally appeared on the band 's debut album ) , a cover of Let My Love Open the Door by Pete Townshend , and a recording of It Is Well With My Soul , the only recording of a traditional worship song on any of the band 's albums ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/43rd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 43rd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 21 , 2001 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . Several artists earned three awards on the night : Steely Dan 's haul included Album of the Year for Two Against Nature ; U2 took home the Record of the Year and Song of the Year for Beautiful Day ; Dr. Dre won Producer of the Year , Non-Classical and Best Rap Album for Eminem 's The Marshall Mathers LP ; Eminem himself also received three awards , out of four nominations ; Faith Hill took home Best Country Album for the album Breathe , Best Female Country Vocal Performance for the song 's title track and for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals with Tim McGraw for Let 's Make Love . Madonna opened the show with Music ."}]}, {'value': 'Petra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Double Take', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Double_Take_(Petra_album)', 'summary': 'Double Take is the Grammy Award winning , eighteenth studio album of the Christian rock band , Petra . It was released on February 29 , 2000 . The album features 10 new acoustic rearrangements of classic Petra songs . It also features two new songs ( Breathe In and The Longing ) . The song Breathe In is sung by guitarist Pete Orta . It was written completely by him . This is the only album to feature Trent Thomason on keyboards .'}]}, {'value': 'Third Day - Offerings : A Worship Album Switchfoot - Learning to Breathe Smalltown Poets - Third Verse Jennifer Knapp - Lay It Down', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Offerings:_A_Worship_Album', 'summary': 'Offerings : A Worship Album is a worship album by Christian rock band Third Day , and is their fourth studio album . The album features several new songs , covers , and live versions of their previous songs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Switchfoot', 'summary': "Switchfoot is an American rock band from San Diego , California . The band 's members are Jon Foreman ( lead vocals , guitar ) , Tim Foreman ( bass guitar , backing vocals ) , Chad Butler ( drums , percussion ) , Jerome Fontamillas ( guitar , keyboards , backing vocals ) , and Drew Shirley ( guitar , backing vocals ) . After early successes in the Christian rock scene , Switchfoot first gained mainstream recognition with the inclusion of four of their songs in the 2002 movie A Walk to Remember . This recognition led to their major label debut , The Beautiful Letdown , which was released in 2003 and featured the hits Meant to Live and Dare You to Move . The album sold over 2.6 million copies . They have since been noted for their energetic live shows , and their seventh studio album Hello Hurricane received a Grammy award in 2011 for Best Rock or Rap Gospel Album . According to Jon Foreman , the name Switchfoot comes from a surfing term . We all love to surf and have been surfing all our lives so to us , the name made sense . To switch your feet means to take a new stance facing the opposite direction . It 's about change and movement , a different way of approaching life and music ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Learning_to_Breathe_(Switchfoot_album)', 'summary': 'Learning to Breathe is the third studio album by the band Switchfoot . It was released on September 26 , 2000 . It was their final record for independent label re : think Records , which was distributed by Sparrow Records . This album also received a Grammy nomination for Best Rock Gospel Album in 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Third_Verse', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jennifer_Knapp', 'summary': "Jennifer Lynn Knapp ( born April 12 , 1974 ) is an American-Australian folk rock , and formerly contemporary Christian musician . She is best known for her first single Undo Me from her debut album , Kansas ( 1998 ) , and the song A Little More from her Grammy Award-nominated album , Lay It Down ( 2000 ) . The Way I Am ( 2001 ) , was also nominated for a Grammy . In total , the three albums have sold approximately 1 million copies . After taking a seven-year hiatus , Knapp announced in September 2009 that she was returning to music . On May 11 , 2010 she released Letting Go with the single Dive In . The album debuted at No . 73 on the Billboard 200 chart . Knapp 's memoir Facing the Music ( Howard Books / Simon & Schuster ) and new album Set Me Free ( Righteous Babe Records ) came out in October 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lay_It_Down_(Jennifer_Knapp_album)', 'summary': 'Lay It Down is the second album by Contemporary Christian musician Jennifer Knapp . It was released on February 29 , 2000 under Gotee Records . The album was nominated for Best Rock Gospel Album at the 43rd Grammy Awards of 2001 .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/44th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 44th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 27 , 2002 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . The main recipient was Alicia Keys , winning five Grammys , including Best New Artist and Song of the Year for Fallin ' . U2 won four awards including Record of the Year and Best Rock Album . while opening the show with a performance of Walk On ."}]}, {'value': 'DC Talk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Solo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solo_(DC_Talk_album)', 'summary': "Solo is an EP by DC Talk consisting primarily of the band members ' solo efforts with the exception of a live-performance cover of U2 's 40 , which is the last recording made by the band before going on hiatus . Extreme Days , was written and recorded for the film Extreme Days and a different mix was released on Momentum released later in the year . The album won 2002 Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album ."}]}, {'value': 'The Choir - Flap Your Wings T-Bone - Tha Last Street Preacha Sonicflood - Sonicpraise Big Tent Revival - Big Tent Revival Live', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Choir_(alternative_rock_band)', 'summary': 'The Choir is an atmospheric Christian alternative rock band currently comprising Derri Daugherty on guitar and vocals , Steve Hindalong on drums , and Dan Michaels on saxophone and lyricon . Long-time bassist Tim Chandler died in 2018 , and guitarist Marc Byrd was the fifth member of the band between 2005-2014 , although he is not officially inactive . As of 2018 , the band has released 15 studio albums , three EPs , five live albums , one single-disc compilation , one retrospective box set , and is still active and touring .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Flap_Your_Wings_(album)', 'summary': 'Flap Your Wings is the ninth studio album by Christian alternative rock band The Choir , released in 2000 . It earned the band its first Grammy Award nomination in 2002 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/T-Bone_(rapper)', 'summary': "Rene Francisco Sotomayor , better known by the stage name T-Bone , is a conscious/inspirational Christian rapper . His father is Nicaraguan and his mother is Salvadoran . His name came from being called 'Bones ' as a youngster because he was very skinny . The 'T ' was added to give the name a little slang edge ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sonicflood', 'summary': 'Sonicflood ( sometimes stylized as SONICFLOOd ) is an American contemporary worship music band from Nashville , Tennessee , that has been touted as The Fathers of the Modern Worship Movement . [ citation needed ] The group took the name Sonicflood , a reference to a line in the Book of Revelation , chapter 19 , verse 6 . They released their debut album at a time when such music was gaining commercial success in the Christian music industry . In turn , their success fed the contemporary worship music genre , expanding its appeal . Since their debut , Sonicflood has sold almost two million albums , and produced top worship hits ( often as covers ) including I Could Sing of Your Love Forever , Resonate , Cry Holy and Here I am to Worship . In the early years of their existence , the group earned two Dove awards and three further nominations , and one Grammy nomination . Additionally , their eponymous debut took Gold status , and spawned several No . 1 hits on Christian radio .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sonicpraise', 'summary': 'Sonicflood ( sometimes stylized as SONICFLOOd ) is an American contemporary worship music band from Nashville , Tennessee , that has been touted as The Fathers of the Modern Worship Movement . [ citation needed ] The group took the name Sonicflood , a reference to a line in the Book of Revelation , chapter 19 , verse 6 . They released their debut album at a time when such music was gaining commercial success in the Christian music industry . In turn , their success fed the contemporary worship music genre , expanding its appeal . Since their debut , Sonicflood has sold almost two million albums , and produced top worship hits ( often as covers ) including I Could Sing of Your Love Forever , Resonate , Cry Holy and Here I am to Worship . In the early years of their existence , the group earned two Dove awards and three further nominations , and one Grammy nomination . Additionally , their eponymous debut took Gold status , and spawned several No . 1 hits on Christian radio .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/45th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 45th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 23 , 2003 at Madison Square Garden in New York City . Musicians accomplishments from the previous year were recognized . Norah Jones and her song Do n't Know Why were the main recipients of the night , garnering six Grammys , including four major awards : Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Song of the Year and Best New Artist , plus Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Pop Vocal Album . Songwriter Jesse Harris received the Song of the Year award for his work on Do n't Know Why . Simon and Garfunkel reunited to open the show performing The Sound of Silence ."}]}, {'value': 'Third Day', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Come Together', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Come_Together_(Third_Day_Album)', 'summary': "Come Together is the fifth studio album by Christian rock band Third Day . The title track is commonly used as a tribute to 9/11 . The album won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album in 2003 beating Petra 's Jekyll & Hyde ."}]}, {'value': 'TobyMac - Momentum Jennifer Knapp - The Way I Am GRITS - The Art of Translation Audio Adrenaline - Lift', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TobyMac', 'summary': "Toby McKeehan ( born Kevin Michael McKeehan ; October 22 , 1964 ) , better known by his stage name TobyMac ( styled tobyMac or TOBYMAC ) , is a Christian hip hop recording artist , music producer , songwriter and author . He has charted 20 solo singles on Billboard 's Christian Songs list . He was first known for being a member of the Christian vocal trio DC Talk , staying with them from 1987 until they went on hiatus in 2000 . He has since continued a successful solo career with the release of seven studio albums : Momentum ( 2001 ) , Welcome to Diverse City ( 2004 ) , Portable Sounds ( 2007 ) , Tonight ( 2010 ) , Eye on It ( 2012 ) , This Is Not a Test ( 2015 ) , and The Elements ( 2018 ) , as well as four remixed albums : Re : Mix Momentum ( 2003 ) , Renovating Diverse City ( 2005 ) , Dubbed and Freq 'd : A Remix Project ( 2012 ) , and Eye 'm All Mixed Up . He also has a full-length Christmas album Christmas in Diverse City ( 2011 ) , which was his first holiday album . He became the third Christian artist to have a No . 1 debut on Billboard 200 chart with Eye on It . Between DC Talk and his own solo career , he has sold more than 10 million albums and won seven Grammy Awards . He has had six No . 1 hit CHR singles including Gone , Made to Love , and Lose My Soul . Six singles have gone to No . 1 on Billboard 's Christian Songs chart , making him one of the artists with the most No ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Momentum_(TobyMac_album)', 'summary': 'Momentum is the debut studio album from American recording artist TobyMac . It was released on November 6 , 2001 , through ForeFront Records . The album was well received and was nominated for a Grammy . It contains a message of tolerance and diversity in society . Musically it has an urban pop sound which HM commented contains shadows of early DC Talk material . In 2003 , Re : Mix Momentum was released .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Way_I_Am_(Jennifer_Knapp_album)', 'summary': 'The Way I Am is the third studio album from folk rock musician Jennifer Knapp and her final Christian-based album to date . It was released on November 20 , 2001 through Gotee Records .'}, {'url': '/wiki/GRITS', 'summary': "Grits is a Christian hip hop group from Nashville , Tennessee . Their name is an acronym , which stands for Grammatical Revolution In the Spirit . GRITS is made up of Stacey Coffee Jones and Teron Bonafide Carter , both of whom were DC Talk dancers . Their song Ooh Ahh has appeared on the MTV show My Super Sweet 16 . It is also used as the theme song of The Buried Life and on the soundtracks to The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift and Big Momma 's House 2 . Their song Tennessee Bwoys was used on the popular television show Pimp My Ride . GRITS were also recently involved in ! Hero The Rock Opera . GRITS recorded a remix of professional wrestler A.J . Styles ' entrance music and performed it on the May 28 , 2009 , episode of TNA Impact ! ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Art_of_Translation', 'summary': 'The Art of Translation is the fourth studio album by Christian hip hop duo GRITS . It was released in 2002 on Gotee Records and earned the honor of the Dove Award for Rap/Hip Hop Album of the Year and was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2003 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lift_(Audio_Adrenaline_album)', 'summary': 'Lift is the sixth studio album by Christian rock band Audio Adrenaline , released in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/46th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 46th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 8 , 2004 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . The big winners were Beyoncé , who won five awards , and Outkast , who won three awards including Album of the Year . Tied for the most nominations , with six each , were Knowles , Outkast , and Jay-Z .'}]}, {'value': 'Audio Adrenaline', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Worldwide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worldwide_(Audio_Adrenaline_album)', 'summary': 'Worldwide is the seventh full-length album released by Audio Adrenaline in 2003 . The album won 2004 Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album .'}]}, {'value': "Robert Randolph and the Family Band - Unclassified Relient K - Two Lefts Do n't Make a Right ... but Three Do Petra - Jekyll and Hyde Freshie - Red Letterz", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Randolph_and_the_Family_Band', 'summary': "Robert Randolph and the Family Band is an American funk and soul band led by pedal steel guitarist Robert Randolph ( Robert Jermaine Randolph , born August 8 , 1977 , Irvington , New Jersey ) . NPR has described the band as one with an irresistible rock ' n ' roll swagger . Rolling Stone also went on to include Randolph upon their list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time . The band has released six studio albums and has been Grammy nominated four times ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Unclassified_(album)', 'summary': "Unclassified is the first studio album by Robert Randolph and the Family Band . PopMatters magazine reviewed the album favourably , concluding that the one quality that holds it all together is joyousness . It described the opening track , 'Going in the Right Direction ' , as a gospel-tinged , two steppin , inspirational , tune that simply burns . The single taken from the album , 'Soul Refreshing ' , was described as a light-hearted , groovy , feel good-tune in the vein of Al Green or perhaps even James Taylor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Relient_K', 'summary': "Relient K /rɪˈlaɪ.ɪnt ˈkeɪ/ is an American rock band formed in 1998 in Canton , Ohio , by Matt Thiessen , Matt Hoopes , and Brian Pittman during the band members ' third year in high school and their time at Malone University . The band is named after guitarist Hoopes ' automobile , a Plymouth Reliant K car , with the spelling intentionally altered to avoid trademark infringement over the Reliant name . The group is associated with the contemporary Christian music culture , most notably the Christian rock and punk scene . The group has also performed alongside secular artists . The band has reached critical success with mainstream pop punk and alternative rock . The band 's sound incorporates piano and acoustic elements . Since its formation , Relient K has released nine studio albums , seven EPs , two Christmas albums , and one collection of rarities . The band has received numerous awards including a Grammy Award nomination in 2004 for Best Rock Gospel Album and two Dove Awards . Relient K has found commercial success with their studio albums , three of which peaked in the top 15 of the U.S . Billboard 200 chart : 2004 's Mmhmm , which debuted at No . 15 ; 2007 's Five Score and Seven Years Ago , their fifth and most successful album , which debuted at No . 6 ; and 2009 's Forget and Not Slow Down , which debuted at No ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Two_Lefts_Don't_Make_a_Right...but_Three_Do", 'summary': "Two Lefts Do n't Make a Right.but Three Do ( often called Two Lefts ) is the third full-length album released by Christian rock band Relient K. The album was nominated for a Grammy for Best Rock Gospel Album , but the award that year ended up being won by Worldwide by Audio Adrenaline . This album was initially released with four different covers , each one depicting a separate car wreck . In November 2003 , a fifth cover was released , which showed all four cars in a junkyard . That is now the only version of the CD still in print , although a very small amount the four original covers can still be found . It was also released as a combo pack with Deck the Halls , Bruise Your Hand for a few years around Christmas time . The album peaked at No . 38 on the Billboard 200 . Two Lefts Do n't Make a Right.but Three Do was certified Gold on March 21 , 2005 by the RIAA for sales in excess of 500,000 in the United States . It has currently sold around 518,000 in the United States . A Gold Edition of this album was released on October 31 , 2006 . The idea for a Gold Edition of this album came from Gotee Records , who also released a Gold Edition of The Anatomy of the Tongue in Cheek on the same day . The Gold Edition of this album has remixed and remastered sound similar to Mmhmm ( the album was remixed by the same people who mixed Mmhmm ) and it is also enhanced with a music video for the song Chap Stick , Chapped Lips , and Things Like Chemistry ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jekyll_and_Hyde_(Petra_album)', 'summary': 'Jekyll & Hyde is the twentieth studio album released by Christian rock band Petra . It was released in 2003 by Inpop Records . It is the most recent studio album released by Petra ( excluding the Spanish version , released the following year ) . The music features a progressive metal sound that has drawn a comparison to Poison , Dio and Queensrÿche . The title of the album is based on the Robert Louis Stevenson novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde due to the similar issues of sin and temptation it deals with .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/47th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 47th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 13 , 2005 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles . They were hosted by Queen Latifah , and televised in the United States by CBS . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Ray Charles , whom the event was dedicated in memory of , posthumously won five Grammy Awards while his album , Genius Loves Company , won a total of eight . Kanye West received the most nominations with ten , winning three . Usher received eight nominations and won three including Best Contemporary R & B Album for his diamond selling album Confessions . Britney Spears received her first Grammy of Best Dance Recording for her 2004 smash hit Toxic .'}]}, {'value': 'Third Day', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wire_(Third_Day_album)', 'summary': "Wire is the seventh album by Christian rock band Third Day . It breaks from the style of the band 's previous albums to return to simple , rock and roll-driven melodies . To quote Allmusic 's review of the album , Third Day has stripped away the shine and gotten back to the grittiness of being a rock & roll band . The album is largely carried by the energetic guitar riffs that pervade its songs , although the forceful lyrics also contribute significantly . The album 's songs deal with numerous themes . Wire , the title track , is a song about the pressure to succeed in modern society . I Believe , I Got a Feeling , Innocent , and other tracks deal with sin , faith , and renewal from a Christian perspective . Billy Brown is a song that explores the readiness of people to follow and even idolize entertainment figures . In November 2004 , a live version of Wire was released , called Live Wire featuring a DVD and CD of songs from their tour of their latest album . The album won 2005 Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album ."}]}, {'value': 'TobyMac - Welcome to Diverse City Various Artists - Holy Hip Hop : Taking Gospel to the Streets Tait - Lose This Life Skillet - Collide Sarah Kelly - Take Me Away', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Welcome_to_Diverse_City', 'summary': 'Welcome to Diverse City is the second full-length studio album released by Christian singer TobyMac . The songs on this album deal with racial tolerance in society and a desire to know God better . Several other Christian artists appear on this CD , including Bootsy Collins ( Diverse City ) , Coffee from GRITS ( Hey Now ) , DJ Maj ( Several songs ) , Papa San ( Catchafire ( Whoopsi-Daisy ) ) , Paul Wright ( Street Interlude ) , Superchick ( Stories ( Down to the Bottom ) ) , and T-Bone ( The Slam ) . TobyMac also reunites dc Talk on vocals in a remix of his song Atmosphere , the last track of the album . The album has sold over 600,000 copies in the United States . [ not verified in body ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tait_(band)', 'summary': 'Tait was an American Christian rock band formed by Michael Tait , one of the members of dc Talk and the lead singer of Newsboys since 2009 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lose_This_Life', 'summary': "Lose This Life is the second studio album by American Christian rock band Tait . According to frontman Michael Tait , the songs all have to do with the striving human passion to know , feel and experience God 's love . [ citation needed ] It was released by ForeFront Records on November 4 , 2003 . It was later released to the Japanese market on April 15 , 2004 through Epic Records Japan [ citation needed ] and on March 27 , 2005 through Sony BMG Music Entertainment Philippines . [ citation needed ] Rob Beckley , lead singer of the alternative rock band Pillar , appears in the second song Numb . Lose This Life is the single that had been released in the U.S. release of Eyeshield 21 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Skillet_(band)', 'summary': 'Skillet is an American Christian rock band formed in Memphis , Tennessee , in 1996 . The band currently consists of husband John ( lead vocals , bass ) and wife Korey Cooper ( rhythm guitar , keyboards , backing vocals ) along with Jen Ledger ( drums , vocals ) and Seth Morrison ( lead guitar ) . The band has released ten albums , with two , Collide and Comatose , receiving Grammy nominations . Two of their albums , Comatose and Awake , are certified Platinum and Double Platinum respectively by the RIAA while Rise and Unleashed are certified Gold as of December 4 , 2018 [ update ] . Skillet went through several line-up changes early in their career , leaving founder John Cooper as the only original member remaining in the band . They are known for a relentless touring schedule , which garnered them a top five ranking in the Hardest Working Bands of 2010 by Songkick.com .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Collide_(Skillet_album)', 'summary': "Collide is the fifth full-length album by Christian rock band Skillet . It was originally released on November 18 , 2003 under Ardent Records . The album was re-released through Lava Records on May 25 , 2004 with the bonus track Open Wounds . The album peaked at No . 179 on the Billboard 200 and No . 5 on the Top Heatseekers . The album artwork is , according to John Cooper , faith and fear colliding . This is also Skillet 's first full album to feature Ben Kasica on lead guitar ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sarah_Kelly', 'summary': 'Sarah Jean Kelly ( born September 13 , 1976 ) is a contemporary Christian musician from Rockford , Illinois . She was signed to Gotee Records , a Christian label under EMI . Kelly is a two time Grammy Award nominee for albums Take Me Away and Where The Past Meets Today in the category of Best Rock Or Rap Gospel Album . Her music has compared to mainstream artists Sheryl Crow , Janis Joplin , Norah Jones , Carole King , and Sarah McLachlan . She runs a music school in The Woodlands , TX .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/48th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 48th Annual Grammy Awards took place on February 8 , 2006 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . Irish rock band U2 were the main recipients with five awards including Album of the Year . Mariah Carey , John Legend , and Kanye West were each nominated for eight awards and won three ; Alison Krauss & Union Station also won three awards ; and Kelly Clarkson won two . Green Day were amongst the big winners , winning the Grammy Award for Record of the Year .'}]}, {'value': 'Audio Adrenaline', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Until My Heart Caves In', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Until_My_Heart_Caves_In', 'summary': 'Until My Heart Caves In is the eighth studio album by Audio Adrenaline and the final album with Mark Stuart as the lead vocalist . The album was released on Tuesday , August 30 , 2005 on ForeFront Records and went on to win the Grammy Award for Rock Gospel Album of the Year .'}]}, {'value': "Day of Fire - Day of Fire Fresh I.E . - Truth Is Fallin ' in Tha Streetz GRITS - Dichotomy B The Cross Movement - Higher Definition", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Day_of_Fire', 'summary': 'Day of Fire is a Christian rock band from Nashville , Tennessee . The band announced an indefinite hiatus in June 2010 , leaving open the possibility for a return to the music scene . They were first signed to Essential Records , and later to Razor & Tie Records . Their last album Losing All was released January 26 , 2010 and was produced by Rogers Masson .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Day_of_Fire_(album)', 'summary': "Day of Fire is the eponymous debut studio album by American rock band Day of Fire . The album 's songs , which were written by lead vocalist Joshua Brown and lead guitarist Gregg Hionis , deal with human weakness . Reap and Sow was featured on the Digital Praise PC game Guitar Praise ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fresh_I.E.', 'summary': "Rob Wilson ( born 1973 ) better known by his stage name Fresh I.E . is a Christian rap artist from Winnipeg , Manitoba . His albums Red Letterz and Truth is Fallin ' in tha Streetz were both nominated for Grammy Awards . Wilson is the first Canadian Christian artist to have been nominated for a Grammy Award . He has won several GMA Canada Covenant Awards including Rap/Hip Hop Song of the Year for World Vision ( 2006 ) . Wilson founded the recording label Kingdom Music Inc. in 2006 . Fresh I.E . is an ordained minister and used to run the Joshua House drop-in centre and Education Direction Inspiration for Youth ( EDIFY ) mentorship program at the Waves of Glory Church in Winnipeg , which is now based out of Soul Sanctuary Church in Winnipeg . Wilson and his ex wife , Manitoba Keewatinowi Okimakanak Grand Chief Sheila North Wilson have two children , Trisha and Sonny ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dichotomy_B', 'summary': 'Dichotomy B is the 2004 follow up the GRITS previous effort , Dichotomy A .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Cross_Movement', 'summary': 'The Cross Movement was a Christian hip hop group from Philadelphia , Pennsylvania .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Higher_Definition', 'summary': 'Higher Definition is the 5th album from the Christian hip hop group the Cross Movement , released on October 26 , 2004 .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/49th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 49th Annual Grammy Awards was a ceremony honoring the best in music for the recording year beginning September 15 , 2005 and ending September 14 , 2006 in the United States . The awards were handed out on Sunday , February 11 , 2007 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles . The Dixie Chicks were the night 's biggest winners winning a total of five awards . Mary J. Blige received the most nominations , with eight . Don Henley was honored as MusiCares Person of the Year two nights prior to the show on February 9 , 2007 . The show won an Emmy for Outstanding Lighting Direction ( electronic , multicamera ) for VMC Programming ."}]}, {'value': 'Jonny Lang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonny_Lang', 'summary': 'Jon Gordon Langseth Jr. ( born January 29 , 1981 ) , known as Jonny Lang , is an American blues , gospel , and rock singer , songwriter , and guitarist . He has five albums that charted on the top 50 of the Billboard 200 chart and has won a Grammy Award for Turn Around .'}]}, {'value': 'Turn Around', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turn_Around_(album)', 'summary': 'Turn Around is the fifth studio album by American blues guitarist Jonny Lang , released on September 19 , 2006 ( see 2006 in music ) . On February 11 , 2007 , it won the Grammy Award for Best Rock or Rap Gospel Album .'}]}, {'value': 'T-Bone - Bone-A-Fide Red - End of Silence DecembeRadio - DecembeRadio Sarah Kelly - Where the Past Meets Today', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bone-A-Fide', 'summary': 'Bone-A-Fide is an album released by Christian rapper T-Bone . It was released in 2005 . The album charted at # 25 on the Billboard Christian albums chart and # 44 on the Billboard Heatseakers chart .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Red_(band)', 'summary': "Red ( also stylized R3D or RED ) is an American Christian rock band from Nashville , Tennessee , formed in 2002 by brothers guitarist Anthony Armstrong and bassist Randy Armstrong , with lead vocalist Michael Barnes . The band 's first lineup also consisted of drummer Andrew Hendrix and guitarist Jasen Rauch . Since 2014 , the band 's line-up has consisted of the core trio of the Armstrongs and Barnes with current drummer Dan Johnson . After they recorded several demos that displayed a style of alternative , hard , and Christian rock music , Red landed a development deal with their longtime producer Rob Graves which led to a record deal with Christian label Essential Records in 2004 . Their debut albums End of Silence ( 2006 ) and Innocence & Instinct ( 2009 ) were nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album , and spawned the popular singles Breathe Into Me and Death of Me . Red 's mainstream popularity grew and their third album , Until We Have Faces ( 2011 ) , reached No . 2 on the Billboard 200 , which was followed by Release the Panic ( 2013 ) , which peaked at No . 7 . After Of Beauty and Rage ( 2015 ) , Red started work on their sixth album , Gone ( 2017 ) , which released in October 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/End_of_Silence_(Red_album)', 'summary': "End of Silence is the debut album by the Christian alternative metal band Red , released on June 6 , 2006 . According to Billboard , the album made it up to position 194 on its top 200 album chart . This is the only Red album to feature drummer Hayden Lamb . Guitarist Jasen Rauch explained that Breathe Into Me is about 'falling , ' finally reaching the end of our rope , where we realize at last . we need God . The album was nominated for a Grammy for Best Rock or Rap Gospel Album at the 49th Grammy Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/DecembeRadio', 'summary': "DecembeRadio was an American Christian rock band formed in 2003 and composed of bassist and lead vocalist Josh Reedy , lead guitarist Brian Bunn , rhythm guitarist Eric Miker and drummer Boone Daughdrill . Reedy , Bunn and Miker first ventured out on their own as DecembeRadio after a stint as touring band for evangelist Billy Wayne Arrington . After a year of gigging , DecembeRadio released two independent albums in early 2005 . Following their signing with Slanted Records and the addition of Daughdrill on drums , the band released DecembeRadio in June 2006 . The album was nominated for Best Rock Or Rap Gospel Album at the 49th Grammy Awards , and won the 2007 Dove Award for Rock Album of the Year . A follow-up , Satisfied , was released in August 2008 . DecembeRadio dissolved in 2012 , and the members moved on to other musical projects . Musically , DecembeRadio is heavily influenced by hard rock and blues-rock from the 1970s , owing to early exposure to family members ' record collections . Their sound has been compared to that of Aerosmith , Led Zeppelin , The Black Crowes and Lenny Kravitz , among others ."}, {'url': '/wiki/DecembeRadio_(album)', 'summary': "DecembeRadio is the eponymous major label debut album by the band DecembeRadio . Produced by Scotty Wilbanks , the album features a guitar-driven sound that quickly earned it comparisons to The Black Crowes , King 's X , Aerosmith and Free . The album was nominated for a Best Rock or Rap Gospel Album Grammy Award , and won the 2007 Dove Award for Rock Album of the Year . Two of the album 's tracks were also nominated for Dove Awards : Drifter for Song of the Year , and Dangerous for Rock Recorded Song of the Year ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/50th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 50th Annual Grammy Awards took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , on February 10 , 2008 . It honored musical achievement of 2007 in which albums were released between October 1 , 2006 through September 30 , 2007 . The primary ceremonies were televised in the US on CBS ; however , as has become the custom , most of the awards were handed out during a pre-telecast portion of the show held at the Los Angeles Convention Center and broadcast on XM Satellite Radio . Two nights prior to the show Aretha Franklin was honored as the MusiCares Person of the Year . The year 's big winner was Amy Winehouse : the 24-year-old singer had recently entered a drug rehabilitation program and did not come to Los Angeles . American officials initially refused her a work visa ; they reversed the decision , but by then it was too late for her to make the trip from the UK . She became the fifth female solo artist to get five awards in one night , alongside Lauryn Hill , Norah Jones , Alicia Keys and Beyoncé . The golden anniversary of the Grammys and NARAS was noted in references and performances throughout this year 's ceremony . Alicia Keys was the evening 's opening musician , singing and playing piano alongside archived video and audio of Frank Sinatra . Other collaborative performances linking contemporary and past musicians included Beyoncé with Tina Turner , Rihanna with The Time , classical pianist Lang Lang with jazz pianist Herbie Hancock and inaugural Grammy winner Keely Smith with Kid Rock . Special recognition of the musical contributions of The Beatles also featured . The Foo Fighters won Best Rock Album , and performed their nominated song The Pretender in a highly collaborative performance that involved a social media selection of classical musicians ( the My Grammy Moment YouTube contest was won by violinist Ann Marie Calhoun ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ashley Cleveland', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Before the Daylight 's Shot", 'urls': []}, {'value': "Skillet - Comatose Pillar - The Reckoning Da ' T.R.U.T.H . - Open Book The Cross Movement - HIStory : Our Place in His Story", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comatose_(album)', 'summary': "Comatose is the sixth studio album by American Christian rock band Skillet . Released on October 3 , 2006 by Lava Records , Ardent Records and Atlantic Records , this album continues their previous album 's trend of downplaying the keyboard elements that were prominent in previous releases in favor of more orchestral elements and distorted guitars . Comatose was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on November 3 , 2009 , their first record to do so , and has since gone platinum , selling over 1,000,000 copies as of May 20 , 2016 . On December 6 , 2007 , the album also received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock or Rap Gospel Album . A deluxe edition of Comatose was then released in stores on December 26 , 2007 and a live DVD of their headlining tour in support of the record was released in the fall 2008 . This is the last album drummer Lori Peters recorded with the band ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pillar_(band)', 'summary': 'Pillar is a Christian rock band from Tulsa . Following a brief hiatus , four members from the peak years ( Rob Beckley , Noah Henson , Michael Kalel Wittig and Lester Estelle ) reunited in 2012 and released a new album One Love Revolution on August 18 , 2015 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Reckoning_(Pillar_album)', 'summary': 'The Reckoning is the fourth album from Christian rock group Pillar . It was released on October 3 , 2006 . Included on the new release are displays of the softer side of Pillar ( with songs like Angel In Disguise and Wherever the Wind Blows ) , the pop side ( Sometimes ) and the much heavier/screaming side ( Crossfire and Tragedy ) . The album debuted at No . 70 on the Billboard 200 . The Reckoning received a Grammy Award nomination December 6 , 2007 for Best Rock or Rap Gospel Album . This was the first Grammy nomination that Pillar has ever received .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Da'_T.R.U.T.H.", 'summary': "Emanuel Lee Lambert , Jr. ( born December 15 , 1977 ) is a Christian rapper who goes by the stage name Da ' T.R.U.T.H ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Open_Book_(Da'_T.R.U.T.H._album)", 'summary': "Emanuel Lee Lambert , Jr. ( born December 15 , 1977 ) is a Christian rapper who goes by the stage name Da ' T.R.U.T.H ."}, {'url': '/wiki/HIStory:_Our_Place_in_His_Story', 'summary': 'HIStory : Our Place In His Story is the sixth and final original album from the Christian hip hop group the Cross Movement , released on August 22 , 2007 . It received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock Or Rap Gospel Album .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/51st_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 51st Annual Grammy Awards took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , on February 8 , 2009 . Robert Plant and Alison Krauss were the biggest winners of the night , winning five awards including Album of the Year for their critically acclaimed album Raising Sand . Krauss became the sixth female solo artist to have won 5 awards in one night joining Lauryn Hill , Alicia Keys , Norah Jones , Beyoncé Knowles , and Amy Winehouse . Lil Wayne received the most nominations with eight . The awards broadcast won a 2009 Creative Arts Emmy for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety or Music Series or Special .'}]}, {'value': 'TobyMac', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alive and Transported', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alive_and_Transported', 'summary': "Alive and Transported is a live album by Christian hip hop artist tobyMac . It was released on May 27 , 2008 and debuted at No . 112 on the Billboard 200 , and also placed at No . 4 on Billboard 's Top Christian Albums chart . It is currently sold as a CD/DVD combo ( audio tracks on the CD and videos of the live show , along with other special features , on the DVD ) . The live show recorded for the album was also played on Monday , June 9 , 2008 , in movie theaters . The film was filmed at the Richard E. Berry Educational Support Center in Cypress , Texas . At the 51st Grammy Awards of February 2009 , Alive and Transported won the Best Rock or Rap Gospel Album award . TobyMac said , It 's an honor to win my first Grammy as a solo artist . I still ca n't believe it , it 's truly humbling . My band and I worked hard on this project and it really is the culmination of diverse people collaborating . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Superchick - Rock What You Got Sanctus Real - We Need Each Other Flame - Our World : Redeemed After Edmund - Hello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Superchick', 'summary': 'Superchick , originally known as Superchic [ k ] , was an American Christian alternative pop/rock band . Their music incorporated various styles such as pop , punk , rock , rap , and R & B . Their sound has been compared to mainstream artists like No Doubt and Avril Lavigne only with a heavier sound . Superchick has had five songs reach No . 1 on music charts , and their song Stand in the Rain held the No . 1 spot for nine weeks on R & R Christian Hit Radio ( CHR ) chart in 2006/2007 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rock_What_You_Got', 'summary': "Rock What You Got is the fifth album from the band Superchick . It was released on June 24 , 2008 . The album debuted at No . 65 on the Billboard 200 album chart , selling nearly 10,000 copies its first week . The band has described the album as more progressive , in-your-face sound and has dubbed it rock-o-tronic . In May 2008 , Inpop released three radio singles from the album . Hold was played on Christian contemporary hit radio stations , Crawl went to adult contemporary stations , and Hey , Hey to Christian rock stations . In late May , Inpop Records released a free download of the track Alive for further promotion of the album . The album also features an all-instrumental song ( Guitar Hero ) and a remix of their biggest hit Stand in the Rain . The album was nominated for a Grammy Award in the Best Rock/Rap Gospel Album category , but lost out to tobyMac 's album . A music video was made for the song Cross the Line ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sanctus_Real', 'summary': "Sanctus Real is an American Christian rock band formed in Toledo , Ohio , in 1996 . The group is composed of Chris Rohman ( lead guitar ) , Mark Graalman ( drums ) , and Dustin Lolli ( lead vocals ) . The band is best known for their number one singles Lead Me , Forgiven , Whatever You 're Doing , I 'm Not Alright , Do n't Give Up , We Need Each Other , Everything About You , and The Fight Song . Since 2002 , they have released five albums through the Sparrow Records label , an independent EP This Is Love , and Changed ( April 27 , 2018 ) on Framework Records . On July 1 , 2015 , lead singer and co-founder , Matt Hammitt , announced that he was leaving the band , which would take effect by the end of 2015 . Dustin Lolli joined the band as lead singer shortly thereafter . Sanctus Real was formed in 1996 , and the band released three independent albums over five years . After signing with Sparrow Records in 2002 , the group released their major label debut , Say It Loud , at the end of the year . In June 2004 it was followed by Fight the Tide , which garnered a GMA Dove Award win in 2005 , and two singles that charted at number 1 on Christian radio , according to R & R magazine . The band 's third album , The Face of Love , was released in April 2006 . The single I 'm Not Alright received a GMA Dove Award nomination in 2007 . Their fourth album , We Need Each Other ( 2008 ) , was recorded in late 2007 and released in February ."}, {'url': '/wiki/We_Need_Each_Other', 'summary': "We Need Each Other is the fourth album released by Christian rock band Sanctus Real . It was released in the United States on February 12 , 2008 through Sparrow Records . It debuted at # 153 on the Billboard 200 . Three songs have been released as singles : Whatever You 're Doing ( Something Heavenly ) , Turn On the Lights , and the title track We Need Each Other ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Flame_(rapper)', 'summary': 'Marcus Tyrone Gray ( born September 16 , 1981 ) , known as Flame ( often stylized in all caps ) , is an American Christian hip hop recording artist with Clear Sight Music . He has released nine albums including : the self-titled Flame , Rewind , Our World : Fallen , Our World : Redeemed , Captured , The 6th , Royal Flush , Forward , and God Knows . Flame has been nominated for several Dove and Stellar Awards throughout his music career and Our World : Redeemed was nominated for a Grammy Award .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Our_World:_Redeemed', 'summary': 'Our World : Redeemed is the fourth studio album from American Christian rapper Flame , released on March 4 , 2008 . The album jumped 41 chart positions in one week to hit the No . 1 position in its second week on the CMTA R & B/Hip Hop Chart . The project also debuted at No . 5 on the Billboard Top Gospel Chart . A video was made for the song Joyful Noise . The album has received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock or Rap Gospel Album .'}, {'url': '/wiki/After_Edmund', 'summary': 'After Edmund was an art rock band from LaGrange , Georgia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hello_(After_Edmund_album)', 'summary': 'Hello is the first non-independent studio album from American Christian rock band After Edmund . It was released on February 26 , 2008 through Slanted Records . Four radio singles were released off the album : Thank God , Like a Dream , Fighting For Your Heart ( Let It Go ) and Clouds . The album was nominated at the 51st Grammy Awards of 2009 for Best Rock or Rap Gospel Album .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/52nd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 52nd Annual Grammy Awards took place on January 31 , 2010 , at Staples Center in Los Angeles . Neil Young was honored as the 2010 MusiCares Person of the Year on January 29 , two days prior to the Grammy telecast . Nominations announced on December 2 , 2009 . The show was moved to January to avoid competing against the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver . Only ten of the 109 awards were received during the broadcast . The remaining awards were given during the un-televised portion of the ceremony which preceded the broadcast . Beyoncé , who also received the most nominations , with ten , won a total of six awards breaking the record for most wins by a female artist in one night . Taylor Swift won four while The Black Eyed Peas , Jay-Z and Kings of Leon won three . Artists who won two awards include A. R. Rahman , Colbie Caillat , Eminem , Kanye West , Lady Gaga , Maxwell , Jason Mraz and Rihanna . Judas Priest , AC/DC , and Imogen Heap each won a Grammy for the first time in their careers . Taylor Swift 's Fearless was awarded the Grammy Award for Album of the Year , the youngest to win the award at age 20 . Use Somebody by rock band Kings of Leon won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year , while Single Ladies by songwriters Thaddis Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash and Christopher Stewart , was honored with Grammy Award for Song of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Third Day', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Live Revelations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Live_Revelations', 'summary': 'Live Revelations : Onstage , Offstage , Backstage is a 2009 live CD/DVD released by the Christian rock band Third Day . Most of the tracks are from their album Revelation , released in 2008 . Some of the songs were cut off the CD but can be found on the DVD . The package won the Best Rock or Rap Gospel Album Grammy Award . The concert was shot and recorded in Atlanta , Georgia , Raleigh , North Carolina , Nashville , Tennessee , and Houston , Texas during the Music Builds Tour along with Switchfoot , Robert Randolph , and Jars of Clay . All of them are featured in the song When Love Comes to Town . The album has been certified Gold by the RIAA while the DVD was nominated for a Dove Award for Long Form Music Video of the Year at the 41st GMA Dove Awards .'}]}, {'value': "John Wells the Tonic - The Dash Red - Innocence & Instinct Decyfer Down - Crash Da ' T.R.U.T.H . - The Big Picture", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Innocence_&_Instinct', 'summary': "Innocence & Instinct is the second full-length album from American Christian metal band Red . The album was released on February 10 , 2009 through Essential Records . The standard edition of the album contains 10 tracks . The first single Fight Inside was released on October 26 , 2008 . The single debuted at No . 1 on the R & R Christian Rock chart . The album 's second single , Never Be the Same , was released to Christian CHR soon thereafter . On December 12 , the third single from the album , Death of Me , was released to Active , Mainstream , and Alternative Rock stations . The album was produced by Rob Graves . The band also released a deluxe edition which features four bonus tracks and a DVD . Some copies of the album contain the song Forever as track nine instead of Out From Under . The track Shadows was co-written by Breaking Benjamin guitarist/vocalist Ben Burnley ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Decyfer_Down', 'summary': 'Decyfer Down is a Christian rock band formed in 1999 and based in Morehead City , North Carolina . Until 2002 - the year that Christopher Clonts joined the band - they went by the moniker Allysonhymn ( pronounced All-eyes-on-Him ) . Decyfer Down is well known in Christian music , but the band is also known for their mainstream success , having toured with bands like Puddle of Mudd and Breaking Benjamin .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Crash_(Decyfer_Down_album)', 'summary': 'Crash is the second album by Christian hard rock band Decyfer Down and the first album to feature current lead vocalist TJ Harris .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Da'_T.R.U.T.H.", 'summary': "Emanuel Lee Lambert , Jr. ( born December 15 , 1977 ) is a Christian rapper who goes by the stage name Da ' T.R.U.T.H ."}, {'url': "/wiki/The_Big_Picture_(Da'_T.R.U.T.H._album)", 'summary': "The Big Picture is the fourth studio album from Christian hip-hop artist Da ' T.R.U.T.H . It was released on July 21 , 2009 through Cross Movement Records ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Recipients', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Gospel_Album_0', 'intro': 'The Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album was awarded from 1991 to 2011. From 1991 to 1993 the category was awarded as Best Rock/Contemporary Gospel Album. From 2007 to 2011 it was awarded as Best Rock or Rap Gospel Album. The award was discontinued from 2012 in a major overhaul of Grammy categories. From 2012, recordings in this category were shifted to either Best Contemporary Christian Music Album or Best Gospel Album categories.'} | null | null | In what city did TobyMac win an award ? | Los Angeles |
0819d0546137b6dc | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCCAA_institutions', 'title': 'List of NCCAA institutions', 'header': ['School', 'City', 'State', 'Other Affiliations'], 'data': [{'value': 'Arlington Baptist University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arlington_Baptist_University', 'summary': 'Arlington Baptist University is a private , four-year Bible university in Arlington , Texas . It is the official education institution of the World Baptist Fellowship which offers both undergraduate and graduate level degree programs .'}]}, {'value': 'Arlington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arlington,_Texas', 'summary': "Arlington is a city in the U.S. state of Texas , located in Tarrant County . It is part of the Mid-Cities region of the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington metropolitan area , approximately 12 miles ( 19 km ) east of downtown Fort Worth and 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of downtown Dallas . According to the U.S. Census Bureau 's estimate , the city had a population of 398,112 in 2018 , making it the second-largest city in the county ( after Fort Worth ) and the third-largest in the metropolitan area . Arlington is the forty-eighth-most populous city in the United States , the seventh-most populous city in the state of Texas , and the largest city in the state that is not a county seat . Arlington is home to the University of Texas at Arlington , a major urban research university , the Arlington Assembly plant used by General Motors , the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Region IV , Texas Health Resources , American Mensa , and D. R. Horton . Additionally , Arlington hosts the Texas Rangers at Globe Life Field , the Dallas Cowboys at AT & T Stadium , the Dallas Wings at College Park Center , the International Bowling Campus ( which houses the United States Bowling Congress , International Bowling Museum and the International Bowling Hall of Fame ) , and the theme parks Six Flags Over Texas ( the original Six Flags ) and Hurricane Harbor . Arlington borders Kennedale , Grand Prairie , Mansfield and Fort Worth , and surrounds the smaller communities of Dalworthington Gardens and Pantego ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': 'Independent ( ACCA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_of_Christian_College_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Association of Christian College Athletics ( ACCA ) is an organization of collegiate athletics . It was incorporated to provide an opportunity for smaller Christian college members to compete on an equal level of competition with schools of like size .'}]}, {'value': 'Barclay College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barclay_College', 'summary': 'Barclay College is a private Quaker college in Haviland , Kansas . It is known for ministry degrees but the school offers other professional degree fields . Since the fall of 2007 , the college has offered full-tuition scholarships to students who enroll full-time and pay to live in the residence halls .'}]}, {'value': 'Haviland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haviland,_Kansas', 'summary': 'Haviland is a city in Kiowa County , Kansas , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 701 . It is home of Barclay College and known for meteorite finds connected to the Haviland Crater and for an annual meteorite festival held in July .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas', 'summary': "Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States . Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita , with its most populated county and largest employment center being Johnson County . Kansas is bordered by Nebraska on the north ; Missouri on the east ; Oklahoma on the south ; and Colorado on the west . Kansas is named after the Kansas River , which in turn was named after the Kansa Native Americans who lived along its banks . The tribe 's name ( natively kką : ze ) is often said to mean people of the ( south ) wind although this was probably not the term 's original meaning . For thousands of years , what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes . Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys . Tribes in the western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison . Kansas was first settled by Americans in 1827 with the establishment of Fort Leavenworth . The pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s , in the midst of political wars over the slavery debate . When it was officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854 with the Kansas-Nebraska Act , abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine whether Kansas would become a free state or a slave state . Thus , the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided , and was known as Bleeding Kansas ."}]}, {'value': 'Midwest Christian College Conference ( ACCA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midwest_Christian_College_Conference', 'summary': 'The Midwest Christian College Conference is a college athletic conference that is a member of the National Christian College Athletic Association ( NCCAA ) and the Association of Christian College Athletics ( ACCA ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Association_of_Christian_College_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Association of Christian College Athletics ( ACCA ) is an organization of collegiate athletics . It was incorporated to provide an opportunity for smaller Christian college members to compete on an equal level of competition with schools of like size .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Christian College of the Bible', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Christian_College_of_the_Bible', 'summary': 'Central Christian College of the Bible is a private Christian college in Moberly , Missouri . Founded in 1957 , it is accredited by the Association for Biblical Higher Education and focuses on biblical instruction and practical training for its students . It offers Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees and certificates in ministry-related programs .'}]}, {'value': 'Moberly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moberly,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Moberly is a city in Randolph County , Missouri , United States . The population was 13,974 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Columbia , Missouri metropolitan area .'}]}, {'value': 'Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri', 'summary': "Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States . With over six million residents , it is the 18th-most populous state of the Union . The largest urban areas are St. Louis , Kansas City , Springfield and Columbia ; the capital is Jefferson City . The state is the 21st-most extensive in area . Missouri is bordered by eight states ( tied for the most with Tennessee ) : Iowa to the north , Illinois , Kentucky and Tennessee ( via the Mississippi River ) to the east , Arkansas to the south and Oklahoma , Kansas and Nebraska to the west . In the south are the Ozarks , a forested highland , providing timber , minerals and recreation . The Missouri River , after which the state is named , flows through the center of the state into the Mississippi River , which makes up Missouri 's eastern border . Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years . The Mississippian culture built cities and mounds , before declining in the 14th century . When European explorers arrived in the 17th century , they encountered the Osage and Missouria nations . The French established Louisiana , a part of New France , founding Ste . Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764 ."}]}, {'value': 'Midwest Christian College Conference ( ACCA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midwest_Christian_College_Conference', 'summary': 'The Midwest Christian College Conference is a college athletic conference that is a member of the National Christian College Athletic Association ( NCCAA ) and the Association of Christian College Athletics ( ACCA ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Association_of_Christian_College_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Association of Christian College Athletics ( ACCA ) is an organization of collegiate athletics . It was incorporated to provide an opportunity for smaller Christian college members to compete on an equal level of competition with schools of like size .'}]}, {'value': 'Champion Christian College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Champion_Christian_College', 'summary': 'Champion Christian College is a Christian four year College based in Hot Springs , Arkansas .'}]}, {'value': 'Hot Springs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hot_Springs,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Hot Springs is a resort city in the state of Arkansas and the county seat of Garland County . The city is located in the Ouachita Mountains among the U.S . Interior Highlands , and is set among several natural hot springs for which the city is named . As of the 2010 United States Census , the city had a population of 35,193 . In 2017 the estimated population was 36,915 . The center of Hot Springs is the oldest federal reserve in the United States , today preserved as Hot Springs National Park . The hot spring water has been popularly believed for centuries to possess healing properties , and was a subject of legend among several Native American tribes . Following federal protection in 1832 , the city developed into a successful spa town . Incorporated January 10 , 1851 , the city has been home to Major League Baseball spring training , illegal gambling , speakeasies and gangsters such as Al Capone , horse racing at Oaklawn Park , the Army and Navy Hospital , and 42nd President Bill Clinton . One of the largest Pentecostal denominations in the United States , the Assemblies of God , traces its beginnings to Hot Springs . Today , much of Hot Springs 's history is preserved by various government entities . Hot Springs National Park is maintained by the National Park Service , including Bathhouse Row , which preserves the eight historic bathhouse buildings and gardens along Central Avenue ."}]}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas', 'summary': "Arkansas ( /ˈɑːrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw ) [ c ] is a state in the south central region of the United States , home to more than three million people as of 2018 . Its name is from the Osage language , of Siouan derivation ; it denoted their related kin , the Quapaw people . The state 's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and the Ouachita Mountains , which make up the U.S . Interior Highlands , to the densely forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands , to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River and the Arkansas Delta . Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States . The capital and most populous city is Little Rock , located in the central portion of the state , a hub for transportation , business , culture , and government . The northwestern corner of the state , such as the Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers Metropolitan Area and Fort Smith metropolitan area , is a population , education , and economic center . The largest city in the state 's eastern part is Jonesboro . The largest city in the state 's southeastern part is Pine Bluff . The Territory of Arkansas was admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15 , 1836 . Much of the Delta had been developed for cotton plantations , and the state landowners largely depended on enslaved African Americans as workers . In 1861 , Arkansas seceded from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dallas Christian College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Christian_College', 'summary': 'Dallas Christian College ( DCC ) is a private college in the suburb of Farmers Branch , Texas . It is affiliated with the Christian Church and accredited by the Association for Biblical Higher Education .'}]}, {'value': 'Farmers Branch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Farmers_Branch,_Texas', 'summary': "Farmers Branch , officially the City of Farmers Branch , is a city in Dallas County , Texas , United States . It is an inner-ring suburb of Dallas and is part of the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex . The population was 40,209 at the 2018 census . Known as a City in a Park for its 28 parks in only 12 square miles , Farmers Branch is a small community that is in close proximity to Dallas and has a business community that accounts for 80% of the City 's tax base , allowing residents to have one of the lower city tax rates in Dallas County while having dedicated city services and public safety . [ citation needed ] The city received media attention due to 2006 anti-illegal immigration measures and a law making English the city 's official language . These measures were struck down by courts and/or repealed . In 2017 the community elected the City 's first millennial mayor , Robert C. Dye . Under the Mayor and Council 's leadership , the city has prioritized creating a more ethnically diverse community focused on leadership in education , sustainability , innovative commercial development , and smart-city design . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': 'Independent ( ACCA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_of_Christian_College_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Association of Christian College Athletics ( ACCA ) is an organization of collegiate athletics . It was incorporated to provide an opportunity for smaller Christian college members to compete on an equal level of competition with schools of like size .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas Christian College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_Christian_College_(Overland_Park)', 'summary': 'Kansas Christian College is a private , four-year Christian college in Overland Park , Kansas , affiliated with the Church of God ( Holiness ) . The college is accredited with the Association for Biblical Higher Education , a commission recognized by United States Department of Education . The sports programs associated fielded by Kansas Christian College are nicknamed the Falcons , and compete in the NCCAA .'}]}, {'value': 'Overland Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Overland_Park,_Kansas', 'summary': 'Overland Park is the second most populous city in the U.S. state of Kansas . Located in Johnson County , it is the second most populous city in the Kansas City metropolitan area . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 173,372 ; growing to 192,536 by 2018 . It is home to the Sprint World Headquarters Campus .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas', 'summary': "Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States . Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita , with its most populated county and largest employment center being Johnson County . Kansas is bordered by Nebraska on the north ; Missouri on the east ; Oklahoma on the south ; and Colorado on the west . Kansas is named after the Kansas River , which in turn was named after the Kansa Native Americans who lived along its banks . The tribe 's name ( natively kką : ze ) is often said to mean people of the ( south ) wind although this was probably not the term 's original meaning . For thousands of years , what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes . Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys . Tribes in the western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison . Kansas was first settled by Americans in 1827 with the establishment of Fort Leavenworth . The pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s , in the midst of political wars over the slavery debate . When it was officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854 with the Kansas-Nebraska Act , abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine whether Kansas would become a free state or a slave state . Thus , the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided , and was known as Bleeding Kansas ."}]}, {'value': 'Independent ( ACCA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_of_Christian_College_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Association of Christian College Athletics ( ACCA ) is an organization of collegiate athletics . It was incorporated to provide an opportunity for smaller Christian college members to compete on an equal level of competition with schools of like size .'}]}, {'value': 'Manhattan Christian College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan_Christian_College', 'summary': "Manhattan Christian College ( MCC ) is a private Christian college in Manhattan , Kansas . Manhattan Christian College was founded in 1927 as Christian Workers University . It initially opened for classes on September 19 , 1927 . [ citation needed ] The school 's name was changed to Manhattan Bible College in 1930 , and on July 1 , 1971 , the name was changed again to Manhattan Christian College . MCC is historically affiliated with nondenominational , independent Christian Churches and Churches of Christ of the Restoration Movement . While many of the students and all the professors have a background in the Christian Church/Churches of Christ congregations , students from various denominational backgrounds are encouraged and welcomed . The school is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and the Association for Biblical Higher Education ."}]}, {'value': 'Manhattan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan,_Kansas', 'summary': "Manhattan is a city in northeastern Kansas in the United States at the junction of the Kansas River and Big Blue River . It is the county seat of Riley County , although it extends into Pottawatomie County . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 52,281 . The city was founded by settlers from the New England Emigrant Aid Company as a Free-State town in the 1850s , during the Bleeding Kansas era . Nicknamed The Little Apple as a play on New York City 's Big Apple , Manhattan is best known as the home of Kansas State University and has a distinct college town atmosphere . Fort Riley , a United States Army post , is located 8 miles ( 13 km ) west of Manhattan ."}]}, {'value': 'Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas', 'summary': "Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States . Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita , with its most populated county and largest employment center being Johnson County . Kansas is bordered by Nebraska on the north ; Missouri on the east ; Oklahoma on the south ; and Colorado on the west . Kansas is named after the Kansas River , which in turn was named after the Kansa Native Americans who lived along its banks . The tribe 's name ( natively kką : ze ) is often said to mean people of the ( south ) wind although this was probably not the term 's original meaning . For thousands of years , what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes . Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys . Tribes in the western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison . Kansas was first settled by Americans in 1827 with the establishment of Fort Leavenworth . The pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s , in the midst of political wars over the slavery debate . When it was officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854 with the Kansas-Nebraska Act , abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine whether Kansas would become a free state or a slave state . Thus , the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided , and was known as Bleeding Kansas ."}]}, {'value': 'Midwest Christian College Conference', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midwest_Christian_College_Conference', 'summary': 'The Midwest Christian College Conference is a college athletic conference that is a member of the National Christian College Athletic Association ( NCCAA ) and the Association of Christian College Athletics ( ACCA ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Ozark Christian College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ozark_Christian_College', 'summary': 'Ozark Christian College is a private evangelical Christian college in Joplin , Missouri . It is affiliated with the Restoration Movement of Christian churches and churches of Christ .'}]}, {'value': 'Joplin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joplin,_Missouri', 'summary': "Joplin , officially known as the City of Joplin , is a city in southern Jasper County and northern Newton County in the southwestern corner of the U.S. state of Missouri . Joplin is the largest city in Jasper County - even though it is not the county seat , and it is the 12th most-populous city in the state . As of the 2010 census , the city 's population was 50,150 . The city covers an area of 35.69 square miles ( 92.41 km2 ) on the outer edge of the Ozark Mountains . Joplin is the main hub of the three-county Joplin-Miami , Missouri-Oklahoma Metro area , which is home to 210,077 people making it the 5th largest metropolitan area in Missouri ."}]}, {'value': 'Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri', 'summary': "Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States . With over six million residents , it is the 18th-most populous state of the Union . The largest urban areas are St. Louis , Kansas City , Springfield and Columbia ; the capital is Jefferson City . The state is the 21st-most extensive in area . Missouri is bordered by eight states ( tied for the most with Tennessee ) : Iowa to the north , Illinois , Kentucky and Tennessee ( via the Mississippi River ) to the east , Arkansas to the south and Oklahoma , Kansas and Nebraska to the west . In the south are the Ozarks , a forested highland , providing timber , minerals and recreation . The Missouri River , after which the state is named , flows through the center of the state into the Mississippi River , which makes up Missouri 's eastern border . Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years . The Mississippian culture built cities and mounds , before declining in the 14th century . When European explorers arrived in the 17th century , they encountered the Osage and Missouria nations . The French established Louisiana , a part of New France , founding Ste . Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764 ."}]}, {'value': 'Midwest Christian College Conference ( ACCA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midwest_Christian_College_Conference', 'summary': 'The Midwest Christian College Conference is a college athletic conference that is a member of the National Christian College Athletic Association ( NCCAA ) and the Association of Christian College Athletics ( ACCA ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Association_of_Christian_College_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Association of Christian College Athletics ( ACCA ) is an organization of collegiate athletics . It was incorporated to provide an opportunity for smaller Christian college members to compete on an equal level of competition with schools of like size .'}]}, {'value': 'Portland Bible College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portland_Bible_College', 'summary': 'Portland Bible College ( PBC ) is a four-year Bible college in Portland , Oregon , USA that offers theological and church ministry degrees . It was founded in 1967 and is associated with City Bible Church , which is associated with Ministers Fellowship International . The campus is adjacent to City Bible Church on Rocky Butte in northeast Portland .'}]}, {'value': 'Portland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portland,_Oregon', 'summary': "Portland ( /ˈpɔːrtlənd/ ; PORT-lənd ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County . It is a major port in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest , at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers . As of 2018 , Portland had an estimated population of 653,115 , making it the 25th most populated city in the United States , and the second-most populous in the Pacific Northwest after Seattle . Approximately 2.4 million people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) , making it the 25th most populous in the United States . Its combined statistical area ( CSA ) ranks 19th-largest with a population of around 3.2 million . Approximately 60% of Oregon 's population resides within the Portland metropolitan area . [ a ] Named after Portland , Maine , the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail . Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods , and the timber industry was a major force in the city 's early economy . At the turn of the 20th century , the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous port cities in the world , a hub for organized crime and racketeering . After the city 's economy experienced an industrial boom during World War II , its hard-edged reputation began to dissipate . Beginning in the 1960s , Portland became noted for its growing progressive political values , earning it a reputation as a bastion of counterculture . The city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro , the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oregon', 'summary': "Oregon ( /ˈɒrɪɡən/ ( listen ) ORR-ih-gən ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region on the West Coast of the United States . The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon 's northern boundary with Washington , while the Snake River delineates much of its eastern boundary with Idaho . The parallel 42° north delineates the southern boundary with California and Nevada . Oregon was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before European traders , explorers , and settlers arrived . An autonomous government was formed in the Oregon Country in 1843 before the Oregon Territory was created in 1848 . Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14 , 1859 . Today , at 98,000 square miles ( 250,000 km2 ) , Oregon is the ninth largest and , with a population of 4 million , 27th most populous U.S. state . The capital , Salem , is the second most populous city in Oregon , with 169,798 residents . Portland , with 647,805 , ranks as the 26th among U.S. cities . The Portland metropolitan area , which also includes the city of Vancouver , Washington , to the north , ranks the 25th largest metro area in the nation , with a population of 2,453,168 . Oregon is one of the most geographically diverse states in the U.S. , marked by volcanoes , abundant bodies of water , dense evergreen and mixed forests , as well as high deserts and semi-arid shrublands . At 11,249 feet ( 3,429 m ) , Mount Hood , a stratovolcano , is the state 's highest point ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Randall University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Randall_University', 'summary': "Randall University is a Christian university in Moore , Oklahoma . Founded in 1917 , it offers associate , bachelor 's , and master 's degrees . It is one of several higher learning institutions associated with the Free Will Baptists . Randall University is also a member of the Oklahoma Independent Colleges and University . In 2015 , it had an enrollment of 365 ."}]}, {'value': 'Moore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moore,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Moore is a city in Cleveland County , Oklahoma , United States , and is part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area . The population was 55,081 at the 2010 census , making Moore the seventh- largest city in the state of Oklahoma . Located between Oklahoma City and Norman , the city has been the site of several devastating tornadoes , with those occurring in 1999 and 2013 receiving international attention .'}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma', 'summary': "Oklahoma ( /ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/ ( listen ) ; Cherokee : ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ , ogalahoma ; Choctaw : Oklahumma ) is a state in the South Central region of the United States , bordered by the state of Texas on the south and west , Kansas on the north , Missouri on the northeast , Arkansas on the east , New Mexico on the west , and Colorado on the northwest . It is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its residents are known as Oklahomans ( or colloquially , Okies ) , and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City . The state 's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma , meaning red people . It is also known informally by its nickname , The Sooner State , in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on land before the official opening date of lands in the western Oklahoma Territory or before the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 , which increased European-American settlement in the eastern Indian Territory . Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged into the State of Oklahoma when it became the 46th state to enter the union on November 16 , 1907 . With ancient mountain ranges , prairie , mesas , and eastern forests , most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains , Cross Timbers , and the U.S . Interior Highlands , all regions prone to severe weather . Oklahoma is on a confluence of three major American cultural regions and historically served as a route for cattle drives , a destination for Southern settlers , and a government-sanctioned territory for Native Americans . More than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma . A major producer of natural gas , oil , and agricultural products , Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation , energy , telecommunications , and biotechnology . Both Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma 's primary economic anchors , with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas ."}]}, {'value': 'Independent ( ACCA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_of_Christian_College_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Association of Christian College Athletics ( ACCA ) is an organization of collegiate athletics . It was incorporated to provide an opportunity for smaller Christian college members to compete on an equal level of competition with schools of like size .'}]}, {'value': 'SAGU American Indian College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Indian_College', 'summary': 'American Indian College is a private Christian college in Phoenix , Arizona . Created for the purpose of equipping Native Americans for Christian service , AIC educates students from about 25 tribes but welcomes students of all ethnicities . It is a regional Assemblies of God college . Until late 2015 the college was accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools but it lost that accreditation in November . It is now an approved campus of Southwestern Assemblies of God University and accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges ( SACSCOC ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Phoenix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona', 'summary': "Phoenix is the capital and most populous city in Arizona , with 1,660,272 people ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) . It is also the fifth most populous city in the United States , and the only state capital with a population of more than one million residents . Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area , also known as the Valley of the Sun , which in turn is part of the Salt River Valley . The metropolitan area is the 11th largest by population in the United States , with approximately 4.73 million people as of 2017 [ update ] . Phoenix is the seat of Maricopa County and the largest city in the state at 517.9 square miles ( 1,341 km2 ) , more than twice the size of Tucson and one of the largest cities in the United States . Phoenix was settled in 1867 as an agricultural community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers and was incorporated as a city in 1881 . It became the capital of Arizona Territory in 1889 . It is in the northeastern reaches of the Sonoran Desert and has a hot desert climate . Despite this , its canal system led to a thriving farming community with the original settler 's crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades , such as alfalfa , cotton , citrus , and hay . Cotton , cattle , citrus , climate , and copper were known locally as the Five C 's anchoring Phoenix 's economy . These remained the driving forces of the city until after World War II , when high-tech companies began to move into the valley and air conditioning made Phoenix 's hot summers more bearable . The city averaged a four percent annual population growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southwestern Adventist University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Adventist_University', 'summary': "Southwestern Adventist University is a private , Adventist university in Keene , Texas . It is owned by the Southwestern Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists . The university enrolls about 800 students on a rural , 150-acre campus . The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools It is religiously accredited by the Adventist Accrediting Association . The nursing program is approved by the Texas Board of Nurse Examiners . and offers certificate , associate , bachelor 's , and master 's degrees ."}]}, {'value': 'Keene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keene,_Texas', 'summary': 'Keene is a city in Johnson County , Texas , United States . The population was 6,106 as of the 2010 Census , up from 5,003 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': 'USCAA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Collegiate_Athletic_Association', 'summary': 'The United States Collegiate Athletic Association ( USCAA ) is a national organization for the intercollegiate athletic programs of 81 mostly small colleges , community colleges and junior colleges , across the United States . The USCAA holds 12 National Championship tournaments in 7 sports .'}]}, {'value': 'Spurgeon College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midwestern_Baptist_Theological_Seminary', 'summary': 'Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary ( MBTS ) is a Southern Baptist seminary in Kansas City , Missouri . It is one of six official seminaries of the Southern Baptist Convention . Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary also houses an undergraduate college , Spurgeon College ( until recently known as Midwestern College ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri', 'summary': "Kansas City ( abbreviated KC or KCMO ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri by population and area . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had an estimated population of 491,918 in 2018 , making it the 38th most-populous city in the United States . It is the most populated municipality and historic core city of the Kansas City metropolitan area , which straddles the Kansas-Missouri state line and has a CSA population of 2,487,053 . Most of the city lies within Jackson County , but portions spill into Clay , Cass , and Platte counties . The city borders Johnson County and Kansas City , Kansas , ( KCK/Wyandotte County ) in Kansas . Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west . On June 1 , 1850 , the town of Kansas was incorporated ; shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory . Confusion between the two ensued , and the name Kansas City was assigned to distinguish them soon after . In 2017 , the city had the fifth-highest per capita murder rate in the nation with 2019 homicide rates nearing a record high . Sitting on Missouri 's western boundary with Kansas , with Downtown near the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers , the city encompasses some 319.03 square miles ( 826.3 km2 ) , making it the 23rd largest city by total area in the United States . Along with Independence , one of its major suburbs , it serves as one of the two county seats of Jackson County . Other major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Blue Springs and Lee 's Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park , Olathe , and Kansas City ."}]}, {'value': 'Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri', 'summary': "Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States . With over six million residents , it is the 18th-most populous state of the Union . The largest urban areas are St. Louis , Kansas City , Springfield and Columbia ; the capital is Jefferson City . The state is the 21st-most extensive in area . Missouri is bordered by eight states ( tied for the most with Tennessee ) : Iowa to the north , Illinois , Kentucky and Tennessee ( via the Mississippi River ) to the east , Arkansas to the south and Oklahoma , Kansas and Nebraska to the west . In the south are the Ozarks , a forested highland , providing timber , minerals and recreation . The Missouri River , after which the state is named , flows through the center of the state into the Mississippi River , which makes up Missouri 's eastern border . Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years . The Mississippian culture built cities and mounds , before declining in the 14th century . When European explorers arrived in the 17th century , they encountered the Osage and Missouria nations . The French established Louisiana , a part of New France , founding Ste . Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Southwest Region -- Division II', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_NCCAA_institutions_8', 'intro': 'This is a list of institutions that compete in the National Christian College Athletic Association. There are currently 89 programs in the organization as of 2019.'} | null | null | What is the school whose state became the 33rd state on February 14 , 1859 ? | Portland Bible College |
081b284c73aa6838 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland', 'title': 'Poland', 'header': ['Rank 2016', 'Corporation', 'Sector', 'Headquarters', 'Revenue ( billions EUR )', 'Employees'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PKN Orlen SA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PKN_Orlen', 'summary': "PKN Orlen ( Polish : Polski Koncern Naftowy Orlen ) ( WSE : PKN ) is a major Polish oil refiner and petrol retailer . The company is a significant European publicly traded firm with major operations in Poland , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Germany , and the Baltic States . Orlen is a title sponsor of the Alfa Romeo Racing Formula One team , and a major sponsor of Polish volleyball , both the national teams and the women 's national tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Oil and gas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Płock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Płock', 'summary': 'Płock ( pronounced [ pwɔt͡sk ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the Vistula river in central Poland . It is located in the Masovian Voivodeship ( since 1999 ) , having previously been the capital of the Płock Voivodeship ( 1975-1998 ) . According to the data provided by GUS on 31 December 2018 there were 120,000 inhabitants in the city . Its full ceremonial name , according to the preamble to the City Statute , is Stołeczne Książęce Miasto Płock ( the Princely or Ducal Capital City of Płock ) . It is used in ceremonial documents as well as for preserving an old tradition . Płock is now a capital of the powiat ( county ) in the west of the Mazovian Voivodeship . From 1079 to 1138 it was the capital of Poland . Its cathedral contains the sarcophagi of a number of Polish monarchs . Later on , it was a royal city of Poland . It is the cultural , academic , scientific , administrative and transportation center of the west and north Masovian region . The first Jewish settlers came to the city in the 14th century , responding to the extension of rights by the Polish kings . They built a community and constituted a large portion of the population through the 19th century , sometimes more than 40% .'}]}, {'value': '18.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,730', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PGNiG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PGNiG', 'summary': 'Polskie Górnictwo Naftowe i Gazownictwo S.A. ( en : Polish Oil Mining and Gas Extraction S.A. ) is a Polish state-controlled oil and gas company , headquartered in Warsaw , Poland . The Company has branches and representative offices in Russia , Pakistan , Belarus and Ukraine and holds equity interests in some 30 subsidiaries , including providers of specialist geophysical , drilling and well services . PGNiG is one of the largest companies in Poland , the largest Polish oil and gas exploration and production company and is listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange .'}]}, {'value': 'Oil and gas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gdańsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gdańsk', 'summary': "Gdańsk ( /ɡəˈdænsk/ , also US : /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/ , Polish : [ ɡdaj̃sk ] ( listen ) ; Kashubian : Gduńsk ; German : Danzig [ ˈdantsɪç ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland . With a population of 468,158 , Gdańsk is the capital and largest city of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and one of the most prominent cities within the cultural and geographical region of Kashubia . It is Poland 's principal seaport and the centre of the country 's fourth-largest metropolitan area . The city is situated on the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay on the Baltic Sea , in a conurbation with the city of Gdynia , the resort town of Sopot , and suburban communities ; these form a metropolitan area called the Tricity ( Trójmiasto ) , with a population approaching 1.4 million . Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the Motława River , connected to the Leniwka , a branch in the delta of the nearby Vistula River , which drains 60 percent of Poland and connects Gdańsk with the Polish capital , Warsaw . Together with the nearby port of Gdynia , Gdańsk is also a notable industrial centre . The city 's history is complex , with periods of Polish , Prussian and German rule , and periods of autonomy or self-rule as a free city state . In the early-modern age , Gdańsk was a royal city of Poland . It was considered the wealthiest and the largest city of Poland , before the 18th century rapid growth of Warsaw . In the late Middle Ages it was an important seaport and shipbuilding town and , in the 14th and 15th centuries , a member of the Hanseatic League . In the interwar period , owing to its multi-ethnic make-up and history , Gdańsk lay in a disputed region between Poland and Germany , which became known as the Polish Corridor . The city 's ambiguous political status was exploited , furthering tension between the two countries , which would ultimately culminate in the Invasion of Poland and the first clash of the Second World War just outside the city limits , followed by the flight and expulsion of the majority of the previous population in 1945 ."}]}, {'value': '7.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25,271', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PGE SA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polska_Grupa_Energetyczna', 'summary': 'PGE Polska Grupa Energetyczna S.A. ( PGE SA or PGE Group , the name can be translated as Polish Energy Group ) is a state-owned public power company and the largest power producing company in Poland . PGE is listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the WIG30 index . The group is largely controlled by the Polish State Treasury who as of 9 July 2014 owns 58.39% of the public limited company . In addition to the activities of its core businesses of central and holdings companies in the generation and distribution of electricity , the group also trades electricity and other relevant products on the market . The total company revenue for 2015 was 28.542 billion złoty and the company made a net income loss of 3.032 billion złoty .'}]}, {'value': 'Energy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warsaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warsaw', 'summary': "Warsaw ( /ˈwɔːrsɔː/ WOR-saw ; Polish : Warszawa [ varˈʂava ] ( listen ) ; see also other names ) is the capital and largest city of Poland . The metropolis stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland and its population is officially estimated at 1.8 million residents . With a greater metropolitan area of 3.1 million residents , Warsaw is the 5th most-populous urban area in the European Union . The city limits cover 517.24 square kilometres ( 199.71 sq mi ) , while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres ( 2,355.39 sq mi ) . Warsaw is an alpha global city , a major international tourist destination , and a significant cultural , political and economic hub . Its historical old town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Once described as the Paris of the North , Warsaw was believed to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world until World War II . Bombed at the start of the German invasion in 1939 , the city withstood a siege for which it was later awarded Poland 's highest military decoration for heroism , the Virtuti Militari . Deportations of the Jewish population to concentration camps led to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943 and the destruction of the Ghetto after a month of combat . A general Warsaw Uprising between August and October 1944 led to even greater devastation and systematic razing by the Germans in advance of the Vistula-Oder Offensive . Warsaw gained the new title of Phoenix City because of its extensive history and complete reconstruction after World War II , which had left over 85% of its buildings in ruins . Warsaw is one of Europe 's most dynamic metropolitan cities ."}]}, {'value': '6.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44,317', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PZU SA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powszechny_Zakład_Ubezpieczeń', 'summary': "Powszechny Zakład Ubezpieczeń Spółka Akcyjna ( PZU ) ( WSE : PZU ) is a publicly traded insurance company , a component of the WIG20 and Poland 's biggest and oldest insurance company . PZU is headquartered in Warsaw and also one of the largest financial institutions in Poland . It is also one of the top insurance companies in Central and Eastern Europe . The main advantages of the Group concern the strong competitive position , high level of equity and high effectiveness of business activity . PZU Group offers the largest selection of insurance products on the Polish market ( nearly 200 insurance products ) and constantly enhances the scope of provided services . The activity of PZU group encompasses the comprehensive insurance-financial service . The Group entities provide services in the area of non-life insurance , personal and life insurance , investment funds and open pension fund ."}]}, {'value': 'Insurance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warsaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warsaw', 'summary': "Warsaw ( /ˈwɔːrsɔː/ WOR-saw ; Polish : Warszawa [ varˈʂava ] ( listen ) ; see also other names ) is the capital and largest city of Poland . The metropolis stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland and its population is officially estimated at 1.8 million residents . With a greater metropolitan area of 3.1 million residents , Warsaw is the 5th most-populous urban area in the European Union . The city limits cover 517.24 square kilometres ( 199.71 sq mi ) , while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres ( 2,355.39 sq mi ) . Warsaw is an alpha global city , a major international tourist destination , and a significant cultural , political and economic hub . Its historical old town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Once described as the Paris of the North , Warsaw was believed to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world until World War II . Bombed at the start of the German invasion in 1939 , the city withstood a siege for which it was later awarded Poland 's highest military decoration for heroism , the Virtuti Militari . Deportations of the Jewish population to concentration camps led to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943 and the destruction of the Ghetto after a month of combat . A general Warsaw Uprising between August and October 1944 led to even greater devastation and systematic razing by the Germans in advance of the Vistula-Oder Offensive . Warsaw gained the new title of Phoenix City because of its extensive history and complete reconstruction after World War II , which had left over 85% of its buildings in ruins . Warsaw is one of Europe 's most dynamic metropolitan cities ."}]}, {'value': '8.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36,419', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grupa Lotos SA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grupa_Lotos', 'summary': 'Grupa Lotos S.A. is a vertically integrated oil company based in Gdańsk , Poland . The company is listed in the Polish index WIG30 . Its main activity branches are : crude oil production , refining and marketing of oil products . The company is a leader in lubricants on the Polish market . [ citation needed ] Grupa Lotos is a producer of unleaded gasoline , diesel , fuel oils , aviation fuels , motor and industrial lubricants , bitumens and waxes .'}]}, {'value': 'Oil and gas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gdańsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gdańsk', 'summary': "Gdańsk ( /ɡəˈdænsk/ , also US : /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/ , Polish : [ ɡdaj̃sk ] ( listen ) ; Kashubian : Gduńsk ; German : Danzig [ ˈdantsɪç ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland . With a population of 468,158 , Gdańsk is the capital and largest city of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and one of the most prominent cities within the cultural and geographical region of Kashubia . It is Poland 's principal seaport and the centre of the country 's fourth-largest metropolitan area . The city is situated on the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay on the Baltic Sea , in a conurbation with the city of Gdynia , the resort town of Sopot , and suburban communities ; these form a metropolitan area called the Tricity ( Trójmiasto ) , with a population approaching 1.4 million . Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the Motława River , connected to the Leniwka , a branch in the delta of the nearby Vistula River , which drains 60 percent of Poland and connects Gdańsk with the Polish capital , Warsaw . Together with the nearby port of Gdynia , Gdańsk is also a notable industrial centre . The city 's history is complex , with periods of Polish , Prussian and German rule , and periods of autonomy or self-rule as a free city state . In the early-modern age , Gdańsk was a royal city of Poland . It was considered the wealthiest and the largest city of Poland , before the 18th century rapid growth of Warsaw . In the late Middle Ages it was an important seaport and shipbuilding town and , in the 14th and 15th centuries , a member of the Hanseatic League . In the interwar period , owing to its multi-ethnic make-up and history , Gdańsk lay in a disputed region between Poland and Germany , which became known as the Polish Corridor . The city 's ambiguous political status was exploited , furthering tension between the two countries , which would ultimately culminate in the Invasion of Poland and the first clash of the Second World War just outside the city limits , followed by the flight and expulsion of the majority of the previous population in 1945 ."}]}, {'value': '4.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33,071', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KGHM Polska Miedź SA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KGHM_Polska_Miedź', 'summary': 'KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. ( Kombinat Górniczo-Hutniczy Miedzi ) , commonly known as KGHM , is a Polish multinational corporation that employs around 34,000 people around the world and has been a major copper and silver producer for more than 50 years . In 1991 , the company was established as a state enterprise and since 1997 , their shares have been traded on the Warsaw Stock Exchange . Currently , KGHM operates 9 open-pit and underground mines located in Poland , Canada , the USA and Chile and is actively advancing 4 projects . KGHM produces key global resources including copper , copper sulphate , gold , silver , nickel , nickel sulphate , molybdenum , rhenium , lead , sulphuric acid , selenium and platinum group metals . The business strategy for the years 2015-2020 focuses on continuing growth and maximizing shareholder value with a goal to produce over one million tonnes of copper equivalent metal . KGHM is based in Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Lubin , Poland .'}]}, {'value': 'Mining', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lubin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lubin', 'summary': 'Lubin , [ ˈlubʲin ] ( German : Lüben ) is a town in Lower Silesian Voivodeship in south-western Poland . From 1975-1998 it belonged to the former Legnica Voivodeship . Lubin is the administrative seat of Lubin County , and also of the rural district called Gmina Lubin , although it is not part of the territory of the latter , as the town forms a separate urban gmina . As of 2018 , the town had a total population of 72,581 .'}]}, {'value': '4.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,578', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tauron Group SA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tauron_Group', 'summary': 'Tauron Polska Energia S.A. is an energy holding company in Poland . It is headquartered in Katowice . The company owns power and heat generation and distribution , and coal mining assets through a number of companies , particularly in south-western Poland . It is the second biggest company in terms of energy production in Poland . Tauron was established in December 2006 as Energetyka Południe . In 2007 , the Ministry of State Treasury of Poland transferred to the company 85% of shares in Południowy Koncern Energetyczny , 85% of shares in Enion , 85% of shares in EnergiaPro , 85% of shares in Elektrownia Stalowa Wola , 95.5% of shares in Elektrociepłownia Tychy , and 95.66% stake in Przedsiębiorstwo Energetyki Cieplnej . As a result , the Tauron Group became one of the largest companies in Poland .'}]}, {'value': 'Energy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katowice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katowice', 'summary': "Katowice ( UK : /ˌkætəˈviːtsə/ KAT-ə-VEET-sə , US : /ˌkɑːt-/ KAHT- , Polish : [ katɔˈvitsɛ ] ( listen ) ; officially Miasto Katowice ; 1953-1956 : Stalinogród ; Silesian : Katowicy ; German : Kattowitz ) is a city in southern Poland , the capital city of the Silesian Region , and a center of the Upper Silesia and Dąbrowa Basin Metropolis . With the population of 294,510 ( as of 2018 ) , it is the eleventh-largest city in Poland . The wider Katowice urban area has the population of approximately 2 to 3 million people . Throughout the mid-18th century , Katowice had developed into a village upon the discovery of rich coal reserves in the area . In 1742 the First Silesian War transferred Upper Silesia , including Katowice , to Prussia . Subsequently , from the second half of the 18th century , many German or Prussian craftsmen , merchants and artists began to settle in the region , which had been inhabited mostly by Poles over the past hundreds of years . Simultaneously Silesia experienced the influx of the first Jewish settlers . In the first half of the 19th century , intensive industrialization transformed local mills and farms into industrial steelworks , mines , foundries and artisan workshops . This also contributed to the establishment of companies and eventual rapid growth of the city . At the same time , Katowice became linked to the railway system with the first train arriving at the main station in 1847 . The outbreak of World War I was favourable for Katowice due to the prospering steel industry . Following Germany 's defeat and the Silesian Uprisings , Katowice and parts of Upper Silesia were annexed by the Second Polish Republic ."}]}, {'value': '4.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26,710', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cinkciarz.pl Sp . z o.o', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Financial services', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zielona Góra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zielona_Góra', 'summary': "Zielona Góra [ ʑeˈlɔna ˈɡura ] ( listen ) ( German : Grünberg in Schlesien ) is the largest city in Lubusz Voivodeship , in western Poland , with 140,297 inhabitants ( 2018 ) . Zielona Góra has been in Lubusz Voivodeship since 1999 , prior to which it was the capital of Zielona Góra Voivodeship from 1950 to 1998 . It is the seat of the province 's elected assembly , while the seat of the centrally appointed governor is located in the city of Gorzów Wielkopolski . Zielona Góra has a favourable geographical position , being located not far from the Polish-German border and on several international road and rail routes connecting Scandinavia with Southern Europe and Warsaw with Berlin . The region is also closely associated with vineyards and holds an annual Wine Fest . The city 's history began when Polish Duke Henry the Bearded brought first settlers to the area in 1222 . In 1323 Zielona Góra was granted town privileges . The town was incorporated into the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1506 . As part of Bohemia , in 1526 it became part of the Habsburg Empire and experienced a wave of witch trials in the 17th century . As a result of the First Silesian War , Zielona Góra was annexed by Prussia and , in 1871 , became part of Germany , until the end of World War II in 1945 . In accordance with the Potsdam Agreement , the province was handed over to Poland and resettled with Poles , most of whom came from Central Poland , but some also had been expelled from the Eastern Borderlands . Zielona Góra is surrounded by tree-covered hills and the adjacent woodland alone makes up approximately half of the city 's total area ."}]}, {'value': '3.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22,556', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PKO BP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powszechna_Kasa_Oszczędności_Bank_Polski', 'summary': "Powszechna Kasa Oszczędności Bank Polski Spółka Akcyjna ( also known as PKO Bank Polski , PKO BP ) is Poland 's largest bank founded in 1919 . It provides services to individual and business clients . The core business activity of PKO Bank Polski is retail banking . The full name Powszechna Kasa Oszczędności roughly means General Savings Bank , and Bank Polski means Polish Bank . Popularly only the acronym is used . With 1,145 branches located in Poland and abroad and a market capitalization of PLN 52 billion ( EUR 12.6 billion equivalent ) as of 2018 , PKO BP Group is among the largest financial institutions in Poland and is also one of the largest financial groups in Central and Eastern Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Banking', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warsaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warsaw', 'summary': "Warsaw ( /ˈwɔːrsɔː/ WOR-saw ; Polish : Warszawa [ varˈʂava ] ( listen ) ; see also other names ) is the capital and largest city of Poland . The metropolis stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland and its population is officially estimated at 1.8 million residents . With a greater metropolitan area of 3.1 million residents , Warsaw is the 5th most-populous urban area in the European Union . The city limits cover 517.24 square kilometres ( 199.71 sq mi ) , while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres ( 2,355.39 sq mi ) . Warsaw is an alpha global city , a major international tourist destination , and a significant cultural , political and economic hub . Its historical old town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Once described as the Paris of the North , Warsaw was believed to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world until World War II . Bombed at the start of the German invasion in 1939 , the city withstood a siege for which it was later awarded Poland 's highest military decoration for heroism , the Virtuti Militari . Deportations of the Jewish population to concentration camps led to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943 and the destruction of the Ghetto after a month of combat . A general Warsaw Uprising between August and October 1944 led to even greater devastation and systematic razing by the Germans in advance of the Vistula-Oder Offensive . Warsaw gained the new title of Phoenix City because of its extensive history and complete reconstruction after World War II , which had left over 85% of its buildings in ruins . Warsaw is one of Europe 's most dynamic metropolitan cities ."}]}, {'value': '3.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29,441', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enea SA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enea_SA', 'summary': 'Enea is a Polish power industry company based in Poznań . Enea is the fourth largest energy group in Poland . As of December 2017 , its share in the domestic electricity sales market was 13% .'}]}, {'value': 'Energy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poznań', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poznań', 'summary': "Poznań ( UK : /ˈpɒznæn/ POZ-nan , US : /ˈpoʊznæn , ˈpoʊznɑːn/ POHZ-nan , POHZ-nahn , Polish : [ ˈpɔznaj̃ ] or [ ˈpɔznaɲ ] ( listen ) ; German : Posen ; known also by other historical names ) is a city on the Warta River in west-central Poland , in the Greater Poland region and is the fifth-largest city in Poland . It is best known for its renaissance Old Town and Ostrów Tumski Cathedral . Today , Poznań is an important cultural and business centre and one of Poland 's most populous regions with many regional customs such as Saint John 's Fair ( Jarmark Świętojański ) , traditional Saint Martin 's croissants and a local dialect . Poznań is among the oldest and largest cities in Poland . The city 's population is 538,633 ( 2011 census ) , while the continuous conurbation with Poznań County and several other communities is inhabited by almost 1.1 million people . The Larger Poznań Metropolitan Area ( PMA ) is inhabited by 1.3-1.4 million people and extends to such satellite towns as Nowy Tomyśl , Gniezno and Września , making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Poland . It is the historical capital of the Greater Poland region and is currently the administrative capital of the province called Greater Poland Voivodeship . Poznań is a centre of trade , sports , education , technology and tourism . It is an important academic site , with about 130,000 students and the Adam Mickiewicz University , the third largest Polish university . Poznań is also the seat of the oldest Polish diocese , now being one of the most populous archdioceses in the country . The city also hosts the Poznań International Fair - the biggest industrial fair in Poland and one of the largest fairs in Europe . The city 's most renowned landmarks include Poznań Town Hall , the National Museum , Grand Theatre , Fara Church , Poznań Cathedral and the Imperial Castle ."}]}, {'value': '2.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23,805', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Economy -- Corporations', 'section_text': "The Warsaw Stock Exchange is the largest exchange by market capitalization in East-Central Europe . Poland is recognised as a regional economic leader within Central Europe , with nearly 40 percent of the 500 biggest companies in the region ( by revenues ) as well as a high globalisation rate . [ 187 ] The country 's largest firms compose the WIG30 index , which is traded on the Warsaw Stock Exchange . The economic transition in 1989 has resulted in a dynamic increase in the number and value of investments conducted by Polish corporations abroad . Over a quarter of these companies have participated in a foreign project or joint venture , and 72 percent decided to continue foreign expansion . According to reports made by the National Bank of Poland , the value of Polish foreign direct investments reached almost 300 billion PLN at the end of 2014 . The Central Statistical Office estimated that in 2014 there were around 1,437 Polish corporations with interests in 3,194 foreign entities . [ 188 ] Well known Polish brands include , among others PKO Bank Polski , PKN Orlen , PGE Energy , PZU , PGNiG , Tauron Group , Lotos Group , KGHM Polska Miedź , Asseco , Plus , Play , LOT Polish Airlines , Poczta Polska , Polish State Railways ( PKP ) , Biedronka , and TVP . [ 189 ] The list includes the largest companies by turnover in 2016 :", 'uid': 'Poland_1', 'intro': "Poland (Polish: Polska [ˈpɔlska] (listen)), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska[c] [ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska] (listen)), is a country located in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres (120,733 sq mi), and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With a population of nearly 38.5 million people, Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union. Poland's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw. Other major cities include Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk, and Szczecin. Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea, Lithuania, and Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north, Belarus and Ukraine to the east, Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south, and Germany to the west. The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years. Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse, with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain. However, it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name. The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest (over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe, with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe's first written national constitution, the Constitution of 3 May 1791."} | null | null | Approximately how many people does this Polish multinational corporation employ , which is headquartered in this city of 72,581 people as of 2018 ? | 34,000 people |
081cbf57b60d5d01 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_memorials_(Oise)', 'title': 'War memorials (Oise)', 'header': ['Work', 'Location', 'Date ( s )', 'Subject , notes and references'], 'data': [{'value': 'Monument aux Morts at Remy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Remy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Remy,_Oise', 'summary': 'Remy is a commune in the Oise department in northern France .'}]}, {'value': '1920', 'urls': []}, {'value': "This commune 's war memorial features an Établissements Rombaux-Roland bronze . It dates from 1920 and the war memorial was inaugurated on 22 August 1920 . This bronze gallic cock can be seen throughout France being one of Établissements Rombaux-Roland 's most popular pieces . Sometimes the cock stood on a half - globe with laurels or on a full globe or as at Remy on a flat platform . As was usual with Établissements Rombaux-Roland the sculptor remains anonymous", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Remy,_Oise', 'summary': 'Remy is a commune in the Oise department in northern France .'}]}, {'value': 'Monument aux Morts at Ressons-sur-Matz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ressons-sur-Matz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ressons-sur-Matz', 'summary': 'Ressons-sur-Matz is a commune in the Oise department in northern France .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The sculptor of Ressons-sur-Matz 's war memorial was Maxime Real del Sarte . The plaster model of this work , entitled je t'ai cherché was exhibited at the Salon des Artistes Française in 1920 and there are several examples of the work in monuments throughout France . It was said that the likeness of the soldier was based on Charles Eudes , one of Maxime Real del Sarte 's comrades at the front . Maxime Real Del Sarte was recommended as the sculptor for the Ressons-sur-Matz war memorial by the writer Binet-Valmer who had taken part in the liberation of the village in 1918 . The war memorial at Ressons-sur-Matz was completed in 1924", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ressons-sur-Matz', 'summary': 'Ressons-sur-Matz is a commune in the Oise department in northern France .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Maxime_Real_del_Sarte', 'summary': 'Maxime Real del Sarte ( 1888-1954 ) was a French sculptor and political activist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Binet-Valmer', 'summary': 'Jean-Auguste-Gustave Binet ( 3 June 1875 - 20 April 1940 ) , also known as Binet-Valmer , was a Franco-Swiss novelist and journalist . The trademark element of his style was the almost clinical precision with which he dissected the psychologies and motivations of his characters .'}]}, {'value': 'The Monument aux Morts at Ribécourt-Dreslincourt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ribécourt-Dreslincourt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ribécourt-Dreslincourt', 'summary': 'Ribécourt-Dreslincourt is a commune in the Oise department in northern France .'}]}, {'value': '1924', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The merger of two villages in 1970 means that we have two war memorials , one in each pre-merger village . That at Ribécourt remembers the 26 men killed and features a sculpture of a French soldier . It was inaugurated on 24 August 1924 . The war memorial at Dreslincourt was erected three years later and is an obelisk surmounted by a Croix de guerre . Both memorials in Ribécourt and Dreslincourt were badly damaged during World War II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croix_de_guerre', 'summary': "The Croix de Guerre ( French : [ kʁwa də ɡɛʁ ] , Cross of War ) is a military decoration of France . It was first created in 1915 and consists of a square-cross medal on two crossed swords , hanging from a ribbon with various degree pins . The decoration was awarded during World War I , again in World War II , and in other conflicts . The Croix de Guerre was also commonly bestowed on foreign military forces allied to France . The Croix de Guerre may be awarded either as an individual award or as a unit award to those soldiers who distinguish themselves by acts of heroism involving combat with the enemy . The medal is awarded to those who have been mentioned in dispatches , meaning a heroic deed or deeds were performed meriting a citation from an individual 's headquarters unit . The unit award of the Croix de Guerre with palm was issued to military units whose members performed heroic deeds in combat and were subsequently recognized by headquarters ."}]}, {'value': 'The Ferme de Navarin Monument', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Souhain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Maxime Real del Sarte 's composition features a group of three soldiers in attack mode . Reportedly the soldier in the centre was meant to represent a likeness of General Gouraud . The soldier on the right was supposedly based on Quentin Roosevelt , the nephew of Theodore Roosevelt who was killed near Cambrai on 14 July 1918 , and the soldier on the left was said to be based on Maxime Real del Sarte 's brother , killed in the Champagne during the war . Del Sarte himself was injured fighting in the Éparges section of the Verdun front on 29 January 1916 and part of his left arm had to be amputated . The monument remembers the efforts of the French army units who fought in the area", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maxime_Real_del_Sarte', 'summary': 'Maxime Real del Sarte ( 1888-1954 ) was a French sculptor and political activist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(soldier)', 'summary': 'Henri Joseph Eugène Gouraud ( 17 November 1867 - 16 September 1946 ) was a French general , best known for his leadership of the French Fourth Army at the end of the First World War .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Quentin_Roosevelt', 'summary': 'Quentin Roosevelt ( November 19 , 1897 - July 14 , 1918 ) was the youngest son of President Theodore Roosevelt and First Lady Edith Roosevelt . Inspired by his father and siblings , he joined the United States Army Air Service where he became a pursuit pilot during World War I . He was killed in aerial combat over France on Bastille Day ( July 14 ) , 1918 . As of 2020 , he is the only child of a US President to die in combat .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt', 'summary': "Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( /ˈroʊzəvɛlt/ ROH-zə-velt ; [ b ] October 27 , 1858 - January 6 , 1919 ) was an American statesman , politician , conservationist , naturalist , and writer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909 . He served as the 25th vice president from March to September 1901 and as the 33rd governor of New York from 1899 to 1900 . Roosevelt emerged as a leader of the Republican Party and became a driving force for the anti-trust policy while supporting Progressive Era policies in the United States in the early 20th century . His face is depicted on Mount Rushmore alongside George Washington , Thomas Jefferson , and Abraham Lincoln . He is generally ranked in polls of historians and political scientists as one of the five best presidents . Roosevelt was a sickly child with debilitating asthma , but he overcame his health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle , as well as growing out of his asthma naturally in his young adult years . He integrated his exuberant personality , vast range of interests , and world-famous achievements into a cowboy persona defined by robust masculinity . He was home-schooled , and he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College . His book The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 ) established his reputation as a learned historian and as a popular writer . Upon entering politics , he became the leader of the reform faction of Republicans in New York 's state legislature . His wife and his mother both died in rapid succession , and he escaped to a cattle ranch in the Dakotas . He served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President William McKinley , but he resigned from that post to lead the Rough Riders during the Spanish-American War , returning a war hero ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cambrai', 'summary': "Cambrai ( US : /kæmˈbreɪ , kɒ̃ˈ-/ , French : [ kɑ̃bʁɛ ] ( listen ) ; Picard : Kimbré ; Dutch : Kamerijk ) , formerly Cambray and historically in English Camerick or Camericke , is a commune in the Nord department and in the Hauts-de-France region of France on the Scheldt river , which is known locally as the Escaut river . A sub-prefecture of the department , Cambrai is a town which had 32,518 inhabitants in the Census of 2009 . It is in the heart of the urban unit of Cambrai [ fr ] which , with 47,138 inhabitants , ranks as 7th largest of the department . Its urban area [ fr ] , a more extensive range , included 65,986 inhabitants in 2009 . With Lille and the towns of the former Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin , it is also part of the Metropolitan area of Lille [ fr ] which has more than 3.8 million inhabitants . Towards the end of the Roman Empire , Cambrai replaced Bavay as the capital of the land of the Nervii . At the beginning of the Merovingian era , Cambrai became the seat of an immense archdiocese covering all the right bank of the Scheldt and the centre of a small ecclesiastical principality , roughly coinciding with the shire of Brabant , including the central part of the Low Countries . The bishopric had some limited secular power and depended on the Holy Roman Empire until annexation to France in 1678 . Fénelon , nicknamed the Swan of Cambrai , was the most renowned of the archbishops . The fertile lands which surround it and the textile industry gave it prosperity in the Middle Ages , but in modern times it is less industrialised than its neighbours of Nord-Pas-de-Calais . Cambrai was the Duke of Wellington 's headquarters , for the British Army of Occupation , from 1815 to 1818 . Occupied and partly destroyed by the German army during World War I , Cambrai saw unfold in its vicinity the Battle of Cambrai ( 20 November 1917 - 3 December 1917 ) where tanks were massively and successfully used for the first time ."}]}, {'value': 'Monument aux Morts at Saint-Samson-la-Poterie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint-Samson-la-Poterie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint-Samson-la-Poterie', 'summary': 'Saint-Samson-la-Poterie is a commune in the Oise department in northern France .'}]}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The relief on the Saint-Samson-la-Poterie war memorial is by Louis Maubert . It is dated 1921 and was inaugurated on 9 October 1921 . The design and model of the relief was made in 1916 when it first became obvious that a monument was going to be needed by each and every community . The organisation Souvenir Français intended that this design to be the official monument , but the work was subject to criticism and the concept of a monopoly for war memorials was unpopular . This work was marketed by Établissements Hubert Coignet et Cie of Gennevilliers in Hauts-de-Seine . Amongst Maubert 's other works are the monument commemorating Leon Chiris in Grasse , Alpes-Maritimes and a bas-relief on the tomb of Montaud Deluns in Clamart , Hauts-de-Seine . Maubert was also the sculptor of the war memorial of Mazingarbe", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint-Samson-la-Poterie', 'summary': 'Saint-Samson-la-Poterie is a commune in the Oise department in northern France .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gennevilliers', 'summary': 'Gennevilliers ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒœnvilje ] ) is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris , in the Hauts-de-Seine department of Île-de-France . It is located 9.1 km ( 5.7 mi ) from the centre of Paris . In 2017 , it had a population of 46,907 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mazingarbe', 'summary': 'Mazingarbe is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France .'}]}, {'value': 'Monument at Senlis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Senlis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Senlis,_Oise', 'summary': 'Senlis ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ sɑ̃lis ] ) is a commune in the northern French department of Oise . The monarchs of the early French dynasties lived in Senlis , attracted by the proximity of the Chantilly forest . It is known for its Gothic cathedral and other historical monuments . Its inhabitants are called Senlisiens and Senlisiennes .'}]}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The war memorial at Senlis is the work of Gaston Dintrat who worked on several war memorial including those at Voiron , Joyeuse and Valence . The war memorial at Senlis was inaugurated by Monsieur Poincaré on 15 July 1923 and features two reliefs by Dintrat . The monument marks the furthest point reached by the Germans on 2 September 1914 . Senlis is also the site of the war memorial created for Casablanca by Paul Landowski and moved to Senlis after Morocco received her independence . The monument shows a Moroccan Spahi shaking the hand of a French cavalryman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raymond_Poincaré', 'summary': "Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré ( UK : /ˈpwæ̃kæreɪ/ , US : /ˌpwæ̃kɑːˈreɪ/ , French : [ ʁɛmɔ̃ pwɛ̃kaʁe ] ; 20 August 1860 - 15 October 1934 ) was a French statesman who served three times as 58th Prime Minister of France , and as President of France from 1913 to 1920 . He was a conservative leader , primarily committed to political and social stability . Trained in law , Poincaré was elected as a Deputy in 1887 and served in the cabinets of Dupuy and Ribot . In 1902 , he co-founded the Democratic Republican Alliance , the most important centre-right party under the Third Republic , becoming Prime Minister in 1912 and serving as President of the Republic from 1913 to 1920 . He purged the French government of all opponents and critics and single-handedly controlled French foreign policy from 1912 to the beginning of World War I . He was noted for his strongly anti-German attitudes , shifting the Franco-Russian Alliance from the defensive to the offensive , visiting Russia in 1912 and 1914 to strengthen Franco-Russian relations , and giving France 's support for Russian military mobilization during the July Crisis of 1914 . From 1917 , he exercised less influence as his political rival Georges Clemenceau had become Prime Minister . At the Paris Peace Conference , he favoured Allied occupation of the Rhineland . In 1922 Poincaré returned to power as Prime Minister . In 1923 he ordered the Occupation of the Ruhr to enforce payment of German reparations . By this time Poincaré was seen , especially in the English-speaking world , as an aggressive figure ( Poincaré-la-Guerre ) who had helped to cause the war in 1914 and who now favoured punitive anti-German policies . His government was defeated by the Cartel des Gauches at the elections of 1924 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Paul_Landowski', 'summary': 'Paul Maximilien Landowski ( 1 June 1875 - 31 March 1961 ) was a French monument sculptor of Polish descent . His best-known work is Christ the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil .'}]}, {'value': 'Monument aux Morts at Tricot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tricot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tricot,_Oise', 'summary': 'Tricot is a commune in the Oise department in northern France .'}]}, {'value': '1924', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The war memorial at Tricot dates from 1922 although the inauguration did not take place until 5 October 1924 . This figure of a poilu is identical to that at Bougainville in the Somme region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bougainville,_Somme', 'summary': 'Bougainville is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France .'}]}, {'value': 'Monument aux Morts at Verneuil-en-Halatte', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Verneuil-en-Halatte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Verneuil-en-Halatte', 'summary': 'Verneuil-en-Halatte is a commune in the Oise department in northern France . The organist and composer Joseph Boulnois ( 1884-1918 ) was born in Verneuil-en-Halatte .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Verneuil-en-Halatte 's war memorial is titled Le Coq gaulois écrasant l ' aigle allemand ( English : The Gallic Rooster crushing the German Eagle )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Verneuil-en-Halatte', 'summary': 'Verneuil-en-Halatte is a commune in the Oise department in northern France . The organist and composer Joseph Boulnois ( 1884-1918 ) was born in Verneuil-en-Halatte .'}, {'url': '/wiki/English_language', 'summary': 'English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and eventually became a global lingua franca . It is named after the Angles , one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to the area of Great Britain that later took their name , as England . Both names derive from Anglia , a peninsula in the Baltic Sea . The language is closely related to Frisian and Low Saxon , and its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages , particularly Norse ( a North Germanic language ) , and to a greater extent by Latin and French . English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years . The earliest forms of English , a group of West Germanic ( Ingvaeonic ) dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the 5th century , are collectively called Old English . Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England ; this was a period in which the language was influenced by French . Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London , the printing of the King James Bible and the start of the Great Vowel Shift . Modern English has been spreading around the world since the 17th century by the worldwide influence of the British Empire and the United States . Through all types of printed and electronic media of these countries , English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and professional contexts such as science , navigation and law . English is the largest language by number of speakers , and the third most-spoken native language in the world , after Standard Chinese and Spanish . It is the most widely learned second language and is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Albert Bartholomé , the Crépy-en-Valois Monument aux Morts and other works', 'section_text': "Bartholomé work at Père Lachaise . Bartholomé 's sculpture on his wife 's grave at Bouillant near Crépy-en-Valois Bartholomé 's sculpture on his wife 's grave at Bouillant near Crépy-en-Valois The Crépy-en-Valois war memorial A close up of a section of the Crépy-en-Valois war memorial The following are photographs of the four high-reliefs : The soldier has been mobilised and says farewell to his loved ones . The soldier takes part in an attack launched from the trenches The soldier is mortally wounded and sits dreaming of his home , including the bell-tower of Marquéglise church which we see in the sculptor 's relief . The soldier is carried off for burial The four bas-reliefs on this monument are the work of Émile Pinchon . The reliefs depict some aspects of Noyon 's fate over the 4 years of the war . The taking of hostages by the Germans on 29 September 1914 The re-entry of French troops of the 13th Corps on 18 March 1917 The ruins of Noyon on 25 August 1918 The presentation to the town of the Légion d'honneur and Croix de guerre on 10 July 1920 by Maréchal Joffre . The statue by the entrance to the crypt at Noyon 's war memorial . The relief on the Noyon war memorial commemorating the taking of hostages by the German Army on 29 September 1914 The relief on the Noyon war memorial commemorating the re-entry of the 13th Army Corps on 18 March 1917 Part of the relief on the Noyon war memorial showing the ruined state of Noyon after the 1914-1918 war . Here a woman sits amidst the ruins The remaining part of the relief showing the ruins of Noyon . Here a woman and child are featured The relief on the Noyon monument aux mort which records the presentation to Noyon on 10 July 1920 of the Légion d'honneur and the Croix de guerre in recognition of the suffering and fortitude of the citizens of Noyon during the German occupation The Noyon war memorial was inaugurated on 22 March 1925 . [ 24 ]", 'uid': 'War_memorials_(Oise)_3', 'intro': 'The War memorials (Oise) or Monuments aux Morts of Oise are French war memorials commemorating those men of the region who died in World War I.'} | null | null | The second oldest monument found in the Oise region included work by a sculpture artist most famous for which other statue ? | Christ the Redeemer |
081d58bd38546b39 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_family_relations_in_the_NHL', 'title': 'List of family relations in the NHL', 'header': ['Grandfather', 'Grandson', 'Country'], 'data': [{'value': 'Sid Abel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brent Johnson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Bobby Baun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Baun', 'summary': 'Robert Neil Bob , Boomer Baun ( born September 9 , 1936 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League for 17 seasons from 1956 to 1973 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Baun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Baun', 'summary': 'Kyle Baun ( born May 4 , 1992 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who is currently under contract to the Vienna Capitals of the Erste Bank Eishockey Liga ( EBEL ) . Baun has played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) with the Chicago Blackhawks and is the grandson of former Toronto Maple Leafs player Bobby Baun .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Dit Clapper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dit_Clapper', 'summary': 'Aubrey Victor Dit Clapper ( February 9 , 1907 - January 20 , 1978 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player . Clapper played his entire professional career for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1947 , the first Honoured Member to be living at the time of his induction . Clapper was the first NHL player to play 20 seasons , and one of only two to be an All-Star at both forward and defence . The right wing on the powerful Dynamite Line - one of the first forward combinations to receive a nickname in hockey history - along with linemates Cooney Weiland and Dutch Gainor , he contributed to the breaking of several scoring records in the 1930s . Towards the end of his career , he was named player-coach of the Bruins , and held the coaching position after his retirement as a player .'}]}, {'value': 'Greg Theberge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Theberge', 'summary': 'Greg Ray Theberge ( born September 3 , 1959 ) is a Canadian broadcaster and former professional ice hockey player . A defenceman , Theberge was drafted 109th overall in 1979 by the Washington Capitals . He played his entire NHL career with the Capitals , also playing for their AHL farm team affiliate the Hershey Bears . Theberge was born in Peterborough , Ontario . As a youth , he played in the 1972 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Peterborough . Theberge spent his OHL career with his hometown Peterborough Petes . His son , Brett , is a current member of the Petes . Theberge is the grandson of former NHL player and Hall of Famer Dit Clapper . Theberge is currently the colour commentator for TVCogeco covering the North Bay Battalion , alongside play-by-play man Ranjan Rupal .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Glenn Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenn_Hall', 'summary': "Glenn Henry Mr. Goalie Hall ( born October 3 , 1931 ) is a former professional ice hockey goaltender . During his National Hockey League career with the Detroit Red Wings , Chicago Black Hawks , and St. Louis Blues , Hall seldom missed a game and was a consistent performer , winning the Vezina Trophy , which at the time was awarded to the goaltender on the team allowing the fewest goals against ( a distinction that now results in being awarded the William M. Jennings Trophy ) , three times , being voted the First Team All-Star goaltender a record seven times , and winning the Calder Memorial Trophy as best rookie . Nicknamed Mr. Goalie , he was the first goaltender to develop and make effective use of the butterfly style of goalkeeping . In 2017 Hall was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players ' in history . He is the grandfather of Grant Stevenson ."}]}, {'value': 'Grant Stevenson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grant_Stevenson', 'summary': 'Grant Thomas Stevenson ( born October 15 , 1981 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward who played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) with the San Jose Sharks during the 2005-06 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Lou Jankowski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lou_Jankowski', 'summary': 'Louis Casimer Jankowski ( June 27 , 1931 - March 21 , 2010 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward and scout who played 130 games in the NHL and had a prolific career in the WHL . He was born in Regina , Saskatchewan and died in Clearwater , Florida .'}]}, {'value': 'Mark Jankowski *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Jankowski', 'summary': 'Mark Jankowski ( born September 13 , 1994 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who is currently playing for the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Jankowski was selected in the first round , 21st overall , at the 2012 NHL Entry Draft , by the Flames . He is the highest selected Canadian high school player in draft history , having played for Stanstead College for two seasons leading to the draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Howie Morenz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howie_Morenz', 'summary': 'Howard William Howie Morenz ( September 21 , 1902 - March 8 , 1937 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player . Beginning in 1923 , he played centre for three National Hockey League ( NHL ) teams : the Montreal Canadiens ( in two stints ) , the Chicago Black Hawks , and the New York Rangers . Before joining the NHL , Morenz excelled in the junior Ontario Hockey Association , where his team played for the Memorial Cup , the championship for junior ice hockey in Canada . In the NHL , he was one of the most dominant players in the league and set several league scoring records . A strong skater , Morenz was referred to as the Stratford Streak and Mitchell Meteor in reference to his speed on the ice . Considered one of the first stars of the NHL , Morenz played 14 seasons in the league . He was a member of a Stanley Cup-winning team three times , all with the Canadiens . During his NHL career he placed in the top 10 leading scorers ten times . For seven straight seasons , Morenz led the Canadiens in both goals scored and points . He was named the winner of the Hart Trophy as the most valuable player of the league three times , and he led the league once in goals scored and twice in points scored . After the introduction of All-Star teams in 1931 , he was named to the NHL First All-Star Team twice and the NHL Second All-Star Team once . Morenz died from complications of a broken leg , an injury he suffered in a game .'}]}, {'value': 'Dan Geoffrion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Lou Nanne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lou_Nanne', 'summary': 'Louis Vincent Anthony Nanne ( born June 2 , 1941 ) is a Canadian-born American former National Hockey League defenceman and general manager . He is a member of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame and of the International Ice Hockey Federation Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Vinni Lettieri *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vinni_Lettieri', 'summary': 'Vinni Lettieri ( born February 6 , 1995 ) is an American professional ice hockey center for the Hartford Wolf Pack of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) as a prospect to the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Andre Pronovost', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Pronovost', 'summary': 'André Joseph Armand Pronovost ( born July 9 , 1936 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward . Pronovost played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and several minor professional leagues in North America . Pronovost was a member of four Stanley Cup-winning teams of the Montreal Canadiens in the 1950s . André is often confused as being the brother of Marcel , Claude and Jean Pronovost but is unrelated .'}]}, {'value': 'Anthony Mantha *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Mantha', 'summary': 'Anthony Mantha ( born September 16 , 1994 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who is currently playing for the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Mantha was drafted 20th overall by the Red Wings in the 2013 NHL Entry Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Bud Stefanski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bud_Stefanski', 'summary': "Stanley Michael Bud Stefanski ( born April 28 , 1955 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played in one National Hockey League game for the New York Rangers during the 1977-78 NHL season . He is also a former head coach of the Ontario Hockey League 's Barrie Colts and Toronto St. Michael 's Majors . His son-in-law is Cory Stillman ."}]}, {'value': 'Riley Stillman*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Stewart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Stewart_(sports_official)', 'summary': 'William Joseph Stewart ( September 20 , 1895 - February 18 , 1964 ) was an American coach and sports official who was a referee in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and an umpire in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . In 1938 , as head coach of the Chicago Black Hawks , he led the team to a championship , becoming the first U.S.-born coach to win the Stanley Cup . He is an inductee of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul Stewart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Stewart_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': "Paul Stewart ( born March 21 , 1953 in Dorchester , Massachusetts ) is an American former professional ice hockey player and referee . Inducted in the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 2018 , he is the grandson of Bill Stewart . Stewart played in both the World Hockey Association and the National Hockey League . He played with Mark Messier for the Cincinnati Stingers . His last season of professional hockey was 1979-80 with the Quebec Nordiques . After his playing days ended , he had a lengthy career as an NHL referee . He officiated 1,010 regular season games , 49 playoff games , the 1987 Canada Cup , the 1991 Canada Cup and two All-Star games . He never wore a helmet during his officiating career . From the 1994-95 NHL season until his retirement in 2003 , he wore uniform number 22 . Stewart is Men 's and Women 's League Director of Officiating for ECAC Hockey , and in 2012 , also took on duties as a judicial and discipline consultant to the Kontinental Hockey League ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Grandfather-grandsons', 'section_text': "This category is for such pairings not already listed in the `` Parent-Children '' section above ( i.e. , maternal grandparents ) : grandfathers Bernie Geoffrion , Bryan Hextall , Lester Patrick , Jerry Wilson . Brent Johnson is the grandson of former Detroit Red Wings player Sid Abel , whose jersey ( number 12 ) is shown here .", 'uid': 'List_of_family_relations_in_the_NHL_2', 'intro': "This is a list of family relations in the National Hockey League. Since the creation of the National Hockey League in 1917, family members have been involved in all aspects of the league. Although most connections are among players, there have been family members involved in coaching and managing as well. Since 1917, 47 pairs of brothers have played together on the same team; among them, ten have won the Stanley Cup together. Brothers have also squared off against each other five times in the Stanley Cup finals, most recently in 2003. Twenty-six sons have followed in their fathers' footsteps and played for his team. Only once has a father played with his sons, when Gordie Howe played with Mark and Marty for one season with the Hartford Whalers. The Chicago Blackhawks have seen the most familial connections with 31: twenty sets of brothers, five father-son combinations, three uncle-nephew combinations, and three sets of cousins. The Sutter family has had the largest number of family members - nine - play, coach and manage in the NHL. The original six brothers (Brent, Brian, Darryl, Duane, Rich, and Ron) and three of their sons (cousins Brandon, Brett, and Brody) result in multiple brother/father-son/uncle-nephew/cousin combinations. Below is a list of family relations throughout the NHL as players, head coaches, general managers, and officials. Owners are not included, as inheritance makes these relations more routine."} | null | null | Which NHL team did the grandson of NHL player Glenn Hall play for ? | San Jose Sharks |
081d78ac24d2a784 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live!_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_24)', 'title': 'Live! with Regis and Kelly (season 24)', 'header': ['Date', 'Guest Co-Host', 'Guests/Segments'], 'data': [{'value': 'January 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Consuelos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Consuelos', 'summary': 'Mark Andrew Consuelos ( born March 30 , 1971 ) is an American actor . He is best known for his portrayal of Mateo Santos on the ABC soap opera All My Children ( 1995-2001 ; 2010 ) and supporting actor Hiram Lodge on The CW drama Riverdale ( 2017-present ) .'}]}, {'value': "Tyra Banks , Ben Flajnik , New Year 's Fitness Week - Turbo Kick", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyra_Banks', 'summary': "Tyra Lynne Banks ( born December 4 , 1973 ) , also known as BanX , is an American television personality , producer , businesswoman , actress , author , model , and occasional singer . Born in Inglewood , California , she began her career as a model at the age of 15 , and was the first woman of African-American descent to be featured on the covers of GQ and the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue , on which she appeared thrice . She was a Victoria 's Secret Angel from 1997 to 2005 . By the early 2000s , Banks was one of the world 's top-earning models . Banks began acting on television in 1993 on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air , and made her film debut in Higher Learning in 1995 . In 2000 she had major roles such as Eve in Disney Channel 's Life-Size and Zoe in the box-office hit Coyote Ugly . She had small roles in the romantic film Love & Basketball ( 2000 ) and horror film Halloween : Resurrection ( 2002 ) , and appeared in television series Gossip Girl and Glee . In 2003 , Banks created and began presenting the long-running reality television series America 's Next Top Model , which she executive produced and presented for the first twenty-two seasons , until the series ' cancellation in October 2015 . She remained executive producer for the revival of the series , and enlisted Rita Ora as host for the twenty-third cycle before reassuming the duties herself for the twenty-fourth cycle . Banks was the co-creator of True Beauty , and had her own talk show , The Tyra Banks Show , which aired on The CW for five seasons and won two Daytime Emmy awards for Outstanding Talk Show Informative . She co-hosted the talk show FABLife for two months . In 2017 , Banks replaced Nick Cannon as host of America 's Got Talent for its 12th season ."}]}, {'value': 'January 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Parsons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Parsons', 'summary': "James Joseph Parsons ( born March 24 , 1973 ) is an American actor and producer . Parsons is known for playing Sheldon Cooper in the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory ( 2007-2019 ) . He has received several awards for his performance , including four Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series Musical or Comedy . In 2018 , Forbes estimated his annual salary to be $ 26.5 million and named him the world 's highest-paid television actor . Parsons made his Broadway debut in 2011 portraying Tommy Boatwright in the play The Normal Heart , for which he shared a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Ensemble Performance . He reprised the role in the film adaptation of the play , and received his seventh Emmy nomination , this time in the category of Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie . In film , Parsons has voiced the lead character in Home ( 2015 ) and played supporting roles in Hidden Figures ( 2016 ) and Extremely Wicked , Shockingly Evil and Vile ( 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': "William H. Macy , Isaac Mizrahi , New Year 's Fitness Week - P90X", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_H._Macy', 'summary': 'William Hall Macy Jr. ( born March 13 , 1950 ) is an American actor and director . His film career has been built on appearances in small , independent films , though he has also appeared in summer action films . Macy has described himself as sort of a Middle American , WASPy , Lutheran kind of guy . Everyman . Macy has won two Emmy Awards and four Screen Actors Guild Awards , as well as an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for Fargo . Since 2011 , he has played Frank Gallagher , a main character in the Showtime adaptation of the British television series Shameless . Macy married actress Felicity Huffman in 1997 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Mizrahi', 'summary': 'Isaac Mizrahi ( born October 14 , 1961 ) is an American fashion designer , TV presenter , and Chief Designer of the Isaac Mizrahi brand for Xcel Brands . Based in New York City , he is best known for his eponymous fashion lines . Mizrahi currently serves as a judge on Project Runway : All Stars .'}, {'url': '/wiki/P90X', 'summary': 'P90X , or Power 90 Extreme , is a commercial home exercise regimen created by Tony Horton in 2005 and was developed as a successor to the program called Power 90 . It consists of a training program that uses cross-training and periodization , combined with a nutrition and dietary supplement plan . The program was launched in 2005 ; it was heavily marketed through infomercials and was endorsed by Sheryl Crow , Michelle Obama , and Paul Ryan .'}]}, {'value': 'January 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Duchovny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Duchovny', 'summary': 'David William Duchovny /dʊˈkʌvni/ ( born August 7 , 1960 ) is an American actor , writer , producer , director , novelist , and singer-songwriter . He is known for playing FBI agent Fox Mulder on the television series The X-Files and writer Hank Moody on the television series Californication , both of which have earned him Golden Globe awards . Duchovny appeared in both X-Files films , the 1998 science fiction-thriller of the same name and the supernatural-thriller The X-Files : I Want to Believe ( 2008 ) . He executive-produced and starred in the historically based cop drama Aquarius ( 2015-16 ) . Duchovny earned a A.B . in English literature from Princeton University , and an M.A . in English literature from Yale University , and has since published three books , Holy Cow : A Modern-Day Dairy Tale ( 2015 ) , Bucky F*cking Dent ( 2016 ) and Miss Subways ( 2018 ) .'}]}, {'value': "Terrence Howard , New Year 's Fitness Week - Brooke Burke", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terrence_Howard', 'summary': "Terrence Dashon Howard ( born March 11 , 1969 ) is an American actor , rapper , singer-songwriter , and record producer . Having his first major roles in the 1995 films Dead Presidents and Mr. Holland 's Opus , Howard broke into the mainstream with a succession of television and cinema roles between 2004 and 2006 . He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Hustle & Flow . Howard has had prominent roles in many other movies , including Winnie , Ray , Lackawanna Blues , Crash , Four Brothers , Big Momma 's House , Get Rich or Die Tryin ' , Idlewild , Biker Boyz , August Rush , The Brave One , and Prisoners . Howard played James Rhodes in Iron Man and its video game adaptation , but he was replaced by Don Cheadle for the sequels . He stars as the lead character Lucious Lyon in the television series Empire . His debut album , Shine Through It , was released in September 2008 . In September 2019 , Howard announced that he had retired from acting as he was tired of pretending ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brooke_Burke', 'summary': 'Brooke Lisa Burke ( born September 8 , 1971 ) is an American actress , dancer , model , and television personality . She is known as a Playboy model , hosting Wild On ! , Rock Star ( 2005-2006 ) , winning the seventh season of Dancing with the Stars , for co-hosting Dancing With the Stars from 2010 to 2013 and featuring in Need for Speed : Underground 2 as Rachel Teller .'}]}, {'value': 'January 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rob Lowe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rob_Lowe', 'summary': "Robert Hepler Lowe ( /loʊ/ ; born March 17 , 1964 ) is an American actor , producer , and director . He is the recipient of two Screen Actors Guild Awards and has been nominated for six Golden Globes Awards and a Primetime Emmy Award . Lowe made his acting debut at the age of 15 with ABC 's short-lived sitcom A New Kind of Family ( 1979-1980 ) . Following numerous television roles in the early 1980s , he came to prominence as a teen idol and member of the Brat Pack with roles in films like The Outsiders ( 1983 ) , Class ( 1983 ) , The Hotel New Hampshire ( 1984 ) , Oxford Blues ( 1984 ) , St. Elmo 's Fire ( 1985 ) , About Last Night . ( 1986 ) , and Square Dance ( 1987 ) . The success of these films established him as a Hollywood star . Following a 1988 sex tape scandal , Lowe 's public image and film career declined . By the turn of the millennium , his career saw a resurgence when he ventured back into television , making his breakthrough as Sam Seaborn on the NBC political drama The West Wing ( 1999-2003 ) , for which he received nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award and two Golden Globe Awards . His other television roles include Robert McCallister on the ABC drama Brothers & Sisters ( 2006-2010 ) , Chris Traeger on the NBC sitcom Parks and Recreation ( 2010-2014 ) , Ethan Willis on the CBS medical drama Code Black ( 2015-2018 ) , and the A & E reality series The Lowe Files ( 2017 ) , in which he appears with his two sons , Matthew and John Owen . In 2018 , he made his directorial debut with the television film The Bad Seed , a remake of the 1956 film of the same name ."}]}, {'value': "Darren Criss , New Year 's Fitness Week - Zumba", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darren_Criss', 'summary': "Darren Everett Criss ( born February 5 , 1987 ) is an American actor , singer and songwriter . He received Emmy and Golden Globe acting awards for his leading role in The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story ( 2018 ) . He has also appeared on Broadway and in film , and has released several recordings as a soloist and in a band . A founding member and co-owner of StarKid Productions , a musical theater company based in Chicago , Criss first garnered attention playing the lead role of Harry Potter in , and writing most of the music and lyrics for , StarKid 's musical production of A Very Potter Musical . The theater troupe made Billboard history when their original album , Me and My Dick , became the first charting student-produced musical recording , debuting at number eleven on the Top Cast Albums chart in 2010 . Criss has also starred on Broadway in How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying and Hedwig and the Angry Inch . In 2015 , Criss co-founded Elsie Fest which is touted as New York City 's first outdoor music festival celebrating tunes from the stage and screen . Criss is best known for his portrayal of Blaine Anderson on the Fox musical comedy-drama series Glee from 2010 until 2015 . Initially appearing as the lead vocalist of Glee 's Dalton Academy Warblers , Criss ' first number , a cover version of Teenage Dream , became the fastest-selling Glee single , reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 , and was certified gold in the US . The Warblers have sold over 1.3 million tracks , and the soundtrack album , Glee : The Music Presents the Warblers ( 2011 ) , peaked at number two on the US Billboard 200 . He was nominated for an Emmy Award in 2015 for writing the song This Time for the Glee finale . In March 2017 , Criss debuted his indie pop band Computer Games along with his brother Chuck Criss ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Zumba', 'summary': 'Zumba is an exercise fitness program created by Colombian dancer and choreographer Alberto Beto Pérez during the 1990s . Zumba is a trademark owned by Zumba Fitness , LLC . The Brazilian pop singer Claudia Leitte has become the international ambassador to Zumba Fitness .'}]}, {'value': 'January 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rob Lowe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rob_Lowe', 'summary': "Robert Hepler Lowe ( /loʊ/ ; born March 17 , 1964 ) is an American actor , producer , and director . He is the recipient of two Screen Actors Guild Awards and has been nominated for six Golden Globes Awards and a Primetime Emmy Award . Lowe made his acting debut at the age of 15 with ABC 's short-lived sitcom A New Kind of Family ( 1979-1980 ) . Following numerous television roles in the early 1980s , he came to prominence as a teen idol and member of the Brat Pack with roles in films like The Outsiders ( 1983 ) , Class ( 1983 ) , The Hotel New Hampshire ( 1984 ) , Oxford Blues ( 1984 ) , St. Elmo 's Fire ( 1985 ) , About Last Night . ( 1986 ) , and Square Dance ( 1987 ) . The success of these films established him as a Hollywood star . Following a 1988 sex tape scandal , Lowe 's public image and film career declined . By the turn of the millennium , his career saw a resurgence when he ventured back into television , making his breakthrough as Sam Seaborn on the NBC political drama The West Wing ( 1999-2003 ) , for which he received nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award and two Golden Globe Awards . His other television roles include Robert McCallister on the ABC drama Brothers & Sisters ( 2006-2010 ) , Chris Traeger on the NBC sitcom Parks and Recreation ( 2010-2014 ) , Ethan Willis on the CBS medical drama Code Black ( 2015-2018 ) , and the A & E reality series The Lowe Files ( 2017 ) , in which he appears with his two sons , Matthew and John Owen . In 2018 , he made his directorial debut with the television film The Bad Seed , a remake of the 1956 film of the same name ."}]}, {'value': "Kristen Bell , Jennifer Morrison , New Year 's Fitness Week - TRX Suspension Training", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristen_Bell', 'summary': "Kristen Anne Bell ( born July 18 , 1980 ) is an American actress and singer . She began her professional acting career by starring in stage productions while attending the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University . In 2001 , she made her Broadway debut as Becky Thatcher in the comedy musical The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and starred in the Broadway revival of The Crucible the following year . In 2004 , she appeared in the action thriller film Spartan and received critical praise for her performance in the television drama film Gracie 's Choice . Bell garnered critical acclaim for her first major role as the title character in the teen noir drama television series Veronica Mars ( 2004-2007 ) . For her performance , she was awarded a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television . She reprised the eponymous role in the 2014 film continuation and the 2019 revival series . During her time on Veronica Mars , Bell starred as Mary Lane in the musical film Reefer Madness : The Movie Musical ( 2005 ) , a reprise of the role she had played in the New York musical upon which the film was based . From 2007 to 2008 , Bell starred as Elle Bishop in the science fiction drama series Heroes . From 2007 to 2012 , she voiced the titular narrator in the teen drama series Gossip Girl . In 2008 , she had her breakout film role as the title character in Forgetting Sarah Marshall . She has since appeared in a number of comedy films , including Couples Retreat ( 2009 ) , When in Rome ( 2010 ) , You Again ( 2010 ) , The Boss ( 2016 ) , Bad Moms ( 2016 ) , and A Bad Moms Christmas ( 2017 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jennifer_Morrison', 'summary': "Jennifer Marie Morrison ( born April 12 , 1979 ) is an American actress , producer , director , and former child model . She is known for her roles as Dr. Allison Cameron in the medical-drama series House ( 2004-2012 ) and Emma Swan in the ABC adventure-fantasy series Once Upon a Time ( 2011-2017 , 2018 ) . She has also portrayed Zoey Pierson , one of Ted Mosby 's love interests on the comedy series How I Met Your Mother ; Winona Kirk , mother of James T. Kirk in the 2009 science-fiction film Star Trek ; and Tess Conlon in the 2011 sports drama film Warrior . She made her feature film directorial debut with Sun Dogs ( 2017 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'January 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reggie Bush', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reggie_Bush', 'summary': 'Reginald Alfred Bush Jr. ( born March 2 , 1985 ) is a former American football running back . He played college football at USC , where he earned consensus All-American honors twice and won the Heisman Trophy ( later forfeited ) as the most outstanding player in the nation . He was drafted by the New Orleans Saints second overall in the 2006 NFL Draft . While with the Saints , Bush was named an All-Pro kick returner in 2008 and won Super Bowl XLIV in 2010 over the Indianapolis Colts . He also played for the Buffalo Bills , Miami Dolphins , Detroit Lions , and San Francisco 49ers . Bush also won the 2005 Doak Walker and Walter Camp awards . However , allegations that he received improper benefits were central to an NCAA investigation of the USC football program that led to severe NCAA sanctions against USC , including a two-year postseason ban and the vacating of the 2004 national championship . As a result , Bush voluntarily forfeited his Heisman Trophy .'}]}, {'value': 'Mark Wahlberg , Meal Makeover Week - Jorge Cruise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Wahlberg', 'summary': "Mark Robert Michael Wahlberg ( born June 5 , 1971 ) is an American actor , producer , businessman , model , rapper , singer and songwriter . He is also known by his former stage name Marky Mark , from his career as frontman for the group , Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch , with whom he released the albums Music for the People ( 1991 ) and You Got ta Believe ( 1992 ) . From his early music career Wahlberg transitioned to acting , with his screen debut in Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) and his first starring role in Fear ( 1996 ) . He received critical praise for his performance as porn actor Dirk Diggler in Boogie Nights . In the early 2000s , he ventured into big budget action oriented movies , such as The Perfect Storm ( 2000 ) , Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) and The Italian Job ( 2003 ) . For playing a police officer in the neo-crime drama The Departed ( 2006 ) , he earned a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . For the biographical sports drama The Fighter ( 2010 ) , in which he starred as Micky Ward , Wahlberg received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor . In the 2010s , he landed successful comedy roles with The Other Guys ( 2010 ) , Daddy 's Home ( 2015 ) and its 2017 sequel , Ted ( 2012 ) and its 2015 sequel , and became the protagonist in the Transformers live-action film franchise ( 2014 , 2017 ) . He was the world 's best-paid actor in 2017 . Wahlberg also served as executive producer of four HBO series : the comedy-drama Entourage ( 2004-2011 ) , the period crime drama Boardwalk Empire ( 2010-2014 ) , and the comedy-dramas How to Make It in America ( 2010-2011 ) and Ballers ( 2015-2019 ) . He is co-owner of the Wahlburgers chain and co-starred in the reality TV series about it . Wahlberg received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2010 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jorge_Cruise', 'summary': 'Jorge Cruise ( born March 6 , 1971 in Mexico City ) is a Mexican author , fitness trainer and proponent of intermittent fasting and low-carbohydrate dieting . He is the author of The Cruise Control Diet ( 2019 ) as well as books on The New York Times bestseller list : The 100 ( 2013 ) , The Belly Fat Cure ( 2010 ) , Body at Home ( 2009 ) , The 12-Second Sequence ( 2009 ) , The 3-Hour Diet ( 2006 ) , and 8 Minutes in the Morning ( 2002 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'January 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carl Edwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Edwards', 'summary': 'Carl Michael Edwards II ( born August 15 , 1979 ) is an American former professional stock car racing driver . He last competed in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series , driving the No . 19 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing . Prior to that , he drove the No . 99 Ford Fusion for Roush Fenway Racing . He won the 2007 NASCAR Busch Series championship and nearly won the 2011 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series title , but lost by a tiebreaker to Tony Stewart . Edwards is well known for doing a backflip off his car to celebrate a victory , which was a result of saving himself from a potential fall when he had his first win .'}]}, {'value': 'Kate Beckinsale , Laura Prepon , Meal Makeover Week - Tanya Zuckerbrot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kate_Beckinsale', 'summary': "Kathrin Romary Beckinsale ( born 26 July 1973 ) is an English actress . After some minor television roles , she made her film debut in Much Ado About Nothing ( 1993 ) while still a student at the University of Oxford . She appeared in British costume dramas such as Prince of Jutland ( 1994 ) , Cold Comfort Farm ( 1995 ) , Emma ( 1996 ) , and The Golden Bowl ( 2000 ) , in addition to various stage and radio productions . She began to seek film work in the United States in the late 1990s and , after appearing in small-scale dramas The Last Days of Disco ( 1998 ) and Brokedown Palace ( 1999 ) , she had starring roles in the war drama Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) , the romantic comedy Serendipity , and Tiptoes ( 2003 ) . She followed those with appearances in The Aviator ( 2004 ) and Click ( 2006 ) . Since being cast as Selene in the Underworld film series ( 2003-2016 ) , Beckinsale has become known primarily for her work in action films , including Van Helsing ( 2004 ) , Whiteout ( 2009 ) , Contraband ( 2012 ) , and Total Recall ( 2012 ) . She also continues to make appearances in smaller dramatic projects such as Snow Angels ( 2007 ) , Nothing but the Truth ( 2008 ) , and Everybody 's Fine ( 2009 ) . In 2016 , she received critical acclaim for her performance in the period comedy film Love & Friendship ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Laura_Prepon', 'summary': "Laura Helene Prepon ( born March 7 , 1980 ) is an American actress , director and author . She rose to fame with her role as Donna Pinciotti in the Fox sitcom That '70s Show ( 1998-2006 ) . She is also known for her portrayal of Alex Vause in the Netflix comedy-drama series Orange Is the New Black ( 2013-2019 ) . Prepon made her film debut in 2001 with the independent drama Southlander . Her other films include the romantic drama Come Early Morning ( 2006 ) , the comedy Lay the Favorite ( 2012 ) , the thriller The Girl on the Train ( 2016 ) , and the drama The Hero ( 2017 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'January 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boomer Esiason', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boomer_Esiason', 'summary': "Norman Julius Boomer Esiason ( /əˈsaɪ.əsən/ ; born April 17 , 1961 ) is an American retired football quarterback and currently a network color commentator . During his 14-year career in the National Football League ( NFL ) , he played for the Cincinnati Bengals , New York Jets , and Arizona Cardinals . Since retiring from playing , he has worked as a football analyst for ABC , HBO and Westwood One , and currently for CBS Sports on The NFL Today and Showtime 's Inside the NFL . He also hosts the morning sports radio program Boomer and Gio on WFAN in New York ."}]}, {'value': 'Jane Krakowski , Mike The Situation Sorrentino , Meal Makeover Week - Melina Jampolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jane_Krakowski', 'summary': "Jane Krakowski ( /krəˈkaʊski/ ; born Jane Krajkowski ; October 11 , 1968 ) [ citation needed ] is an American actress and singer . She is best known for the roles of Cousin Vicki in National Lampoon 's Vacation , and Jenna Maroney in the NBC comedy series 30 Rock , for which she received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series . Other notable television credits include Elaine Vassal on Ally McBeal and Jacqueline White in the Netflix comedy series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt . Krakowski also regularly performs on stage , winning a Tony Award for her performance in the Broadway revival of Nine , as well as receiving Tony nominations for Grand Hotel and She Loves Me , and a Laurence Olivier Award for her performance as Miss Adelaide in the West End revival of Guys and Dolls ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mike_"The_Situation"_Sorrentino', 'summary': "Michael Sorrentino ( born July 4 , 1982 ) , also known as The Situation , is an American television personality . He appeared on all six seasons of the MTV reality show Jersey Shore , from 2009 through 2012 . In September 2019 , Sorrentino completed an eight-month prison sentence related to his felony conviction for tax evasion , and then resumed his reality-TV role with MTV 's Jersey Shore . Although currently on probation , he is allowed to participate in Jersey Shore Family Vacation as a reality TV star representing himself . In his series , on social media and in the mainstream media , he often openly talks about his felony conviction ."}]}, {'value': 'January 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jesse Palmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jesse_Palmer', 'summary': "Jesse James Palmer ( born October 5 , 1978 ) is a Canadian TV host , sports commentator , and former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League ( NFL ) for five seasons in the early 2000s . Palmer played college football for the University of Florida , and thereafter , he played professionally for the New York Giants and San Francisco 49ers in the NFL before spending half of the 2006 season with the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . Palmer was cast in 2004 as the bachelor on the fifth season of the reality television series The Bachelor . He went on to become a college football analyst for ESPN/ABC in the United States , and has been a columnist for the website of The Sports Network in Canada . He is also a contributor to ABC 's Good Morning America . In 2018 , he hosted the kickoff season of The Proposal on ABC . For the past 3 seasons has hosted The Holiday Baking Championship on The Food Network ."}]}, {'value': "Dolly Parton , Miranda Cosgrove , Meal Makeover Week - Wendy Bazilian , Lucy the World 's Smallest Working Dog , LIVE 's Hawaiian Dream Wedding Giveaway Finalists", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dolly_Parton', 'summary': "Dolly Rebecca Parton ( born January 19 , 1946 ) is an American singer , songwriter , multi-instrumentalist , record producer , actress , author , businesswoman , and humanitarian , known primarily for her work in country music . After achieving success as a songwriter for others , Parton made her album debut in 1967 with Hello , I 'm Dolly . With steady success during the remainder of the 1960s ( both as a solo artist and with a series of duet albums with Porter Wagoner ) , her sales and chart peak came during the 1970s and continued into the 1980s . Parton 's albums in the 1990s did not sell as well , but she achieved commercial success again in the new millennium and has released albums on various independent labels since 2000 , including her own label , Dolly Records . Parton 's music includes 25 Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) -certified gold , platinum and multi-platinum awards . She has had 25 songs reach No . 1 on the Billboard country music charts , a record for a female artist ( tied with Reba McEntire ) . She has 41 career top-10 country albums , a record for any artist , and she has 110 career charted singles over the past 40 years . She has garnered ten Grammy Awards , two Academy Award nominations , ten Country Music Association Awards , seven Academy of Country Music Awards , three American Music Awards , and is one of only seven female artists to win the Country Music Association 's Entertainer of the Year Award . Parton has received 47 Grammy nominations . In 1999 , Parton was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame . She has composed over 3,000 songs , including I Will Always Love You ( a two-time U.S. country chart-topper , as well as an international pop hit for Whitney Houston ) , Jolene , Coat of Many Colors , and 9 to 5 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Miranda_Cosgrove', 'summary': "Miranda Taylor Cosgrove ( born May 14 , 1993 ) is an American actress and singer . Her career began at the age of seven with several television commercial appearances . Cosgrove 's film debut came in 2003 , when she appeared as Summer Hathaway in School of Rock . She appeared in a number of minor television roles over several years before coming to prominence as Megan Parker on the Nickelodeon television series Drake & Josh . In 2007 , she landed the role of Carly Shay , the lead character on the Nickelodeon teen sitcom iCarly , on which she starred until 2012 . As of May 2010 , Cosgrove earned $ 180,000 per episode of iCarly , making her the second-highest-paid child star on television , and in 2012 was listed in the Guinness World Records as the highest paid child actress . Cosgrove also voiced Margo in the animated film Despicable Me ( 2010 ) and its sequels . In 2016 , she starred as Shea Moore on the short-lived NBC sitcom Crowded . In music , Cosgrove debuted with iCarly ( 2008 ) , a soundtrack album for the series in which she performs four songs . In 2009 , she released her debut extended play , About You Now . Cosgrove 's debut studio album , Sparks Fly , was released in April 2010 , followed by her second extended play , High Maintenance , the following year . The EP 's lead single , Dancing Crazy , written by Avril Lavigne , debuted at number 40 on the US Billboard Adult Pop Songs and peaked at number 100 on the Billboard Hot 100 ."}]}, {'value': 'January 13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Apolo Anton Ohno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apolo_Anton_Ohno', 'summary': "Apolo Anton Ohno ( /əˈpɒloʊ ˈæntɒn ˈoʊnoʊ/ ; born May 22 , 1982 ) is an American retired short track speed skating competitor and an eight-time medalist ( two gold , two silver , four bronze ) in the Winter Olympics . Ohno is the most decorated American Olympian at the Winter Olympics and was inducted into the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame in 2019 . Raised by his father , Ohno began training full-time in 1996 . He has been the face of short track in the United States since winning his medals at the 2002 Winter Olympics . At the age of 14 , he became the youngest U.S. national champion in 1997 and was the reigning champion from 2001-2009 , winning the title a total of 12 times . In December 1999 , he became the youngest skater to win a World Cup event title , and became the first American to win a World Cup overall title in 2001 , which he won again in 2003 and 2005 . He won his first overall World Championship title at the 2008 championships . Ohno 's accolades and accomplishments include being the United States Olympic Committee 's Male Athlete of the Month in October 2003 and March 2008 , the U.S. Speedskating 's Athlete of the Year for 2003 , and was a 2002 , 2003 and 2006 finalist for the Sullivan Award , which recognizes the best amateur athlete in the United States . Since gaining recognition through his sport , Ohno has worked as a motivational speaker , philanthropist , started a nutritional supplement business , and in 2007 , competed on and won the reality TV show Dancing with the Stars . Ohno later became host of a revival of Minute to Win It on Game Show Network and served as a commentator for NBC 's coverage of the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi and the 2018 Winter Games in Pyeongchang . Ohno has expressed his entrepreneurial appetite for technology and health and wellness industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Lana Parrilla , Common , Meal Makeover Week - Heidi Skolnik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lana_Parrilla', 'summary': 'Lana Maria Parrilla ( born July 15 , 1977 ) is an American actress . Parrilla is known for her roles on television and radio . She was a regular cast member in the fifth season of the ABC sitcom Spin City from 2000 to 2001 . She later starred in Boomtown ( 2002-2003 ) , Windfall ( 2006 ) , Swingtown ( 2008 ) and as Dr. Eva Zambrano in the short-lived medical drama Miami Medical ( 2010 ) . She also played the role of Sarah Gavin during the fourth season of the Fox series 24 in 2005 . From 2011 until 2018 , Parrilla starred as The Evil Queen/Regina Mills in the ABC fantasy drama series , Once Upon a Time . In 2016 Parrilla won a Teen Choice Award for Choice Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Common_(rapper)', 'summary': "Lonnie Corant Jaman Shuka Rashid Lynn ( born March 13 , 1972 ) , better known by his stage name Common ( formerly Common Sense ) , is an American rapper , actor , writer , philanthropist , and activist . Common debuted in 1992 with the album Can I Borrow a Dollar ? and maintained an underground following into the late 1990s , after which he gained mainstream success through his work with the Soulquarians . Common 's first major-label album Like Water for Chocolate ( 2000 ) received commercial success . In 2003 , he won the Grammy Award for Best R & B Song for the Erykah Badu single Love of My Life . His 2005 album Be was also a commercial success and was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 2006 Grammy Awards . Common received his second Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for Southside ( featuring Kanye West ) , from his 2007 album Finding Forever . His best-of album , Thisisme Then : The Best of Common , was released in late 2007 . In 2011 , Common launched Think Common Entertainment , his own record label imprint . He had previously released music under various other labels including Relativity , Geffen , and GOOD Music . Common won the 2015 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and the Academy Award for Best Original Song , for his song Glory from the 2014 film Selma , in which he co-starred as Civil Rights Movement leader James Bevel . Common 's acting career also includes roles in the films Smokin ' Aces , Street Kings , American Gangster , Wanted , Terminator Salvation , Date Night , Just Wright , Happy Feet Two , New Year 's Eve , Run All Night , Being Charlie , Rex , John Wick : Chapter 2 and Smallfoot ."}]}, {'value': 'January 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seth Meyers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seth_Meyers', 'summary': "Seth Adam Meyers ( born December 28 , 1973 ) is an American comedian , writer , producer , actor , and television host . He hosts Late Night with Seth Meyers , a late-night talk show that airs on NBC . Prior to that , he was a cast member and head writer for NBC 's Saturday Night Live ( 2001-2014 ) and hosted the show 's news parody segment , Weekend Update ."}]}, {'value': "Simon Baker , Kevin Hart , LIVE 's Hawaiian Dream Wedding Giveaway Week", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simon_Baker', 'summary': 'Simon Lucas Baker ( born 30 July 1969 ) is an Australian actor in television and film , and director . He is known for his lead roles in the CBS television series The Mentalist ( as Patrick Jane ) and The Guardian ( as Nicholas Fallin ) and starred in several Hollywood films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Hart_(actor)', 'summary': "Kevin Darnell Hart ( born July 6 , 1979 ) is an American stand-up comedian , actor , and producer . Born and raised in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , Hart began his career by winning several amateur comedy competitions at clubs throughout New England , culminating in his first real break in 2001 when he was cast by Judd Apatow for a recurring role on the TV series Undeclared . The series lasted only one season , but he soon landed other roles in films such as Paper Soldiers ( 2002 ) , Scary Movie 3 ( 2003 ) , Soul Plane ( 2004 ) , In the Mix ( 2005 ) , and Little Fockers ( 2010 ) . Hart 's comedic reputation continued to grow with the release of his first stand-up album , I 'm a Grown Little Man ( 2008 ) , and performances in the films Think Like a Man ( 2012 ) , Grudge Match ( 2013 ) , Ride Along ( 2014 ) and its sequel Ride Along 2 ( 2016 ) , About Last Night ( 2014 ) , Get Hard ( 2015 ) , Central Intelligence ( 2016 ) , The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) , Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) , Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( 2017 ) , and Night School ( 2018 ) . He also released four more comedy albums , Seriously Funny in 2010 , Laugh at My Pain in 2011 , Let Me Explain in 2013 , and What Now ? in 2016 . In 2015 , Time Magazine named Hart one of the 100 most influential people in the world on the annual Time 100 list . He starred as himself in the lead role of Real Husbands of Hollywood ."}]}, {'value': 'January 17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seth Meyers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seth_Meyers', 'summary': "Seth Adam Meyers ( born December 28 , 1973 ) is an American comedian , writer , producer , actor , and television host . He hosts Late Night with Seth Meyers , a late-night talk show that airs on NBC . Prior to that , he was a cast member and head writer for NBC 's Saturday Night Live ( 2001-2014 ) and hosted the show 's news parody segment , Weekend Update ."}]}, {'value': "Jessica Alba , Matt Bomer , LIVE 's Hawaiian Dream Wedding Giveaway Week", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jessica_Alba', 'summary': "Jessica Marie Alba ( /ˈælbə/ ; born April 28 , 1981 ) is an American actress and businesswoman . She began her television and movie appearances at age 13 in Camp Nowhere and The Secret World of Alex Mack ( 1994 ) , but rose to prominence at 19 , as the lead actress of the television series Dark Angel ( 2000-2002 ) , for which she received a Golden Globe nomination . Her big screen breakthrough came in Honey ( 2003 ) . She soon established herself as a Hollywood actress , and has starred in numerous box office hits throughout her career , including Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) , Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( 2007 ) , Good Luck Chuck ( 2007 ) , The Eye ( 2008 ) , Valentine 's Day ( 2010 ) , Little Fockers ( 2010 ) , and Mechanic : Resurrection ( 2016 ) . She is a frequent collaborator of director Robert Rodriguez , having starred in Sin City ( 2005 ) , Machete ( 2010 ) , Spy Kids : All the Time in the World ( 2011 ) , Machete Kills ( 2013 ) , and Sin City : A Dame to Kill For ( 2014 ) . Since 2019 , Alba stars in the Spectrum action crime series L.A. 's Finest . Alba co-founded The Honest Company , a consumer goods company that sells baby , personal and household products . Magazines including Men 's Health , Vanity Fair and FHM have included her on their lists of the world 's most beautiful women ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Matt_Bomer', 'summary': "Matthew Staton Bomer ( born October 11 , 1977 ) is an American actor , producer , director and singer . He is the recipient of such accolades as a Golden Globe Award and has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and two Screen Actors Guild Awards . In 2000 , he made his television debut in the 1970s soap opera All My Children . Bomer graduated from Carnegie Mellon University with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 2001 , soon after , he was a recurring guest on several television shows including Tru Calling . In 2005 Bomer made his film debut in the mystery-thriller Flightplan , then in 2007 gained recognition with his recurring role in the NBC television series Chuck . 2009 saw Bomer land then the lead role of con-artist and thief Neal Caffrey in the USA Network series White Collar with the series lasting to 2014 . Bomer has featured in supporting roles in the 2011 science fiction thriller In Time , the 2012 comedy-drama Magic Mike and its 2015 sequel , the 2014 supernatural-drama Winter 's Tale , and the 2016 neo-noir film The Nice Guys . In 2015 , he won a Golden Globe Award and received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for playing a closeted writer of The New York Times in the drama television film The Normal Heart about the rise of the HIV-AIDS crisis in New York City . Bomer made a guest appearance on the fourth season of FX 's horror anthology series American Horror Story . He was later upgraded to the main cast during the fifth season . In 2017 he received praise for his performances in the drama films Walking Out , Anything , and the 2018 comedy-drama Papi Chulo . On stage , Bomer has starred in the Dustin Lance Black play 8 on Broadway , and at the Wilshire Ebell Theatre in Los Angeles as Jeff Zarrillo , a plaintiff in the federal case that overturned California 's Proposition 8 ."}]}, {'value': 'January 18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mario Lopez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Lopez', 'summary': "Mario Lopez Jr. ( born October 10 , 1973 ) is an American actor and entertainment journalist . He has appeared on several television series , in films , and on Broadway . He is known for his portrayal of A.C. Slater on Saved by the Bell and Saved by the Bell : The College Years . He has appeared in numerous projects since , including the third season of Dancing with the Stars and as host for the syndicated entertainment news magazine show Extra . He has also hosted America 's Best Dance Crew for MTV . In 2012 , he co-hosted the second season of American version of The X Factor with Khloé Kardashian , and was the sole host for the third and final season ."}]}, {'value': "Marg Helgenberger , Mark Feuerstein , LIVE 's Hawaiian Dream Wedding Giveaway Week", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marg_Helgenberger', 'summary': "Mary Marg Helgenberger ( born November 16 , 1958 ) is an American actress . She began her career in the early 1980s and first came to attention for playing the role of Siobhan Ryan on the daytime soap opera Ryan 's Hope from 1982 to 1986 . She is best known for her roles as Catherine Willows in the CBS police procedural drama CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( 2000-12 , 2013 , 2015 ) and the subsequent TV movie Immortality ( 2015 ) and as K.C . Koloski in the ABC drama China Beach ( 1988-91 ) , which earned her the 1990 Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . She is also known for roles in the TV series Under the Dome and Intelligence , and the films Species ( 1995 ) , Species II ( 1998 ) , Erin Brockovich ( 2000 ) , and Mr. Brooks ( 2007 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mark_Feuerstein', 'summary': 'Mark Feuerstein ( /ˈfɔɪ.ərstiːn/ ; born June 8 , 1971 ) is an American actor . He first came to public notice in a guest appearance in an episode of Season 2 of Sex and the City and went on to appear in TV series The West Wing ( 2001-2005 ) , Royal Pains ( 2009-2016 ) and Prison Break ( 2017 ) . He co-wrote , co-produced as well as starred in the short-lived CBS sitcom 9JKL .'}]}, {'value': 'January 19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dana Carvey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dana_Carvey', 'summary': "Dana Thomas Carvey ( born June 2 , 1955 ) is an American stand-up comedian , actor , screenwriter and producer . He was a cast member on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live ( from 1986 to 1993 ) , which earned him a Primetime Emmy Award from five consecutive nominations . Carvey is also known for his roles in the films Tough Guys ( 1986 ) , Wayne 's World ( 1992 ) and its sequel Wayne 's World 2 ( 1993 ) ."}]}, {'value': "Ewan McGregor , Elizabeth Banks , LIVE 's Hawaiian Dream Wedding Giveaway Week", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ewan_McGregor', 'summary': "Ewan Gordon McGregor OBE ( born 31 March 1971 ) is a Scottish actor known internationally for his various film roles , including independent dramas , science-fiction epics , and musicals . McGregor 's first professional role was in 1993 , when he won a leading role in the British Channel 4 series Lipstick on Your Collar . Some of his best known roles include heroin addict Mark Renton in the drama films Trainspotting ( 1996 ) and T2 Trainspotting ( 2017 ) , Obi-Wan Kenobi in the Star Wars prequel trilogy ( 1999-2005 ) , poet Christian in the musical film Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) , young Edward Bloom in Big Fish ( 2003 ) , Rodney Copperbottom in Robots ( 2005 ) , Camerlengo Father Patrick McKenna in Angels and Demons ( 2009 ) , the ghost in Roman Polanski 's political thriller The Ghost Writer ( 2010 ) , Dr. Alfred Jones in the romantic comedy-drama Salmon Fishing in the Yemen ( 2011 ) , Lumière in the live-action adaptation of the musical romantic fantasy Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) , the adult version of the titular character in the fantasy comedy-drama Christopher Robin ( 2018 ) and the adult version of Dan Torrance in the horror film Doctor Sleep ( 2019 ) . He appeared as DC Comics villain Black Mask in the superhero film Birds of Prey ( 2020 ) . In 2018 , McGregor won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Miniseries or Television Film for his performance as brothers in the third season of FX anthology series Fargo , and received Golden Globe nominations for Best Actor - Musical or Comedy for both Moulin Rouge ! and Salmon Fishing in the Yemen . McGregor has also starred in theatre productions of Guys and Dolls ( 2005-07 ) and Othello ( 2007-08 ) . He was ranked number 36 on Empire magazine 's The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time list in 1997 . In a 2004 poll for the BBC , McGregor was named the fourth most influential person in British culture . McGregor has been involved in charity work and has served as an ambassador for UNICEF UK since 2004 . In 2013 , he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) for services to drama and charity ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Elizabeth_Banks', 'summary': "Elizabeth Banks ( born Elizabeth Irene Mitchell ; February 10 , 1974 ) is an American actress , director , writer , and producer . She is best known for starring as Effie Trinket in The Hunger Games film series ( 2012-2015 ) and as Gail Abernathy-McKadden in the Pitch Perfect film series ( 2012-2017 ) . Banks made her directorial film debut with Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) , whose $ 69 million opening-weekend gross set a record for a first-time director . She also directed , wrote , produced , and starred in the action comedy film Charlie 's Angels ( 2019 ) . Banks made her film debut in the low-budget independent film Surrender Dorothy ( 1998 ) . She starred in the films Wet Hot American Summer ( 2001 ) , Sam Raimi 's Spider-Man trilogy ( 2002-2007 ) , Seabiscuit ( 2003 ) , The 40-Year-Old Virgin ( 2005 ) , Slither ( 2006 ) , Zack and Miri Make a Porno ( 2008 ) , Role Models ( 2008 ) , The Next Three Days ( 2010 ) , Man on a Ledge ( 2012 ) , What to Expect When You 're Expecting ( 2012 ) , The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) , Love & Mercy ( 2014 ) , Magic Mike XXL ( 2015 ) , Power Rangers ( 2017 ) , The Lego Movie 2 : The Second Part ( 2019 ) , and Brightburn ( 2019 ) . On television , Banks had a recurring role as Avery Jessup on the NBC sitcom 30 Rock , which earned her two Primetime Emmy Award nominations . She also had recurring roles on the comedy series Scrubs and Modern Family , the latter of which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . Banks starred in the Netflix miniseries Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 ) and Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later ( 2017 ) . As of 2019 , she hosts a revival of the 1980s game show Press Your Luck on ABC ."}]}, {'value': 'January 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dana Carvey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dana_Carvey', 'summary': "Dana Thomas Carvey ( born June 2 , 1955 ) is an American stand-up comedian , actor , screenwriter and producer . He was a cast member on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live ( from 1986 to 1993 ) , which earned him a Primetime Emmy Award from five consecutive nominations . Carvey is also known for his roles in the films Tough Guys ( 1986 ) , Wayne 's World ( 1992 ) and its sequel Wayne 's World 2 ( 1993 ) ."}]}, {'value': "Carla Gugino , Building a Better Toolbox , LIVE 's Hawaiian Dream Wedding Giveaway Week", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carla_Gugino', 'summary': 'Carla Gugino ( /ɡʊˈdʒiːnoʊ/ ; born August 29 , 1971 ) is an American actress . She is best known for her roles as Ingrid Cortez in the Spy Kids trilogy ( 2001-2003 ) , Laurie in American Gangster ( 2007 ) , Sally Jupiter in Watchmen ( 2009 ) , Dr. Vera Gorski in Sucker Punch ( 2011 ) , and as a lead character in each of the television series Karen Sisco , Threshold , The Haunting of Hill House , and Jett .'}]}, {'value': 'January 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kim Kardashian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_Kardashian', 'summary': 'Kimberly Kardashian West ( née Kimberly Noel Kardashian ; born October 21 , 1980 ) is an American media personality , model , businesswoman , socialite and actress . Kardashian first gained media attention as a friend and stylist of Paris Hilton but received wider notice after a 2002 sex tape , Kim Kardashian , Superstar , with her then-boyfriend Ray J was released in 2007 . Later that year , she and her family began to appear in the E ! reality television series Keeping Up with the Kardashians ( 2007-present ) . Its success soon led to the creation of spin-offs including Kourtney and Kim Take New York ( 2011-2012 ) and Kourtney and Kim Take Miami ( 2009-2013 ) . Kardashian has developed an online and social media presence , including hundreds of millions of followers on Twitter and Instagram . She has released a variety of products tied to her name , including the 2014 mobile game Kim Kardashian : Hollywood , a variety of clothing and products , the 2015 photo book Selfish and her eponymous personal app . Her relationship with rapper Kanye West has also received significant media coverage ; the couple married in 2014 , and they have four children together . As an actress , Kardashian has appeared in films such as Disaster Movie ( 2008 ) , Deep in the Valley ( 2009 ) and Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor ( 2013 ) . In recent years , Kardashian has focused on her own businesses by founding KKW Beauty and KKW fragrance in 2017 . In 2019 she launched Skims which was previously called Kimono but the name was changed due to immediate backlash . She has also become more politically active by lobbying president Donald Trump for prison reform and lobbying for Alice Marie Johnson to be granted clemency .'}]}, {'value': "Lucy Lawless , Kevin McHale , Peter Gros ' Animals , Announcement of LIVE 's Hawaiian Dream Wedding Winners", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucy_Lawless', 'summary': "Lucille Frances Lawless , MNZM ( née Ryan ; born 29 March 1968 ) , is a New Zealand actress and singer . She portrayed the title character in television series Xena : Warrior Princess ( 1995-2001 ) ; cylon model Number Three D'Anna Biers on the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica series ( 2005-2009 ) ; and Lucretia in the television series Spartacus : Blood and Sand ( 2010 ) , its prequel Spartacus : Gods of the Arena ( 2011 ) , and its sequel Spartacus : Vengeance ( 2012 ) . Lawless had recurring roles as Diane Lewis-Swanson on the NBC sitcom Parks and Recreation ( 2012-2015 ) , and as Countess Palatine Ingrid Von Marburg on the WGN America supernatural series Salem ( 2015 ) . She also starred as Ruby on the Starz horror-comedy series Ash vs Evil Dead ( 2015-2018 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kevin_McHale_(basketball)', 'summary': "Kevin Edward McHale ( born December 19 , 1957 ) is an American retired basketball player who played his entire professional career for the Boston Celtics . He is a Basketball Hall of Fame inductee , and is regarded as one of the best power forwards of all time . He was named to the NBA 's 50th Anniversary All-Time Team . McHale began working for the Minnesota Timberwolves immediately following his retirement in 1993 ( until 2009 ) , at different times , as a TV analyst , general manager , and finally head coach . He was the head coach of the Houston Rockets from 2011-15 , until being fired following a 4-7 start to the 2015-16 season . McHale currently works as an on-air analyst for NBA TV and Turner Sports 's popular NBA on TNT studio show ."}]}, {'value': 'January 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mary J. Blige', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_J._Blige', 'summary': "Mary Jane Blige ( /blaɪʒ/ ; born January 11 , 1971 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and philanthropist . Her career began in 1991 when she signed to Uptown Records . Furthermore , she went on to release 13 studio albums , eight of which have achieved multi-platinum worldwide sales . Blige has won nine Grammy Awards , four American Music Awards , twelve Billboard Music Awards and has also received three Golden Globe Award nominations , including one for her supporting role in the film Mudbound ( 2017 ) and another for its second original song Mighty River for Mudbound ; she also received a nomination for the Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actress and Best Original Song , becoming the first person nominated for acting and songwriting in the same year . In 1992 , Blige released her first album , What 's the 411 ? . Her 1994 album My Life is among Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , and Time magazine 's All-Time 100 Albums . She received a Legends Award at the World Music Awards in 2006 , and the Voice of Music Award from ASCAP in 2007.Billboard ranked Blige as the most successful female R & B/Hip-Hop artist of the past 25 years . In 2017 , Billboard magazine named her 2006 song Be Without You as the most successful R & B/Hip-Hop song of all time , as it spent an unparalleled 15 weeks atop the Hot R & B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and over 75 weeks on the chart . In 2011 , VH1 ranked Blige as the 80th greatest artist of all time . ln 2012 , VH1 ranked Blige at number 9 in The 100 Greatest Women in Music list ."}]}, {'value': 'Cynthia Nixon , Chris Harrison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cynthia_Nixon', 'summary': 'Cynthia Ellen Nixon ( born April 9 , 1966 ) is an American actress and activist . For her portrayal of Miranda Hobbes in the HBO series Sex and the City ( 1998-2004 ) , she won the 2004 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series . She reprised the role in the films Sex and the City ( 2008 ) and Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) . Her other film credits include Amadeus ( 1984 ) , James White ( 2015 ) , and playing Emily Dickinson in A Quiet Passion ( 2016 ) . Nixon made her Broadway debut in the 1980 revival of The Philadelphia Story . Her other Broadway credits include The Real Thing ( 1983 ) , Hurlyburly ( 1983 ) , Indiscretions ( 1995 ) , The Women ( 2001 ) , and Wit ( 2012 ) . She won the 2006 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for Rabbit Hole , the 2008 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , the 2009 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for An Inconvenient Truth , and the 2017 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for The Little Foxes . Her other television roles include playing political figures Eleanor Roosevelt in Warm Springs ( 2005 ) , Michele Davis in Too Big to Fail ( 2011 ) , and playing Nancy Reagan in the 2016 television film Killing Reagan . On March 19 , 2018 , Nixon announced her campaign for Governor of New York as a challenger to Democratic incumbent Andrew Cuomo . Her platform focused on income inequality , renewable energy , establishing universal health care , stopping mass incarceration in the United States , and protecting undocumented children from deportation . She lost in the Democratic primary to Cuomo on September 13 , 2018 , with 34% of the vote to his 66% . Nixon was nominated as the gubernatorial candidate for the Working Families Party ; the Party threw its support to Cuomo after Nixon lost in the Democratic primary .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chris_Harrison', 'summary': 'Christopher Bryan Harrison ( born July 26 , 1971 ) is an American television and game show host , best known for his role as host of the ABC reality television dating show The Bachelor since 2002 , and its spin-offs The Bachelorette since 2003 , Bachelor Pad from 2010 to 2012 , Bachelor in Paradise since 2014 , the first season of Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise in 2015 , Bachelor Live in 2016 , and The Bachelor Winter Games in 2018 . He also served as the host of the syndicated version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire from his 2015 hosting role through the 2019 cancellation .'}]}, {'value': 'January 25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kristin Chenoweth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristin_Chenoweth', 'summary': "Kristin Dawn Chenoweth ( /ˈtʃɛnoʊwɛθ/ ; born Kristi Dawn Chenoweth , July 24 , 1968 ) is an American actress and singer , with credits in musical theatre , film and television . In 1999 , she won a Tony Award for her performance as Sally Brown in You 're a Good Man , Charlie Brown on Broadway . In 2003 , Chenoweth received wide notice for originating the role of Glinda in the musical Wicked , including a nomination for another Tony . Her television roles have included Annabeth Schott in NBC 's The West Wing and Olive Snook on the ABC comedy-drama Pushing Daisies , for which she won a 2009 Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series . She also starred in the ABC TV series GCB in 2012 . Chenoweth sang gospel music as a child in Oklahoma and studied opera before deciding to pursue a career in musical theatre . In 1997 , she made her Broadway debut in Steel Pier , winning a Theatre World Award , before appearing in You 're a Good Man , Charlie Brown and Wicked . Her other Broadway roles were in The Apple Tree in 2006 , Promises , Promises in 2010 and On the Twentieth Century in 2015 , for which she received another Tony Award nomination . She has also appeared in five City Center Encores ! , Off-Broadway and regional theatre productions . Chenoweth had her own sitcom , Kristin , in 2001 , and has guest-starred on many shows , including Sesame Street and Glee , for which she was nominated for Emmy Awards in 2010 and 2011 . In films , she has played mostly character roles , such as in Bewitched ( 2005 ) , The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) and RV ( 2006 ) . She has played roles in made-for-TV movies , such as Descendants ( 2015 ) ; done voice work in animated films such as Rio 2 ( 2014 ) and The Peanuts Movie ( 2015 ) along with the animated TV series Sit Down , Shut Up ; hosted several award shows ; and released several albums of songs , including A Lovely Way to Spend Christmas ( 2008 ) , Some Lessons Learned ( 2011 ) , Coming Home ( 2014 ) , The Art of Elegance ( 2016 ) and For the Girls ( 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Alan Cumming , Emmy Rossum , Ingrid Michaelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alan_Cumming', 'summary': "Alan Cumming OBE ( born 27 January 1965 ) [ citation needed ] is a Scottish-American actor , comedian , singer , writer , producer , director , and activist who has appeared in numerous films , television shows , and plays . His London stage appearances include Hamlet , the Maniac in Accidental Death of an Anarchist ( for which he received an Olivier Award ) , the lead in Bent , and The National Theatre of Scotland 's The Bacchae . On Broadway , he has appeared in The Threepenny Opera , as the master of ceremonies in Cabaret ( for which he won a Tony Award ) , Design for Living and a one-man adaptation of Macbeth . His best-known film roles include his performances in Emma , GoldenEye , the Spy Kids trilogy , Son of the Mask , and X2 . Cumming also introduces Masterpiece Mystery ! for PBS and appeared on The Good Wife , for which he has been nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards , two Screen Actors Guild Awards , two Golden Globe Awards and a Satellite Award . A filming of his Las Vegas cabaret show , Alan Cumming Sings Sappy Songs , aired on PBS stations in November 2016 . Starting in March 2018 , Cumming was starring in the CBS TV series Instinct ( stylized as INSTIИCT ) with Bojana Novakovic , which was cancelled in August 2019 . Cumming has written a novel , Tommy 's Tale , and an autobiography , Not My Father 's Son : A Memoir , had a cable talk show called Eavesdropping with Alan Cumming , and produced a line of perfumed products labelled Cumming . He has also contributed opinion pieces to many publications and performed cabaret shows , I Bought a Blue Car Today and Alan Cumming Sings Sappy Songs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Emmy_Rossum', 'summary': 'Emmanuelle Grey Rossum ( born September 12 , 1986 ) is an American actress , television director , and singer-songwriter . She is known for her portrayal of Fiona Gallagher in the television series Shameless . Her role in Mystic River ( 2003 ) initially brought her recognition . She starred in the science-fiction film The Day After Tomorrow ( 2004 ) and received critical acclaim for her performance in the leading role of Christine Daaé in the film adaptation of The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) . In 2007 , Rossum released her debut album , Inside Out . She also released a Christmas EP the same year , titled Carol of the Bells . In 2013 , she released a follow-up album called Sentimental Journey .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ingrid_Michaelson', 'summary': "Ingrid Ellen Michaelson is an American singer-songwriter and actress . Her first album , Slow the Rain , was released in 2005 , and she has since released eight more albums : Girls and Boys , Be OK , Everybody , Human Again , Lights Out , It Does n't Have to Make Sense , Songs for the Season , and her most recent , Stranger Songs . Her two highest-charting singles are The Way I Am ( 2007 ) and Girls Chase Boys ( 2014 ) , at No . 37 and No . 52 on the Billboard Hot 100 , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'January 26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cat Deeley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cat_Deeley', 'summary': "Catherine Elizabeth Cat Deeley ( born 23 October 1976 ) is an English television presenter , model , actress , journalist , television producer , dancer , singer and media personality based in the UK and the United States . From 1998 to 2002 , she hosted the children 's programme SMTV Live and its spin-off chart show CD : UK . In 2001 , she won a BAFTA Children 's Award for hosting SMTV Live . She has also hosted Fame Academy on the BBC , and the 2004 Brit Awards . Deeley became the presenter of Stars In Their Eyes from 2003 to 2006 , taking over from Matthew Kelly . Since 2006 , Deeley has been the host of So You Think You Can Dance in the United States , for which she has been nominated five times for a Primetime Emmy . Since 2003 , Deeley has been a patron of London 's Great Ormond Street Hospital for sick children . In December 2009 , she was made a UNICEF UK ambassador . She is married to Northern Irish comedian and television personality Patrick Kielty ."}]}, {'value': 'Nick Jonas , Rachael Ray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Jonas', 'summary': "Nicholas Jerry Jonas ( born September 16 , 1992 ) is an American singer , songwriter and actor . Jonas began acting in theater at the age of seven , and released his debut single in 2002 which caught the attention of Columbia Records where Jonas formed a band with his older brothers , Joe and Kevin , known as the Jonas Brothers . The group released their debut studio album It 's About Time through the Columbia label in 2006 . After leaving Columbia Records and signing with Hollywood Records , the group released their self-titled second studio album in 2007 , which became their breakthrough record . The band became prominent figures on the Disney Channel during this time , gaining a large following through the network and they appeared in the widely successful musical television film Camp Rock ( 2008 ) and its sequel Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam ( 2010 ) as well as two of their own series , Jonas Brothers : Living the Dream ( 2008-2010 ) and Jonas ( 2009-2010 ) . The band 's third studio album , A Little Bit Longer ( 2008 ) , saw continued commercial success for the group ; the album 's lead single Burnin ' Up hit the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Following the release of their fourth studio album , Lines , Vines and Trying Times ( 2009 ) , the Jonas Brothers confirmed a hiatus . Nick formed a new band known as Nick Jonas & the Administration , who released the album Who I Am in 2010 . Afterward , Jonas shifted his focus to acting and had a recurring role on the television series Smash . After the group 's official disbandment in 2013 , Jonas began work on his second solo studio album , signing with Island Records and releasing Nick Jonas through the label in 2014 , which saw the commercial success of the single Jealous . Jonas later co-founded Safehouse Records , a record label in conjunction with the Island and Hollywood labels . His third studio album Last Year Was Complicated ( 2016 ) peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 chart in the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rachael_Ray', 'summary': "Rachael Domenica Ray ( born August 25 , 1968 ) is an American television personality , businesswoman , celebrity cook and author . She hosts the syndicated daily talk and lifestyle program Rachael Ray , and the Food Network series 30 Minute Meals . Other programs to her credit include Rachael Ray 's Tasty Travels , $ 40 a Day , Rachael Ray 's Week In A Day and the reality format shows Rachael vs . Guy : Celebrity Cook-Off , and Rachael Ray 's Kids Cook-Off . Ray has written several cookbooks based on the 30 Minute Meals concept , and launched a magazine Every Day with Rachael Ray , in 2006 . Ray 's television shows have won three Daytime Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'January 27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carrie Ann Inaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carrie_Ann_Inaba', 'summary': "Carrie Ann Inaba ( born January 5 , 1968 ) is an American television personality , dancer , choreographer , actress , and singer . She is best known for her work on ABC TV 's Dancing with the Stars , as Fook Yu in Austin Powers in Goldmember . She is a current co-host and moderator of the CBS Daytime talk show , The Talk . She started her career as a singer in Japan , but became best known for her dancing , first introducing herself to American audiences as one of the original Fly Girls on the Fox sketch comedy series In Living Color from 1990 to 1992 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chelsea Handler , Winter Health Tips for Dogs , Check-In with Las Vegas GNO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chelsea_Handler', 'summary': 'Chelsea Joy Handler ( born February 25 , 1975 ) is an American comedian , actress , writer , television host , producer , and activist . She hosted the late-night talk show Chelsea Lately on the E ! network from 2007 to 2014 , and released a documentary series , Chelsea Does , on Netflix in January 2016 . Between 2016 and 2017 , Handler hosted the talk show , Chelsea , on Netflix . In 2012 , Time named Handler one of the 100 most influential people in the world on its annual Time 100 list .'}]}], 'section_title': 'LIVE ! with Kelly ( 2011-2012 ) -- January 2012', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Live!_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(Season_24)_5', 'intro': "This is a list of Live! with Regis and Kelly and Live! with Kelly episodes which were broadcast during the show's 24th season. The list is ordered by air date. Although the co-hosts may have read a couple of emails during the broadcast, it does not necessarily count as an Inbox segment."} | null | null | Who is the guest of the show whose guest co-host was born on June 2 , 1955 ? | Carla Gugino |
081e3a92742336c7 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_United_States_Congress', 'title': '20th United States Congress', 'header': ['State ( class )', 'Vacator', 'Reason for change', 'Successor', "Date of successor 's formal installation"], 'data': [{'value': 'Massachusetts ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Below is a chronological listing of the United States senators from Massachusetts . According to the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution adopted in 1913 , U.S. senators are popularly elected for a six-year term . Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms begin on January 3 , about two months after the vote . Before 1914 and the enforcement of the Seventeenth Amendment , the state 's U.S. senators were chosen by the Massachusetts General Court , and before 1935 , their terms began March 4 . The current senators are Democrats Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey ."}]}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seat remained vacant because legislature had failed to elect . Winner was elected June 8 , 1827', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts,_1827', 'summary': 'The United States Senate elections of 1826 and 1827 were elections that had the majority Jacksonians gain a seat in the United States Senate . Senators who called themselves Anti-Jacksonian or National Republicans were also called Adams or Adams Men . As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment , Senators were chosen by State legislatures .'}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Webster ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Webster', 'summary': "Daniel Webster ( January 18 , 1782 - October 24 , 1852 ) was an American statesman who represented New Hampshire and Massachusetts in the United States Congress and served as the United States Secretary of State under Presidents William Henry Harrison , John Tyler , and Millard Fillmore . He was also a prominent attorney , especially during the period of the Marshall Court . Throughout his career , he was a member of the Federalist Party , the National Republican Party , and the Whig Party . Born in New Hampshire in 1782 , Webster established a successful legal practice in Portsmouth , New Hampshire after undergoing a legal apprenticeship . He emerged as a prominent opponent of the War of 1812 and won election to the United States House of Representatives , where he served as a leader of the Federalist Party . Webster left office after two terms and relocated to Boston , Massachusetts . He became a leading attorney before the Supreme Court of the United States , winning cases such as Dartmouth College v. Woodward , McCulloch v. Maryland , and Gibbons v. Ogden . Webster returned to the House in 1823 and became a key supporter of President John Quincy Adams . He won election to the United States Senate in 1827 and worked with Henry Clay to build the National Republican Party in support of Adams . After Andrew Jackson defeated Adams in the 1828 presidential election , Webster became a leading opponent of Jackson 's domestic policies . He strongly objected to the theory of nullification espoused by John C. Calhoun , and his Second Reply to Hayne speech is widely regarded as one of the greatest speeches ever delivered in Congress . Webster supported Jackson 's defiant response to the Nullification Crisis , but broke with the president due to disagreements over the Second Bank of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Installed December 17 , 1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ohio ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Ohio', 'summary': 'Ohio was admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 and elects U.S. senators to Class 1 and Class 3 . Its current U.S. senators are Democrat Sherrod Brown ( serving since 2007 ) and Republican Rob Portman ( serving since 2011 ) , making it one of nine states to have a split United States Senate delegation .'}]}, {'value': 'William Henry Harrison ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison', 'summary': "William Henry Harrison ( February 9 , 1773 - April 4 , 1841 ) was an American military officer and politician who served as the ninth president of the United States in 1841 . He died of typhoid , pneumonia or paratyphoid fever 31 days into his term ( the shortest tenure ) , becoming the first president to die in office . His death sparked a brief constitutional crisis regarding succession to the presidency , because the Constitution was unclear as to whether Vice President John Tyler should assume the office of president or merely execute the duties of the vacant office . Tyler claimed a constitutional mandate to become the new president and took the presidential oath of office , setting an important precedent for an orderly transfer of the presidency and its full powers when the previous president fails to complete the elected term . Harrison was born in Charles City County , Virginia , the son of Founding Father Benjamin Harrison V and the paternal grandfather of Benjamin Harrison , the 23rd president of the United States . He was the last president born as a British subject in the Thirteen Colonies before the start of the Revolutionary War in 1775 . During his early military career , he participated in the 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers , an American military victory that effectively ended the Northwest Indian War . Later , he led a military force against Tecumseh 's Confederacy at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 , where he earned the nickname Old Tippecanoe . He was promoted to major general in the Army in the War of 1812 , and in 1813 led American infantry and cavalry at the Battle of the Thames in Upper Canada . Harrison began his political career in 1798 , when he was appointed Secretary of the Northwest Territory , and in 1799 he was elected as the territory 's delegate in the House of Representatives . Two years later , President John Adams named him governor of the newly established Indiana Territory , a post he held until 1812 . After the War of 1812 , he moved to Ohio where he was elected to represent the state 's 1st district in the House in 1816 ."}]}, {'value': 'Resigned May 20 , 1828 , to become U.S. Minister Plenipotentiary to Gran Columbia . A special election was held December 10 , 1828', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Colombia', 'summary': 'The following is a list of Ambassadors of the United States , or other chiefs of mission , to Colombia and its predecessor states . The title given by the United States State Department to this position is currently Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Ohio,_1828', 'summary': "In the United States Senate elections of 1828 and 1829 , the Jacksonian coalition , despite its leader 's victory in the presidential election , lost a seat in the Senate to the opposing Anti-Jacksonian coalition . Senators who called themselves Anti-Jacksonian or National Republicans were also called Adams or Adams Men . As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment , Senators were chosen by State legislatures ."}]}, {'value': 'Jacob Burnet ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacob_Burnet', 'summary': 'Jacob Burnet ( sometimes spelled Burnett ) ( February 22 , 1770 - May 10 , 1853 ) was an American jurist and statesman from Ohio . He served as a U.S . Senator .'}]}, {'value': 'Installed December 10 , 1828', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maine ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Maine', 'summary': "Maine was admitted to the Union on March 15 , 1820 . The state 's U.S. senators belong to Class 1 and Class 2 . Republican Susan Collins ( first elected in 1996 ) and Independent Angus King ( first elected in 2012 ) are Maine 's current U.S. senators , making Maine one of nine states to have a split United States Senate delegation ."}]}, {'value': 'Albion K. Parris ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albion_K._Parris', 'summary': 'Albion Keith Parris ( January 19 , 1788 - February 11 , 1857 ) was the 5th Governor of Maine , a United States Representative from the District of Maine , Massachusetts , a United States Senator from Maine , a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maine , an Associate Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court and the 2nd Comptroller of the Currency for the United States Department of the Treasury .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned August 26 , 1828 , after being appointed to the Maine Supreme Judicial Court . A special election was held January 15 , 1829', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maine_Supreme_Judicial_Court', 'summary': "The Maine Supreme Judicial Court is the highest court in the state of Maine 's judicial system . It is composed of seven justices , who are appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Maine Senate . From 1820 until 1839 , justices served lifetime appointments with a mandatory retirement age of 70 . Beginning in 1839 , justices are appointed for seven-year terms , with no limit on the number of terms that they may serve . Known as the Law Court when sitting as an appellate court , the Supreme Court 's other functions include hearing appeals of sentences longer than one year of incarceration , overseeing admission to the bar and the conduct of its members , and promulgating rules for all the state 's courts . The Maine Supreme Judicial Court is one of the few state supreme courts in the United States authorized to issue advisory opinions , which it does upon request by the governor or legislature , as set out in the Maine Constitution . It is also unusual for a state 's highest appellate court in that its primary location is not that of the state 's capital city , Augusta , partially because the Kennebec County Courthouse did not have a courtroom large enough for the Supreme Court 's proceedings . The court did meet there from 1830 until 1970 , when it permanently moved to the Cumberland County Courthouse . The renovation of the Kennebec County Courthouse in 2015 , which included expansion of the bench in its largest courtroom to permit all 7 MSJC justices to sit there , will allow the court to meet there at least twice a year . It will also continue to meet in Portland , Bangor , and at high schools around the state . The MSJC is also authorized to rule on the fitness of the Governor of Maine to serve in office , which it does upon the Maine Secretary of State certifying to the court that the governor is temporarily unable to carry out the duties of that office . The court must then hold a hearing and , if it agrees that the governor is unfit , declare the office of governor temporarily vacant and transfer its duties to the President of the Maine Senate , who would serve as acting governor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Maine,_1829', 'summary': "In the United States Senate elections of 1828 and 1829 , the Jacksonian coalition , despite its leader 's victory in the presidential election , lost a seat in the Senate to the opposing Anti-Jacksonian coalition . Senators who called themselves Anti-Jacksonian or National Republicans were also called Adams or Adams Men . As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment , Senators were chosen by State legislatures ."}]}, {'value': 'John Holmes ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Holmes_(Maine_politician)', 'summary': 'John Holmes ( March 14 , 1773 - July 7 , 1843 ) was an American politician . He served as a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts and was one of the first two U.S . Senators from Maine . Holmes was noted for his involvement in the Treaty of Ghent .'}]}, {'value': 'Installed January 15 , 1829', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Georgia', 'summary': 'This is a chronological listing of the United States senators from Georgia . Georgia has had Senators since the 1st Congress . Its Senate seats were declared vacant in March 1861 owing to its secession from the Union . They were again filled from February 1871 . United States senators are popularly elected , for a six-year term , beginning January 3 . Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1 . Before 1914 , they were chosen by the Georgia General Assembly , and before 1935 , their terms began March 4 . Rebecca Latimer Felton was the first female U.S. senator . She served in the U.S. Senate from Georgia for one day in 1922 , following appointment due to the death of Thomas E. Watson .'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas W. Cobb ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_W._Cobb', 'summary': 'Thomas Willis Cobb ( 1784 - February 1 , 1830 ) was a United States Representative and Senator from Georgia .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned before November 7 , 1828 . A special election was held November 7 , 1828', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Georgia,_1828', 'summary': "In the United States Senate elections of 1828 and 1829 , the Jacksonian coalition , despite its leader 's victory in the presidential election , lost a seat in the Senate to the opposing Anti-Jacksonian coalition . Senators who called themselves Anti-Jacksonian or National Republicans were also called Adams or Adams Men . As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment , Senators were chosen by State legislatures ."}]}, {'value': 'Oliver H. Prince ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oliver_H._Prince', 'summary': "Oliver Hillhouse Prince ( 31 July 1782 - October 9 , 1837 ) was an editor , attorney and politician , elected as United States Senator by the Georgia state legislature in 1828 . Born in Connecticut , he had migrated as a child with his parents to Georgia , where he grew up . After working as a journalist and attorney , he was elected to the state senate . He prepared A Digest of the Laws of the State of Georgia ( 1822 ) , for 30 years the most important collection of the laws . In 1830 Prince left the law to become editor of the Georgia Journal , returning to early work in journalism . With his multi-faceted career , he was describe as one of the brilliant figures of Georgia in the first half of the nineteenth century . He and his wife died on October 9 , 1837 in the wreck of the SS Home , grounded near Ocracoke Inlet , North Carolina , during Racer 's Storm . This was the first hurricane recorded as attacking both the Gulf and Atlantic coasts ."}]}, {'value': 'Installed November 7 , 1828', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'North Carolina ratified the Constitution on November 21 , 1789 , after the beginning of the 1st Congress . Its current senators are Republicans Thom Tillis and Richard Burr .'}]}, {'value': 'Nathaniel Macon ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon', 'summary': "Nathaniel Macon ( December 17 , 1757 - June 29 , 1837 ) was an American politician who represented North Carolina in both houses of Congress . He was the fifth Speaker of the House , serving from 1801 to 1807 . He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1791 to 1815 and a member of the United States Senate from 1815 to 1828 . He opposed ratification of the United States Constitution and the Federalist economic policies of Alexander Hamilton . Thomas Jefferson dubbed him Ultimas Romanorum - the last of the Romans . During his political career he was spokesman for the Old Republican faction of the Democratic-Republican Party that wanted to strictly limit the United States federal government . Along with fellow Old Republicans John Randolph and John Taylor , Macon frequently opposed various domestic policy proposals , and generally opposed the internal improvements promoted by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun . An earnest defender of slavery , Macon voted against the Missouri Compromise in 1820 . In the 1824 presidential election , he received several electoral votes for vice president , despite declining to run , as the stand-in running-mate for William Harris Crawford . He also served as president of the 1835 North Carolina constitutional convention . After leaving public office , he served as a trustee for the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and protested President Andrew Jackson 's threat to use force during the Nullification Crisis ."}]}, {'value': 'Resigned November 14 , 1828 . A special election was held December 15 , 1828', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_North_Carolina,_1828', 'summary': "In the United States Senate elections of 1828 and 1829 , the Jacksonian coalition , despite its leader 's victory in the presidential election , lost a seat in the Senate to the opposing Anti-Jacksonian coalition . Senators who called themselves Anti-Jacksonian or National Republicans were also called Adams or Adams Men . As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment , Senators were chosen by State legislatures ."}]}, {'value': 'James Iredell Jr. ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Iredell_Jr.', 'summary': 'James Iredell Jr. ( November 2 , 1788 - April 13 , 1853 ) was the 23rd Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina between 1827 and 1828 .'}]}, {'value': 'Installed December 15 , 1828', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_New_York', 'summary': "Below is a list of U.S. senators who have represented the State of New York in the United States Senate since 1789 . The date of the start of the tenure is either the first day of the legislative term ( Senators who were elected regularly before the term began ) , or the day when they took the seat ( U.S. senators who were elected in special elections to fill vacancies , or after the term began ) . New York 's current U.S. senators are Democrats Chuck Schumer ( serving since 1999 , also serving as Senate Minority Leader since 2017 ) and Kirsten Gillibrand ( serving since 2009 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Martin Van Buren ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren', 'summary': 'Martin Van Buren ( /væn ˈbjʊərən/ van BEWR-ən ; born Maarten Van Buren ; December 5 , 1782 - July 24 , 1862 ) was an American statesman who served as the eighth president of the United States from 1837 to 1841 . He was the first president born speaking a language other than English ( Dutch ) and the first born after the United States had declared its independence from Great Britain . A founder of the Democratic Party , he had previously served as the ninth governor of New York , the tenth United States secretary of state , and the eighth vice president of the United States . He won the 1836 presidential election with the endorsement of popular outgoing President Andrew Jackson and the organizational strength of the Democratic Party . He lost his 1840 reelection bid to Whig Party nominee William Henry Harrison , thanks in part to the poor economic conditions surrounding the Panic of 1837 . Later in his life , Van Buren emerged as an elder statesman and an important anti-slavery leader ( abolitionist ) who led the Free Soil Party ticket in the 1848 presidential election . Van Buren was born in Kinderhook , New York , to a family of patroon Dutch Americans ; his father was a Patriot during the American Revolution . He was raised speaking Dutch and learned English at school , making him the first and still only U.S. president to speak English as his second language . He trained as a lawyer and quickly became involved in politics as a member of the Democratic-Republican Party . He won election to the New York State Senate and became the leader of the Bucktails , the faction of Democratic-Republicans opposed to New York Governor DeWitt Clinton . Van Buren established a political machine known as the Albany Regency and in the 1820s emerged as the most influential politician in the Empire State . He was elected to the United States Senate in 1821 and supported William H. Crawford in the 1824 presidential election .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned December 20 , 1828 , to become Governor of New York . A special election was held January 15 , 1829', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_New_York', 'summary': "The Governor of New York is the head of government of the U.S. state of New York . The governor is the head of the executive branch of New York 's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state 's military and naval forces . The current governor is Andrew Cuomo , a Democrat , who took office on January 1 , 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_New_York,_1829', 'summary': 'The 1829 United States Senate special election in New York was held on January 15 , 1829 , by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S . Senator ( Class 1 ) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles E. Dudley ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_E._Dudley', 'summary': "Charles Edward Dudley ( May 23 , 1780 - January 23 , 1841 ) was an American businessman and politician . A member of Martin Van Buren 's Albany Regency , Dudley served as mayor of Albany , New York , a member of the New York State Senate , and a U.S . Senator ."}]}, {'value': 'Installed January 15 , 1829', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Jersey ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_New_Jersey', 'summary': "This is a chronological listing of the United States senators from New Jersey . Since the enforcement of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , U.S. senators are popularly elected for a six-year term beginning January 3 . Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1 . Before 1914 , they were chosen by the New Jersey Legislature , and before 1935 , their terms began March 4 . The state 's current Senators are Democrats Bob Menendez ( serving since 2006 ) and Cory Booker ( serving since 2013 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ephraim Bateman ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ephraim_Bateman', 'summary': "Ephraim Bateman ( July 9 , 1780 - January 28 , 1829 ) represented New Jersey in the United States Senate from 1826 to 1829 and in the United States House of Representatives from 1815 to 1823 . Born in Cedarville , New Jersey , an area within Lawrence Township , Cumberland County , New Jersey ; attended the local schools and Nathaniel Ogden 's Latin school ; apprenticed as a tailor in 1796 ; taught in the local school 1799-1801 ; studied medicine with a physician in 1801 and at the University of Pennsylvania in 1802 and 1803 ; practiced in Cedarville Member of the New Jersey General Assembly 1808-1809 , 1811 , and 1813 , serving as speaker in 1813 ; elected to the Fourteenth United States Congress and to the three succeeding Congresses ( March 4 , 1815 - March 3 , 1823 ) . Member , New Jersey Legislative Council 1826 and served as president ; elected to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Joseph McIlvaine and served from November 9 , 1826 to January 12 , 1829 , when he resigned because of failing health . His election to the Senate was contested by several members of the New Jersey Legislature and citizens , citing that Bateman , while presiding over the joint election meeting , cast the deciding vote for himself against Theodore Frelinghuysen . A select committee investigated the issue and declared the election legal . He died in Cedarville , Cumberland County , New Jersey , aged 48 ; interred in the Old Stone Church Cemetery , Fairfield Township , Cumberland County , New Jersey ."}]}, {'value': 'Resigned January 12 , 1829 , due to failing health . A special election was held January 30 , 1829', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_New_Jersey,_1829', 'summary': "In the United States Senate elections of 1828 and 1829 , the Jacksonian coalition , despite its leader 's victory in the presidential election , lost a seat in the Senate to the opposing Anti-Jacksonian coalition . Senators who called themselves Anti-Jacksonian or National Republicans were also called Adams or Adams Men . As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment , Senators were chosen by State legislatures ."}]}, {'value': 'Mahlon Dickerson ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahlon_Dickerson', 'summary': 'Mahlon Dickerson ( April 17 , 1770 - October 5 , 1853 ) was a Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey , the 7th Governor of New Jersey , United States Senator from New Jersey , the 10th United States Secretary of the Navy and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey .'}]}, {'value': 'Installed January 30 , 1829', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Jersey ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_New_Jersey', 'summary': "This is a chronological listing of the United States senators from New Jersey . Since the enforcement of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , U.S. senators are popularly elected for a six-year term beginning January 3 . Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1 . Before 1914 , they were chosen by the New Jersey Legislature , and before 1935 , their terms began March 4 . The state 's current Senators are Democrats Bob Menendez ( serving since 2006 ) and Cory Booker ( serving since 2013 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mahlon Dickerson ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahlon_Dickerson', 'summary': 'Mahlon Dickerson ( April 17 , 1770 - October 5 , 1853 ) was a Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey , the 7th Governor of New Jersey , United States Senator from New Jersey , the 10th United States Secretary of the Navy and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey .'}]}, {'value': "Resigned January 30 , 1829 , after being elected to New Jersey 's Class 1 U.S. Senate seat", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_New_Jersey,_1829', 'summary': "In the United States Senate elections of 1828 and 1829 , the Jacksonian coalition , despite its leader 's victory in the presidential election , lost a seat in the Senate to the opposing Anti-Jacksonian coalition . Senators who called themselves Anti-Jacksonian or National Republicans were also called Adams or Adams Men . As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment , Senators were chosen by State legislatures ."}]}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not filled in this Congress', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Changes in membership -- Senate', 'section_text': 'replacements : 6 Anti-Jacksonian ( A ) : no net change Jacksonian ( J ) : no net change deaths : 0 resignations : 7 interim appointments : 0 Total seats with changes : 8 See also : List of special elections to the United States Senate', 'uid': '20th_United_States_Congress_0', 'intro': "The Twentieth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1827, to March 4, 1829, during the third and fourth years of John Quincy Adams's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Fourth Census of the United States in 1820. Both chambers had a Jacksonian majority."} | null | null | Of the three successors whose first names start with J , which was involved with the Treaty of Ghent ? | John Holmes |
081f6f48582e2777 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_international_passenger_traffic', 'title': 'List of busiest airports by international passenger traffic', 'header': ['Rank', 'Airport', 'Location', 'Code ( IATA/ICAO )', 'Total passengers', '% change'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London Heathrow Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport', 'summary': 'Heathrow Airport , also known as London Heathrow ( IATA : LHR , ICAO : EGLL ) , is a major international airport in London , United Kingdom . Heathrow is the second busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic , as well as the busiest airport in Europe by passenger traffic , and the seventh busiest airport in the world by total passenger traffic . It is one of six international airports serving London region . In 2019 , it handled a record 80.8 million passengers , a 0.9% increase from 2018 as well as 475,861 aircraft movements , a decrease of 1,743 from 2018 . The airport facility is owned and operated by Heathrow Airport Holdings . Heathrow lies 14 miles ( 23 km ) west of Central London , and has two parallel east-west runways along with four operational terminals on a site that covers 12.27 square kilometres ( 4.74 sq mi ) . The airport is the primary hub for British Airways and the primary operating base for Virgin Atlantic . In September 2012 , the Government of the United Kingdom established the Airports Commission , an independent commission chaired by Sir Howard Davies to examine various options for increasing capacity at UK airports . In July 2015 , the commission backed a third runway at Heathrow , which the government approved in October 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hillingdon , Greater London , United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hillingdon', 'summary': "The London Borough of Hillingdon ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a large borough located in Greater London , England which had a population of 273,936 according to the 2011 Census . It was formed from the districts of Hayes and Harlington , Ruislip-Northwood , Uxbridge , and Yiewsley and West Drayton in the county of Middlesex . Today , Hillingdon is home to Heathrow Airport ( which straddles the border between Hillingdon and Hounslow ) and Brunel University , and is the second largest of the 32 London boroughs by area . Hillingdon Council governs the borough , with its headquarters in the Civic Centre in Uxbridge . For administrative purposes , the borough is split into North and South Hillingdon . The south 's former strong connection with industry has diminished since the 1980s to be replaced by a preponderantly residential suburban population ; the north has remained a consistently residential suburban area , although with significant swathes of rural land . The borough 's residential areas expanded with the extension of the Metropolitan Railway from Harrow on the Hill to Uxbridge in the early 20th century and the gradual establishment of stops along the line , becoming known as Metro-land . The main towns in the borough are Hayes , Ruislip and Uxbridge ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Greater_London', 'summary': 'Greater London is a ceremonial county of England that makes up the majority of the London region . This region forms the administrative boundaries of London and is organised into 33 local government districts - the 32 London boroughs and the City of London , which is located within the region but is separate from the county . The Greater London Authority , based in Southwark , is responsible for strategic local government across the region and consists of the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . The City of London Corporation is the principal local authority for the City of London , with a similar role to that of the 32 London borough councils . Administratively , Greater London was first established as a sui generis council area under the Greater London Council between 1963 and 1986 . The county of Greater London was created on 1 April 1965 through the London Government Act 1963 . The area was re-established as a region in 1994 . The Greater London Authority was formed in 2000 . The region covers 1,572 km2 ( 607 sq mi ) and had a population of 8,174,000 at the 2011 census . The Greater London Built-up Area is used in some national statistics and is a measure of the continuous urban area and includes areas outside the administrative region . There is about 420 parks in this region and 69 of them are at the southern region as of 2020/02/02 .'}]}, {'value': 'LHR/EGLL', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66,689,466', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.5%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dubai International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dubai_International_Airport', 'summary': "Dubai International Airport ( IATA : DXB , ICAO : OMDB ) ( Arabic : مطار دبي الدولي ) is the primary international airport serving Dubai , United Arab Emirates , and is the world 's busiest airport by international passenger traffic . It is also the fifth-busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic , the sixth-busiest cargo airport in the world , the busiest airport for Airbus A380 and Boeing 777 movements , and the airport with the highest average number of passengers per flight . In 2017 , DXB handled 88 million passengers and 2.65 million tonnes of cargo and registered 409,493 aircraft movements . In July 2019 , Dubai International airport installed the largest solar energy system in the region 's airports as part of Dubai 's goal to reduce 30 percent of the city energy consumption by 2030 . Dubai International Airport is situated in the Al Garhoud district , 2.5 nautical miles ( 4.6 km ; 2.9 mi ) east of Dubai and spread over an area of 7,200 acres ( 2,900 ha ) of land . Terminal 3 is the second-largest building in the world by floor space and the largest airport terminal in the world . Emirates Airline has its hub airport in Dubai International ( DXB ) and has their own terminal 3 with 3 concourses that they share with flydubai . The Emirates hub is the largest airline hub in the Middle East ; Emirates handles 51% of all passenger traffic and accounts for approximately 42% of all aircraft movements at the airport . Dubai Airport is also the base for low-cost carrier flydubai which handles 13% of passenger traffic and 25% of aircraft movements at DXB . The airport has a total capacity of 90 million passengers annually . As of January 2016 , there are over 7,700 weekly flights operated by 140 airlines to over 270 destinations across all inhabited continents . Over 63% of travelers using the airport in 2018 were connecting passengers ."}]}, {'value': 'Garhoud , Dubai , United Arab Emirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garhoud', 'summary': "Al Garhoud ( Arabic : القرهود , al-qarhūd ) is a commercial and residential zone . It is near Mirdif and it is located in Dubai , United Arab Emirates . Al Garhoud is close to Dubai International Airport and therefore preferred by Emirates Airline pilots as a living place . [ citation needed ] The Emirates Aviation College is also situated in Al Garhoud . The roads around Al Garhoud are notorious for their traffic . People generally leave out the 'Al ' part of Al Garhoud and call it Garhoud . The Emirates Airline/Emirates Group head office is in Garhoud . Daallo Airlines has its head office in the airport Free Zone ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dubai', 'summary': "Dubai ( /duːˈbaɪ/ doo-BY ; Arabic : دبي Dubay , Gulf Arabic : Arabic pronunciation : [ dʊˈbɑj ] ) is the most populous city in the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) and the capital of the Emirate of Dubai . Located in the eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula on the coast of the Persian Gulf , Dubai aims to be the business hub of Western Asia . It is also a major global transport hub for passengers and cargo . Oil revenue helped accelerate the development of the city , which was already a major mercantile hub . Today , less than 5% of the emirate 's revenue comes from oil . A centre for regional and international trade since the early 20th century , Dubai 's economy relies on revenues from trade , tourism , aviation , real estate , and financial services ."}]}, {'value': 'DXB/OMDB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '65,872,250', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15.3%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hong Kong International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport', 'summary': "Hong Kong International Airport ( IATA : HKG , ICAO : VHHH ) is Hong Kong 's main airport , built on reclaimed land on the island of Chek Lap Kok . The airport is also referred to as Chek Lap Kok International Airport ( 赤鱲角機場 ) or Chek Lap Kok Airport , to distinguish it from its predecessor , the former Kai Tak Airport . Having been in commercial operation since 1998 , Chek Lap Kok Airport is an important regional trans-shipment centre , passenger hub and gateway for destinations in China ( with 45 destinations ) and the rest of Asia . The airport is the world 's busiest cargo gateway and one of the world 's busiest passenger airports . It is also home to one of the world 's largest passenger terminal buildings ( the largest when opened in 1998 ) . The airport is operated by the Airport Authority Hong Kong 24 hours a day and is the primary hub for Cathay Pacific ( the flag carrier of Hong Kong ) , Cathay Dragon , Hong Kong Airlines , HK Express and Air Hong Kong ( cargo carrier ) . The airport is one of the hubs of Oneworld alliance , and also one of the Asia-Pacific cargo hubs for UPS Airlines . It is a focus city for many airlines , including China Airlines and China Eastern Airlines . Singapore Airlines , Ethiopian Airlines and Air India utilise Hong Kong as a stopover point for their flights . HKIA is an important contributor to Hong Kong 's economy , with approximately 65,000 employees . More than 100 airlines operate flights from the airport to over 180 cities across the globe . In 2015 , HKIA handled 68.5 million passengers , making it the 8th busiest airport worldwide by passenger traffic ."}]}, {'value': 'Chek Lap Kok , Islands , New Territories , Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chek_Lap_Kok', 'summary': "Chek Lap Kok ( Chinese : 赤鱲角 ) is an island in the western waters of Hong Kong 's New Territories . Unlike the smaller Lam Chau , it was only partially leveled when it was assimilated via land reclamation into the 12.48 square kilometres ( 4.82 sq mi ) island for the current Hong Kong International Airport , which opened for commercial aviation in 1998 . The airport is popularly referred to as Chek Lap Kok Airport to distinguish it from the former Hong Kong International Airport , now commonly known as Kai Tak Airport ( 啟德機場 ) . Hong Kong SkyCity , a business and entertainment complex , is also located on Chek Lap Kok . It includes AsiaWorld-Expo , a convention and exhibition centre , which opened in 2005 . Cathay Pacific City , the head office of Cathay Pacific , and the head offices of Dragonair and Hong Kong Airlines are also located on the airport platform ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Islands_District', 'summary': 'The Islands District ( Chinese : 離島區 ) is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong . It is part of the New Territories . It had a population of 141,327 in 2011 . Hong Kong consists of a peninsula and 236 islands . The Islands District consists of some twenty large and small islands which lie to the south and southwest of Hong Kong . With an area that is 16% of Hong Kong and a population that is 2% of Hong Kong , the Islands District is the largest in terms of area and also the least populated . It is therefore the district with by far the lowest population density of 783 per km2 . The outlying islands are notable for a more relaxed way of life than that of Hong Kong Island and Kowloon Peninsula . The district has the third-youngest residents . Many islands of Hong Kong are actually not part of the district . Most notably , Hong Kong Island contains four districts itself . The term Outlying Islands tends to refer to the islands of the Islands District .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Territories', 'summary': "The New Territories ( Chinese : 新界 ; Cantonese Yale : Sān'gaai ) is one of the three main regions of Hong Kong , alongside Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula . It makes up 86.2% of Hong Kong 's territory , and contains around half of the population of Hong Kong . Historically , it is the region described in the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory . According to that treaty , the territories comprise the mainland area north of the Boundary Street of Kowloon Peninsula and south of the Sham Chun River ( which is the border between Hong Kong and Mainland China ) , as well as over 200 outlying islands , including Lantau Island , Lamma Island , Cheung Chau , and Peng Chau in the territory of Hong Kong ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong', 'summary': "Hong Kong ( /ˌhɒŋˈkɒŋ/ ( listen ) ; Chinese : 香港 , Cantonese : [ hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China ( HKSAR ) , is a city and special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities [ d ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre ( 426 sq mi ) territory , Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world . Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War , and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . The territory was returned to China in 1997 . As a special administrative region , Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country , two systems . Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages , the territory has become one of the world 's most significant financial centres and commercial ports . It is the world 's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade , and the currency , Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . Hong Kong hosts the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , there is severe income inequality among its residents . Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': 'HKG/VHHH', 'urls': []}, {'value': '59,294,439', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.5%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris-Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport', 'summary': "Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport ( French : Aéroport de Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle , IATA : CDG , ICAO : LFPG ) , also known as Roissy Airport , is the largest international airport in France and second-busiest airport in Europe . Opened in 1974 , it is located in Roissy-en-France , 23 km ( 14 mi ) northeast of Paris . It is named after Charles de Gaulle ( 1890-1970 ) . Charles de Gaulle Airport is located within portions of several communes in Val-d'Oise , Seine-Saint-Denis and Seine-et-Marne . It serves as the principal hub for Air France and a destination for other legacy carriers ( from Star Alliance , Oneworld and SkyTeam ) , as well as a focus city for low-cost carriers easyJet , Vueling , and Norwegian Air Shuttle . The Airport is operated by Groupe ADP under the brand Paris Aéroport . In 2019 , the airport handled 76,150,007 passengers and 498,175 aircraft movements , thus making it the world 's tenth-busiest airport , and Europe 's second-busiest airport ( after London Heathrow ) in terms of passenger numbers . In terms of cargo traffic , the airport is the twelfth-busiest in the world and the second-busiest in Europe ( after Frankfurt Airport ) , handling 2,150,950 metric tonnes of cargo in 2012 . As of 2017 , the airport offers direct flights to the most countries and hosts the most airlines in the world . Marc Houalla has been the director of the airport since 12 February 2018 ."}]}, {'value': "Roissy-en-France , Val d'Oise , Île-de-France , France", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roissy-en-France', 'summary': "Roissy-en-France ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʁwasi ɑ̃ fʁɑ̃s ] ; colloquially simply called Roissy ) is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris , France , in the Val-d'Oise department . It is located 20.7 km ( 12.9 mi ) from the center of Paris . One-quarter of Charles de Gaulle Airport ( France 's main airport ) but none of the terminals is in the commune of Roissy-en-France , which gave its original name to the airport . Later renamed Charles de Gaulle Airport , the airport is still commonly referred to as Roissy Airport in France . The rest of the airport lies on the territory of the commune of Tremblay-en-France and several other communes ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Val_d'Oise", 'summary': "Val-d'Oise ( French : [ val dwaz ] ( listen ) , Valley of the Oise ) is a French department , created in 1968 after the split of the Seine-et-Oise department and located in the Île-de-France region . It gets its name from the Oise River , a major tributary of the Seine , which crosses the region after having started in Belgium and flowed through north-eastern France . Charles de Gaulle Airport , France 's main international airport is partially located in Roissy-en-France , a commune of Val d'Oise ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Île-de-France_(region)', 'summary': "Île-de-France ( /ˌiːl də ˈfrɒ̃s/ , French : [ il də fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ; literally Island of France ) is the most populous of the 18 regions of France . It is located in the north-central part of the country and often called the région parisienne ( Paris Region ) because it includes the city of Paris . Île-de-France is densely populated and economically important : it covers only 12,012 square kilometres ( 4,638 square miles ) , about 2% of France 's territory , but has an official estimated population of 12,213,364 ( 18.2% of the population of France ) and accounts for nearly 30% of the French Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) . The region is made up of eight administrative departments : Paris , Essonne , Hauts-de-Seine , Seine-Saint-Denis , Seine-et-Marne , Val-de-Marne , Val-d'Oise and Yvelines . It was created as the District of the Paris Region in 1961 and renamed in 1976 after the historic province of Île-de-France , when its status was aligned with the other French administrative regions created in 1972 . Residents are sometimes referred to as Franciliens , an administrative word created in the 1980s . The GDP of the region in 2016 was €681 billion ( or US $ 850 billion at market exchange rates ) . It has the highest per-capita GDP among regions in France and the third-highest of regions in the European Union . In 2018 , almost all of the twenty-eight French companies listed in the Fortune Global 500 had their headquarters in the Paris Region . Besides the landmarks of Paris , the region has many important historic sites , including the Palace of Versailles and the Palace of Fontainebleau , as well as the most-visited tourist attraction in France , Disneyland Paris . The poverty rate in Île-de-France was 15.9% in 2015 , compared with 12.3% in 2006 . The region is also increasingly unequal ."}]}, {'value': 'CDG/LFPG', 'urls': []}, {'value': '56,767,748', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore Changi Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore_Changi_Airport', 'summary': "Singapore Changi Airport , commonly known as Changi Airport ( IATA : SIN , ICAO : WSSS ) , is a major civilian airport that serves Singapore , and is one of the largest transportation hubs in Asia . It is currently rated the World 's Best Airport by Skytrax for the seventh consecutive year since 2013 . It is also the first Airport in the world to do so for seven consecutive years and is one of the world 's busiest airports by international passenger and cargo traffic . The airport is located in Changi , at the eastern end of Singapore , approximately 20 km ( 12 mi ) from Marina Bay ( Singapore 's Downtown Core ) , on a 13-square-kilometre ( 5.0 sq mi ) site . The airport is operated by Changi Airport Group and it is the home base of Singapore Airlines , Singapore Airlines Cargo , SilkAir , Scoot , Jetstar Asia Airways and BOC Aviation . In 2019 , Changi served 68.3 million passengers , making it the 16th busiest airport in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Changi , East Region , Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Changi', 'summary': "Changi ( /tʃɑːŋiː/ ) is a planning area located in the geographical region of Tanah Merah in the East Region of Singapore . Sharing borders with Pasir Ris and Tampines to the west , Changi Bay to the southeast , the South China Sea to the east and the Serangoon Harbour to the north . Changi , excluding the two water catchments and islands of Singapore , is the largest planning area by land size . Today , Changi is an aviation hub . It is the location of both the Changi Airport and Changi Air Base . Also located within Changi is Singapore 's largest prison , Changi Prison . It was used as a Japanese prisoner-of-war camp during the occupation of Singapore in World War II . The prison is Singapore 's oldest operating internment facility ."}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Region,_Singapore', 'summary': "The East Region of Singapore is one of the five regions in the city-state . The region is the 2nd most densely populated among the five , and has the smallest land area . Bedok is the region 's most populous town and Tampines is the regional centre of the area . Comprising 11,000 hectares , it includes six planning areas and is also home to Singapore 's Changi Airport and Paya Lebar Airbase The region also houses the Paya Lebar Air Base , Changi Naval Base and Changi Prison , which was first constructed in 1936 by the British and is Singapore 's oldest internment facility ."}]}, {'value': 'SIN/WSSS', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52,775,360', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.7%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amsterdam Airport Schiphol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol', 'summary': 'Amsterdam Airport Schiphol ( IATA : AMS , ICAO : EHAM ) , known informally as Schiphol Airport ( Dutch : Luchthaven Schiphol , pronounced [ ˌlʏxtɦaːvə ( n ) ˈsxɪp ( ɦ ) ɔl ] ) , is the main international airport of the Netherlands . It is located 9 kilometres ( 5.6 miles ) southwest of Amsterdam , in the municipality of Haarlemmermeer in North Holland . It is the third-busiest airport in Europe in terms of passenger volume and the busiest in Europe in terms of aircraft movement . The airport is built as a single-terminal concept : one large terminal split into three large departure halls . Schiphol is the hub for KLM and its regional affiliate KLM Cityhopper as well as for Corendon Dutch Airlines , Martinair , Transavia and TUI fly Netherlands . The airport also serves as a base for EasyJet and LEVEL . Schiphol opened on 16 September 1916 as a military airbase . The end of the First World War also saw the beginning of civilian use of Schiphol Airport and the airport eventually lost its military role completely . By 1940 , Schiphol had four asphalt runways at 45-degree angles . The airport was captured by the German military that same year and renamed Fliegerhorst Schiphol . The airport was destroyed through bombing but at the end of the war , the airfield was soon rebuilt . In 1949 , it was decided that Schiphol was to become the primary airport of the Netherlands .'}]}, {'value': 'Haarlemmermeer , North Holland , Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haarlemmermeer', 'summary': "Haarlemmermeer [ ˌɦaːrlɛmərˈmeːr ] ( listen ) is a municipality in the Netherlands , in the province of North Holland . It is a polder , consisting of land reclaimed from water , and the name Haarlemmermeer means Haarlem 's Lake , still referring to the body of water from which the region was reclaimed in the 19th century . Its main town is Hoofddorp . It is one of the largest towns ( pop . 70,030 ) in the Netherlands whose name is not used as the name of a municipality . This town , together with the rapidly growing towns of Nieuw-Vennep and Badhoevedorp , forms part of the Randstad agglomeration . The Netherlands ' main international airport Schiphol is located in Haarlemmermeer ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Holland', 'summary': "North Holland ( Dutch : Noord-Holland pronounced [ ˌnoːrt ˈɦɔlɑnt ] ( listen ) , West Frisian : Noard-Hollân ) is a province of the Netherlands in the northwestern part of the country . It is on the North Sea , north of South Holland and Utrecht , and west of Friesland and Flevoland . In November 2019 , it had a population of 2,877,909 and a total area of 4,092 km2 ( 1,580 sq mi ) , of which 1,430 km2 ( 550 sq mi ) is water . From the 9th to the 16th century , the area was an integral part of the County of Holland . During this period West Friesland was incorporated . In the 17th and 18th century , the area was part of the province of Holland and commonly known as the Noorderkwartier ( English : Northern Quarter ) . In 1840 , the province of Holland was split into the two provinces of North Holland and South Holland . In 1855 , the Haarlemmermeer was drained and turned into land . The provincial capital is Haarlem ( pop . 161,265 ) , the province 's largest city and also the largest city in the Netherlands is the Dutch capital Amsterdam , with a population of 862,965 as of November 2019 . The King 's Commissioner of North Holland is Johan Remkes , serving since 2010 . There are 51 municipalities and three ( including parts of ) water boards in the province ."}]}, {'value': 'AMS/EHAM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52,527,699', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frankfurt Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport', 'summary': "Frankfurt am Main Airport ( IATA : FRA , ICAO : EDDF ) ( German : Flughafen Frankfurt am Main [ ˈfluːkhaːfn̩ ˌfʁaŋkfʊʁt ʔam ˈmaɪn ] , also known as Rhein-Main-Flughafen ) is a major international airport located in Frankfurt , the fifth-largest city of Germany and one of the world 's leading financial centres . It is operated by Fraport and serves as the main hub for Lufthansa including Lufthansa CityLine and Lufthansa Cargo as well as Condor and AeroLogic . The airport covers an area of 2,300 hectares ( 5,683 acres ) of land and features two passenger terminals with a capacity of approximately 65 million passengers per year , four runways and extensive logistics and maintenance facilities . Frankfurt Airport is the busiest airport by passenger traffic in Germany as well as the 4th busiest in Europe after London Heathrow Airport , Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol . The airport is also the 13th busiest worldwide by total number of passengers in 2016 , with 60.786 million passengers using the airport in 2016 . In 2017 Frankfurt Airport handled 64.5 million passengers and in 2018 nearly 70 million . It also had a freight throughput of 2.076 million metric tonnes in 2015 and is the busiest airport in Europe by cargo traffic . As of summer 2017 , Frankfurt Airport serves more than 300 destinations in 5 continents , making it the airport with the most direct routes in the world . The southern side of the airport ground was home to the Rhein-Main Air Base , which was a major air base for the United States from 1947 until 2005 , when the air base was closed and the property was acquired by Fraport . In 2017 , passengers at the airport increased by 6.1% to 64,500,386 compared to 2016 . The airport celebrated its 80th anniversary in July 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Flughafen , Frankfurt , Hesse , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flughafen_(Frankfurt_am_Main)', 'summary': "Frankfurt-Flughafen is a city district of Frankfurt am Main , Germany . It is part of the Ortsbezirk Süd and is subdivided into the Stadtbezirke Unterwald and Flughafen . Frankfurt-Flughafen contains the whole airport ground of Frankfurt Airport after which the district is named . With only 218 inhabitants it is the least populated ( and least densely populated ) district but with 71,500 people employed at about 500 airport companies ( 2010 ) it is also the district with the most employees . Due to its statistical anomalies , it also enjoys the highest per capita income in the city . In relation to the area Frankfurt-Flughafen is the second largest district after Sachsenhausen . It is entirely surrounded by the Frankfurt City Forest . Frankfurt-Flughafen does not lack infrastructure : Within the district are two train stations ( Frankfurt Airport regional station and Frankfurt Airport long-distance station ) , several hotels , a hospital , places of worship for all major religious groups , many restaurants ( including Europe 's largest McDonald 's ) and shops ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main', 'summary': "Frankfurt ( officially : Frankfurt am Main ( German : [ ˈfʁaŋkfʊʁt ʔam ˈmaɪn ] ( listen ) ; Hessian : Frangford am Maa ; lit . Frank ford on the [ a ] Main ) ) is a metropolis and the largest city of the German federal state of Hesse , and its 746,878 ( 2017 ) inhabitants make it the fifth-largest city in Germany . On the River Main ( a tributary of the Rhine ) , it forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring city of Offenbach am Main , and its urban area has a population of 2.3 million . The city is at the centre of the larger Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region , which has a population of 5.5 million and is Germany 's second-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr Region . Since the enlargement of the European Union in 2013 , the geographic centre of the EU is about 40 km ( 25 mi ) to the east of Frankfurt 's central business district . Like France and Franconia , the city is named after the Franks . Frankfurt is the largest city in the Rhine Franconian dialect area ( Franconian dialects ) , Frankfurt was one of the host cities of the official tournaments of the 1974 and the 2006 FIFA World Cup . Frankfurt was a city state , the Free City of Frankfurt , for nearly five centuries , and was one of the most important cities of the Holy Roman Empire , as a site of imperial coronations ; it lost its sovereignty upon the collapse of the empire in 1806 and then permanently in 1866 , when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia . It has been part of the federal state of Hesse since 1945 . Frankfurt is culturally , ethnically , and religiously diverse , with half of its population , and a majority of young people , having a migration background . A quarter of the population consists of foreign nationals , including many expatriates . Frankfurt is an alpha world city and a global hub for commerce , culture , education , tourism and transportation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hesse', 'summary': 'Hesse ( /hɛs/ , also US : /ˈhɛsə , ˈhɛsi/ , Hessian dialect : [ ˈhɛzə ] ) or Hessia ( UK : /ˈhɛsiə/ , US : /ˈhɛʃə/ ; German : Hessen [ ˈhɛsn̩ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the State of Hesse ( German : Land Hessen ) , is a parliamentary republic in western Europe and , with just over six million inhabitants , a member state of the Federal Republic of Germany as of 1949 . Its capital city is Wiesbaden , the largest metropolitan area is Frankfurt am Main . As a cultural region , Hesse also includes the area known as Rhenish Hesse ( Rheinhessen ) in the neighbouring state of Rhineland-Palatinate .'}]}, {'value': 'FRA/EDDF', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51,315,550', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.1%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suvarnabhumi Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suvarnabhumi_Airport', 'summary': "Suvarnabhumi Airport ( Thai : ท่าอากาศยานสุวรรณภูมิ , RTGS : Tha-akatsayan Suwannaphum , pronounced [ tʰâː.ʔāː.kàːt̚.sā.jāːn.sùʔ.wān.nā.pʰūːm ] ( listen ) ; from Sanskrit सुवर्णभूमि ( Suvarṇabhūmi ) , literally 'golden land ' ) ( IATA : BKK , ICAO : VTBS ) , also known unofficially as Bangkok Airport , is one of two international airports serving Bangkok , Thailand . The other one is Don Mueang International Airport , which was the main international airport from 1924 to 2006 and transitioned in 2007 to become the low-cost airlines hub for Bangkok . Suvarnabhumi covers an area of 3,240 ha ( 32.4 km2 ; 8,000 acres ) , making it one of the biggest international airports in Southeast Asia and a regional hub for aviation ."}]}, {'value': 'Racha Thewa , Bang Phli , Samut Prakan , Greater Bangkok , Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Racha_Thewa', 'summary': 'Racha Thewa ( Thai : ราชาเทวะ , pronounced [ rāː.t͡ɕʰāː tʰēː.wáʔ ] ) is a commune ( tambon ) in Bang Phli District , Samut Prakan Province , Thailand . It is the site of Suvarnabhumi Airport . The name of the district originates from Saming Racha , a well-known family in the area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Amphoe_Bang_Phli', 'summary': "Bang Phli ( Thai : บางพลี , pronounced [ bāːŋ pʰlīː ] ) is a district ( amphoe ) of Samut Prakan Province in Thailand . It is home to Suvarnabhumi Airport ( also called ( New ) Bangkok International Airport ) , which opened on 28 September 2006 as Thailand 's primary airport . The district was part of the once-proposed Nakhon Suvarnabhumi Province ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Samut_Prakan_Province', 'summary': 'Samut Prakan ( Thai : สมุทรปราการ , pronounced [ sāmùt prāːkāːn ] ( listen ) ) is one of the central provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand , established by the Act Establishing Changwat Samut Prakan , Changwat Nonthaburi , Changwat Samut Sakhon and Changwat Nakhon Nayok , Buddhist Era 2489 ( 1946 ) , which came into force 9 May 1946 . It is part of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region . Neighbouring provinces are Bangkok , to the north and west , and Chachoengsao to the east . Suvarnabhumi Airport is located in the Bang Phli District of Samut Prakan Province as well as the districts of Prawet , Bang Kapi and Lat Krabang in neighbouring Bangkok city .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bangkok', 'summary': "Bangkok [ a ] is the capital and most populous city of Thailand . It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon [ b ] or simply Krung Thep . [ c ] The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres ( 605.7 sq mi ) in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has a population of over eight million , 12.6 percent of the country 's population . Over fourteen million people ( 22.2 percent ) lived within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region at the 2010 census , making Bangkok the nation 's primate city , dwarfing Thailand 's other urban centres in both size and importance to the national economy . Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century , which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities : Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782 . Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam , later renamed Thailand , during the late-19th century , as the country faced pressures from the West . The city was at the centre of Thailand 's political struggles throughout the 20th century , as the country abolished absolute monarchy , adopted constitutional rule , and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings . The city grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailand 's politics , economy , education , media and modern society . [ citation needed ] The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok . The city is now a regional force in finance and business . It is an international hub for transport and health care , and has emerged as a centre for the arts , fashion , and entertainment . The city is known for its street life and cultural landmarks , as well as its red-light districts ."}]}, {'value': 'BKK/VTBS', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41,302,852', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.9%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seoul Incheon International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul_Incheon_International_Airport', 'summary': "Incheon International Airport ( IIA ) ( Korean : 인천국제공항 ; Hanja : 仁川國際空港 ) ( IATA : ICN , ICAO : RKSI ) ( sometimes referred to as Seoul-Incheon International Airport ) is the largest airport in South Korea , the primary airport serving the Seoul Capital Area , and one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . Since 2005 , it has been rated the best airport worldwide by Airports Council International every year . It is also rated as the world 's cleanest airport and the world 's best international transit airport by Skytrax . The airport has a golf course , spa , private sleeping rooms , an ice skating rink , a casino , indoor gardens , video game center and a Museum of Korean Culture . Airport authorities claim that average departure and arrival takes 19 minutes and 12 minutes , respectively , as compared to worldwide average of 60 minutes and 45 minutes , respectively , ranking it among the fastest airports in the world for customs processing . Its duty-free shopping mall has been rated the world 's best for three years in a row in 2013 by Business Traveller . Incheon International Airport also claims that it has only a 0.0001% baggage mishandling rate . The airport opened for business on March 29 , 2001 to replace the older Gimpo International Airport , which now serves mostly domestic destinations and shuttle flights to several East Asian metropolitan areas including Tokyo , Osaka , Beijing , Shanghai , and Taipei . Incheon International Airport is located west of Incheon 's city center , on an artificially created piece of land between Yeongjong and Yongyu Islands . The two islands were originally separated by shallow sea . That area between the two islands was reclaimed for the construction project , effectively connecting the once separate Yeongjong and Yongyu islands . The reclaimed area as well as the two islands are all part of Jung-gu , an administrative district of Incheon ."}]}, {'value': 'Jung-gu , Incheon , Sudogwon , South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jung-gu,_Incheon', 'summary': "Jung District ( Jung-gu , Korean : 중구 ; 中區 ) is the historic central ward of the city of Incheon , South Korea , one of the eight wards into which Incheon is divided . Its name means central in Korean . It was founded in 1883 on the opening of the Jemulpo Port and contains several historical and cultural heritage monuments , such as Dap-dong Cathedral , Hongyemun Gate , The First Anglican Church , and Jayu Park , Korea 's first modern park . Incheon is the gateway to Seoul , the capital of South Korea . In modern times it became a trading port , eventually growing to become the second-largest port in South Korea . It is also contains Incheon International Airport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Incheon', 'summary': "Incheon ( Korean : 인천 ; Hanja : 仁川 ; Korean pronunciation : [ intɕʰʌn ] ; McCune-Reischauer romanization Inchŏn ; literally kind river ) , officially the Incheon Metropolitan City ( 인천광역시 ) , is a city located in northwestern South Korea , bordering Seoul and Gyeonggi to the east . Inhabited since the Neolithic , Incheon was home to just 4,700 people when it became an international port in 1883 . Today , about 3 million people live in the city , making it South Korea 's third most-populous city after Seoul and Busan . The city 's growth has been assured in modern times with the development of its port due to its natural advantages as a coastal city and its proximity to the South Korean capital . It is part of the Seoul Capital Area , along with Seoul itself and Gyeonggi Province , forming the world 's fourth largest metropolitan area by population . Incheon has since led the economic development of Korea by opening its port to the outside world , ushering in the modernization of Korea as a center of industrialization . In 2003 , the city was designated as Korea 's first free economic zone . Since then , large local companies and global enterprises have increasingly invested in the Incheon Free Economic Zone , including Samsung which chose Songdo International City as its new investment destination for its bio industry . As an international city , Incheon has held numerous large scale international conferences , such as the Incheon Global Fair & Festival in 2009 . The 17th Asian Games Incheon 2014 was also held in Incheon on 19 September 2014 . Incheon has established itself as a major transportation hub in northeast Asia with the Incheon International Airport and Incheon Port . The city is also home to the Green Climate Fund , an international organization addressing environmental issues ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Seoul_National_Capital_Area', 'summary': 'The Seoul Capital Area ( SCA ) , Sudogwon ( Korean : 수도권 ; Hanja : 首都圈 ; RR : Sudogwon ; MR : Sudokwŏn , [ sudoɡwʌn ] ) or Gyeonggi region ( Korean : 경기 지방 ; Hanja : 京畿地方 ; RR : Gyeonggi Jibang ; MR : Kyŏnggi Jibang ) is the metropolitan area of Seoul , Incheon , and Gyeonggi-do located in north-west South Korea . It has a population of 25 million ( as of 2017 ) and is ranked as the fifth largest metropolitan area in the world . Its area is about 11,704 km2 ( 4,519 sq mi ) . It forms the cultural , commercial , financial , industrial , and residential center of South Korea . The largest city is Seoul , with a population of approximately 10 million people , followed by Incheon , with 3 million inhabitants .'}]}, {'value': 'ICN/RKSI', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40,785,953', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.4%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atatürk International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atatürk_International_Airport', 'summary': "Istanbul Atatürk Airport ( IATA : ISL , ICAO : LTBA ) ( former IATA code : IST ) ( Turkish : İstanbul Atatürk Havalimanı ) is a general aviation , cargo , and state aircraft airport in Istanbul . It closed to commercial passenger flights on April 6 , 2019 when all flights were transferred to Istanbul Airport . As of 6 April 2019 , the airport is open only for cargo , maintenance , general aviation , air taxis , business flights and state and diplomatic aircraft , while commercial passenger flights are all handled at the newly built Istanbul Airport . First opened in 1912 as a military airfield , located on the European side of the city , it is located 24 km ( 15 mi ) west of the city centre . The airport was originally named Yeşilköy Airport . In the 1980s , it was renamed Istanbul Atatürk International Airport in honour of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey . It served more than 60 million passengers in 2015 , making it the 11th-busiest airport in the world in terms of total passenger traffic and the 10th-busiest in the world in terms of international passenger traffic . In 2017 , it was Europe 's 5th-busiest airport after London Heathrow , Paris Charles de Gaulle , Frankfurt Airport and Amsterdam Schiphol Airport , having fallen from third place after a decline in passengers due to security fears . Istanbul Atatürk Airport was replaced in regards to commercial passenger functions by the newly constructed Istanbul Airport , in April 2019 , in order to meet Istanbul 's growing domestic and international air traffic demand as a source , destination and transit point . Both airports were used in parallel for five months from late 2018 , with the new airport gradually expanding to serve more domestic and regional destinations . On 6 April 2019 , Atatürk 's IST IATA airport code was inherited by Istanbul Airport and Atatürk Airport was assigned the code ISL after the full transfer of all scheduled passenger activities to the new airport was completed . The final commercial flight , Turkish Airlines Flight 54 , left Atatürk Airport on 6 April 2019 at 2.44am for Singapore ."}]}, {'value': 'Yeşilköy , Bakırköy , Istanbul , Turkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yeşilköy', 'summary': "Yeşilköy ( Turkish pronunciation : [ jeˈʃilcœj ] ; prior to 1926 , San Stefano or Santo Stefano from the Greek : Άγιος Στέφανος pronounced Ayos Stefanos , rendered in Turkish as Ayastefanos , Bulgarian : Сан Стефано ) is a neighbourhood ( Turkish : mahalle ) in the district of Bakırköy , Istanbul , Turkey , on the Marmara Sea about 11 kilometres ( 7 mi ) west of Istanbul 's historic city centre . Before the rapid increase of Istanbul 's population in the 1970s , Yeşilköy was merely a village and a sea resort ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bakırköy', 'summary': 'Bakırköy is a neighbourhood , municipality and district on the European side of Istanbul , Turkey . The quarter is densely populated , has a residential character and is inhabited by an upper middle class population . The municipality of Bakırköy is much larger than the quarter and also includes several other neighbourhoods , such as Yeşilköy , Yeşilyurt , Ataköy . Bakırköy lies between the D.100 highway ( locally known as E-5 ) and the coast of the Sea of Marmara . Bakırköy has a large psychiatric hospital called Bakırköy Ruh ve Sinir Hastalıkları Hastanesi , and is an important shopping and commercial center .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Istanbul', 'summary': "Istanbul ( /ˌɪstænˈbʊl/ , also US : /ˈɪstænbʊl/ ; Turkish : İstanbul [ isˈtanbuɫ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the most populous city in Turkey and the country 's economic , cultural and historic center . Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia , straddling the Bosporus strait ( which separates Europe and Asia ) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea . Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives in suburbs on the Asian side of the Bosporus . With a total population of around 15 million residents in its metropolitan area , Istanbul is one of the world 's most populous cities , ranking as the world 's fifth-largest city proper and the largest European city . The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( coterminous with Istanbul Province ) . Founded under the name of Byzantion ( Βυζάντιον ) on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE , the city grew in size and influence , becoming one of the most important cities in history . After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE , it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries , during the Roman/Byzantine ( 330-1204 ) , Latin ( 1204-1261 ) , Palaiologos Byzantine ( 1261-1453 ) and Ottoman ( 1453-1922 ) empires . It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times , before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 CE and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate . Under the name Constantinople it was the Ottoman capital until 1923 . The capital was then moved to Ankara and the city was renamed Istanbul . The city held the strategic position between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean . It was also on the historic Silk Road ."}]}, {'value': 'IST/LTBA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33,955,798', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14.2%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kuala Lumpur International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport', 'summary': "Kuala Lumpur International Airport ( KLIA ) ( Bahasa Malaysia : Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kuala Lumpur ) , ( IATA : KUL , ICAO : WMKK ) is Malaysia 's main international airport and one of the major airports in Southeast Asia and worldwide . It is located in Sepang District of Selangor , approximately 45 kilometres ( 28 mi ) south of Kuala Lumpur city centre and serves the Greater Klang Valley conurbation . KLIA is the largest and busiest airport in Malaysia . In 2018 , it handled 59,988,409 passengers , 714,669 tonnes of cargo and 399,827 aircraft movements . It is the world 's 23rd-busiest airport by total passenger traffic . The airport is operated by Malaysia Airports ( MAHB ) Sepang Sdn Bhd and is the major hub of Malaysia Airlines , MASkargo , AirAsia , AirAsia X , Malindo Air , flyGlobal , UPS Airlines and AsiaCargo Express ."}]}, {'value': 'Sepang , Selangor , Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sepang', 'summary': "Sepang is a small border town and also a mukim located in Sepang District , Selangor , Malaysia . The Sepang International Circuit located at western part of the town , where the Malaysian F1 Grand Prix was and Malaysian MotoGP Grand Prix is held . Malaysia 's largest airport Kuala Lumpur International Airport located at the western part of the town ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Selangor', 'summary': "Selangor ( /səˈlæŋər/ ; Malay : [ s ( ə ) laŋo ( r ) ] ) , also known by its Arabic honorific Darul Ehsan , or Abode of Sincerity , is one of the 13 states of Malaysia . It is on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and is bordered by Perak to the north , Pahang to the east , Negeri Sembilan to the south and the Strait of Malacca to the west . Selangor surrounds the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya , both of which were previously part of it . The state capital of Selangor is Shah Alam and its royal capital is Klang . Petaling Jaya and Subang Jaya received city status in 2006 and 2019 , respectively . Selangor is one of four Malaysian states that contain more than one city with official city status ; the others are Sarawak , Johor , and Penang . The state of Selangor has the largest economy in Malaysia in terms of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , with RM 239.968 billion ( roughly US $ 55.5 billion ) in 2015 , comprising 22.6% of the country 's GDP . It is the most developed state in Malaysia ; it has good infrastructure such as highways and transport , and has the largest population in Malaysia , a high standard of living and the lowest poverty rate in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'KUL/WMKK', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32,605,356', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18.1%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London Gatwick Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Gatwick_Airport', 'summary': 'Gatwick Airport ( /ˈɡætwɪk/ ) , also known as London Gatwick ( IATA : LGW , ICAO : EGKK ) , is a major international airport near Crawley in West Sussex , southeast England , 29.5 miles ( 47.5 km ) south of Central London . It is the second-busiest airport by total passenger traffic in the UK , after Heathrow Airport . Gatwick is the ninth-busiest airport in Europe . It covers a total area of 674 hectares ( 1,670 acres ) . Gatwick opened as an aerodrome in the late 1920s ; it has been in use for commercial flights since 1933 . The airport has two terminals , the North Terminal and the South Terminal , which cover areas of 98,000 m2 ( 117,000 sq yd ) and 160,000 m2 ( 190,000 sq yd ) respectively . It operates as a single-runway airport , using a main runway with a length of 3,316 m ( 10,879 ft ) . A secondary runway is available but , due to its proximity to the main runway , can only be used if that is out of use . In 2018 , 46.1 million passengers passed through the airport , a 1.1% increase compared with 2017 . As of 2019 , Gatwick is the second busiest airport in the world to operate only one runway ( after Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport ; until 2017 , Gatwick was the busiest ) with a passenger use of 46 million in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Crawley , West Sussex , United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crawley', 'summary': "Crawley ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a large town and borough in West Sussex , England . It is 28 miles ( 45 km ) south of London , 18 miles ( 29 km ) north of Brighton and Hove , and 32 miles ( 51 km ) north-east of the county town of Chichester . Crawley covers an area of 17.36 square miles ( 44.96 km2 ) and had a population of 106,597 at the time of the 2011 Census . The area has been inhabited since the Stone Age , and was a centre of ironworking in Roman times . Crawley developed slowly as a market town from the 13th century , serving the surrounding villages in the Weald . Its location on the main road from London to Brighton brought passing trade , which encouraged the development of coaching inns . A rail link to London opened in 1841 . Gatwick Airport , nowadays one of Britain 's busiest international airports , opened on the edge of the town in the 1940s , encouraging commercial and industrial growth . After the Second World War , the British Government planned to move large numbers of people and jobs out of London and into new towns around South East England . The New Towns Act 1946 designated Crawley as the site of one of these . A master plan was developed for the establishment of new residential , commercial , industrial and civic areas , and rapid development greatly increased the size and population of the town over a few decades . The town contains 14 residential neighbourhoods radiating out from the core of the old market town , and separated by main roads and railway lines ."}, {'url': '/wiki/West_Sussex', 'summary': 'West Sussex is a county in the south of England , bordering East Sussex ( with Brighton and Hove ) to the east , Hampshire to the west and Surrey to the north , and to the south the English Channel . West Sussex is the western part of the historic county of Sussex , formerly a medieval kingdom . With an area of 1,991 square kilometres ( 769 sq mi ) and a population of over 800,000 , West Sussex is a ceremonial county , with a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff . Chichester in the south-west is the county town and the only city in West Sussex ; the largest towns are Crawley , Worthing and Horsham . West Sussex has a range of scenery , including wealden , downland and coastal . The highest point of the county is Blackdown , at 280 metres ( 919 ft ) . It has a number of stately homes including Goodwood , Petworth House and Uppark , and castles such as Arundel Castle and Bramber Castle . Over half the county is protected countryside , offering walking , cycling and other recreational opportunities .'}]}, {'value': 'LGW/EGKK', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31,657,805', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.2%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Narita International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narita_International_Airport', 'summary': "Narita International Airport ( 成田国際空港 , Narita Kokusai Kūkō ) ( IATA : NRT , ICAO : RJAA ) , also known as Tokyo Narita Airport , formerly and originally known as New Tokyo International Airport ( 新東京国際空港 , Shin Tōkyō Kokusai Kūkō ) , is an international airport serving the Greater Tokyo Area of Japan . It is located approximately 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) east of central Tokyo . It is located in Narita , Chiba . As of 2015 [ update ] Narita is the predominant international airport in Japan , handling around 50% of the country 's international passenger traffic and 60% of its international air cargo traffic . As of 2016 , Narita was the second-busiest passenger airport in Japan ( after Haneda Airport in Tokyo ) , and was the tenth-busiest air freight hub in the world . Its 4,000-metre ( 13,123 ft ) main runway shares the record for longest runway in Japan with the second runway at Kansai International Airport in Osaka . Narita serves as the main international hub of Japan Airlines , All Nippon Airways and Nippon Cargo Airlines , and as a hub for low-cost carriers Jetstar Japan and Peach . At Narita , air traffic movements have been controlled under various noise related operating restrictions . As a result , the airport must be closed from 11:00pm to 6:00am the next day to minimize noise impact around the airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Narita , Chiba , Kantō , Honshū , Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narita,_Chiba', 'summary': 'Narita ( 成田市 , Narita-shi ) is a city in Chiba Prefecture , Japan . It is the site of Narita International Airport , the main international airport serving the Greater Tokyo Area . As of February 1 , 2016 , the city has an estimated population of 131,096 , and a population density of 613 persons per km² . Its total area is 213.84 square kilometres ( 82.56 sq mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chiba,_Chiba', 'summary': "Chiba ( 千葉市 , Chiba-shi , Japanese : [ tɕiꜜba ] ) is the capital city of Chiba Prefecture , Japan . It sits about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) southeast of the centre of Tokyo on Tokyo Bay . Chiba City became a government-designated city in 1992 . In June 2019 , its population was 979,768 , with a population density of 3,605 people per km² . The city has an area of 271.77 square kilometres ( 104.93 sq mi ) . Chiba City is one of the Kantō region 's primary seaports , and is home to Chiba Port , which handles one of the highest volumes of cargo in the nation . Much of the city is residential , although there are many factories and warehouses along the coast . There are several major urban centres in the city , including Makuhari , a prime waterfront business district in which Makuhari Messe is located , and Central Chiba , in which the prefectural government office and the city hall are located . Chiba is famous for the Chiba Urban Monorail , the longest suspended monorail in the world . Some popular destinations in the city include : Kasori Shell Midden , the largest shellmound in the world at 134,000 m2 ( 160,000 sq yd ) , Inage Beach , the first artificial beach in the nation which forms part of the longest artificial beach in Japan , and the Chiba City Zoological Park , popular on account of the standing red panda Futa ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kantō', 'summary': 'The Kanto region ( 関東地方 , Kantō-chihō ) is a geographical area of Honshu , the largest island of Japan . The region includes the Greater Tokyo Area and encompasses seven prefectures : Gunma , Tochigi , Ibaraki , Saitama , Tokyo , Chiba , and Kanagawa . Within its boundaries , slightly more than 45 percent of the land area is the Kanto Plain . The rest consists of the hills and mountains that form the land borders . According to the official census on October 1 , 2010 by the Japan Statistics Bureau , the population was 42,607,376 , amounting to approximately one third of the total population of Japan . Kanto is the second largest sub-national economy in the world .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': 'NRT/RJAA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30,516,135', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Munich Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munich_Airport', 'summary': "Munich Airport ( German : Flughafen München ) ( IATA : MUC , ICAO : EDDM ) is the international airport of Munich , the capital of Bavaria . It is the second-busiest airport in Germany in terms of passenger traffic after Frankfurt Airport , and the eighth-busiest airport in Europe , handling 47.9 million passengers in 2019 . It is the world 's 15th-busiest airport in terms of international passenger traffic , and was the 38th-busiest airport worldwide in 2018 . Munich Airport serves as a hub for Lufthansa including Lufthansa Regional and its Star Alliance partners . The airport is located 28.5 km ( 17.7 mi ) northeast of Munich near the city of Freising and is named after former Bavarian minister-president Franz Josef Strauss who was born in Munich . It has two passenger terminals with an additional midfield terminal , two runways as well as extensive cargo and maintenance facilities and is fully equipped to handle wide-body aircraft including the Airbus A380 ."}]}, {'value': 'Oberding / Hallbergmoos / Marzling , Erding / Freising , Bavaria , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oberding', 'summary': 'Oberding ( German : Oberding , Austro-Bavarian : Obading ) is a municipality in the district of Erding in Upper Bavaria in Germany , and member of the same administrative community . Almost half of the area of Munich Airport , including both terminals , falls within the municipal bounds .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hallbergmoos', 'summary': 'Hallbergmoos is a municipality in the district of Freising in Bavaria in Germany .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marzling', 'summary': 'Marzling is a municipality in the district of Freising in Bavaria in Germany .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Erding_(district)', 'summary': 'Erding ( German : Erding , Austro-Bavarian : Arrdeng ) is a Landkreis ( district ) in Bavaria , Germany . It is bounded by ( from the north and clockwise ) the districts of Landshut , Mühldorf , Ebersberg , Munich and Freising .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Freising_(district)', 'summary': 'Freising is a Landkreis ( district ) in Bavaria , Germany . Following a recent ranking of the German magazine Focus-Money comparing all German districts it is number one concerning economic growth abilities . It is bounded by ( from the north and clockwise ) the districts of Kelheim , Landshut , Erding , Munich , Dachau and Pfaffenhofen . The district is located north of the Munich metropolitan area . The Isar and Amper rivers run in parallel from southwest to northeast . North of the rivers there is the Hallertau , a hilly region mainly used for hop growing .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bavaria', 'summary': "Bavaria ( /bəˈvɛəriə/ ; German and Bavarian : Bayern [ ˈbaɪɐn ] ) , officially the Free State of Bavaria ( German and Bavarian : Freistaat Bayern [ ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈbaɪɐn ] ) , is a landlocked federal state of Germany , occupying its southeastern corner . With an area of 70,550.19 square kilometres ( 27,200 sq mi ) , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area comprising roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany . With 13 million inhabitants , it is Germany 's second-most-populous state after North Rhine-Westphalia . Bavaria 's main cities are Munich ( its capital and largest city and also the third largest city in Germany ) , Nuremberg and Augsburg . The history of Bavaria includes its earliest settlement by Iron Age Celtic tribes , followed by the conquests of the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC , when the territory was incorporated into the provinces of Raetia and Noricum . It became a stem duchy in the 6th century AD following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire . It was later incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire , became an independent kingdom , joined the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871 while retaining its title of kingdom , and finally became a state of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 . The Duchy of Bavaria dates back to the year 555 . In the 17th century AD , the Duke of Bavaria became a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire . The Kingdom of Bavaria existed from 1806 to 1918 , when Bavaria became a republic . In 1946 , the Free State of Bavaria reorganized itself on democratic lines after the Second World War . Bavaria has a unique culture , largely because of the state 's former Catholic majority and conservative traditions ."}]}, {'value': 'MUC/EDDM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29,216,808', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.1%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taoyuan International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taiwan_Taoyuan_International_Airport', 'summary': "Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport ( IATA : TPE , ICAO : RCTP ) is an international airport serving Taipei and northern Taiwan . Located about 40 km ( 25 mi ) west of Taipei in Dayuan District , Taoyuan , the airport is Taiwan 's largest and busiest airport . It is operated by the Taoyuan International Airport Corporation . In 2016 , it was ranked the best airport for its size in the Asia-Pacific region by Airports Council International . The airport opened for commercial operations in 1979 and is an important regional trans-shipment center , passenger hub , and gateway for destinations in Asia . Formerly known as Chiang Kai-shek International Airport , it was renamed on 6 September 2006 to its current name . It is one of two that serves Taipei ; the other , Taipei Songshan Airport , is located within city limits and served as Taipei 's only international airport until 1979 . Songshan now mainly serves chartered flights , intra-island flights , and limited international flights . In 2018 , Taiwan Taoyuan handled a record 46.5 million passengers and 2.3 billion kg of freight , making it the 11th busiest airport worldwide by international passenger traffic , and 8th busiest in terms of international freight traffic in 2018 . It is the main international hub for China Airlines and EVA Air . It is also a hub of Uni Air and the LCC Tigerair Taiwan ."}]}, {'value': 'Dayuan , Taoyuan , Taiwan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dayuan_District', 'summary': 'Dayuan District ( Chinese : 大園區 ; pinyin : Dàyuán Qū ) , formerly known as Dayuan Township ( Chinese : 大園鄕 ; pinyin : Dàyuán Xiāng ) is a rural , coastal district in northwestern Taoyuan City , Taiwan ( Republic of China ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Taoyuan_City', 'summary': 'Taoyuan [ I ] is a special municipality in northwestern Taiwan , neighboring New Taipei City , Hsinchu County , and Yilan County . Taoyuan District is the seat of the municipal government and which , along with Zhongli District , forms a large metropolitan area . Taoyuan developed from a satellite city of Taipei metropolitan area to become the fourth-largest metropolitan area , and fifth-largest populated city in Taiwan . Since commuting to the Taipei metropolitan area is easy , Taoyuan has seen the fastest population growth of all cities in Taiwan . Taoyuan means peach garden in Chinese , since the area used to have many peach trees . The city is home to many industrial parks and tech company headquarters . Taoyuan International Airport , which serves the capital , Taipei and the rest of northern Taiwan , is located in this city . The city of Taoyuan has been elevated to special municipality status since 2014 from the original Taoyuan County . At the same time , the former county-administered city of Taoyuan was also promoted to Taoyuan District within the new municipality .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Taiwan', 'summary': "Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands ."}]}, {'value': 'TPE/RCTP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28,608,274', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10.2%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madrid-Barajas Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madrid-Barajas_Airport', 'summary': "Adolfo Suárez Madrid-Barajas Airport ( Spanish : Aeropuerto Adolfo Suárez Madrid-Barajas [ aeɾoˈpweɾto aˈðolfo ˈswaɾeð maˈðɾið βaˈɾaxas ] ) ( IATA : MAD , ICAO : LEMD ) , commonly known as Madrid-Barajas Airport , is the main international airport serving Madrid in Spain . At 3,050 ha ( 7,500 acres ) in area , it is the second largest airport in Europe by physical size behind Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport . In 2018 , 57.9 million passengers used Madrid-Barajas , making it the country 's largest and busiest airport and Europe 's sixth busiest . The airport opened in 1928 , and has grown to be one of Europe 's most important aviation centres . Located within the city limits of Madrid , it is just 9 km ( 6 mi ) from the city 's financial district and 13 km ( 8 mi ) northeast of the Puerta del Sol or Plaza Mayor de Madrid , Madrid 's historic centre . The airport name derives from the adjacent district of Barajas , which has its own metro station on the same rail line serving the airport . Barajas serves as the gateway to the Iberian peninsula from the rest of Europe and the world , and is a particularly key link between Europe and Latin America . The airport is the primary hub and maintenance base for Iberia and Air Europa . Consequently , Iberia is responsible for more than 40% of Barajas ' traffic . The airport has five passenger terminals named T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 and T4S ."}]}, {'value': 'Madrid , Comunidad de Madrid , Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madrid', 'summary': "Madrid ( /məˈdrɪd/ , Spanish : [ maˈðɾið ] ) [ n. 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of Spain . The city has almost 3.3 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million . It is the second-largest city in the European Union ( EU ) , surpassed only by Berlin , and its monocentric metropolitan area is the second-largest in the EU , smaller only than Paris . The municipality covers 604.3 km2 ( 233.3 sq mi ) . Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid ( which comprises the city of Madrid , its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages ) ; this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha . As the capital city of Spain , seat of government , and residence of the Spanish monarch , Madrid is also the political , economic and cultural centre of the country . The current mayor is José Luis Martínez-Almeida from the People 's Party . The Madrid urban agglomeration has the third-largest GDP in the European Union and its influence in politics , education , entertainment , environment , media , fashion , science , culture , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world 's major global cities . Madrid is home to two world-famous football clubs , Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid . Due to its economic output , high standard of living , and market size , Madrid is considered the major financial centre and the leading economic hub of the Iberian Peninsula and of Southern Europe . It hosts the head offices of the vast majority of major Spanish companies , such as Telefónica , IAG or Repsol . Madrid is also the 10th most liveable city in the world according to Monocle magazine , in its 2017 index ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Comunidad_de_Madrid', 'summary': "The Community of Madrid ( English : /məˈdrɪd/ ; Spanish : Comunidad de Madrid Spanish pronunciation : [ komuniˈðað ðe maˈðɾið ] ( listen ) ) is one of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain . It is located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula , and of the Central Plateau ( Meseta Central ) . Its capital is the city of Madrid , which is also the capital of the country . The Community of Madrid is bounded to the south and east by Castilla-La Mancha and to the north and west by Castile and León . It was formally created in 1983 , based on the limits of the province of Madrid , which was until then conventionally included in the historical region of New Castile . The Community of Madrid is the third most populous in Spain with 6,549,979 ( 2018 ) inhabitants mostly concentrated in the metropolitan area of Madrid . It is also the most densely populated autonomous community . In absolute terms , Madrid 's economy is , since December 2019 , slightly bigger in size to that of Catalonia . Madrid thus has the highest GDP per capita in the country . The region contains three World Heritage Sites : the Monastery and Royal Site of El Escorial , the University and historic centre of Alcalá de Henares , and the cultural landscape of Aranjuez . In addition , the Montejo Beech Forest [ es ] is part of the transnational Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe world heritage site ."}]}, {'value': 'MAD/LEMD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27,711,197', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9.5%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John F. Kennedy International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport', 'summary': "John F. Kennedy International Airport ( IATA : JFK , ICAO : KJFK , FAA LID : JFK ) ( colloquially referred to as JFK Airport , JFK or Kennedy ) is an international airport in Queens , New York , USA . It is the primary international airport serving New York City . The airport is the busiest international air passenger gateway into North America , the 21st-busiest airport in the world , the sixth-busiest airport in the United States , and the busiest airport in the New York airport system , having handled just over 61 million passengers in 2018 . More than ninety airlines operate from the airport , with nonstop or direct flights to destinations in all six inhabited continents . JFK is located in the Jamaica neighborhood of Queens in New York , 16 miles ( 26 km ) southeast of Midtown Manhattan . The airport features six passenger terminals and four runways . It serves as a hub for both American Airlines and Delta Air Lines , and it is the primary operating base for JetBlue . JFK was also formerly a hub for Pan Am , TWA , Eastern , National , and Tower Air . The facility opened in 1948 as New York International Airport and was commonly known as Idlewild Airport . Following John F. Kennedy 's assassination in 1963 , the airport was renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport as a tribute to the 35th President ."}]}, {'value': 'Queens , New York City , New York , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queens', 'summary': "Queens is a borough of New York City , coterminous with Queens County , in the U.S. state of New York . It is the largest borough geographically and is adjacent to the borough of Brooklyn , at the western end of Long Island . To its east is Nassau County . Queens also shares water borders with the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx . The borough of Queens is the second-largest in population , the first being Brooklyn ; with an estimated population of 2,278,906 residents in 2018 , approximately 47.5 percent of them foreign-born . Queens County also is the second most populous county in the U.S. state of New York , behind Brooklyn , which is coterminous with Kings County . Queens is the fourth most densely populated county among New York City 's boroughs , as well as in the United States . If each of New York City 's boroughs were an independent city , Queens would be the nation 's fourth most populous , after Los Angeles , Chicago , and Brooklyn . Queens is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the United States , as well as the most diverse among highly populated counties and the most linguistically diverse place on Earth . Queens was established in 1683 as one of the original 12 counties of New York . The settlement was presumably named for the English queen Catherine of Braganza ( 1638-1705 ) . From 1683 until 1899 , the County of Queens included what is now Nassau County ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': 'JFK/KJFK', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26,530,698', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.9%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci–Fiumicino_Airport', 'summary': "Rome-Fiumicino International Airport Leonardo da Vinci ( Italian : Aeroporto Internazionale di Roma-Fiumicino Leonardo da Vinci ; IATA : FCO , ICAO : LIRF ) is an international airport in Rome and the major airport in Italy . It is one of the busiest airports in Europe by passenger traffic with almost 43 million passengers served in 2018 . The airport serves as the main hub for Alitalia , the largest Italian airline , and Vueling , a Spanish low-cost carrier owned by International Airlines Group . Based on total passenger numbers , it is the eighth-busiest airport in Europe and was the world 's 47th-busiest airport in 2017 . It covers an area of 16 km2 and is named after polymath Leonardo da Vinci who , in 1480 , designed a flying machine with wings and the first proto helicopter ."}]}, {'value': 'Fiumicino , Rome , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fiumicino', 'summary': 'Fiumicino ( Italian : [ fjumiˈtʃiːno ] ) is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome , Lazio , central Italy , with a population of 80,500 ( 2019 ) . It is famous for the presence of the Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport , the busiest airport in Italy and the sixth busiest in Europe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}]}, {'value': 'FCO/LIRF', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25,069,617', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.6%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barcelona-El Prat Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barcelona–El_Prat_Airport', 'summary': "Josep Tarradellas Barcelona-El Prat Airport ( IATA : BCN , ICAO : LEBL ) ( Catalan : Aeroport Josep Tarradellas Barcelona-El Prat , Spanish : Aeropuerto Josep Tarradellas Barcelona-El Prat ) , previously named Barcelona-El Prat and also known as El Prat Airport , is an international airport located 12 km ( 7.5 mi ) southwest of the centre of Barcelona , lying in the municipalities of El Prat de Llobregat , Viladecans , and Sant Boi , in Catalonia , Spain , Europe . It has been named after a former President of the Generalitat of Catalonia , Josep Tarradellas , since 27 February 2019 . It is the second largest and busiest airport in Spain , and the sixth busiest in Europe . In 2019 , Barcelona Airport handled a record 52,686,314 million passengers , up 5.0% from 2018 . It is a hub for Level and Vueling , and a focus city for Air Europa , Iberia , EasyJet , Norwegian and Ryanair . The Barcelona-Madrid air shuttle service , known as the Puente Aéreo ( in Spanish ) , or Pont Aeri ( in Catalan ) literally Air Bridge , was the world 's busiest route until 2008 , with the highest number of flight operations ( 971 per week ) in 2007 . The schedule has been reduced since February 2008 , when a Madrid-Barcelona high-speed rail line was opened , covering the distance in 2 hours 30 minutes , and quickly became popular ."}]}, {'value': 'El Prat de Llobregat , Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Prat_de_Llobregat', 'summary': 'El Prat de Llobregat ( Catalan pronunciation : [ əl ˈpɾad də ʎuβɾəˈɣat ] ) , commonly known as El Prat [ əl ˈpɾat ] , is a municipality in the comarca of Baix Llobregat in Catalonia , Spain . It is situated in the delta of the Llobregat river on the right bank , bordering the coast of the Mediterranean Sea between Barcelona and Viladecans . More than a quarter of the area of the municipality is occupied by Barcelona-El Prat Airport . Apart from the transport links to the airport , the town of El Prat is served by a railway station on the coast line from Barcelona to Valencia . The municipality also has a beach and a small nature reserve at the Llac ( Lake ) de la Ricarda i del Remolar . El Prat is famous for its blue-legged chickens ( known as gall potablava in Catalan ) . El Prat forms part of the metropolitan area of Barcelona .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barcelona', 'summary': "Barcelona ( /ˌbɑːrsəˈloʊnə/ BAR-sə-LOH-nə , Catalan : [ bəɾsəˈlonə ] , Spanish : [ baɾθeˈlona ] ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain . It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia , as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain . With a population of 1.6 million within city limits , its urban area extends to numerous neighbouring municipalities within the Province of Barcelona and is home to around 4.8 million people , making it the sixth most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris , the Ruhr area , Madrid , and Milan . It is one of the largest metropolises on the Mediterranean Sea , located on the coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs , and bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola mountain range , the tallest peak of which is 512 metres ( 1,680 feet ) high . Founded as a Roman city , in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona . After merging with the Kingdom of Aragon , Barcelona continued to be an important city in the Crown of Aragon as an economic and administrative centre of this Crown and the capital of the Principality of Catalonia . Barcelona has a rich cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre and a major tourist destination . Particularly renowned are the architectural works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner , which have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites . The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean are located in Barcelona . The city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions and also many international sport tournaments . Barcelona is one of the world 's leading tourist , economic , trade fair and cultural centres , and its influence in commerce , education , entertainment , sports , media , fashion , science , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the major global cities . It is a major cultural and economic centre in southwestern Europe , 24th in the world ( before Zürich , after Frankfurt ) and a financial centre ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Catalonia', 'summary': "Catalonia ( /ˌkætəˈloʊniə/ ; Catalan : Catalunya [ kətəˈluɲə ] ; Aranese : Catalonha [ kataˈluɲɔ ] ; Spanish : Cataluña [ kataˈluɲa ] ) is an autonomous community on the northeastern corner of Spain , self-designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy . [ c ] Catalonia consists of four provinces : Barcelona , Girona , Lleida , and Tarragona . The capital and largest city is Barcelona , the second-most populated municipality in Spain and the core of the sixth most populous urban area in the European Union . It comprises most of the territory of the former Principality of Catalonia ( with the remainder Roussillon now part of France 's Pyrénées-Orientales , Occitanie ) . It is bordered by France ( Occitanie ) and Andorra to the north , the Mediterranean Sea to the east , and the Spanish autonomous communities of Aragon to the west and Valencia to the south . The official languages are Catalan , Spanish , and the Aranese dialect of Occitan . In the late 8th century , the counties of the March of Gothia and the Hispanic March were established by the Frankish kingdom as feudal vassals across and near the eastern Pyrenees as a defensive barrier against Muslim invasions . The eastern counties of these marches were united under the rule of the Frankish vassal , the count of Barcelona . In the 10th century the County of Barcelona became independent de facto . In 1137 , Barcelona and the Kingdom of Aragon were united by marriage under the Crown of Aragon . The de jure end of Frankish rule was ratified by French and Aragonese monarchs in the Treaty of Corbeil in 1258 . The Principality of Catalonia developed its own institutional system , such as courts ( parliament ) , and constitutions , becoming the base for the Crown of Aragon 's naval power , trade and expansionism in the Mediterranean ."}]}, {'value': 'BCN/LEBL', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25,003,256', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.8%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zurich Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zurich_Airport', 'summary': "Zurich Airport ( German : Flughafen Zürich , IATA : ZRH , ICAO : LSZH ) is the largest international airport of Switzerland and the principal hub of Swiss International Air Lines . It serves Zürich , Switzerland 's largest city , and , with its surface transport links , much of the rest of the country . The airport is located 13 kilometres ( 8 mi ) north of central Zürich , in the municipalities of Kloten , Rümlang , Oberglatt , Winkel , and Opfikon , all of which are within the canton of Zürich . In 2019 , the airport received the World Travel Award in the category Europe 's leading airport for the 17th time in a row . The Skytrax Award also ranks Zurich Airport among the top 10 airports in the world for millions of travellers each year ."}]}, {'value': 'Rümlang / Oberglatt , Bülach / Dielsdorf , ZH , Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rümlang', 'summary': 'Rümlang is a municipality in the district of Dielsdorf in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland , and belongs to the Glatt Valley ( German : Glattal ) . Zurich Airport is partially located in Rümlang .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oberglatt', 'summary': 'Oberglatt is a municipality in the district of Dielsdorf in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland , and belongs to the Glatt Valley ( German : Glatttal ) . Zurich Airport is partially in Oberglatt .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bülach_District', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dielsdorf_district', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/Canton_of_Zürich', 'summary': 'The canton of Zürich ( German : Kanton Zürich ( help·info ) ) is a Swiss canton in the northeastern part of the country . With a population of 1,520,968 ( as of 31 December 2018 ) , it is the most populated canton in the country . Its capital is the city of Zürich . The official language is German . The local Swiss German dialect , called Züritüütsch , is commonly spoken . In English the name of the canton and its capital is often written without an umlaut .'}]}, {'value': 'ZRH/LSZH', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24,227,178', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.4%', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '2013 statistics', 'section_text': "Airports Council International 's ( January–December ) figures are as follows . [ 6 ]", 'uid': "World's_busiest_airports_by_international_passenger_traffic_5", 'intro': "The following is a list of the world's largest airports by international passenger traffic."} | null | null | What is the code of the airport that is the second-busiest airport in Europe ? | CDG/LFPG |
0820ceb67f7ed160 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Libya', 'title': 'List of airports in Libya', 'header': ['Location', 'ICAO', 'IATA', 'Airport name'], 'data': [{'value': 'Kufra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kufra', 'summary': "Kufra ( /ˈkuːfrə/ ) is a basin and oasis group in the Kufra District of southeastern Cyrenaica in Libya . At the end of nineteenth century Kufra became the centre and holy place of the Senussi order . It also played a minor role in the Western Desert Campaign of World War II . It is located in a particularly isolated area , not only because it is in the middle of the Sahara Desert but also because it is surrounded on three sides by depressions which make it dominate the passage in east-west land traffic across the desert . For the colonial Italians , it was also important as a station on the north-south air route to Italian East Africa . These factors , along with Kufra 's dominance of the southeastern Cyrenaica region of Libya , highlight the strategic importance of the oasis and why it was a point of conflict during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maaten al-Sarra Air Base', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maaten_al-Sarra_Air_Base', 'summary': "The Maaten al-Sarra Air Base is an airbase in southernmost Libya located near the Ma'tan as-Sarra oasis in the Kufra district . It is one of the 13 military airbases in Libya . During the final phase of the Chadian-Libyan conflict , Maaten al-Sarra was the main air base in Southern Libya , being provided with three modern runways and an ample parking space that could support over 100 combat aircraft ."}]}, {'value': 'Bani Walid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bani_Walid', 'summary': "Bani Walid ( Anglicized : /ˈbæniː wɑːˈliːd/ ; Arabic : بني وليد Banī Walīd , Libyan pronunciation : [ ˈbæni wæˈliːd ] , Italian : Beni Ulid ) is a town in Libya . Prior to 2007 , it was the capital of Sof-Aljeen District . Bani Walid has an airport . Under the Libyan Arab Jamahuriya , it was divided into two Basic People 's Congresses : Dahra - Bani Walid ( الظهرة - بني وليد ) , and Zaytouna - Bani Walid ( الزيتونة - بني وليد ) . It is the home to the Warfalla tribe , the only city in which only one tribe resides . A campus of Bani Walid University is located in Bani Walid ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bani Walid Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bani_Walid_Airport', 'summary': 'Bani Walid Airport ( ICAO : HLWD ) is an airport serving the city of Bani Walid in Libya . The airport is at the western edge of the city . The Beni Walid VOR-DME ( ident : WLD ) is 7.1 kilometres ( 4.4 mi ) northeast of the airport . The Beni Walid Non-directional beacon ( ident : WLD ) is 6 kilometres ( 3.7 mi ) east of the airport . Google Earth Historical Imagery ( 1/29/2016 ) shows an additional 550 metres ( 1,800 ft ) asphalt runway extension to the south , with base layer laid down for a possible 1,200 metres ( 3,900 ft ) total extension .'}]}, {'value': 'Bayda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bayda,_Libya', 'summary': 'Bayda , or Elbeida ( /ˈbaɪdə/ or /ˈbeɪdə/ ; Arabic : البيضاء al-Bayḍāʾ listen ( help·info ) ) ( also spelt az-Zāwiyat al-Bayḍāʾ , Zāwiyat al-Bayḑā , Beida and El Beida ; known as Beda Littoria under Italian colonial rule ) , is a commercial and industrial city in eastern Libya . It is located in northern Cyrenaica . With a population of 250,000 people , Bayda is the 4th-largest city in Libya ( after Tripoli , Benghazi and Misrata ) . It is the capital city of the Jabal al Akhdar district .'}]}, {'value': 'HLLQ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LAQ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Abraq International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Abraq_International_Airport', 'summary': "Al Abraq International Airport or Al Bayda International Airport is an airport serving the eastern Libyan city of Bayda . The airport is 16 kilometres ( 9.9 mi ) east of Bayda , and 12 kilometres ( 7.5 mi ) south of Libya 's Mediterranean coast . The Labraq non-directional beacon ( Ident : LAB ) is located on the field . The airport is also known as El Beida International Airport or Airport International El Beida la Abraq ."}]}, {'value': 'Benghazi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benghazi', 'summary': "Benghazi ( /bɛnˈɡɑːzi/ ) [ note 1 ] is a city in Libya . Located on the Gulf of Sidra in the Mediterranean , Benghazi is a major seaport and the second-most populous city in the country , as well as the largest city in Cyrenaica , with an estimated population of 631,555 in 2011 . A Greek colony named Euesperides had existed in the area from around 525 BC . In the 3rd century BC , it was relocated and refounded as the Ptolemaic city of Berenice . Berenice prospered under the Romans , and after the 3rd century AD it superseded Cyrene and Barca as the center of Cyrenaica . The city went into decline during the Byzantine period and had already been reduced to a small town before its conquest by the Arabs . In 1911 , Italy captured Benghazi and the rest of Tripolitania from the Ottomans . Under Italian rule , Benghazi witnessed a period of extensive development and modernization , particularly in the second half of the 1930s . The city changed hands several times during World War II and was heavily damaged in the process . After the war Benghazi was rebuilt and became the co-capital of the newly independent Kingdom of Libya . Following the 1969 coup d'état by Muammar Gaddafi , Benghazi lost its capital status and all government offices relocated to Tripoli . On 15 February 2011 , an uprising against the government of Muammar Gaddafi occurred in the city ."}]}, {'value': 'HLLB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BEN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benina International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benina_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Benina International Airport ( IATA : BEN , ICAO : HLLB ) ( Arabic : مطار بنينة الدولي ) serves Benghazi , Libya . It is located in the town of Benina , 19 kilometres ( 12 mi ) east of Benghazi , from which it takes its name . The airport is operated by the Civil Aviation and Meteorology Bureau of Libya and is the second largest in the country after Tripoli International Airport . Benina International is also the secondary hub of both Buraq Air and flag carrier , Libyan Airlines . As of 17 July 2014 all flights to the airport were suspended due to fighting in the area . The runway length does not include a 300 metres ( 980 ft ) overrun on the end of each runway . The Benina VOR-DME ( Ident : BNA ) is located 1.9 nautical miles ( 3.5 km ) northwest of the airport . The Benina non-directional beacon ( Ident : BNA ) is located on the field .'}]}, {'value': 'Brak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brak,_Libya', 'summary': 'Brak ( sometimes written Biraq or Birak ( Arabic : براك ) is a town in the Wadi al Shatii District in west-central Libya . It is the administrative center of the district .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BCQ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brak Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brak_Airport', 'summary': 'Brak Airport ( IATA : BCQ ) is an airport serving Brak , the capital of the Wadi al Shatii District in Libya . The airport is in the desert 11 kilometres ( 6.8 mi ) north of the city . Runway length does not include a 245 metres ( 804 ft ) displaced threshold on each end . The Sebha VOR-DME ( Ident : SEB ) is located 42.7 nautical miles ( 79.1 km ) south-southeast of the airport .'}]}, {'value': 'Brega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brega', 'summary': "Brega /ˈbreɪɡə/ , also known as Mersa Brega or Marsa al-Brega ( Arabic : مرسى البريقة Marsā al Burayqah , i.e . Brega Seaport ) , is a complex of several smaller towns , industry installations and education establishments situated in Libya on the Gulf of Sidra , the most southerly point of the Mediterranean Sea . It is located in the former Ajdabiya District , which in 2007 was merged into the Al Wahat District . The town is the center of Libya 's second-largest hydro-carbon complex . During the Libyan Civil War , the town quickly fell under control of the Libyan opposition . Government forces attempted to capture the town on 2 March but were repelled ; their attack on 13 March was successful , though rebels later recaptured it on 26 March . In April the rebels were again driven out of the Brega area , and a several months long stalemate formed . On 11 August 2011 , the rebels claimed to had retaken the eastern part of Brega ."}]}, {'value': 'HLMB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LMQ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marsa Brega Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marsa_Brega_Airport', 'summary': 'Marsa Brega Airport ( IATA : LMQ , ICAO : HLMB ) is an airport serving Brega , a Mediterranean coastal port in the Al Wahat District of Libya . The airport is 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) south of the town .'}]}, {'value': 'Derna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derna,_Libya', 'summary': 'Derna ( /ˈdɜːrnə/ ; Arabic : درنة Darnah ) is a port city in eastern Libya . It has a population of 100,000-150,000 . It was the seat of one of the wealthiest provinces in the Barbary States , and remains the capital of the Derna District , with a much smaller area . Derna has a unique environment among Libyan cities , as it lies between green mountains , the Mediterranean Sea , and the desert . The city is also home to people of mixed origins . The city was also the location of the famous Battle of Derna ( 1805 ) , the first victory achieved by the United States Military on foreign soil . Occurring during the First Barbary War , the battle was fought between a force of roughly 500 US Marines and Mediterranean mercenaries and four or five thousand Barbary troops . Parts of the city were taken over by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIL ) militants in October 2014 . In June 2015 Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna defeated ISIL and took control over the town , before being expelled themselves by the Libyan National Army in the Battle of Derna ( 2018 ) .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martuba Air Base', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martuba_Air_Base', 'summary': 'Martuba Airbase is a Libyan Air Force ( Arabic : القوات الجوية الليبية , Berber : Adwas Alibyan Ujnna ) base in the Derna District of Libya , located approximately 27 kilometres ( 17 mi ) south-southeast of Derna , and 268 kilometres ( 167 mi ) east-northeast of Benghazi .'}]}, {'value': 'Ghadames', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghadames', 'summary': "Ghadames or Ghadamis /ɡəˈdæmɪs/ ( Berber : ʕademis [ citation needed ] ; Arabic : غدامس , Libyan vernacular : ɣdāməs , Latin : Cidamus , Cydamus , Italian : Gadames ) is an oasis Berber town in the Nalut District of the Tripolitania region in northwestern Libya . The indigenous language of Ghadames is Ghadamès , a Berber language . Ghadamès , known as 'the pearl of the desert ' , stands in an oasis . It is one of the oldest pre-Saharan cities and an outstanding example of a traditional settlement . Its domestic architecture is characterized by a vertical division of functions : the ground floor used to store supplies ; then another floor for the family , overhanging covered alleys that create what is almost an underground network of passageways ; and , at the top , open-air terraces reserved for the women ."}]}, {'value': 'HLTD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LTD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghadames Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghadames_Airport', 'summary': 'Ghadames Airport ( IATA : LTD , ICAO : HLTD ) is located 12.1 miles ( 19.5 km ) east of Ghadames , Libya . Currently Libyan Airlines uses the airport for scheduled service to Tripoli . The Libyan Air Force apparently also uses the site , although this is hard to confirm visually . The Ghadames VOR-DME ( Ident : GAD ) and non-directional beacon ( Ident : GDS ) are co-located 1.5 nautical miles ( 2.8 km ) off the approach threshold of Rwy 24 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ghat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghat,_Libya', 'summary': 'Ghat ( Arabic : غات ) is the capital of the Ghat District in the Fezzan region of southwestern Libya , locate just east of the Algerian border .'}]}, {'value': 'HLGT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GHT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghat Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghat_Airport', 'summary': 'Ghat Airport ( IATA : GHT , ICAO : HLGT ) is an airport 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) north of Ghat , the capital of Ghat District in Libya . Rwy 17/35 length includes displaced thresholds of 700 metres ( 2,300 ft ) on the south end , and 515 metres ( 1,690 ft ) on the north . The Ghat non-directional beacon ( Ident : GHT ) is located 2.6 nautical miles ( 4.8 km ) north of the airport . The Ghat VOR-DME ( Ident : GHT ) is located on the field .'}]}, {'value': 'Hun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hun,_Libya', 'summary': 'Hun or Houn /ˈhuːn/ ( Arabic : هون Hūn ) is an oasis town in the northern Fezzan region of southwest Libya . The town is the capital of the Jufra District . The International Autumn Tourism Festival , is an annual festival usually held at the end of September .'}]}, {'value': 'HLON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HUQ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hun Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hun_Airport', 'summary': 'Hun Airport ( IATA : HUQ , ICAO : HLON ) is an airport serving Hun , capital of the Jufra District in Libya . The runway is just southeast of the city . The Hon non-directional beacon ( Ident : HON ) is located 1.6 nautical miles ( 3.0 km ) northwest of the airport .'}]}, {'value': 'Hun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hun,_Libya', 'summary': 'Hun or Houn /ˈhuːn/ ( Arabic : هون Hūn ) is an oasis town in the northern Fezzan region of southwest Libya . The town is the capital of the Jufra District . The International Autumn Tourism Festival , is an annual festival usually held at the end of September .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Jufra Air Base', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Jufra_Air_Base', 'summary': 'Al Jufra Airbase ( ICAO : HL69 ) is a Libyan Air Force base 9 kilometres ( 5.6 mi ) northeast of Hun , a desert city in the Jufra District of Libya . It was originally used by the Libyan Arab Air Force from 1969 to 2011 . The runway length does not include 198 metres ( 650 ft ) paved overruns on each end . The Hon non-directional beacon ( Ident : HON ) is located 4.7 nautical miles ( 8.7 km ) southwest of the airport .'}]}, {'value': 'Kufra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kufra', 'summary': "Kufra ( /ˈkuːfrə/ ) is a basin and oasis group in the Kufra District of southeastern Cyrenaica in Libya . At the end of nineteenth century Kufra became the centre and holy place of the Senussi order . It also played a minor role in the Western Desert Campaign of World War II . It is located in a particularly isolated area , not only because it is in the middle of the Sahara Desert but also because it is surrounded on three sides by depressions which make it dominate the passage in east-west land traffic across the desert . For the colonial Italians , it was also important as a station on the north-south air route to Italian East Africa . These factors , along with Kufra 's dominance of the southeastern Cyrenaica region of Libya , highlight the strategic importance of the oasis and why it was a point of conflict during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'HLKF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AKF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kufra Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kufra_Airport', 'summary': 'Kufra Airport ( IATA : AKF , ICAO : HLKF ) is an airport serving Al Jawf , capital of the Kufra District in southeastern Libya . The airport is just east of the city . Runway 02R/20L and several taxiways are closed . The Kufra VOR-DME ( Ident : KFR ) and non-directional beacon ( Ident : KFR ) are located on the field .'}]}, {'value': 'Misrata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Misrata', 'summary': 'Misrata /mɪzˈrɑːtə/ ( also spelt Misurata or Misratah ; Arabic : مصراتة ) is a city in the Misrata District in northwestern Libya , situated 187 km ( 116 mi ) to the east of Tripoli and 825 km ( 513 mi ) west of Benghazi on the Mediterranean coast near Cape Misrata . With a population of about 281,000 , it is the third-largest city in Libya , after Tripoli and Benghazi . It is the capital city of the Misrata District and has been called the trade capital of Libya . The harbor is at Qasr Ahmad .'}]}, {'value': 'HLMS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MRA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Misrata Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Misrata_Airport', 'summary': 'Misrata Airport ( IATA : MRA , ICAO : HLMS ) is an international airport serving Misrata , a Mediterranean coastal city in the Misrata District of Libya . It also acts as an air base and training center for the Libyan Air Force . The runway length does not include a 305 metres ( 1,001 ft ) paved overrun on each end . The Misrata VOR-DME ( Ident : MIS ) is located on the field .'}]}, {'value': 'Misrata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Misrata_District', 'summary': "Misrata ( Arabic : مصراته Miṣrātah , Libyan Arabic : Məṣrātah ) , also spelt Misurata or Misratah , is a sha'biyah ( district ) in northwestern Libya . Its capital is the city of Misrata . In 2007 the district was enlarged to include what had been the Bani Walid District and the northernmost strip of coast of the Gulf of Sidra , that from 2001 to 2007 had been part of Sirte District . In the north and east , Misrata has a shoreline on the Mediterranean Sea . On land , it borders Sirte in south and east , Murqub in north and west and Jabal al Gharbi in south and west . Per the census of 2012 , the total population in the region was 157,747 with 150,353 Libyans . The average size of the household in the country was 6.9 , while the average household size of non-Libyans being 3.7 . There were totally 22,713 households in the district , with 20,907 Libyan ones . The population density of the district was 1.86 persons per km2 . Per 2006 census , there were totally 148,352 economically active people in the district ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nanur Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nanur_Airport', 'summary': 'Nanur Airport is an airport in the Wadi Maymun Darraj region of Libya , located approximately 200 km south-southeast of Tripoli in the Libyan desert . Although listed as a civil airport , it appears to function as a reserve Libyan Air Force airfield . It comprises a long runway with a parallel taxiway and a parking ramp . There are no permanent structures visible , nor are there any production oilfields in the area .'}]}, {'value': 'Mizda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mizda_District', 'summary': 'Mizda was one of the districts of Libya . In the 2007 reorganization of Libyan districts its territory became part of Jabal al Gharbi District . Prior to 2007 Mizdah bordered the following districts :'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Habit Awlad Muhammad Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Habit_Awlad_Muhammad_Airport', 'summary': 'Habit Awlad Muhammad Airport is an airport in the Jabal al Gharbi District of Libya , located approximately 266 kilometres ( 165 mi ) south-southwest of Tripoli in the Libyan desert . Its primary use is the transportation of oilfield workers from production facilities in the area .'}]}, {'value': "Ra 's Lanuf", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ra's_Lanuf", 'summary': "Ra 's Lanuf ( /ˌrɑːs ləˈnuːf/ ( Arabic : راس لانوف Raʾs Lānūf , also : Ras al-Unūf ) is a Mediterranean town in northern Libya , on the Gulf of Sidra . The town is also home to the Ra 's Lanuf Refinery , completed in 1984 , with a crude oil refining capacity of 220,000 bbl/d ( 35,000 m3/d ) . The oil refinery is operated by the Ra 's Lanuf Oil & Gas Processing Company , a subsidiary of the state-owned National Oil Corporation . Additionally , the city houses the Ra 's Lanuf petrochemical complex - a major oil terminal - and oil pipelines : the Amal-Ra 's Lanuf , the Messla-Ra 's Lanuf , and the Defa-Ra 's Lanuf pipeline ."}]}, {'value': 'HLNF', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Ra 's Lanuf Airport", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ra's_Lanuf_Airport", 'summary': 'Ras Lanuf Oil Airport ( ICAO : HLNF ) is an airport in the Sirte District of Libya , located on the Mediterranean coast 227 kilometres ( 141 mi ) south-southwest of Benghazi . Its primary use is the transportation of oilfield workers from production facilities in the area . The Ras Lanuf V40 non-directional beacon ( Ident : VR ) is located on the field .'}]}, {'value': 'Sabha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sabha,_Libya', 'summary': 'Sabha , or Sebha /ˈsɛb.hɑː/ ( Arabic : سبها Sabhā ) , is an oasis city in southwestern Libya , approximately 640 kilometres ( 400 mi ) south of Tripoli . It was historically the capital of the Fezzan region and the Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames and is now capital of the Sabha District . Sabha Air Base , south of the city , is a Libyan Air Force installation that is home to multiple MiG-25 aircraft . Sabha was where the erstwhile ruler of Libya , Muammar Gaddafi , grew up and received secondary education and where he also later became involved in political activism . After the Libyan Civil War and the resultant instability in the country , Sabha reportedly grew in importance as a slave auctioning town . However , an investigation by the National Commission for Human Rights in Libya ( NCHRL ) revealed that while there was illegal slavery , reports were exaggerated , as slave auctions were rare and not made public . The city was later seized by forces loyal to the Libyan National Army ( LNA ) and its leader Khalifa Haftar in January 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'HLLS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SEB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sabha Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sabha_Airport', 'summary': 'Sebha International Airport ( IATA : SEB , ICAO : HLLS ) is an airport serving Sabha , capital of the Sabha District of Libya . The airport is 4 kilometres ( 2.5 mi ) southeast of the city . The Sebha non-directional beacon ( Ident : SEB ) is located 2.2 nautical miles ( 4.1 km ) north of the airport . The Sebha VOR-DME ( Ident : SEB ) is located on the field . The airport shares its runway with Sabha Airbase , which has operations on the southwest side of the airport .'}]}, {'value': 'Sirte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sirte', 'summary': "Sirte ( /ˈsɜːrt/ ; Arabic : سرت , pronunciation ( help·info ) , Italian : Sirti ; from Ancient Greek : Σύρτις ) , also spelled Sirt , Surt , Sert or Syrte , is a city in Libya . It is located south of the Gulf of Sirte , between Tripoli and Benghazi . It is famously known for its battles , ethnic groups , and loyalty to Muammar Gaddafi . Also due to its development , it was the capital of Libya as Tripoli 's successor after the Fall of Tripoli from 1 September 2011 to 20 October 2011 . The settlement was established in the early 20th century by the Italians , at the site of a 19th-century fortress built by the Ottomans . It grew into a city after World War II . As the birthplace of Muammar Gaddafi , Sirte was favoured by the Gaddafi government . [ citation needed ] The city was the final major stronghold of Gaddafi loyalists in the Libyan Civil War and Gaddafi was killed there by rebel forces on 20 October 2011 . During the battle , Sirte was left almost completely in ruins , with many buildings totally destroyed or damaged . Six months after the civil war , almost 60,000 inhabitants , more than 70 percent of pre-war population , had returned ."}]}, {'value': 'HLGD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SRX', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gardabya Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gardabya_Airport', 'summary': 'Ghardabiya Airbase is a dual-function airbase for the Libyan Air Force 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) south of the Mediterranean coastal city of Sirte . It also incorporates an airport for civilian use . All runways have 305 metres ( 1,001 ft ) displaced thresholds . The Sirte non-directional beacon ( Ident : SRT ) is located 7.8 nautical miles ( 14.4 km ) north of the airport , in the city . The Sirte VOR-DME ( Ident : SRT ) is located on the field .'}]}, {'value': 'Tobruk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tobruk', 'summary': "Tobruk or Tobruck ( Ancient Greek : Αντίπυργος , Antipyrgus ) ( /təˈbrʊk , toʊ-/ ; Arabic : طبرق , romanized : Tubruq Ṭubruq ; also transliterated as Tobruch and Tubruk , Italian : Tobruch ) is a port city on Libya 's eastern Mediterranean coast , near the border with Egypt . It is the capital of the Butnan District ( formerly Tobruk District ) and has a population of 120,000 ( 2011 est. ) . Tobruk was the site of an ancient Greek colony and , later , of a Roman fortress guarding the frontier of Cyrenaica . Over the centuries , Tobruk also served as a waystation along the coastal caravan route . By 1911 , Tobruk had become an Italian military post , but during World War II , Allied forces , mainly the Australian 6th Division , took Tobruk on 22 January 1941 . The Australian 9th Division ( The Rats of Tobruk ) pulled back to Tobruk to avoid encirclement after actions at Er Regima and Mechili and reached Tobruk on 9 April 1941 where prolonged fighting against German and Italian forces followed . Although the siege was lifted by Operation Crusader in November 1941 , a renewed offensive by Axis forces under Erwin Rommel the following year resulted in Tobruk being captured in June 1942 and held by the Axis forces until November 1942 , when it was recaptured by the Allies . Rebuilt after World War II , Tobruk was later expanded during the 1960s to include a port terminal linked by an oil pipeline to the Sarir oil field . King Idris of Libya had his palace at Bab Zaytun . Tobruk was traditionally a stronghold of the Senussi royal dynasty and one of the first to rebel against Colonel Gaddafi in the Arab Spring ."}]}, {'value': 'HLGN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TOB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tobruk Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tobruk_Airport', 'summary': 'Tobruk International Airport ( IATA : TOB , ICAO : HLTQ ) is an airport serving the Mediterranean port city of Tobruk , capital of the Butnan District of Libya . The airport is 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) south of Tobruk , at the town of Al Adm . The airport formerly had an ICAO code of HLGN . The Tobruk non-directional beacon ( Ident : GN ) is located 3.2 nautical miles ( 5.9 km ) southeast of the airport . The Nasser VOR-DME ( Ident : TBQ ) is located on the field .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Airports', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_airports_in_Libya_0', 'intro': 'List of airports in Libya sorted by location.'} | null | null | What is the location for the airport that was , during the final phase of the Chadian-Libyan conflict , the main air base in Southern Libya , with room for 100 combat aircraft ? | Kufra |
08212cbe1b5489f9 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Sociedade_Esportiva_Palmeiras_season', 'title': '2013 Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras season', 'header': ['P', 'Name', 'Age', 'Moving to', 'Type'], 'data': [{'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Leandro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leandro_Silva_Wanderley', 'summary': 'Leandro da Silva Wanderley ( born 19 April 1979 ) , simply known as Leandro , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Associação Desportiva Cabofriense as a left back .'}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cabofriense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associação_Desportiva_Cabofriense', 'summary': 'Associação Desportiva Cabofriense , is a football club from Cabo Frio , a coastal town in the state of Rio de Janeiro c. 100 km east of the capital , founded on January 2 , 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'Out of contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'João Vitor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/João_Vitor_Lima_Gomes', 'summary': 'João Vitor Lima Gomes , or simply João Vitor ( born 1 June 1988 in Maceió ) , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Água Santa .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Out of contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Carvalho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Carvalho', 'summary': 'Daniel da Silva Carvalho ( born 1 March 1983 in Jaguarão , Rio Grande do Sul ) , more commonly known as Daniel Carvalho , is a Brazilian football attacking midfielder for Pelotas .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Out of contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Betinho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Alberto_Santos_da_Silva', 'summary': 'Carlos Alberto Santos da Silva ( born May 13 , 1987 in Recife ) , also known as Betinho , is a Brazilian footballer who current plays as a forward for Confiança .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Out of contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Obina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Obina', 'summary': 'Manuel de Brito Filho , better known as Obina ( born January 31 , 1983 ) , is a former Brazilian football striker .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shandong Luneng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shandong_Luneng', 'summary': "Shandong Luneng Taishan ( simplified Chinese : 山东鲁能泰山 ; traditional Chinese : 山東魯能泰山 ; pinyin : Shāndōng Lǔnéng Tàishān ) is a professional football club that currently participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association ( CFA ) . The team is based in Jinan , Shandong and their home stadium is the Jinan Olympic Sports Center Stadium that has a seating capacity of 56,808 . Their current majority shareholder is Shandong Electric Power Group Corporation , the biggest supplier of electric energy in Shandong province and itself part of the State Grid Corporation of China . Luneng is the name of Luneng Group , now another subsidiary corporation of State Grid Corporation of China . The last part of the club name derives from Mount Tai . The club 's predecessor was called Shandong Provincial team who were founded in April 10 , 1956 while the current professional football team was established in December 2 , 1993 . They were one of the founding members of the first fully professional top tier league in China . Since then they have gone on to win their first ever league title in the 1999 league season . They have continued to win domestic silverware with the 2006 , 2008 , 2010 league titles , making them one of the most successful Chinese football teams . According to Forbes , Shandong are the 5th most valuable football team in China , with a team value of $ 126 million , and an estimated revenue of $ 24 million in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Loan return', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Adalberto Román', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adalberto_Román', 'summary': 'Adalberto Román Benítez ( born 11 April 1987 ) , is a Paraguayan footballer currently playing for Club Sportivo San Lorenzo .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LDU de Quito', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liga_Deportiva_Universitaria_de_Quito', 'summary': 'Liga Deportiva Universitaria ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈliɣa ðepoɾˈtiβa uniβeɾsiˈtarja ] ) , often referred to as Liga de Quito , LDU , is an Ecuadorian professional football club based in Quito . They play in the Serie A , the highest level of the Ecuadorian professional football league . They play their home games at the Estadio Rodrigo Paz Delgado , more commonly referred to as Casa Blanca . Rival clubs include Quito-based clubs El Nacional , Deportivo Quito , Aucas and Universidad Católica . Liga Deportiva Universitaria has its roots in the semi-pro sports teams in 1918 competing as Universitario at the Central University of Ecuador , and was officially founded on January 11 of 1930 . They began making an impact in the provincial leagues , winning nine Pichincha titles ( six in the professional era ) . Their provincial success continued into the national league , where they have won 11 national title ( 4th overall ) having won their most recent title in 2018 . They are the most successful Ecuadorian club in international competitions , where they were the first Ecuadorian club to win the Copa Libertadores ( 2008 ) , the Copa Sudamericana ( 2009 ) , and the Recopa Sudamericana ( 2009 and 2010 ) . They are one of only six teams - Boca Juniors , Independiente , River Plate , Internacional and São Paulo being the other five - to have achieved the CONMEBOL treble , winning all three continental club tournaments . LDU is the only team to win all three mentioned cups one after another between the years 2008 to 2010 causing them to be rated as the best South American team of 2008 and 2009 . Liga de Quito was additionally the runner-up at the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Out of contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Thiago Heleno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thiago_Heleno', 'summary': 'Thiago Heleno Henrique Ferreira ( born 17 September 1988 ) , known as Thiago Heleno , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Athletico Paranaense as a central defender .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Out of contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Artur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Artur_Barbosa_de_Oliveira', 'summary': 'José Artur Barbosa de Oliveira or simply Artur ( October 22 , 1984 in Ibititá , Brazil ) is a Brazilian football player , currently playing for Figueirense . He plays as a right back .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'São Caetano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associação_Desportiva_São_Caetano', 'summary': 'Associação Desportiva São Caetano , commonly known as São Caetano , is a Brazilian football team based in the city of São Caetano , Brazil , part of the São Paulo greater metropolitan area . The club finished as runner-up in the Série A twice and once in the Copa Libertadores .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan return', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Corrêa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Rodrigues_Corrêa', 'summary': 'Carlos Rodrigues Corrêa ( born 29 December 1980 in Limeira ) is a professional Brazilian footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Ituano .'}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portuguesa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associação_Portuguesa_de_Desportos', 'summary': 'Associação Portuguesa de Desportos , usually called Portuguesa or Lusa , is a sports club , and a Brazilian football team from São Paulo in São Paulo state , founded on August 14 , 1920 by the Portuguese population of the city .'}]}, {'value': 'Out of contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Luis Felipe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luís_Felipe_Dias_do_Nascimento', 'summary': 'Luís Felipe Dias do Nascimento ( born 8 April 1991 ) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a right back .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Penapolense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clube_Atlético_Penapolense', 'summary': 'Clube Atlético Penapolense , commonly known as Penapolense , is a Brazilian football club based in Penápolis , São Paulo state .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Lovinho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Lovinho', 'summary': 'Daniel Santos Silva or simply Daniel Lovinho ( born January 9 , 1989 ) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a forward .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Linense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clube_Atlético_Linense', 'summary': "The Clube Atlético Linense is a traditional Brazilian football club from the city of Lins , interior of São Paulo state , in Brazil . Founded on June 12 , 1927 , was reorganized on February 11 , 1930 . Their colors are red , white and black . They won the Campeonato Paulista Second Division in 1952 , and the Série A-2 ( Second Division ) in 2010 , returning to the First Division in 2011 , what has not happened since 1957 . They are the club that showed Leivinha , idol of Portuguesa , Palmeiras , the Brazilian national team and Atlético Madrid , was also the club that held the first international transfer of Brazilian striker Americo Murolo trading with Italy . Has one of the most curious football mascots of São Paulo state , with which it is intimately connected . Some episodes characteristic of the players involved a parade of circus elephants on site after winning the league 's second division in 1952 . In 2000 , there was a parade of elephants from the track 's premises Estádio Gilberto Siqueira Lopes . The club recently announced the launch of a professional basketball team , which will begin playing in the second tier division of Sao Paulo state basketball . In January 2015 , it is also expected that Clube Atlético Linense will join Liga Ouro , the second division of Brazil 's national basketball league known as NBB ."}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Carlos', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Undefined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Pegorari', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Undefined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Leandro Amaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leandro_Amaro', 'summary': 'Leandro Amaro dos Santos ( born June 19 , 1986 in Campinas ) , or simply Leandro Amaro , is a Brazilian football defender , who plays for Botafogo-SP .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Avaí', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avaí_FC', 'summary': 'Avaí Futebol Clube ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ avaˈi ] ) is a Brazilian football team from Florianópolis in Santa Catarina , founded on September 1 , 1923 . Their home stadium is Estádio Aderbal Ramos da Silva , also known as Ressacada , with a capacity of 17,800 . They play in blue and white shirts , shorts and socks . Their best known supporter is tennis player Gustavo Kuerten .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Wellington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wellington_da_Silva_Pinto', 'summary': 'Wellington da Silva Pinto ( born 30 September 1991 in Bauru ) , simply known as Wellington , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Santa Cruz , on loan from Palmeiras , as a central defender .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Undefined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Fabinho Capixaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fabinho_Capixaba', 'summary': 'Antônio Fábio Francês Cavalcante ( born 27 November 1983 ) , commonly known as Fabinho Capixaba , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a right back .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Undefined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Gerley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerley_Ferreira_de_Souza', 'summary': 'Gerley Ferreira de Souza , or simply , Gerley ( born September 11 , 1990 in Central de Minas ) , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a Left Back . He currently plays for Náutico , on loan from Palmeiras .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ceará', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ceará_Sporting_Club', 'summary': 'Ceará Sporting Club , or Ceará , as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football team from Fortaleza in Ceará , founded on June 2 , 1914 by Luís Esteves Júnior e Pedro Freire . Ceará is one of the most traditionally successful clubs in the Northeast region of Brazil alongside Bahia , Santa Cruz , Sport , Náutico , Vitória and their city rivals Fortaleza .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Tinga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luiz_Otávio_Santos_de_Araújo', 'summary': 'Luiz Otávio Santos de Araújo ( born October 12 , 1990 in Bom Jardim , Rio de Janeiro ) , commonly known as Tinga , is a Brazilian footballer as a right Winger for Santa Cruz Futebol Clube .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Figueirense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figueirense_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Figueirense Futebol Clube , also known as Figueirense ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ fiɡejˈɾẽsi ] ) , is a Brazilian football club based in Florianópolis , Santa Catarina . Their home stadium is Estádio Orlando Scarpelli , also known as Scarpelão , with a capacity of 19,584 . In the state of Santa Catarina , Figueirense is the club that more often participated in Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , with 17 holdings by 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Patrik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrik_Camilo_Cornélio_da_Silva', 'summary': 'Patrik Camilo Cornélio da Silva , better known as Patrik Silva or simply Patrik ( born 19 July 1990 ) , is a Brazilian football player , currently playing for Rio Claro . He plays as an Attacking midfielder .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gangwon FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gangwon_FC', 'summary': 'Gangwon FC ( Hangul : 강원 FC ) is a South Korean football club . Based in Gangwon Province of South Korea , Gangwon FC joined the K League as its 15th club for the 2009 season . The club is sponsored by High1 Resort .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Tadeu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Tadeu_Mouro_Júnior', 'summary': 'José Tadeu Mouro Júnior or simply Tadeu ( born April 1 , 1986 in Araraquara ) is a forward .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Undefined', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Players -- Transfers', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2013_Sociedade_Esportiva_Palmeiras_season_1', 'intro': "The 2013 season was the 99th in Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras' history. It was the second time in history that Palmeiras played in the second division of the Campeonato Brasileiro. Palmeiras competed in the state league, Campeonato Paulista, the continental cup, the Copa Libertadores and Copa do Brasil."} | null | null | What position is the player who is moving to the team that was founded on August 14 , 1920 ? | Defensive midfielder |
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